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who built the women's movement into a national organization

The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) was founded in 1966 by 28 women at the Third National Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women in June ( the successor to the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ) , and another 21 women and men who became founders at the October 1966 NOW Organizing Conference , for a total of 49 founders . Both conferences were held in Washington , D.C. The 28 women who became founders in June were : Ada Allness , Mary Evelyn Benbow , Gene Boyer , Shirley Chisholm , Analoyce Clapp , Kathryn F. Clarenbach , Catherine Conroy , Caroline Davis , Mary Eastwood , Edith Finlayson , Betty Friedan , Dorothy Haener , Anna Roosevelt Halstead , Lorene Harrington , Mary Lou Hill , Esther Johnson , Nancy Knaak , Min Matheson , Helen Moreland , Pauli Murray , Ruth Murray , Inka O'Hanrahan , Pauline A. Parish , Eve Purvis , Edna Schwartz , Mary - jane Ryan Snyder , Gretchen Squires , Betty Talkington and Caroline Ware .

National Organization for Women - wikipedia National Organization for Women National Organization for Women Founded June 30, 1966 ; 52 years ago ( 1966-06-30 ) Founder 49 people, including Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray Type 501(c)(3) , 501(c)(4) Focus Women's rights , feminism , Equal Rights Amendment , civil rights , LGBT rights , reproductive rights Location Washington, D.C. , U.S. Key people Terry O'Neill , President; Bonnie Grabenhoffer, Action Vice-President; Chitra Panjabi , Membership Vice-President; Website NOW.org The National Organization for Women ( NOW ) is an American feminist organization founded in 1966. The organization consists of 550 chapters in all 50 U.S. states and in Washington, D.C. The organization is left-leaning . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Goals 3 Presidents 4 Criticism 5 See also 6 References 6.1 Documentary 7 External links Background ( edit ) The National Organization for Women (NOW) was founded in 1966 by 28 women at the Third National Conference of Commissions on the Status of Women in June (the successor to the Presidential Commission on the Status of Women ), and another 21 women and men who became founders at the October 1966 NOW Organizing Conference, for a total of 49 founders. Both conferences were held in Washington, D.C. The 28 women who became founders in June were: Ada Allness, Mary Evelyn Benbow, Gene Boyer, Shirley Chisholm , Analoyce Clapp, Kathryn F. Clarenbach , Catherine Conroy, Caroline Davis, Mary Eastwood , Edith Finlayson, Betty Friedan , Dorothy Haener, Anna Roosevelt Halstead, Lorene Harrington, Mary Lou Hill, Esther Johnson, Nancy Knaak, Min Matheson, Helen Moreland, Pauli Murray , Ruth Murray, Inka O'Hanrahan , Pauline A. Parish, Eve Purvis, Edna Schwartz, Mary-jane Ryan Snyder, Gretchen Squires, Betty Talkington and Caroline Ware. They were inspired by the failure of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to enforce Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 ; at the Third National Conference of State Commissions on the Status of Women they were prohibited from issuing a resolution that recommended the EEOC carry out its legal mandate to end sex discrimination in employment. They thus gathered in Betty Friedan 's hotel room to form a new organization. On a paper napkin Friedan scribbled the acronym `` NOW'' . The 21 people who became founders in October were: Caruthers Berger, Colleen Boland, Inez Casiano, Carl Degler , Elizabeth Drews, Mary Esther Gaulden (later Jagger), Muriel Fox , Ruth Gober, Richard Graham, Anna Arnold Hedgeman , Lucille Kapplinger (later Hazell), Bessie Margolin , Margorie Palmer, Sonia Pressman (later Fuentes), Sister Mary Joel Read , Amy Robinson, Charlotte Roe, Alice Rossi , Claire R. Salmond, Morag Simchak and Clara Wells. The founders were frustrated with the way in which the federal government was not enforcing the new anti-discrimination laws. Even after measures like the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) and Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 , employers were still discriminating against women in terms of hiring women and unequal pay with men. Women's rights advocates saw that these legal changes were not being enforced and worried that without a feminist pressure group, a type of `` NAACP for women,'' women would not be able to combat discrimination. NOW was created in order to mobilize women, give women's rights advocates the power to put pressure on employers and the government, and to promote full equality of the sexes. It hoped to increase the number of women attending colleges and graduate schools, employed in professional jobs instead of domestic or secretarial work, and appointed to federal offices. NOW's Statement of Purpose, which was adopted at its organizing conference in Washington, D.C., on October 29, 1966, declares among other things that `` the time has come to confront, with concrete action, the conditions that now prevent women from enjoying the equality of opportunity and freedom of choice which is their right, as individual Americans, and as human beings.'' NOW was also one of the first women's organizations to include the concerns of black women in their efforts. NOW founder and president Betty Friedan with, lobbyist Barbara Ireton (1932-1998) and feminist attorney Marguerite Rawalt Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote NOW's Statement of Purpose in 1966; the original was scribbled on a napkin by Friedan. Also in 1966, Marguerite Rawalt became a member of NOW, and acted as their first legal counsel. NOW's first Legal Committee consisted of Catherine East , Mary Eastwood , Phineas Indritz , and Caruthers Berger; it was the first to sue on behalf of airline flight attendants claiming sex discrimination. There were many influences contributing to the rise of NOW. Such influences included the President's Commission on the Status of Women, Betty Friedan's book The Feminine Mystique , and passage and lack of enforcement of the Civil Right Act of 1964 (prohibiting sexual discrimination). The President's Commission on the Status of Women was established in 1961 by John F. Kennedy , in hopes of providing a solution to female discrimination in education, work force, and Social Security. Kennedy appointed Eleanor Roosevelt as the head of the organization. The goal of action was to compromise those wanting to advance women's rights in the workforce (such as advocates of the Equal Rights Amendment ) and those advocating women's domestic importance/role needing to be preserved (such as organized labor groups). The commission was in a way to settle the tension between opposing sides. Betty Friedan wrote The Feminine Mystique in response to her own experiences. She was a feminist long before her book, by educating herself and deviating from the domestic female paradigm. The book's purpose was to fuel movement to a women's role outside of domestic environment. Acknowledging some satisfaction from raising children, cooking, rearranging house decor was not enough to suffice the deeper desire for women to achieve an education. The book is widely credited with sparking the beginning of second-wave feminism in the United States. It was published on February 19, 1963 by W.W. Norton . In an interview, Friedan specifically notes, `` There was no activism in that cause when I wrote Feminine Mystique . But I realized that it was not enough just to write a book. There had to be social change. And I remember somewhere in that period coming off an airplane (and) some guy was carrying a sign... It said, `` The first step in revolution is consciousness.'' Well, I did the consciousness with The Feminine Mystique . But then there had to be organization and there had to be a movement. And I helped organize NOW, the National Organization for Women and the National Women's Political Caucus and NARAL , the abortion rights (organization) in the next few years.'' In 1968 NOW issued a Bill of Rights, which they had adopted at their 1967 national conference, advocating the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment , enforcement of the prohibitions against sex discrimination in employment under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, maternity leave rights in employment and in Social Security benefits, tax deduction for home and child care expenses for working parents, child day care centers, equal and non-gender -segregated education , equal job training opportunities and allowances for women in poverty, and the right of women to control their reproductive lives. The NOW bill of rights was included in the 1970 anthology Sisterhood is Powerful: An Anthology of Writings From The Women's Liberation Movement , edited by Robin Morgan . In 1969 Ivy Bottini , who was openly lesbian, designed the logo for NOW, which is still in use today. The first time lesbian concerns were introduced into NOW also occurred in 1969, when Bottini, who was then president of the New York chapter of NOW, held a public forum titled `` Is Lesbianism a Feminist Issue?'' . However, NOW president Betty Friedan was against lesbian participation in the movement. In 1969 she referred to growing lesbian visibility as a `` lavender menace'' and fired openly lesbian newsletter editor Rita Mae Brown , and in 1970 she engineered the expulsion of lesbians, including Ivy Bottini , from NOW's New York chapter. In reaction, at the 1970 Congress to Unite Women, on the first evening when all four hundred feminists were assembled in the auditorium, twenty women wearing T-shirts that read `` Lavender Menace'' came to the front of the room and faced the audience. One of the women then read their group's paper `` The Woman-Identified Woman '' , which was the first major lesbian feminist statement. The group, who later named themselves `` Radicalesbians'' , were among the first to challenge the heterosexism of heterosexual feminists and to describe lesbian experience in positive terms. In 1971 NOW passed a resolution declaring `` that a woman's right to her own person includes the right to define and express her own sexuality and to choose her own lifestyle,'' as well as a conference resolution stating that forcing lesbian mothers to stay in marriages or to live a secret existence in an effort to keep their children was unjust. That year NOW also committed to offering legal and moral support in a test case involving child custody rights of lesbian mothers. In 1973 the NOW Task Force on Sexuality and Lesbianism was established. Del Martin was the first open lesbian elected to NOW, and Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon were the first lesbian couple to join NOW. Advocacy of the Equal Rights Amendment was also an important issue to NOW. The amendment had three primary objectives, which were: `` Section 1. Equality of Rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. Section 2. The Congress shall have the power to enforce, by appropriate legislation, the provisions of this article. Section 3. This amendment shall take effect two years after the date of ratification.'' Efforts were proven successful when Congress passed the amendment in 1972. However, simply passing the amendment in the two houses of Congress did not mean the work was finished. NOW had to direct the efforts of getting the amendment ratified in at least three-fourths of the states (38 out of the 50 states). In response to opposing states denying the ratification of the amendment, NOW encouraged members to participate in marches and economic boycotts. `` Dozens of organizations supported the ERA and the boycott, including the League of Women Voters , the YWCA of the U.S., the Unitarian Universalist Association, the United Auto Workers (UAW), the National Education Association (NEA), and the Democratic National Committee (DNC).'' As strong as the support was, it was to no avail to the opposition from various groups. These groups included select religious collectives, business/ insurance interests, and most visibly was the STOP-ERA campaign led by antifeminist Phyllis Schlafly . Schlafly argued on the premise of creating equality in work force or anywhere else would hinder the laws that are instilled for the mere protection of these women. The safety of women was a higher priority than ensuring there is equality in financial and social scenarios. The predicament over the Equal Rights Amendment was not a fight between men and women who abhor men, but rather two groups of women advocating different perspectives on the nature of their lives. The rivalry was sparked in speeches, such as that of Schlafly who began her dialogue by thanking her husband for allowing her to participate in such an activity. Even though efforts did not prove to be enough to have the amendment ratified, the organization remains active in lobbying legislatures and media outlets on feminist issues. In 1972 NOW chose the Schlesinger Library as the archives for its records. Like many civil rights movements, archival documentation can also be found in the records of the FBI. Abortion being an individual woman's choice has come into the forefront since the Supreme Court case of Roe v. Wade in 1973. The decision of the court was that it ultimately was the woman's choice in reproduction. However, according to the National Organization for Women, decisions following the 1973 landmark case had substantially limited this right, which culminated their response to encourage the Freedom of Choice Act . The controversy over the landmark case ruling was initiated in the two cases, Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood and Gonzales v. Carhart . These two cases consequently banned abortion methods after 12 weeks of pregnancy. Gonzalez v. Planned Parenthood and Gonzalez v. Carhart both dealt with the question of whether the 2003 Partial-Birth Abortion Ban Act was unconstitutional by violating the Due Process Clause of the Fifth Amendment expressed in the Roe v. Wade case. This act ultimately meant that the `` concept of partial-birth abortion as defined in the Act as any abortion in which the death of the fetus occurs when `` the entire fetal head (...) or (...) any part of the fetal trunk past the navel is outside the body of the mother'' is banned. The Supreme Court ultimately decided 5-- 4 that it was not unconstitutional and did not hinder a woman's right to an abortion. National Organization for Women claimed it was a disregard to a basic principle stemming from Roe v. Wade , which was to only have legislative restriction on abortion be justified with the intention of protecting women's health. Hence, the support for the Freedom of Choice Act (FOCA) which primary purpose was to safeguard a woman's access to abortions even if the Roe v. Wade ruling is further disregarded. As of 2013, there are seven states that have made the Freedom of Choice Act state law. FOCA will consequently supersede any other law prohibiting abortion in those seven states. They are: California, Connecticut, Hawaii, Maryland, Nevada, Wisconsin, Maine, and Washington. In addition, Maryland, Nevada, and Washington were the only three states to adhere via ballot initiative. Succeeding in the enactment of FOCA would ultimately mean fulfilment of three goals for the National Organization for Women. First, asserting a woman's reproductive right. Second, disseminate information to the public audience about threats posed in the two court cases mentioned above. Third, through the dissemination of information to the public, this in return would mobilize efforts to support female rights in multiple areas that will be presented in the future. Goals ( edit ) Betty Friedan and Pauli Murray wrote the organization's Statement of Purpose in 1966. The statement described the purpose of NOW as `` To take action to bring women into full participation in the mainstream of American society now, exercising all privileges and responsibilities thereof in truly equal partnership with men.'' The six core issues that NOW addresses are abortion and reproductive health services access, violence against women, constitutional equality, promoting diversity/ending racism, lesbian rights, and economic justice, with these issues having various sub-issues. The organization goes about creating these changes through laborious lobbying, rallies, marches, and conferences. NOW focuses on a variety of issues deploying multiple strategies, causing it to be an organization in which a comprehensive goal is envisaged and performed. Priorities mentioned above were pursued to ultimately secure constitutional amendments guaranteeing these rights. Even though discrimination on the basis of sex was illegal, the federal government was not taking an active role in enforcing the constitutional amendments and the new policies. NOW sought to apply pressure to employers, local governments, and the federal government to uphold anti-discrimination policies. Through litigation, political pressure, and physical marches, NOW members held an authoritative stance leading to recognition in court cases, such as NOW v. Scheidler and Weeks v. Southern Bell . NOW v. Scheidler revolved around the issue of racketeering to gain support for anti-abortion groups. NOW was suing the groups for utilization of violence and the threat of violence for garnering support. The violence varied from physical barriers into entrances of abortion clinic to arson and bombings of those clinics. The plaintiff accused the Pro-Life Action Network (PLAN) for unethical seizing the right of women to make decisions about their own bodies, and that this right needed to be defended. The case was a success in terms of the class action suit `` brought against terrorists by those they had terrorized'' . However the case was dismissed based on the mere definition of racketeering because racketeering must have an economic inclination, and there was no evidence to prove PLAN had this financial intention. This does not mean it was not a significant case. It brought light and recognition to National Organization for Women and its goals. If anything, it galvanized the organization to strengthen its tactics. Weeks v. Southern Bell had the same effect, but this is an example where those galvanized efforts proved beneficial. This concerned discriminatory practices against women in the workplace. Lorena Weeks , employee of Southern Bell, claimed she was being discriminated against via exclusion to higher paying positions within the company. Sylvia Roberts acted as her attorney, supporting Week's grievances with the accusation of the company's violation of Title VII of the Civil Rights Act (1964). Title VII is enabled to `` protect individuals against employment discrimination on the bases of race and color, as well as national origin, sex, and religion'' . With this premise, Weeks, with the aid of Sylvia Roberts, succeeded in 1969 after making an appeal. The trial not only served as the triumph of National Organization of Women, but brought to life legislation made to the intentions of organizations, such as NOW. Presidents ( edit ) The following women have led the National Organization for Women: Betty Friedan (1966-- 1970) Aileen Hernandez (1970-- 1971) Wilma Scott Heide (1971-- 1974) Karen DeCrow (1974-- 1977) Eleanor Smeal (1977-- 1982) Judy Goldsmith (1982-- 1985) Eleanor Smeal (1985-- 1987) Molly Yard (1987-- 1991) Patricia Ireland (1991-- 2001) Kim Gandy (2001-- 2009) Terry O'Neil (2009-- 2017) Toni VanPelt (2017- ) Criticism ( edit ) NOW has been criticized by various pro-life , conservative , and fathers' rights groups. During the 1990s, NOW was criticized for having a double standard when it refused to support Paula Jones in her sexual harassment suit against former Democratic President Bill Clinton , while calling for the resignation of Republican politician ( Bob Packwood ), who was accused of similar assault by 10 women. The Jones suit was later dismissed by U.S. District Judge Susan Webber Wright , ruling that Mrs. Jones' allegations, even if true, wouldn't qualify as a case of sexual harassment. Jones appealed but later dropped her suit after reaching a settlement out of court for $850,000. Judge Webber Wright later held President Clinton in contempt of court for giving `` intentionally false'' testimony about his relationship with Monica Lewinsky in the Paula Jones lawsuit, marking the first time that a sitting president has been sanctioned for disobeying a court order. NOW has also been criticized by feminists who claim it focuses on liberal agenda rather than women's rights. NOW has been criticized for not supporting pro-life feminists, as well as other liberal issues, and supporting the Iraq War. Some members, such as LA NOW chapter president Tammy Bruce left NOW, saying they oppose putting liberal and partisan policy positions above equality for all women. Tammy Bruce has attacked NOW for not doing enough to advocate for international women's rights, but instead attacking the George W. Bush White House for their conservative positions. Accusations of putting politics above feminism began in 1982, the year the ERA was defeated, when NOW, under President Judy Goldsmith , fiercely opposed Reaganomics , and endorsed Republican feminist Congresswoman Millicent Fenwick 's Democratic opponent in a New Jersey Senate race due to her support of Ronald Reagan 's economic agenda. Additionally, Deborah Watkins, who was once the President of the Dallas Chapter of NOW, left NOW in 2003 to found, in the same year, the Dallas-Fort Worth Chapter of the National Coalition for Men , stating she grew tired of what she considered `` hypocrisy'' and `` male bashing'' at NOW. Moreover, the `` National Organization for Women (NOW) has caused controversy by putting Little Sisters of the Poor on their `` Dirty 100'' list`` , a religious order that according to Fox News' Megyn Kelly , `` operate(s) homes in 31 countries where they provide care for over 13,000 needy, elderly persons, many of whom are dying'' . On 10 and 11 January 2016, the Daily Caller and the Washington Examiner published stories critical of NOW's continuing support of a discredited University of Virginia rape accusation . The accusation had been published in Rolling Stone , which later retracted the story. Although the accuser's story changed repeatedly and a police investigation found `` no evidence'' of rape, NOW referred to the accuser as a `` survivor'' of sexual assault. See also ( edit ) Feminism in the United States List of Presidents of the National Organization for Women List of Woman of Courage Award Winners References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Issues'' . National Organization for Women . Retrieved 2013-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` NOW Officers'' . National Organization for Women . Retrieved 2013-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Information about NOW. '' National Organization for Women. Retrieved 2011-01-13. Jump up ^ E.M. (6 October 2017). `` How daughters change the behaviour of influential men'' . The Economist . ^ Jump up to: February 9th, 2014 by Allyson Goldsmith. (2014-02-09). `` Honoring Our Founders and Pioneers National Organization for Women'' . Now.org . Retrieved 2015-05-05 . Jump up ^ `` The Feminist Chronicles, 1953-- 1993 -- 1966 -- Feminist Majority Foundation'' . Feminist.org . Retrieved 2015-05-05 . ^ Jump up to: MAKERS Team (2013-06-30). `` NOW's 47th Anniversary: Celebrating Its Founders and Early Members'' . MAKERS . Retrieved 2015-05-05 . Jump up ^ Schneir, Miriam (1994). Feminism in Our Time: The Essential Writings, World War II to the Present . Vintage Books. pp. 95-- 102. ^ Jump up to: Schneir, Miriam (1994). Feminism in Our Time: The Essential Writings, World War II to the Present . Vintage Books. p. 95. ^ Jump up to: Schneir, Miriam (1994). Feminism in Our Time: The Essential Writings, World War II to the Present . Vintage Books. p. 98. ^ Jump up to: `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2015-01-17 . Retrieved 2014-11-05 . Jump up ^ `` National Organization for Women (NOW)'' . Harvard University Library Web Archive Collection Service . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The National Organization for Women's 1966 Statement of Purpose'' . National Organization for Women. Archived from the original on 2011-09-02 . Retrieved 2013-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Rawalt, Marguerite -- Biography'' . President and Fellows of Harvard College. 2000 . Retrieved 30 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring Our Founders and Pioneers -- National Organization for Women'' . now.org . Retrieved 11 May 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis, Jone Johnson. `` National Organization for Women -- NOW'' . About.com . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Lewis, Jone Johnson. `` President's Commission on the Status of Women'' . About.com . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Wattenberg, Ben. `` Betty Friedan Interview'' . The First Measured Century . PBS . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Margalit Fox (5 February 2006). `` Betty Friedan, Who Ignited Cause in ' Feminine Mystique,' Dies at 85'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 19 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2012-11-14 . Retrieved 2013-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` N.O.W. Bill of Rights, 1968'' . National Organization for Women. Archived from the original on 2012-11-14 . Retrieved 2013-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Sisterhood is powerful : an anthology of writings from the women's liberation movement (Book, 1970)'' . (WorldCat.org) . Retrieved 2015-05-08 . Jump up ^ Wood, Julia T. (2005). Gendered Lives: Communication, Gender and Culture (6th ed.). Belmont, California: Wadsworth/Thompson Learning. pp. 69-- 70. ISBN 0-534-63615-2 . Jump up ^ Love, Barbara J. Feminists Who Changed America, 1963-- 1975 Jump up ^ Bonnie Zimmerman Lesbian histories and cultures: an encyclopedia , Garland Pub., 2000 ISBN 0815319207 p. 134 Jump up ^ Vicki Lynn Eaklor Queer America: a GLBT history of the 20th century , ABC-CLIO, 2008 ISBN 0313337497 p. 145 ^ Jump up to: Flora Davis Moving the mountain: the women's movement in America since 1960 , University of Illinois Press, 1999 ISBN 0-252-06782-7 p. 264 Jump up ^ Cheshire Calhoun Feminism, the Family, and the Politics of the Closet: Lesbian and Gay Displacement , Oxford University Press, 2003 ISBN 0-19-925766-3 p. 27 Jump up ^ Carolyn Zerbe Enns Feminist theories and feminist psychotherapies: origins, themes, and diversity , Routledge, 2004 ISBN 078901808X p. 105 ^ Jump up to: Leading the Fight National Organization for Women . NOW. Retrieved on 2014-07-25. Jump up ^ Belge, Kathy. `` Del Martin'' . About. Archived from the original on 2007-02-13 . Retrieved 2007-02-11 . Jump up ^ `` Equal Rights Amendment'' . National Organization for Women. Archived from the original on 8 October 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Napikoski, Linda. `` Equal Rights Amendment: Constitutional Equality and Justice for All?'' . About.com . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 57c. The Equal Rights Amendment'' . Ushistory.org. Archived from the original on 10 September 2013 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Records of the National Organization for Women Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study at Harvard University'' . Radcliffe.harvard.edu . Retrieved 2015-05-05 . Jump up ^ `` National Organization for Women (NOW) Part 1 of 3'' . FBI . Retrieved 2018-04-11 . ^ Jump up to: `` Freedom of Choice Acts'' . NARAL Pro-Choice America . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Gonzales v. Planned Parenthood'' . The Oyez Project . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Freedom of Choice Act would Guarantee Roe Protections in U.S. Statutes'' . National Organization for Women. April 30, 2007. Archived from the original on August 7, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Key Issues'' . National Organization for Women . Retrieved 2009-09-10 . Jump up ^ Tripp, Jennifer. `` National Organization for Women'' . Learning To Give . Grand Valley State University . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ 62 Alb. L. Rev. 967 (1998-- 1999) NOW v. Scheidler: Protecting Women's Access to Reproductive Health Services ; Clayton, Fay; Love, Sara N. Jump up ^ Oyez Project: NATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR WOMEN (NOW) v. SCHEIDLER Jump up ^ Lorena Weeks Files related to Weeks v. Southern Bell , Richard B. Russell Library for Political Research and Studies, University of Georgia Libraries, Athens, Georgia, 30602-1641. Jump up ^ `` Celebrating Our Presidents'' . National Organization for Women. Archived from the original on 21 January 2010 . Retrieved 29 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Cimons, Marlene (8 February 1979). `` NOW Seeking Abortion Summit'' . The Pittsburgh Press . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Susman, Carolyn (30 July 1986). `` Women wary of man's bid to crash panel'' . The Palm Beach Post . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Conservatives urge Reagan to deny ' leftists' grants'' . Lakeland Ledger. 8 April 1982 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Jackson, Robert (23 April 1998). `` NOW Won't Back Paula Jones, Cites Her Backers'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Clinton pays Paula Jones $850,000'' . The Guardian . 13 January 1999. Jump up ^ Seager, Ilana (10 November 2008). `` Feminists can be pro-life'' . Yale Daily News . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Browder, Sue Ellen (1 August 2013). `` Meet the Bold ' New Feminists ' '' . National Catholic Register . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2008-08-28 . Retrieved 2009-11-06 . Jump up ^ `` Views of NOW -- The National Organization for Women'' . NBC Today Show. 11 October 1982 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Salmans, Sandra (28 June 1984). `` THE RISING FORCE OF WOMEN'S PACS'' . The New York Times . p. 22 . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Neal, Steve (29 November 1985). `` Can`t The Women Play This Game?'' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 28 October 2013 . Jump up ^ History of the National Coalition for Men `` Both the Los Angeles, California and Dallas/Ft. Worth, Texas chapters were approved in 2003. Dallas/Ft. Worth was founded by Deborah Watkins, the former President of the Dallas chapter of the National Organization of Women who had grown tired of what she considered hypocrisy and male bashing by NOW.'' Jump up ^ `` Little Sisters of the Poor Named on NOW's ' Dirty 100' List?!'' . Fox News . 8 July 2014 . Retrieved 9 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Ross, Chuck. `` National Organization For Women Defends Rolling Stone Gang Rape Fabricator'' . Jump up ^ Schow, Ashe. `` Feminist organization still defending Rolling Stone rape hoaxer'' . Jump up ^ Uberti, David (22 December 2014). `` The worst journalism of 2014'' . Columbia Journalism Review . Retrieved 23 December 2014 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Terry. `` An open letter to UVA President Teresa Sullivan'' . Documentary ( edit ) The National Organization for Women and some of its founders Muriel Fox , Jacqui Ceballos and Rita Mae Brown are part of the documentary She's Beautiful When She's Angry , about the founders of the modern women's movement (from 1966 to 1971). External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to National Organization for Women (NOW) . Official website Records, 1959-- 2002 (inclusive), 1966-- 1998 (bulk). Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Additional Records of the National Organization for Women, 1970-- 2011. Schlesinger Library , Radcliffe Institute, Harvard University. Inventory of the Texas Chapter of the National Organization for Women Records , University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries (UTSA Libraries) Special Collections. A Guide to the San Antonio Chapter of the National Organization for Women Records , University of Texas at San Antonio Libraries (UTSA Libraries) Special Collections. National Organization for Women. Springfield (Mass.) Chapter , at Smith College. Elaine Latourell Papers. 1970-- 1977. 8.42 cubic feet (9 boxes). At the Labor Archives of Washington, University of Washington Libraries Special Collections. Contains records from Latourell's service as a leader of the National Organization for Women between 1970 and 1980. hide Women's lobbies, alliances and national committees Women's lobbies European Women's Lobby Swedish Women's Lobby Norwegian Women's Lobby Hungarian Women's Lobby Zambian National Women's Lobby Czech Women's Lobby Women's Electoral Lobby (Australia) Macedonian Women's Lobby Other national women's rights alliances NAWO Deutscher Frauenrat National Organization for Women League of Women Voters Women's Council in Denmark Israel Women's Network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=National_Organization_for_Women&oldid=848392155 '' Categories : National Organization for Women 1966 establishments in Washington, D.C. Feminist organizations in the United States Liberal feminism Organizations based in Washington, D.C. Organizations established in 1966 Pro-choice organizations in the United States Second-wave feminism Women's political advocacy groups in the United States Hidden categories: Pages using deprecated image syntax Pages using infobox organization with unsupported parameters All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from September 2009 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Polski Português Simple English Svenska Tagalog Türkçe 6 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2018, at 16:49 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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who dies in pretty little liars last episode

159 19 `` Farewell , My Lovely '' June 20 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62

Pretty Little Liars (season 7) - Wikipedia Pretty Little Liars (season 7) Jump to: navigation , search Pretty Little Liars (season 7) Season 7 DVD Cover Starring Troian Bellisario Ashley Benson Tyler Blackburn Lucy Hale Ian Harding Laura Leighton Shay Mitchell Andrea Parker Janel Parrish Sasha Pieterse Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 Release Original network Freeform Original release June 21, 2016 ( 2016-06-21 ) -- June 27, 2017 ( 2017-06-27 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 6 List of Pretty Little Liars episodes The seventh and final season of the American mystery drama television series Pretty Little Liars , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , was renewed on June 10, 2014, for two additional seasons, making the show Freeform 's longest running original series. The season consisted of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes aired in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes aired from April 2017. The season's premiere aired on June 21, 2016, on Freeform. Production and filming began in the end of March 2016, which was confirmed by showrunner I. Marlene King . The season premiere was written by I. Marlene King and directed by Ron Lagomarsino . King revealed the title of the premiere on Twitter on March 17, 2016. On August 29, 2016, it was confirmed that this would be the final season of the series. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Recurring cast 2.3 Special guest star 2.4 Guest cast 3 Episodes 4 Specials 5 Production 5.1 Development 5.1.1 Final season speculation 5.2 Filming 5.3 Casting 6 Reception 6.1 Live + SD Ratings 6.2 Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings 7 References Overview ( edit ) A.D. gives the Liars 24 hours to find Charlotte's real killer or Hanna dies. While discussing possible suspects, the girls' suspicion fell on Alison. Aria suspects the red jacket blonde she saw entering the church was Alison. Emily finds the jacket in Alison's things and Caleb gives it to A.D. Meanwhile, Hanna manages to escape. Elliot's true motive is later revealed to Alison; she managed to use his phone to alert the girls to her location when he takes her out in his car one night. She jumps out of the car and he gives chase but Hanna accidentally runs him over and they bury him in the woods. The Liars find out Jenna is calling Elliot as `` Archer'' on his burner phone. Mona then traces most of the sent messages from a secret apartment where they find out his real name is `` Archer Dunhill'' . Toby discovers this and gets the cops to release Alison who reveals that she was the red jacket blonde but only tried to comfort Charlotte. Jenna befriends Sara and Noel begins helping them. Emily confronts Jenna and Sara. Jenna reveals that she became Charlotte's friend after feeling sympathy for her in Welby and helped Archer fake his identity to be with Charlotte. Sara reveals that they are all looking for the same thing but is killed soon after. A.D. tricks Hanna into believing Archer is alive and records her digging up his grave. The Liars find videos in Noel's cabin of him torturing them in the dollhouse. Hanna kidnaps Noel after negotiating with him doesn't work and films an interrogation video. He manages to escape and lures the Liars to an abandoned blind school. They leave the dollhouse videos on a table and someone takes them but Noel and Jenna attempt to murder them. In the confrontation, Noel is accidentally killed, and Spencer is shot by A.D., while Jenna corners Spencer. Jenna prepares to kill Spencer, but is knocked out by Mary. She then reveals that Spencer is her second child. A.D. saves Jenna who asks if they shot Spencer. One week later, Spencer has recovered and A.D. sends Jenna to confess to the cops that Noel wanted money Charlotte left Jenna for another eye surgery, killed Sara and tried to kill Jenna in the blind school. Peter returns and reveals that Mary is the one who killed Jessica. Hanna and Spencer follow the trail of a private investigator he hired to find Mary and bump into Ted who reveals he has been hiding her as she is his college fling with whom he conceived Charles. Mary reveals to Spencer that Peter and Jessica were planning to kill her, thus she used his pills to kill Jessica. A.D. then uses Emily's stolen eggs to impregnate Alison, as a way to further torture the liars. Meanwhile, A.D. hires Sydney Driscoll as their helper and she fakes being A.D. to recruit Aria into joining the A.D. team. Aria is forced into playing and becomes A.D.'s new helper, destroying Emison's baby nursery and leaving an `` A'' message in Spencer's house, until the Liars catch her in the act and she defects. Mona, who is becoming addicted to the A-game again, reveals that she tried to scare Charlotte into not resuming the A-game but Charlotte attacked her and she killed her in self-defense. Mary confesses to Rollins and Jessica's murder. A.D. ends the game as they have finally learned that Mona was Charlotte's killer. One year later, Mary escapes from prison and Mona is released from Welby but rejoins the A-Team and is sent to kidnap Spencer, who comes face-to-face with A.D. - Alex Drake, her twin sister. Mary reveals she sold Alex to a London family to get out of Radley. Alex ran away and met Wren who revealed everything about Spencer to her and introduced her to Charlotte who left her everything. She became A.D. to use the Liars to find Charlotte's killer and killed Wren as he always saw her as Alex while she wanted to become Spencer to have her `` perfect life'' . She explains that Sara was looking for Charlotte's false treasure in the Radley which was actually the secret fall and Jenna recruited Noel to look for `` Charlotte's sister'' . Jenna uses her enhanced sense of smell to figure out `` Spencer's not Spencer'' and alerts Toby who tells the others. Mona reveals to them that Wren was going to kill her but she convinced him she could get Mary out. The Liars, Toby, Mona, and Caleb come face to face with Alex and Spencer as they cannot tell them apart, until Toby makes the distinction by asking what Spencer's favorite poem from a book she gave him. Mona tracked A.D.'s location has a cop arrest her. The Liars then say goodbye to one another as Aria leaves for her honeymoon with Ezra. Mona moves to Paris and the `` cop'' is revealed to be her boyfriend who has imprisoned Alex and Mary in her basement dollhouse. In the finale moment, a new set of liars are awaken to find their leader, Addison, has just gone missing. Cast ( edit ) Main article: List of Pretty Little Liars characters Main cast ( edit ) Troian Bellisario as Spencer Hastings and Alex Drake Ashley Benson as Hanna Marin Tyler Blackburn as Caleb Rivers Lucy Hale as Aria Montgomery Ian Harding as Ezra Fitz Laura Leighton as Ashley Marin Shay Mitchell as Emily Fields Andrea Parker as Mary Drake and Jessica DiLaurentis Janel Parrish as Mona Vanderwaal Sasha Pieterse as Alison DiLaurentis Recurring cast ( edit ) Nicholas Gonzalez as Marco Furey Keegan Allen as Toby Cavanaugh Tammin Sursok as Jenna Marshall Lindsey Shaw as Paige McCullers Brant Daugherty as Noel Kahn Lulu Brud as Sabrina Huw Collins as Archer Dunhill Special guest star ( edit ) Holly Marie Combs as Ella Montgomery Chad Lowe as Byron Montgomery Guest cast ( edit ) Lesley Fera as Veronica Hastings Brendan Robinson as Lucas Gottesman Vanessa Ray as CeCe Drake / Charlotte DiLaurentis Kara Royster as Yvonne Phillips Jim Titus as Barry Maple Chloe Bridges as Sydney Driscoll Nia Peeples as Pam Fields Drew Van Acker as Jason DiLaurentis Nolan North as Peter Hastings Julian Morris as Wren Kingston Roma Maffia as Linda Tanner Dre Davis as Sara Harvey Shane Coffey as Holden Strauss Rebecca Breeds as Nicole Gordon Ava Allan as Addison Derringer Torrey DeVitto as Melissa Hastings Edward Kerr as Ted Wilson John O'Brien as Principal Arthur Hackett Roberto Aguire as Liam Greene David Coussins as Jordan Hobart Meg Foster as Carla Grunwald Mary Page Keller as Dianne Fitzgerald Emma Dumont as Katherine Daly I. Marlene King as Wedding Photographer Notes Unlike the other series regulars, Laura Leighton is only credited in the episodes she appears in. Episodes ( edit ) See also: List of Pretty Little Liars episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 141 `` Tick-Tock, Bitches '' Ron Lagomarsino I. Marlene King June 21, 2016 ( 2016-06-21 ) 2M7201 1.43 Whilst searching for Hanna, the gang sees Mary Drake enter the police station. They learn of her identity and that she is the new owner of the Lost Woods resort. After tricking the girls with a doll made to look like a dead Hanna, `` Uber A'' informs them that they have 24 hours to hand over Charlotte's real killer or Hanna dies. The Liars and the others admit to believing that Alison killed Charlotte and they set out to find proof. Aria and Ezra search Alison's house, and are almost caught by Elliott. At the psychiatric hospital, Alison, in a drugged state-of-mind, seemingly admits to Emily that she killed Charlotte. After Aria recalls to have seen someone with a red jacket follow Charlotte the night she was murdered, Emily finds the jacket at Alison's house. Caleb gives the proof to ' Uber A' in order to save Hanna. Hanna is locked up by `` Uber A'' , but manages to escape. However, she later meets Mary. Elliott reveals his duplicity to Alison as he wants to punish her for killing Charlotte. 142 `` Bedlam '' Tawnia McKiernan Joseph Dougherty June 28, 2016 ( 2016-06-28 ) 2M7202 1.24 After putting herself in danger, Hanna is rescued by Mary Drake. After Alison calls Emily about her current condition, this leads the Liars to grow suspicious of Elliott. Spencer and Caleb's relationship is on the rocks after Hanna tells Caleb about her feelings towards him. Liam is assigned to help Aria and Ezra on their book and after Aria breaks up with him, he unleashes on Ezra. Hanna breaks off her engagement with Jordan, and later signs a contract with Lucas to construct a fashion company. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' wheels Alison on a stretcher and adds medication to her intravenous fluids. 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' Zetna Fuentes Jonell Lennon July 5, 2016 ( 2016-07-05 ) 2M7203 1.12 Emily connects the puzzle pieces as she figures out that Elliott and Mary may be working together. Toby and Yvonne get engaged. Spencer feels like breaking up with Caleb because she feels that he still loves Hanna. Emily reveals her true feelings to Sabrina. Aria and Hanna find out about Elliott and Charlotte's love affair. The Liars attempt to rescue Alison from the psychiatric hospital to protect her from Uber A's threats. Meanwhile, Alison manages to escape Rollins, who chases her to the woods, where a distracted Hanna hits him with her car. 144 `` Hit and Run, Run, Run '' Michael Goi Maya Goldsmith July 12, 2016 ( 2016-07-12 ) 2M7204 1.26 After killing Rollins, the Liars bury his body and try to hide his death, but they end up straining their romantic relationships in the process. At the psychiatric hospital, Alison finally comes clean about the night Charlotte died: she followed Charlotte into the Church and they argued about Elliott, and Alison left minutes before someone killed Charlotte. Mona intervenes with a cover-up plan to help the girls, for better or worse. Spencer meets a man named Marco Furey at The Radley and almost hooks up with him. Jenna comes back to Rosewood and is revealed to be in connection with Elliott, whose real name is revealed to be Archer. 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary '' Norman Buckley Bryan M. Holdman July 19, 2016 ( 2016-07-19 ) 2M7205 1.17 Jenna befriends Sara Harvey which puts her at the top of the ' Uber A' suspect list. Alison is placed under the watch of Mary Drake, and finds out that Archer stole all her money. Spencer enlists Hanna's help to search for Caleb, she later visits Toby in the police department in order to find out something about Caleb's disappearance and ends up bumping into Marco, who is revealed to be a detective. Aria and Emily discover a secret apartment that belonged to Archer Dunhill and suspect him to be `` A.D'' . Ali receives her red jacket back with a note from `` Uber A'' saying her friends gave it to them. Ezra proposes to Aria and Noel Kahn meets up with Sara and Jenna. 146 6 `` Wanted: Dead or Alive '' Bethany Rooney Lijah J. Barasz August 2, 2016 ( 2016-08-02 ) 2M7206 1.10 The Rosewood P.D. begin to question Elliott's disappearance and explore the possibility of him being dead. The investigation leads the Liars to question Elliott's murder altogether, with Hanna being conflicted about whether or not to tell the police the truth. Spencer talks with Marco in order to make things clear regarding the kiss they had in the Radley elevator. Meanwhile, Aria and Ezra struggle with their relationship after Aria turns down Ezra's proposal because of Elliott's murder. Emily questions the fact that Sara and Jenna have teamed up together, and finds out that Charlotte enlisted Jenna's help to find her birth mother and make Archer the alias of Elliott Rollins in order to purposely meet Ali and take advantage of her good intentions for her eventual release. Spencer and Caleb finally have a conversation about their relationship and break up. `` A.D.'' unsuccessfully attacks Alison at her house wearing a mask. After hearing everything from Aria, Ezra proposes to her again-- and, this time, she says yes. Sara is murdered by an unseen figure and her body is discovered in a bathtub at The Radley. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' watches a recording of Hanna and Spencer digging up Archer's grave on their computer. 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' Melanie Mayron Kateland Brown August 9, 2016 ( 2016-08-09 ) 2M7207 1.16 Jason comes back to Rosewood in order to stop Alison from becoming too close to Mary. Meanwhile, Noel Kahn's behaviour starts to worry the girls when they find out he broke into Toby's house to steal Mary's Radley file. The Liars discover new information about Mary and Jessica, leading them to a secret cellar in Carol Ward's house where they discover that Jessica had files about them and that Mary had a second child while at Radley. They then begin to think that this child, a cousin of Alison, may be behind the `` A.D.'' mask, and wanting revenge for something. The cellar explodes right after the girls leave, and someone writes `` I see you'' on the rear window of their car. Ezra and Aria decide to elope in Italy, but right before they are about to leave, the FBI contacts Ezra and tells him that Nicole may be alive. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' steals the files about Aria and Noel, and pours Irish Whiskey over the Noel file and strikes a match on a wax doll face to burn the file. 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs '' Kimberly McCullough Charlie Craig August 16, 2016 ( 2016-08-16 ) 2M7208 1.11 After receiving a job offer as the Rosewood High swim coach, Emily discovers that Paige has returned to Rosewood and is also a candidate for the job. Hanna is visited by Mrs. Grunwald, who warns her about Noel. Meanwhile, Alison goes back to work at Rosewood High, but finds it difficult after her students play a prank on her. Aria struggles with her relationship with Ezra after telling him she deleted a call that came from Nicole's cellphone, and later, with Spencer, visits the doctor who delivered Mary's baby in order to get answers. Aria buys a plane ticket for Ezra to get him closer to the latest news on Nicole, delaying their wedding. After not getting any help from the Liars, Hanna goes rogue and decides to work alone in an unknown plan to try and discover who `` A.D.'' is. 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn '' Chad Lowe Jonell Lennon August 23, 2016 ( 2016-08-23 ) 2M7209 1.09 When the typical methods of sleuthing aren't working, Hanna rages and ends up trying to make a deal with Noel Kahn (who she thinks is `` A.D.'' ) and indirectly drug him in order to lock him up; however, her initial goal fails. Emily turns to Paige for comfort, while her relationship with Sabrina plummets. Jason and Aria look into Mary's past where they learn that Steven Kahn, Noel and Eric's father, orchestrated the adoption of Mary's second child. Aria learns from Ezra that Nicole is still missing. At the Kahn's cabin, Spencer and Emily discover that Charlotte and Noel were working together to torture the girls in the dollhouse however the videos are stolen after someone breaks into Spencer's house. At the end, after unsuccessfully trying to drug Noel, Hanna knocks him out from behind. 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight '' Arlene Sanford I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith August 30, 2016 ( 2016-08-30 ) 2M7210 1.33 The Liars, Alison, Mona, and Caleb team up with Rosewood P.D. to find Hanna. Emily and Paige continue to rebuild their friendship. Alison reveals to Emily that she's pregnant. Spencer learns that Toby and Yvonne are planning to leave Rosewood. Aria finds out that Nicole is alive. Noel manages to escape and leads the Liars to an abandoned school for the blind where Jenna, armed with a gun, attempts to murder the Liars with Noel. However, Noel, while attacking Hanna and Emily, trips on his axe and accidentally kills himself. Jenna then shoots at the Liars and gets Spencer. Jenna corners her and is about to execute her when Mary Drake knocks her out and reveals that she is Spencer's biological mother. While leaving town, Toby and Yvonne are in a car accident. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' drags an unconscious Jenna from the abandoned school, and Jenna asks if it was they who shot Spencer. They throw her their mask and she realizes it is `` A.D.'' , as they put up their hoodie. 151 11 `` Playtime '' Chad Lowe Allyson N. Nelson & Joseph Dougherty April 18, 2017 ( 2017-04-18 ) 2M7211 1.33 One week after the events of the last episode, Toby is well but Yvonne is in a coma while Spencer has recovered. Ezra arrives and reveals he hasn't told Nicole about him and Aria getting married. Hanna and Caleb are back together and Mona helps her get back into the fashion business. Emily is appointed coach of the varsity swimming team and Paige is made an athletics supervisor at Rosewood High. The Liars are given a interactive board game by `` A.D.'' which shows the area of notable places of Rosewood and figurines of the Liars. Spencer plays the game and receives a puzzle piece and a letter from Mary. Hanna tries to destroy the game but a video appears showing that `` A.D.'' knows they killed Rollins. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' has Jenna in a dark room without her glasses. She's drinking a cup of tea and asks for more information about the game. `` A.D.'' takes the teacup and throws a binder with a lot of papers written in braille on her lap. After reading the top of the first page, Jenna mutters `` end game'' . 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' Ron Lagomarsino Oliver Goldstick April 25, 2017 ( 2017-04-25 ) 2M7212 0.92 The Liars question what to do with the board game. Emily refuses to play and leaves. Aria learns that Ezra might have been engaged to Nicole before she went missing and while they started dating again. Meanwhile, Emily battles with a student named Addison Derringer who despises her. Spencer asks Marco to track down Mary Drake and shows him the letter that her mother had written to her before she was born in Radley. Jenna, having been in hiding, returns and claims that Charlotte left behind money for her eye surgery. She further says Noel wanted it, threatened Jenna, and murdered Sara. Emily confronts Addison but Paige interferes and reveals that Addison sent an email to a friend gloating about how she was going to get rid of Emily. 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece '' Marta Cunningham Bryan M. Holdman May 2, 2017 ( 2017-05-02 ) 2M7213 0.86 Hanna is sure Jenna is to blame for a recent professional setback and is forced to bring Caleb up to speed on current events. Aria and Emily team up to investigate Sydney for more information about Jenna and her connection to `` A.D.'' and discover that she is working for `` A.D.'' after they find her making a deposit for a surgery for Jenna. They realize that `` A.D.'' is paying Jenna off for helping with the blind school and confront Sydney, who claims that `` A.D.'' is simply an anonymous client. Sydney leaves, however, Aria plants a tracking device in her bag. Meanwhile, Spencer grows closer to Detective Furey, while Aria struggles with her current situation with Ezra, and Hanna's turn at the game is more intense than she bargained for, leading to shocking consequences. 154 14 `` Power Play '' Roger Kumble Lijah J. Barasz May 9, 2017 ( 2017-05-09 ) 2M7214 0.91 Ali's turn at the game forces her to make a drastic decision to abort her child but is haunted when `` A.D'' reminds her of when she was in the psychiatric hospital and was wheeled into a operating room. Alison is traumatized to remember that Emily's donated eggs were implanted inside her uterus, realizing Emily is her child's mother. Spencer has a long overdue conversation with her father about his past sins and recent whereabouts. Emily continues to navigate working at Rosewood High with both Ali and Paige, learning the truth about Ali's pregnancy. Meanwhile, Paige contemplates leaving Rosewood, but decides against it, resulting in her and Emily renewing their relationship. Aria continues to question the fate of her relationship with Ezra after Nicole's arrival and bristles under `` A.D.'s '' taunts. While searching for Mary, wanting answers from her, Hanna and Spencer run into Pastor Ted, who eventually reveals himself as Charlotte's biological father. He also reveals that Lucas was Charlotte's old childhood friend. Meanwhile, Aria discovers that Sydney is on the A-Team, working with `` A.D.'' . Sydney and `` A.D.'' offer Aria the chance to join the A-Team. 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' Troian Bellisario Joseph Dougherty May 23, 2017 ( 2017-05-23 ) 2M7215 0.85 After being blackmailed by `` A.D.'' , Aria supplies info to them about the Liars findings. Detective Furey reveals to Spencer that she used Archer's credit card to buy drinks when they first met and she is now a suspect in Archer's death. After some arguing, Ezra finally agrees to leave Nicole behind for Aria, while Emily encourages Ali to not get an abortion and raise her child. Paige discovers Emily is going to help Alison raise her child. That night Paige and Alison discuss Emily, while finally making up after years of hate. Realizing that Emily loves Alison, Paige leaves Rosewood and Emily for good. After learning about Lucas' relation with Charles, Hanna sets out to prove he is innocent, but finds more evidence that he is `` A.D'' , when the Liars find a comic book made by Lucas and Charles, that heavily resembles the `` A'' game. Hanna tells Mona about the game and tries to convince her to help. Meanwhile, `` A.D.'' sends Aria to retrieve the comic book for them, and in return she is gifted the official `` A'' uniform. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' is busy playing around with Aria's face that they created during their snapchat videos, while `` A.D.'' , masquerading as Aria, holds a secret file of Aria's , while they laugh uncontrollably. 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' Paula Hunziker Maya Goldsmith May 30, 2017 ( 2017-05-30 ) 2M7216 0.90 Spencer steals a flash drive from Marco's apartment about Lucas' alibi confession to the police the night Archer was killed. `` A.D.'' sends Aria to destroy Alison and Emily's nursery. In Hanna's turn at the game, `` A.D.'' makes her pick up something at the computer repair shop and bring it to Rosewood High School. The Liars have a confrontation with Lucas where he explains to them that he didn't know Charles and Charlotte were the same person, or that Charlotte was `` A'' . A second comic book exists and depicts turning vengeance into a game. Aria breaks down in remorse after her plot to destroy the nursery. Meanwhile, Caleb and Hanna return to Lucas's loft with the hard drive Hanna picked up. The audio file contains a Patsy Cline song. Hanna remembers that `` A'' played a different Patsy song in the Dollhouse. Alison finally admits her feelings to Emily. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' has the second comic book. They are shown sketching the ending of the comic book. They draw a gravestone and write `` Here lies'' . 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy '' Oliver Goldstick Francesca Rollins & Oliver Goldstick June 6, 2017 ( 2017-06-06 ) 2M7217 0.97 With Mona making inroads in the game, Emily reluctantly teams up with her to investigate the doctor who performed Ali's procedure. Ashley returns to Rosewood to check on Hanna and asks Caleb what his intentions are with her daughter, to which he admits that he wants to marry Hanna and the two become engaged. Meanwhile, `` A.D.'' sends Aria to deliver a gift to the Hastings family that contains a voice recording of Peter and Mary discussing Jessica's murder, leaving Spencer more confused than ever about who to trust. Ezra notices Aria's change in attitude and fears he may have lost her; and `` A.D.'' 's machinations cause Aria to have a terrifying nightmare. 158 18 `` Choose or Lose '' Norman Buckley Charlie Craig June 13, 2017 ( 2017-06-13 ) 2M7218 0.96 The Liars have been served with search warrants at their homes. Spencer goes to the police station where she finds out that the case is now being investigated by Detective Tanner. The Liars are sent a phone with a timer that tells them to `` Choose or Lose'' . Caleb and Hanna get married at the courthouse with Ashley as a witness. Caleb and Ezra find the cell tower location from which the game phone has been sending signals from, and later discover that they are being sent from Mona's house. While leaving to find Spencer, Aria discovers Archer's corpse is in her car trunk, just as a police car pulls up to confront her. 159 19 `` Farewell, My Lovely'' Joseph Dougherty Joseph Dougherty June 20, 2017 ( 2017-06-20 ) 2M7219 0.83 The Liars are told by Caleb that Mona has the board game and jump to conclusions that Mona is `` A.D.'' . Mary meets with Spencer at Lost Woods Resort and gives her ownership of the building. Mona reveals that Charlotte never recovered and was going to resume the A-game. She confronted Charlotte and threatened to push her out the window but never planned to go through with it. When Hanna, Caleb and Spencer take Mona back to their car, the final two puzzle pieces are waiting. Later, the Liars gather in a room at the Lost Woods and put the two final puzzle pieces in. When the pieces are in place, the game says `` Congratulations. Claim the grand prize'' , a picture of Archer. Augmented reality shows a man walking toward Aunt Carol's house. The Liars are arrested by Tanner at Aunt Carol's where Archer's body is found. Mary lies and says she killed Archer, also confessing to Jessica's murder, saving the Liars from a murder charge. Mona reveals that after she stopped threatening her, Charlotte attacked Mona and in the struggle she accidentally killed Charlotte in self-defense. `` A.D.'' ending: `` A.D.'' drives off into the sunrise with the Liars' game pieces in a plastic bag. 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part '' I. Marlene King Story by : I. Marlene King & Kyle Bown Teleplay by : I. Marlene King & Maya Goldsmith June 27, 2017 ( 2017-06-27 ) 2M7220 1.41 This episode's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (July 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) A year later, Ezra and Aria are getting ready to be married. Alison and Emily have twin daughters, named Grace and Lily. Alison proposes to Emily, who accepts. Before their wedding, Ezra suddenly goes missing, so the wedding is postponed. Spencer is kidnapped by Mona, who is back on the A-Team and working for `` A.D.'' When Spencer awakens, she meets her secret twin sister, Alex Drake, who is revealed as `` A.D.'' Alex explains that she met Wren at a bar in England, where he later introduced her to Charlotte, whom she had a close relationship with. She became `` A.D.'' in hopes of avenging her death and also reveals that she murdered Wren, and turned him into an eternity stone. Alex explains she has been impersonating Spencer and wants to take her place because she is in love with Toby. With help from Mona, who reveals she's playing to beat `` A.D.'' , the Liars eventually find Spencer and Ezra struggling with Alex. Toby holds Spencer and Alex at gun point and realizes who the real Spencer is, and Alex and Mary are arrested. The Liars are gathered to see Aria off, when Hanna reveals she is pregnant. Aria reveals that she and Ezra are going to visit an adoption agency after their honeymoon. The girls exchange goodbyes and Aria leaves. In France, Mona has imprisoned Mary and Alex in a new Dollhouse, officially winning the `` A'' game. Meanwhile, Addison's friends are having a sleepover. When they awaken, they find that Addison has gone missing, with Willa saying `` I think I heard a scream'' and the series ends. Specials ( edit ) Special no. Title Narrator(s) Aired after Original air date U.S viewers (million) `` A-List Wrap Party'' I. Marlene King & The Cast of Pretty Little Liars `` Till Death Do Us Part '' June 27, 2017 ( 2017-06-27 ) 0.62 Showrunner I. Marlene King and the Liars sit down for an hour long unbarred and uncensored tell-all after series finale to discuss all of the series' tightly held secrets, behind-the-scenes insights, and top moments. Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The seventh season was ordered with the sixth season on June 10, 2014, right before the fifth-season premiere aired, which made Pretty Little Liars ABC Family's longest running original series, surpassing The Secret Life of the American Teenager , which was ABC Family's previous longest running original series. The season will consist of 20 episodes, in which ten episodes will air in the summer of 2016, with the remaining ten episodes beginning to air in April 2017. Charlie Craig , who served as writer/consulting producer on the second season , will return for the seventh season as executive producer/co-showrunner. I. Marlene King revealed the title of the premiere `` Tick-Tock, Bitches'' on Twitter. Variety announced that season premiere would air on June 21, 2016, the latest for a season premiere in the show's history. Additionally, series star Troian Bellisario would make her directorial debut this season. Bellisario is set to direct the fifteenth episode of the season. A promo was released on May 12, 2016. Freeform released a promotional poster for the season, on June 7, 2016. After the season premiere, Freeform released another poster which included Ashley Benson. On August 29, 2016, I. Marlene King with the principal cast of the show announced that Pretty Little Liars would end after the seventh season. King also announced that the show would start airing the second half of the season later than usual, in April 2017 and that the series finale would be a two-hour episode event. It was reported on October 26, 2016, that a tell-all special will air after the series finale `` Till Death Do Us Part '' , where the main cast and showrunner I. Marlene King talked about the show and behind-the-scenes exclusive. Final season speculation ( edit ) The seventh season had been speculated by both fans and the cast and crew of the show to being the final season of Pretty Little Liars ever since the show was renewed for two additional seasons. In an interview with BuzzFeed , Troian Bellisario said `` This is the beginning of the end. But the best part about these last two years is that, because it's the beginning of the end, we can actually start telling the story I think we've been waiting to tell for a long time.'' Regarding the show's ending, Lucy Hale said to E! News that `` Seven seasons will definitely end the show.'' Showrunner I. Marlene King commented on these rumors to TVLine as she said `` We have enough story to take us to the end of Season 7, and we're going to let the fans tell us if they're ready to say goodbye to this world and these characters.'' She confirmed to being open for an eighth season and a movie and a new book. In an interview with Variety regarding the five-year time-jump, King said `` I think that this story when we're back will end next year at the end of Season 7'' . She later took to Twitter where she confirmed that the current storyline that began in the second half of the sixth season would end after the seventh season, but would not necessarily mean that the show would end after the seventh season. Hale said on The Late Late Show with James Corden that the show was ending after the seventh season. Bellisario's fiancé Patrick J. Adams said in June 2016, that the show was ending in 2017, as the couple has decided to get married after the show ends. Freeform gave out a statement not long after saying that `` There has been no official decision made for PLL beyond a season 7.'' It was announced on August 29, 2016, the day before the mid-season finale would air, that Pretty Little Liars will end after the seventh season. Filming ( edit ) Production began on February 1, 2016, when King announced on Twitter that the writers were in full swing brainstorming and mapping the seventh season. Production and filming began in the end of March 2016 and officially wrapped up in October 2016. Casting ( edit ) The seventh season has nine roles receiving star billing, with eight of them returning from the previous season, six of which was part of the original cast from the first season. The season saw the four protagonists of the series continue the roles as they try to take down the new ' A' . Troian Bellisario played Spencer Hastings , who has relationship problems with Caleb, while Ashley Benson played Hanna Marin , who was kidnapped at the end of last season. Lucy Hale continued her role as Aria Montgomery as she is set in a love triangle with Ezra and her boyfriend Liam. Shay Mitchell portrayed Emily Fields who begins to rekindle her relationship with Alison. Sasha Pieterse continued to portray Alison DiLaurentis as Alison struggles with being in a psych-ward. Janel Parrish returned as Mona Vanderwaal who seems to be finally on their side. Tyler Blackburn continues to play Caleb Rivers and Ian Harding also continued his role as Ezra Fitz. Andrea Parker was added as a series regular, playing Jessica DiLaurentis' twin sister Mary Drake . After the sixth-season finale, it was announced that Andrea Parker would return to the show as Mary Drake, Jessica DiLaurentis ' identical twin sister and biological mother to Charlotte DiLaurentis . TVLine later confirmed that Parker was added as a series regular for the upcoming season. Deadline reported on May 10, 2016, that actor Nicholas Gonzalez was cast as Detective Vic Furey, a character who will oversee the Rosewood Police Department. The character was later renamed Det. Marco Furey. Tammin Sursok announced that she will return to the show as Jenna Marshall after last appearing in the fifth-season episode `` How the ' A' Stole Christmas'' . On June 2, 2016, Variety reported that Brant Daugherty would be returning as Noel Kahn ; Brant has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the fifth season. On June 10, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Lindsey Shaw would be returning as Paige McCullers after leaving in the fifth season mid-season premiere. The actress playing Sydney Driscoll, Chloe Bridges , posted an image on social media, confirming that she would return to the show after last appearing in the Christmas special episode. On July 28, 2016, The Hollywood Reporter reported that Shane Coffey would be returning as Holden Strauss ; Shane has not appeared on the show since the beginning of the third season. It was announced on August 8, 2016, that Ava Allan will appear on the show, and will first appear in the second half of the season as Addison. On August 17, 2016, TVLine reported that Edward Kerr would be returning to the show as Pastor Ted Wilson in the second half of the season. Kerr had not been on the show since towards the end of the fifth season. Reception ( edit ) Live + SD Ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot (EST) Rating/Share (18-- 49) Viewers (m) Rank (18-49) 141 `` Tick-Tock, Bitches'' June 21, 2016 ( 2016-06-21 ) Tuesdays 8:00 p.m. 0.7 1.43 11 142 `` Bedlam'' June 28, 2016 ( 2016-06-28 ) 0.6 1.24 15 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins'' July 5, 2016 ( 2016-07-05 ) 0.5 1.12 12 144 `` Hit and Run, Run, Run'' July 12, 2016 ( 2016-07-12 ) 0.6 1.26 7 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary'' July 19, 2016 ( 2016-07-19 ) 0.6 1.17 15 146 6 `` Wanted: Dead or Alive'' August 2, 2016 ( 2016-08-02 ) 0.5 1.10 12 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9, 2016 ( 2016-08-09 ) 0.6 1.16 9 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs'' August 16, 2016 ( 2016-08-16 ) 0.6 1.11 14 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn'' August 23, 2016 ( 2016-08-23 ) 0.5 1.09 16 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight'' August 30, 2016 ( 2016-08-30 ) 0.7 1.33 11 151 11 `` Playtime'' April 18, 2017 ( 2017-04-18 ) 0.7 1.33 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking'' April 25, 2017 ( 2017-04-25 ) 0.5 0.92 10 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece'' May 2, 2017 ( 2017-05-02 ) 0.4 0.86 11 154 14 `` Power Play'' May 9, 2017 ( 2017-05-09 ) 0.5 0.91 9 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart'' May 23, 2017 ( 2017-05-23 ) 0.4 0.85 11 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle'' May 30, 2017 ( 2017-05-30 ) 0.4 0.90 8 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy'' June 6, 2017 ( 2017-06-06 ) 0.5 0.97 158 18 `` Choose or Lose'' June 13, 2017 ( 2017-06-13 ) 0.5 0.96 7 159 19 `` Farewell, My Lovely'' June 20, 2017 ( 2017-06-20 ) 0.4 0.83 9 160 20 `` Till Death Do Us Part'' June 27, 2017 ( 2017-06-27 ) 0.7 1.41 721 `` A-List Wrap Party'' June 27, 2017 ( 2017-06-27 ) Tuesday 10:00 p.m. 0.3 0.62 14 Live + 7 Day (DVR) ratings ( edit ) No. in series No. in season Episode Air date Time slot (EST) 18-- 49 rating increase Viewers (millions) increase Total 18-49 Total viewers (millions) Ref. 141 `` Tick-Tok, Bitches'' June 21, 2016 ( 2016-06-21 ) Tuesdays 8:00 p.m. 0.5 1.05 2.48 142 `` Bedlam'' June 28, 2016 ( 2016-06-28 ) 0.4 0.82 1.0 2.05 143 `` The Talented Mr. Rollins'' July 5, 2016 ( 2016-07-05 ) 0.4 0.74 0.9 1.85 144 `` Hit and Run, Run, Run'' July 12, 2016 ( 2016-07-12 ) 0.4 0.76 1.0 2.01 145 5 `` Along Comes Mary'' July 19, 2016 ( 2016-07-19 ) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 146 6 `` Wanted: Dead or Alive'' August 2, 2016 ( 2016-08-02 ) 0.5 0.84 1.0 1.94 147 7 `` Original G'A'ngsters '' August 9, 2016 ( 2016-08-09 ) 0.5 0.95 1.1 2.11 148 8 `` Exes and OMGs'' August 16, 2016 ( 2016-08-16 ) 0.5 0.86 1.1 1.97 149 9 `` The Wrath of Kahn'' August 23, 2016 ( 2016-08-23 ) 0.5 0.71 0.9 1.80 150 10 `` The DArkest Knight'' August 30, 2016 ( 2016-08-30 ) 0.4 0.77 1.1 2.10 151 11 `` Playtime'' April 18, 2017 ( 2017-04-18 ) 0.4 0.85 1.1 2.19 152 12 `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking'' April 25, 2017 ( 2017-04-25 ) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 153 13 `` Hold Your Piece'' May 2, 2017 ( 2017-05-02 ) N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 154 14 `` Power Play'' May 9, 2017 ( 2017-05-09 ) 0.4 0.85 0.9 1.77 155 15 `` In the Eye Abides the Heart'' May 23, 2017 ( 2017-05-23 ) 0.5 0.98 0.9 1.83 156 16 `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle'' May 30, 2017 ( 2017-05-30 ) 0.5 0.91 0.9 1.82 157 17 `` Driving Miss Crazy'' June 6, 2017 ( 2017-06-06 ) 0.5 0.93 1.0 1.90 158 18 `` Choose or Lose'' June 13, 2017 ( 2017-06-13 ) 0.4 0.93 0.9 1.90 159 19 `` Farewell, My Lovely'' June 20, 2017 ( 2017-06-20 ) 0.5 0.79 0.9 1.62 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Bibel, Sara (June 9, 2014). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Renewed For Seasons Six & Seven by ABC Family'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Aguilera, Leanne (March 16, 2016). `` EXCLUSIVE: ' Pretty Little Liars' Boss Talks Season 7 Secrets, Amping Up the Sex and the ' PLL' Movie!'' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 17, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Wieselman, Jarett (June 2, 2015). `` It's The Beginning Of The End For `` Pretty Little Liars '' `` . BuzzFeed . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Goldberg, Lesley (August 29, 2016). `` It's Official: ' Pretty Little Liars' to End With Season 7'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Kissell, Rick (April 7, 2016). `` Freeform Sets ' Pretty Little Liars' Season 7 Premiere Date and Schedules More Summer Series'' . Variety . Retrieved April 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Aguilera, Leanne (March 15, 2016). `` EXCLUSIVE ' Pretty Little Liars' Postmortem: Ashley Benson Dishes on Hanna's ' Questionable' Fate in Season 7!'' . Entertainment Tonight . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene (April 4, 2016). `` Here we go. First #PLLTableReAd of seAson 7'' . Instagram . Retrieved April 4, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: King, I. Marlene (March 17, 2016). `` Season 7 premiere title is `` Tic Tock, Bitches'' @ThexCreator`` . Twitter . Retrieved March 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Special PLL Announcement'' . Facebook . August 29, 2016 . Retrieved April 12, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 22, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: Copa America 2016 scores high'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 30, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' dips'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 30, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (July 7, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' The Haves and the Have Nots' holds steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 7, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (July 13, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' ticks up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 13, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (July 20, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' rules the night'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (August 3, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' lands on top'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (August 10, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' dips'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (August 17, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' and ' The Haves and The Have Nots' hold steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 19, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (August 24, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' ticks up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (August 30, 2016). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' ticks up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 31, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (April 19, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' premieres, NBA Playoffs lead the night'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (April 26, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Genius' premieres, ' Pretty Little Liars' falls'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (May 3, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: NBA Playoffs rule, ' Pretty Little Liars' dips a little'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (May 10, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' ticks up'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 10, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (May 24, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' WWE Smackdown' ticks up, ' Pretty Little Liars' dips'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 1, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Animal Kingdom' returns well, ' WWE Smackdown' wins the night'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 1, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 7, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' ticks up, ' Animal Kingdom' holds steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 14, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Animal Kingdom' and ' WWE Smackdown' fall'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 21, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Haves and The Have Nots' and ' Queen Sugar' return, ' Animal Kingdom' holds steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Welch, Alex (June 28, 2017). `` Tuesday cable ratings: ' Pretty Little Liars' series finale scores high'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Gelman, Vlada (October 26, 2016). `` TVLine Items: Pretty Little Liars Tell All, Saving Hope's Final Season and More'' . TVLine . Retrieved October 26, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Smith, Clarissa (October 26, 2016). `` PRETTY LITTLE LIARS: Freeform to Air Tell-All Special After Series Finale'' . Retrieved October 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (January 8, 2016). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' : Writer Charlie Craig Returns As Co-Showrunner For Season 7'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` TROIAN BELLISARIO WILL MAKE HER DIRECTORIAL DEBUT IN ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS' SEASON 7 (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Pretty Little Liars.com. April 7, 2016 . Retrieved April 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform's Hit Original Series `` Pretty Little Liars'' Starts Production on Season Seven`` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (May 12, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Trailer: Hanna's Cliffhanger Fate Revealed'' . TVLine . Retrieved May 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (June 7, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Poster: The Girls (Minus Hanna) Are Dressed to Kill'' . TVLine . Retrieved June 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE NEW PLL POSTER IS OUT AND WE ARE SO RELIEVED!'' . June 21, 2016 . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pretty Little Liars Star ' Lucy Hale' On E! News'' . YouTube . October 28, 2014 . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Denton, Elizabeth (October 28, 2014). `` Is Season 7 The End For Pretty Little Liars?!'' . Seventeen . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (August 12, 2015). `` Pretty Little Liars Boss on Charles' Transition, Ali's New Man and the Show's Future After Season 7'' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (August 11, 2015). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Creator Marlene King Teases Possible Movie & Season 8'' . Variety . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (December 22, 2015). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Will End After Season 7, Says Creator'' . Variety . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Andy, Swift (December 23, 2015). `` Pretty Little Liars Boss Clears the Air About Ending Series After Season 7'' . TVLine . Retrieved January 13, 2016 . Jump up ^ Reiher, Andrea (February 26, 2016). `` Lucy Hale confirms ' Pretty Little Liars' ending with Season 7, reveals how she hopes it ends'' . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Longeretta, Emily (June 11, 2016). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Ending After Season 7 -- It's ' Coming To An End This Year' '' . Hollywoodlife.com . Retrieved June 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Howell, Ernie (June 13, 2016). `` ' PRETTY LITTLE LIARS' NETWORK DROPS BOMBSHELL, CONFIRMS SEASON 7 WILL END ' PLL AS WE KNOW IT' '' . The Inquisitr . Retrieved June 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene (February 1, 2016). `` We're back! #Prettylittlewriters'' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ King, I. Marlene (February 1, 2016). `` Let's do this. #Prettylittlewriters #Season7'' . Twitter . Retrieved February 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (March 15, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars Season Finale Recap: (Spoiler)'s Twin Revealed'' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (March 16, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars Season 7 Welcomes Back Andrea Parker as Series Regular'' . TVLine . Retrieved March 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (May 10, 2016). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Casts Nicholas Gonzalez As Rosewood's Newest Detective'' . Deadline . Retrieved May 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ Highfill, Samantha (June 10, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars exclusive: Meet the man who's going to solve murders in Rosewood'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved June 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (May 4, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars: Jenna Returning to Rosewood in Season 7 (' Be Afraid' )'' . TVLine . Retrieved May 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (June 2, 2016). `` Brant Daugherty Returning to ' Pretty Little Liars' Season 7 (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Retrieved June 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney, Alyse (June 10, 2016). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' : Lindsey Shaw to Return for Season 7 (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ Bridges, Chloe (June 22, 2016). `` Back at it again!'' . Instagram . Retrieved June 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Whitney, Alyse (July 28, 2016). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Books Another Alum for Season 7 Return (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski, Denise (August 8, 2016). `` ' Pretty Little Liars' Adds Ava Allan In Season 7B'' . Deadline . Retrieved August 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Swift, Andy (August 17, 2016). `` Pretty Little Liars: Pastor Ted Returns in Season 7B -- Good News For Ashley?'' . TVLine . Retrieved August 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 11, 2016). `` Cable Live +7 ratings, June 20-26: ' Game of Thrones' finale dominates'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 10, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, June 27-July 3: ' Love & Hip Hop,' ' Rizzoli & Isles' on top'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 17, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, July 4-10: ' Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta' and ' Preacher' make biggest gains'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 24, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, July 11-17: ' Mr. Robot,' ' Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta,' ' Major Crimes' lead'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 14, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Aug. 1-7: ' Love & Hip Hop: Atlanta,' ' Rizzoli & Isles' lead'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 21, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Aug. 8-14: ' Pretty Little Liars,' ' Ballers,' ' The Last Ship' make biggest gains'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved August 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (August 28, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Aug. 15-21: ' Fear the Walking Dead,' ' Rizzoli & Isles' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 2, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (September 4, 2016). `` Cable Live +3 ratings, Aug. 22-28: ' Fear the Walking Dead' and ' Rizzoli & Isles' lead again'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved September 11, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 4, 2017). `` ' Fargo' premiere makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for April 17-23'' . Variety . Retrieved May 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (May 27, 2017). `` ' Brockmire' makes a big jump in cable Live +7 ratings for May 8-14'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 9, 2017). `` ' Better Call Saul' racks up more big gains in cable Live +7 ratings for May 22-28'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 14, 2017). `` ' Nashville' return makes solid gains in cable Live +7 ratings for May 29-June 4'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 23, 2017). `` ' Better Call Saul' triples in cable Live +7 ratings for June 5-11'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (June 29, 2017). `` ' Better Call Saul' on top again: Cable Live +7 ratings for June 12-18'' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved June 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (July 7, 2017). TV by the Numbers . Zap2it http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/doctor-who-quadruples-in-18-49-cable-live-7-ratings-for-june-19-25/ . Retrieved July 9, 2017 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) ( hide ) Sara Shepard 's Pretty Little Liars Pretty Little Liars (2006) Characters `` A'' Alex Drake Alison DiLaurentis Aria Montgomery Charlotte Drake Emily Fields Hanna Marin Jenna Marshall Mary Drake Melissa Hastings Mona Vanderwaal Red Coat Sara Harvey Spencer Hastings Sydney Driscoll TV series Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' Season 2 `` UnmAsked '' Season 3 `` It Happened ' That Night' '' Season 4 `` ' A' Is for A-l-i-v-e '' `` Grave New World '' `` Free Fall '' `` A Is for Answers '' Season 5 `` Miss Me × 100 '' `` How the ' A' Stole Christmas '' Season 6 `` Game On, Charles '' `` Game Over, Charles '' `` Of Late I Think of Rosewood '' `` Charlotte's Web '' `` Where Somebody Waits For Me '' `` Hush, Hush, Sweet Liars '' Season 7 `` Tick-Tock, Bitches '' `` Bedlam '' `` The Talented Mr. Rollins '' `` Hit and Run, Run, Run '' `` Along Comes Mary '' `` Wanted: Dead or Alive '' `` Original G'A'ngsters '' `` Exes and OMGs '' `` The Wrath of Kahn '' `` The DArkest Knight '' `` Playtime '' `` These Boots Were Made for Stalking '' `` Hold Your Piece '' `` Power Play '' `` In the Eye Abides the Heart '' `` The Glove That Rocks the Cradle '' `` Driving Miss Crazy '' `` Choose or Lose '' `` Till Death Do Us Part '' Miscellaneous Rosewood, Pennsylvania Ravenswood Pretty Little Liars: The Perfectionists Pretty Dirty Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pretty_Little_Liars_(season_7)&oldid=802195051 '' Categories : 2016 American television seasons Pretty Little Liars Hidden categories: Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Pages using deprecated image syntax Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from July 2017 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Հայերեն ItalianoPortuguêsEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon24September2017,at16:14.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia

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where is the border between england and scotland

The border country , historically known as the Scottish Marches is the area either side of the Anglo - Scottish border including parts of the modern council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and the Scottish Borders , and parts of the English counties of Cumbria , County Durham and Northumberland . It is a hilly area , with the Scottish Southern Uplands to the north , and the Cheviot Hills forming the border between the two countries to the south . From the Norman conquest of England until the reign of James VI of Scotland , who in the course of his reign became James I of England while retaining the more northerly realm , border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on Scottish Earls of March and Lord Warden of the Marches to defend and control the frontier region .

Anglo-Scottish border - wikipedia Anglo-Scottish border Jump to: navigation , search `` Border country'' redirects here. For the novel, see Border Country (novel) . Map of the modern border: Scotland is to the north and west and England is to the south and east The border at Marshall Meadows Bay on the East Coast Main Line railway A boundary wall marking the border on the A1 A fence marking the border History of the border The Anglo-Scottish border , or the English-- Scottish border (known locally as simply The Border ), is the official border and administrative boundary between England and Scotland . It runs for 96 miles (154 km) between Marshall Meadows Bay on the east coast and the Solway Firth in the west. It is Scotland's only land border. England shares a longer border (160 miles/257 km) with Wales . The Firth of Forth was the border between the Picto- Gaelic Kingdom of Alba and the Anglian Kingdom of Northumbria in the early 10th century. It became the first Anglo-Scottish border with the annexation of Northumbria by Anglo-Saxon England in the mid 10th century. In 973, Kenneth, King of Scots attended the English king, Edgar the Peaceful , at Chester . After Kenneth had reportedly done homage, Edgar rewarded Kenneth by granting him Lothian . The Anglo-Saxon ruler of northern Northumbria, Eadwulf Evil-child , had his lands reduced to those south of the Tweed. Despite this transaction, the control of Lothian was not finally settled and the region was taken by the Scots at the Battle of Carham in 1018 and the River Tweed became the de facto Anglo-Scottish border. The Solway-- Tweed line was legally established in 1237 by the Treaty of York between England and Scotland. It remains the border today, with the exception of the Debatable Lands , north of Carlisle , and a small area around Berwick-upon-Tweed , which was taken by England in 1482. It is thus one of the oldest extant borders in the world, although Berwick was not fully annexed into England until 1746. For centuries until the Union of the Crowns the region on either side of the boundary was a lawless territory suffering from the repeated raids in each direction of the Border Reivers . Following the Treaty of Union 1706 , ratified by the Acts of Union 1707 , which united Scotland with England and Wales to form the Kingdom of Great Britain , the Border continues to form the boundary of two distinct legal jurisdictions as the treaty between the two countries guaranteed the continued separation of English law and Scots law . The age of legal capacity under Scots law is 16, while it was previously 18 under English law . The border settlements of Gretna Green , Coldstream and Lamberton were convenient for elopers from England who wanted to marry under Scottish laws, and marry without publicity. The marine boundary was adjusted by the Scottish Adjacent Waters Boundaries Order 1999 so that the boundary within the territorial waters (up to the 12-mile (19 km) limit) is 0.09 km north of the boundary for oil installations established by the Civil Jurisdiction (Offshore Activities) Order 1987. The border is marked by signposts welcoming travellers both into Scotland and into England. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Clans 1.2 Scottish Marches 1.3 Middle Shires 2 References in popular culture 3 List of places on the border, or strongly associated with it 3.1 On the border 3.2 England 3.2.1 Cumbria 3.2.2 Northumberland 3.3 Scotland 3.3.1 Dumfries and Galloway 3.3.2 Borders 3.4 Rivers 3.5 Mountains 4 Controversial territories 5 Migration 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links History ( edit ) See also: Scottish Marches , Border Reivers , and Debatable Lands The border country, historically known as the Scottish Marches is the area either side of the Anglo-Scottish border including parts of the modern council areas of Dumfries and Galloway and the Scottish Borders , and parts of the English counties of Cumbria , County Durham and Northumberland . It is a hilly area, with the Scottish Southern Uplands to the north, and the Cheviot Hills forming the border between the two countries to the south. From the Norman conquest of England until the reign of James VI of Scotland, who in the course of his reign became James I of England while retaining the more northerly realm, border clashes were common and the monarchs of both countries relied on Scottish Earls of March and Lord Warden of the Marches to defend and control the frontier region. Clans ( edit ) A 16th-century Act of the Scottish Parliament talks about the chiefs of the border clans, and a late 17th-century statement by the Lord Advocate uses the terms `` clan'' and `` family'' interchangeably. Although Lowland aristocrats may have increasingly liked to refer to themselves as `` families'' , the idea that the term `` clan'' should be used of Highland families alone is a 19th-century convention. Historic Border clans include the following: Armstrong , Beattie, Bannatyne, Bell, Briar, Douglas , Elliot , Graham , Hedley of Redesdale, Henderson, Home or Hume , Irvine , Jardine , Johnstone , Kerr , Little , Moffat , Nesbitt , Ogilvy , Porteous , Scott , Tweedie . Scottish Marches ( edit ) Main article: Scottish Marches During late medieval and early modern eras-- from the late 13th century, with the creation by Edward I of England of the first Lord Warden of the Marches to the early 17th century and the creation of the Middle Shires, promulgated after the personal union of England and Scotland under James VI of Scotland (James I of England)-- the area around the border was known as the Scottish Marches . For centuries the Marches on either side of the boundary was an area of mixed allegiances, where families or clans switched which country or side they supported as suited their family interests at that time, and lawlessness abounded. Before the personal union of the two kingdoms under James, the border clans would switch allegiance between the Scottish and English crowns depending on what was most favourable for the members of the clan. For a time a powerful local clan dominated a region on the border between England and Scotland. It was known as the Debatable Lands and neither monarch's writ was heeded. Middle Shires ( edit ) Following the 1603 Union of the Crowns , King James VI & I decreed that the Borders should be renamed ' the Middle Shires' . In the same year the King placed George Home, 1st Earl of Dunbar in charge of pacification of the borders. Courts were set up in the towns of the Middle Shires and known reivers were arrested. The more troublesome and lower classes were executed without trial; known as `` Jeddart justice '' (after the town of Jedburgh in Roxburghshire ). Mass hanging soon became a common occurrence. In 1605 he established a joint commission of ten members, drawn equally from Scotland and England, to bring law and order to the region. This was aided by statutes in 1606 and 1609, first to repeal hostile laws on both sides of the border, and then to more easily prosecute cross-border raiders. Reivers could no longer escape justice by crossing from England to Scotland or vice versa. The rough-and-ready Border Laws were abolished and the folk of the middle shires found they had to obey the law of the land like all other subjects. In 1607 James felt he could boast that `` the Middle Shires'' had `` become the navel or umbilic of both kingdoms, planted and peopled with civility and riches'' . After ten years King James had succeeded; the Middle Shires had been brought under central law and order. By the early 1620s the Borders were so peaceful that the Crown was able to scale down its operations. Despite these improvements, the Joint Commission continued its work, and as late as 25 September 1641 under King Charles I , Sir Richard Graham , a local laird and English MP, was petitioning the Parliament of Scotland `` for regulating the disorders in the borders'' . Conditions along the border generally deteriorated during the Commonwealth and Protectorate periods, with the development of Moss-trooper raiders. Following the Restoration , on-going border lawlessnes was dealt with by reviving former legislation, renewed continually in eleven subsequent acts, for periods ranging from five to eleven years, up until the late 1750s. References in popular culture ( edit ) Sections of Hadrian's Wall near Greenhead and along the route, reconstructed in Victorian times. Other large sections have been dismantled over the years to use the stones for various nearby construction projects. Hadrian's Wall , for centuries the boundary between Britannia (roughly modern England and Wales with the exception of the parts of England north of the wall) and Caledonia (modern Scotland) is often used as a popular reference to the border, especially in humorous contexts. However Britannia occasionally extended as far north as the Antonine Wall and Hadrian's Wall lies to the south of the modern border, entirely in England, and has never formed the actual border between England and Scotland. It has been proposed that a new sculpture, to be called the Star of Caledonia , be sited near Gretna to mark the English-Scottish Border. List of places on the border, or strongly associated with it ( edit ) On the border ( edit ) Solway Firth Union Bridge (Tweed) Pennine Way Scots' Dike St Cuthbert's Way England ( edit ) `` Welcome to England & Cumbria'' `` Welcome to Northumberland'' Cumbria ( edit ) Main article: Cumbria Arthuret Blackpool Gate Carlisle Hethersgill County of Cumberland Kershopefoot Longtown Skitby Stapleton Northumberland ( edit ) Main article: Northumberland Ancroft Barmoor Castle Barrow Burn Beadnell Belford Berwick-upon-Tweed , and the former borough Bowsden Branxton Byrness Carham Catcleugh Reservoir Chatton Chillingham Castle Cornhill-on-Tweed Crookham Doddington Duddo and Duddo Tower Etal and Etal Castle Fowberry Tower Goswick Greystead Haggerston and Haggerston Castle Horncliffe Howtel Islandshire Kielder , Kielder Forest and Kielder Water Kilham Kirknewton Lilburn and Lilburn Tower Lindisfarne and Lindisfarne Castle Lowick Middleton Milfield Mindrum Norham and Norham Castle North Sunderland Otterburn Redesdale & River Rede Scremerston Spittal Twizell Castle Wark on Tweed Wooler Yeavering Scotland ( edit ) A sign marking entry to Scotland on the A7 , on the border of Dumfries and Galloway The bridge over the Tweed at Coldstream Dumfries and Galloway ( edit ) Main article: Dumfries and Galloway Auchenrivock Tower Canonbie Gilnockie Tower Gretna Gretna Green Langholm Rowanburn Borders ( edit ) Main article: Scottish Borders Allanton Ayton Birgham Cessford Castle Chirnside Coldstream Dinlabyre Duns Eccles Eden Water Edgerston Ednam Edrington Edrom Ettrick Eyemouth Fogo Foulden Galashiels Hermitage and Hermitage Castle Hilly Linn Hilton Hume Castle Hutton Jedburgh Kelso Kirk Yetholm & Town Yetholm Ladykirk Lamberton Leitholm Liddesdale Mordington Morebattle Mowhaugh Newcastleton Oxnam Paxton Roxburgh and Roxburgh Castle Saughtree Southdean Swinton Timpanheck Whitsome Rivers ( edit ) River Esk River Rede River Sark River Tweed Whiteadder Water Liddel Water Mountains ( edit ) The Cheviot Carter Bar & Carter Fell Windy Gyle Controversial territories ( edit ) Although the border has been amongst the most stable in history, it has not been without its controversies, notably the debatable lands and Berwick-upon-Tweed . Berwickshire is in Scotland while the town is in England, although both Berwick and the lands up to the Firth of Forth belonged to the Kingdom of Northumbria in the Early Middle Ages . Wendy Wood moved the border signs to the middle of the River Tweed as a protest. The debatable lands, on the other hand, were long a hideaway for criminals. Migration ( edit ) Cumbria and Northumberland have amongst the largest Scottish-born communities in the world outside Scotland. 16,628 Scottish born people were residing in Cumbria in 2001 (3.41% of the county's population) and 11,435 Scottish born people were residing in Northumberland (3.72% of the county's population); the overall percentage of Scottish-born people in England is 1.62%. See also ( edit ) Republic of Ireland-- United Kingdom border Anglo Cheviot Hills Southern Uplands Border Reivers Border ballad Border pipes ITV Border Border Collie Border Terrier Both sides the Tweed Scottish Marches Scotch Corner Debatable Lands Wales-England border Welsh Marches Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Three examples of a humorous reference to Hadrian's Wall: `` and there are plans for an electrified fence along Hadrian's Wall to prevent emigration from the rump republic'' ( Sandbrook 2012 quoting Robert Moss in The Collapse of Democracy (1975)); `` a situation that the (notional) electrification of Hadrian's Wall is unlikely to change'' ( Ijeh 2014 ); A cartoon: `` Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan'' showing an extension of Hadrian's Wall around the coastline of England and Wales ( Hughes 2014 ). Jump up ^ Rollason, David W. (2003). Northumbria, 500 - 1100: Creation and Destruction of a Kingdom . Cambridge University Press. p. 275. ISBN 0521813352 . Jump up ^ Armitage, Ella S (1885). The Connection Between England and Scotland . Rivingtons. p. 21. Jump up ^ `` Scotland Conquered, 1174-1296'' . The National Archives . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Blackstone, William; Stewart, James (1839). The rights of persons, according to the text of Blackstone: . Edmund Spettigue. p. 92 . Retrieved 19 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Collier, J.G. (2001). Conflict of Laws (PDF) . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 6. ISBN 0-521-78260-0 . For the purposes of the English conflict of laws , every country in the world which is not part of England and Wales is a foreign country and its foreign laws. This means that not only totally foreign independent countries such as France and Russia ... are foreign countries but also British Colonies such as the Falkland Islands . Moreover, the other parts of the United Kingdom-- Scotland and Northern Ireland-- are foreign countries for present purposes, as are the other British Islands , the Isle of Man , Jersey , and Guernsey . Jump up ^ Scottish Parliament Official Report 26 April 2000 . Retrieved 19 May 2012. Jump up ^ Agnew, Crispin (13 August 2001). `` Clans, Families and Septs'' . Electric Scotland . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . ^ Jump up to: See: Border Reivers#Legislation Jump up ^ Act anent fugitive persones of the borders to the in countrey (1609): Forsamekle as the kingis majestie is resolved to purge the mydele schyres of this isle, heirtofoir callit the bordouris of Scotland and England, of that barbarous crueltie, wickednes and incivilitie whilk be inveterat custome almaist wes become naturall to mony of the inhabitantis thairof... (Translated: Forasmuch as the king's majesty is resolved to purge the middle shires of this isle, heretofore called the borders of Scotland and England, of that barbarous cruelty, wickedness and incivility which by inveterate custom almost was become natural to many of the inhabitants thereof... ) Jump up ^ Petition of Sir Richard Graham regarding the middle shires: I am desired by Sir Richard Graham to move your majesty and this house of parliament that some present course may be taken for regulating the disorders that are now in the middle shires, this being the best time whilst the English commissioners are here that order may be given to the commissioners of both kingdoms to call the border landlords now in town to inform themselves what course has been formerly held for the suppressing of disorder and apprehending of felons and fugitives. Jump up ^ Financial Times. Borders held dear to English and Scots Retrieved 18 March 2017. Jump up ^ English Heritage. 30 Surprising Facts About Hadrian's Wall Retrieved 18 March 2017. Jump up ^ `` Star of Caledonia: Scotland-England landmark plan approved'' . BBC News . 27 February 2013 . Retrieved 1 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kerr, Rachel (8 October 2004). `` A tale of one town'' . BBC News . Retrieved 13 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Swapping sides: the English town that wants to be Scottish'' . The Independent . 13 February 2008. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008 . Retrieved 31 December 2009 . It was Berwick which became the focal point for the direct action of one of the first modern Scottish nationalists, Wendy Wood in the 1950s. Controversially...she was regularly arrested for moving the border signs over the Tweed. Jump up ^ `` Neighbourhood Statistics Home Page'' . Office for National Statistics . Retrieved 19 May 2012 . References ( edit ) Hughes, Alex (5 September 2014), Hadrian's Wall Extension Plan , alexhughescartoons.co.uk , retrieved December 2014 Check date values in: access-date= ( help ) Ijeh, Ike (27 August 2014), `` What did Scotland do for architecture?'' , Building Design online , retrieved 7 October 2016 Sandbrook, Dominic (2012), `` Chapter 6: Could it happen here?'' , Seasons in the Sun: The Battle for Britain, 1974-1979 (illustrated ed.), UK: Penguin, p. about 214 , ISBN 9781846140327 Further reading ( edit ) Aird, W.M. (1997) `` Northern England or southern Scotland? The Anglo-Scottish border in the eleventh and twelfth centuries and the problem of perspective'' In: Appleby, J.C. and Dalton, P. (Eds) Government, religion and society in Northern England 1000-1700 , Stroud : Sutton, ISBN 0-7509-1057-7 , p. 27-- 39 External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of a 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica article about The Borders . Media related to Border of England-Scotland at Wikimedia Commons The Border Clans and their Emigration to America at Hodgson Clan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anglo-Scottish_border&oldid=804042949 '' Categories : Anglo-Scottish border 1237 establishments in England 13th century in England 13th century in Scotland Geography of England Geography of Scotland English law Scots law 1237 establishments in Scotland Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from July 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013 CS1 errors: dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Français Հայերեն Italiano Русский Scots 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 10:22. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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who played the wife on the joey bishop show

After the first season , Bishop decided to fully change the format of the series . In addition to the format changing , The Joey Bishop Show began filming in front of a live audience and also featured an entirely different supporting cast . In the second incarnation , Joey Barnes is the host of a New York City talk / variety television show . Abby Dalton joined the cast as Joey 's new wife Ellie ( whom Joey called `` Texas '' because she hailed from Texas ) and the two live at the Carlton Arms , a posh Manhattan apartment building . Towards the end of season two , Ellie discovers she is pregnant with the couple 's first child . Their son , Joey Barnes , Jr. ( played by Dalton 's real son Matthew David Smith ) , was born in the season - two finale `` The Baby Cometh '' . Also joining the cast was Guy Marks , who portrayed Freddie , Joey 's manager . Marks left the series after 19 episodes and Corbett Monica joined the cast as Larry Corbett , Joey 's head writer . The supporting cast also includes Mary Treen as Hilda , the Barnes ' maid and baby nurse , with whom Joey frequently trades insults . Joe Besser portrayed Mr. Jillson , the building 's henpecked super who lives in fear of his wife , Tantalia ( who is never seen but often heard ) .

The Joey Bishop Show (sitcom) - wikipedia The Joey Bishop Show (sitcom) Jump to: navigation , search For the ABC talk show of the same name, see The Joey Bishop Show (talk show) . The Joey Bishop Show Joey Bishop and Abby Dalton (1964) Genre Sitcom Created by Danny Thomas Louis F. Edelman Written by Harry Crane Stan Dreben Fred S. Fox Fred Freeman Irving Elinson Garry Marshall Directed by Mel Ferber James V. Kern Jerry Paris Starring Joey Bishop Abby Dalton (seasons 2 -- 4) Theme music composer Vincent Youmans (1961-- 62) Irving Caesar (1961-- 62) Jimmy Van Heusen (1962-- 65) Sammy Cahn (1962-- 65) Opening theme `` Sometimes I'm Happy'' (1961-- 62) `` Joey'' (1962-- 65) Composer(s) Herbert W. Spencer Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 123 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Danny Thomas Producer(s) Milt Josefsberg Marvin Marx Charles Stewart Cinematography Henry Cronjager, Jr. Running time 24 minutes Production company(s) Bellmar Enterprises Distributor SFM Entertainment Release Original network NBC (1961-- 1964) CBS (1964-- 1965) Picture format Black-and-white (seasons 1 and 4) Color (seasons 2-- 3) Audio format Monaural Original release September 20, 1961 ( 1961-09-20 ) -- March 30, 1965 ( 1965-03-30 ) Chronology Related shows The Danny Thomas Show Abby Dalton as the new Mrs. Joey Barnes, September 15, 1962 Joey Bishop and one of the Marquis Chimps The Joey Bishop Show is an American sitcom , starring Joey Bishop . The series premiered in September 1961 on NBC where it aired for three seasons. The series then moved to CBS for its final season. Executive produced by Danny Thomas , The Joey Bishop Show is a spin-off of Thomas' series The Danny Thomas Show . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 1.1 Season one 1.2 Seasons two through four 2 Episodes 3 Cast 3.1 Guest stars 4 Reception 5 Production notes 5.1 Lost episode 6 Syndication 7 Home media 8 References 9 External links Overview ( edit ) Season one ( edit ) The series was conceived as a vehicle for Joey Bishop by Danny Thomas and Louis F. Edelman in 1960. At the time, Thomas was starring in his own series, Make Room for Daddy (later known as The Danny Thomas Show ), airing on CBS . Thomas' series was then a top-20 hit and served as a launching pad for The Joey Bishop Show . The series' pilot episode , entitled `` Everything Happens to Me'' , aired on March 27, 1961, during the eighth season of Danny Thomas . In the pilot, an incompetent Hollywood `` public relations man '' named Joey Mason (Bishop) forgets to make proper accommodations for an exhausted Danny Williams (Thomas) after he arrives in Los Angeles to play a show. Joey is then forced to put Danny up in the home he shares with his colorful parents, Mr. and Mrs. Mason (played by Billy Gilbert and Madge Blake ) and two unmarried sisters, Betty (Virginia Vincent) and aspiring actress Stella ( Marlo Thomas ). By the time the series was picked up by NBC, Bishop's character's name was changed to Joey Barnes (Bishop had insisted his character and he share the same initials) and the character of Joey's father was dropped. Two additional characters were added; a younger brother named Larry, and Frank, the husband of Joey's older sister Betty. The series' first incarnation features Joey, a well-intending but hapless and trouble-prone young man, who works for the Hollywood public relations firm, Willoughby, Cleary and Jones. The firm is headed by J.P. Willoughby ( John Griggs ), Joey's demanding boss. Willoughby's secretary, Barbara Simpson (Nancy Hadley), is Joey's girlfriend. Joey lives with and supports his widowed mother, Mrs. Barnes (Madge Blake), younger sister Stella (Marlo Thomas) and younger brother Larry ( Warren Berlinger ), who is a medical student. Joey also supports his older sister Betty (Virginia Vincent) and her proudly unemployed husband Frank ( Joe Flynn ). The storylines during the first season typically revolve around Joey's misadventures concerning his job. Problems also arise when family members, who often think he has more influence in Hollywood than he actually has, attempt to take advantage of his nonexistent influence. As the series was a spin-off of The Danny Thomas Show , Danny Thomas and Marjorie Lord appeared as their Danny Thomas characters in the first season's fourth episode entitled `` This Is Your Life'' . Sid Melton , who appeared as Uncle Charley Halper on Danny Thomas , also appeared. After its September 1961 premiere, the series struggled in the ratings. In an effort to improve viewership, NBC decided to `` readjust'' the series in the second season, beginning with several characters dropped (Joey's mother, sister Stella, brother Larry, brother-in-law Frank, and girlfriend Barbara Simpson. Several crew members were also dismissed), and a new context for the series in which Joey becomes a TV personality. The changes helped the series' ratings in the second season. Seasons two through four ( edit ) After the first season, Bishop decided to fully change the format of the series. In addition to the format changing, The Joey Bishop Show began filming in front of a live audience and also featured an entirely different supporting cast. In the second incarnation, Joey Barnes is the host of a New York City talk/variety television show. Abby Dalton joined the cast as Joey's new wife Ellie (whom Joey called `` Texas'' because she hailed from Texas ) and the two live at the Carlton Arms, a posh Manhattan apartment building. Towards the end of season two, Ellie discovers she is pregnant with the couple's first child. Their son, Joey Barnes, Jr. (played by Dalton's real son Matthew David Smith), was born in the season-two finale `` The Baby Cometh'' . Also joining the cast was Guy Marks , who portrayed Freddie, Joey's manager. Marks left the series after 19 episodes and Corbett Monica joined the cast as Larry Corbett, Joey's head writer. The supporting cast also includes Mary Treen as Hilda, the Barnes' maid and baby nurse, with whom Joey frequently trades insults. Joe Besser portrayed Mr. Jillson, the building's henpecked super who lives in fear of his wife, Tantalia (who is never seen but often heard). Storylines for the remainder of the series' run mainly focus on Joey's home life, but also feature storylines involving Joey's job as a television host. As such, various celebrities (who typically appeared as themselves) who were guests on Joey Barnes' talk show appeared throughout the series' run. Although the second incarnation of the series was seemingly unrelated to the first incarnation, the series featured Danny Thomas in two season-three episodes: `` Danny Gives Joey Advice'' and `` Andy Williams Visits Joey'' . One notable feature of the series was a considerable amount of ad-libbing and breaking up, and-- unusually for a filmed sitcom-- much of it was left in. (In `` Jillson and the Cinnamon Buns'' , Besser actually apologizes to Bishop for making him laugh with an off-the-cuff joke.) Because of this, the series' studio audiences were audibly more responsive than those of other multi-camera comedies of the era. Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of The Joey Bishop Show (sitcom) episodes Cast ( edit ) Joey Bishop as Joey Barnes Abby Dalton as Ellie Barnes (1962-- 1965) Madge Blake as Mrs. Barnes (1961-- 1962) Warren Berlinger as Larry Barnes (1961-- 1962) Joe Flynn as Frank (1961-- 1962) John Griggs as J.P. Willoughby (1961) Nancy Hadley as Barbara Simpson (1961-- 1962) Virginia Vincent as Betty (1961-- 1962) Marlo Thomas as Stella Barnes (1961-- 1962) Joe Besser as Mr. Jillson (1962-- 1965) Bill Bixby as Charles Raymond (1962) Guy Marks as Freddie (1962) Corbett Monica as Larry Corbett (1963-- 1965) Mary Treen as Hilda (1962-- 1965) Joey Forman as Dr. Sam Nolan (1964-- 1965) Guest stars ( edit ) The Joey Bishop Show featured several celebrity guest stars who appeared as themselves. Among the celebrity guest stars are: The Andrews Sisters Edgar Bergen Milton Berle Jack Carter Vic Damone Tommy Davis Willie Davis Don Drysdale Zsa Zsa Gabor Shecky Greene Robert Goulet Buddy Hackett Frank Howard Jack Jones Don Knotts Jack E. Leonard Oscar Levant Jerry Lewis Claudine Longet Ed McMahon Jan Murray Jack Paar Bobby Rydell Roberta Sherwood Bill `` Moose'' Skowron Danny Thomas Andy Williams Actors who appeared in guest starring roles include: Jack Albertson Merry Anders Cliff Arquette Parley Baer Raymond Bailey Neville Brand Frank Cady Jean Carson Jackie Coogan Ellen Corby Henry Gibson Rusty Hamer Sterling Holloway Nancy Kulp Sue Ane Langdon Joi Lansing George Lindsey Howard McNear Jaye P. Morgan Burt Mustin Maidie Norman Dennis O'Keefe Barbara Stanwyck George Tobias Lee Van Cleef Dawn Wells Reception ( edit ) Upon its premiere, The Joey Bishop Show struggled in the ratings. After the first re-tooling, ratings for the series improved and NBC renewed it for another season. The series' second revamped season proved to be popular with audiences and ratings increased. By the end of the third season, the series had dropped in the ratings again and NBC announced it would be dropped from its lineup in January 1964 (the series' third-season finale episode aired in May 1964). Also at this time, despite its high ratings, Danny Thomas decided to end his series The Danny Thomas Show after 11 years. To compensate for Thomas's absence, CBS immediately picked up The Joey Bishop Show for the 1964-- 65 television season. A few changes were made. When it made its debut on NBC in 1961, The Joey Bishop Show was telecast in black-and-white . The third episode from the first season, `` A Windfall For Mom'' , was shot and broadcast in color. The series switched to color for the second and third seasons. After it moved to CBS for the 1964-65 season, it reverted to black-and-white. Also, juvenile actor Rusty Hamer , who was a regular on The Danny Thomas Show , was featured in three installments of The Joey Bishop Show as his character Rusty Williams - `` Rusty Arrives'' , `` Rusty's Education'' , and `` Joey Entertains Rusty's Fraternity'' . The Season 4 debut episode, `` Joey Goes to CBS'' , premiered on Sunday night September 27, 1964 at 9:30 P.M. on CBS. It followed the short-lived sitcom My Living Doll starring Robert Cummings and Julie Newmar which aired at 9:00 P.M. Both programs, like the previous year's The Judy Garland Show , had the unenviable position of being pitted against NBC's highly popular western series Bonanza . As a result, ratings for both My Living Doll and The Joey Bishop Show were low. By the late fall of 1964, the programs were clearly in trouble. In a last ditch effort to save the shows, in late December, 1964, CBS moved My Living Doll to Wednesday nights and The Joey Bishop Show to Tuesday nights. The ratings for both shows did not improve and CBS canceled both series in March, 1965. Production notes ( edit ) The series was created by Louis F. Edelman and Danny Thomas who also served as the executive producer. The series was produced by Thomas' company, Bellmar Enterprises. It was filmed at Desilu Studios in front of a live studio audience, with a laugh track added during post-production for `` sweetening'' purposes. Lost episode ( edit ) One Season 3 episode of The Joey Bishop Show is now considered lost . The episode, known only as #85, was filmed on November 15, 1963 and guest starred comedian and impressionist Vaughn Meader . Meader rose to fame in the early 1960s for his impersonation of then-President John F. Kennedy featured on the popular comedy album The First Family . The episode centered around Meader performing his Kennedy impersonation in routines opposite Joey Bishop. A week after filming, President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas . President Kennedy's death promptly ended Meader's career -- his club bookings and television appearances were quickly canceled and his albums were pulled from stores. The episode featuring Meader was scheduled to air in February 1964, but was pulled by NBC. The episode never aired and was reportedly destroyed. Syndication ( edit ) Episodes of The Joey Bishop Show aired on TV Land in 1998. In 2016, the series began airing on Retro TV . Antenna TV announced in October 2016 it would begin airing the series the following January, including the rarely seen first season. Home media ( edit ) In September 2004, Questar Entertainment released the complete second season of The Joey Bishop Show on Region 1 DVD in the United States. On March 13, 2018, SFM Entertainment (distributed by Allied Vaughn) released all four seasons plus a `` Complete Series'' set on DVD in Region 1 via Amazon.com's CreateSpace program. These are Manufacture-on-Demand (MOD) releases, available exclusively through Amazon.com. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Kern, Janet (September 5, 1960). `` Joey Bishop Finds Niche'' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Milwaukee, Wisconsin. p. 9. ^ Jump up to: Terrace, Vincent. Encyclopedia of Television Shows, 1925 through 2010 (2 ed.). McFarland. p. 538. ISBN 0-786-46477-1 . Jump up ^ `` Danny Thomas Gives Joey Bishop Test Run'' . The Eugene Register-Guard . Eugene, Oregon. March 27, 1961. p. 5B. Jump up ^ Kern, Janet (March 30, 1961). `` Getting Tryout Simple'' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Milwaukee, Wisconsin. p. 6. Jump up ^ Wilson, Earl (September 13, 1961). `` Joey Bishop Becomes Joey Barnes, Public Relations Man Extradionairre'' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg, Florida. p. 12C. Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle F. (October 19, 2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows, 1946-- Present (9 ed.). Ballantine Books. p. 709. ISBN 0-345-49773-2 . Jump up ^ Denton, Charles (January 28, 1962). `` Sad Start Plagues Joey Bishop Series'' . The Hartford Courant . p. 2G. Jump up ^ McLellan, Dennis (May 4, 1998). `` He's the Bishop of Lido Isle; Television: Reruns of ' 60s sitcom give comedian a new set of ' 90s fans and a chance to relive golden years'' . The Los Angeles Times . p. 1. Jump up ^ Adams, Val (January 29, 1964). `` 32 New TV Shows Scheduled for Fall Season; 28 Programs Dropped by Networks in Reshuffle'' . The New York Times . p. 67. Jump up ^ `` Joey Bishop Joins CBS'' . The Los Angeles Times . September 13, 1964. p. O18. Jump up ^ `` Look and Listen with Donald Kirkley'' . The Los Angeles Times . January 21, 1965. p. 4F. Jump up ^ Berard, Jeanette M.; Englund, Klaudia, eds. (2009). Television Series And Specials Scripts 1946-- 1992: A Catalog of the American Radio Archives Collection . McFarland. p. 162. ISBN 0-786-43348-5 . Jump up ^ Sanders, Coyne S.; Gilbert, Tom (1994). Desilu . HarperCollins. p. 229. ISBN 0-688-13514-5 . Jump up ^ `` The Joey Bishop Show (1961-- 62)'' . ctva.biz . Retrieved January 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith, Jacob (2011). Spoken Word: Postwar American Phonograph Cultures . University of California Press. p. 136. ISBN 0-520-26703-6 . Jump up ^ McCracken, Elizabeth (December 26, 2004). `` The Temporary Kennedy'' . nytimes.com . Retrieved September 18, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Choice Reruns'' . ew.com. April 17, 1998 . Retrieved January 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Antenna TV Adds The Joey Bishop Show and Good Morning, World To Its 2107 Lineup'' . Tribune Media . Retrieved October 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Joey Bishop Show -- The Complete 2nd Season'' . tvshowsondvd.com . Retrieved January 22, 2013 . Jump up ^ ' The Complete Series' of the 1961 Sitcom is Now For Sale on DVD! External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Joey Bishop Show (sitcom) . The Joey Bishop Show on IMDb The Joey Bishop Show at TV.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Joey_Bishop_Show_(sitcom)&oldid=835474826 '' Categories : 1961 American television series debuts 1965 American television series endings 1960s American television series 1960s American sitcoms American television sitcoms American television spin-offs Black-and-white television programs CBS network shows English-language television programs NBC network shows Television series about show business Television series by CBS Television Studios American television series revived after cancellation Television shows set in Los Angeles Television shows set in New York City Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from June 2014 Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 8 April 2018, at 22:37. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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when did mcdonald's start all day breakfast

In the middle of the decade , the restaurant began to suffer from declining profits . In response , McDonald 's began to offer its breakfast menu all day starting in 2015 . At first , the launch was unpopular with franchisees who claimed that the changes caused service to slow down . However , the plan paid off with CNBC reporting that the company 's fourth quarter earning `` easily topped analysts ' forecasts '' .

History of McDonald's - wikipedia History of McDonald's Jump to: navigation , search This history of McDonald's is an overview of the original restaurant and of the chain. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early history 2 1960s and 1970s 3 1990s 3.1 Late 1990s 4 2000s 5 2010s 6 Timeline 6.1 1960s 6.2 1970s 6.3 1980s 6.4 1990s 6.5 2000s 6.6 2010s 7 References Early history ( edit ) See also: History of the hamburger The oldest operating McDonald's on Lakewood and Florence in Downey, California, was the chain's third restaurant and the second to be built with the Golden Arches. The McDonald family moved from Manchester, New Hampshire to Hollywood in the late 1930s, where brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald began working as set movers and handymen at Motion-Picture studios. In 1937, their father Patrick McDonald opened `` The Airdrome'' , a food stand, on Huntington Drive ( Route 66 ) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia, California with hot dogs being one of the first items sold. Hamburgers were later added to the menu at a cost of ten cents with all-you-can-drink orange juice at five cents. In 1940, Maurice and Richard (`` Mac'' and `` Dick'' ) moved the entire building 40 miles (64 km) east, to West 14th and 1398 North E Streets in San Bernardino, California . The restaurant was renamed `` McDonald's Bar-B-Que'' and had 25 menu items, mostly barbecue. In October 1948, after the McDonald brothers realized that most of their profits came from selling hamburgers, they closed down their successful carhop drive-in to establish a streamlined system with a simple menu which consisted of only hamburgers, cheeseburgers, potato chips, coffee, soft drinks, and apple pie. After the first year, potato chips and pie were swapped out for french fries and milkshakes. The carhops were eliminated, making the new restaurant a self-service operation. Richard and Maurice took great care in setting up their kitchen like an assembly line to ensure maximum efficiency. The restaurant's name was changed again, this time to simply `` McDonald's ,'' and reopened on December 12, 1948. In April 1952, the brothers decided they needed an entirely new building in order to achieve two goals: further efficiency improvements, and a more eye-catching appearance. They collected recommendations for an architect and interviewed at least four, finally choosing Stanley Clark Meston , an architect practicing in nearby Fontana. The brothers and Meston worked together closely in the design of their new building. They achieved the extra efficiencies they needed by, among other things, drawing the actual measurements of every piece of equipment in chalk on a tennis court behind the McDonald house (with Meston's assistant Charles Fish). The new restaurant's design achieved a high level of noticeability thanks to gleaming surfaces of red and white ceramic tile, stainless steel, brightly colored sheet metal, and glass; pulsing red, white, yellow, and green neon; and two 25-foot yellow sheet-metal arches trimmed in neon, called `` golden arches'' even at the design stage. A third, smaller arch sign at the roadside hosted a pudgy character in a chef's hat, known as Speedee, striding across the top, trimmed in animated neon. Further marketing techniques were implemented to change McDonald's from a sit down restaurant to a fast food chain. They used such things as turning off the heating to prevent people wanting to stay so long, fixed and angled seating so the customer would sit over their food promoting them to eat faster, spreading the seats further apart so being less of a sociable place to dine in, and giving their customers branded cone shaped cups forcing them to hold their drink whilst eating which would speed up the eating process. Many other companies followed McDonald's strategies to turn their own restaurants into fast food establishments including Burger King, White Castle and Subway. In late 1953, with only a rendering of Meston's design in hand, the brothers began seeking franchisees. Their first franchisee was Neil Fox, a distributor for General Petroleum Corporation. Fox's stand, the first with Meston's golden arches design, opened in May 1953 at Central Avenue and Indian School Road in Phoenix, Arizona . Their second franchisee was the team of Fox's brother-in-law Roger Williams and Burdette `` Bud'' Landon, both of whom also worked for General Petroleum. Williams and Landon opened their stand on August 18, 1953 at 10207 Lakewood Boulevard in Downey, California . The Downey stand has the distinction of being the oldest surviving McDonald's restaurant . The Downey stand was never required to comply with the McDonald's Corporation's remodeling and updating requests over the years because it was franchised not by the McDonald's Corporation, but by the McDonald brothers themselves to Williams and Landon. Ray Kroc joined the chain in 1954 and built it into an eventually global franchise, making it the most successful fast food corporation in the world In 1954, Ray Kroc , a seller of Prince Castle brand Multimixer milkshake machines, learned that the McDonald brothers were using eight of his machines in their San Bernardino restaurant. His curiosity was piqued, and he went to take a look at the restaurant. He was joined by good friend Charles Lewis who had suggested to Kroc several improvements to the McDonald's burger recipe. Believing the McDonald's formula was a ticket to success, Kroc suggested they franchise their restaurants throughout the country. The brothers were skeptical, however, that the self-service approach could succeed in colder, rainier climates; furthermore, their thriving business in San Bernardino, and franchises already operating or planned, made them reluctant to risk a national venture. Kroc offered to take the major responsibility for setting up the new franchises elsewhere. He returned to his home outside of Chicago with rights to set up McDonald's restaurants throughout the country, except in a handful of territories in California and Arizona already licensed by the McDonald brothers. The brothers were to receive one-half of one percent of gross sales. Kroc's first McDonald's restaurant opened on April 15, 1955, at 400 North Lee Street in Des Plaines, Illinois , near Chicago . The Des Plaines interior and exterior was painted by master painter Eugene Wright, who owned Wright's Decorating Service. Eugene was asked to come up with a color scheme and he chose yellow and white, with dark brown and red being secondary trim colors. Those colors would go on to become the colors of all McDonald's franchises. (Recognizing its historic and nostalgic value, in 1990 the McDonald's Corporation acquired the stand and rehabilitated it to a modern but nearly original condition, and then built an adjacent museum and gift shop to commemorate the site.) Once the Des Plaines restaurant had become operational, Kroc sought franchisees for his McDonald's chain. The first snag came quickly. In 1956 he discovered that the McDonald brothers had licensed the franchise rights for Cook County, Illinois to the Frejlach Ice Cream Company. Kroc was incensed that the McDonalds had not informed him of this arrangement. He purchased the rights back for $25,000, five times what the Frejlacks had originally paid, and pressed forward. McDonald's grew slowly for its first three years. By 1958, there were 34 restaurants. In 1959, however, Kroc opened 68 new restaurants, bringing the total to 102 locations. 1960s and 1970s ( edit ) The Big Mac hamburger made its debut in 1968 In 1960, the McDonald's advertising campaign `` Look for the Golden Arches '' gave sales a big boost. Kroc believed that advertising was an investment that would in the end come back many times over, and advertising has always played a key role in the development of the McDonald's Corporation. In 1962, McDonald's introduced its now world-famous Golden Arches logo. A year later, the company sold its millionth hamburger and introduced Ronald McDonald , a red-haired clown designed to appeal to children. In the early 1960s, McDonald's really began to take off. The growth in U.S. automobile use that came with suburbanization and the interstate highway system contributed heavily to McDonald's success. In 1961 Kroc bought out the McDonald brothers for $2.7 million, aiming at making McDonald's the number one fast-food chain in the country. On May 3, 1960 Kroc assisted Christopher Boulos in opening a McDonald's franchise in DeKalb, Illinois . By 1965, the McDonald's at 805 W. Lincoln Highway sold over 4 million burgers and 1,000,000 pounds (450,000 kg) of fries. Boulos was the first Greek-American McDonald's franchise operator. In 1965, McDonald's Corporation went public. Common shares were offered at $22.50 per share. By the end of the first day's trading, the price had risen to $30. A block of 100 shares purchased for $2,250 in 1965 was worth, after 12 stock splits (increasing the number of shares to 74,360), over $5.7 million as of year-end market close on December 31, 2010. In 1980, McDonald's Corporation became one of the 30 companies that make up the Dow Jones Industrial Average . McDonald's success in the 1960s was in large part due to the company's skillful marketing and flexible response to customer demand. In 1962, the Filet-O-Fish sandwich, billed as `` the fish that catches people'' , was introduced in McDonald's restaurants. The new item had originally met with disapproval from Kroc, but after its successful test marketing, he eventually agreed to add it. Another item that Kroc had backed a year previously, a burger with a slice of pineapple and a slice of cheese, known as a `` hulaburger'' , had flopped (both it and the Filet-O-Fish were developed in Catholic neighborhoods where burger sales dropped off markedly on Fridays and during Lent ). The market was not quite ready for Kroc's taste; the hulaburger's tenure on the McDonald's menu board was short. In 1968 the now legendary Big Mac made its debut, and in 1969 McDonald's sold its five billionth hamburger. Two years later, as it launched the `` You Deserve a Break Today'' advertising campaign, McDonald's restaurants had reached all 50 states. In 1968, McDonald's opened its 1,000th restaurant, and Fred L. Turner became the company's president and chief administrative officer. Kroc became chairman and remained CEO until 1973. Turner had originally intended to open a McDonald's franchise, but when he had problems with his backers over a location, he went to work as a grillman for Kroc in 1956. As operations vice president, Turner helped new franchisees get their stores up and running. He was constantly looking for new ways to perfect the McDonald's system, experimenting, for example, to determine the maximum number of hamburger patties one could stack in a box without squashing them and pointing out that seconds could be saved if McDonald's used buns that were presliced all the way through and were not stuck together in the package. Such attention to detail was one reason for the company's extraordinary success. By the late 1960s, many of the candy-striped Golden Arches stores had been modified with enclosed walk-up order areas and limited indoor seating. In June 1969, McDonald's introduced a new `` mansard roof '' building design featuring indoor seating. The natural brick and cedar shake look mansards were a response to critics who berated McDonald's architecture as too garish. It became the standard for McDonald's restaurants, and franchise holders were ultimately required to demolish older restaurants and replace them with the new design. The first McDonald's restaurant using the `` mansard roof'' design opened that same year in the Chicago suburb of Matteson. McDonald's spectacular growth continued in the 1970s. Americans were more on-the-go than ever, and fast service was a priority. In 1972, the company passed $1 billion in annual sales. By 1976, McDonald's had served 20 billion hamburgers, and system wide sales exceeded $3 billion. The company pioneered breakfast fast food with the introduction of the Egg McMuffin in 1972 when market research indicated that a quick breakfast would be welcomed by consumers. Five years later McDonald's added a full breakfast line to the menu, and by 1987 one-fourth of all breakfasts eaten out in the United States came from McDonald's restaurants. In test market locations, such as New York City, McDonald's added a full breakfast line to its menus in 1975. Kroc was a firm believer in giving `` something back into the community where you do business'' . In 1974 McDonald's acted upon that philosophy in an original way by opening the first Ronald McDonald House , in Philadelphia , to provide a `` home away from home'' for the families of children in nearby hospitals. Twelve years after this first house opened, 100 similar Ronald McDonald Houses were in operation across the United States. There was some skepticism in the company's phenomenal growth internationally. When Wally and Hugh Morris approached the corporation in 1974 to bring McDonald's into New Zealand , they were firmly shunned by Kroc, citing a visit to the country and saying `` There aren't any people... I never met a more dead-than-alive hole in my life.'' Persistence by the brothers eventually led to their request being granted in May 1975. They managed to negotiate a deal with the corporation by selling New Zealand cheese to the US to offset the high costs of importing plant equipment. The first New Zealand restaurant opened in June 1976 at Porirua , near Wellington , to much more success than the corporation predicted. In 1975, McDonald's opened its first drive-thru window in Sierra Vista, Arizona , following Wendy's lead. This service gave Americans a fast, convenient way to procure a quick meal. The company's goal was to provide service in 50 seconds or less. Drive-thru sales eventually accounted for more than half of McDonald's systemwide sales. Meantime, the Happy Meal , a combo meal for children featuring a toy, was added to the menu in 1979. A period of aggressive advertising campaigns and price slashing in the early 1980s became known as the `` burger wars'' . Burger King suggested to customers: `` have it your way'' ; Wendy's offered itself as the `` fresh alternative'' and launched their `` Where's the beef? '' campaign. McDonald's sales and market still predominated, however. During the 1980s, a period of substantial expansion, McDonald's further diversified its menu to suit changing consumer tastes. The company introduced the McChicken in 1980; it proved to be a sales disappointment, and was replaced with Chicken McNuggets a year later (having originally been invented by Rene Arend in 1979). In 1985, ready-to-eat salads were introduced. Efficiency, combined with an expanded menu, continued to draw customers. McDonald's began to focus on urban centers and introduced new architectural styles. The first McDonald's Express locations opened in 1991. These are smaller-scale prototypes, usually constructed in prefabricated buildings or urban storefronts, that do not feature certain menu items such as milkshakes and Quarter Pounders. In 1992 Michael R. Quinlan became president of McDonald's Corporation, and Fred L. Turner became chairman. Quinlan, who took over as CEO in 1987, had started at McDonald's in the mail room in 1963, and gradually worked his way up. In his first year as CEO, the company opened 600 new restaurants. By 1991, 37 percent of system-wide sales came from restaurants outside the United States. McDonald's opened its first foreign restaurant in British Columbia , Canada, in 1967. By the early 1990s the company had established itself in 58 foreign countries, and operated more than 3,600 restaurants outside the United States, through wholly owned subsidiaries, joint ventures, and franchise agreements. Its strongest foreign markets were Japan, Canada, Germany, Great Britain, Australia, and France. In the mid-1980s, McDonald's , like other traditional employers of teenagers, was faced with a shortage of labor in the United States. The company met this challenge by being the first to entice retirees back into the workforce. Focusing on off-site training, it opened its Hamburger University in 1961 to train franchisees and corporate decision-makers. By 1990, more than 40,000 people had received `` Bachelor of Hamburgerology'' degrees from the 80-acre (320,000 m ) Oak Brook, Illinois , facility. The corporation opened a Hamburger University in Tokyo in 1971, in Munich in 1975, and in London in 1982. Braille menus were first introduced in 1979, and picture menus in 1988. In March 1992, combination Braille and picture menus were reintroduced to accommodate those with vision, speech, or hearing impairments. Clamshell grills, which cooked both sides of a hamburger simultaneously, were tested. New locations such as hospitals and military bases were tapped as sites for new restaurants. In response to the increase in microwave oven usage, McDonald's , whose name is the single most advertised brand name in the world, stepped up advertising and promotional expenditures stressing that its taste was superior to quick-packaged foods. 1990s ( edit ) The first McDonald's in Mainland China opened in Dongmen, Shenzhen in October 1990. McRecycle USA began in 1990 and included a commitment to purchase at least $100 million worth of recycled products annually for use in construction, remodeling, and equipping restaurants. Chairs, table bases, table tops, eating counters, table columns, waste receptacles, corrugated cartons, packaging, and washroom tissue were all made from recycled products. McDonald's worked with the U.S. Environmental Defense Fund to develop a comprehensive solid waste reduction program. Wrapping burgers in paper rather than plastic led to a 90 percent reduction in the wrapping material waste stream. It took McDonald's 33 years to open its first 10,000 restaurants. The 10,000th unit opened in April 1988. Incredibly, the company reached the 20,000-restaurant mark in only eight more years, in mid-1996. By the end of 1997 the total had surpassed 23,000, and by that time McDonald's was opening 2,000 new restaurants each year, an average of five every day. Much of the growth of the 1990s came outside the US, with international units increasing from about 3,600 in 1991 to more than 11,000 by 1998. The number of countries with McDonald's outlets nearly doubled from 59 in 1991 to 114 in late 1998. In 1993, a new region was added to the empire when the first McDonald's in the Middle East opened in Tel Aviv , Israel. As the company entered new markets, it showed increasing flexibility with respect to local food preferences and customs. In Israel, for example, the first kosher McDonald's opened in a Jerusalem suburb in 1995. In Arab countries the restaurant chain used `` Halal '' menus, which complied with Islamic laws for food preparation. In 1996 McDonald's entered India for the first time, where it offered a Big Mac made with lamb called the Maharaja Mac. That same year the first McSki-Thru opened in Lindvallen, Sweden . Overall, the company derived increasing percentages of its revenue and income from outside the US. In 1992 about two-thirds of systemwide sales came from U.S. McDonald's , but by 1997 that figure was down to about 51 percent. Similarly, the operating income numbers showed a reduction from about 60 percent of sales derived from the US in 1992 to 42.5 percent in 1997. In the US, the number of units grew from 9,000 in 1991 to 12,500 in 1997, an increase of about 40 percent. Although the additional units increased market share in some markets, a number of franchisees complained that new units were cannibalizing sales from existing ones. Same-store sales for outlets open for more than one year were flat in the mid-1990s, a reflection of both the greater number of units and the mature nature of the U.S. market. The company made several notable blunders in the US in the 1990s which hurt stateside profits. The McLean Deluxe sandwich, which featured a 91 percent fat-free beef patty, was introduced in 1991, never really caught on, and was dropped from the menu in February 1996 to make room for the Arch Deluxe , itself an underperforming product. The `` grown-up'' (and pricey) Arch Deluxe sandwich was launched in May 1996 and the Deluxe Line was launched in September 1996 in a $200 million campaign to gain the business of more adults, but were bombs. The following spring brought a 55-cent Big Mac promotion, which many customers either rejected outright or were confused by because the burgers had to be purchased with full-priced fries and a drink. The promotion embittered still more franchisees, whose complaints led to its withdrawal. In July 1997 McDonald's fired its main ad agency, Leo Burnett , a 15-year McDonald's partner after the nostalgic `` My McDonald's '' campaign proved a failure. Several other 1990s-debuted menu items, including fried chicken, pasta, fajitas , and pizza failed as well. A seemingly weakened McDonald's was the object of a Burger King offensive when the rival fast-food maker launched the Big King sandwich, a Big Mac clone. Meanwhile, internal taste tests revealed that customers preferred the fare at Wendy's and Burger King. In response to these difficulties, McDonald's drastically cut back on its U.S. expansion. In contrast to the 1,130 units opened in 1995, only about 400 new McDonald's were built in 1997. Plans to open hundreds of smaller restaurants in Wal-Marts and gasoline stations were abandoned because test sites did not meet targeted goals. Reacting to complaints from franchisees about poor communication with the corporation and excess bureaucracy, the head of McDonald's U.S.A. ( Jack M. Greenberg , who had assumed the position in October 1996) reorganized the unit into five autonomous geographic divisions. The aim was to bring management and decision-making closer to franchisees and customers. On the marketing side, McDonald's scored big in 1996 and 1997 with a Teenie Beanie Baby promotion in which about 80 million of the toys/collectibles were gobbled up virtually overnight. The chain received some bad publicity, however, when it was discovered that a number of customers purchased Happy Meals just to get the toys and threw the food away. For a similar spring 1998 Teenie Beanie giveaway, the company altered the promotion to allow patrons to buy menu items other than kids' meals. McDonald's also began to benefit from a seven years global marketing alliance signed with Disney/Pixar in 1998. Initial Disney/Pixar movies promoted by McDonald's included A Bug's Life , Monsters, Inc. , Finding Nemo and The Incredibles . Perhaps the most important marketing move came in the later months of 1997 when McDonald's named DDB Needham as its new lead ad agency. Needham had been the company's agency in the 1970s and was responsible for the hugely successful `` You Deserve a Break Today'' campaign. Late in 1997, McDonald's launched the Needham-designed `` Did Somebody Say McDonald's ?'' campaign, which appeared to be an improvement over its predecessors. Late 1990s ( edit ) Following the difficulties of the early and mid-1990s, several moves in 1998 seemed to indicate a reinvigorated McDonald's . In February the company for the first time took a stake in another fast-food chain when it purchased a minority interest in the 16-unit, Colorado-based Chipotle Mexican Grill chain. The following month came the announcement that McDonald's would improve the taste of several sandwiches and introduce several new menu items. McFlurry desserts, developed by a Canadian franchisee in 1997, proved popular when launched in the United States in the summer of 1998. That same month, McDonald's said that it would overhaul its food preparation system in every U.S. restaurant. The new just-in-time system, dubbed `` Made for You'' , was in development for a number of years and aimed to deliver to customers `` fresher, hotter food'' ; enable patrons to receive special-order sandwiches (a perk long offered by rivals Burger King and Wendy's ); and allow new menu items to be more easily introduced thanks to the system's enhanced flexibility. The expensive changeover was expected to cost about $25,000 per restaurant, with McDonald's offering to pay for about half of the cost; the company planned to provide about $190 million in financial assistance to its franchisees before implementation was completed by year-end 1999. In May 1998, Greenberg was named president and CEO of McDonald's Corporation, with Quinlan remaining chairman; at the same time Alan D. Feldman, who had joined the company only four years earlier from Pizza Hut , replaced Greenberg as president of McDonald's U.S.A., an unusual move for a company whose executives typically were long-timers. The following month brought another first, McDonald's first job cuts. The company said it would eliminate 525 employees from its headquarters staff, a cut of about 23 percent. In the second quarter of 1998 McDonald's took a $160 million charge in relation to the cuts. As a result, the company, for the first time since it went public in 1965, recorded a decrease in net income, from $1.64 billion in 1997 to $1.55 billion in 1998. McDonald's followed up its investment in Chipotle with several more moves beyond the burger business. In March 1999 the company bought Aroma Café , a UK chain of 23 upscale coffee and sandwich shops. In July of that year McDonald's added Donatos Pizza , a midwestern chain of 143 pizzerias based in Columbus, Ohio . Donatos had revenues of $120 million in 1997. In 1999, McDonald's 25,000th unit opened, Greenberg took on the additional post of chairman, and Jim Cantalupo was named company president. Cantalupo, who had joined the company as controller in 1974 and later became head of McDonald's International, had been vice-chairman, a position he retained. In May 2000 McDonald's completed its largest acquisition yet, buying the bankrupt Boston Market chain for $173.5 million in cash and debt. At the time, there were more than 850 Boston Market outlets, which specialized in home-style meals, with rotisserie chicken the lead menu item. Revenue at Boston Market during 1999 totaled $670 million. McDonald's rounded out its acquisition spree in early 2001 by buying a 33 percent stake in Pret A Manger , an upscale urban-based chain specializing in ready-to-eat sandwiches made on the premises. There were more than 110 Pret shops in the United Kingdom and several more in New York City. Also during 2001, McDonald's sold off Aroma Café and took its McDonald's Japan affiliate public, selling a minority stake through an initial public offering. 2000s ( edit ) As it was exploring new avenues of growth, even though, McDonald's core burger chain had become plagued by problems. Most prominently, the Made for You system backfired. Although many franchisees believed that it succeeded in improving the quality of the food, it also increased service times and proved labor-intensive. Some franchisees also complained that the actual cost of implementing the system ran much higher than the corporation had estimated, a charge that McDonald's contested. In any case, there was no question that Made for You failed to reverse the chain's sluggish sales. Growth in sales at stores open more than a year (known as same-store sales) fell in both 2000 and 2001. Late in 2001 the company launched a restructuring involving the elimination of about 850 positions, 700 of which were in the US, and several restaurant closings. In 2000, a McDonald's in Dearborn, Michigan in Greater Detroit was the first one in Michigan and the only one east of the Mississippi River to offer halal food for Muslim customers. There were further black eyes as well. McDonald's was sued in 2001 after it was revealed that for flavoring purposes a small amount of beef extract was being added to the vegetable oil used to cook the french fries. The company had cooked its fries in beef tallow until 1990, when it began claiming in ads that it used 100 percent vegetable oil. McDonald's soon apologized for any `` confusion'' that had been caused by its use of the beef flavoring, and in mid-2002 it reached a settlement in the litigation, agreeing to donate $10 million to Hindu , vegetarian , and other affected groups. Also in 2001, further embarrassment came when 51 people were charged with conspiring to rig McDonald's game promotions over the course of several years. It was revealed that $24 million of winning McDonald's game tickets had been stolen as part of the scam. McDonald's was not implicated in the scheme, which centered on a worker at an outside company that had administered the promotions. McDonald's also had to increasingly battle its public image as a purveyor of fatty, unhealthy food. Consumers began filing lawsuits contending that years of eating at McDonald's had made them overweight. McDonald's responded by introducing low-calorie menu items and switching to a more healthful cooking oil for its french fries. McDonald's franchises overseas became a favorite target of people and groups expressing anti-American and/or anti-globalization sentiments. In August 1999 a group of protesters led by farmer José Bové destroyed a half-built McDonald's restaurant in Millau , France. In 2002 Bové , who gained fame from the incident, served a three-month jail sentence for the act, which he said was in protest against U.S. trade protectionism. McDonald's was also one of three multinational corporations (along with Starbucks Corporation and Nike, Inc. ) whose outlets in Seattle were attacked in late 1999 by some of the more aggressive protesters against a World Trade Organization meeting taking place there. In the early 2000s McDonald's pulled out of several countries, including Bolivia and two Middle Eastern nations, at least in part because of the negative regard with which the brand was held in some areas. Early in 2002, Cantalupo retired after 28 years of service. Sales remained lackluster that year, and in October the company attempted to revive U.S. sales through the introduction of a low-cost Dollar Menu. In December 2002, after this latest initiative to reignite sales growth failed and also after profits fell in seven of the previous eight quarters, Greenberg announced that he would resign at the end of the year. Cantalupo came out of retirement to become chairman and CEO at the beginning of 2003. Cantalupo started his tenure by announcing a major restructuring that involved the 2002 quarterly loss, which included the closure of more than 700 restaurants (mostly in the United States and Japan), the elimination of 600 jobs, and charges of $853 million. The charges resulted in a fourth-quarter 2002 loss of $343.8 million, the first quarterly loss in McDonald's 38 years as a public company. The new CEO also shifted away from the company's traditional reliance on growth through the opening of new units to a focus on gaining more sales from existing units. By 2003, with Ray Kroc's McDonald's Corporation nearly 50 and the McDonald's fast food restaurant concept itself old enough to qualify for AARP membership, the brand had perhaps become too familiar and sales figures stalled. Analysts, management, owners, and customers alike recognized that the aged chain required revivification. The question in need of solution was: How should McDonald's reinvent itself without losing its core values and maintain relevance in the marketplace? To that end, several new menu items were successfully launched, including entree salads, McGriddles breakfast sandwiches (which used pancakes in place of bread), and white-meat Chicken McNuggets. Some outlets began test-marketing fruits and vegetables as Happy Meal options. It was quickly determined that focus on customer experience was key in reversing the slippage. Then, a new global marketing campaign was adopted which was designed around the notion of the `` Rolling Energy'' phase. Launched on September 29, 2003, the campaign began featuring youthful images, hip music, and pop culture celebrities touting the tagline, `` I'm lovin' it'' . Next, James R. Cantalupo was called back from retirement to head the corporation and its efforts to recapture golden luster. His plan was to keep things simple with a focus on the basics like customer service, clean restrooms, and reliable appealing food (not unlike Ray Kroc's mantra of QSC and V : Quality, Service, Cleanliness, and Value). In addition to the basics he determined to position the company with a more modern coherent image in order to foster a McDonald's `` experience'' for customers. More than an advertising campaign he and his team approved sweeping new architecture for McDonald's restaurants, the first major overhaul since 1969 when the now universally recognized signature double mansard roof became standard. In fact, Mr. Cantalupo personally approved abandonment of the ubiquitous and familiar mansard in favor of what became the `` Forever Young'' prototype topped with its swish eyebrow. This was the first global campaign in McDonald's history, as the new slogan was to be used in advertising in more than 100 countries. It also proved to be the first truly successful ad campaign in years; sales began rebounding, helped also by improvements in service. Cantalupo did not live to see the fruits of his labor and he died in 2004 just as his modern vision for McDonald's was getting underway. Nonetheless he had set things into motion causing a paradigm shift for the company resulting in a refreshed image without a dilution of brand identity. In December 2003, for instance, same-store sales increased 7.3 percent. Same-store sales rose 2.4 percent for the entire year, after falling 2.1 percent in 2002. Also, in that month, McDonald's announced that it would further its focus on its core hamburger business by downsizing its other ventures. The company said that it would sell Donatos back to that chain's founder. In addition, it would discontinue development of non-McDonald's brands outside of the United States. This included Boston Market outlets in Canada and Australia and Donatos units in Germany. McDonald's kept its minority investment in Pret A Manger, but McDonald's Japan was slated to close its Pret units there. These moves would enable the company to concentrate its international efforts on the McDonald's chain, while reducing the non-hamburger brands in the United States to Chipotle and Boston Market, both of which were operating in the black. McDonald's continued to curtail store openings in 2004 and to concentrate on building business at existing restaurants. Much of the more than $1.5 billion budgeted for capital expenditures in 2004 was slated to be used to remodel existing restaurants. McDonald's also aimed to pay down debt by $400 million to $700 million and to return approximately $1 billion to shareholders through dividends and share repurchases . Cantalupo also set several long-term goals, such as sustaining annual systemwide sales and revenue growth rates of 3 to 5 percent. In a move to both simplify the menu and make its offerings less fattening, McDonald's announced in March 2004 that it would phase out Super Size french fries and soft drinks by the end of the year. In the 1960s, the 1970s, the 1980s, and the 1990s, `` no loitering'' had been McDonald's motto. Ray Kroc had decreed upon the origins of his version of the chain that pay telephones, jukeboxes, and vending machines of any kind were forbidden at McDonald's restaurants. The goal had been to quickly serve customers and not force them to stay in the restaurants any longer than it took them to eat a hamburger. Along that line of thinking, dining areas were designed with minimalist hard plastic tables and chairs which were more often than not bolted in place. Thus customers consumed their fast food in scant comfort without dillydally allowing room for the next hurrying customers. With the new `` Forever Young'' design (adopted in 2006), the first major redesign since 1969, McDonald's turned a new page for itself. New and remodeled restaurants feature dining zones with `` distinct personalities'' . Most of them offer three sections or zones. A linger zone was designed to accommodate people who were inclined to dawdle and socialize while sitting comfortably on armchairs or sofas using free wifi access. Another zone offers counters and stools for patrons in a hurry who might just grab and go. The third and perhaps most important zone is the one for families or groups where seating arrangements can be reconfigured to meet a variety of needs. Also, harsh colors , and hard plastics have been replaced with custom earth tones and flexible padded fabric covered booth seating all in hopes of engaging diners to loiter and perhaps spend more money and in addition to architecture and furnishings, the McDonald's menu has been tweaked to offer a larger variety of what the corporation refers to as more healthy food. McDonald's franchises are required to follow the directions of the parent company and perhaps more than a few have complained about the Forever Young changes. First, customers needed to recognize the mansard buildings and identify McDonald's with them-- a new look may initially generate some degree of confusion. The next objection is cost: as of 2008, a newly built swish-brow store was said to cost upwards of $1 million and renovation of an existing unit to meet the new standards as much as $400,000. With a large percentage of sales from drive-in business, franchises could argue that the expensive interior redesign is unwarranted for their bottom lines. 2010s ( edit ) In May 2010, McDonald's redesigned its US website to a sleeker, HTML 5 friendly interface. Along with those changes, McDonald's also introduced new advertising material to its website, including the unveiling of new pictures used exclusively for in-restaurant ads, television commercials, print advertising, and online advertising, which consist of more realistic pictures of its products, which are now up close and face the camera instead of facing left or right. In July 2011, McDonald's announced that their largest restaurant in the world would be built on the 2012 London Olympics site. The restaurant contains over 1,500 seats and is half the length of an American football field. Over 470 staff were employed serving on average (during the 2012 Olympics) 100,000 portions of fries, 50,000 Big Macs and 30,000 Milkshakes. This restaurant will overshadow the current largest McDonald's in the world in Moscow, Russia . In January 2012, the company announced revenue for 2011 reached an all-time high of $27 billion, and that 2,400 restaurants would be updated and 1,300 new ones opened worldwide. In the middle of the decade, the restaurant began to suffer from declining profits. In response, McDonald's began to offer its breakfast menu all day starting in 2015. At first, the launch was unpopular with franchisees who claimed that the changes caused service to slow down. However, the plan paid off with CNBC reporting that the company's fourth quarter earning `` easily topped analysts' forecasts'' . Timeline ( edit ) 1937: Patrick McDonald opens a food and drinks stand called `` The Airdrome'' on historic Route 66 (now Huntington Drive) near the Monrovia Airport in Monrovia, California . 1940: Brothers Richard and Maurice McDonald move The Airdrome building 40 miles (64 km) east to San Bernardino, California , where they open the first McDonald's restaurant, near U.S. Route 66 , at West 14th St and 1398 North E St., on May 15. Its menu consisted of 25 items, mostly barbecue . As was common at the time, they employed around 20 carhops . It became a popular and highly profitable teen hangout. 1948: After noticing that almost all of their profits came from hamburgers, the brothers closed the restaurant for several months to remodel it and implement their innovative `` Speedee Service System '' , a streamlined assembly line for hamburgers. The carhops are fired, and when the restaurant reopens it sells only hamburgers, milkshakes , and french fries . At 15 cents, the burgers are about half as expensive as at standard diners, and they are served immediately. The restaurant is extremely successful, and its fame spreads by word of mouth . McDonald's Sign circa 1955 1952: The brothers hire Southern California architect Stanley Clark Meston to design a replacement for the San Bernardino stand which is to have even greater efficiency and a more eye-catching appearance. Meston and his assistant Charles Fish deliver the Golden Arches design. 1952: The brothers begin to franchise their restaurant. The first franchisee is Neil Fox. 1953: Fox's McDonald's opens in May in Phoenix, Arizona at N. Central Ave and Indian School Road. It is the first to feature the Golden Arches design. 1953: The third McDonald's restaurant, franchised to Roger Williams and Burdette Landon, opens in Downey, California at the corner of Lakewood Blvd and Florence Avenue. Today it is the oldest McDonald's restaurant still in operation . 1954: Entrepreneur and milkshake -mixer salesman Ray Kroc becomes fascinated by the McDonald's restaurant during a sales visit, when he learns of its extraordinary capacity and popularity. Others who had visited the restaurant and come away inspired were James McLamore , founder of Burger King , and Glen Bell , founder of Taco Bell . After seeing the restaurant in operation, Kroc approaches the McDonald brothers, who have already begun franchising, with a proposition to let him franchise McDonald's restaurants outside the company's home base of California and Arizona, with himself as the first franchisee. Kroc works hard to sell McDonald's franchises. Ray Kroc's first franchised restaurant, the tenth-ever location at Blackstone and Shields Avenues (though torn down and rebuilt twice) in Fresno, California . 1955: Ray Kroc founds `` McDonald's Systems, Inc.'' on March 2, as a legal structure for his planned franchises. Kroc opens the ninth McDonald's restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois , in suburban Chicago on April 15. 1955: Ray Kroc hires Fred L. Turner (later CEO and Chairman) as a grillman in his store in Des Plaines. 1957: The original restaurant in San Bernardino is rebuilt with a golden arches design. 1958: First New England location opens in Hamden, Connecticut . 1958: McDonald's worldwide sells its 100 millionth hamburger. 1958: First Tampa Bay Area location of McDonald's opens in Tampa , Florida. 1959: First Hawaii location opens in Honolulu . 1959: First New York location opens in Buffalo . 1959: The 100th McDonald's restaurant opens in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin . 1959: McDonald's begins billboard advertising. 1960s ( edit ) 1960: First Massachusetts location of McDonald's opens in Boston . 1960: First Alaska location opens in Juneau . 1960: Kroc's company is renamed `` McDonald's Corporation'' . 1961: The McDonald brothers agree to sell Kroc business rights to their operation for $2.7 million, a sum that Kroc borrows from a number of investors, including Princeton University ; Kroc considers the sum extreme, and it strains his relationship with the brothers. In a handshake agreement, the brothers would also receive an overriding royalty of 1% on the gross sales. At the closing table the brothers told Kroc that they were giving the real estate and rights to the original unit to the founding employees. Kroc closed the transaction, then refused to acknowledge the royalty portion of the agreement because it wasn't in writing. The brothers keep their original restaurant, but in an oversight they fail to retain the right to remain a McDonald's franchise. It was renamed `` The Big M'' , while Kroc drives it out of business by opening a McDonald's just one block north; he attended the opening in person. Had the brothers maintained their original agreement, which granted them 0.5% of the chain's annual revenues, they or their heirs would have been collecting in excess of $100 million per year today. Had Kroc adhered to the handshake agreement, these royalties would now be over $200 million a year. 1961: Hamburger University opens in the basement of the Elk Grove Village, Illinois , McDonald's restaurant. First Bachelor of Hamburgerology degrees were awarded to a graduating class of 15. 1961: The first McDonald's in Georgia opens in Doraville . 1962: McDonald's first national magazine ad appears in Life magazine . 1962: The first McDonald's restaurant with seating opens in Denver , Colorado. 1962: Market research shows that people identify McDonald's primarily with the golden arches; in response, the Speedee character is dropped and the Golden Arches logo is introduced. 1963: One of Kroc's marketing insights is his decision to advertise McDonald's hamburgers to families and children. Washington, D.C. franchisees John Gibson and Oscar Goldstein (Gee Gee Distributing Corporation) sponsor a children's show on WRC-TV called Bozo the Clown , a franchised character played by Willard Scott from 1959 until 1962. After the show was cancelled, Goldstein hires Scott to portray McDonald's new mascot, named Ronald McDonald . According to Scott, they wanted to pay him in stock, but Scott decided to take the money. Scott, looking nothing like the familiar appearance of any McDonaldland character as is known today, appeared in the first three television advertisements featuring the character. After changing the character's first name to `` Ronald'' and replacing Scott with a new actor, and giving him the more familiar red, white, and yellow clown features, the character eventually spreads to the rest of the country via an advertising campaign. Years later, an entire cast of `` McDonaldland'' characters is developed. 1963: The Filet-O-Fish is introduced in Cincinnati , Ohio, in a restaurant located in a neighborhood dominated by Roman Catholics who practiced abstinence (the avoidance of meat) on Fridays. It is the first new addition to the original menu, and goes national the following year, with fish supplied by Gorton's of Gloucester . See also Lou Groen 1963: McDonald's sells its one billionth hamburger. 1963: The 500th McDonald's restaurant opens in Toledo, Ohio . 1964: McDonald's issues its first annual report. 1964: First Rhode Island location opens in Warwick, Rhode Island . 1965: Third New England location opens in Windsor, Connecticut . 1967: The first McDonald's restaurant in a territory of the United States opens in San Juan, Puerto Rico . 1967: The first McDonald's restaurant outside the United States opens in Richmond, British Columbia . 1967: The chain's stand-alone restaurant design which is still most common today, with mansard roof and indoor seating, is introduced. 1968: The Big Mac (similar to the Big Boy hamburger), the brainchild of Jim Delligatti , one of Ray Kroc's earliest franchisees, who by the late 1960s operated a dozen stores in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania, is first introduced in the Pittsburgh market in 1967, before going system/nationwide a year later, following its great local success. The Hot Apple Pie is also introduced this year. 1968: The 1000th McDonald's restaurant opens in Des Plaines, Illinois . 1969: McDonald's begins building new mansard roof locations in the United States to replace the double arch-styled drive-in locations that had been the company's standard design since the 1950s. The first mansard roof McDonald's restaurant opens that same year in Matteson, Illinois. 1970s ( edit ) An early-1970s McDonald's sign in Austin, Minnesota , showing the number of burgers sold. From 1969, the number was displayed in billions, increasing with every 5 billion. When the total reached 100 billion in 1993, the signs of this era were changed to display 99 billion permanently, as there was only room for two digits, though some signs use the `` Billions and Billions Served'' tagline. 1970: McDonald's opens in Costa Rica , its third country after the United States and Canada. 1970: Having changed hands in 1968, the original `` Big M'' restaurant closes. It is demolished two years later, with only part of the sign remaining; this has since been restored. 1971: The first Asian McDonald's opens in July in Japan , in Tokyo 's Ginza district. 1971: On August 21, the first European McDonald's outlet opens, in Zaandam (near Amsterdam ) in the Netherlands . The franchisee is Ahold . 1971: The first McDonald's in Germany ( Munich ) opens in November. It is the first McDonald's to sell alcohol, as it offers beer . Other European countries follow in the early 1970s. 1971: Maurice McDonald dies on December 11 1971: The first Australian McDonald's opens in the Sydney suburb of Yagoona in December. The restaurant becomes known locally as `` Maccas'' . 1972: The McDonald's system generates $1 billion in sales through 2200 restaurants. 1972: The 2000th McDonald's restaurant opens in Des Plaines, Illinois . 1972: The first McDonald's in France opens, in Créteil , even though the company officially recognizes the first outlet in Strasbourg in 1979. 1973: The first McDonald's Playland opens in Chula Vista, California . 1973: The first Swedish McDonald's restaurant opens in Stockholm , 23 October. 1973: The Quarter Pounder is introduced. 1973: The Egg McMuffin , invented by Herb Peterson, owner and operator of a Santa Barbara franchise, is introduced to the menu. 1974: On November 13, the first McDonald's in the United Kingdom opens in Woolwich , southeast London. It is the company's 3000th restaurant. 1974: The first Ronald McDonald House opens in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania. 1975: The first Hong Kong McDonald's opens in January in Paterson Street, in Causeway Bay , Hong Kong Island . It is also the first McDonald's restaurant in Greater China and the Four Asian Tigers . 1975: Drive-Thru is introduced in January in Sierra Vista, Arizona in order to serve meals to soldiers from nearby Fort Huachuca who were not allowed to wear BDUs while off post except while in a vehicle. The Drive-Thru is later known as `` McDrive'' in some countries. 1976: The first McDonald's in Switzerland, on Rue du Mont-Blanc in Geneva. 1976: McDonald's pays its first cash dividend 1978: The 5000th McDonald's restaurant opens in Kanagawa , Japan. 1978: Hamburger University celebrates the graduation of its 15,000th student. 1979: The Happy Meal is introduced in the U.S. 1979: The first McDonald's in Southeast Asia opens, in Singapore . 1980s ( edit ) A McDonald's in a Toronto , Ontario , Canada Wal-Mart store. McDonald's in Barcelona , Spain 1980: McDonald's introduces the McChicken sandwich, its first poultry item. It flops, and is removed from the menu, but is later reintroduced after Chicken McNuggets prove successful. 1980: The Chicken McNuggets are introduced to the menu and instantly become a success by early 1983. 1980: The 6000th McDonald's restaurant opens in Munich , Germany. 1981: The first Ronald McDonald House outside the U.S. opens in Toronto, Ontario , Canada. 1981: The first McDonald's in the Philippines opens, in Morayta, Manila . 1982: The first McDonald's in Malaysia opens, at Jalan Bukit Bintang , Kuala Lumpur . 1982: McDonald's stages an in-house rivalry between the Chicken McNuggets and the Big Mac as the advertising campaign involved the slogan `` Which will be number one?'' . 1983: After gaining much success, the McNuggets begin rolling out nationwide starting in January. 1984: The first McDonald's in Taiwan opens in January, at Songshan District, Taipei . 1984: Ray Kroc dies on January 14. 1984: The company is a main sponsor of the 1984 Summer Olympics . Its U.S. restaurants lose money on the game `` When The US Wins, You Win'' after the Soviet bloc nations boycott the Games, leading to a high number of medals won by the U.S (this is later parodied in an episode of The Simpsons , with Krusty the Klown 's Krusty Burger chain suffering a similar fate). 1984: McDonald's introduces its newest burger, the McDLT. Which stood for McDonald's lettuce and tomato burger that was served in specifically designed two-sided container. The meat on the bottom half of the bun were placed separately from the lettuce, American cheese, pickles, sauces and top half of the bun. 1984: On 18 July, James Huberty committed the worst mass murder (at the time) in the US, when he opened fire at the San Ysidro branch, killing 21 people before he was gunned down by a SWAT team sniper . 1985: McDonald's opens its first restaurant in Italy, in Bolzano . 1985: Saul Kahan opens the first McDonald's restaurant in Mexico City , Mexico. 1986: Ali Vardar opens the first McDonald's restaurant in İstanbul , Turkey . 1986: The first McDonald's is opened in Cuba on Guantanamo Bay Naval Base . It is currently the only location in the country due to the Cuban trade embargo, and is run by the Department of the Navy . 1987: The first Macauese McDonald's opens on the Rua do Campo, Macau . It is also the first McDonald's restaurant in Portugal when Macau was under the control of Portugal. 1987: On August 12, a Piper Cheyenne, which started in Augsburg , Germany, was on a simulated approach to Munich's main airport Riem , when all instruments failed. The plane crashed into the McDonald's restaurant in the Wasserburger Landstrasse. Fourteen people were killed in the incident: 4 in the plane, 3 on the street or in a bus, which was also struck by the plane, and 7 in the restaurant. The McDonald's in the Wasserburger Landstrasse has since been rebuilt. 1987: On 23 November, The first Scottish store opened in Dundee , followed by Kirkcaldy. 13 years after McDonald's first appeared in Britain. 1988: The first Korean McDonald's restaurant opens in March, in Seoul 's Apgujeong-dong district. 1988: McDonald's opens its first restaurant in a communist country, in Belgrade , Yugoslavia (now Serbia ). Budapest , Hungary follows in the same year. 1990s ( edit ) McDonald's in Moscow , Russia McDonald's in Saint Petersburg , Russia McDonald's in Sanya , Hainan (China). This one is a soft drink/ice cream stand. 1990: On January 31, the first Soviet McDonald's opens, in Moscow . At the time it is the largest McDonald's in the world. Although this has been described as being opened by McDonald's Canada `` for political reasons'' this was completely untrue. All of the McDonald's restaurants in all of the former Soviet Union are wholly owned by McDonald's Canada with no input from the U.S. parent company; a wall display within the restaurant shows the Canadian and Soviet flags. (again because the US parent was not involved at all) To overcome Soviet supply problems, the company creates its own supply chain, including farms, within the USSR . Unlike other foreign investments, the restaurant accepts rubles , not dollars, and is extremely popular, with waiting lines of several hours common in its early days. 1990: Many other McDonald's restaurants open in Eastern Europe . 1990: In October, the first McDonald's opens in mainland China, in the city and Special Economic Zone (SEZ) of Shenzhen , Guangdong province. 1990: In November opens its first restaurant in Chile . 1991: McDonald's opens its first restaurant in Portugal (except Macau), in Lisbon 's Cascaishopping . 1992: The first McDonald's opens in Africa, in Casablanca , Morocco . 1992: Stella Liebeck receives third-degree burns from coffee purchased at a McDonald's drive-through. She sued in what became known as the McDonald's coffee case . 1992: Derek Wood, an employee, and two friends rob a McDonald's in Sydney River, Nova Scotia , killing three and severely injuring another. Wood is serving a life sentence for his role in the Sydney River McDonald's murders . 1992: On April 23, the world's largest McDonald's opens in Beijing , China (over 700 seats). Along with adjacent buildings, it is later demolished. 1992: On April 28, seven McDonald's restaurants are bombed in Taiwan , killing one policeman and injuring four. 1992: The first Polish McDonald's restaurant opens in Warsaw, 17 June. 1992: The fried apple pie is replaced with a baked apple pie. 1993: The company launches its first seagoing restaurant aboard the Finnish cruiseferry Silja Europa , sailing between Helsinki and Stockholm . 1993: On December 8, McDonald's opens its golden arches in Saudi Arabia for the first time. 1993: McCafé is launched in Melbourne, Australia by Ann Brown. By 2002 the chain had spread to 13 countries worldwide. The first one in America was launched in 2001. By 2003 it was the largest coffee shop brand in Australia and New Zealand. 1993: McDonald's Holiday Film Festival has Paramount Videocassettes (such as the children's classic Charlotte's Web or the smash hit Ghost , The Addams Family or Wayne's World ), however Paramount Videocassettes are not seen at McDonald's restaurant during the 1993 holiday season. 1994: The Catalyst Award is given to McDonald's in honour of their program to foster leadership development in women. 1994: McDonald's Holiday Film Fest has MCA/Universal Videocassettes (such as Field of Dreams , Back to the Future , The Land Before Time and Fievel Goes West ). 1995: McDonald's receives complaints from franchisees that too many franchises are being granted, leading to competition among franchisees. McDonald's starts conducting market impact studies before granting further franchises. 1995: In an effort to cultivate a more `` adult'' image, McDonald's launches the Arch Deluxe sandwich with a massive ad campaign. Both the campaign and sandwich fail miserably and are quickly discontinued. 1995: Following the end of apartheid , the first McDonald's in South Africa opens at McDonald's Blackheath. 1996: First McDonald's opens in Belarus , marking the chain's 100th country (by its own calculation; however, this total included many non-sovereign territories). At the opening ceremony, the Belarusian militia are accused of brutality toward members of the public hoping to enter the restaurant in Minsk . 1996: First McDonald's opens in Lima , Peru , managed by Operaciones Arcos Dorados de Perú S.A. 1996: The first Indian McDonald's opens. 1997: McDonald's wins the `` McLibel'' case , in what many consider to be a Pyrrhic victory in terms of the company's image. Only about half of the counts are in McDonald's favour despite enormous legal resources deployed against self-representing defendants. 1997: McDonald's has Hercules Happy Meal with two toys from Disney's thirty-fifth animated feature. 1997: The McFlurry is invented by a Canadian franchise. 1998: Richard McDonald dies on July 14. 1998: Jack M. Greenberg succeeds Michael R. Quinlan as CEO. 1998: The first Pakistani McDonald's opens in Lahore immediately followed by a branch in Karachi after one week. 1998: Disney/Pixar and McDonald's begins their 7-year promotional partnership. 1999: First McDonald's restaurant opens in Tbilisi , Georgia . Jack Greenberg is elevated to Chairman and CEO. 1999: leftist activist José Bové and others gain worldwide attention when they destroy a half-built McDonald's franchise in Millau (Aveyron). The incident follows a European Union ban on American meat imports, on the grounds that they use hormone treatments; in response the U.S. had increased import duties on French Roquefort cheese and other European Union products. Bové was sentenced to three months in prison for his role in the incident. 2000s ( edit ) 2000: Eric Schlosser publishes Fast Food Nation , a book critical of fast food in general and McDonald's in particular. 2000: The company opens its 1000th British store, inside the Millennium Dome . 2001: The FBI reports that employees of Simon Worldwide, a company hired by McDonald's to provide promotion marketing services for Happy Meals and the ' Millionaire' /' Monopoly' contest, stole winning game pieces worth more than $20 million. 2002: A survey in Restaurants and Institutions magazine ranks McDonald's 15th in food quality among hamburger chains, highlighting the company's failure to enforce standards across its franchise network. 2002: McDonald's posts its first quarterly loss ($344m), for the last quarter. It responds to the stiff competition from other fast-food restaurants, offering higher quality burgers and more variety, by attempting to move more upmarket by expanding its menu and refitting restaurants. It announces it is withdrawing from three countries (including Bolivia ) and closing 175 underperforming restaurants. 2002: In October of this year, McDonald's opens the first of 2 corporate stores in Lincoln, Nebraska to test concept restaurant called `` 3N1'' . The concept incorporated a `` Sandwich & Platter'' casual dining area, a `` bakery and ice cream'' area featuring gourmet coffees, and a traditional McDonald's into one building. The second store is launched approximately six months later. The concept is spearheaded by Tom Ryan, who was Executive Vice President and Chief Concept Officer at the time. The concept is abandoned in less than a year, and Ryan leaves McDonald's to join Quiznos Sub . 2002: McDonald's introduces a new menu board design featuring realistic photos of its products against a blue-white gradient background. 2003: James Richard Cantalupo is elected Chairman and Chief Operating Officer, succeeding Jack M. Greenberg . Just prior to assuming his post Cantalupo shuts down Project Innovate, a global consulting project that had already spent $170 million of a projected 5-year budget of $1.2 billion. 2003: McDonald's starts a global marketing campaign which promotes a new healthier and higher-quality image. The campaign was labeled `` I'm lovin' it '' and begins simultaneously in more than 100 countries around the world. 2003: According to Technomic, a market research firm, McDonald's share of the U.S. market had fallen three percentage points in five years and was at 15.2%. 2003: The firm reports a $126M USD loss for the fourth quarter. 2003: McDonald's introduces their premium salads, the McGriddles and the chicken selects. 2004: Morgan Spurlock directs and stars in Super Size Me , a documentary film in which he eats nothing but McDonald's food for 30 days to the supposed detriment of his health. 2004: After the release of Super Size Me , McDonald's does away with their Supersize options. 2004: Chairman and CEO Jim Cantalupo dies suddenly at the age of 60 in his hotel room of an apparent heart attack while attending the annual franchisee convention in Orlando, FL on April 19. A 30-year veteran of the organization, Cantalupo had previously served as President and CEO of McDonald's International. He is credited with introducing the premium salad line and reformulating Chicken McNuggets to include leaner, all-white meat. Andrew J. McKenna, Sr., a prominent Chicago businessman and a McDonald's director, is elected Nonexecutive Chairman, and Charlie Bell of Sydney , Australia, is elected President and CEO of McDonald's Corporation. A month later Bell is diagnosed with colorectal cancer during a physical exam required for his new post and dies in January of the next year. Like retired chairman and former CEO Fred L. Turner , Bell began his McDonald's career as a crew member. He was promoted frequently, serving as the corporation's Chief Operating Officer and as President of both McDonald's Europe and of the Asia/Pacific, Middle East and Africa Group. 2005: Jim Skinner is elected President and CEO. Skinner began his McDonald's career as a trainee restaurant manager at a McDonald's in Carpentersville, Illinois in 1971 after serving nearly ten years with the US Navy. 2005: McDonald's experiments with call centers for drive-through orders. The center, located in Fargo, North Dakota , takes orders from more than a dozen stores in Oregon and Washington . The experiment is in part motivated by labor costs, since the minimum wage in North Dakota is over 40% lower than that in Oregon or Washington . 2005: Owing in part to competitive pressure, McDonald's Australia adopts `` Made for you'' cooking platform in which the food is prepared from pre-cooked meat after the customer orders (as opposed to the firm's normal procedure since 1948, in which the food is cooked then sold as needed). It should become standard practice in all Australian restaurants by 2007. Some restaurants in New Zealand also follow suit. The practice had earlier been tested, and abandoned, in the U.S. 2005: McDonald's in Singapore began their McDelivery service: customers place their food orders over the phone, and it is delivered to wherever they are. The service is available 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. 2005: McDonald's opens a Wi-Fi service in selected restaurants with Nintendo DS video games. 2005: A fired employee with Asperger's Syndrome , who was terminated for hitting a customer, murders his former manager at a McDonald's outlet in West Sussex , England. Shane Freer (20) stabbed Jackie Marshall (57) to death during a children's party at the fast food restaurant she was supervising. Freer was convicted and sentenced to life in prison by Lewes Crown Court . 2005: Ronald McDonald gets a leaner, sportier look. 2006: McDonald's announces that it will include nutritional information on the packaging for all products beginning in March and that its upcoming menu changes will emphasize chicken, salads, and other `` fresh foods'' rather than hamburgers. 2006: McDonald's begins their `` forever young'' branding by redesigning their restaurants. 2006: Anna Svidersky is murdered by David Sullivan while working in an Andresen Road McDonald's in Vancouver, Washington . 2006: McDonald's and Disney end their 20-year promotional partnership. 2006: DreamWorks Animation and McDonald's begins promotional partnership. 2007: McDonald's reintroduces its 42-ounce super-size soda under the name Hugo . 2008: McDonald's introduces the McSkillet burrito. This larger breakfast consists of scramble eggs, red & green bell peppers, onions, potatoes, salsa and sausage wrapped in a flour tortilla. 2008: McDonald's introduces the Chicken Biscuit and the Southern Style Chicken Sandwich. 2008: In November, McDonald's starts phasing in new designs for their containers. On October 31, they also introduced a new menu board design featuring warmer, darker colors, more realistic photos with the food on plates and drinks in glasses. The design hit nationwide in 2009 and expanded across the world through 2010. 2009: 20th Century Fox and McDonald's begins promotional partnership. 2009: McDonald's introduces three versions of Angus Burgers : Angus Deluxe, Angus Bacon & Cheese, and Angus Mushroom & Swiss. 2009: First McDonald's opens in Cusco , Peru . Since 1996 a total of 21 McDonald's , 8 McCafé and 36 soft drink/ice cream stands are opened in Lima and across Peru. 20 more McDonald's are scheduled to be opened in the next two fiscal years. 2010s ( edit ) McDonald's Next in Admiralty Centre , Hong Kong 2010: McDonald's introduces Real Fruit smoothies and the Angus Snack Wrap. 2010: McDonald's introduces Fruit & Maple Oatmeal to its menu. 2010: Subway surpasses McDonald's as the largest single-brand restaurant chain and the largest restaurant operator globally. 2011: McDonald's reintroduces the Asian salad. 2011: McDonald's makes a deal with the Marine Stewardship Council to certify the fish used for the Filet-O-Fish sold in Europe. 2012: McDonald's begins posting the calories count for items on the menus and menu boards in the drive-thru. 2013: First McDonald's burger restaurant franchise in Vietnam was awarded to the son in law of the Vietnamese prime minister. 2013: McDonald's Australia trials home delivery in selected areas of Sydney, with online ordering available through Menulog 2014: (October) McDonald's Australia trials custom made burgers with the choice of buns, cheese, sauces etc. This was launched at the Castle Hill Store in Sydney. 2015: Steve Easterbrook succeeded the previous CEO Don Thompson who stepped down on 28 January. 2015: United States roll-out of all-day breakfast (breakfast menu available during store hours) 2015: The first McDonald's Next store opened in Hong Kong. 2016: McDonald's withdraws the Step-It activity tracker, which is worn on the wrist, and was given away with Happy Meals to children in the US and Canada. There were fears that the devices caused skin irritation. 2017: McDonald's begins selling soft drinks of all sizes for $1 at participating locations. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Hess, Alan (March 1986). `` The Origins of McDonald's Golden Arches'' . Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 45 (1): 60-- 67. doi : 10.2307/990129 . JSTOR 990129 . Jump up ^ Skrabec, Quentin R.; Skrabec Jr., Quentin R. (2012). The 100 Most Significant Events in American Business: An Encyclopedia . ABC-CLIO. p. 206. Jump up ^ Bryson, Bill (1994). Made in America . p. 338. Jump up ^ Hess, Alan. `` The oldest McDonald's as Architecture'' . Retrieved 2 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald Brothers'' . Retrieved 9 February 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.daily-chronicle.com/2016/02/16/from-the-archives-dekalbs-first-mcdonalds/a192lnf/ Jump up ^ Smith, Craig S. (November 7, 2002). `` North Sea Cod Crisis Brings Call for Nations to Act'' . New York Times . Retrieved 2010-12-30 . 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Halal is an Arabic word meaning lawful, or permitted. Halal meat is prepared according to the dictates of the Koran, much like kosher food. Muslims are(...)'' Available from the archives of The Detroit News : Article ID det8723702. Jump up ^ `` McDonald's Unveils Chicken McBites'' . Los Angeles Times . 2012-01-25. Archived from the original on 2012-09-05. ^ Jump up to: `` McDonald's franchisees say all-day breakfast launch a disaster'' . KFLY . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Little, Katie. `` McDonald's all-day breakfast? The wait is over for some'' . CNBC . Jump up ^ La Monica, Paul R. `` McDonald's sales soar thanks to all day breakfast'' . CNBC . Retrieved 15 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Downey, CA - World's Oldest Operating McDonald's '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` First Macca's opened in memory lane'' . The Australian Business Review . Retrieved 24 October 2015 . Jump up ^ 1972: Ray Kroc and the Fast Food Industry Jump up ^ `` A historic anniversary: 35 years since the opening of Britain's first McDonald's '' . Telegraph Blogs . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` History'' . McDonald's . Retrieved 22 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Sydney Morning Herald - Google News Archive Search'' . Retrieved 6 January 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 20 years of Big Macs as McDonald's marks Scottish anniversary'' . The Scotsman . Edinburgh. 2007-11-23. Jump up ^ `` McDonald's cumple 20 años de presencia en Chile'' . La Segunda. 16 November 2010 . Retrieved 7 February 2017 . Jump up ^ http://app.McDonald's.com/countries/usa/whatsnew/pressrelease/2002/10112002/ Jump up ^ http://www.mcdepk.com/McDonald's3n1restaurant/index.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2006-03-13 . Retrieved 2006-11-14 . Jump up ^ McDougal, Paul (2006-10-16). `` 8 Expensive IT Blunders '' . Information Week . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . (Ambiguous, may be 8 April 2008) Jump up ^ Day, Sherri (March 3, 2003). `` McDonald's Strives to Regain Ground'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` McDonald's on track for recovery'' . BBC News . January 26, 2004. Jump up ^ `` McDonald's CEO'' . Jump up ^ `` Big Mac's Makeover: McDonald's Turned Around '' . The Economist. 2004-10-14 . Retrieved 2008-04-08 . Jump up ^ `` McDonald's Former President and CEO Charlie Bell Dies of Cancer'' . McDonald's Press Release. 2005-01-17. Archived from the original on 4 September 2008 . Retrieved 4 August 2008 . (Ambiguous, may be 8 April 2008) Jump up ^ `` McDonald's Corporation Biographies: Jim Skinner'' . McDonald's Corporation. Archived from the original on 2008-03-24 . Retrieved 2008-04-08 . Jump up ^ Arndt, Michael (2004-11-23). `` What McDonald's Newest Cook Faces '' . BusinessWeek . Archived from the original on March 13, 2005. Jump up ^ `` Life term for McDonald's killing'' . BBC News . September 21, 2006. 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what is the role of social philosophers in french revolution

Lively , Jack . ed . The Generative Principle of Political Constitutions : Studies on Sovereignty , Religion , and Enlightenment , Transaction Publishers , 2011 .

Joseph de Maistre - wikipedia Joseph de Maistre Jump to: navigation , search Joseph-Marie de Maistre Portrait of de Maistre by von Vogelstein , c. 1810 . ( 1753-04-01 ) 1 April 1753 Chambéry , Kingdom of Sardinia , Duchy of Savoy 26 February 1821 ( 1821-02-26 ) (aged 67) Turin , Kingdom of Sardinia Era 18th-century philosophy Region Western philosophy School Conservatism Counter-Enlightenment Ultramontanism Traditionalism Royalism Mysticism Notable ideas Providentialism Sacrifice Legitimacy of authority Influences (show) Plato Plutarch Giambattista Vico Aristotle Thomas Aquinas Edmund Burke Louis de Bonald Influenced (show) Louis de Bonald Henri de Saint-Simon Karl Ludwig von Haller Juan Donoso Cortés Charles Baudelaire Louis Veuillot Emil Cioran Carl Schmitt Julius Evola Joseph-Marie, comte de Maistre ( French: (də mɛstʁ ) ; 1 April 1753 -- 26 February 1821) was a French-speaking Savoyard philosopher, writer, lawyer, and diplomat, who advocated social hierarchy and monarchy in the period immediately following the French Revolution . Despite his close personal and intellectual ties with France , Maistre was throughout his life a subject of the King of Piedmont-Sardinia , whom he served as member of the Savoy Senate (1787-- 1792), ambassador to Russia (1803-- 1817), and minister of state to the court in Turin (1817-- 1821). A key figure of the `` Counter-Enlightenment '' , Maistre regarded monarchy as both a divinely sanctioned institution and as the only stable form of government. He called for the restoration of the House of Bourbon to the throne of France and for the ultimate authority of the Pope in temporal matters. Maistre argued that the rationalist rejection of Christianity was directly responsible for the disorder and bloodshed which followed the French Revolution of 1789. Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 2 Political and moral philosophy 3 Repute and influence 4 Works 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Biography ( édit ) Maistre was born in 1753 at Chambéry , in the Duchy of Savoy , which at that time was part of the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia , ruled by the House of Savoy . His family was of French and Italian origin. His grandfather André (Andrea) Maistre, whose parents Francesco and Margarita Maistre (née Dalmassi) originated in the County of Nice , had been a draper and councilman in Nice (then under the rule of the House of Savoy), and his father François -Xavier, who moved to Chambéry in 1740, became a magistrate and senator, eventually receiving the title of count from the King of Piedmont-Sardinia. His mother's family, whose surname was Desmotz, were from Rumilly . Joseph's younger brother, Xavier , who became an army officer, was a popular writer of fiction. Stipple engraving of Maistre, from a painting by Pierre Bouillon . He is shown wearing the insignia of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus . Joseph was probably educated by the Jesuits . After the Revolution, he became an ardent defender of their Order, increasingly associating the spirit of the Revolution with the Jesuits' traditional enemies, the Jansenists . After completing his training in the law at the University of Turin in 1774, he followed in his father's footsteps by becoming a Senator in 1787. A member of the progressive Scottish Rite Masonic lodge at Chambéry from 1774 to 1790, Maistre originally favoured political reform in France, supporting the efforts of the magistrates in the Parlements to force King Louis XVI to convene the Estates General . As a landowner in France, Maistre was eligible to join that body, and there is some evidence that he contemplated that possibility. He was alarmed, however, by the decision of the States-General to combine clergy, aristocracy , and commoners into a single legislative body, which became the National Constituent Assembly . After the passing of the August Decrees on 4 August 1789 he decisively turned against the course of political events in France. Maistre fled Chambéry when it was taken by a French revolutionary army in 1792, but unable to find a position in the royal court in Turin, he returned the following year. Deciding that he could not support the French-controlled regime, he departed again, this time for Lausanne , in Switzerland. There he discussed politics and theology at the salon of Madame de Staël , and began his career as a counter-revolutionary writer, with works such as Lettres d'un Royaliste Savoisien (`` Letters from a Savoyard Royalist'' , 1793), Discours à Mme. la Marquise Costa de Beauregard, sur la Vie et la Mort de son Fils (`` Discourse to the Marchioness Costa de Beauregard, on the Life and Death of her Son'' , 1794) and Cinq paradoxes à la Marquise de Nav... (`` Five Paradoxes for the Marchioness of Nav...'' , 1795). From Lausanne, Maistre went to Venice , and then to Cagliari , where the King of Piedmont-Sardinia held the court and the government of the kingdom after French armies took Turin in 1798. Maistre's relations with the court at Cagliari were not always easy and in 1802 he was sent to Saint Petersburg in Russia, as ambassador to Tsar Alexander I. His diplomatic responsibilities were few, and he became a well-loved fixture in aristocratic circles, converting some of his friends to Roman Catholicism, and writing his most influential works on political philosophy. Portrait by Swiss painter Félix Vallotton , from La Revue blanche , 1er semestre, 1895. Maistre's observations on Russian life, contained in his diplomatic memoirs and in his personal correspondence, were among Tolstoy 's sources for his novel War and Peace . After the defeat of Napoleon and the restoration of the House of Savoy's dominion over Piedmont and Savoy (under the terms of the Congress of Vienna ), Maistre returned in 1817 to Turin, and served there as magistrate and minister of state until his death. He died on 26 February 1821 and is buried in the Jesuit Church of the Holy Martyrs ( Chiesa dei Santi Martiri ). Political and Moral Philosophy ( édit ) In Considérations sur la France (`` Considerations on France,'' 1797), Maistre claimed that France has a divine mission as the principal instrument of good and evil on Earth. He interpreted the Revolution of 1789 as a Providential event: the monarchy, the aristocracy , and the Ancien Régime in general, instead of directing the influence of French civilization to the benefit of mankind, had promoted the atheistic doctrines of the eighteenth-century philosophers . He claimed that the crimes of the Reign of Terror were the logical consequence of Enlightened thought, as well as its divinely-decreed punishment. In his short book Essai sur le Principe Générateur des Constitutions Politiques et des Autres Institutions Humaines (`` Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions and other Human Institutions,'' 1809), Maistre argued that constitutions are not the product of human reason, but come from God, who slowly brings them to maturity. After the appearance in 1816 of his French translation of Plutarch 's treatise On the Delay of Divine Justice in the Punishment of the Guilty , in 1819 Maistre published Du Pape (`` On the Pope '' ), the most complete exposition of his authoritarian conception of politics. Part of a series on Conservatism Variants (show) Alternative (`` alt-right'' ) Cultural Fiscal Feminist Green Liberal Libertarian National Neo- New Right One-nation Paleo- Social Traditionalist Concepts (show) Familism Free markets Private property Rule of law Small government Tradition People (hide) Vico Möser Burke Maistre Rivarol Bonald Gentz Karamzin Haller Chateaubriand Schlegel Novalis Coleridge Metternich Savigny Müller Calhoun Pius IX Alamán Portales Gerlach Frederick William IV Ranke Leo Newman Prinsterer Stahl Brownson Khomyakov Disraeli Kireyevsky Tocqueville Le Play d'Aurevilly Lincoln Cortés Balmes Hübner Veuillot Macdonald Saint-Bonnet Bismarck Katkov Dostoyevsky Danilevsky Aksakov Pobedonostsev Taine Leontiev Miramón La Tour du Pin Pius X Carp Kuyper Olazábal Romea Sardà y Salvany Alexander III Bloy Mallock Tikhomirov Menéndez y Pelayo Mella Stolypin Santayana Daudet Maurras Purishkevich Larumbe Chesterton W. 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Bush Modi Hitchens Aznar George Organizations (show) International Democrat Union (IDU) Democrat Union of Africa (DUA) Asia Pacific Democrat Union (APDU) Caribbean Democrat Union (CDU) Union of Latin American Parties (UPLA) European People's Party EPP Alliance of Conservatives and Reformists in Europe (ACRE) List of conservative parties Religious conservatism (show) Christian right Christian fundamentalism Jewish right Islamic fundamentalism Hindutva State Shinto Traditionalist Catholic National variants (show) Australia Canada China (PRC) Colombia Germany Hong Kong India South Korea Serbia Turkey United Kingdom United States Related topics (show) Agrarianism Aristocracy Capitalism Carlism Center-right Corporatism Conservative liberalism Conservative Revolution Counter-revolutionary Fascism Libertarian Republican Monarchism Neoliberalism New Right Old Right (United States) Radical centrism Radical right (Europe) Reactionary Reaganism Right-wing politics Small government Social hierarchy Thatcherism Toryism Conservatism portal Politics portal According to Maistre, any attempt to justify government on rational grounds will only lead to unresolvable arguments about the legitimacy and expediency of any existing government, and that this, in turn, will lead to violence and chaos. Maistre therefore argued that the legitimacy of government must be based on compelling but non-rational grounds, which its subjects must not be allowed to question. Maistre went on to argue that authority in politics should therefore derive from religion, and that in Europe this religious authority must ultimately lie with the Pope. What was novel in Maistre's writings was not his enthusiastic defense of monarchical and religious authority per se , but rather his arguments concerning the practical need for ultimate authority to lie with an individual capable of decisive action, as well as his analysis of the social foundations of that authority's legitimacy. In his own words, which he addressed to a group of aristocratic French émigrés , `` you ought to know how to be royalists. Before, this was an instinct, but today it is a science. You must love the sovereign as you love order, with all the forces of intelligence.'' Maistre's analysis of the problem of authority and its legitimacy foreshadows some of the concerns of early sociologists such as Comte and Saint-Simon . In addition to his voluminous correspondence, Maistre left two books that were published posthumously. Soirées de St. Pétersbourg (`` The Saint Petersburg Dialogues'' , 1821) is a theodicy in the form of a Platonic dialogue , in which Maistre argues that evil exists because of its place in the divine plan, according to which the blood sacrifice of innocents returns men to God, via the expiation of the sins of the guilty; Maistre sees this as a law of human history, as indubitable as it is mysterious. Examen de la Philosophie de Bacon , (`` An Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon,'' 1836), is a critique of the thought of Francis Bacon , whom Maistre considers to be the fountainhead of the destructive Enlightened thought. Repute and influence ( édit ) Maistre, together with the Anglo-Irish statesman and philosopher Edmund Burke , is commonly regarded as one of the founders of European conservatism, but since the 19th century, Maistre's authoritarian, `` throne-and-altar'' conception of conservatism has declined in influence in comparison with the more liberal conservatism of Burke. Maistre's skills as a writer and polemicist however ensure that he continues to be read. Matthew Arnold , an influential 19th-century critic, while comparing Maistre's style with his Irish counterpart, wrote that Joseph de Maistre is another of those men whose word, like that of Burke, has vitality. In imaginative power he is altogether inferior to Burke. On the other hand his thought moves in closer order than Burke's , more rapidly, more directly; he has fewer superfluities. Burke is a great writer, but Joseph de Maistre's use of the French language is more powerful, more thoroughly satisfactory, than Burke's use of the English. It is masterly; it shows us to perfection of what that admirable instrument, the French language, is capable. The Catholic Encyclopedia of 1910 describes his writing style as `` strong, lively, picturesque,'' and that his `` animation and good humour temper his dogmatic tone. He possesses a wonderful facility in exposition, precision of doctrine, breadth of learning, and dialectical power.'' Alphonse de Lamartine , though a political opponent, admired the splendour of his prose: That brief, nervous, lucid style, stripped of phrases, robust of limb, did not at all recall the softness of the eighteenth century, nor the declamations of the latest French books: it was born and steeped in the breath of the Alps; it was virgin, it was young, it was harsh and savage; it had no human respect, it felt its solitude; it improvised depth and form all at once... That man was new among the enfants du siècle (children of the century). Émile Faguet described Maistre as `` a fierce absolutist, a furious theocrat, an intransigent legitimist, apostle of a monstrous trinity composed of pope, king and hangman, always and everywhere the champion of the hardest, narrowest and most inflexible dogmatism, a dark figure out of the Middle Ages, part learned doctor, part inquisitor, part executioner.'' Amongst those who admired him was the poet Charles Baudelaire , who described himself a disciple of the Savoyard counter-revolutionary, claiming that he had taught him how to think. George Saintsbury called him `` unquestionably one of the greatest thinkers and writers of the eighteenth century.'' Maistre also exerted a powerful influence on the Spanish political thinker Juan Donoso Cortés and, later, on the French monarchist Charles Maurras and his counter-revolutionary political movement Action Française . According to Carolina Armenteros, Maistre's writings influenced not only conservative political thinkers, but also the Utopian socialists . Early sociologists such as Saint-Simon and Comte explicitly acknowledged the influence of Maistre on their own thinking about the sources of social cohesion and political authority. Works ( édit ) Nobilis Ioseph Maistre Camberiensis ad i.u. lauream anno 1772. die 29. Aprilis hora 5. pomeridiana (Turin, 1772) -- Joseph de Maistre's decree thesis, kept in the National Library of the University of Turin ( link ). Éloge de Victor-Amédée III (Chambéry , 1775) Lettres d'un royaliste savoisien à ses compatriotes (1793) Étude sur la souveraineté (1794) De l'État de nature, ou Examen d'un écrit de Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1795) Considérations sur la France (London (Basel), 1796) Intorno allo stato del Piemonte rispetto alla carta moneta (Turn, Aosta, Venice, 1797-- 1799) Essai sur le Principe Générateur des Constitutions Politiques, 1814, (1st. Pub. 1809) Du Pape, Tome Second , 1819. De l'Église Gallicane, édit . Rodolphe de Maistre, 1821. Les Soirées de Saint-Pétersbourg ou Entretiens sur le Gouvernement Temporel de la Providence, Tome Second , édit . Rodolphe de Maistre, 1821. Lettres à un Gentilhomme Russe sur l'Inquisition Espagnole, édit . Rodolphe de Maistre, 1822. Examen de la Philosophie de Bacon, ou: l'on Traite Différentes Questions de Philosophie Rationnelle, Tome Second , édit . Rodolphe de Maistre, 1836. Lettres et Opuscules Inédits du Comte Joseph de Maistre, Tome Second , édit . Rodolphe de Maistre, Paris, 1853. Mémoires Politiques et Correspondance Diplomatique, édit . Albert Blanc, Paris, 1859. English translations Memoir on the Union of Savoy and Switzerland, 1795. Essay on the Generative Principle of Political Constitutions, 1847. The Pope: Considered in His Relations with the Church, Temporal Sovereignties, Separated Churches and the Cause of Civilization, 1850. Letters on the Spanish Inquisition, 1838. In Menczer, Béla , 1962. Catholic Political Thought, 1789-1848 , University of Notre Dame Press. `` Human and Divine Nomenclature,'' pp. 61-- 66. `` War, Peace, and Social Order,'' pp. 66-- 69. `` On Sophistry and Tyranny,'' pp. 69-- 71. `` Russia and the Christian West,'' pp. 72-- 76. Lively, Jack. ed. The Works of Joseph de Maistre, Macmillan, 1965. Richard Lebrun , ed. Works of Joseph de Maistre : The Pope, Howard Fertig, 1975. St. Petersburg Dialogues, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1993. Considerations on France, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1974 and Cambridge University Press, 1994. Against Rousseau: `` On the State of Nature'' and `` On the Sovereignty of the People,'' McGill-Queen's University Press, 1996. Examination of the Philosophy of Bacon, McGill-Queen's University Press, 1998. Blum, Christopher Olaf (editor and translator). Critics of the Enlightenment , ISI Books, 2004: 1798, `` Reflections on Protestantism in its Relations to Sovereignty,'' pp. 133-- 56. 1819, `` On the Pope,'' pp. 157-- 96. Lively, Jack. ed. The Generative Principle of Political Constitutions: Studies on Sovereignty, Religion, and Enlightenment, Transaction Publishers, 2011. See also ( edit ) Louis Gabriel Ambroise de Bonald Julius Evola Friedrich von Gentz Joseph Görres Andreas Kobler Notes ( édit ) Jump up ^ John Powell, Derek W. Blakeley, Tessa Powell. Biographical Dictionary of Literary Influences: The Nineteenth Century, 1800-1914 . Greenwood Publishing Group, 2001. P267. Jump up ^ `` Maistre'' is traditionally pronounced (mɛstʁ ) (i.e. sounding the `` s'' and rhyming with bourgmestre ); that is how it is usually heard at university and in historical movies (as in Sacha Guitry 's 1948 film Le Diable Boiteux ). The pronunciation (mɛtʁ ) (rhymes with maître ) is sometimes heard under the influence of the modernized pronunciation, adopted by some descendants (such as Patrice de Maistre). Jump up ^ Beum, Robert (1997). `` Ultra-Royalism Revisited,'' Modern Age , Vol. 39, No. 3, p. 305. Jump up ^ `` Joseph de Maistre,'' The Dublin Review , Vol. XXXIII, 1852. Jump up ^ The issue of Maistre's national identity has long been contentious. In 1802, after the invasion of Savoy and Piedmont by the armies of the French First Republic , Maistre had fled in Cagliari , the ancient capital of Kingdom of Sardinia that resisted to the French invasion, wrote to the French ambassador in Naples , objecting to having been classified as a French émigré and thus subject to confiscation of his properties and punishment should he attempt to return to Savoy. According to the biographical notice written by his son Rodolphe and included in the Complete Works , on that occasion Maistre wrote that He had not been born French, and did not desire to become French, and that, never having set foot in the lands conquered by France, he could not have become French. -- Œuvres complètes de Joseph de Maistre , Lyon, 1884, vol. I, p. XVIII. Sources such as the Encyclopædia Britannica and the Catholic Encyclopedia identify Maistre as French, by culture if not by law. In 1860 Albert Blanc, professor of law at the University of Turin , in his preface to a collection of Maistre's diplomatic correspondence wrote that: ... this philosopher (Maistre) was a politician; this Catholic was an Italian; he foretold the destiny of the House of Savoy , he supported the end of the Austrian rule (of northern Italy), he has been, during this century, one of the first defenders of (Italian) independence. -- Correspondance diplomatique de Joseph de Maistre , Paris, 1860, vol. I, pp. III-IV. Jump up ^ Masseau, Didier (2000). Les Ennemis des Philosophes. Editions Albin Michel. Jump up ^ Alibert, Jacques (1992). Joseph de Maistre, Etat et Religion. Paris: Perrin. Jump up ^ Lebrun, Richard (1989). `` The Satanic Revolution: Joseph de Maistre's Religious Judgment of the French Revolution'' , Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the Western Society for French History , Vol. 16, pp. 234-- 240. Jump up ^ Garrard, Graeme (1996). `` Joseph de Maistre's Civilization and its Discontents,'' Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 57, No. 3, pp. 429-- 446. ^ Jump up to: Berlin, Isaiah (24 November 2005) (1965). `` The Second Onslaught: Joseph de Maistre and Open Obscurantism'' ( PDF ) . Two Enemies of the Enlightenment . Wolfson College, Oxford . Retrieved 11 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Etude Culturelle - Recherches Historiques Jump up ^ Etude Culturelle - Recherches Historiques Jump up ^ Triomphe, Robert (1968). Joseph de Maistre . Genève : Droz. pp. 39-- 41. Preview available here ^ Jump up to: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). `` Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump up ^ Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). `` Xavier de Maistre '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton Company. Jump up ^ Vulliaud, Paul (1926). Joseph de Maistre Franc-maçon . Paris: Nourry. Jump up ^ Lebrun, Richard. `` A Brief Biography of Joseph de Maistre'' . University of Manitoba . Retrieved 1 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Greifer, Elisha (1961). `` Joseph de Maistre and the Reaction Against the Eighteenth Century,'' The American Political Science Review , Vol. 55, No. 3, pp. 591-- 598. Jump up ^ Bordeaux, Henri (1895). `` Joseph de Maistre à Genève et à Lausanne'' . In: Semaine Littéraire , II, pp. 478-- 480. Jump up ^ Ferret, Olivier (2007). La Fureur de Nuire: Échanges Pamphlétaires entre Philosophes et Antiphilosophes, 1750-1770. Oxford: Voltaire Foundation. Jump up ^ Teeling, T.T. (1985). `` Joseph de Maistre,'' The American Catholic Quarterly Review , Vol. XX, p. 824. Jump up ^ Lebrun, Richard A. (1967). `` Joseph de Maistre, how Catholic a Reaction?,'' CCHA Study Sessions , Vol. 34, pp. 29-- 45. Jump up ^ Murray, John C. (1949). `` The Political Thought of Joseph de Maistre,'' The Review of Politics , Vol. 11, No. 1, pp. 63-- 86. Jump up ^ Bradley, Owen (1999). A Modern Maistre: The Social and Political Thought of Joseph de Maistre . Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. Jump up ^ Lebrun, Richard A. (1969). `` Joseph de Maistre, Cassandra of Science,'' French Historical Studies , Vol. 6, No. 2, pp. 214-- 231. Jump up ^ Quoted by Philippe Sénart in `` Maistre et Tocqueville'' , Joseph de Maistre. Les Dossiers H , (Lausanne: Editions L'Age d'Homme , 2005), p. 646. ISBN 2825118710 Jump up ^ Barth, Hans (1956). `` Auguste Comte et Joseph de Maistre'' . In: Etudes Suisses de l'Histoire Générale , XIV, pp. 103-- 138. ^ Jump up to: Lucien Lévy -Bruhl (1903). The Philosophy of Auguste Comte . New York: Putnam and Sons, pp. 297-8. ^ Jump up to: Pickering, Mary (1993). Auguste Comte: An Intellectual Biography , vol. 1. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 261-- 8 ISBN 052143405X Jump up ^ Kochin, Michael S. (2002). `` How Joseph De Maistre Read Plato's Laws,'' Polis , Vol. 19, Nos. 1-- 2, pp. 29-- 43. Jump up ^ Huet, François (1837). `` Le Chancelier Bacon et le Comte Joseph de Maistre.'' In: Nouvelles Archives Historiques, Philosophiques et Littéraires . Gand: C. Annoot-Braekman, vol. I, pp. 65-- 94. Jump up ^ Gourmont, Rémy de (1905). `` François Bacon et Joseph de Maistre.'' In: Promenades Philosophiques. Paris: Mercure de France, pp. 7-- 32. Jump up ^ Fuchs, Michel (1984). `` Edmund Burke et Joseph de Maistre'' , Revue de l'Université d'Ottawa , Vol. 54, pp. 49-- 58. Jump up ^ Arnold, Matthew (1973). `` Joseph de Maistre on Russia.'' In: English Literature and Irish Politics. Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, p. 87. Jump up ^ de Lamartine, Alphonse (1874). `` Les De Maistre'' . Souvenirs et Portraits. 1 . Paris: Hachette et Cie. p. 189. Jump up ^ Émile Faguet, Politiques et Moralistes du Dix-neuvieme Siècle , 1st series, Paris: Société Française d'Imprimerie et de Librairie, 1899. Cited in: Maistre, Joseph de; Isaiah Berlin (1994). `` Introduction'' . Considerations on France . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. xi. ISBN 0-521-46628-8 . Jump up ^ Alphonsus, Mère Mary (1942). The Influence of Joseph de Maistre on Baudelaire. `` De Maistre et Edgar Poe m'ont appris à Raisonner'' (journaux intimes). Bryn Mawr: Bryn Mawr College doctoral thesis. Jump up ^ Eygun, Francois-Xavier (1990). `` Influence de Joseph de Maistre sur les `` Fleurs du Mal'' de Baudelaire`` , Revue des Etudes Maistriennes , Vol. 11, pp. 139-- 147. Jump up ^ `` De Maistre and Edgar Poe taught me to reason.'' -- Baudelaire, Charles (1919). Intimate Papers from the Unpublished Works of Baudelaire. Baudelaire -- His Prose and Poetry. New York: The Modern Library, p. 245. Jump up ^ Saintsbury, George (1917). A Short History of French Literature. Oxford: Clarendon Press, p. 469. Jump up ^ Tarrago, Rafael E. (1999). `` Two Catholic Conservatives: The Ideas of Joseph de Maistre and Juan Donoso Cortes,'' Catholic Social Science Review , Vol. 4, pp. 167-- 177. Jump up ^ Spektorowski, Alberto (2002). `` Maistre, Donoso Cortes, and the Legacy of Catholic Authoritarianism,'' Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 63, No. 2, pp. 283-- 302. Jump up ^ Gerin-Ricard, Lazare de (1929). Les Idées Politiques de Joseph de Maistre et la Doctrine de Maurras. La Rochelle: Editions Rupella. Jump up ^ Armenteros, Carolina (2011). The French Idea of History: Joseph de Maistre and his Heirs, 1794-1854 . Ithaca, NY and London: Cornell University Press ISBN 0-8014-4943-X References ( édit ) Armenteros, Carolina (2007). `` From Human Nature to Normal Humanity: Joseph de Maistre, Rousseau, and the Origins of Moral Statistics,'' Journal of the History of Ideas , Vol. 68, No. 1, pp. 107-- 30. Armenteros, Carolina (2007). `` Parabolas and the Fate of Nations: Early Conservative Historicism in Joseph de Maistre's De la Souveraineté du Peuple ,'' History of Political Thought , Vol. 28, No. 2, pp. 230-- 52. Armenteros, Carolina et al. (2010). The New Enfant du Siècle : Joseph de Maistre as a Writer , St. Andrews Studies in French History and Culture . Armenteros, Carolina and Richard Lebrun (2011). Joseph de Maistre and his European Readers: From Friedrich von Gentz to Isaiah Berlin . Leiden and Boston: Brill. Armenteros, Carolina and Richard Lebrun (2011). Joseph de Maistre and the Legacy of Enlightenment . Oxford: The Voltaire Foundation. Austern, Donald M. (1974). The Political Theories of Edmund Burke and Joseph de Maistre as Representative of the Schools of Conservative Libertarianism and Conservative Authoritarianism. Amherst: Boston College Doctoral Thesis. Barbey D'Aurevilly , Jules (1889). `` Joseph de Maistre'' . In: Les Prophètes du Passé . Paris: Calmann Lévy , pp. 50-- 69. Barthelet, Philippe (2005). Joseph de Maistre: Les Dossiers H. Geneva: L'Age d'Homme . Blamires, Cyprian P. (1985). Three Critiques of the French Revolution: Maistre, Bonald and Saint-Simon. Oxford: Oxford University Doctoral Thesis. Bradley, Owen (1999). A Modern Maistre: The Social and Political Thought of Joseph de Maistre . Lincoln and London: University of Nebraska Press. Brandes, Georg (1903). `` Joseph de Maistre.'' In: Main Currents in Nineteenth Century Literature, Vol. 3. The Reaction in France. New York: The Macmillan Company, pp. 87-- 112 Buchanan, Patrick (2007). State of Emergency . New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0-312-37436-4 . Camcastle, Cara (2005). The More Moderate Side of Joseph de Maistre. Ottawa: McGill-Queen's University Press. Caponigri, A.R. (1942). Some Aspects of the Philosophy of Joseph de Maistre. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago. Croce, Benedetto (1922). `` Il Duca di Serra-Capriola e Giuseppe de Maistre'' . In: Archivio Storico per le Province Napoletane , Vol. XLVII, pp. 313-- 335. Edwards, David W. (1977). `` Count Joseph de Maistre and Russian Educational Policy, 1803-1828'' , Slavic Review , Vol. 36, pp. 54-- 75. Eichrodt, Joan B. (1968). Orthodoxy, Autocracy, Nationality, and Joseph de Maistre. New York: Columbia University Master's Thesis. Faust, A.J. (1882). `` Count Joseph de Maistre,'' The American Catholic Quarterly Review , Vol. VII, pp. 17-- 41. Fisichella, Domenico (1963). Giusnaturalismo e Teoria della Sovranità in Joseph de Maistre . Messina: Firenze (Rep. in Politica e Mutamento Sociale . Lungro di Cosenza: Costantino Marco Editore, 2002, pp. 191-- 243 ISBN 88-85350-97-6 .) Fisichella, Domenico (1993). Il Pensiero Politico di Joseph de Maistre . Roma-Bari: Laterza ISBN 88-420-4157-2 . Fisichella, Domenico (2005). Joseph de Maistre, Pensatore Europeo . Roma-Bari: Laterza ISBN 88-420-7598-1 . Garrard, Graeme (1995). Maistre, Judge of Jean-Jacques. An Examination of the Relationship between Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Joseph de Maistre, and the French Enlightenment. Oxford: Oxford University Doctoral Thesis. Ghervas, Stella (2008). Réinventer la Tradition: Alexandre Stourdza et l'Europe de la Sainte-Alliance . Paris: Honoré Champion. ISBN 2-7453-1669-9 . Gianturco, Elio (1937). Joseph de Maistre and Giambattista Vico (Italian Roots of the Maistre's Political Culture) . New York: Columbia University. Gianturco, Elio (1936). `` Juridical Culture and Politico-historical Judgement in Joseph de Maistre'' , Roman Revue , Vol. 27, pp. 254-- 262. Glaudes, Pierre (1997). Joseph de Maistre et Les figures de l'Histoire : Trois Essais sur un Précurseur du Romantisme Français . In: Cahiers Romantiques . Saint Genouph: Librairie Nizet. Godechot, Jacques (1982). The Counter-Revolution, Princeton University Press. Lebrun, Richard A. (1988). Joseph de Maistre: An Intellectual Militant . Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. ISBN 0-7735-0645-4 . Lebrun, Richard A. (ed., 1988). Maistre Studies, Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Lebrun, Richard A. (2001). Joseph de Maistre's Life, Thought and Influence: Selected Studies. Ottawa: McGill-Queen's University Press. Lombard, Charles (1976). Joseph de Maistre . Boston: Twayne. ISBN 0-8057-6247-7 . Legittimo, Gianfranco (1963). Sociologi Cattolici Italiani: De Maistre, Taparelli, Toniolo . Roma: Il Quadrato. Maistre, Rodolphe de, Hexis d'un soir ou de la prénotion d'un retour de l'Esprit dans la science, La Compagnie Littéraire , 2016, 154p. (1) ( ISBN 978-2-87683-566-5 ) Mandoul, Jean (1900). Un Homme d'État Italien: Joseph de Maistre et la Politique de la Maison de Savoie . Paris: Alcan. Mazlish, Bruce (1955). Burke, Bonald and de Maistre. A Study in Conservatism. New York: Columbia University Doctoral Thesis. McMahon, Darrin M. (2002). Enemies of the Enlightenment: The French Counter-Enlightenment and the Making of Modernity. Oxford University Press. Menczer, Béla (1962). `` Joseph de Maistre.'' In: Catholic Political Thought, 1789-- 1848 . University of Notre Dame Press, pp. 59-- 61. Monteton, Charles Philippe Dijon de (2007). Die Entzauberung des Gesellschaftsvertrags. Ein Vergleich der Anti-Sozial-Kontrakts-Theorien von Carl Ludwig von Haller und Joseph Graf de Maistre im Kontext der politischen Ideengeschichte . Frankfurt am Main et al. ISBN 978-3-631-55538-5 . Morley, John (1909). `` Joseph de Maistre.'' In: Critical Miscellanies . London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 257-- 338. Muret, Charlotte Touzalin (1933). French Royalist Doctrines since the Revolution. New York: Columbia University Press. Pranchère , Jean-Yves (1992). Qu'est -ce que la Royauté ? Joseph de Maistre . Paris: Vrin. Pranchère , Jean-Yves (2005). L'Autorité contre les Lumières : la Philosophie de Joseph de Maistre . Geneva: Droz. Sacré -Cœur Mercier, Lucille du (1953). The Historical Thought of the Comte Joseph de Maistre. Washington: Catholic University of America Thesis. Siedentop, Larry Alan (1966). The Limits of Enlightenment. A Study of Conservative Political Thought in Early Nineteenth-Century France with Special Reference to Maine de Biran and Joseph de Maistre. Oxford: Oxford University Doctoral Thesis. Thorup, Mikkel (2005). `` ' A World Without Substance' : Carl Schmitt and the Counter-Enlightenment,'' Distinktion: Scandinavian Journal of Social Theory , Vol. 6, No. 1, pp. 19-- 39. Thurston, Benjamin (2001). Joseph de Maistre. Logos and Logomachy. Oxford: Brasenose College-Oxford University Doctoral Thesis. Vermale, François (1921), Notes sur Joseph de Maistre Inconnu . Chambéry : Perrin, M. Dardel Successeur. This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). `` Joseph-Marie, Comte de Maistre '' . Catholic Encyclopedia . New York: Robert Appleton. External links ( édit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Joseph de Maistre Wikimedia Commons has media related to Joseph de Maistre . Works by or about Joseph de Maistre at Internet Archive Works by Joseph de Maistre at Europeana Works by Joseph de Maistre at Hathi Trust The Joseph de Maistre Homepage at the University of Cambridge Works of Joseph de Maistre in English Translation Encyclopædia Britannica: Joseph de Maistre The Super-Enlightenment: Joseph de Maistre VIAF : 46764421 LCCN : n50039480 ISNI : 0000 0001 2130 9400 GND : 118576542 SELIBR : 73749 SUDOC : 027002993 BNF : cb11914022b (data) NLA : 36273929 NDL : 00524084 NKC : ola2003182201 ICCU : IT\ICCU\CFIV\040887 BNE : XX903158 IATH : w6pc54k0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Joseph_de_Maistre&oldid=804181937 '' Categories : 1753 births 1821 deaths 18th-century French writers 18th-century philosophers 19th-century French writers 19th-century philosophers Ambassadors of Italy to Russia Anti-Protestantism Conservatism Conservatism in France Counter-Enlightenment French counter-revolutionaries French monarchists French philosophers French political theorists French Ultra-royalists Italian writers in French French people of Italian descent Knights of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus People from Chambéry People from Savoy People from the Kingdom of Sardinia Roman Catholic philosophers Roman Catholic writers Savoyard counter-revolutionaries French Freemasons French male writers Ambassadors of the Kingdom of Sardinia 19th-century male writers Hidden categories: Interlanguage link template link number Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Use dmy dates from June 2011 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference Articles with Internet Archive links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Talk Variants Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Wikisource Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Հայերեն Italiano Latina مازِرونی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017, at 08:51. 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where is the most wind power produced in the united states

In 2016 , Nebraska became the eighteenth state to have installed over 1,000 MW of wind power capacity . Texas , with over 20,000 MW of capacity , had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2016 . Texas also had more under construction than any other state currently has installed . The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa . North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation . The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1548 MW . GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer .

Wind power in the United States - wikipedia Wind power in the United States Jump to: navigation , search Brazos Wind Ranch in Texas. Mendota Hills Wind Farm in northern Illinois Wind farm in Southeastern Washington Wind power in the United States is a branch of the energy industry that has expanded quickly over the latest several years. For calendar year 2016, wind power in the United States amounted to 226.5 terawatt-hours , or 5.55% of all generated electrical energy. As of January 2017, the U.S. nameplate generating capacity for wind power was 82,183 megawatts (MW). This capacity is exceeded only by China and the European Union . Thus far, wind power's largest growth in capacity was in 2012, when 11,895 MW of wind power was installed, representing 26.5% of new power capacity. In 2016, Nebraska became the eighteenth state to have installed over 1,000 MW of wind power capacity. Texas , with over 20,000 MW of capacity, had the most installed wind power capacity of any U.S. state at the end of 2016. Texas also had more under construction than any other state currently has installed. The state generating the highest percentage of energy from wind power is Iowa. North Dakota has the most per capita wind generation. The Alta Wind Energy Center in California is the largest wind farm in the United States with a capacity of 1548 MW . GE Energy is the largest domestic wind turbine manufacturer. Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 National trends 2.1 Production 2.2 Wind generation potential 3 State trends 3.1 Texas 3.2 California 3.3 Iowa 3.4 Oklahoma 3.5 Illinois 3.6 Kansas 4 Commercialization of wind power 4.1 Industry trends 4.2 Other government involvement 4.3 Siting considerations 5 Offshore wind power 5.1 New England 5.2 Mid Atlantic 6 Wind energy meteorology 7 Environmental regulations 8 Statistics 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Overview ( edit ) Map illustrating installed wind generating capacity for U.S. states at end of 2016. Map of large US wind farms, with size illustration Monthly wind electric power generation in the US, 2007-2015 Average monthly capacity factors for electric power generation by utility-scale wind turbines in the United States, 2011-2015 (US Energy Information Administration data). See also: List of wind farms in the United States and History of wind power The first municipal use of multiple wind-electric turbines in the USA may have been a five turbine system in Pettibone, North Dakota in 1940. These were commercial Wincharger units on guyed towers. In 1980 the world's first wind farm, consisting of twenty 30 kW wind turbines was installed at Crotched Mountain , in New Hampshire. From 1974 through the mid-1980s the United States government worked with industry to advance the technology and enable large commercial wind turbines. A series of NASA wind turbines were developed under a program to create a utility-scale wind turbine industry in the U.S., with funding from the National Science Foundation and later the United States Department of Energy (DOE). A total of 13 experimental wind turbines were put into operation, in four major wind turbine designs. This research and development program pioneered many of the multi-megawatt turbine technologies in use today, including: steel tube towers, variable-speed generators, composite blade materials, partial-span pitch control, as well as aerodynamic, structural, and acoustic engineering design capabilities. Later, in the 1980s, California provided tax rebates for wind power. These rebates funded the first major use of wind power for utility electric power. These machines, gathered in large wind parks such as at Altamont Pass would be considered small and un-economic by modern wind power development standards. In 1985 half of the world's wind energy was generated at Altamont Pass. By the end of 1986 about 6,700 wind turbines, mostly less than 100 kW, had been installed at Altamont, at a cost of about $1 billion, and generated about 550 million kWh/year. The U.S., as of 2017, has over 82 GW of installed wind power capacity. Only China has more installed capacity. The five states with the most wind capacity installed at the start of 2017 were: Texas (20,321 MW) Iowa (6,917 MW) Oklahoma (6,645 MW) California (5,662 MW) Kansas (4,451 MW) Fourteen states now have 10 percent or more of their generation coming from wind power. Most of these are in the central plains. These states include North Dakota, South Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, Nebraska, Colorado, Kansas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Texas, Maine, Vermont, Oregon, and Idaho. The top five states according to percentage of generation by wind in 2016 were: Iowa (36.6%) South Dakota (30.3%) Kansas (29.6%) Oklahoma (25.1%) North Dakota (21.5%) Ten of the largest wind farms in the United States are: Project Capacity (MW) State Alta Wind Energy Center 1548 California Shepherds Flat Wind Farm 845 Oregon Roscoe Wind Farm 781 Texas Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 736 Texas Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm 705 California Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 Texas San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm 619 California Fowler Ridge Wind Farm 600 Indiana Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 Texas Altamont Pass Wind Farm 576 California A 2012 report by a clean energy consulting group concluded that new wind farms can produce electric power in the 5-8 cents per kWh range, making wind power cost-competitive with fossil fuels in many areas. As of 2013, the US Energy Information Administration estimates the `` levelized cost'' of wind energy from new installations as 7 to 10 cents per kWh, depending on the geographic area, but cautioned that levelized costs of non-dispatchable sources such as wind should be compared to the avoided energy cost rather than the levelized cost of dispatchable sources such as natural gas, or baseload sources such as coal or geothermal. In 2015, a Koch -funded institute of Utah State University stated that the cost of wind energy is higher than most cost estimates calculate. Renewable portfolio standards require renewable energy to exist (most of them intermittent such as wind and solar), but at the expense of utilities and consumers. The production tax credit makes wind power cheaper for utilities and consumers, but at the expense of taxpayers. The American Wind Energy Association has criticized the study of lacking comparison with pollution and subsidies incurred by other electric power sources, and for counting transmission as a cost rather than a benefit. National Trends ( edit ) Production ( edit ) U.S. Wind Generation by Year Thousand Megawatthours Generated since 2000 U.S. Wind Generation Capacity by Year Megawatts of Installed Generating Capacity since 2000 Wind power has increased dramatically over the past years. In 2010, however, newly installed generating capacity was about half of the previous year due to various factors, including the financial crisis, and recession. In 2013 there was a 92% reduction in newly installed generating capacity compared to 2012, due to the late extension of the PTC The graph at left shows the growth in installed wind generation capacity in the United States based on data from the Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy . In 2008, installed capacity in the U.S. increased by 50% over the prior year. The world average growth rate that year was 28.8%. By 2014, the wind industry in the USA was able to produce more power at lower cost by using taller wind turbines with longer blades, capturing the faster winds at higher elevations. This opened up new opportunities and in Indiana, Michigan, and Ohio, the price of power from wind turbines built 300 feet to 400 feet above the ground competed with conventional fossil fuels like coal. Prices had fallen to about 4 cents per kilowatt-hour in some cases and utilities had been increasing the amount of wind energy in their portfolio, saying it is their cheapest option. For power contracts made in the year 2014, the average price of wind power fell to 2.5¢ /kWh. The capacity factor is the ratio of power actually produced divided by the nameplate capacity of the turbines. The overall average capacity factor for wind generation in the US increased from 31.7% in 2008, to 32.3% in 2013. Wind generation potential ( edit ) Wind power potential According to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory , the contiguous United States has the potential for 10,459 GW of onshore wind power. The capacity could generate 37 petawatt-hours (PW h) annually, an amount nine times larger than current total U.S. electricity consumption . The U.S. also has large wind resources in Alaska, and Hawaii. In addition to the large onshore wind resources, the U.S. has large offshore wind power potential, with another NREL report released in September 2010 showing that the U.S. has 4,150 GW of potential offshore wind power nameplate capacity, an amount 4 times that of the country's 2008 installed capacity from all sources, of 1,010 GW. The U.S. Department of Energy's 2008 report 20% Wind Energy by 2030 envisioned that wind power could supply 20% of all U.S. electric power, which included a contribution of 4% to the nation's total electric power from offshore wind power. In order to achieve this, however, significant advances in cost, performance and reliability are needed, based on a 2011 report from a coalition of researchers from universities, industry, and government, supported by the Atkinson Center for a Sustainable Future . Obtaining 20% from wind requires about 305 GW of wind turbines, an increase of 16 GW/year after 2018, or an average increase of 14.6%/year, and transmission line improvements. Analysts estimate around 25 GW of added US wind power in 2016-18, depending on the Clean Power Plan and PTC extensions. After the current PTC phase-out in 2021, additional wind power capacity is expected to be around 5 GW per year. State Trends ( edit ) Trends of wind electrical generation in the top five states, 1990-2013 (US EIA data) Main article: Growth of wind power in the United States In 2015, electric power generation from wind power was 10 percent or more in twelve U.S. states: Colorado, Idaho, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Minnesota, North Dakota, Oklahoma, Oregon, and South Dakota, Vermont, and Texas. Iowa, South Dakota, and Kansas each had more than 20 percent of their electric power generation come from wind. Twenty states now have more than five percent of their generation coming from wind. Texas ( edit ) A wind turbine blade on I-35 near Elm Mott , an increasingly common sight in Texas Main article: Wind power in Texas In 2016 Texas surpassed the 20,000 MW mark by adding over 1800 MW of generating capacity. In 2011, Texas had become the first state to surpass the 10,000 MW mark. In July 2008, Texas approved a $4.93 billion expansion of the state's electric grid to bring wind energy to its major cities from western areas of the state. Transmission companies will recoup the cost of constructing the new power lines, expected to be completed in 2013, from fees estimated at $4 per month for residential customers. A lack of transmission capacity forced wind turbines to be shut down at times and reduced wind power generation in Texas by 17% in 2009. The Roscoe Wind Farm in Roscoe, Texas , Texas's largest wind farm with 627 wind turbines and a total installed capacity of 781.5 MW, surpassed the nearby 735.5 MW Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center . It is located about 200 miles (320 km) west of Fort Worth and the wind farm area spans parts of four Texas counties. Large wind farms in Texas Wind farm Installed capacity (MW) Turbine manufacturer County Buffalo Gap Wind Farm 523 Vestas Taylor / Nolan Capricorn Ridge Wind Farm 662 GE Energy / Siemens Sterling / Coke Horse Hollow Wind Energy Center 735 GE Energy / Siemens Taylor / Nolan Lone Star Wind Farm 400 Gamesa Shackelford / Callahan Panther Creek Wind Farm 458 GE Energy Howard / ... Papalote Creek Wind Farm 380 Siemens San Patricio Peñascal Wind Farm 404 Mitsubishi Kenedy Roscoe Wind Farm 781 Mitsubishi Nolan Sweetwater Wind Farm 585 GE Energy / Siemens / Mitsubishi Nolan California ( edit ) Main article: Wind power in California Wind power in California has doubled in capacity since 2002. With a total of nearly 4,000 megawatts installed, as of the end of 2011, wind energy now supplies about 5% of California's total electric power needs, or enough to power more than 400,000 households. The amount varies greatly from day to day. In 2011, 921.3 megawatts were installed. Most of that activity occurred in the Tehachapi area of Kern County, with some big projects in Solano, Contra Costa and Riverside counties as well. After 2014, California ranked second nationwide in terms of capacity, behind Texas with a capacity of 5,917 MW. Large portions of California's wind output, are located in three primary regions: Altamont Pass Wind Farm (east of San Francisco); Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm (south east of Bakersfield), and San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm (near Palm Springs, east of Los Angeles). The giant new Alta Wind Energy Center , is also located within the Tehachapi Pass region. Large wind farms in California Name Location Capacity ( MW ) Ref Altamont Pass Wind Farm Alameda County 576 Alta Wind Energy Center Kern County 1548 San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm Riverside County 615 Tehachapi Pass Wind Farm Kern County 705 The majority of the San Gorgonio Pass Wind Farm as viewed from the San Jacinto Mountains to the south. (The farm continues over the hills to the north along California State Route 62 and is not visible from this vantagepoint). The layout includes a variety of large modern and older smaller turbine designs Iowa ( edit ) State wind generation percentages for 2013. Main article: Wind power in Iowa More than 35 percent of the electric power generated in Iowa now comes from wind power. Iowa had over 6900 megawatts (MW) of generation capacity at the end of 2016. Electrical energy generated in Iowa by wind in 2014 amounted to over 16 million Megawatt-hours. Since Iowa adopted a renewable energy standard in 1983, the wind power industry has generated over $10 billion in investment. The second concrete wind turbine tower to be built in the U.S., and also the country's tallest (377 feet) at the time built, is in Adams county. The tower was completed in the spring of 2016. Oklahoma ( edit ) Main article: Wind power in Oklahoma Oklahoma has one of the best resources in the United States. Bergey Windpower, a leading manufacturer of small wind turbines is located in Oklahoma. Programs leading to careers in the wind power industry are provided at tech schools, community colleges and universities in Oklahoma. The Oklahoma Wind Power Initiative supports the development of wind power in the state. Illinois ( edit ) Wind power capacity density by state at end of 2013. Main article: Wind power in Illinois Wind power has been supported by a renewable portfolio standard , passed in 2007, and strengthened in 2009, which requires 10% renewable energy from electric companies by 2010 and 25% by 2025. Illinois has the potential for installing up to an estimated 249,882 MW of wind generation capacity at a hub height of 80 meters. Kansas ( edit ) Main article: Wind power in Kansas In 2012, Kansas saw a large number of wind projects completed making it among the largest and fastest growing wind energy markets. At the end of 2014 the total capacity sits at 2,967 MW. Kansas has high potential capacity for wind power, second behind Texas. The most recent estimates are that Kansas has a potential for 950 GW of wind power capacity. Kansas could generate 3,900 TW h of electric power each year, which represents more than all the electric power generated from coal, natural gas and nuclear combined in the United States in 2011. Commercialization of wind power ( edit ) Levelized wind Power purchase agreement prices by PPA execution date and region. See also: Renewable energy commercialization The National Renewable Energy Laboratory projects that the levelized cost of wind power in the U.S. will decline about 25% from 2012 to 2030. Industry Trends ( edit ) Further information: List of wind turbine manufacturers Since 2005 many turbine manufacturing leaders have opened U.S. facilities; of the top 10 global manufacturers in 2007, seven -- Vestas , GE Energy , Gamesa , Suzlon , Siemens , Acciona , and Nordex -- have an American manufacturing presence. REpower is another manufacturer with notable usage in the United States. Plans for 30 new manufacturing facilities were announced in 2008, and the wind industry expects to see a continued shift towards domestic manufacturing in the coming years. In total, 70 manufacturing facilities have begun production, been expanded, or announced since January 2007. As of April 2009, over 100 companies are producing components for wind turbines, employing thousands of workers in the manufacture of parts as varied as towers, composite blades, bearings and gears. Many existing companies in traditional manufacturing states have retooled to enter the wind industry. Their manufacturing facilities are spread across 40 states, employing workers from the Southeast to the Steel Belt, to the Great Plains and on to the Pacific Northwest. The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) is working with six leading wind turbine manufacturers towards achieving 20% wind power in the United States by 2030. The DOE announced the Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with GE Energy, Siemens Power Generation , Vestas Wind Systems , Clipper Windpower , Suzlon Energy , and Gamesa Corporation . Under the MOU, the DOE and the six manufacturers will collaborate to gather and exchange information relating to five major areas: research and development related to turbine reliability and operability; siting strategies for wind power facilities; standards development for turbine certification and universal interconnection of wind turbines; manufacturing advances in design, process automation, and fabrication techniques; and workforce development. In 2014, GE had 60%, Siemens had 26%, and Vestas had 12% of US market share. Combined, they had 98%. Most new turbines were designed for low wind. The turbine manufacturers compete with each other and cause decreasing turbine prices. Other government involvement ( edit ) Kaheawa Wind Farm near Maalaea, Maui , with 20 GE Energy 1.5 MW wind turbines The DOE's National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) has announced a number of wind technology projects, including a new state-of-the-art wind turbine blade test facility to be built in Ingleside, Texas . The Texas-NREL Large Blade Research and Test Facility will be capable of testing blades as long as 70 meters (230 feet). It will be built and operated through a partnership among NREL, DOE, and a state consortium led by University of Houston , with the university owning and operating the facility's buildings, DOE funding up to $2 million in capital costs, and NREL providing technical and operational assistance. The blade test facility is estimated to cost between $12 million and $15 million and should be completed by 2010. Located on the Gulf Coast, the Texas facility will complement a similar facility that is being built on the coast of Massachusetts . NREL has also recently signed agreements with Siemens Power Generation and First Wind, a wind power developer. Siemens is launching a new research and development facility in nearby Boulder, Colorado , and has agreed to locate and test a commercial-scale wind turbine at NREL's National Wind Technology Center (NWTC). First Wind (formerly called UPC Wind Partners, LLC) owns and operates the 30-megawatt Kaheawa Wind Power farm in West Maui, Hawaii , and has agreed to let the NWTC establish a Remote Research Affiliate Partner Site at the facility. The Maui satellite of NWTC will collaborate with First Wind on studies to develop advanced wind energy technologies, including energy storage and integration of renewable electric power into Maui's electrical grid. In 2010, the DOE awarded $60 million for a study of transmission requirements. Beginning in 2006, the DOE is required to provide a transmission congestion report once every three years. Recent U.S. policy has generally been to provide an inflation-adjusted federal production tax credit (PTC) of $15 per MW h (in 1995 dollars) generated for the first ten years of operation for wind energy sold. As of 2015, the credit was $23 per MW h. Renewable portfolio standards mandating a certain percentage of electric power sales come from renewable energy sources, which are in place in about half of the states, also have boosted the development of the wind industry. Each time Congress has allowed the production tax credit has expired, wind power development has slowed as investors wait for the credit to be restored. Each year it is renewed development has expanded. The tax credit expired at the end of 2012, bringing wind power development activity to a near halt. A short term, one year policy was enacted at the beginning of 2013 which provides a tax credit to projects under construction by the end of 2013 and completed before the end of 2014. The PTC was first introduced in 1992. When it was allowed to expire, development dropped 93%, 73%, and 77% the following year. The Energy Information Administration has reported that wind power received the largest share of direct federal subsidies and support in fiscal year 2013 (the latest year for which statistics are available), accounting for 37% ($5.936 billion) of total electric power related subsidies. Almost three-quarters of wind energy subsidies in that year were direct expenditures and largely resulted from the ARRA programs. These figures do not include subsidies and supports from other levels of government. The development of wind power in the United States has been supported primarily through a production tax credit (PTC), which pays producers on the amount of electric power produced. On January 1, 2013 the production tax credit was extended for another year. In late 2015 authorities provided an extension of the Production Tax Credit. The extension phases out the credit over a period of five years. The 30 percent wind and solar tax credit will extend through 2019 and then taper to 10 percent in 2022. The average price of Power purchase agreements was $23.5/MWh in 2014. Operating expenses were estimated to $10/MWh. Siting considerations ( edit ) Landowners typically receive $3,000 to $5,000 per year in rental income from each wind turbine, while farmers continue to grow crops or graze cattle up to the foot of the turbines. See also: Wind farm and Environmental effects of wind power There is competition for wind farms among farmers in places like Iowa or ranchers in Colorado. Farmers, with no investment on their part, typically receive $3,000-- 5,000 per year in royalties from the local utility for siting a single, large, advanced-design wind turbine. Landscape and ecological issues may be significant for some wind farm proposals, and environmental issues are a consideration in site selection. Worldwide experience has shown that community consultation and direct involvement of the general public in wind farm projects has helped to increase community approval, and some wind farms overseas have become tourist attractions , like the Ten Mile Lagoon wind farm . Offshore wind power ( edit ) Offshore development is hindered by relatively high cost compared to onshore facilities. Several projects are under development with some at advanced stages of development. The United States, though, has very large offshore wind energy resources due to strong, consistent winds off the long U.S. coastline. The 2011 NREL report, Large-Scale Offshore Wind Power in the United States , analyzes the current state of the offshore wind energy industry. According to the report, offshore wind resource development would help the country to achieve 20% of its electric power from wind by 2030 and to revitalize the manufacturing sector. Offshore wind could supply 54 gigawatts of capacity to the nation's electrical grid, thereby increasing energy security. It could also generate an estimated $200 billion in new economic activity and create thousands of permanent jobs. NREL's report concludes that `` the development of the nation's offshore wind resources can provide many potential benefits, and that offshore wind energy could play a vital role in future U.S. energy markets'' . Coastal residents have opposed offshore wind farms because of fears about impacts on marine life, the environment, electric power rates, aesthetics, and recreation such as fishing and boating. However, residents also cite improved electric power rates, air quality, and job creation as positive impacts they would expect from wind farms. Because the bases of offshore turbines function as artificial reefs, studies have shown that after the initial disturbance of construction, local fish and shellfish are positively affected. Because wind turbines can be positioned at some distance from shore, impacts to recreation and fishing can be managed by careful planning of wind farm locations. Five exploratory leases for wind power production on the Outer Continental Shelf offshore from New Jersey and Delaware were issued in June 2009 by the Secretary of the Interior. The leases authorize data gathering activities, allowing for the construction of meteorological towers on the Outer Continental Shelf from six to 18 miles (29 km) offshore. Four areas are being considered. On February 7, 2011, Salazar and Stephen Chu announced a national strategy to have offshore wind power of 10 GW in 2020, and 54 GW in 2030. Projects are under development in areas of the East Coast, Great Lakes, and Gulf coast. New england ( edit ) Rhode Island and Massachusetts state officials picked Deepwater Wind to build a $1.5-billion, 385-megawatt wind farm in federal waters off Block Island . The 100-turbine project could provide 1.3 terawatt-hours (TW h) of electric power per year -- 15 percent of all electric power used in the state of Rhode Island. In 2009, Deepwater signed an agreement with National Grid to sell the power from a $200-million, 30-MW wind farm off Block Island, at an initial price of 24.4 ¢ /kW h. Construction of the Block Island Wind Farm , a five turbine project began in April 2015. Cape Wind started development around 2002, but faced opposition and eventually ceased before being realized. The floating VolturnUS operated in a Maine river in 2013. Mid Atlantic ( edit ) To promote wind power in New Jersey , in 2007 the state awarded a $4.4 million contract to conduct an 18-month Ocean/Wind Power Ecological Baseline Study, becoming the first state to sponsor an ocean and wind power study before allowing renewable energy developers to study and build off its shores. The study focused on a designated area off the coast to determine the current distribution, abundance and migratory patterns of avian species, fish, marine resources and sea turtle use of the existing ecological resources. The results of the study were released in June 2010. The study concluded that the effects of developing offshore windfarms would be negligible. In 2008, new federal rules greatly expanded the territory offshore wind parks can be built. Previously, projects were only allowed in shallow state waters within 3 nautical miles (5.6 km) of shore. The edge of U.S. territory is about 200 nautical miles (370 km) out. Increased distance from the coast diminishes their visibility. Waters off the coast of the United States are deeper than in Europe, requiring different designs. Atlantic Wind Connection is a proposed electrical transmission backbone to be built off the Atlantic Coast of the United States to serve off-shore wind farms . The transmission line, proposed by Trans-Elect Development Company, would deliver power ashore in southern Virginia, Delaware, southern New Jersey and northern New Jersey. As a first of its kind project, it poses significant risks of encountering unexpected technological challenges and cost overruns. Such an offshore backbone is an element in the national electric power strategy. Bechtel has been selected as the EPC contractor and Alstom as technical advisor for the first phase of the development for the project. Google and Good Energies, an investment firm, are the major investors in the $5 billion project. Wind Energy meteorology ( edit ) Play media Upper: the propagation of transient waves. Lower: the time and spatial variation of the related capacity factor values (CF) at 100m. The power curves and technical parameters for the GE 2.5 MW turbines is used to calculate the instantaneous capacity factor. Winds in the Central plains region of the U.S. are variable on both short (minutes) and long (days) time scales. Variations in wind speed result in variations in power output from wind farms, which poses difficulties incorporating wind power into an integrated power system. Wind turbines are driven by boundary layer winds, those that occur near the surface of the earth, at around 300 feet. Boundary layer winds are controlled by wind in the higher free atmosphere and have turbulence due to interaction with surface features such as trees, hills, and buildings. Short term or high frequency variations are due to this turbulence in the boundary layer. Long term variations are due to the passage of transient waves in the atmosphere, with a characteristic time scale of several days. The transient waves that influence wind in the Central U.S. are large scale and this results in the power output from wind farms in the region being somewhat correlated and not entirely independent. Large scale distribution of wind farms significantly reduce short term variability, limiting the relative standard deviation of the capacity factor to about 45%. The correlation is highest in summer and lowest in winter. Environmental regulations ( edit ) The US federal government has jurisdiction to prevent bird and bat deaths by wind turbines, under the Endangered Species Act , the Migratory Bird Treaty Act , and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act . Under the 2009 Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act, the Interior Department could issue permits to allow `` non-purposeful take'' for activities where eagle deaths were considered unavoidable; however, as of December 2013, no take permits had been issued to wind energy developers. The United States Fish and Wildlife Service has published voluntary guidelines for design and siting of wind turbines to minimize bird and bat deaths. Interim guidelines were published in 2003, and the latest version in 2012. The document recognizes that even the best management practices may not prevent wind turbine bird deaths in violation of federal law, but stated: `` However, if a violation occurs the Service will consider a developer's documented efforts to communicate with the Service and adhere to the Guidelines.'' In 2013, the Obama administration was accused of having a double standard to protect the wind industry from Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act prosecutions, while vigorously pursuing violations by oil companies and owners of power lines. The administration refused to divulge the number of raptor deaths reported to it by wind companies, saying that to do so would reveal trade secrets. The government also ordered federal law enforcement field agents not to pursue bird-death prosecutions against wind companies without prior approval from Washington. The policy was said to be an environmental trade-off to promote renewable energy. In November 2013, the federal government obtained its first criminal conviction of a wind power operator for killing protected birds in violation of the 1918 Migratory Bird Treaty Act. Duke Energy plead guilty, and was fined $1 million, for the deaths of 160 birds, including 14 golden eagles, at two wind farms in Wyoming. The Justice Department charged that Duke had designed and sited the turbines knowing that they would kill birds; Duke noted that it had self-reported the bird deaths, and that US Fish and Wildlife Service guidelines for reducing bird deaths by wind turbines had not been issued when the turbines were built. After they were charged, Duke implemented a radar detection system, at a cost of $600,000 per year, designed to turn off turbines when approached by large birds; the company noted that the system was working, as no golden eagle deaths had been observed in more than a year of operation since the radar was installed. In December 2013 the US Fish and Wildlife Service announced that it would issue 30-year permits to wind energy projects to allow for eagle deaths; previously, permits had been available for only 5 years, but none were issued to wind projects. Under the 30-year permits, wind power developers would be required to report eagle deaths, and the permits would be reviewed every 5 years. The measure was intended to remove what was seen as legal uncertainty discouraging wind energy investments. The government said that an environmental review was not needed for the change, because it was only an administrative change. The new regulation was welcomed by the American Wind Energy Association , which said that wind power caused less than two percent of human-caused eagle fatalities, and pointed out that the rules would require extensive mitigation and monitoring of eagle deaths. The extension of eagle taking permits from 5 to 30 years was opposed by a number of conservation groups, including the American Bird Conservancy , the Nature Conservancy , the Sierra Club , the Audubon Society , and the Humane Society of the United States. Statistics ( edit ) U.S. Wind Generation (GWh, Million kWh) Year Total % of total Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec 2,789 1991 2,951 2,888 3,006 3,447 1995 3,164 3,234 3,288 1998 3,026 1999 4,488 2000 5,593 6,737 2002 10,354 2003 10,729 14,144 0.36% 999 1,022 1,291 1,295 1,702 1,397 1,164 1,051 1,090 1,029 932 1,172 2005 14,597 0.36% 899 783 1,235 1,408 1,494 1,539 1,171 918 1,275 1,256 1,363 1,257 2006 26,589 0.65% 2,383 1,922 2,359 2,472 2,459 2,052 1,955 1,655 1,879 2,442 2,540 2,472 2007 32,143 0.77% 2,459 2,541 3,061 3,194 2,858 2,395 1,928 2,446 2,641 3,056 2,705 2,859 2008 55,363 1.34% 4,273 3,852 4,782 5,225 5,340 5,140 4,008 3,264 3,111 4,756 4,994 6,616 2009 73,886 1.87% 5,951 5,852 7,099 7,458 6,262 5,599 4,955 5,464 4,651 6,814 6,875 6,906 94,652 2.29% 6,854 5,432 8,589 9,764 8,698 8,049 6,724 6,686 7,106 7,944 9,748 9,059 2011 120,177 2.93% 8,550 10,452 10,545 12,422 11,772 10,985 7,489 7,476 6,869 10,525 12,439 10,656 2012 140,822 3.48% 13,632 11,052 14,026 12,709 12,541 11,972 8,822 8,469 8,790 12,636 11,649 14,524 2013 167,665 4.13% 14,633 13,907 15,643 17,294 16,264 13,766 11,146 9,593 11,709 13,720 15,888 14,100 2014 181,791 4.44% 17,989 14,001 17,779 18,747 15,532 15,691 12,096 10,187 11,473 14,552 18,997 14,696 2015 190,927 4.67% 15,258 14,964 15,361 17,835 17,060 13,398 13,632 13,040 13,859 16,391 19,693 20,067 2016 226,551 5.55% 18,511 20,214 21,752 20,555 18,824 16,364 17,589 13,565 16,435 20,376 19,334 23,032 2017 150,509 6.49% 20,270 21,692 25,599 25,403 22,317 19,429 15,711 Last entry, % of Total 5.88% 7.52% 8.05% 8.65% 6.95% 5.46% 3.93% 3.93% 4.67% 6.51% 6.50% 6.19% Source: United States Wind Generation in 2016 Texas Wind Generation in 2016 Oklahoma Wind Generation in 2015 Iowa Wind Generation in 2015 California Wind Generation in 2015 Illinois Wind Generation in 2015 Kansas Wind Generation in 2015 Minnesota Wind Generation in 2015 See also ( edit ) Renewable energy portal United States portal American Wind Energy Association List of wind farms in the United States Renewable energy in the United States Wind ENergy Data & Information (WENDI) Gateway Solar power in the United States Geothermal energy in the United States Biofuel in the United States Hydroelectric power in the United States Renewable energy by country References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` AWEA 4th quarter 2014 Public Market Report'' (PDF) . 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Jump up ^ Waltz, Emily (October 20, 2008), `` Offshore Wind May Power the Future Not only are offshore winds stronger but landlubbers have fewer objections to turbines almost invisible from the coast'' , Scientific America , retrieved June 6, 2011 ^ Jump up to: `` Offshore Wind Power Line Wins Praise, and Backing'' article by Matthew L. Wald in The New York Times October 12, 2010, Accessed October 12, 2010 Jump up ^ Frank Maisano (January 17, 2013). `` Offshore Wind Transmission Project Selects Bechtel, Alstom to Build Historic Project'' (PDF) (Press release). Atlantic Grid Development, LLC . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Junling Huang, Xi Lu and Michael B. McElroy (2014). `` Meteorologically defined limits to reduction in the variability of outputs from a coupled wind farm system in the Central US'' (PDF) . Renewable Energy . 62 : 331-- 340 (p13+15+26). doi : 10.1016/j.renene.2013.07.022 . Jump up ^ Lu, Xi; McElroya, Michael B.; Kiviluoma, Juha (July 2009). `` Global potential for wind-generated electricity: Correlation table between Montana (MT), Minnesota (MN), and Texas (TX)'' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America . 106 (27): 10933-- 10938. PMC 2700152 . PMID 19549865 . doi : 10.1073/pnas.0904101106 . ^ Jump up to: Associated Press, `` US to allow eagle deaths -- to aid wind power'' , Washington Post, 6 Dec. 2013. Jump up ^ United States Fish and Wildlife Service, Land-Based Wind Energy Guidelines Archived May 28, 2014, at the Wayback Machine. , Mar. 2012. Jump up ^ Dina Cappiello, `` Wind farms get pass on eagle deaths'' , Associated Press, 14 May 2013. Jump up ^ Soumya Karlamangla, `` Energy company to pay $1 million in wind turbine eagle deaths'' , Los Angeles Times, 24 Nov. 2013. Jump up ^ Eyder Peralta, Duke Energy Pleads Guilty Over Eagle Deaths At Wind Farms`` , National Public Radio, 23 Nov. 2013. Jump up ^ American Wind Energy Association, AWEA Statement on U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service's Eagle Permit Tenure Rule , 6 Dec. 2013. Jump up ^ American Bird Conservancy, Opposition to 30-Year Eagle Take Permits , accessed 8 December 2013. Jump up ^ Audubon Society, Interior Dept. Rule Greenlights Eagle Slaughter at Wind Farms, Says Audubon CEO , 5 December 2013. Jump up ^ http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/index.cfm#tabs_unit-3 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Wind power in the United States and Wind farms in the United States . Wind Map Wind Energy in the U.S. Factsheet by the University of Michigan 's Center for Sustainable Systems A New Era for Wind Power in the United States , a 2013 DOE report GA Mansoori, N Enayati, LB Agyarko (2016), Energy: Sources, Utilization, Legislation, Sustainability, Illinois as Model State , World Sci. Pub. Co., ISBN 978-981-4704-00-7 Wind power in the United States American Wind Energy Association NASA wind turbines United States Wind Energy Policy Wind farms in the US Offshore wind farms in the US Wind Powering America Wind power by state Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Large wind farms Alta Wind Energy Center Altamont Pass Biglow Canyon Buffalo Gap Capricorn Ridge Cedar Creek Fowler Ridge Highland Horse Hollow Klondike Lone Star Meadow Lake Panther Creek Peetz Peñascal Roscoe San Gorgonio Pass Shepherds Flat Tehachapi Pass Windy Point/Windy Flats Wind power companies Aermotor Windmill Company Deepwater Wind GE Wind Energy Iberdrola Renovables Infigen Energy Invenergy National Wind Native Wind NextEra Energy Resources Siemens Wind Power UGE International Vestas Wind Capital Group Wind power Wind power Environmental impact High-altitude History Land vehicles Offshore Turbines on public display Windmill Wind turbines Aerodynamics Airborne Crosswind kite Darrieus Design Floating Savonius Small Unconventional Vertical axis Wind power industry Consulting companies Farm management Manufacturers Software Windmade Wind farms Community-owned Farms by country Offshore farms by country Onshore farms Concepts Betz's law Capacity factor EROEI Forecasting Grid energy storage HVDC Intermittency Variability Laddermill Net energy gain Resource assessment Storage Subsidies Virtual power plant Wind hybrid power systems Wind profile power law Energy in the United States Politics and law Energy Lobby Energy policy Energy Policy Act (1992) (2005) Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act Energy subsidies Federal Power Act Offshore drilling debate Renewable portfolio standard Secretary of Energy Energy law of the United States North American energy independence Energy by state Arkansas California Hawaii Idaho Ohio Oregon Vermont Sources Material Biofuel Coal Geothermal Hydroelectric Nuclear Petroleum Renewable Solar by state Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington D.C. West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Wind by state Alaska Arizona California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Maine Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Montana Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Dakota Oklahoma Ohio Oregon Pennsylvania South Dakota Texas Vermont Washington Wyoming Environmental issues Greenhouse gas emissions State CO emissions Emission standards CAFE standards Governmental Agencies PMAs ( BPA WAPA SEPA SWPA ) CARB DOE ( EIA EERE NREL OE ) EPA FERC NRC TVA USGS Organizations ACORE APPA AA API ASES AWEA BTEC EEI EBI EESI EPRI NRECA NEI PFI PIA RMI Energy portal Sustainable development portal Wind power by country Overview Wind power industry Africa Kenya Morocco Asia China ( Hong Kong ) Georgia India Iran Japan Pakistan Philippines South Korea Taiwan Thailand Turkey Europe Austria Belgium Croatia Denmark Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Hungary Ireland Italy Lithuania Malta Netherlands Poland Portugal Romania Russia Scotland Spain Sweden United Kingdom North America Canada Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand South America Brazil Uruguay Portals Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Renewable energy by country Africa Ethiopia Kenya Morocco Seychelles South Africa Asia Afghanistan Armenia Bangladesh Bhutan China India Kazakhstan Nepal Pakistan Palestine Philippines Taiwan Thailand Europe European Union ( Czech Republic , Denmark , Finland , France , Germany , Greece , Hungary , Ireland , Italy , Lithuania , Luxembourg , Malta , Netherlands , Poland , Portugal , Spain , Sweden , United Kingdom ) Albania Iceland Norway Russia Turkey North America Canada Costa Rica Honduras Mexico United States Oceania Australia New Zealand Tuvalu South America Argentina Brazil Chile Colombia Portals: Energy Renewable energy Sustainable development Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Wind_power_in_the_United_States&oldid=804086103 '' Categories : Wind power in the United States Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Use mdy dates from February 2012 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from April 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Français 日本 語 Русский Simple English Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 6 October 2017, at 17:02. 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who is the narrator on who do you think you are

Who Do You Think You Are ? Genre Documentary Narrated by David Morrissey ( 2004 ) Mark Strong ( 2006 -- 2012 ) Cherie Lunghi ( 2013 -- 2016 ) Phil Davis ( 2017 -- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 14 No. of episodes 128 and 2 specials ( as of 7 September 2017 or Series 14 , Episode 9 ) Specials : 11 July 2007 : Adoption Special 6 August 2014 : 10 Years , 100 Shows Special Production Running time 60 minutes Production company ( s ) Wall to Wall Distributor Warner Bros. Television Productions UK Release Original network BBC Two ( 2004 -- 06 ) BBC One ( 2006 -- ) Original release 12 October 2004 ( 2004 - 10 - 12 ) -- present External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007t575

Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series) - wikipedia Who Do You Think You Are? (UK TV series) Jump to: navigation , search Who Do You Think You Are? Genre Documentary Narrated by David Morrissey (2004) Mark Strong (2006-- 2012) Cherie Lunghi (2013-- 2016) Phil Davis (2017-- ) Country of origin United Kingdom Original language(s) English No. of series 14 No. of episodes 128 and 2 specials (as of 7 September 2017 or Series 14, Episode 9) Specials: 11 July 2007: Adoption Special 6 August 2014: 10 Years, 100 Shows Special Production Running time 60 minutes Production company(s) Wall to Wall Distributor Warner Bros. Television Productions UK Release Original network BBC Two (2004-- 06) BBC One (2006-- ) Original release 12 October 2004 ( 2004-10-12 ) -- present External links Website www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b007t575 For the U.S. series of the same name, see Who Do You Think You Are? (U.S. TV series) . Who Do You Think You Are? is a British genealogy documentary series that has aired on the BBC since 2004. In each episode, a celebrity traces their family tree . It is made by the production company Wall to Wall . The show has regularly attracted an audience of more than 6 million viewers. More than ten international adaptations of the show have been produced. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 1.1 Series 1 (2004) 1.2 Series 2 (2006) 1.3 Series 3 (2006) 1.4 Adoption special (2007) 1.5 Series 4 (2007) 1.6 Series 5 (2008) 1.7 Series 6 (2009) 1.8 Series 7 (2010) 1.9 Series 8 (2011) 1.10 Series 9 (2012) 1.11 Series 10 (2013) 1.12 Series 11 (2014) 1.13 Series 12 (2015) 1.14 Series 13 (2016-- 17) 1.15 Series 14 (2017) 2 Awards and nominations 3 Media releases 4 Other countries 4.1 International versions 5 Similar programmes 6 Notes 7 References 8 External links Episodes ( edit ) Series one and two were broadcast on BBC Two , and the first was the channel's highest-rating programme of 2004. This led to episodes being shown on BBC One from the third series onwards. The current narrator, as of Series 14 in 2017, is Phil Davis . Mark Strong took over from David Morrissey after the first series, which was nominated for `` Best Factual Series or Strand'' in the 2005 BAFTAs ; Cherie Lunghi was the narrator between Series 10 and 13. In the first series, the last ten minutes of each episode featured presenter Adrian Chiles and genealogical researcher Nick Barratt giving tips on tracing a family tree. In 2007, a special episode was broadcast in conjunction with the BBC's `` Family Wanted'' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell , who was adopted a few days after he was born. The theme tune was composed by Mark Sayer-Wade, who also provided the background music for earlier episodes. The music for later episodes is provided by Julian Hamlin and Edmund Jolliffe . The episode featuring Boris Johnson was filmed and set to air in late 2007, but was pulled because at the time of transmission, Johnson was getting ready to run in the London Mayoral election , so the episode was moved to the following series in 2008. Series 1 (2004) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Bill Oddie 12 October 2004 ( 2004-10-12 ) 5.79 Oddie, brought up by his father and paternal grandmother, goes back to the Birmingham area to learn more about his mother's life and her struggles with manic depression and her mother-in-law. Then he learns more about his grandmother's life, her husband and family in Rochdale, Lancashire . He ends his journey learning more about his Oddie ancestors in Grindleton, Lancashire . Amanda Redman 19 October 2004 ( 2004-10-19 ) 4.63 Sue Johnston 26 October 2004 ( 2004-10-26 ) 4.25 Jeremy Clarkson 2 November 2004 ( 2004-11-02 ) 4.95 5 Ian Hislop 9 November 2004 ( 2004-11-09 ) 4.96 Hislop, who was 12 when his father died, never met his grandfathers. Hislop traces his family history by traveling to his late mother's native Jersey , where for five years of her childhood, the island was occupied by Nazi Germany . He travels to Clary, France , where his paternal grandfather fought with the 9th Highland Light Infantry against the Hindenburg Line . He then goes to South Africa, where his maternal grandfather fought with the Royal Lancaster Regiment in the Battle of Spion Kop during the Boer War . While in South Africa, he discovered his father's maternal great great grandfather had gone to South Africa in 1795 with the 72nd Regiment, Duke of Albany's Own Highlanders in an expedition to capture Cape Town from the Dutch. 6 Moira Stuart 16 November 2004 ( 2004-11-16 ) 5.35 7 David Baddiel 23 November 2004 ( 2004-11-23 ) 4.60 8 Lesley Garrett 30 November 2004 ( 2004-11-30 ) 4.41 9 Meera Syal 7 December 2004 ( 2004-12-07 ) 3.97 10 Vic Reeves 14 December 2004 ( 2004-12-14 ) 4.46 Series 2 (2006) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Jeremy Paxman 11 January 2006 ( 2006-01-11 ) 5.48 Sheila Hancock 18 January 2006 ( 2006-01-18 ) 5.43 Stephen Fry 25 January 2006 ( 2006-01-25 ) 5.86 Julian Clary 1 February 2006 ( 2006-02-01 ) 5.94 5 Jane Horrocks 8 February 2006 ( 2006-02-08 ) 5.64 6 Gurinder Chadha 15 February 2006 ( 2006-02-15 ) 3.96 Series 3 (2006) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Barbara Windsor 6 September 2006 ( 2006-09-06 ) 6.40 Robert Lindsay 13 September 2006 ( 2006-09-13 ) 5.95 Colin Jackson 20 September 2006 ( 2006-09-20 ) 5.19 David Tennant 27 September 2006 ( 2006-09-27 ) 5.75 Tennant traces his paternal roots to the Isle of Mull , and is surprised to find his family came not from the lowlands but the Scottish Highlands . He discovers his maternal grandfather was a star player for Derry City F.C. in the 1930s, and expresses concern when he finds that other relatives were members of the Orange Order . He is disturbed to learn that his great-grandfather played a key role in suppressing Catholics in Derry , Northern Ireland , and that Catholic cousins came under fire on Bloody Sunday . 5 David Dickinson 4 October 2006 ( 2006-10-04 ) 5.80 6 Nigella Lawson 11 October 2006 ( 2006-10-11 ) 6.15 She traced her ancestors to Ashkenazi Jews who originate from eastern Europe and Germany, leaving Lawson surprised not to have Iberian - Sephardi ancestry in the family as she had believed. She also uncovered that her maternal great-great-great grandfather, Coenraad Sammes (later Coleman Joseph), had fled to England from Amsterdam in 1830 to escape a prison sentence following a conviction for theft. 7 Jeremy Irons 18 October 2006 ( 2006-10-18 ) 5.82 8 Julia Sawalha 25 October 2006 ( 2006-10-25 ) 5.54 Adoption special (2007) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Nicky Campbell 11 July 2007 ( 2007-07-11 ) 4.32 Campbell traces his adoptive family's roots in Scotland and Australia. Series 4 (2007) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Natasha Kaplinsky 6 September 2007 ( 2007-09-06 ) 6.78 Kaplinsky follows her paternal line to Slonim in Belarus and is shown official documentation relating to her cousin's family. This includes the death of family members during the `` liquidation'' -- massacre -- of the Slonim Jewish ghetto by the Nazis and another's escape to the partisans and eventual immigration to Australia. Her maternal line included an apothecary to King George III . John Hurt 13 September 2007 ( 2007-09-13 ) 5.80 Griff Rhys Jones 20 September 2007 ( 2007-09-20 ) 5.75 Carol Vorderman 27 September 2007 ( 2007-09-27 ) 6.53 Vorderman discovers that her father was an active member of the Dutch resistance during the Nazi occupation. He died while the programme was being filmed. Her great-grandfather Adolphe Vorderman played a key role in the discovery of vitamins. 5 Alistair McGowan 4 October 2007 ( 2007-10-04 ) 6.17 6 Graham Norton 11 October 2007 ( 2007-10-11 ) 6.88 It was discovered that Norton's Walker ancestors were originally planters from Wentworth, South Yorkshire, who were sent over from England in the 17th century to take over Irish land. Some members of his family fought for the British monarchy during the Irish Rebellion of 1798 and took part in the Carnew massacre. Another member of his family was later killed in battle by the United Irishmen. 7 Matthew Pinsent 18 November 2007 ( 2007-11-18 ) 6.57 Series 5 (2008) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Patsy Kensit 13 August 2008 ( 2008-08-13 ) 7.10 Boris Johnson 20 August 2008 ( 2008-08-20 ) 7.04 Jerry Springer 27 August 2008 ( 2008-08-27 ) 6.71 Springer, who was born in England but emigrated to the United States at a young age, travels to the UK to find out how his parents were allowed in as refugees from Nazi Germany in August 1939. He discovered that someone in England paid £ 50 as a guarantor to sponsor his parents, but the rest of the family was left behind. He travels to his great-grandfather's hometown of Neustettin (now Szczecinek , Poland), where his great grandfather, Abraham Springer, successfully appealed for outside help after anti-Semitic politician Ernst Henrici stirred up violence in 1881. Springer then travels to Łódź , where his maternal grandmother, Marie Kallmann, was deported in 1941. She was sent to the Chełmno extermination camp in May 1942. Springer's paternal grandmother, Selma Springer, died in Theresienstadt concentration camp . Esther Rantzen 3 September 2008 ( 2008-09-03 ) 6.44 5 Ainsley Harriott 10 September 2008 ( 2008-09-10 ) 6.70 6 David Suchet 17 September 2008 ( 2008-09-17 ) 6.79 Suchet, who has a love of water, discovers that his maternal great-great-great-grandfather was captain of a brig which foundered off the east coast of England. His paternal ancestors were Russian Jews, and he traces their flight from Russia to Turkey, Prussia, South Africa, and then the United Kingdom. He learns about his grandfather and great-grandfather, both of whom were noted photographers. 7 Jodie Kidd 24 September 2008 ( 2008-09-24 ) 5.87 8 Laurence Llewelyn-Bowen 29 September 2008 ( 2008-09-29 ) 4.72 Series 6 (2009) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Rory Bremner 2 February 2009 ( 2009-02-02 ) 6.44 Fiona Bruce 9 February 2009 ( 2009-02-09 ) 5.86 Rick Stein 16 February 2009 ( 2009-02-16 ) 5.64 Zoë Wanamaker 23 February 2009 ( 2009-02-23 ) 5.82 5 Kevin Whately 2 March 2009 ( 2009-03-02 ) 5.99 6 Davina McCall 15 July 2009 ( 2009-07-15 ) 6.92 7 Chris Moyles 22 July 2009 ( 2009-07-22 ) 5.23 8 Kate Humble 29 July 2009 ( 2009-07-29 ) 5.19 9 David Mitchell 5 August 2009 ( 2009-08-05 ) 4.55 10 Kim Cattrall 12 August 2009 ( 2009-08-12 ) 6.27 Cattrall researches her maternal grandfather, George Baugh's mysterious disappearance in 1938. She discovers that he became a bigamist in 1939 and had four more children. The episode reveals that Baugh's new family immigrated to Australia in 1961, and had lived there until Baugh's death in 1974. 11 Martin Freeman 19 August 2009 ( 2009-08-19 ) 6.48 Freeman researches his paternal grandfather, whom he learns died while serving as a medic during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II. He discovers that his great-grandfather was blind, married three times, and meets a cousin he never knew he had. He also discovers how syphilis (a common disease at the time) ravaged his family in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Series 7 (2010) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Bruce Forsyth 19 July 2010 ( 2010-07-19 ) 7.22 Rupert Everett 26 July 2010 ( 2010-07-26 ) 5.97 Dervla Kirwan 2 August 2010 ( 2010-08-02 ) 5.58 Growing up, Kirwan knew she was related to Irish national hero Michael Collins but did not know how. She discovers he was her great-great uncle: his sister, Margaret Collins O'Driscoll , was the mother of Kirwan's maternal grandfather. Kirwans seeks to find how her grandfather, Finian O'Driscoll , was involved in the IRA. She travels to Clonakilty , County Cork , birthplace of Michael Collins. On her father's side, she finds out her great grandfather, Henry Kahn, was a Polish Jew from the Russian Empire who broke with his community to marry an Irish Catholic girl in the late 19th century. Kirwan was surprised to discover they were married in the Protestant Church of Ireland , after the Catholic church refused to marry them. Monty Don 9 August 2010 ( 2010-08-09 ) 5.95 5 Rupert Penry-Jones 16 August 2010 ( 2010-08-16 ) 5.68 Penry-Jones travels to India and confirms the family rumour that they have Indian ancestry. His great-great-great grandfather Thomas Johnstone was a sergeant major in the Royal Madras Fusiliers , and was part of the British attempts to quell the Indian Rebellion of 1857 . He discovers Johnstone's wife, Louisa Collum, was of Anglo-Indian heritage. 6 Alexander Armstrong 23 August 2010 ( 2010-08-23 ) 6.46 Armstrong traces his mother's side of the family, who are descended from Irish landed gentry. The McCauslands were originally seated in Drenagh , County Londonderry , Northern Ireland and trace their ancestry through the Rouse-Boughton family, to Edward Somerset, 2nd Marquess of Worcester , a descendant of William the Conqueror via Edward III and the Beauforts , Dukes of Somerset . 7 Jason Donovan 30 August 2010 ( 2010-08-30 ) 5.55 8 Hugh Quarshie 6 September 2010 ( 2010-09-06 ) 5.42 9 Alan Cumming 13 September 2010 ( 2010-09-13 ) 5.15 Cumming traces the life of his maternal grandfather, whom the family was told died while cleaning his pistol while serving as a British police officer in Malaya . He learns about his grandfather's terrifying experiences as a war hero during the Battle of Dunkirk in World War II, his battle wounds received while helping stave off the Empire of Japan 's invasion of India during the Burma Campaign , and his psychological problems which led to his death while playing Russian roulette in Malaya. Series 8 (2011) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) June Brown 10 August 2011 ( 2011-08-10 ) 6.62 J.K. Rowling 17 August 2011 ( 2011-08-17 ) 7.00 Rowling researches her mother's paternal great-grandfather, Louis Volant, a French head waiter who previously worked at Savoy Hotel in the 1920s. Volant had won the Croix de Guerre for his bravery during the First World War . She also learns about Volant's mother, Salomée Schuch, an unmarried maid working in Paris at the time of his birth. At age 17, she had fled her hometown of Brumath in Alsace -- which became part of the German Empire during the Franco-Prussian War -- to become a naturalised French citizen when she eventually married Louis' father. Sebastian Coe 24 August 2011 ( 2011-08-24 ) 5.45 Larry Lamb 31 August 2011 ( 2011-08-31 ) 5.45 5 Emilia Fox 7 September 2011 ( 2011-09-07 ) 6.06 Fox researches her family history hoping to discover where the acting bug in her family originated from. Fox's father believes that Fox's paternal grandfather, Robin Fox , a theatrical agent, likely would have wanted to be an actor. Fox learns that Robin's mother was Hilda Hanbury, an actress who appeared on the London stage in the late 1890s. Hanbury traveled to America with theater manager Herbert Beerbohm Tree , though did not find great success and was reduced to small roles. Fox also learns that Sampson Fox, father of Hanbury's husband Arthur (`` Willie'' ) was a millionaire who rose to prominence from a child laborer in a textile mill to the owner of the Leeds Forge Company . With his large fortune, Sampson Fox was the sole donor for the Royal College of Music in London. However, Sampson Fox was also involved in a scandal regarding his promotion of watergas as an energy source and the financial success of its investors. 6 Alan Carr 14 September 2011 ( 2011-09-14 ) 5.49 7 Robin Gibb 21 September 2011 ( 2011-09-21 ) 4.37 8 Richard Madeley 28 September 2011 ( 2011-09-28 ) 5.05 9 Len Goodman 5 October 2011 ( 2011-10-05 ) 5.03 10 Tracey Emin 12 October 2011 ( 2011-10-12 ) Unknown (under 4.21) Series 9 (2012) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Samantha Womack 15 August 2012 ( 2012-08-15 ) 5.30 Gregg Wallace 22 August 2012 ( 2012-08-22 ) 5.46 Patrick Stewart 29 August 2012 ( 2012-08-29 ) 4.58 Annie Lennox 5 September 2012 ( 2012-09-05 ) 4.86 5 Hugh Dennis 12 September 2012 ( 2012-09-12 ) 4.87 6 Alex Kingston 19 September 2012 ( 2012-09-19 ) 4.97 7 William Roache 26 September 2012 ( 2012-09-26 ) 4.30 8 Celia Imrie 10 October 2012 ( 2012-10-10 ) 4.89 9 John Barnes 17 October 2012 ( 2012-10-17 ) Unknown (under 4.10) 10 John Bishop 6 December 2012 ( 2012-12-06 ) 5.53 Series 10 (2013) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Una Stubbs 24 July 2013 ( 2013-07-24 ) 5.24 Nigel Havers 31 July 2013 ( 2013-07-31 ) 5.39 Minnie Driver 7 August 2013 ( 2013-08-07 ) 4.95 Lesley Sharp 14 August 2013 ( 2013-08-14 ) 4.52 5 Gary Lineker 21 August 2013 ( 2013-08-21 ) 5.37 6 Nick Hewer 28 August 2013 ( 2013-08-28 ) 4.52 7 Nitin Ganatra 4 September 2013 ( 2013-09-04 ) 4.31 8 Sarah Millican 11 September 2013 ( 2013-09-11 ) 4.57 9 Marianne Faithfull 18 September 2013 ( 2013-09-18 ) 3.78 10 John Simpson 25 September 2013 ( 2013-09-25 ) 3.99 Series 11 (2014) ( edit ) # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) -- Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows 6 August 2014 ( 2014-08-06 ) Unknown (under 3.34) Julie Walters 7 August 2014 ( 2014-08-07 ) 5.23 Walters traces her Irish great-grandfather, Anthony Clarke. Brian Blessed 14 August 2014 ( 2014-08-14 ) 5.31 Blessed traces his great-great-great-grandfather, Barnabus Blessed, a bookbinder, and discovers that after moving from London to Portsmouth, his four children were left orphans. Blessed's great-great-grandfather, Jabez Blessed, became a `` real life Oliver Twist '' . Tamzin Outhwaite 21 August 2014 ( 2014-08-21 ) 4.94 Brendan O'Carroll 28 August 2014 ( 2014-08-28 ) 6.06 5 Sheridan Smith 4 September 2014 ( 2014-09-04 ) 4.74 6 Mary Berry 11 September 2014 ( 2014-09-11 ) 4.75 7 Martin Shaw 18 September 2014 ( 2014-09-18 ) 5.39 8 Reggie Yates 25 September 2014 ( 2014-09-25 ) 4.18 9 Billy Connolly 2 October 2014 ( 2014-10-02 ) 5.74 10 Twiggy 9 October 2014 ( 2014-10-09 ) 5.33 Series 12 (2015) ( edit ) On 23 June 2015, the BBC confirmed the lineup for Series 12, which began on 13 August 2015. # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Paul Hollywood 13 August 2015 ( 2015-08-13 ) 5.08 Jane Seymour 20 August 2015 ( 2015-08-20 ) 5.14 Seymour traces the lives of two of her Polish Jewish great aunts during World War II. Derek Jacobi 27 August 2015 ( 2015-08-27 ) 4.68 Jacobi, a descendant of Huguenots who fled persecution by Catholics, travels to France, where he discovers the horrors his Protestant ancestors faced during persecution. His sixth great-grandfather Joseph de la Plaigne, a prominent financier of Louis XIV , lived as a covert Protestant following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685. He was uncovered and imprisoned by the king in the Château de Loches in 1701. He apparently bribed his way out of prison the next year and fled to London. In 1708, two years before his death, the 70-year-old de la Plaigne married fellow Huguenot Salomé de la Bastide, sister of Colonel Armand de la Bastide , and 45 years his junior. In 1709 they had a son, Guillaume, who was baptised with William Cavendish, 2nd Duke of Devonshire as his godfather. Guillaume anglicised his name to William Laplain and was chaplain to the Dukes of Devonshire. Jerry Hall 3 September 2015 ( 2015-09-03 ) 4.38 5 Gareth Malone 10 September 2015 ( 2015-09-10 ) 4.56 6 Anne Reid 17 September 2015 ( 2015-09-17 ) 4.70 7 Frank Gardner 24 September 2015 ( 2015-09-24 ) 4.41 8 Anita Rani 1 October 2015 ( 2015-10-01 ) 4.38 9 Mark Gatiss 8 October 2015 ( 2015-10-08 ) Unknown (under 3.80) 10 Frances de la Tour 22 October 2015 ( 2015-10-22 ) 3.83 Actress Frances de la Tour discovers aristocratic lineage. Her great-great-great-great grandmother Maria Elizabeth Adderley, stepdaughter of Robert Hobart, 4th Earl of Buckinghamshire , married captain Alan Gardner in 1796. They divorced in 1805 after he discovered her affair with Henry Jadis, nephew of the Earl of Strathmore . Lady Gardner had an illegitimate child with Jadis, Henry Fenton Gardner (born in 1802), who was declared illegitimate by the House of Lords in 1825 following the Gardner Peerage Case, in which Henry unsuccessfully attempted to prove he was the rightful heir to the Gardner peerage. De la Tour visits Doddington Hall and Seaton Delaval Hall to find out more about Jadis' mother, the Hon. Sophia Ann ( née Delaval ), daughter of John Delaval, 1st Baron Delaval . De la Tour discovers Sophia's sad story of becoming pregnant before marriage with Henry, and rushing to marry a man beneath her status, John Jadis. After suffering abuse from a drunken Jadis, Sophia divorced him but became ostracised socially. She developed an addiction to laudanum and died at 38. Series 13 (2016-- 17) ( edit ) On 13 July, the line-up for the 13th series was confirmed. The series started on 24 November 2016. # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Danny Dyer 24 November 2016 ( 2016-11-24 ) 5.45 Dyer discovers that his 3× great grandmother had a criminal record for concealing the birth of her baby, who died, that his 15× great grandfather was Thomas Cromwell , his 14× great grandmother was Elizabeth Seymour , the sister of Jane Seymour , who was Henry VIII 's third wife and Queen, and that his 22× great grandfather was Edward III . Amanda Holden 1 December 2016 ( 2016-12-01 ) 4.71 Holden investigates a family rumour that she is of French heritage on her mother's side. She discovers that her 5× great-grandfather Collin Thomas served a year's imprisonment after breaking his apprenticeship as a cordwainer by enlisting in the Royal Navy aged 15. Following his sentence, he enlisted in the British Army 's 51st (2nd Yorkshire West Riding) Regiment of Foot in 1807 and fought in the Peninsular War . In 1814, while with his regiment in Bordeaux in South Western France, he met a local woman, Radegonde Charbonnel. He deserted from the army shortly before he was due to muster out, married Radegonde in 1816 and began a family, moving his wife and eldest children back to his home in Cornwall several years afterwards. She also discovers that her paternal grandfather, Frank Holden, a psychiatric nurse, survived the June 1940 bombing of the RMS Lancastria , which sank with the loss of thousands of lives, outside the port of Saint-Nazaire . Liz Bonnin 8 December 2016 ( 2016-12-08 ) 3.94 Bonnin travels to Trinidad to discover her maternal family's Indian heritage, discovering that her 2× great-grandfather, Timothy Sirju, travelled to Trinidad from India with his family in 1872, where he worked as an indentured servant . She then travels to Martinique to trace her paternal family's French heritage and discovers that her 3× great-grandfather, François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , was a plantation and slave owner who married one of his freed slaves, Marie Joseph, in 1835, and was actually born a slave. He and his mother, Pauline Zoé , were freed by his father, also François Alexandre Gros Désormeaux , and Pauline Zoé was a rare example of a freed female slave inheriting a plantation and becoming a slave owner. Cheryl 15 December 2016 ( 2016-12-15 ) 4.81 Cheryl researches her maternal family. Research shows that her paternal line is from Tyneside and that there were a number of coal miners amongst Cheryl's forebears. When tracing further back, in one of the branches of her paternal line, researchers find that her ancestry includes several mariners. The investigation into Cheryl's maternal line shows that her grandmother, Olga Ridley, was one of twin girls born to Edith Annie Burton, the housekeeper for a widower named Joseph Ridley who already had a number of children from his marriage. Joseph Ridley had fought in World War I in the Durham Light Infantry as a pioneer in France and, from an examination of the census, before the war he had been a grocery warehouseman. 5 Ricky Tomlinson 22 December 2016 ( 2016-12-22 ) 4.28 6 Ian McKellen 25 January 2017 ( 2017-01-25 ) 4.21 McKellen discovers that his great uncle, Frank Lowes, was an actor, and his great-great-grandfather, Robert Lowes, campaigned for a half-holiday for Manchester's workers on Saturdays, an event that led to the evolution of the modern weekend. 7 Greg Davies 1 February 2017 ( 2017-02-01 ) 4.63 8 Warwick Davis 15 February 2017 ( 2017-02-15 ) 5.24 9 Sunetra Sarker 22 February 2017 ( 2017-02-22 ) 3.97 10 Sophie Raworth 8 March 2017 ( 2017-03-08 ) 4.45 Series 14 (2017) ( edit ) On June 23, the BBC announced the line-up for the series' 14th series, which again would comprise 10 episodes and like the previous series would be split into two halves to be broadcast across the year on BBC One. The remaining five episodes feature TV presenter Fearne Cotton , comedienne Ruby Wax , actor and director Noel Clarke , singer Lulu and actress Lisa Hammond . # Celebrity Original air date Viewers (millions) Charles Dance 6 July 2017 ( 2017-07-06 ) TBA Craig Revel Horwood 13 July 2017 ( 2017-07-13 ) TBA Clare Balding 20 July 2017 ( 2017-07-20 ) TBA Adil Ray 27 July 2017 ( 2017-07-27 ) TBA 5 Emma Willis 3 August 2017 ( 2017-08-03 ) TBA 6 Lulu 17 August 2017 ( 2017-08-17 ) TBA 7 Fearne Cotton 24 August 2017 ( 2017-08-24 ) TBA 8 Noel Clarke 31 August 2017 ( 2017-08-31 ) TBA 9 Lisa Hammond 7 September 2017 ( 2017-09-07 ) TBA 10 Ruby Wax TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) The show was nominated for the 2010 BAFTA Television Award for Best Factual Series. Media releases ( edit ) Series 1 -- 11 of Who Do You Think You Are? are available on DVD in the UK (Region 2). In October 2007, BBC Magazines began issuing Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine , a monthly publication that includes material from the TV series. The series 1-- 4 box set of Who Do You Think You Are? is available, distributed by Acorn Media UK . Complete Series Release dates DVD Extras and Bonus Features Number Of Discs Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 The Complete First Series TBA 5 March 2007 17 September 2008 Unseen Footage, First Steps to Researching Your Family The Complete Second Series TBA 4 September 2007 12 November 2008 Unseen Footage The Complete Third Series TBA 12 January 2009 18 March 2009 None The Complete Fourth Series TBA 3 August 2009 20 May 2009 Special episode in conjunction with the BBC's `` Family Wanted'' campaign featuring Nicky Campbell, who was adopted a few days after he was born. The Complete Fifth Series TBA 1 February 2010 TBA Three behind-the-scenes features The Complete Sixth Series TBA 6 September 2010 TBA None The Complete Seventh Series TBA 7 March 2011 TBA None The Complete Eighth Series TBA 20 August 2012 TBA None The Complete Ninth Series TBA 5 August 2013 TBA None The Complete Tenth Series TBA 22 September 2014 TBA None The Complete Eleventh Series TBA 10 November 2014 TBA Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows Other countries ( edit ) See also: Who Do You Think You Are? (disambiguation) The format of the series has proved popular around the world and the BBC has licensed it to many foreign television companies, who have produced their own individual versions: TVP1 has aired a Polish version, called Sekrety rodzinne , which was broadcast from November 2006 to March 2007. In September 2007, a first series of Canadian version , consisting of 13 episodes, aired on CBC Television . An Australian version aired on SBS in January 2008, after six episodes of the BBC version had been shown; the BBC programmes were those featuring Stephen Fry , Bill Oddie , Julia Sawalha , Jeremy Clarkson , Gurinder Chadha , and Nigella Lawson . In 2008, ARD 's Das Erste aired the German version, called Das Geheimnis meiner Familie (`` The secret of my family'' ). They aired four episodes featuring Marie-Luise Marjan , Armin Rohde , Christine Neubauer and Peter Maffay . Ireland's national broadcaster RTÉ has aired two series of Irish version of Who Do You Think You Are? in autumn 2008 and autumn 2009. The Irish version has included internationally recognised names such as Ardal O'Hanlon , Dana , Rosanna Davison , and Dermot Gavin . The British version of the show already airs on TG4 in Ireland. Sveriges Television , the Swedish public service broadcaster, aired a Swedish version called Vem tror du att du är ? in 2009. Later that year, in May and June, they also aired the BBC episodes featuring Stephen Fry, Jeremy Irons, Nigella Lawson, John Hurt, and Jane Horrocks. Also on 31 May 2009, South African station SABC2 premiered its version, split into two parts, featuring local personalities. An American adaptation of the show premiered on 5 March 2010 on NBC . In Britain, this began airing on BBC One on Sunday 13 June 2010. In 2010, the Dutch version called Verborgen Verleden (`` Hidden Past'' ) of the show started. Thus far, eight series have been produced between 2010 and 2017. From 2005 to 2008, four series of the show Verre Verwanten (`` Distant Relatives'' ) were shown on Dutch television. In September 2010, the Danish TV station Danmarks Radio aired the first episode of the Danish version, called Ved du hvem du er? . On 1 September 2010, France 2 aired two episodes of the French version, Retour aux Sources , featuring Vincent Pérez and Clémentine Célarié In January 2011, the Norwegian TV station NRK started to air the Norwegian version, called Hvem tror du at du er? Starting on 9 January 2012, Finland's national public-broadcasting company, YLE, aired 15 episodes of the Finnish version, called Kuka oikein olet? , in which local public figures searched for their origins. A furthering of the concept was developed for American public broadcast TV, called Finding Your Roots , with Henry Louis Gates . This series adds DNA profiling to the format; including Y-chromosome DNA, mitochondrial DNA and autosomal DNA analyses to infer both ancient and recent genetic relationships. The series started airing on 25 March 2012. In January 2013, Czech broadcaster ČT started broadcasting their version of this show, called Tajemství rodu (`` The secret of the lineage'' ). Starting 15 January 2013, RTP1 broadcast a Portuguese version called Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? (`` Who Do You Think You Are?'' ) at the 10:30 pm timeslot. The first season featured such names as the comedian Herman José , the actresses Maria do Céu Guerra and Maria João Abreu, the musician Zé Pedro from the Xutos & Pontapés rock band and the fadista Camané . International versions ( edit ) Country Local Name Network Air Dates Australia Who Do You Think You Are? SBS One January 2008 -- present Canada Quebec Who Do You Think You Are? CBC Television 11 October 2007 -- 31 January 2008 Qui êtes -vous? ( Who Are You? ) ICI Radio-Canada Télé 8 November 2013 Czech Republic Tajemství rodu ( The Secret of the Family ) ČT1 9 January 2013 Denmark Ved du hvem du er? ( Do You Know Who You Are? ) DR1 15 September 2010 -- 17 March 2012 Finland Kuka oikein olet? ( Who Are You? ) Yle TV1 9 January 2012 France Retour aux Sources ( Back to Basics ) France 2 1 September 2010 Germany Das Geheimnis meiner Familie ( The Secret of My Family ) Das Erste 31 March 2008 -- Ireland Who Do You Think You Are RTÉ One 15 September 2008 -- 19 October 2009 Israel מי אתה חושב שאתה ? ( Mi Ata Hoshev She'ata ) Channel 1 4 February 2010 Netherlands Verborgen verleden ( Hidden Past ) Nederland 2 29 September 2010 -- present Norway Hvem tror du at du er? NRK1 January 2011 -- present Poland Sekrety rodzinne ( Family Secrets ) TVP1 November 2006 -- March 2007 Portugal Quem É que Tu Pensas Que És ? RTP1 15 January 2013 Russia Моя родословная ( My Family Tree ) Channel One Russia 1 July 2009 -- 12 February 2011 South Africa Who Do You Think You Are? SABC2 31 May 2009 Sweden Vem tror du att du är ? SVT1 Spring 2009 United States Who Do You Think You Are? NBC (2010-- 12) TLC (2013-- present) 5 March 2010 -- present Similar programmes ( edit ) BBC Wales has a similar series called Coming Home , which is made by Yellow Duck Productions and features celebrities with a Welsh background. In 2007, Wall to Wall developed You Don't Know You're Born for ITV1. The series saw various celebrities taking on their ancestors' jobs. UKTV broadcast My Famous Family in 2007. A short parody sketch of the show featured in the first series of The Armstrong and Miller Show in which Alexander Armstrong plays a fictionalised version of himself, discovering that his paternal grandfather and maternal grandmother were a child molester and a brothel -owner, respectively. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 6.4 million uncover Davina's family history'' . Digital Spy. 16 July 2009 . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? with Nicky Campbell'' . Who Do You Think You Are . 11 July 2007. BBC . BBC Two . Jump up ^ Meet Sir Alan Sugar, the Del Boy business tsar, who faces storm over Apprentice ' conflict' Daily Mail, 10 June 2009 ^ Jump up to: `` Top 30 Programmes'' . Broadcasters' Audience Research Board . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Nigella Lawson . BBC Who Do You Think You Are? , 26 September 2006; retrieved 5 October 2008. Jump up ^ `` Bruce Forsyth Traces Family History'' . BBC News. 17 June 2010. Jump up ^ `` Featured Articles -- BBC launching new series of Who Do You Think You Are?'' . TheGenealogist.co.uk . Retrieved 2012-10-20 . Jump up ^ Submitted by mattelton (12 April 2011). `` This year's Who Do You Think You Are? celebrities revealed'' . Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine . Retrieved 2012-10-20 . Jump up ^ richardm56 (1 August 2011). `` Yup. Sep 28, 9pm BBC1'' . Twitter . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Elton, Matt (9 February 2012). `` Who Do You Think You Are? 2012: new series celebrities revealed'' . Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine . Retrieved 2012-10-20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? 2013: new celebrities revealed'' . Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine . 13 June 2013 . Retrieved 13 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do They Think They Are?: 10 Years, 100 Shows'' . BBC. 6 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Julie Walters'' . BBC. 7 August 2014 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Furness, Hannah (9 August 2014). `` Tearful Brian Blessed overcome as he discovers ' real-life Oliver Twist' in the family'' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 11 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Greenwood, Carl (22 June 2015). `` Who Do You Think You Are returns with Paul Hollywood, Derek Jacobi and Jerry Hall'' . The Mirror . Retrieved 26 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are?'' . BBC . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` BBC reveals WDYTYA? 2015 running order'' . Who Do You Think You Are Magazine . 5 August 2015 . Retrieved 5 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Methven, Nicola (13 July 2016). `` Danny Dyer discovers he is related to royalty during making of BBC documentary'' . Daily Mirror . Retrieved 13 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Television Awards Winners in 2010'' . BAFTA. 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 6 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` AcornMediaUk.com is coming soon'' . Archived from the original on 19 January 2016 . Retrieved 7 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series Eight (DVD): Alan Carr, June Brown, J.K. Rowling, Larry Lamb, Robin Gibb, Emilia Fox: Film & TV'' . Amazon.co.uk. 20 August 2012 . Retrieved 2012-10-20 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series Nine (DVD)'' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 11 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series 10 (DVD)'' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series 11 (DVD)'' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 9 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are%3F (Irish TV series)'' . RTÉ . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ About The Show (Series 2) Who Do You Think You Are? RTÉ Jump up ^ `` Who Do You Think You Are? (SA)'' . TVSA . Retrieved 2 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Retour aux sources, TV Show'' , Facebook. Jump up ^ `` Sarja: Kuka oikein olet? Ohjelmat Yle.fi'' . YLE . Retrieved 18 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Tajemství rodu'' (Secrets of the family) (in Czech). Ceskatelevize.cz. 2013 . Retrieved 7 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Coming Home, Coming Soon'' . South East Wales . BBC Wales. 11 July 2007. Jump up ^ `` Coming Home Coming Soon'' . Mid Wales . BBC Wales. 28 January 2008. Jump up ^ YouTube Armstrong and Miller - Who Do You Think You Are Spoof Published on 18 Nov 2007 accessed 15 July 2017 References ( edit ) `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series one: Celebrity Gallery'' . BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series two: Celebrity Gallery'' . BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series three: Celebrity Gallery'' . BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series four: Celebrity Gallery'' . BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? Series five: Celebrity Gallery'' . BBC History. `` Who Do You Think You Are? NBC Info Page With Celebrity Links'' . Footnote.com. External Links ( edit ) Who Do You Think You Are? at BBC Programmes Who Do You Think You Are? Magazine BBC Who Do You Think You Are? Story Family History at BBC Online Who Do You Think You Are? on IMDb ( hide ) Who Do You Think You Are? United Kingdom (original) Australia Canada Czech Republic Denmark Ireland United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Who_Do_You_Think_You_Are%3F_(UK_TV_series)&oldid=801233905 '' Categories : 2004 British television programme debuts 2000s British television series 2010s British television series BBC television documentaries Television series about family history Television series by Warner Bros. Television English-language television programs British genealogy Hidden categories: CS1 Czech-language sources (cs) Use British English from January 2013 Use dmy dates from January 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk فارسی Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 September 2017, at 14:12. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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what was one result of the battle of fallen timbers

The Ohio Historical Society maintains a small park at the site originally believed to have the main fighting ( similar historic picture above and right ) . The site that features the Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument , honoring both Major General Anthony Wayne and his army and Little Turtle and his warriors . Additionally , there are plaques describing the Battle of Fallen Timbers and honoring the several Indian tribes that participated . The main monument has tributes inscribed on each of its four sides honoring in turn , Wayne , the fallen soldiers , Little Turtle , and his Indian warriors . The park is located near Maumee in Lucas County . Turkey Foot Rock , marking the death place of Turkey Foot , is also at the site .

Battle of Fallen Timbers - wikipedia Battle of Fallen Timbers Jump to: navigation , search For the American Civil War action on April 8, 1862, see Battle of Shiloh . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (August 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Battle of Fallen Timbers Part of the Northwest Indian War An 1896 depiction of the battle from Harper's Magazine Date August 20, 1794 Location in present-day Maumee, Ohio near present-day Toledo, Ohio Result Decisive American victory Treaty of Greenville British forces withdraw completely from the Northwest Territory End of Northwest Indian War Belligerents United States Western Confederacy Great Britain British North America Commanders and leaders Anthony Wayne Alexander McKillop Blue Jacket Buckongahelas Strength 2,000 (including native scouts) 2,000 (including 1 British company) Casualties and losses 33 killed 100 wounded 25-- 40 killed Unknown wounded ( hide ) Northwest Indian War Logan's Raid Harmar Campaign Big Bottom Dunlap's Station Kenapacomaqua St. Clair's Defeat Fort St. Clair Fort Jefferson Fort Recovery Fallen Timbers Fallen Timbers Battle The Battle of Fallen Timbers (August 20, 1794) was the final battle of the Northwest Indian War , a struggle between Native American tribes affiliated with the Western Confederacy , including support from the British led by Captain Alexander McKillop, against the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area north of the Ohio River , east of the Mississippi River , and southwest of the Great Lakes ). This land had been ceded to the United States in accordance with the Treaty of Paris (1783) , but the Native Americans (who had not been party to the treaty) refused to comply with the treaty and relinquish control. British army bases were maintained there to support their Native allies. This ultimately led to the American offensive and subsequent British-Indian withdrawal from the territory altogether following the Treaty of Greenville . The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until Tecumseh's War and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Battle 3 Aftermath 4 Legacy 5 National Parks 5.1 Fallen Timbers Battlefield 5.2 Fallen Timbers State Monument 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Background ( edit ) The Ohio River boundary line established by Britain in the 1768 Treaty of Fort Stanwix recognized certain lands as belonging to the Native American nations. After the American Revolution , however, the United States government maintained the Native American nations no longer owned the Ohio lands, since in an article in the Treaty of Paris of 1783 Britain agreed to cede to the United States the lands owned by the indigenous nations. The Native Americans involved rejected the idea of the British or Americans to dispose of their tribal lands without their consent. They had no representation at the Paris Treaty negotiations, had not signed the treaty, and refused to recognize the British give-away of their land. As American settlers began moving into the Ohio Country , the Native Americans viewed them as unwelcome intruders. The United States government , on the other hand, insisted it had the right to occupy the lands, since it had been gained in battle and was agreed to by the treaty with Britain. The Western Confederacy , an alliance of Native American nations, was formed to defend their traditional lands. The confederacy achieved several victories over poorly led United States military forces in 1790 and 1791, alarming the administration of President George Washington . Washington understood that the settlers were to blame for much of the violence. Nevertheless, he took steps to defeat the alliance as the conflict became more serious. In 1792, Washington ordered Revolutionary War hero General `` Mad'' Anthony Wayne to build and lead a new army to crush resistance to American settlement in the Ohio country. Wayne realized that the previous campaigns had failed because of poor training and a lack of discipline. Peace negotiations were undertaken in the summer of 1793, which meant he had time to build and train his army. Shawnee war chief Blue Jacket and Delaware (Lenape) leader Buckongahelas , encouraged by their previous victories and hoping for continued British support, argued for a return to the Treaty of Fort Stanwix of 1768. They rejected the subsequent treaties awarding the lands north of the Ohio River to the United States, since they had never signed them. A faction led by the influential Mohawk leader Joseph Brant attempted to negotiate a peaceful compromise, but Blue Jacket would accept nothing less than everything north of the Ohio River, which the United States refused to accept. The American government found itself fighting a war over Ohio under the direction of Secretary of War Henry Knox . Matters came to a head in what became known as Little Turtle's War (1790-- 1794). As more American settlers moved into the eastern part of the area following its division under the Land Ordinance of 1785, the Native Americans retreated westward. The Miami chieftain Michikinikwa (Little Turtle) led a confederation of tribes against ill-conceived expeditions led by General Josiah Harmar in 1790 and General Arthur St. Clair in 1791, defeating both incursions. Harmar's and St. Clair's armies consisted mainly of untrained militia, frontiersmen with rifles but little training or discipline. The green soldiers often broke ranks and ran when confronted by Native American warriors. In late August 1794, Little Turtle and his Shawnee ally, Weyapiersenwah (Blue Jacket), faced a new U.S. Army, including a core of nearly 5,000 professionals trained and led by General `` Mad'' Anthony Wayne. Wayne had spent the better part of two years turning his soldiers into professionals. Battle ( edit ) Site of Fort Miami Wayne's new army, the Legion of the United States , marched north from Fort Washington in Cincinnati in 1793, building a line of forts along the way. Wayne commanded about 2,000 men, with Choctaw and Chickasaw men serving as his scouts. Blue Jacket took a defensive position along the Maumee River , not far from present-day Toledo, Ohio , where a stand of trees (the `` fallen timbers'' ) had been blown down by a recent storm. They thought the trees would slow the advance of Wayne's Legion. Fort Miami , a nearby British outpost on American soil, had supplied the Native American confederacy with provisions. The Native American forces, numbering about 1,500, were composed of Blue Jacket's Shawnees, Buckongahelas's Delawares, Miamis led by Little Turtle , Wyandots led by Roundhead (Wyandot) , Ojibwas , Ottawas led by Turkey Foot, Potawatomis , Mingos , and a British company of Canadian militiamen under Captain Alexander McKillop. The battle ended fairly quickly. Wayne's soldiers closed and pressed the attack with a bayonet charge . His cavalry outflanked Blue Jacket's warriors, who were easily routed. The Indian warriors fled towards Fort Miami, but were surprised to find the gates closed against them. Major William Campbell, the British commander of the fort, refused to assist them, unwilling to start a war with the United States. Wayne's army had won a decisive victory. The soldiers spent several days destroying the nearby Native American villages and crops, then retreated. Wayne's army had lost 33 men and had about 100 wounded. They reported that they had found 30-40 dead warriors. Alexander McKee of the British Indian Department reported that the Indian confederacy lost 19 warriors killed, including Chief Turkey Foot of the Ottawa. 6 white men fighting on the Native American side were also killed and Chiefs Egushaway and Little Otter of the Ottawa were wounded. Aftermath ( edit ) The battle of Fallen Timbers had ramifications that stretched all the way to Europe. News of the American victory helped negotiator John Jay secure a treaty with the British that promised British withdrawal from the frontier forts-- securing the area for the Americans. The Treaty of Greenville , negotiated between Wayne and Little Turtle the following year, secured most of what is now Ohio for American settlement. The victory reduced fears of frontiersmen about Native American raids and secured the area's allegiance to the United States. From a long-term perspective, the battle of Fallen Timbers secured American access to the western Great Lakes and the western Ohio River valley, giving farmers in the area access to international markets for their produce. The conclusion of a treaty between the British and Americans also helped to spur the signing of Pinckney's Treaty with Spain , as the Spanish feared that the United States and Great Britain would collude to take Spanish territory. Pinckney's Treaty delineated the United States-Spain border and gave the United States the right to export goods via New Orleans , which controlled the trade of the Mississippi River . Though hostilities with Native Americans would continue in the Old Southwest , the Northwest would remain largely peaceful until the 1811 Battle of Tippecanoe. Before withdrawing from the area, Wayne began the construction of a line of forts along the Maumee River , from its mouth at present-day Toledo, Ohio to its origins in today's Indiana . Wayne then returned to Fort Presque Isle (present day Erie, Pennsylvania ), where he died in 1796. The last of these forts along the Maumee was named Fort Wayne in his honor. The fort eventually developed into the modern city of Fort Wayne. Behind this line of forts, white settlers moved into the Ohio country, leading to the admission of the state of Ohio in 1803. Tecumseh , a young Shawnee veteran of Fallen Timbers who refused to sign the Greenville Treaty, would renew American Indian resistance in the years ahead. Legacy ( edit ) On September 14, 1929, the United States Post Office Department issued a stamp commemorating the 135th anniversary of the Battle of Fallen Timbers. The post office issued a series of stamps referred to as the ' Two Cent Reds' by collectors, issued to commemorate the 150th Anniversaries of the many events that occurred during the American Revolutionary War (1775-1783) and to honor those who were there. National parks ( edit ) Fallen Timbers Battlefield ( edit ) For 200 years, the site of the Battle of Fallen Timbers was thought to be on the floodplain on the banks of the Maumee River, based upon documentation such as the map above and to the right (location of Fallen Timbers Monument). Dr. G. Michael Pratt, an anthropologist and faculty member at Heidelberg University (Ohio) , correctly surmised the battlefield was 1/4 mile above the floodplain after considering documentation that described a ravine. The City of Toledo owned the area which was desirable for development. Although the City of Toledo initially refused archaeological exploration, in 1995 and 2001, Pratt was able to conduct archaeological surveys, which relied primarily on metal detection, which revealed musket balls, pieces of muskets, uniform buttons and a bayonet, confirming that major fighting had taken place at the site. Because of Pratt's archaeological work and advocacy the Fallen Timbers Preservation Commission, the land was granted National Historic Site status in 1999. A federal grant allowed the Metroparks of the Toledo Area to purchase the land where the artifacts were found in 2001, and the site was developed into a park in affiliation with the National Park Service . Fallen Timbers state Monument ( edit ) Lines of trees at the battlefield park The Ohio Historical Society maintains a small park at the site originally believed to have the main fighting (similar historic picture above and right). The site that features the Battle of Fallen Timbers Monument , honoring both Major General Anthony Wayne and his army and Little Turtle and his warriors. Additionally, there are plaques describing the Battle of Fallen Timbers and honoring the several Indian tribes that participated. The main monument has tributes inscribed on each of its four sides honoring in turn, Wayne, the fallen soldiers, Little Turtle, and his Indian warriors. The park is located near Maumee in Lucas County . Turkey Foot Rock, marking the death place of Turkey Foot, is also at the site. See also ( edit ) Battle of Tippecanoe List of conflicts in the United States Northwest Indian War Anthony Wayne Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gaff, Bayonets in the Wilderness , p. 327, gives the claim of 30-- 40 bodies found as well as McKee's figure of 19 killed. Sugden, p. 180 mentions 6 whites killed, giving a minimum of 25 dead. Jump up ^ Loosing, Benson (1868). The Pictorial Field-Book of the War of 1812 . Harper & Brothers, Publishers. p. 55. Jump up ^ American Indian Policy in the Old Northwest, 1783-1812 Reginald Horsman, The William and Mary Quarterly, Third Series, Vol. 18, No. 1 (Jan. 1961), pp. 35-- 53 Jump up ^ Handbook of Social Justice in Education eds. William Ayers, Therese Quinn, David Stovall, writer Enora Brown, 2009, Routledge, p. 70 Jump up ^ The American Past: A Survey of American History Joseph Conlin, Vol. I, Cenage Learning Inc., 2010, p. 189-- 191 Jump up ^ Pratt, G. Michael (1995). `` The Battle of Fallen Timbers: An Eyewitness Perspective'' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 67 : 5. ^ Jump up to: Gaff, p. 327 Jump up ^ http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Me-sa-sa Jump up ^ Sugden, p.180 Jump up ^ Wood, Gordon S. (2009). Empire of Liberty . Oxford University Press. pp. 130-- 133. Jump up ^ Pratt, G. Michael (2004). `` Remote Sensing Surveys at the Fallen Timbers Battlefield National Historic Site'' (PDF) . Ohio Valley Historical Archaeology. 18 . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Keller, Christine; Boyd, Colleen; Groover, Mark; Hill, Mark (2011). `` 2011 Archaeology of the Battles of Fort Recovery, Mercer County, Ohio: Education and Protection'' . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Library of Congress (2000). `` Fallen Timbers Battlefield'' . Local Legacies . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Battlefield (Fallen Timbers) Today'' . Metroparks Pamphlet . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ Vezner, Tad. `` Change Bears Down on Historic Battlefield'' . The Blade . Toledo Blade . Retrieved 11 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Turkey Foot Rock'' . The Historical Marker Database . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` FALLEN TIMBERS BATTLEFIELD AND FORT MIAMIS NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE General Management Plan May 2006'' (PDF) . National Park Service . Retrieved 4 June 2016 . References ( edit ) Gaff, Allan D. Bayonets in the Wilderness: Anthony Wayne's Legion in the Old Northwest . University of Oklahoma Press, May 2004. ISBN 0-8061-3585-9 , ISBN 978-0-8061-3585-4 . Sudgen, John. Blue Jacket: Warrior of the Shawnees . Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press, 2000. Sword, Wiley. President Washington's Indian War: The Struggle for the Old Northwest, 1790-- 1795 . Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press, 1985. Winkler, John F. Fallen Timbers, 1794: The U.S. Army's First Victory (Osprey, 2013). 96 pp External links ( edit ) Battle of Fallen Timbers -- Chickasaw.TV The Fallen Timbers battlefield today Maumee Valley Heritage Corridor Ohio History Central Captain Moses Porter's Company of Artillery of the 3rd Sub-Legion Battle of Fallen Timbers -- The Toledo Metroparks Coordinates : 41° 32′ 39'' N 83° 41′ 51'' W  /  41.54417° N 83.69750° W  / 41.54417; -83.69750 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Fallen_Timbers&oldid=829264150 '' Categories : 1794 in the United States Battles involving Native Americans Battles of the Northwest Indian War Conflicts in 1794 Ohio History Connection Parks in Ohio Pre-statehood history of Ohio Protected areas of Lucas County, Ohio William Henry Harrison 1794 in the Northwest Territory Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from August 2011 All articles lacking in-text citations Use mdy dates from August 2011 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 7 March 2018, at 16:00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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where did the term mother lode come from

Mother lode is a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore . The term is also used colloquially to refer to the real or imaginary origin of something valuable or in great abundance .

Mother Lode - wikipedia Mother Lode Jump to: navigation , search `` Motherload'' redirects here. For the 2014 Mastodon song, see The Motherload . For other uses, see Mother lode (disambiguation) . Two water-worn gold nuggets from Tuolumne County . They are typical of larger nuggets found by the early California gold rush placer miners (each ~1.6 x 1.1 x 0.3 cm). Crystalline gold specimen from the California Mother Lode, probably from Tuolumne County (5.3 x 2.7 x 2.4 cm). Mother lode is a principal vein or zone of gold or silver ore . The term is also used colloquially to refer to the real or imaginary origin of something valuable or in great abundance. Contents ( hide ) 1 Term 2 California Mother Lode 3 In Popular Culture 4 See also 5 References Term ( edit ) The term probably came from a literal translation of the Spanish veta madre , a term common in old Mexican mining. Veta madre, for instance, is the name given to an 11-kilometre-long (6.8 mi) silver vein discovered in 1548 in Guanajuato , New Spain (modern-day Mexico ). California Mother Lode ( edit ) In the United States, Mother Lode is most famously the name given to a long alignment of hard-rock gold deposits stretching northwest-southeast in the Sierra Nevada of California . It was discovered in the early 1850s, during the California gold rush . The California Mother Lode is a zone from 1.5 to 6 kilometres (0.93 to 3.73 mi) wide and 190 kilometres (120 mi) long, between Georgetown on the north and Mormon Bar on the south. The Mother Lode coincides with the suture line of a terrane , the Smartville Block . The zone contains hundreds of mines and prospects, including some of the best-known historic mines of the gold-rush era. Individual gold deposits within the Mother Lode are gold-bearing quartz veins up to 15 metres (49 ft) thick and a few thousand feet long. The California Mother Lode was one of the most productive gold-producing districts in the United States. Now it is known as a destination for tourism and for its vineyards. The California gold rush , as with most gold rushes , started with the discovery of placer gold in sands and gravels of streambeds, where the gold had eroded from the hard-rock vein deposits. Placer miners followed the gold-bearing sands upstream to discover the source in the bedrock . This source was the `` mother'' of the gold in the river and so was dubbed the `` mother lode '' . In popular culture ( edit ) Motherlode is a popular cheat code in The Sims that gives household 50.000 in game currency. `` Mother Lode'' is a legend in Megaman Legends saga, rumored to be a valuable treasure that could provide so much power that the world never need to fear of running out of energy and make the wearer rich. See also ( edit ) Alaska Gold Rush California Gold Rush Gold Country Placer mining References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alan M. Bateman (1942) Economic Mineral Deposits . New York: Wiley, p.465-466. Jump up ^ A.H. Koschman and M.H. Bergendahl (1968) Principal Gold-Producing Districts of the United States . US Geological Survey, Professional Paper 610, p.55 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mother_lode&oldid=820867139 '' Categories : Gold mining California Gold Rush Silver mining Metaphors referring to places Regions of California Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from November 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 January 2018, at 02:20. About Wikipedia

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why are there four stars on the chicago flag

The flag , designed by Wallace Rice , was adopted in 1917 after Rice won the design competition for the flag . The three sections of the white field and the two stripes represent geographical features of the city , the stars symbolize historical events , and the points of the stars represent important virtues or concepts . The historic events represented by the stars are Fort Dearborn , the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the World 's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , and the Century of Progress Exposition of 1933 -- 34 .

Flag of Chicago - wikipedia Flag of Chicago Jump to: navigation , search Flag of the City of Chicago Adopted Original, 1917; additional stars added, 1933 and 1939. Design Four red stars between two light blue horizontal bars on a white field Designed by Wallace Rice The flag of Chicago consists of two blue horizontal stripes or bars on a field of white, each stripe one-sixth the height of the full flag, and placed slightly less than one-sixth of the way from the top and bottom. Between the two blue stripes are four red, six-pointed stars arranged in a horizontal row. The flag, designed by Wallace Rice, was adopted in 1917 after Rice won the design competition for the flag. The three sections of the white field and the two stripes represent geographical features of the city, the stars symbolize historical events, and the points of the stars represent important virtues or concepts. The historic events represented by the stars are Fort Dearborn , the Great Chicago Fire of 1871 , the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 , and the Century of Progress Exposition of 1933-- 34. In a review by the North American Vexillological Association of 150 American city flags, the Chicago city flag was ranked second best with a rating of 9.03 out of 10, behind only the flag of Washington, D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 Symbolism 1.1 Stripes 1.2 Stars 2 History 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Symbolism ( edit ) Stripes ( edit ) The three white background areas of the flag represent, from top to bottom, the North, West and South sides of the city. The top blue stripe represents Lake Michigan and the North Branch of the Chicago River . The bottom blue stripe represents the South Branch of the river and the `` Great Canal '' , over the Chicago Portage . The lighter blue on the flag is variously called sky blue or pale blue; in a 1917 article of a speech by Rice, it was called `` the color of water'' . Stars ( edit ) There are four red six-pointed stars on the center white stripe. Six-pointed stars are used because five-pointed stars represent sovereign states, and because the star as designed was not found on any other known flags as of 1917. From left to right: The first star represents Fort Dearborn . It was added to the flag in 1939. Its six points symbolize transportation, labor, commerce, finance, populousness, and salubrity. The second star stands for the Great Chicago Fire of 1871, and is original to the 1917 design of the flag. Its six points represent the virtues of religion, education, aesthetics, justice, beneficence, and civic pride. The third star symbolizes the World's Columbian Exposition of 1893, and is original to the 1917 design. Its six points stand for political entities Chicago has belonged to and the flags that have flown over the area: France , 1693; Great Britain , 1763; Virginia , 1778; the Northwest Territory , 1789; Indiana Territory , 1802; and Illinois ( territory , 1809, and state , since 1818). The fourth star represents the Century of Progress Exposition (1933-- 34), and was added in 1933. Its points refer to bragging rights: the United States' second largest city (became third largest in a 1990 census when passed by Los Angeles ); Chicago's Latin motto, Urbs in horto (`` City in a garden'' ); Chicago's `` I Will'' motto; the Great Central Marketplace; Wonder City; and Convention City. Additional stars have been proposed, with varying degrees of seriousness. A fifth star could represent Chicago's contribution to the nuclear age, an idea first suggested in a 1940s letter published by the Chicago Tribune and later championed by Mayor Daley in the 1960s. In the 1980s, a star was proposed in honor of Harold Washington , the first African-American mayor of Chicago. The 1992 Chicago Flood was suggested as an additional natural disaster deserving of a star, in line with the existing star for the 1871 Great Chicago Fire. Another fifth star was in the works from a group of Chicago real estate professionals to represent Chicago's entrepreneurial spirit in the early 1990s. When Chicago was bidding to host the 2016 Summer Olympics , the Bid Committee proposed that a fifth star be added to the flag in commemoration, but the bid was won instead by Rio de Janeiro . Other sports-related suggestions include recognizing the Chicago Bulls ' dominance of the NBA in the 1990s and a proposal for a fifth star if the Chicago Cubs should ever win the World Series , which did not happen between their long drought of series wins in 1908 , up to 2016 . History ( edit ) Flag of Chicago In 1915, Mayor William Hale Thompson appointed a municipal flag commission, chaired by Alderman James A. Kearnes . Among the commission members were wealthy industrialist Charles Deering and impressionist painter Lawton S. Parker . Parker asked lecturer and poet Wallace Rice to develop the rules for an open public competition for the best flag design. Over a thousand entries were received. In the end, the commission chose the design by Wallace Rice himself. On April 4, 1917, the commission's recommendation was accepted by the city council. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 2004 American City Flags Survey'' , North American Vexillological Association press release, 2 October 2004 ^ Jump up to: `` Chicago Facts: Municipal Flag'' . Chicago Public Library . Retrieved 2014-07-10 . Jump up ^ `` Chicago'' . Chicago magazine . Jump up ^ `` Flying Colors: The Best and Worst of Flag Design'' . Print Magazine . Jump up ^ `` Association Sounds Chicago's Call ...'' Chicago Commerce . Chicago Association of Commerce and Industry. December 6, 1917. p. 6. Jump up ^ Chicago's flag: The history of every star and every stripe , Chicago Tribune , 13 June, 2016 Jump up ^ Rice, Wallace ; T.E. Whalen (22 July 2005). `` Wallace Rice on Chicago Stars'' . introvert.net . Retrieved 18 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Heise, Kenan (August 15, 1976). `` It's a grand old flag. But it could be grander'' . Chicago Tribune Magazine . p. 34 . Retrieved April 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ Whalen, T.E. (January 3, 2006), The Municipal Flag of Chicago: References (PDF) , p. 8 ^ Jump up to: Konkol, Mark (June 30, 2015). `` The Story of the Rare 5-Star Chicago Flag That Wasn't Supposed To Exist'' . My Chicago . DNAinfo. Archived from the original on June 14, 2017 . Retrieved April 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Please, A Moratorium On Memorials'' . Chicago Tribune . 23 December 1987 . Retrieved 18 January 2013 . Ald. Raymond Figueroa and others want a fifth star added to the city's flag in memory of Mr. Washington. Jump up ^ Chicago 2016 Newswire (December 14, 2006), Chicago Students Creatively Try to Bring Home the Bid , Chicago 2016 Committee, archived from the original on February 10, 2007 , retrieved April 14, 2017 ^ Jump up to: Rumore, Kori; Marx, Ryan (June 13, 2016). `` Chicago's flag: The history of every star and every stripe'' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved April 14, 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) `` Art and Architecture: How the Chicago Municipal Flag Came to be Chosen'' , Chicago Daily Tribune , July 17, 1921, p. 21. `` City Gets New Flag Today with Third Star for 1933 Fair'' , Chicago Daily Tribune , October 9, 1933, p. 7. `` Fort Dearborn Gets a Star on Chicago's Flag'' , Chicago Daily Tribune , December 22, 1939. p. 18. External links ( edit ) NAVA city flag survey ( hide ) City of Chicago Architecture Beaches Climate Colleges and universities Community areas Crime Culture Demographics Economy companies Expressways Flag Geography Government Harbor History Politics Timeline Landmarks Literature Media Museums Neighborhoods Parks People Performing arts music theater Public schools list Skyscrapers Sports Tourism Transportation Visual arts Portal Cook County Metropolitan area Illinois United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_Chicago&oldid=811160981 '' Categories : Chicago Flags of cities in the United States Flags of Illinois Government of Chicago Hidden categories: CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Articles containing Latin-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français עברית Occitan Português Русский Simple English Ślůnski Svenska தமிழ் 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 19 November 2017, at 22:19. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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agents of shield season 5 episode 2 free download

Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack , Sabrina Arnold , David Rey , Kevin Yuille , Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation , Part 1 '' Nominated

Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season 5) - wikipedia Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (Season 5) Jump to: navigation , search Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. (season 5) Promotional poster Starring Clark Gregg Ming-Na Wen Chloe Bennet Iain De Caestecker Elizabeth Henstridge Henry Simmons Natalia Cordova-Buckley Country of origin United States No. of episodes 10 Release Original network ABC Original release December 1, 2017 ( 2017-12-01 ) -- present ( present ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 4 List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes The fifth season of the American television series Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , based on the Marvel Comics organization S.H.I.E.L.D. (Strategic Homeland Intervention, Enforcement, and Logistics Division), revolves around the character of Phil Coulson and other S.H.I.E.L.D. agents and allies as they try to save humanity while in space. It is set in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), sharing continuity with the films of the franchise . The season is produced by ABC Studios , Marvel Television , and Mutant Enemy Productions , with Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in May 2017. Alongside Clark Gregg , who reprises his role as Coulson from the film series, principal cast members Ming-Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons, while Natalia Cordova-Buckley is promoted to the principal cast after appearing in a recurring role since season three. Due to its broadcast schedule, the season was split into two `` pods'' , the first of which saw the S.H.I.E.L.D. team transported to deep space in the year 2091 . The season also saw Gregg make his directorial debut on the series, and will feature Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's 100th episode, which was promoted with a special commemorative art program. The fifth season began airing on December 1, 2017, and is set to run for 22 episodes on ABC until May 18, 2018. Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Notable guests 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.2.1 First pod 3.3 Casting 3.4 Design 3.5 Filming 3.6 Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.2.1 `` The Road to 100'' 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers (millions) 89 90 `` Orientation'' Jesse Bochco David Solomon Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen DJ Doyle December 1, 2017 ( 2017-12-01 ) 2.54 An unknown group seizes Phil Coulson , Melinda May, Daisy Johnson , Jemma Simmons, Alphonso `` Mack'' MacKenzie , and Yo-Yo Rodriguez and transports them to a space station through a monolith; Leo Fitz is left behind. Upon arrival, the team is heralded by Virgil, who dies soon after. They quickly regroup and meet Deke, who reveals that the space station, known as the Lighthouse, was built nearly ninety years prior. Hoping to send a message back to Earth, May and Simmons discover it is no longer habitable and appears to have been torn apart by a cataclysmic event. At the same time, Coulson discovers that the monolith transported them not through space, but through time. Elsewhere, Mack and Yo-Yo are held captive by the Kree, who maintain control of the station by encouraging bloodshed among its inhabitants. Back in the station, the team attempts to blend in by agreeing to work for Grill and meets Tess, who saves them during the Renewal. Coulson goes with Tess to learn more about Virgil's message and finds a hidden notebook. Meanwhile, Simmons is taken to meet Kasius, the Kree leader of the station, and is inducted as one of his servants. Later on, Johnson confronts Deke in his framework simulation, where he reveals she is the reason the Earth was torn apart. 91 `` A Life Spent'' Kevin Hooks Nora Zuckerman & Lilla Zuckerman December 8, 2017 ( 2017-12-08 ) 1.93 In preparation for Lady Basha's arrival, Simmons is given the task of helping an Inhuman champion control her abilities for her exhibition ceremony. Simmons is successful but becomes distraught when Kasius sells his champion to Lady Basha. While the team adapt to their new jobs, Grill becomes suspicious of the new arrivals and sends one of his men to spy on them. During a space expedition, Coulson, May, Mack, and Tess struggle to make sense of Virgil's notebook and discover a radio transmission supposedly originating from the Earth's surface. Grill's spy reports back, only to be framed as a traitor and exiled to die on Earth. Meanwhile, Yo-Yo helps Johnson get ahold of a Kree tablet to try and save Simmons. However, her mission is thwarted by Deke, who reports her to Kasius. Johnson is captured and taken to become his new champion. 92 `` A Life Earned'' Stan Brooks Drew Z. Greenberg December 15, 2017 ( 2017-12-15 ) 1.84 Johnson meets Ben, one of Kasius' other champions, capable of telepathy. Using Ben to corroborate their story, Kasius interrogates Johnson and Simmons about the others. They are able to convince Kasius they came alone, though he remains suspicious. During the interrogation, Ben learns that Kasius intends to destroy the station and everyone on it once he acquires enough profits to leave. Deke returns to the others to gather new information as they learn about the mysterious Level 35. Recognizing his father's voice on the radio transmission, Deke agrees to help them gain access to the restricted floor. There, they discover that Kasius is attempting to breed Inhumans. May also discovers Deke lied about Johnson's whereabouts, but get interrupted by Sinara's arrival. Coulson leaves with Deke, while May fights her alone. Meanwhile, Grill sends Mack to confront someone who owes him payment. Later, Fitz is revealed to be one of the bidders who have arrived for Johnson's exhibition. 93 5 `` Rewind'' Jesse Bochco Craig Titley December 22, 2017 ( 2017-12-22 ) 2.40 Shortly after the others are taken from the diner, Fitz is taken into military custody and interrogated about their whereabouts, including the assassination attempt on General Talbot, and deaths of Jeffrey Mace and Holden Radcliffe. For the next six months, Fitz is given special privileges that would hopefully allow him to locate the team but fails. With help from Lance Hunter , Fitz escapes the military facility and tracks down Enoch, the man who took the others. Enoch explains that a prophecy foretold these events and takes them to meet Robin, the daughter of Charles from Spacetime , who can also tell the future but through drawings. Tracked by the military, Enoch helps them escape to a secret bunker, where Fitz learns that he was left behind so he could save the team. Determined to help them, Fitz and Hunter break back into the same military facility to obtain a cryogenic pod. In the warehouse, they find all their old S.H.I.E.L.D. tech, including the Zephyr, which they use to escape. Back in the secret bunker, Fitz is put to sleep for the next 74 years and is awoken by Enoch, who prepares him for their arrival at the Lighthouse. 94 6 `` Fun & Games'' Clark Gregg Brent Fletcher January 5, 2018 ( 2018-01-05 ) 2.49 Down in the station, the Kree have harvested some of the youth for an unscheduled Terrigenesis ceremony. Flint , a friend of Tess, experiences a successful Terrigenesis and is taken into hiding with the team by Yo-Yo. Tess is killed and hanged for Flint's disappearance. During a dinner with the other bidders, Fitz quickly proves himself as a formidable character, earning Kasius' respect. The first exhibition is then held between Ben and May, resulting in May being sent to the surface, while Ben is killed for lying during Johnson's interrogation. Meanwhile, Grill finds the team and holds them captive, until Flint saves them using geokinesis against Grill, killing him. The unexpected arrival of Kasius' brother prompts Sinara to battle Johnson for her exhibition. During which, Johnson, Fitz, and Simmons are able to subdue the others and escape. During the escape, Simmons proposes to Fitz. 95 7 `` Together or Not at All'' Brad Turner Matt Owens January 12, 2018 ( 2018-01-12 ) 2.31 Johnson, Fitz, and Simmons are hunted throughout the station and discover the station is being sustained by gravitonium. Fitz is shot during the chase. Deke finds them and takes them to the rest of the team. Reunited, the team plot their escape to the Earth's surface by using a trawler and Deke's antigravity device. After learning about Tess' death, Flint decides to stay on the station to protect the remaining inhabitants. Mack and Yo-Yo agree to stay behind and help him. Coulson, Johnson, Fitz, Simmons, and Deke fly to the surface, but get caught in the gravity storm. Meanwhile, Kasius kills his brother and plots to regain his father's acceptance by recapturing Johnson with help from Sinara. On the surface, Enoch finds May, but their meeting is cut short by the approaching gravity storm. A mysterious figure takes them to safety, where they are greeted by an elderly Robin. 96 8 `` The Last Day'' Nina Lopez-Corrado James C. Oliver & Sharla Oliver January 19, 2018 ( 2018-01-19 ) 2.41 Coulson, Johnson, Fitz, Simmons, and Deke survive the crash and reunite with May in the Zephyr. They meet Samuel Voss, an acquaintance of Deke's father. Up on the Lighthouse, Kasius punishes the inhabitants by cutting off their resources. Flint, Mack, and Yo-Yo go to retrieve the weapons hidden by Fitz and discover Kasius has released the Vrellnexians onto the lower levels. They defeat the Vrellnexians and rescue the remaining inhabitants. On the surface, the team struggle to get answers from Robin and find a machine built into the Zephyr. While Fitz and Simmons attempt to remove Johnson's inhibitor, May and Coulson find a shard of the time monolith in Voss' locker. Deke questions Voss about the shard, which belonged to his parents, and gets knocked out. Voss then tries to kill Johnson and impales Robin to prevent her from giving the team answers. Before dying, Robin is comforted by May as she reveals their history and finally tells May how to save the world, which requires Flint. In the past, May is shown taking care of Robin and encouraging Fitz to build his machine so they can travel through time. 97 9 `` Best Laid Plans'' Garry A. Brown George Kitson January 26, 2018 ( 2018-01-26 ) 2.27 As the gravity storm worsens, the team attempt to relaunch the Zephyr. May reveals that using the shard, Flint can recreate the monolith allowing the team to travel back through time. Similar to the Lighthouse, Fitz and Simmons find gravitonium on the Zephyr and realize the designs were manufactured by Fitz himself. On the station, Flint, Mack, and Yo-Yo successfully gain control of the lower levels. Tess is resurrected by Kasius and sent to relay demands for him, who threatens to detonate explosives killing everyone if they are not met. Mack and Yo-Yo retaliate by placing the explosives on Level 35, the medical floor, which would prevent Kasius from breeding more Inhumans. During a standoff with Kasius, Flint evacuates the inhabitants to the upper levels and uses the remaining explosives to separate them from the lower levels, out of Kasius' reach. Using the gravity storm to her advantage, May navigates the Zephyr into space as Johnson battles Sinara again, this time killing her. Johnson then contacts Mack while the team are heading for the Lighthouse. 98 10 `` Past Life'' Eric Laneuville DJ Doyle February 2, 2018 ( 2018-02-02 ) 2.22 While Enoch stays on the Zephyr, the team focus on getting to Flint and rescuing the other Inhumans from captivity. Distraught over Sinara's death, Kasius infects Tye, the Inhuman trainer, with odium, a substance that excites maniacal behavior and sends him after the team. During a fight with Tye, Coulson gets infected with the odium. Kasius' seer is revealed to be Yo-Yo from the future, one who has lived through the time loop and endured endless torture. She reveals that the team's ultimate return will bring the end of the world and that the only solution is to let Coulson succumb to his infection. As Flint recreates the monolith, Mack leaves to find Yo-Yo and witnesses her future self's death by Kasius, who consumes the remaining odium and fights him. With help from Simmons, Mack kills Kasius and reunites with Yo-Yo, who is still alive in their timeline. Deke returns to the Zephyr in time to save Enoch and fix the machine, although at the cost of both of their lives, as the team returns to the present. 99 11 `` All the Comforts of Home'' Kate Woods Drew Z. Greenberg March 2, 2018 ( 2018-03-02 ) TBD 100 12 `` The Real Deal'' Kevin Tancharoen Jed Whedon & Maurissa Tancharoen & Jeffrey Bell March 9, 2018 ( 2018-03-09 ) TBD Salli Richardson-Whitfield directed an episode of the season. Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article: List of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. characters Main ( edit ) Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson Ming-Na Wen as Melinda May Chloe Bennet as Daisy Johnson / Quake Iain De Caestecker as Leo Fitz Elizabeth Henstridge as Jemma Simmons Henry Simmons as Alphonso `` Mack'' MacKenzie Natalia Cordova-Buckley as Elena `` Yo-Yo'' Rodriguez Recurring ( edit ) Jeff Ward as Deke Shaw Joel Stoffer as Enoch Eve Harlow as Tess Dominic Rains as Kasius Florence Faivre as Sinara Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill Coy Stewart as Flint Notable guests ( edit ) Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton Nick Blood as Lance Hunter Brian Patrick Wade as Carl Creel Briana Venskus as Piper Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) In January 2017, ahead of the mid-season premiere of the fourth season , ABC 's Channing Dungey said that she was `` very bullish '' about S.H.I.E.L.D. 's future, feeling that `` the episodes just keep getting better and stronger'' . The series was renewed for a fifth season of 22 episodes on May 11, with ABC looking to lower the cost of the series moving forward, by reducing its budget and licensing fee. Asked whether she had considered giving the season a shorter episode order, Dungey noted that every season of the series had been 22 episodes long, and she felt its prior success in delayed viewership and overseas justified continuing that. She added that the `` show has continued to grow creatively every season. I feel like last season (was) its strongest creatively yet. I'm very excited for what we have planned for Season 5.'' It was reported that Disney , the parent company of Marvel Television , ABC Studios , and ABC, had given a mandate to ABC to renew Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. `` despite the desire by some at the network to end the series'' . Writing ( edit ) In May 2017, ahead of the fifth season renewal, showrunner and executive producer Jed Whedon said the writers were not sure what would happen in the season, and that it would be `` by the seat of our pants.'' The season explores the ramifications of Phil Coulson making a deal with Ghost Rider at the end of the previous season, as well as the groundwork laid by Aida for humans to fear S.H.I.E.L.D. and Inhumans . Whedon stated, `` The public perception of S.H.I.E.L.D. is at an all-time low, so we have not resolved that, and there will be still more fallout from it.'' Moving beyond the Framework reality established at the end of season four, Tancharoen said the emotional impact from the characters' experiences would `` be something that resonates throughout the season'' , especially for Fitz and Mack. When asked if the season would be broken into pods as with season four, executive producer Jeffrey Bell said, `` A 22-episode arc is a lot for people to hold onto. By breaking it up into either smaller arcs or different pods, by introducing a set of antagonists and putting them down, or moving from space to space, our experience has been that it's something the viewers enjoy, and it makes it a little easier to digest when you're telling some of these stories.'' However, Whedon noted that it would depend on how the season would be aired as to where the story is broken up. The season ultimately was broken into two pod story arcs, with each pod having a different emphases, but the whole season having an arc `` that will pay off'' . The writers for the season began work at the end of May 2017. First pod ( edit ) The first pod of the season was informally referred to by the production team as S.H.I.E.L.D. in Space . Ahead of the season premiere, executive producer Maurissa Tancharoen said that `` every year we reset the series, and this year we definitely knew that it would be the most giant reset to date (with the characters going to space). Just creatively across the board for everyone, art direction, all of it, our sets, you'll see an overhaul.'' On the move to space, Whedon commented, `` Last year was about tearing everybody apart. We spent a lot of time doing that ... So our goal this year was... putting (this) family together in an intense situation (that) will end up causing drama internally, inevitably... we've spent this many years with them, let's throw them on the craziest roller coaster adventure we could think of.'' The main characters eventually return home to their time period. Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Clark Gregg , Ming-Na Wen , Chloe Bennet , Iain De Caestecker , Elizabeth Henstridge , and Henry Simmons return from previous seasons as Phil Coulson, Melinda May, Daisy Johnson / Quake , Leo Fitz, Jemma Simmons, and Alphonso `` Mack'' MacKenzie , respectively. Before the 2017 New York Comic-Con, it was revealed that Natalia Cordova-Buckley had been promoted to series regular for the season, after recurring in the past two seasons as Elena `` Yo-Yo'' Rodriguez . In September 2017, former series regular Nick Blood was announced as returning to reprise his role of Lance Hunter . Blood left the series during the third season , to star in the spin-off series Marvel's Most Wanted , which never came to fruition. Adrianne Palicki , who portrayed Bobbi Morse and also left in the third season for Most Wanted with Blood, expressed interest in October 2017 in returning to guest star in the season, saying she `` would absolutely come back'' if asked. Also returning from earlier in the series are Joel Stoffer as Enoch, who was simply credited as `` silhouetted man'' in his previous appearance, and Lola Glaudini as Polly Hinton. Polly's daughter Robin also appears, portrayed by multiple actresses, after the character made an uncredited appearance in `` Ascension '' . Lexy Kolker appears as 7-years-old Robin, Ava Kolker appears as 12-year-old Robin, and Willow Hale appears as an older Robin, when she is also known as The Seer. Brian Patrick Wade also appears from earlier seasons as Carl Creel , along with Briana Venskus and Maximilian Osinski as S.H.I.E.L.D. agents Piper and Davis, respectively. Jeff Ward was cast in a recurring role in August 2017, and was revealed in October to be portraying Deke Shaw, alongside other newcomers Eve Harlow as Tess, Coy Stewart as Flint , and Pruitt Taylor Vince as Grill. Other recurring guests include Dominic Rains as Kasius, Florence Faivre as Sinara, Jay Hunter as a Kree watch commander, and Tunisha Hubbard as Ava. Design ( edit ) The title card for the season After leaving the series during the fourth season, costume designer Ann Foley returned for the first two episodes of the fifth season, before handing over to Whitney Galitz, who had assisted her on the previous few seasons, and Christann Chanell. The opening for `` Orientation'' is reminiscent of the sequence for `` 4,722 Hours '' , forgoing the title card and having the typeface silently fading onto the screen. The subsequent episodes of the season feature a title card with the series name against a backdrop of a destroyed Earth. Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 20, 2017. In May 2017, Gregg expressed interest in directing an episode in the season, and confirmed that September he would be directing an episode, which was the sixth of the season, `` Fun & Games'' . Gregg felt the idea of directing was `` daunting'' as he would need to be doing `` five weeks of double duty'' , needing to act in addition to the various aspects of directing the episode. He reached out to fellow S.H.I.E.L.D. directors Kevin Tancharoen , Billy Gierhart , and Jesse Bochco to get tips on filming for the series. Bennet felt Gregg was able to bring out performances from the cast `` that another director probably wouldn't have been able to because he knows the characters so well.'' Gregg added that he had `` shorthand with (the other actors) about what we want to try to do, ways the script could give us a chance to push us into new territory. They all also have deep and interesting ideas that helped me.'' Gregg also received a deeper appreciation for some of the other departments on the series he normally does not encounter on a regular basis and the work they contribute to each episode. Marvel Cinematic Universe tie-ins ( edit ) In terms of having connections to Marvel's Inhumans , Whedon felt it was doubtful, but noted `` we also want there to be a bigger reward for people who watch all of (the MCU series), so they'll start to see that there's lines connecting it. It's more fun for people who are playing the whole game, but if you don't , you'll still have a great rollercoaster ride.'' In November 2017, Whedon said that the season would not have moved the characters to space if the recent MCU films like Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and Thor: Ragnarok had not been exploring that part of the MCU, but that this would remain a `` thematic tie'' . He explained that they had moved on from the overt tie-ins with the MCU films that the series utilized in earlier seasons because `` we have our own mythology. That started to be much more interesting to us, and hopefully to the audience, just digging that stuff up. No one wants to come to see our show to see another show.'' Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing in the United States on ABC on December 1, 2017, beginning once Inhumans finished airing its episodes. It is set to run for 22 episodes, with a short hiatus for the airing of the 2018 Winter Olympics between `` Past Life'' and `` All the Comforts of Home'' . The season is intended to conclude on May 18, 2018. The fifth season moved to a Friday timeslot, alongside the seventh season of ABC's Once Upon a Time , with ABC chief Channing Dungey explaining, `` We've turned Friday into more of a destination for our fantasy and science fiction fans. Once Upon a Time and S.H.I.E.L.D. are airing on the same night for the first time, which is giving many fans of both shows what they've been asking for for a long time.'' Andy Kubitz, executive vice president for program planning and scheduling at ABC, added that ABC had `` confidence that (the S.H.I.E.L.D. ) core audience... (would) travel with it'' to its new Friday time slot. He continued, `` The great thing about Friday night for these shows is it gives three days of downtime for a lot of these younger viewers to be able to catch up on it. You've got Saturday and Sunday viewing that will be able to be counted into our C3 to help us monetize it.'' Marketing ( edit ) The main cast of the season appeared at New York Comic Con on October 7, 2017, where they promoted the season and debuted the first 20 minutes of the first episode of the season. A shortened version of the footage was released by ABC and Marvel on November 26, 2017, as a sneak peek before the season premiere later that week. `` The Road to 100'' ( edit ) In December 2017, Marvel announced the `` Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Road to 100'' art program to commemorate the series reaching 100 episodes. The program features five posters, one for each season of the series, representing `` key pivotal moments of each season'' . The art also appeared as variant covers to select titles published by Marvel Comics in March 2018. Megan Thomas Bradner, Vice President of Development and Production, Live Action at Marvel Television, called reaching 100 episodes `` quite a feat... and it felt special enough to share with the fans that got us here. By working with some of our favorite comic artists, we felt we could show a large variety of meaningful moments and the characters that helped get us to a 100.'' She added that the program `` commemorates these creators, the actors, the characters and a hundred amazing stories'' . The first poster, highlighting season one , was created by Dale Keown. It features four panels, showcasing the moment Coulson and Grant Ward approached Skye in her van from the pilot , Coulson learning he survived the Battle of New York from the T.A.H.I.T.I. program and a drug from a half-dissected Kree alien corpse, the moment Grant Ward revealed he was a Hydra agent by killing Victoria Hand , and Fitz giving Simmons the last remaining oxygen tank and declaring his love for her in the season one finale . The second poster, highlighting season two , was created by Daniel Acuña . The scenes depicted are Coulson writing the Inhuman map on a wall; Daisy coming out of her Terrigenesis; the S.H.I.E.L.D. team, Bobbi Morse, Lance Hunter, and the `` real S.H.I.E.L.D.'' logo; and May cradling the deceased body of Katya Belyakov . The third poster, highlighting season three , was created by Nick Bradshaw. The poster shows the S.H.I.E.L.D. team and Hive, along with the Hydra logo breaking the S.H.I.E.L.D. logo and its tentacles covering much of the poster. Specific moments highlighted include Fitz and Simmons after she has been pulled from the portal to Maveth, Coulson killing Ward on Maveth, and the formation of the Secret Warriors . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No. Title Air date Rating/share (18-- 49) Viewers (millions) DVR (18-- 49) DVR viewers (millions) Total (18-- 49) Total viewers (millions) 1/2 `` Orientation '' December 1, 2017 0.7/3 2.54 0.6 1.72 1.3 4.27 `` A Life Spent '' December 8, 2017 0.5/2 1.93 0.7 1.68 1.2 3.61 `` A Life Earned '' December 15, 2017 0.5/2 1.84 N/A N/A N/A N/A 5 `` Rewind '' December 22, 2017 0.6/3 2.40 N/A N/A N/A N/A 6 `` Fun & Games '' January 5, 2018 0.7/3 2.49 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7 `` Together or Not at All '' January 12, 2018 0.6/3 2.31 0.7 1.75 1.3 4.07 8 `` The Last Day '' January 19, 2018 0.6/3 2.41 0.8 1.82 1.4 4.23 9 `` Best Laid Plans '' January 26, 2018 0.6/3 2.27 0.6 1.72 1.2 4.00 10 `` Past Life '' February 2, 2018 0.6/3 2.22 0.6 1.74 1.2 3.96 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 100% approval rating with an average rating of 7.67 out of 10 based on 10 reviews. Reviewing the premiere episodes, Merrill Barr of Forbes felt moving the series to space was not a reboot of the series, rather `` a continuation, in some form, of the story set-up at the end of last season. The show is not different. The team is still trying to save the world. They're just doing it in a new place and new way. Overall, there's a lot to love about what S.H.I.E.L.D. is doing in the new season. It's a crazy ride fans are going to be glad they've stayed aboard for. The `` Agents of Hydra'' run (at the end of season four) was a bit weak. The space run is so far proving to be anything but.'' Jon Negroni of We Got This Covered praised the show for its delightful twists and turns and for not relying on what's already worked, adding that `` it's a testament to the show's ongoing experimentation that we can watch these characters get to space and believe that this is far from their final frontier.'' He felt, however, that there was `` little room for pathos and seeds for character development'' and that `` we know almost nothing about where these individuals are at emotionally because of how fast we blazed through the finale.'' Alex McLevy of The A.V. Club praised the move to space, saying that `` if season four was Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. firing on all cylinders, especially during its stellar ' Agents of Hydra' arc in the Framework, then this is the look of a show that knows it has mastered its storytelling, and is confidently expanding the scope of its ambition.'' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Category Recipient Result Ref. 2018 TVLine's Performer of the Week Performance in `` The Last Day '' Ming-Na Wen Nominated Visual Effects Society Awards Outstanding Visual Effects in a Photoreal Episode Mark Kolpack, Sabrina Arnold, David Rey, Kevin Yuille, Gary D'Amico for `` Orientation, Part 1'' Nominated References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (December 4, 2017). `` ' Blue Bloods' and ' The Exorcist' adjust down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4, 2017 . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (December 11, 2017). `` ' Blue Bloods' adjusts down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28, 2017 . Retrieved December 11, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (December 18, 2017). `` ' Hawaii Five-0' adjusts down: Friday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 28, 2017 . 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Reddit (/r/MarvelStudios subreddit). Archived from the original on May 17, 2017 . Retrieved May 17, 2017 . I may direct an episode in season 5. if I don't pass out from exhaustion just thinking about it. Jump up ^ Gregg, Clark (@clarkgregg) (September 12, 2017). `` I'm directing my first one starting this week. #DaisyDatesanAlien'' (Tweet). Archived from the original on September 12, 2017 . Retrieved September 12, 2017 -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to: Dinh, Christine (January 4, 2018). `` Clark Gregg Shares His Experience On ' Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D.' Directorial Debut'' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on January 5, 2018 . Retrieved January 5, 2018 . Jump up ^ Schwartz, Terri (January 2, 2018). `` Clark Gregg Directs His Own `` Mini-Marvel Movie'' In New Agents Of SHIELD Episode`` . IGN . Archived from the original on January 9, 2018 . 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The Futon Critic . Retrieved July 21, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. on IMDb Marvel's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. at TV.com S.H.I.E.L.D. Creators : Stan Lee Jack Kirby Characters Executive Directors George W. Bridge Sharon Carter Timothy Dugan Nick Fury Maria Hill Daisy Johnson Norman Osborn Steve Rogers Tony Stark Field Agents Clay Quartermain Victoria Hand Jasper Sitwell Al MacKenzie Mitch Carson Valentina Allegra de Fontaine Jessica Drew Clint Barton Natasha Romanova Barbara Morse Jimmy Woo Alexander Goodwin Pierce John Garrett Nick Fury Jr. Sam Wilson Antagonists A.I.M. H.A.M.M.E.R. Hand Hydra Leviathan Maggia Masters of Evil Mys-Tech Purifiers Secret Empire Squadron Supreme Thunderbolts Taskmaster Zodiac Affiliations Avengers Dark Mighty Secret Howling Commandos Project Livewire Team White (Secret Warriors) S.T.R.I.K.E. S.T.A.K.E. S.W.O.R.D. 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who dies at the end of the fellowship of the ring

The poet W.H. Auden wrote a positive review in The New York Times , praising the excitement and saying `` Tolkien 's invention is unflagging , and , on the primitive level of wanting to know what happens next , The Fellowship of the Ring is at least as good as The Thirty - Nine Steps '' . However , he noted that the light humour in the beginning was `` not Tolkien 's forte '' . It was also favourably reviewed by nature writer Loren Eiseley . Literary critic Edmund Wilson titled his unflattering review Oo , those awful Orcs .

The Fellowship of the Ring - wikipedia The Fellowship of the Ring Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see The Fellowship of the Ring (disambiguation) . The Fellowship of the Ring First edition Author J.R.R. Tolkien Country United Kingdom Language English Genre Fantasy Publisher George Allen & Unwin Publication date 29 July 1954 Preceded by The Hobbit Followed by The Two Towers The Fellowship of the Ring is the first of three volumes of the epic novel The Lord of the Rings by the English author J.R.R. Tolkien . It is followed by The Two Towers and The Return of the King . It takes place in the fictional universe of Middle-earth . It was originally published on 29 July 1954 in the United Kingdom. The volume consists of a prologue titled `` Concerning Hobbits , and other matters'' followed by Book I and Book II. Contents ( hide ) 1 Title and publication 2 Plot summary 2.1 Book I: The Ring Sets Out 2.2 Book II: The Ring Goes South 3 Members of the Fellowship of the Ring 4 Critical reception 5 See also 6 Editions 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Title and publication ( edit ) Tolkien envisioned The Lord of the Rings as a single volume work divided into six sections he called `` books'' along with extensive appendices. The original publisher made the decision to split the work into three parts. It was also the publisher's decision to place the fifth and sixth books and the appendices into one volume under the title The Return of the King , in reference to Aragorn 's assumption of the throne of Gondor . Tolkien indicated he would have preferred The War of the Ring as a title, as it gave away less of the story. Before the decision to publish The Lord of the Rings in three volumes was made, Tolkien had hoped to publish the novel in one volume, possibly also combined with The Silmarillion . However, he had proposed titles for the individual six sections. Of the two books that comprise what became The Fellowship of the Ring the first was to be called The First Journey or The Ring Sets Out . The name of the second was The Journey of the Nine Companions or The Ring Goes South . The titles The Ring Sets Out and The Ring Goes South were used in the Millennium edition . Plot summary ( edit ) See also: The Lord of the Rings § Plot summary The Prologue is meant partly to help people who have not read The Hobbit to understand the events of that book. It also contains other background information to set the stage for the novel. Book I: the Ring Sets out ( edit ) The first chapter in the book begins in a light vein, following the tone of The Hobbit . Bilbo Baggins celebrates his 111th (or eleventy-first, as it is called in Hobbiton ) birthday on the same day, 22 September, that his younger cousin and adopted heir Frodo Baggins celebrates his coming of age at thirty-three. At the birthday party, Bilbo departs from the Shire , the land of the Hobbits , for what he calls a permanent holiday. Bilbo does so by using the magic ring (that he had found on his journey) to disappear and is aided by Gandalf the Wizard with a flash and puff of smoke, leading many in the Shire to believe he has gone mad. He leaves Frodo his remaining belongings, including his home, Bag End , and the Ring. It becomes apparent that Bilbo has been strained over the past several years, and he is at first unwilling to give up the Ring, which concerns Gandalf. Eventually, he gives up the Ring and appears to be relieved of a huge burden. Gandalf leaves on his own business, warning Frodo to keep the Ring secret. Over the next seventeen years, Gandalf periodically pays short visits to Bag End. One spring night, he arrives to enlighten Frodo about Bilbo's ring; it is the One Ring of Sauron the Dark Lord . He proves this by flinging the Ring into the fireplace, the heat of which causes the Ring to display Elf-writing in the language of Mordor. Sauron had forged the Ring to subdue and rule Middle-earth , but in the War of the Last Alliance , he had been defeated by Gil-galad the Elven King and Elendil , High King of Arnor and Gondor , though they themselves perished in the deed. Isildur , Elendil's son, cut the Ring from Sauron's finger. Sauron was overthrown, but the Ring itself was not destroyed as it should have been, for Isildur kept it for himself. Isildur was slain soon afterwards in the Battle of the Gladden Fields , and the Ring was lost in Great River Anduin . Thousands of years later, it was found by the hobbit Déagol ; but Déagol was thereupon murdered by his friend Sméagol , who wanted the Ring for himself. Sméagol took the Ring and kept it for hundreds of years, and under its influence he became a wretched creature named Gollum . The Ring was found by Bilbo Baggins, as told in The Hobbit , and Bilbo left it behind for Frodo. Frodo wonders why Bilbo did not kill the creature when he had the chance, but Gandalf reminds him that Bilbo's pity saved him in the end and did not make him like Gollum. Gandalf tells how Sauron has risen again and has returned to his stronghold in Mordor and is bending all his power toward the hunting of the Ring. Gandalf speaks of the evil powers of the Ring and its ability to influence the bearer and those near him if it is worn for too long. Gandalf warns Frodo that the Ring is no longer safe in the Shire. He has learned through his investigations that Gollum had gone to Mordor, where he was captured and tortured until he revealed to Sauron that the Ring was in the keeping of a hobbit named Baggins from the Shire. Gandalf hopes Frodo can reach the elf -haven Rivendell , east of the Shire, where he believes Frodo and the Ring will be safe from Sauron, and where the Ring's fate can be decided. Samwise Gamgee , Frodo's gardener and friend, is discovered eavesdropping on the conversation. Out of loyalty to his master, Sam agrees to accompany Frodo on his journey. Over the summer, Frodo makes plans to leave his home at Bag End, under the pretence that he is moving to the eastern end of the Shire (Buckland) to retire. Helping with the plans are Frodo's friends Sam, Peregrin Took (Pippin for short), Meriadoc Brandybuck (Merry), and Fredegar Bolger (Fatty), though Frodo does not tell them of the Ring or of his intention to leave the Shire. At midsummer, Gandalf leaves on pressing business, but promises to return before Frodo leaves. Frodo's birthday and the date of his departure approach, but Gandalf does not appear, so Frodo decides to leave without him. Black Riders pursue Frodo's party. These turn out to be Nazgûl or Ringwraiths, `` the most terrible servants of the Dark Lord'' (men who have been corrupted by Sauron through the Nine Rings), who are searching for `` Baggins'' and the Ring. One of the Riders comes to the door of Sam's father, the Gaffer , the very evening before they depart. With the help of some elves led by Gildor and a hobbit named Farmer Maggot , the hobbits cross the Brandywine River and reach Crickhollow on the eastern border of the Shire. There Merry, Pippin, and Fatty reveal that they know of the Ring and of Frodo's plan to leave the Shire. Merry and Pippin decide to join Frodo and Sam, while Fatty stays behind as a decoy. In hopes of eluding the Nazgûl , the hobbits travel through the Old Forest . There the group fall asleep by a willow-tree and wake up to realize that its roots are trying to strangle them, but luckily Tom Bombadil comes to their aid. They then go to the house of Bombadil and meet his wife Goldberry. There they discover that the Ring has no power over Bombadil-- he does not disappear while wearing it and can see Frodo even after he has vanished from his friends' sight. In the evening, Frodo has a dream about Gandalf standing on the pinnacle of a tower and then a vision of a rain curtain in front of a ship on which he is sailing. They then leave Bombadil's only to be captured by a barrow wight in the Barrow-downs , but they again escape with help from Tom and finally reach the gate of the village of Bree . In Bree, the hobbits go to The Prancing Pony Inn, where Barliman Butterbur is the owner. Frodo goes by the name of `` Underhill'' rather than Baggins. While visiting with other hobbits and men from Bree, Frodo makes eye contact with a mysterious-looking man in the corner. The man then warns Frodo that Pippin is close to revealing who the hobbits really are, so Frodo begins to recite a poem that earns the applause of everyone in the inn. When he recites it a second time, Frodo gets carried away and falls off the table and accidentally lets the Ring slip on his finger causing him to disappear. The incident causes a major commotion, and several rough-looking men leave the inn. Frodo reappears and said that he slipped away out of embarrassment, but few buy the explanation. The hobbits then retire from the common room only to find that they have been followed by the mysterious man, who goes by the name Strider, a Ranger . He claims to be a friend of Gandalf and warns that the Nazgûl are after them and only he can guide them to Rivendell. Frodo doubts Strider until Butterbur comes in with a note from Gandalf to Frodo left some time earlier. Gandalf says to trust Strider and ask him his real name. Without even being asked, Strider reveals his name as Aragorn son of Arathorn and is the heir of Isildur in the North. Merry then comes in a says he was waylaid by the Nazgûl . Strider has them spend the night in another room. The Nazgûl then attack both the house at Crickhollow and the inn at Bree but do not find Frodo in either spot. The next morning, Frodo learns that their riding ponies have been driven off by the Nazgûl and their allies. They manage to secure one beast from one of the Nazgûl collaborators, Bill Ferny, one of the men of Bree. Curious because of all the events, the whole town turns out to see them off. The hobbits and Strider make their way cross-country, through the Midgewater Marshes, to the hill of Weathertop , where they spot five of the Nazgûl on the road below. They then see evidence of a major fire fight and a stone that might indicate Gandalf got there ahead of them. That night, five of the Nazgûl attack the travellers. Frodo yields to the temptation and puts on the Ring, and see the Nazgûl in their full form. He attempts to attack them, but the chief of the Nazgûl stabs Frodo in the shoulder with a cursed knife before Aragorn drives them off with torches. A splinter of the blade remains within the wound, causing Frodo to fall very ill as they travel to Rivendell. Aragorn warns them that, unless treated soon, Frodo will become a wraith like the Nazgûl himself. As the travellers near their destination, they meet Glorfindel , an elf-lord from Rivendell, who helps them reach the River Bruinen near Rivendell. But the Nazgûl , all nine now gathered together, ambush the party at the Ford of Bruinen . Glorfindel's horse outruns the pursuers and carries Frodo across the Ford. As the Nazgûl attempt to follow, a giant wave commanded by Elrond , the lord of Rivendell, sweeps them away and Frodo collapses. Book II: the Ring goes South ( edit ) Book II opens in Rivendell at the house of Elrond . Frodo is healed by Elrond and discovers that Bilbo has been residing there. Bilbo asks to see the Ring again, but Frodo resists because of the Ring's power, which leads Bilbo to understand at last. Frodo also meets many notable figures, including Glóin -- one of the dwarves who accompanied Bilbo on his journey to the Lonely Mountain -- and Legolas , Prince of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood . Frodo learns about the remaining dwarves, including Balin , Ori , and Óin who had not been heard from in some time. Elrond convenes a Council, attended by Gandalf , Bilbo, Frodo, Aragorn and many others, including Boromir , son of Denethor , the Steward of Gondor . Glóin explains that Balin had led an expedition to reclaim the old dwarf kingdom of Moria , but they had not heard from him in years. Furthermore, Glóin tells the group that the Nazgûl had come to Dale and the Lonely Mountain looking for Bilbo and the Ring. Legolas then tells the council that Gollum had escaped from his captivity with the Elves and was also abroad and hunting for the Ring. Boromir then stands and relates the details of a dream he and his brother Faramir both received, telling them to seek `` the Sword That Was Broken'' and `` Isildur 's Bane'' in Rivendell. Elrond then has Frodo bring out the Ring, which is revealed as `` Isildur's Bane'' . Gandalf explains that he had gone to Isengard , where the wizard Saruman , the chief of all wizards in Middle-earth , dwells, to seek help and counsel. However, Saruman had turned against them, desiring the Ring for himself. Saruman imprisoned Gandalf in his tower, Orthanc , rightly suspecting that Gandalf knew where the Ring was. Gandalf, however, did not yield and managed to escape from Orthanc. He learns that Saruman is not yet in Sauron's service, and is mustering his own force of Orcs . As the Council of Elrond concludes, a plan is hatched to cast the One Ring into the fires of Mount Doom in Mordor , which will destroy the Ring and end Sauron 's power for good. Boromir objects and argues for using the Ring to overcome Sauron and relieve Gondor, but Elrond says that the Ring cannot be used for good because of its intrinsic evil and its corrupting power even on those with the best intentions. Frodo offers to undertake this dangerous quest , and is thus chosen to be the Ring-bearer . Frodo sets forth from Rivendell with eight companions: two Men , Aragorn and Boromir; Legolas; Gandalf; Gimli the Dwarf, the son of Glóin ; and Frodo's three Hobbit companions. These Nine Walkers (called the Fellowship of the Ring) are chosen to represent all the free races of Middle-earth and as a balance to the Nazgûl . They are also accompanied by Bill the Pony , whom Aragorn and the Hobbits acquired in Bree as a pack horse. The Fellowship attempt to cross the Misty Mountains is foiled by heavy snow, and then they are attacked by a host of Wargs that have moved west of the Mountains to hunt for the Ring. Thus, they are forced to take a path under the mountains, through the mines of Moria , the ancient dwarf kingdom. There, they discover that Balin, Ori, and Óin were all killed by Orcs and other evil creatures that thwarted their attempt to retake Moria. Those same orcs then attack the travellers, and during the battle that ensues, Gandalf encounters a Balrog of Morgoth , an ancient demon of fire and shadow. Gandalf challenges the Balrog, but both fall into an abyss. The remaining eight members of the Fellowship escape from Moria and head toward the elf-haven of Lothlórien , where they are given gifts from the rulers Celeborn and Galadriel that in many cases prove useful later during the Quest. After leaving Lothlórien the Fellowship reach Amon Hen . There Frodo tries to decide the future course of the Fellowship. Boromir succumbs to the Ring's corruptive influence and tries to take it for himself, and Frodo ends up putting on the Ring to escape from Boromir. While the rest of the Fellowship scatters to hunt for Frodo, Frodo decides the Fellowship has to be broken, and he must depart secretly for Mordor alone to prevent the rest of his companions from becoming enslaved by the influence of the Ring. Sam insists on coming along, however, and they set off together to Mordor. The Fellowship is thus broken. Members of the Fellowship of the Ring ( edit ) See also: List of Middle-earth characters The Fellowship was formed at Rivendell in late T.A. 3018 following the Council of Elrond . It was decided that it should be a relatively small company; the number was set at nine to symbolically oppose the nine Nazgûl . In order of announcement the members of the Fellowship were: Member Race Age Frodo Baggins Hobbit 50 Adopted heir of Bilbo and the Ring -bearer. Samwise `` Sam'' Gamgee Hobbit 38 Frodo's gardener; becomes Frodo's companion on the quest. Gandalf the Grey Istari primeval Wizard who leads the Fellowship until the Bridge of Khazad-dûm in Moria , where he falls in combat with a Balrog . Legolas Elf 500+ Son of Thranduil , king of the Silvan Elves of Mirkwood . He came to inform Elrond of the escape of Gollum . Gimli Dwarf 139 Son of Glóin . He came to Rivendell from the Lonely Mountain with his father to seek advice on the disappearance of Balin , and to warn Bilbo that Sauron 's agents are seeking him. Aragorn (Strider) Man 87 Chief Ranger of the North and heir of Isildur and Elendil ; he had accompanied the hobbits from Bree to Rivendell. Boromir Man 40 Son and heir of Denethor II, Steward of Gondor . He came to Rivendell seeking the meaning of a prophetic dream. Meriadoc `` Merry'' Brandybuck Hobbit 36 Son and heir of the Master of Buckland , cousin to both Pippin and Frodo. He is particularly close to Pippin. Peregrin `` Pippin'' Took Hobbit 28 Son and heir of the Thain in Tookland, he is the youngest member of the group and cousin to both Merry and Frodo. In The Lord of the Rings , Tolkien speaks more often of the `` Company'' of the Ring rather than the `` Fellowship'' , as reflected in the page references in Robert Foster 's The Complete Guide to Middle-earth . However, as it appears in the title of the book, `` Fellowship'' has become the familiar term. Critical reception ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2010) The poet W.H. Auden wrote a positive review in The New York Times , praising the excitement and saying `` Tolkien's invention is unflagging, and, on the primitive level of wanting to know what happens next, The Fellowship of the Ring is at least as good as The Thirty-Nine Steps '' . However, he noted that the light humour in the beginning was `` not Tolkien's forte'' . It was also favourably reviewed by nature writer Loren Eiseley . Literary critic Edmund Wilson titled his unflattering review Oo, those awful Orcs . See also ( edit ) Middle-earth portal J.R.R. Tolkien's The Lord of the Rings (1978 animated film) The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001 live-action film) The Lord of the Rings in theater -- Two adaptations that have important musical elements, but the producers do not consider these to be standard `` stage musicals'' . The History of The Lord of the Rings -- a collection of material from early drafts of Lord of the Rings . Editions ( edit ) Some editions are listed below. A more complete list, including non-English editions, may be found at the Internet Speculative Fiction Database . ISBN 0-345-24032-4 (paperback, 1974) ISBN 0-618-00222-7 (paperback, 1999) ISBN 0-345-33970-3 (paperback, 2001) ISBN 0-618-34625-2 (paperback, 2003) ISBN 0-618-57494-8 (paperback, 2005) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The negotiations between Tolkien and Allen & Unwin over the publication of The Lord of the Rings and the possibility of including The Silmarillion (which was still incomplete) are covered passim in the entries for 1950 through 1952 in the Chronology of The J.R.R. Tolkien Companion and Guide by Scull and Hammond (p. 355-- 393). Several of Tolkien's letters in The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , edited by Humphrey Carpenter, touch on this matter, notably Letters 123, 124 (in which Tolkien explicitly desires to have the works published together), 125, 126, 131, and 133. Jump up ^ At the time of the Fellowship's formation. N.B.: all of the Fellowship (possibly except Boromir) were from races or sub-races who had lifespans much longer than ordinary humans. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Fellowship of the Ring'' . Between the Covers . Retrieved 2 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Jane Chance. Tolkien' Art: A Mythology for England . Jump up ^ Carpenter, Humphrey , ed. (1981), The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien , Boston: Houghton Mifflin , #140, ISBN 0-395-31555-7 Jump up ^ J.R.R. Tolkien (1954), The Two Towers , George Allen & Unwin, 2nd edition (1966), book 3 ch.6 p.111; ISBN 0 04 823046 4 . Jump up ^ Auden, W.H. (31 October 1954). `` The Hero Is a Hobbit'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 4 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Auden, W.H. (22 January 1956). `` At the end of the Quest, Victory'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 28 December 2010 . Jump up ^ Wilson, Edmund (14 April 1956), `` Oo, Those awful Orcs!: A review of The Fellowship of the Ring'' , The Nation. Jump up ^ `` Title: The Fellowship of the Ring'' . Internet Speculative Fiction Database . Archived from the original on 30 September 2017 . Retrieved 30 September 2017 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: The Fellowship of the Ring Detailed summary and analysis of The Fellowship of the Ring Detailed summary and analysis of characters, themes, and symbols of The Fellowship of the Ring The Fellowship of the Ring at the Internet Book List J.R.R. Tolkien Bibliography Fiction Songs for the Philologists (1936) The Hobbit (1937) Leaf by Niggle (1947) The Lay of Aotrou and Itroun (1945/2016) Farmer Giles of Ham (1949) The Homecoming of Beorhtnoth Beorhthelm's Son (1953) The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring (1954) The Two Towers (1954) The Return of the King (1955) The Adventures of Tom Bombadil (1962) Tree and Leaf (1964) The Tolkien Reader (1966) The Road Goes Ever On (1967) Smith of Wootton Major (1967) Posthumous fiction The Father Christmas Letters (1976) The Silmarillion (1977) Poems and Stories (1980) Unfinished Tales (1980) Mr. Bliss (1982) Bilbo's Last Song (1990) The History of Middle-earth (1983-- 1996) Tales from the Perilous Realm (1997) Roverandom (1998) The Children of Húrin (2007) The History of The Hobbit (2007) The Legend of Sigurd and Gudrún (2009) The Fall of Arthur (2013) The Story of Kullervo (2015) The Tale of Beren and Lúthien (2017) Academic works Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (Middle English text, 1925) The Devil's Coach Horses (1925) Ancrene Wisse and Hali Meiðhad (1929) Sigelwara Land (1932-- 34) Chaucer as a Philologist: The Reeve's Tale (1934) Beowulf: The Monsters and the Critics (1936) On Fairy-Stories (1939) On Translating Beowulf (1940) Sir Orfeo (1944) Ancrene Wisse (1962) English and Welsh (1963) Jerusalem Bible (as translator and lexicographer, 1966) Posthumous academic Sir Gawain and the Green Knight , Pearl , and Sir Orfeo (Modern English translations, 1975) Finn and Hengest (1982) The Monsters and the Critics, and Other Essays (1983) Beowulf and the Critics (2002) Beowulf: A Translation and Commentary with Sellic Spell (2014) A Secret Vice (1983/2016) List of Tolkien's alliterative verse Related Influences Languages constructed by Tolkien Inklings Mythopoeic Society The Tolkien Society Tolkien Reading Day Tolkien Studies Memorials Tolkien research Works inspired by Tolkien J.R.R. Tolkien: A Biography (1977, authorized biography) Tolkien (biographical film) Family Edith Tolkien (wife) Christopher Tolkien (son) Simon Tolkien (grandson) J.R.R. Tolkien's legendarium Writings Principal works The Silmarillion The Hobbit The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Other works The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On Posthumous publications Unfinished Tales The Letters of J.R.R. Tolkien The History of Middle-earth (12 volumes) Bilbo's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Fictional universe Characters Peoples Individual Dwarves Individual Elves Individual Hobbits Hobbit families Individual Númenóreans Individual Orcs Kings of Arnor House of Isildur Rangers of the North Arvedui Aragorn Eldarion Kings of Dale Kings of Gondor House of Anárion Eärnil II Kings of Rohan Éomer Théoden Rulers of Númenor Realms Objects Rings of Power One Ring Three Rings Palantír Silmarils Mithril Weapons and armour Sting Concepts Cosmology Ages or timeline Animals Plants Food and drink Wars and battles Rivers Anduin Roads Languages Magic Hobbit Day Secondary works and legacy The Atlas of Middle-earth The Complete Guide to Middle-earth A Guide to Middle-earth The Individuated Hobbit J.R.R. Tolkien: Author of the Century J.R.R. Tolkien Encyclopedia Journeys of Frodo The Lord of the Rings: A Reader's Companion Images of Middle-Earth Related fiction video games Things named after Tolkien and his works Tolkien's Ring Tolkien: A Look Behind `` The Lord of the Rings'' J.R.R. Tolkien 's The Lord of the Rings The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King Production and reception Composition Themes Influences Translations Russian Swedish Reception Fandom Study Related works The Hobbit The Adventures of Tom Bombadil The Road Goes Ever On The Silmarillion Unfinished Tales The History of Middle-earth The History of The Lord of the Rings Bilbo's Last Song The Children of Húrin The History of The Hobbit The Tale of Beren and Lúthien Characters Aragorn Arwen Bilbo Boromir Butterbur Celeborn Denethor Elladan and Elrohir Elrond Éomer Éowyn Faramir Frodo Galadriel Gandalf Gildor Gimli Glorfindel Gollum Legolas Merry Mouth of Sauron Old Man Willow Pippin Radagast Sam Saruman Sauron Shelob Théoden Tom Bombadil Treebeard Witch-king Wormtongue Adaptations and other derivative works Books Bored of the Rings (1969) The Last Ringbearer (1999) Muddle Earth (2003) Theatre Fellowship! (2005) Lord of the Rings (2006) Radio The Lord of the Rings (1955) The Lord of the Rings (1979) Hordes of the Things (1980) The Lord of the Rings (1981) Der Herr der Ringe (1992) Film Animated The Lord of the Rings (1978) The Return of the King (1980) Peter Jackson series The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring (2001) The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers (2002) The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (2003) Fan-made The Hunt for Gollum (2009) Born of Hope (2009) Video games Journey to Rivendell Game One Game Two: Shadows of Mordor War in Middle Earth Vol. I (1990) Vol. I (SNES) Riders of Rohan Elendor Volume II The Fellowship of the Ring The Two Towers The Return of the King War of the Ring The Third Age The Battle for Middle-earth Tactics The Battle for Middle-earth II The Rise of the Witch-king The Lord of the Rings Online Mines of Moria Siege of Mirkwood Rise of Isengard Riders of Rohan Helm's Deep Conquest Aragorn's Quest War in the North Lego The Lord of the Rings Guardians of Middle-earth Middle-earth: Shadow of Mordor Middle-earth: Shadow of War Tabletop role-playing games The Lord of the Rings Roleplaying Game Middle-earth Role Playing The One Ring Roleplaying Game Board games Middle Earth Lord of the Rings Risk: The Lord of the Rings Trilogy Edition War of the Ring Other games The Lord of the Rings Strategy Battle Game The Lord of the Rings: The Card Game The Lord of the Rings Trading Card Game Middle-earth Collectible Card Game Toys Middle-earth Lego sets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Fellowship_of_the_Ring&oldid=832849086 '' Categories : 1954 British novels Sequel novels The Lord of the Rings 1954 fantasy novels British novels adapted into films Allen & Unwin books British novels adapted into plays Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from September 2017 Use British English Oxford spelling from November 2010 Pages to import images to Wikidata Articles to be expanded from December 2010 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Languages Ænglisc Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Frysk Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Latina Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu 日本 語 Norsk Occitan Polski Português Română Русский Scots Slovenščina Српски / srpski ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 35 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 March 2018, at 09:49. 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what is the name of the uk flag

The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Jack , also known as the Union Flag .

Flag of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Flag of the United Kingdom The history, current status and nomenclature of the Union Jack, and its use other than as a flag for the United Kingdom, are covered more fully under the article Union Jack . United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Name Union Jack , Union Flag Use National flag Proportion 1:2 Adopted 1 January 1801 ; 217 years ago ( 1801-01-01 ) Design A white-fimbriated symmetric red cross on a blue field with a white-fimbriated counterchanged saltire of red and white. Variant flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Use Civil ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A red field with the Union Flag in the canton. See Red Ensign . Variant flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Use State ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A blue field with the Union Flag in the canton. See Blue Ensign . Variant flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Use Naval ensign Proportion 1:2 Design A symmetric red cross on a white field with the Union Flag in the canton. See White Ensign . Variant flag of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland Use National Proportion 1:2 Design A field of air force blue with the Union Flag in the canton and the RAF roundel in the middle of the fly. The national flag of the United Kingdom is the Union Jack , also known as the Union Flag . The current design of the Union Jack dates from the union of Ireland and Great Britain in 1801. It consists of the red cross of Saint George ( patron saint of England ), edged in white, superimposed on the Cross of St Patrick (patron saint of Ireland ), which are superimposed on the Saltire of Saint Andrew (patron saint of Scotland ). Wales is not represented in the Union Flag by Wales's patron saint, Saint David , as at the time the flag was designed Wales was part of the Kingdom of England . The flag's standard height-to-length proportions are 1:2. The war flag variant used by the British Army modifies the proportions to 3:5 and crops two of the red diagonals. The earlier flag of Great Britain was established in 1606 by a proclamation of King James VI and I of Scotland and England . The new flag of the United Kingdom was officially created by an Order in Council of 1801, reading as follows: The Union Flag shall be azure , the Crosses saltire of Saint Andrew and Saint Patrick quarterly per saltire, counter-changed, argent and gules , the latter fimbriated of the second , surmounted by the Cross of Saint George of the third fimbriated as the saltire. Contents ( hide ) 1 Flying the flag 1.1 Upside-down 1.2 St Patrick's saltire 1.3 Half-mast 2 Flying from public buildings 2.1 Flag days 2.2 Northern Ireland 3 Proposed redesigns 3.1 Suggested incorporation of the Welsh dragon 3.2 Scottish independence 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Flying the flag ( edit ) St Andrew's Cross 16th c. ( Scotland ) St George's Cross 16th c. ( England & Wales ) King's Colours, or Great Union Flag, of 1606 1707 ( Great Britain ) St Patrick's Cross Unknown origin ( Ireland ) Union Flag of 1801 1801 ( United Kingdom ) Bigger Render Evolution of the Union flag. The Union Flag can be flown by any individual or organisation in Great Britain on any day of their choice. Legal regulations restrict the use of the Union Flag on Government buildings in Northern Ireland . Long-standing restrictions on Government use of the flag elsewhere were abolished in July 2007. Upside-down ( edit ) While the flag appears symmetric, the white lines above and below the diagonal red are different widths. On the side closer to the flagpole (or on the left when depicted on paper), the white lines above the diagonals are wider; on the side farther from the flagpole (or on the right when depicted on paper), the converse is true. Thus, no change will be apparent when rotating the flag 180 degrees, but if mirrored the flag will be upside-down. Placing the flag upside down is considered lèse majesté and is offensive to some. However, it can be flown upside down as a distress signal. While this is rare, it was used by groups under siege during the Boer War and during campaigns in India in the late 18th century. St Patrick's saltire ( edit ) The reason that the UK flag is not symmetrical is because of the relative positions of the saltires of St Patrick and St Andrew. The red saltire of St Patrick is offset such that it does not relegate the white saltire of St Andrew to a mere border. St Andrew's saltire has the higher position at the hoist side with St Patrick's saltire in the higher position on the opposite side. Half-mast ( edit ) The Union Flag is flown from Government buildings at half-mast in the following situations: from the announcement of the death of the Sovereign (an exception is made for Proclamation Day -- the day the new Sovereign is proclaimed, when the Flag is flown at full mast from 11 am to sunset) the day of the funeral of a member of the British Royal Family the funeral of a foreign Head of State the funeral of a former British Prime Minister The Sovereign sometimes declares other days when the Union Flag is to fly at half-mast . Half-mast means the flag is flown two-thirds of the way up the flagpole with at least the height of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the flagpole. Flying from public buildings ( edit ) Until July 2007, the Union Flag was only flown on Government buildings on a limited number of special days each year. The choice of days was managed by the Department for Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS). Government buildings are those used by civil servants, the Crown , or the armed forces. They were not applicable to private citizens, corporations, or local authorities. On 3 July 2007, the Justice Secretary Jack Straw laid a green paper before Parliament entitled The Governance of Britain . Alongside a range of proposed changes to the constitutional arrangements of the UK was a specific announcement that there would be consultation on whether the rules on flag-flying on Government buildings should be relaxed. Two days later, Prime Minister Gordon Brown announced that with immediate effect the Union Flag would fly from the flag pole above the front entrance of 10 Downing Street on every day of the year. The intention was to increase feelings of British national identity . Other Government departments were asked to follow this lead, and all Government buildings in Whitehall did so. James Purnell , Culture Secretary from June 2007 to January 2008 in Brown's administration, subsequently concurred with the abolition of the restrictions -- pending consultation on longer term arrangements. Flag days ( edit ) The flag days directed by the DCMS include birthdays of members of the Royal Family , the wedding anniversary of the Monarch, Commonwealth Day , Accession Day , Coronation Day , The Queen's official birthday , Remembrance Sunday and on the days of the State Opening and prorogation of Parliament . Since the beginning of 2013, the relevant days have been: 9 January: birthday of The Duchess of Cambridge 20 January: birthday of The Countess of Wessex 6 February: anniversary of The Queen 's accession in 1952 19 February: birthday of The Duke of York Second Sunday in March: Commonwealth Day 10 March: birthday of The Earl of Wessex 21 April: The Queen's birthday 9 May: Europe Day 2 June: anniversary of The Queen's 1953 coronation 10 June: birthday of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh A Saturday in June: The Queen's Official Birthday 21 June: birthday of The Duke of Cambridge 17 July: birthday of The Duchess of Cornwall 15 August: birthday of The Princess Royal Second Sunday in November: Remembrance Sunday 14 November: birthday of The Prince of Wales 20 November: anniversary of the wedding of The Queen and The Duke of Edinburgh In addition, the flag should be flown in the following areas on the specified days: Wales -- 1 March: Saint David's Day Northern Ireland -- 17 March: Saint Patrick's Day England -- 23 April: Saint George's Day Scotland -- 30 November: Saint Andrew's Day Greater London : The day of the opening or proroguing of Parliament Some non central government bodies still continue to follow the flag days. In Scotland, the Scottish Government has decreed that the Flag of Scotland (`` the Saltire'' ) will fly on all its buildings every day from 8 am until sunset, but there is no specific policy on flying the Union Flag and as such it is sometimes flown alongside the Saltire and sometimes omitted. An exception is made for `` national days'' . On these days, the Saltire shall be lowered and replaced with the Union Flag. These are the same as the flag days noted above with the exception of: 3 September: Merchant Navy Day Another difference is that on Saint Andrew's Day , the Union Flag can only be flown if the building has more than one flagpole -- the Saltire will not be lowered to make way for the Union Flag if there is only one flagpole. Northern Ireland ( edit ) In Northern Ireland , the Union Flag is flown from buildings of the Northern Ireland Office as decreed by Regulations published in 2000. The Regulations were amended in 2002 to remove the requirement to fly the flag on the birthdays of Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother and Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon who both died that year. The current flag days are now the same as the United Kingdom government days noted above with the exception of the Duchess of Cornwall's birthday, which was only added to the UK flag days after her wedding to the Prince of Wales in 2005, and has not yet been extended to Northern Ireland. The Police Service of Northern Ireland is the only body in the United Kingdom that is not permitted to fly the Union Flag, and is only permitted to fly its service flag or the Royal Standard in the event of a visit by the Sovereign. Proposed redesigns ( edit ) Suggested incorporation of the Welsh dragon ( edit ) One suggested redesign of the Union Jack with the red dragon from the flag of Wales added in the centre In November 2007 the then culture minister Margaret Hodge said she would consider a redesign of the Union Flag to incorporate the Welsh dragon , during a debate in the House of Commons on the frequency with which the flag flies above public buildings. The issue was initially raised by Ian Lucas , another Labour MP, who complained that the flag introduced in 1606 following the accession of James VI of Scotland to the English throne as James I combined the cross of St George and the saltire of St Andrew. This principle continued in 1801 when the St Patrick cross was incorporated following the Union with Ireland Act 1800 . Lucas claimed the identity of Wales had been suppressed ever since the Laws in Wales Acts 1535-- 1542 . In the debate, Albert Owen MP said that `` we in Wales do not feel part of the union flag because the dragon or the cross of St David is not on it.'' Conservative MP Stewart Jackson described the comments as `` eccentric'' . Scottish independence ( edit ) As of 2013, numerous proposals were made about how the Union Flag might be altered to create a flag for the union of England, Wales and Northern Ireland after possible Scottish independence . The College of Arms stated that there would be no need to change the flag in those circumstances, and the existing flag could continue to be used if desired. Regarding the removal of Scottish heraldic features from the Union Flag, the Court of the Lord Lyon stated in 2012 that `` (that) would be speculation at this stage, and we could only cross that bridge if we came to it.'' See also ( edit ) Commonwealth's flags Flag Institute List of flags of the United Kingdom -- a list of flags used within the United Kingdom, the Crown Dependencies and the British overseas territories. List of English flags -- a list of flags used within England List of Cornish flags -- a list of flags used within Cornwall List of Northern Irish flags -- a list of flags used within Northern Ireland List of Scottish flags -- a list of flags used within Scotland List of Welsh flags -- a list of flags used within Wales List of Irish flags -- a list of flags used within the Republic of Ireland National colours of the United Kingdom Protectorate Jack References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Flag Institute : `` It is often stated that the Union Flag should only be described as the Union Jack when flown in the bows of a warship, but this is a relatively recent idea. From early in its life the Admiralty itself frequently referred to the flag as the Union Jack, whatever its use, and in 1902 an Admiralty Circular announced that Their Lordships had decided that either name could be used officially. Such use was given Parliamentary approval in 1908 when it was stated that ' the Union Jack should be regarded as the National flag' .'' Jump up ^ United Kingdom, flag of the , for flag ratio see flag caption Jump up ^ A.C. Fox-Davies , The Art of Heraldry: An Encyclopædia of Armory (1904, reprinted 1986, ISBN 0-906223-34-2 ), p. 399: `` By the King: Whereas, some differences hath arisen between Our subjects of South and North Britaine travelling by Seas, about the bearing of their Flagges: For the avoiding of all contentions hereafter. We have, with the advice of our Council, ordered: That from henceforth all our Subjects of this Isle and Kingdome of Great Britaine , and all our members thereof, shall beare in their main-toppe the Red Crosse , commonly called St George's Crosse , and the White Crosse , commonly called St Andrew's Crosse , joyned together according to the forme made by our heralds , and sent by Us to our Admerall to be published to our Subjects: and in their fore-toppe our Subjects of South Britaine shall weare the Red Crosse onely as they were wont, and our Subjects of North Britaine in their fore-toppe the White Crosse onely as they were accustomed'' James VI and I Orders in Council ; Official creation of the Union Flag -- 1606.'' Jump up ^ Max Cryer, Curious English Words and Phrases: The Truth Behind the Expressions We Use (2012), p. 395: `` When Britain's official flag settled down in 1801, its exact design and colouring were meticulously written out by Order of Council which described it as ' the Union Flag' ... The correct formal wording of the Order of Council, 1801, was...'' &c . ^ Jump up to: Department for Culture, Media and Sport : Flag Flying ^ Jump up to: The Governance of Britain , for flying the Union Flag, see pp. 57-- 58 Jump up ^ Matthew Tempest and agencies Paisley to stand down as MEP , The Guardian , 19 January 2004. `` After receiving almost 30% of the overall Northern Ireland vote in the 1979 European election, Ian Paisley became the first MEP to speak in the parliament when he protested that the Union Flag was flying upside down.'' Jump up ^ Defence Secretary apologises for flag blunder BBC News, 13 November 1997 Jump up ^ FAQ Archived 16 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Department for Culture, Media and Sport Jump up ^ FAQ: What is half mast? Archived 16 October 2008 at the Wayback Machine . Department for Culture, Media and Sport Jump up ^ We're all proud to fly the flag The Sun , 5 July 2007 Jump up ^ Morning Press Briefing Archived 9 August 2007 at the Wayback Machine . by Prime Minister's Spokesman , 6 July 2007 Jump up ^ Union flag already flying all year round The Daily Telegraph 7 July 2007 Jump up ^ Brown lifts ban on national flag BBC News, 6 July 2007 Jump up ^ Brown flies flag for Britain The Guardian 6 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Union Jack will fly over No 10 permanently ' to show values' '' . The Times 6 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Gordon orders Whitehall to fly the flag in boost for Britishness'' Evening Standard 6 July 2007 Jump up ^ `` Royal and ceremonial'' Scottish Government Jump up ^ `` The Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2000'' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010-06-14 . Jump up ^ `` The Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) (Amendment) 2002'' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010-06-14 . Jump up ^ `` Police Emblems and Flags Regulations (Northern Ireland) 2002'' . Opsi.gov.uk . Retrieved 2010-06-14 . Jump up ^ Wintour, Patrick (28 November 2007). `` Minister proposes a redesign for the union flag'' , The Guardian Jump up ^ Cleland, Gary (27 November 2007). `` Union Jack should include Welsh flag, says MP'' , Daily Telegraph Jump up ^ Sam Judah (4 December 2013). `` What would the union jack look like if the Scottish bit was removed?'' . BBC News. Jump up ^ `` Union Flag: What happens if Scotland wins independence?'' . ITV News. 27 November 2013. Jump up ^ `` Would the blue have to be taken out of Union flag if Scotland became independent?'' . Daily Record. 7 Jun 2012. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags of the United Kingdom . United Kingdom at Flags of the World British Monarchy -- Union Flag The Flag Institute British Armed forces flag -- Ministry of Defence British Armed forces Grenadiers Colour Flags of the United Kingdom United Kingdom Flag of the United Kingdom (1801-- present) Countries of the United Kingdom England Scotland Wales Northern Ireland Banners Royal Standard of the United Kingdom (1801-- present) Royal Standard of the United Kingdom in Scotland (1801-- present) Royal Banner of Scotland (1222-- present) Historic Flag of Great Britain (1707-- 1801) Royal Standard of Great Britain (1707-- 1801) Royal Banner of England (1198-- 1707) Flags used during the Interregnum (1649-- 1660) Royal Standard of Ireland (1541-- 1800) Ireland within the UK (1801-- 1922) Northern Ireland (1953-- 1972) Ensigns Blue Ensign Red Ensign White Ensign Green Ensign Royal Air Force Ensign Civil Air Ensign Flags of Europe Sovereign states Albania Andorra Armenia Austria Azerbaijan Belarus Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kazakhstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macedonia Malta Moldova Monaco Montenegro Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Romania Russia San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine United Kingdom England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Vatican City States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Kosovo Northern Cyprus South Ossetia Transnistria Dependencies and other entities Åland Faroe Islands Gibraltar Guernsey Isle of Man Jersey Svalbard Other entities European Union Sovereign Military Order of Malta National and regional flags incorporating the Union Jack Sovereign states Australia Fiji New Zealand Tuvalu United Kingdom Dependent territories United Kingdom Anguilla Ascension Island Bermuda British Antarctic Territory British Indian Ocean Territory British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Falkland Islands Montserrat Pitcairn Islands Saint Helena South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Tristan da Cunha Turks and Caicos Islands New Zealand Cook Islands Niue Ross Dependency States, provinces and other administrative divisions Australia New South Wales Queensland South Australia Tasmania Victoria Western Australia Canada British Columbia Manitoba Ontario United States Hawaii Cities Chile Coquimbo United States Baton Rouge, Louisiana Mobile, Alabama Taunton, Massachusetts Miscellaneous Flags based on British ensigns Mosquito Kingdom (1844-- 1860) List of British flags Historical flags of the British Empire George Rex Flag Flags inspired by the Union Jack Basque Country St. Pierre & Miquelon Newfoundland & Labrador Historical Canada South Africa Newfoundland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom&oldid=850127558 '' Categories : Flags of the United Kingdom National flags National symbols of the United Kingdom Unionism in the United Kingdom Flags with crosses Flags introduced in 1801 Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from August 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Ænglisc Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски मराठी မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 粵語 中文 54 more Edit links This page was last edited on 13 July 2018, at 19:52 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

67543900558530961

where does a bird with no feet sleep

Light - mantled albatross ( P. palpebrata )

Albatross - wikipedia Albatross Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the bird family. For other uses, see Albatross (disambiguation) . Albatross Temporal range: Oligocene-- recent PreЄ Є Pg Oligocene -- recent Short-tailed albatross ( Phoebastria albatrus ) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Aves Order: Procellariiformes Family: Diomedeidae G.R. Gray 1840 Genera Diomedea Thalassarche Phoebastria Phoebetria Global range density (in red) Albatrosses , of the biological family Diomedeidae , are large seabirds related to the procellariids , storm petrels and diving petrels in the order Procellariiformes (the tubenoses). They range widely in the Southern Ocean and the North Pacific . They are absent from the North Atlantic , although fossil remains show they once occurred there and occasional vagrants are found. Albatrosses are among the largest of flying birds, and the great albatrosses ( genus Diomedea ) have the longest wingspans of any extant birds, reaching up to 3.7 metres (12 feet). The albatrosses are usually regarded as falling into four genera , but there is disagreement over the number of species . Albatrosses are highly efficient in the air, using dynamic soaring and slope soaring to cover great distances with little exertion. They feed on squid , fish and krill by either scavenging, surface seizing or diving. Albatrosses are colonial , nesting for the most part on remote oceanic islands, often with several species nesting together. Pair bonds between males and females form over several years, with the use of `` ritualised dances'' , and will last for the life of the pair. A breeding season can take over a year from laying to fledging , with a single egg laid in each breeding attempt. A Laysan albatross , named Wisdom , on Midway Island is recognised as the oldest wild bird in the world; she was first banded in 1956 by Chandler Robbins . Of the 22 species of albatross recognised by the IUCN , all are listed as at some level of concern; 3 species are Critically Endangered, 5 species are Endangered, 7 species are Near Threatened, and 7 species are Vulnerable. Numbers of albatrosses have declined in the past due to harvesting for feathers , but today the albatrosses are threatened by introduced species , such as rats and feral cats that attack eggs, chicks and nesting adults; by pollution ; by a serious decline in fish stocks in many regions largely due to overfishing ; and by longline fishing . Longline fisheries pose the greatest threat, as feeding birds are attracted to the bait , become hooked on the lines, and drown. Identified stakeholders such as governments, conservation organisations and people in the fishing industry are all working toward reducing this bycatch . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biology 1.1 Taxonomy and evolution 1.2 Morphology and flight 1.3 Distribution and range at sea 1.4 Diet 1.5 Breeding and dancing 2 Albatrosses and humans 2.1 Etymology 2.2 In culture 2.3 Birdwatching 2.4 Threats and conservation 3 Species 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Biology ( edit ) Taxonomy and evolution ( edit ) The albatrosses comprise between 13 and 24 species (the number of species is still a matter of some debate, 21 being the most commonly accepted number) in four genera. These genera are the great albatrosses ( Diomedea ), the mollymawks ( Thalassarche ), the North Pacific albatrosses ( Phoebastria ), and the sooty albatrosses or sooties ( Phoebetria ). The North Pacific albatrosses are considered to be a sister taxon to the great albatrosses, while the sooty albatrosses are considered closer to the mollymawks. The taxonomy of the albatross group has been a source of much debate. The Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy places seabirds, birds of prey and many others in a greatly enlarged order, Ciconiiformes , whereas the ornithological organisations in North America, Europe, South Africa, Australia, and New Zealand retain the more traditional order Procellariiformes . The albatrosses can be separated from the other Procellariiformes both genetically and through morphological characteristics, size, their legs, and the arrangement of their nasal tubes (see below: Morphology and flight ). Within the family, the assignment of genera has been debated for over 100 years. Originally placed into a single genus, Diomedea , they were rearranged by Reichenbach into four different genera in 1852, then lumped back together and split apart again several times, acquiring 12 different genus names in total (though never more than eight at one time) by 1965 ( Diomedea , Phoebastria , Thalassarche , Phoebetria , Thalassageron , Diomedella , Nealbatrus , Rhothonia , Julietata , Galapagornis , Laysanornis , and Penthirenia ). By 1965, in an attempt to bring some order back to the classification of albatrosses, they were lumped into two genera, Phoebetria (the sooty albatrosses which most closely seemed to resemble the procellarids and were at the time considered `` primitive'' ) and Diomedea (the rest). Though there was a case for the simplification of the family (particularly the nomenclature), the classification was based on the morphological analysis by Elliott Coues in 1866, and paid little attention to more recent studies and even ignored some of Coues's suggestions. More recent research by Gary Nunn of the American Museum of Natural History (1996) and other researchers around the world studied the mitochondrial DNA of all 14 accepted species, finding four, not two, monophyletic groups within the albatrosses. They proposed the resurrection of two of the old genus names, Phoebastria for the North Pacific albatrosses and Thalassarche for the mollymawks, with the great albatrosses retaining Diomedea and the sooty albatrosses staying in Phoebetria . Both the British Ornithologists' Union and the South African authorities split the albatrosses into four genera as Nunn suggested, and the change has been accepted by the majority of researchers. While some agree on the number of genera, fewer agree on the number of species. Historically, up to 80 different taxa have been described by different researchers; most of these were incorrectly identified juvenile birds. Phylogenetic relationships of the albatross genera, based on Nunn et al. , 1996 Based on the work on albatross genera, Robertson and Nunn went on in 1998 to propose a revised taxonomy with 24 different species, compared to the 14 then accepted. This expanded taxonomy elevated many established subspecies to full species, but was criticised for not using, in every case, peer reviewed information to justify the splits. Since then, further studies have in some instances supported or disproved the splits; a 2004 paper analysing the mitochondrial DNA and microsatellites agreed with the conclusion that the Antipodean albatross and the Tristan albatross were distinct from the wandering albatross , per Robertson and Nunn, but found that the suggested Gibson's albatross , Diomedea gibsoni , was not distinct from the Antipodean albatross. For the most part, an interim taxonomy of 21 species is accepted by ITIS and many other researchers, though by no means all-- in 2004 Penhallurick and Wink called for the number of species to be reduced to 13 (including the lumping of the Amsterdam albatross with the wandering albatross ), although this paper was itself controversial. On all sides is the widespread agreement on the need for further research to clarify the issue. Sibley and Ahlquist's molecular study of the evolution of the bird families has put the radiation of the Procellariiformes in the Oligocene period (35-- 30 million years ago), though this group probably originated earlier, with a fossil sometimes attributed to the order, a seabird known as Tytthostonyx , being found in late Cretaceous rocks (70 mya ). The molecular evidence suggests that the storm petrels were the first to diverge from the ancestral stock, and the albatrosses next, with the procellarids and diving petrels separating later. The earliest fossil albatrosses were found in Eocene to Oligocene rocks, although some of these are only tentatively assigned to the family and none appear to be particularly close to the living forms. They are Murunkus (Middle Eocene of Uzbekistan ), Manu (early Oligocene of New Zealand ), and an undescribed form from the Late Oligocene of South Carolina . Similar to the last was Plotornis , formerly often considered a petrel but now accepted as an albatross. It is from the Middle Miocene of France , a time when the split between the four modern genera was already underway as evidenced by Phoebastria californica and Diomedea milleri , both being mid-Miocene species from Sharktooth Hill , California . These show that the split between the great albatrosses and the North Pacific albatrosses occurred by 15 mya. Similar fossil finds in the Southern Hemisphere put the split between the sooties and mollymawks at 10 mya. The fossil record of the albatrosses in the Northern Hemisphere is more complete than that of the southern, and many fossil forms of albatross have been found in the North Atlantic , which today has no albatrosses. The remains of a colony of short-tailed albatrosses have been uncovered on the island of Bermuda , and the majority of fossil albatrosses from the North Atlantic have been of the genus Phoebastria (the North Pacific albatrosses); one, Phoebastria anglica , has been found in deposits in both North Carolina and England . Due to convergent evolution in particular of the leg and foot bones, remains of the prehistoric pseudotooth birds (Pelagornithidae) may be mistaken for those of extinct albatrosses; Manu may be such a case, and quite certainly the supposed giant albatross femur from the Early Pleistocene Dainichi Formation at Kakegawa , Japan , actually is from one of the last pseudotooth birds. For more data on fossil species of the living albatross genera, see the genus articles. Morphology and flight ( edit ) Portrait of a southern royal albatross ( Diomedea epomophora ). Note the large, hooked beak and nasal tubes. The albatrosses are a group of large to very large birds; they are the largest of the procellariiformes. The bill is large, strong and sharp-edged, the upper mandible terminating in a large hook. This bill is composed of several horny plates, and along the sides are the two `` tubes'' , long nostrils that give the order its former name. The tubes of all albatrosses are along the sides of the bill, unlike the rest of the Procellariiformes where the tubes run along the top of the bill. These tubes allow the albatrosses to measure the exact airspeed in flight; the nostrils are analogous to the pitot tubes in modern aircraft. The albatross needs accurate airspeed measurement in order to perform dynamic soaring . Like other Procellariiformes, they use their uniquely developed sense of smell to locate potential food sources, whereas most birds depend on eyesight. The feet have no hind toe and the three anterior toes are completely webbed. The legs are strong for Procellariiformes, making them and the giant petrels the only members of that order which can walk well on land. Albatrosses, along with all Procellariiformes , must excrete the salts they ingest in drinking sea water and eating marine invertebrates. All birds have an enlarged nasal gland at the base of the bill, above their eyes. This gland is inactive in species that do not require it, but in the Procellariiformes it acts as a salt gland . Scientists are uncertain as to its exact processes, but do know in general terms that it removes salt by secreting a 5% saline solution that drips out of their nose or is forcibly ejected. Taking off is one of the main times albatrosses use flapping to fly, and is the most energetically demanding part of a journey. The adult plumage of most of the albatrosses is usually some variation of dark upper-wing and back with white undersides, often compared to that of a gull . The extent of colouration varies: the southern royal albatross is almost completely white except for the ends and trailing edges of the wings in fully mature males, while the Amsterdam albatross has an almost juvenile-like breeding plumage with a great deal of brown, particularly a strong brown band around the chest. Several species of mollymawks and North Pacific albatrosses have face markings like eye patches or have grey or yellow on the head and nape. Three albatross species, the black-footed albatross and the two sooty albatrosses , vary completely from the usual patterns and are almost entirely dark brown (or dark grey in places in the case of the light-mantled albatross ). Albatrosses take several years to get their full adult breeding plumage. The wingspans of the largest great albatrosses (genus Diomedea ) are the largest of any bird, exceeding 340 cm (11.2 ft), although the other species' wingspans are considerably smaller at no more than 1.75 m (5.7 ft). The wings are stiff and cambered, with thickened streamlined leading edges. Albatrosses travel huge distances with two techniques used by many long-winged seabirds: dynamic soaring and slope soaring . Dynamic soaring involves repeatedly rising into wind and descending downwind, thus gaining energy from the vertical wind gradient . The only effort expended is in the turns at the top and bottom of every such loop. This maneuver allows the bird to cover almost a thousand kilometres a day without flapping its wings. Slope soaring uses the rising air on the windward side of large waves. Albatross have high glide ratios , around 22:1 to 23:1, meaning that for every metre they drop, they can travel forward 22 metres. They are aided in soaring by a shoulder-lock, a sheet of tendon that locks the wing when fully extended, allowing the wing to be kept outstretched without any muscle expenditure, a morphological adaptation they share with the giant petrels. Albatrosses range over huge areas of ocean and regularly circle the globe. Albatrosses combine these soaring techniques with the use of predictable weather systems: albatrosses in the Southern Hemisphere flying north from their colonies will take a clockwise route, and those flying south will fly counterclockwise . Albatrosses are so well adapted to this lifestyle that their heart rates while flying are close to their basal heart rate when resting. This efficiency is such that the most energetically demanding aspect of a foraging trip is not the distance covered, but the landings, take-offs and hunting they undertake having found a food source. A common assumption is that albatrosses must be able to sleep in flight, although no direct evidence has ever been obtained. This efficient long-distance travelling underlies the albatross's success as a long-distance forager, covering great distances and expending little energy looking for patchily distributed food sources. Their adaptation to gliding flight makes them dependent on wind and waves, however, as their long wings are ill-suited to powered flight and most species lack the muscles and energy to undertake sustained flapping flight. Albatrosses in calm seas are forced to rest on the ocean's surface until the wind picks up again. The North Pacific albatrosses can use a flight style known as flap-gliding, where the bird progresses by bursts of flapping followed by gliding. When taking off, albatrosses need to take a run up to allow enough air to move under the wing to provide lift . The dynamic soaring of albatrosses is inspiring to airplane designers: German aerospace engineer Johannes Traugott and colleagues have charted the albatross's nuanced flight pattern and are looking for ways to apply this to aircraft, especially in the area of drones and unmanned aircraft . Distribution and range at sea ( edit ) See also: List of albatross breeding locations and List of Procellariiformes by population Three birds on Midway Atoll , 1958 Most albatrosses range in the Southern Hemisphere from Antarctica to Australia , South Africa and South America . The exceptions to this are the four North Pacific albatrosses, of which three occur exclusively in the North Pacific, from Hawaii to Japan, California and Alaska; and one, the waved albatross , breeds in the Galápagos Islands and feeds off the coast of South America. The need for wind to enable gliding is the reason albatrosses are for the most part confined to higher latitudes: being unsuited to sustained flapping flight makes crossing the doldrums extremely difficult. The exception, the waved albatross, is able to live in the equatorial waters around the Galápagos Islands because of the cool waters of the Humboldt Current and the resulting winds. It is not known for certain why the albatrosses became extinct in the North Atlantic , although rising sea levels due to an interglacial warming period are thought to have submerged the site of a short-tailed albatross colony that has been excavated in Bermuda. Some southern species have occasionally turned up as vagrants in the North Atlantic and can become exiled, remaining there for decades. One of these exiles, a black-browed albatross , returned to gannet colonies in Scotland for many years in an attempt to breed. The use of satellite tracking is teaching scientists a great deal about the way albatrosses forage across the ocean to find food. They undertake no annual migration , but disperse widely after breeding-- Southern Hemisphere species often undertake circumpolar trips. There is also evidence of separate ranges for different species at sea. A comparison of the foraging niches of two related species that breed on Campbell Island , the Campbell albatross and the grey-headed albatross , showed the Campbell albatross primarily fed over the Campbell Plateau whereas the grey-headed albatross fed in more pelagic , oceanic waters. Wandering albatrosses also react strongly to bathymetry , feeding only in waters deeper than 1000 m (3281 ft); so rigidly did the satellite plots match this contour that one scientist remarked, `` It almost appears as if the birds notice and obey a ' No Entry' sign where the water shallows to less than 1000 m'' . There is also evidence of different ranges for the two sexes of the same species; a study of Tristan albatrosses breeding on Gough Island showed that males foraged to the west of Gough and females to the east. Birdlife has satellite tracking records for each of the 22 species of albatross in their Seabird Tracking Database . Diet ( edit ) Light-mantled albatrosses regularly dive to feed, and can dive to below 12 m (39 ft). The albatross diet is predominantly cephalopods , fish , crustaceans , and offal (organ meat), although they will also scavenge carrion and feed on other zooplankton . It should be noted that for most species a comprehensive understanding of diet is known for only the breeding season, when the albatrosses regularly return to land and study is possible. The importance of each of these food sources varies from species to species, and even from population to population; some concentrate on squid alone, others take more krill or fish . Of the two albatross species found in Hawaii , one, the black-footed albatross , takes mostly fish while the Laysan feeds on squid. The use of data loggers at sea that record ingestion of water against time (providing a likely time of feeding) suggests that albatrosses predominantly feed during the day. Analysis of the squid beaks regurgitated by albatrosses has shown that many of the squid eaten are too large to have been caught alive, and include mid-water species likely to be beyond the reach of albatross, suggesting that, for some species (like the wandering albatross ), scavenged squid may be an important part of the diet. The source of these dead squid is a matter of debate; some certainly comes from squid fisheries , but in nature it primarily comes from the die-off that occurs after squid spawning and the vomit of squid-eating whales ( sperm whales , pilot whales and southern bottlenose whales ). The diet of other species, like the black-browed albatross or the grey-headed albatross , is rich with smaller species of squid that tend to sink after death, and scavenging is not assumed to play a large role in their diet. The waved albatross has been observed practising kleptoparasitism , harassing boobies to steal their food, making it the only member of its order to do so regularly. Until recently it was thought that albatrosses were predominantly surface feeders, swimming at the surface and snapping up squid and fish pushed to the surface by currents, predators, or death. The deployment of capillary depth recorders, which record the maximum dive depth undertaken by a bird, has shown that while some species, like the wandering albatross , do not dive deeper than a metre, some species, like the light-mantled albatross , have a mean diving depth of almost 5 m and can dive as deep as 12.5 m. In addition to surface feeding and diving, they have also been observed plunge diving from the air to snatch prey. Breeding and dancing ( edit ) See also: Seabird breeding behavior § Mating dances File:SGI-2016-South Georgia (Prion Island)-- Wandering albatross (Diomedea exulans) 06.jpg Wandering albatross male courting a female with sky-pointing, clucking, and wing-spreading rituals. Albatrosses are colonial , usually nesting on isolated islands; where colonies are on larger landmasses, they are found on exposed headlands with good approaches from the sea in several directions, like the colony on the Otago Peninsula in Dunedin , New Zealand. Many Buller's albatrosses and black-footed albatrosses nest under trees in open forest. Colonies vary from the very dense aggregations favoured by the mollymawks ( black-browed albatross colonies on the Falkland Islands have densities of 70 nests per 100 m ) to the much looser groups and widely spaced individual nests favoured by the sooty and great albatrosses. All albatross colonies are on islands that historically were free of land mammals . Albatrosses are highly philopatric , meaning they will usually return to their natal colony to breed. This tendency to return to their point of origin to breed is so strong that a study of Laysan albatross showed that the average distance between hatching site and the site where a bird established its own territory was 22 m (72 ft). Albatrosses live much longer than other birds; they delay breeding for longer and invest more effort into fewer young. Most species survive upwards of 50 years, the oldest recorded being a Laysan albatross named Wisdom that was ringed in 1956 as a mature adult and hatched another chick in February 2017, making her at least 66 years old. She is the oldest confirmed wild bird as well as the oldest banded bird in the world. Albatrosses reach sexual maturity slowly, after about five years, but even once they have reached maturity, they will not begin to breed for another couple of years (even up to 10 years for some species). Young non-breeders will attend a colony prior to beginning to breed, spending many years practising the elaborate breeding rituals and `` dances'' that the family is famous for. Birds arriving back at the colony for the first time already have the stereotyped behaviours that compose albatross language , but can neither `` read'' that behaviour as exhibited by other birds nor respond appropriately. After a period of trial and error learning , the young birds learn the syntax and perfect the dances. This language is mastered more rapidly if the younger birds are around older birds. The repertoire of behaviour involves synchronised performances of various actions such as preening , pointing, calling, bill clacking, staring, and combinations of such behaviours (like the sky-call). When a bird first returns to the colony it will dance with many partners, but after a number of years the number of birds an individual will interact with drops, until one partner is chosen and a pair is formed. They then continue to perfect an individual language that will eventually be unique to that one pair. Having established a pair bond that will last for life, however, most of that dance will never be used again. An albatross chick at Northwestern Hawaiian Islands Marine National Monument , Midway Atoll Albatrosses are held to undertake these elaborate and painstaking rituals to ensure that the appropriate partner has been chosen and to perfect partner recognition, as egg laying and chick rearing is a huge investment. Even species that can complete an egg-laying cycle in under a year seldom lay eggs in consecutive years. The great albatrosses (like the wandering albatross ) take over a year to raise a chick from laying to fledging . Albatrosses lay a single subelliptical egg , white with reddish brown spots, in a breeding season; if the egg is lost to predators or accidentally broken, then no further breeding attempts are made that year. The larger eggs weigh from 200 to 510 g (7.1-- 18.0 oz). The `` divorce'' of a pair is a rare occurrence, due to the diminished life-time reproductive success it causes, and usually happens only after several years of breeding failure. All the southern albatrosses create large nests for their egg, utilizing grass, shrubs, soil, peat, and even penguin feathers, whereas the three species in the North Pacific make more rudimentary nests. The waved albatross , on the other hand, makes no nest and will even move its egg around the pair's territory, as much as 50 m (160 ft), sometimes causing it to lose the egg. In all albatross species, both parents incubate the egg in stints that last between one day and three weeks. Incubation lasts around 70 to 80 days (longer for the larger albatrosses), the longest incubation period of any bird. It can be an energetically demanding process, with the adult losing as much as 83 g (2.9 oz) of body weight a day. File:FAL-2016-New Island, Falkland Islands-Black-browed albatross (Thalassarche melanophrys) 01.jpg Black-browed albatross preening its chick ( New Island , Falkland Islands ). Albatrosses brood young chicks until they are large enough to thermoregulate. After hatching, the chick, which is semi-altricial , is brooded and guarded for three weeks until it is large enough to defend and thermoregulate itself. During this period the parents feed the chick small meals when they relieve each other from duty. After the brooding period is over, the chick is fed in regular intervals by both parents. The parents adopt alternative patterns of short and long foraging trips, providing meals that weigh around 12% of their body weight (around 600 g (21 oz)). The meals are composed of fresh squid , fish and krill , as well as stomach oil , an energy -rich food that is lighter to carry than undigested prey items. This oil is created in a stomach organ known as a proventriculus from digested prey items by most Procellariiformes, and gives them their distinctive musty smell. Albatross chicks take a long time to fledge. In the case of the great albatrosses, it can take up to 280 days; even for the smaller albatrosses, it takes anywhere between 140 and 170 days. Like many seabirds, albatross chicks will gain enough weight to be heavier than their parents, and prior to fledging they use these reserves to build up body condition (particularly growing all their flight feathers), usually fledging at the same weight as their parents. Between 15% and 65% of those fledged survive to breed. Albatross chicks fledge on their own and receive no further help from their parents, who return to the nest after fledging, unaware their chick has left. Studies of juveniles dispersing at sea have suggested an innate migration behaviour, a genetically coded navigation route, which helps young birds when they are first out at sea. Albatrosses and humans ( edit ) Etymology ( edit ) The name albatross is derived from the Arabic al-câdous or al-ġaţţās (a pelican ; literally, `` the diver'' ), which travelled to English via the Portuguese form alcatraz (`` gannet '' ), which is also the origin of the name of the former prison, Alcatraz . The OED notes that the word alcatraz was originally applied to the frigatebird ; the modification to albatross was perhaps influenced by Latin albus , meaning `` white'' , in contrast to frigatebirds which are black. In modern Portuguese, the word used for the bird, albatroz , is in turn derived from the English albatross . They were once commonly known as goonie birds or gooney birds , particularly those of the North Pacific . In the Southern Hemisphere, the name mollymawk is still well established in some areas, which is a corrupted form of malle-mugge , an old Dutch name for the northern fulmar . The name Diomedea , assigned to the albatrosses by Linnaeus , references the mythical metamorphosis of the companions of the Greek warrior Diomedes into birds. Finally, the name for the order, Procellariiformes , comes from the Latin word procella meaning `` a violent wind'' or `` a storm'' . In culture ( edit ) 1837 woodcut from the journal O Panorama Albatrosses have been described as `` the most legendary of all birds'' . An albatross is a central emblem in The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Samuel Taylor Coleridge ; a captive albatross is also a metaphor for the poète maudit in a poem by Charles Baudelaire . It is from the Coleridge poem that the albatross metaphor is derived; someone bearing a burden or facing an obstacle is said to have `` an albatross around his neck'' , the punishment given in the poem to the mariner who killed the albatross. There is a widespread myth that sailors believe it disastrous to shoot or harm an albatross, due in part to the poem; in truth, sailors regularly killed and ate them, as reported by James Cook in 1772. On the other hand, it has been reported that sailors caught the birds but let them free again; the possible reason is that albatrosses were often regarded as the souls of lost sailors, so killing them was supposed to bring bad luck. The head of an albatross being caught with a hook is used as the emblem of the Cape Horners , i.e. sailors who have rounded Cape Horn on freighters under sail; captains of such ships even received themselves the title `` albatrosses'' in the Cape Horners' organisation. In golf , shooting three under par on a single hole has recently been termed scoring an `` albatross '' , as a continuation on the birdie and eagle theme. The Maori used the wing bones of the albatross to carve flutes . Birdwatching ( edit ) Albatrosses are popular birds for birdwatchers and their colonies are popular destinations for ecotourists . Regular birdwatching trips are taken out of many coastal towns and cities, like Monterey , Dunedin , Kaikoura , Wollongong , Sydney , Port Fairy , Hobart and Cape Town , to see pelagic seabirds . Albatrosses are easily attracted to these sightseeing boats by the deployment of fish oil and burley into the sea. Visits to colonies can be very popular: the northern royal albatross colony at Taiaroa Head in Dunedin , New Zealand, attracts 40,000 visitors a year, and more isolated colonies are regular attractions on cruises to subantarctic islands. Threats and Conservation ( edit ) This black-browed albatross has been hooked on a longline. In spite of often being accorded legendary status, albatrosses have not escaped either indirect or direct pressure from humans. Early encounters with albatrosses by Polynesians and Aleut Indians resulted in hunting and in some cases extirpation from some islands (such as Easter Island ). As Europeans began sailing the world, they too began to hunt albatross, `` fishing'' for them from boats to serve at the table or blasting them for sport. This sport reached its peak on emigration lines bound for Australia , and only died down when ships became too fast to fish from, and regulations forbade the discharge of weapons for safety reasons. In the 19th century, albatross colonies, particularly those in the North Pacific, were harvested for the feather trade, leading to the near-extinction of the short-tailed albatross . Of the 21 albatross species recognised by IUCN on their Red List , 19 are threatened, and the other two are `` near threatened '' . Three species (as recognised by the IUCN) are considered critically endangered : the Amsterdam albatross , Tristan albatross and waved albatross . One of the main threats is commercial longline fishing , as the albatrosses and other seabirds -- which will readily feed on offal-- are attracted to the set bait, become hooked on the lines and drown. An estimated 100,000 albatross per year are killed in this fashion. Unregulated pirate fisheries exacerbate the problem. On Midway Atoll , collisions between Laysan albatross and aircraft have resulted in human and bird deaths as well as severe disruptions in military flight operations. Studies were made in the late 1950s and early 1960s that examined the results of control methods such as the killing of birds, the levelling and clearing of land to eliminate updrafts and the destruction of annual nesting sites. Tall structures such as traffic control and radio towers killed 3000 birds in flight collisions during 1964-- 1965 before the towers were taken down. Closure of Naval Air Facility Midway in 1993 eliminated the problem of collisions with military aircraft. Recent reductions in human activity on the island have helped reduce bird deaths, though lead paint pollution near military buildings continues to poison birds by ingestion. Albatross plumes were popular in the early 20th century. In 1909 alone over 300,000 albatrosses were killed on Midway Island and Laysan Island for their plumes. Another threat to albatrosses is introduced species , such as rats or feral cats , which directly attack albatrosses or their chicks and eggs. Albatrosses have evolved to breed on islands where land mammals are absent and have not developed defences against them. Even species as small as mice can be detrimental; on Gough Island the chicks of Tristan albatrosses are attacked and eaten alive by introduced house mice . Introduced species can have other indirect effects: cattle overgrazed essential cover on Amsterdam Island , threatening the Amsterdam albatross; on other islands introduced plants reduce potential nesting habitat. The remains of this Laysan albatross chick show the plastic ingested before death, including a bottle cap and lighter. Ingestion of plastic flotsam is another problem, one faced by many seabirds. The amount of plastic in the seas has increased dramatically since the first record in the 1960s, coming from waste discarded by ships, offshore dumping, litter on beaches and waste washed to sea by rivers. It is impossible to digest and takes up space in the stomach or gizzard that should be used for food, or can cause an obstruction that starves the bird directly. Studies of birds in the North Pacific have shown that ingestion of plastics results in declining body weight and body condition. This plastic is sometimes regurgitated and fed to chicks; a study of Laysan albatross chicks on Midway Atoll showed large amounts of ingested plastic in naturally dead chicks compared to healthy chicks killed in accidents. While not the direct cause of death, this plastic causes physiological stress and causes the chick to feel full during feedings, reducing its food intake and the chances of survival. Scientists and conservationists (most importantly BirdLife International and their partners, who run the Save the Albatross campaign) are working with governments and fishermen to find solutions to the threats albatrosses face. Techniques such as setting longline bait at night, dyeing the bait blue, setting the bait underwater, increasing the amount of weight on lines and using bird scarers can all reduce the seabird bycatch . For example, a collaborative study between scientists and fishermen in New Zealand successfully tested an underwater setting device for longliners which set the lines below the reach of vulnerable albatross species. The use of some of these techniques in the Patagonian toothfish fishery in the Falkland Islands is thought to have reduced the number of black-browed albatross taken by the fleet in the last 10 years. Conservationists have also worked on the field of island restoration , removing introduced species that threaten native wildlife, which protects albatrosses from introduced predators. One important step towards protecting albatrosses and other seabirds is the 2001 treaty , the Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels , which came into force in 2004 and has been ratified by thirteen countries, Argentina , Australia , Brazil , Chile , Ecuador , France , New Zealand, Norway , Peru , South Africa , Spain , the United Kingdom and Uruguay . The treaty requires these countries to take specific actions to reduce bycatch, pollution and to remove introduced species from nesting islands. Species ( edit ) Current thinking divides the albatrosses into four genera. The number of species is a matter of debate. The IUCN and BirdLife International recognise 22 extant species (listed below), ITIS recognise 21 (the 22 below minus T. steadi ), and one recent paper proposed a reduction to 13 (indicated in parentheses below), comprising the traditional 14 species minus D. amsterdamensis . Great albatrosses ( Diomedea ) Wandering albatross ( D. exulans ) Antipodean albatross ( D. (exulans) antipodensis ) Amsterdam albatross ( D. (exulans) amsterdamensis ) Tristan albatross ( D. (exulans) dabbenena ) Northern royal albatross ( D. (epomorpha) sanfordi ) Southern royal albatross ( D. epomophora ) North Pacific albatrosses ( Phoebastria ) Waved albatross ( P. irrorata ) Short-tailed albatross ( P. albatrus ) Black-footed albatross ( P. nigripes ) Laysan albatross ( P. immutabilis ) Mollymawks ( Thalassarche ) Black-browed albatross ( T. melanophris ) Campbell albatross ( T. (melanophris) impavida ) Shy albatross ( T. cauta ) White-capped albatross ( T. (cauta) steadi ) Chatham albatross ( T. (cauta) eremita ) Salvin's albatross ( T. (cauta) salvini ) Grey-headed albatross ( T. chrysostoma ) Atlantic yellow-nosed albatross ( T. chlororhynchos Indian yellow-nosed albatross ( T. (chlororhynchos) carteri ) Buller's albatross ( T. bulleri ) Sooty albatrosses ( Phoebetria ) Sooty albatross ( P. fusca ) Light-mantled albatross ( P. palpebrata ) See also ( edit ) List of albatross breeding locations References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). `` Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification -- Family Diomedeidae'' . Project: The Taxonomicon . Archived from the original on 16 June 2009 . Retrieved 17 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Pattison, Darcy . `` The oldest bird in the world'' . Darcypattison.com (website of Darcy Pattison, author of book about Wisdom). Archived from the original on 13 April 2014 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Brooke, M. (2004). Albatrosses and Petrels Across the World Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK ISBN 0-19-850125-0 ^ Jump up to: Robertson, C.J.R. and Nunn, G.B. (1998) `` Towards a new taxonomy for albatrosses'' in: Proceedings First International Conference on the Biology and Conservation of Albatrosses , G.Robertson & R.Gales (Eds), Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty & Sons, 13-- 19, Jump up ^ Alexander, W.B. ; Fleming, C.A. ; Falla, R.A. ; Kuroda, N.H. ; Jouanin, C.; Rowan, M.K. ; Murphy, R.C. ; Serventy, D.L. ; Salomonsen, F.; et al. (1965). `` Correspondence: The families and genera of the petrels and their names'' . Ibis. 107 (3): 401-- 5. doi : 10.1111/j.1474-919X.1965.tb07326.x . Jump up ^ Nunn, G.B. ; Cooper, J.; Jouventin, P.; Robertson, C.J.R. ; Robertson, G.G. (1996). `` Evolutionary relationships among extant albatrosses (Procellariiformes: Diomedeidae) established from complete cytochrome-b gene sequences'' (PDF) . Auk. 113 (4): 784-- 801. doi : 10.2307/4088857 . ^ Jump up to: Double, M.C. & Chambers, G.K., (2004). `` The need for the parties to the Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) to establish a robust, defendable and transparent decision-making process for the construction and maintenance of their species lists `` . Proceedings of the Scientific Meeting of Agreement on Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) , Hobart, Australia, 8-- 9 November 2004 Jump up ^ Burg, T.M.; Croxall, J.P. (2004). `` Global population structure and taxonomy of the wandering albatross species complex'' (PDF) . Molecular Ecology. 13 (8): 2345-- 2355. PMID 15245406 . doi : 10.1111/j.1365-294X.2004.02232.x . ^ Jump up to: Penhallurick, J.; Wink, M. (2004). `` Analysis of the taxonomy and nomenclature of the Procellariiformes based on complete nucleotide sequences of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene'' (PDF) . Emu. 104 (2): 125-- 147. doi : 10.1071/MU01060 . Jump up ^ Rheindt, F.E. ; Austin, J. (2005). `` Major analytical and conceptual shortcomings in a recent taxonomic revision of the Procellariiformes -- A reply to Penhallurick and Wink (2004)'' (PDF) . Emu. 105 (2): 181-- 186. doi : 10.1071/MU04039 . ^ Jump up to: Olson, S.L.; Hearty, P.J. (2003). `` Probable extirpation of a breeding colony of Short-tailed Albatross ( Phoebastria albatrus ) on Bermuda by Pleistocene sea-level rise'' . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences . 100 (22): 12825-- 12829. PMC 240703 . PMID 14566060 . doi : 10.1073/pnas.1934576100 . Jump up ^ Gelasian , formerly Late Pliocene Jump up ^ Lequette, B.; Verheyden, C.; Jowentin, P. (1989). `` Olfaction in Subantarctic seabirds: Its phylogenetic and ecological significance'' (PDF) . The Condor. 91 (3): 732-- 735. JSTOR 1368131 . doi : 10.2307/1368131 . ^ Jump up to: Tickell, W.L.N. (2000). Albatrosses . Sussex:Pica Press, ISBN 1-873403-94-1 Jump up ^ Ehrlich, Paul R.; Dobkin, David, S.; Wheye, Darryl (1988). The Birders Handbook (First ed.). New York, NY: Simon & Schuster. pp. 29-- 31. ISBN 0-671-65989-8 . ^ Jump up to: Humann, Alec; Brinkley, Edward S. (2001). `` Albatrosses'' . In Elphick, Chris; Dunning Jr., John B.; Sibley, David Allen . The Sibley Guide to Bird Life and Behavior . illustrated by David Allen Sibley (1st. ed.). New York: Alfred A. Knopf. pp. 132-- 135. ISBN 0-679-45123-4 . Jump up ^ Pennycuick, C.J. (1982). `` The flight of petrels and albatrosses (Procellariiformes), observed in South Georgia and its vicinity'' . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London B. 300 (1098): 75-- 106. JSTOR 2395926 . doi : 10.1098/rstb.1982.0158 . Jump up ^ Weimerskirch, H; Guionnet, T; Martin, J; Shaffer, SA; Costa, DP. (2000). `` Fast and fuel efficient? Optimal use of wind by flying albatrosses'' (PDF) . Proceedings B (formerly Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B). 267 (1455): 1869-- 74. PMC 1690761 . PMID 11052538 . doi : 10.1098/rspb.2000.1223 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Facts -- Albatross: Do albatrosses sleep while flying?'' . OnlineMathLearning.com . Retrieved 6 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Warham, J. (1996). The Behaviour, Population, Biology and Physiology of the Petrels . London:Academic Press, ISBN 0-12-735415-8 Jump up ^ Daniel Stone (7 September 2012). `` Albatross's Effortless Flight Decoded-- May Influence Future Planes'' . National Geographic. ^ Jump up to: Cocker, M., & Mabey, R., (2005) Birds Britannica London:Chatto & Windus, ISBN 0-7011-6907-9 Jump up ^ Croxall, J.P. ; Silk, J.R.D.; Phillips, R.A.; Afanasyev, V.; Briggs, D.R. (2005). `` Global Circumnavigations: Tracking year-round ranges of nonbreeding Albatrosses'' . Science . 307 (5707): 249-- 250. Bibcode : 2005Sci...307..249C . PMID 15653503 . doi : 10.1126/science.1106042 . Jump up ^ Croxall, J.P.; Prince, P.A. (1994). `` Dead or alive, night or day: how do albatrosses catch squid?'' . Antarctic Science . 6 (2): 155-- 162. doi : 10.1017/S0954102094000246 . Jump up ^ Spear, Larry; David G. Ainley (1993). `` Kleptoparasitism by Kermadec Petrels, Jaegers, and Skuas in the Eastern Tropical Pacific: Evidence of Mimicry by Two Species of Pterodroma '' . The Auk. 110 (2): 222-- 233. JSTOR 4088550 . Jump up ^ Prince, P.A.; Huin, N.; Weimerskirch, H. (1994). `` Diving depths of albatrosses'' . Antarctic Science . 6 (3): 353-- 354. doi : 10.1017/S0954102094000532 . Jump up ^ Cobley, N.D. (1996). `` An observation of live prey capture by a Black-browed Albatross Diomedea melanophrys '' (PDF) . Marine Ornithology. 24 : 45-- 46. ^ Jump up to: Robertson, C.J.R. (2003). `` Albatrosses (Diomedeidae)'' . In Hutchins, Michael. Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia . 8 Birds: 1. (2 ed.). Farmington Hills, MI: Gale Group. pp. 113-- 116. ISBN 0-7876-5784-0 . Jump up ^ Fisher, H.I. (1976). `` Some dynamics of a breeding colony of Laysan Albatrosses'' . Wilson Bulletin . 88 (1): 121-- 142. JSTOR 4160718 . Jump up ^ Dell'Amore , Christine (22 February 2013). `` Oldest Known Wild Bird Hatches Chick at 62'' . National Geographic . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Arnold, Carrie (17 February 2017). `` World's Oldest Wild Bird Has Baby at 66'' . National Geographic . Retrieved 18 February 2017 . Jump up ^ Jouventin, P.; Monicault, G. de; Blosseville, J.M. (1981). `` La danse de l'albatros , Phoebetria fusca '' . Behaviour. 78 : 43-- 80. doi : 10.1163/156853981X00257 . Jump up ^ Pickering, S.P.C.; Berrow, S.D. (2001). `` Courtship behaviour of the Wandering Albatross Diomedea exulans at Bird Island, South Georgia'' (PDF) . Marine Ornithology. 29 : 29-- 37. Jump up ^ Anderson, D.J. & Cruz, F. (1998) `` Biology and management of the Waved Albatross at the Galapagos Islands, pp. 105-- 109 in Albatross Biology and Conservation (Robertson, G. & Gales, R. eds) Chipping Norton:Surrey Beatty and & Sons ISBN 0-949324-82-5 Jump up ^ Warham, J. (1990) The Petrels -- Their Ecology and Breeding Systems London: Academic Press. Jump up ^ Warham, J. (1976). `` The incidence, function and ecological significance of petrel stomach oils'' (PDF) . Proceedings of the New Zealand Ecological Society . 24 (3): 84-- 93. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 24, 2006. ^ Jump up to: Carboneras, C. (1992) `` Family Diomedeidae (Albatross)'' in Handbook of Birds of the World Vol 1. Barcelona:Lynx Edicions, ISBN 84-87334-10-5 Jump up ^ Åkesson , S.; Weimerskirch, H. (2005). `` Albatross Long-Distance Navigation: Comparing Adults And Juveniles'' (PDF) . Journal of Navigation . 58 (3): 365-- 373. Bibcode : 2005JNav...58..365A . doi : 10.1017/S0373463305003401 . Jump up ^ Gotch, A.F. (1995) (1979). `` Albatrosses, Fulmars, Shearwaters, and Petrels'' . Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals . New York, NY: Facts on File. p. 190. ISBN 0-8160-3377-3 . ^ Jump up to: From the website of the Cape Horners ' organisation caphorniers.cl : A.I.C.H. Emblem. Archived 2011-06-15 at the Wayback Machine . (retrieved 24 February 2011). Synthesis of an article written by the International Secretary General of the A.I.C.H., Captain Roger GHYS, as published in LE COURRIER DU CAP N° 3 of December, 1999. By Rear Admiral Roberto BENAVENTE, President, Chilean Section AICH Jump up ^ Eyers, Jonathan (2011). Don't Shoot the Albatross!: Nautical Myths and Superstitions . A&C Black, London, UK. ISBN 978-1-4081-3131-2 . Jump up ^ The Players Championship -- What Golf Betting Is All About . scottishgolfhistory.net Jump up ^ Mclean, Mervyn (1982). `` A Chronological and Geographical Sequence of Maori Flute Scales'' . Man . 17 (1): 123-- 157. JSTOR 2802105 . doi : 10.2307/2802105 . Jump up ^ Safina, C. (2002) Eye of the Albatross: Visions of Hope and Survival New York: Henry Holt & Company ISBN 0-8050-6229-7 Jump up ^ IUCN (2004). Red List: Albatross Species Archived April 27, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ...Retrieved July 27, 2007. Jump up ^ Brothers, NP. (1991). `` Albatross mortality and associated bait loss in the Japanese longline fishery in the southern ocean'' . Biological Conservation. 55 (3): 255-- 268. doi : 10.1016/0006-3207(91)90031-4 . Jump up ^ Fisher, Harvey I. (May 1966). `` Airplane-Albatross Collisions on Midway Atoll'' . The Condor. 68 (3): 229-- 242. JSTOR 1365556 . doi : 10.2307/1365556 . Jump up ^ Audubon Watchlist. Laysan Albatross (Phoebastria immutabilis) Archived 2008-02-03 at the Wayback Machine ...audubon2.org Jump up ^ Amos, Jonathan (24 July 2005). Albatross chicks attacked by mice . BBC News . Jump up ^ Spear, L.B.; Ainley, D.G.; Ribic, C.A. (1995). `` Incidence of plastic in seabirds from the tropical Pacific, 1984-- 91: relation with distribution of species, sex, age, season, year and body weight'' . Marine Environmental Research . 40 (2): 123-- 146. doi : 10.1016/0141-1136(94)00140-K . Jump up ^ Auman, H.J., Ludwig, J.P., Giesy, J.P., Colborn, T., (1997) `` Plastic ingestion by Laysan Albatross chicks on Sand Island, Midway Atoll, in 1994 and 1995.'' Archived 2005-10-30 at the Wayback Machine . in Albatross Biology and Conservation , (ed by G. Robinson and R. Gales). Surrey Beatty & Sons:Chipping Norton. pp. 239-- 44 Jump up ^ Food and Agriculture Organisation (1999) `` The incidental catch of seabirds by longline fisheries: worldwide review and technical guidelines for mitigation'' Archived June 29, 2006, at the Wayback Machine ...FAO Fisheries Circular No. 937. Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, Rome. Jump up ^ O'Toole , Decland; Molloy, Janice (2000). `` Preliminary performance assessment of an underwater line setting device for pelagic longline fishing'' . New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research . 34 (3): 455-- 461. doi : 10.1080/00288330.2000.9516947 . Jump up ^ Reid, A.T.; Sullivan, B.J.; Pompert, J.; Enticott, J.W.; Black, A.D. (2004). `` Seabird mortality associated with Patagonian Toothfish ( Dissostichus eleginoides ) longliners in Falkland Islands waters'' . Emu. 104 (4): 317-- 325. doi : 10.1071/MU03002 . Jump up ^ Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels. `` Parties To ACAP'' . Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ ACAP (2009). `` Amended, Third Session of the Meeting of the Parties'' . Agreement on the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels . Retrieved 22 January 2011 . Jump up ^ `` IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Version 2014.2 (search for `` DIOMEDEIDAE'' )`` . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Integrated Taxonomic Information System (ITIS)'' . Retrieved 30 October 2014 . External links ( edit ) Library resources about Albatross Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Look up albatross in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikimedia Commons has media related to Diomedeidae . Wikispecies has information related to: Diomedeidae `` Diomedeidae'' . Integrated Taxonomic Information System . Retrieved 4 May 2006 . HANZAB complete species list (Handbook of Australian, New Zealand and Antarctic Birds.) BirdLife International Save the Albatross campaign The Agreement for the Conservation of Albatrosses and Petrels (ACAP) Albatross: Don Roberson's family page Tracking Ocean Wanderers The global distribution of albatrosses and petrels: Results from the Global Procellariiform Tracking Workshop, 1-- 5 September 2003, Gordon's Bay, South Africa. BirdLife International Albatross videos on the Internet Bird Collection Albatross species profile at the WWF `` Recovery plan for albatrosses in the Chatham Islands 2001-- 2011'' (PDF) . Department of Conservation, Wellington, New Zealand. 2001 . Retrieved 2007-09-28 . Texts on Wikisource: `` Albatross '' . New International Encyclopedia . 1905. `` Albatross '' . Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). 1911. `` Albatross '' . Encyclopedia Americana. 1920. `` Albatross '' . Collier's New Encyclopedia . 1921. 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kuch tum kaho kuch hum kahein cast name

Fardeen Khan as Abhay Indra Vishnu Pratap Singh Richa Pallod as Mangla Vikram Gokhale as Vishnu Pratap Singh Farida Jalal as Mangla Dadi Govind Namdeo as Virendra Pratap Sharad Kapoor as Rudra Pratap Sanjai Mishra Vivek Mody as Child Neena Kulkarni as Virendra Pratab 's wife and Vishnu 's sister Karan Gulati as child artiste

Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein - Wikipedia Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Kuchh Tum Kaho Kuchh Hum Kahei Directed by K. Ravi Shankar Produced by D. Ramanaidu Written by Jainendra Jain (dialogues) Screenplay by Paruchuri Brothers Story by Uday Shankar , Deenaraj Starring Fardeen Khan Richa Pallod Farida Jalal Govind Namdeo Mukesh Tiwari Music by Anu Malik (songs), R.P. Patnaik (background score) Cinematography Ajayan Vincent Edited by Marthand K. Venkatesh, Madhav Production company Suresh Productions Distributed by Dream Merchants Enterprise Release date 28 June 2002 Country India Language Hindi Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (English: You say something, I'll say something ) is a 2002 Indian Hindi romance drama film directed by Ravi Shankar. The film stars Fardeen Khan opposite debutant Richa Pallod . It released worldwide on 28 June 2002, and opened to a mixed response from critics and public. The story is based on two lovers who are unable to start an relationship because of their family's feud and ancient grudge. The storyline is a remake of the Telugu movie Kalisundam Raa , and features similarities with William Shakespeare 's classical story, Romeo and Juliet . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot summary 2 Cast 3 Box office 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot summary ( edit ) Vishnupratap Singh ( Vikram Gokhale ) is celebrating his 60th birthday in his village with his wife ( Farida Jalal ). At the behest of his wife, Vishnu Pratap calls his estranged son's family from Bombay for the event. Their grandson, Abhay ( Fardeen Khan ), arrives with his mother and sister to the village, and is initially greeted with animosity. However, he shows a kind and caring side that wins the affections of his family members. He also starts to become friendly with Mangala ( Richa Pallod ), and the two start playing pranks and teasing each other, which eventually leads to them falling in love. Abhay ends up getting into a fight with the family of Virendra Pratap ( Govind Namdeo ), specifically his nephew, Rudra Pratap ( Sharad Kapoor ). Vishnu Pratap slaps Abhay afterwards for his actions, even though he was defending himself against Rudra. Abhay finds out Rudra's anger towards his family is a deep-rooted family feud. Virendra Pratap and Vishnu Pratap are brothers-in-law who were once very close friends after Vishnu married his sister to Virendra. 25 years before, they decided that Vishnu Pratap's son, Abhay's father, Indra, would marry Virendra Pratap's niece. However, Indra was in love with Abhay's mother, and ran away on the day of the wedding to avoid the marriage. The bride, despondent over her humiliation, committed suicide that day by setting herself on fire. Virendra Pratap's brother and son-in-law died that day, as a result of the fight that broke out at the wedding. Vishnu Pratap blames his son for the discourse within the family, and shunned him and his children, as a result. Abhay, hearing this, resolves to reunite the two families in some way. Rudra, however, is determined to kill Abhay and his family to avenge the deaths of his sister and father. Abhay eventually succeeds in reconciling the two families, and decides to ask his grandfather for permission to marry Mangala. However, Mangala's marriage is arranged to a member of Virendra Pratap's family in order to reunite the families permanently. Abhay sacrifices his love for Mangala in order to let the families come back together. However, Mangala refuses to agree, and runs away to the station, where Abhay tries to stop her from leaving for the sake of their family. The families eventually find out about Mangala running away, and Rudra goes after her, intending to kill Abhay. The two get into a fight, until Rudra stabs Abhay. At that point, Vishnu Pratap and Virendra Pratap show up with the family after finding out about Abhay and Mangala's love, and realizing the mistake they've made. Rudra also comes to realize his mistake, and he reunites Abhay and Mangala, as the families become one and reconcile. Cast ( edit ) Fardeen Khan as Abhay Indra Vishnu Pratap Singh Richa Pallod as Mangla Vikram Gokhale as Vishnu Pratap Singh Farida Jalal as Mangla Dadi Govind Namdeo as Virendra Pratap Sharad Kapoor as Rudra Pratap Sanjai Mishra Vivek Mody as Child Neena Kulkarni as Virendra Pratab's wife and Vishnu's sister Karan Gulati as child artiste Box office ( edit ) It was an average grosser at the box office. Soundtrack ( edit ) music composed by Anu Malik . with lyrics by Sameer Title Singer(s) Aa Ra Raa Ra Raa Fardeen Khan , Sonu Nigam Chudi Chudi Shaan , Preeti & Pinky , Prashant Hua Salaam Dil Ka Udit Narayan , Alka Yagnik Jab Se Dekha Tumko Kumar Sanu , Alka Yagnik Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein Hariharan Tu Hi Hai Shaan, Sunidhi Chauhan Yeh Kya Majboori K.K. , Prashant References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Movie Preview Review Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein'' . Hindisong.com . Retrieved 2015-07-23 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20100205084551/http://thehindujobs.com/thehindu/fr/2002/07/05/stories/2002070501040201.htm . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010 . Retrieved 19 August 2013 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` KTKKHK Movie Overview'' . Apunkachoice.com . Retrieved 20 October 2011 . Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20080122102508/http://www.boxofficeindia.com/showProd.php?itemCat=209&catName=MjAwMw%3D%3D . Archived from the original on 22 January 2008 . Retrieved 4 March 2009 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) External links ( edit ) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein on IMDb William Shakespeare 's Romeo and Juliet Characters Romeo Juliet Mercutio Tybalt Benvolio Friar Laurence Nurse Paris Rosaline Queen Mab Atomy Sources The Tragical History of Romeus and Juliet Pyramus and Thisbe Palace of Pleasure Troilus and Criseyde Ballets Romeo and Juliet (1938, Prokofiev) Romeo and Juliet (1962, Cranko) Romeo and Juliet (1965, MacMillan) Romeo and Juliet (1977, Nureyev) Romeo and Juliet (1965, Lavery) Radio and Juliet (2005) Romeo + Juliet (2007, Martins) Romeo and Juliet (2008, Pastor) Operas Romeo und Julie (1776, Benda) Giulietta e Romeo (1796, Zingarelli) Giulietta e Romeo (1825, Vaccai) I Capuleti ei Montecchi (1830, Bellini) Gloria (1874, Cilea) Roméo et Juliette (1867, Gounod) A Village Romeo and Juliet (1907, Delius) Romeo und Julia (1940, Sutermeister) Musicals The Belle of Mayfair (1906) West Side Story (1957) Once on This Island (1990) Roméo et Juliette, de la Haine à l'Amour (2001) Giulietta e Romeo (2007) Classical Beethoven's String Quartet No. 1 (c. 1800) Roméo et Juliette (1839, Berlioz) Romeo and Juliet (1870, Tchaikovsky) On screen 1900 1908 1916 Metro Pictures 1916 Fox 1936 1953 1954 1955 1968 1978 (TV) 1992 (TV) 2006 2007 2013 Film adaptations English Beneath the 12-Mile Reef (1953) Romanoff and Juliet (1961) West Side Story (1961) Gonks Go Beat (1965) Lonesome Cowboys (1968) The Secret Sex Lives of Romeo and Juliet (1969) Romie-0 and Julie-8 (TV; 1979) The Tragedy of Romeo and Juliet (1982) Valley Girl (1983) Bullies (1986) China Girl (1987) Romeo.Juliet (1990) Tromeo and Juliet (1996) Love Is All There Is (1996) Rose by Any Other Name... (1997) The Lion King II: Simba's Pride (1998) Shakespeare in Love (1998) The Magical Legend of the Leprechauns (1999) Romeo Must Die (2000) Brooklyn Babylon (2001) Pizza My Heart (TV; 2005) West Bank Story (2005) Life and Lyrics (2006) Romeo & Juliet: Sealed with a Kiss (2006) Rome & Jewel (2006) David & Fatima (2008) The Cross Road (2008) Vicious Circle (2008) Gnomeo & Juliet (2011) Private Romeo (2011) Warm Bodies (2013) Make Your Move (2013) Romeo & Juliet (2013) Gnomeo & Juliet: Sherlock Gnomes (2018) Foreign Ambikapathy (Tamil 1937) Romeo and Juliet (Spanish 1940) Les amants de Vérone (French 1949) Romeo, Juliet and Darkness (Czech 1960) Los Tarantos (Spanish 1963) Fury of Johnny Kid (Italian 1967) Ma che musica maestro (Italian 1971) Maro Charitra (Telugu 1978) Mônica e Cebolinha: No Mundo de Romeu e Julieta (Portuguese 1979) Ek Duuje Ke Liye (Hindi 1981) The Sea Prince and the Fire Child (Japanese 1981) Qayamat Se Qayamat Tak (Hindi 1988) Saudagar (Hindi 1991) The Phantom Lover (Mandarin 1995) 30:e november (Swedish/Spanish 1995) Akkada Ammayi Ikkada Abbayi (Telugu 1996) Chicken Rice War (Cantonese/English 2000) Kalisundam Raa (Telugu 2000) Kuch Tum Kaho Kuch Hum Kahein (Hindi 2002) Bollywood Queen (English/Hindi 2002) Amar te duele (Spanish 2002) Ondagona Baa (Kannada 2003) Mamay (Ukrainian 2003) The District! 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when does hanukkah end on the jewish calendar

The dates of Hanukkah are determined by the Hebrew calendar . Hanukkah begins at the 25th day of Kislev and concludes on the 2nd or 3rd day of Tevet ( Kislev can have 29 or 30 days ) . The Jewish day begins at sunset . Hanukkah begins at sunset of the date listed .

Hanukkah - wikipedia Hanukkah Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Hanukkah (disambiguation) . Hanukkah A hanukkiah , a menorah with nine branches Official name Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה ‬ or חנוכה English translation: `` Establishing'' or `` Dedication'' (of the Temple in Jerusalem ) Observed by Jews Type Jewish Significance The Maccabees successfully rebelled against Antiochus IV Epiphanes . According to the Talmud , a late text, the Temple was purified and the wicks of the menorah miraculously burned for eight days , even though there was only enough sacred oil for one day's lighting. Celebrations Lighting candles each night. Singing special songs, such as Ma'oz Tzur . Reciting the Hallel prayer. Eating foods fried in oil, such as latkes and sufganiyot , and dairy foods. Playing the dreidel game, and giving Hanukkah gelt Begins 25 Kislev Ends 2 Tevet or 3 Tevet Date 25 Kislev 2017 date Sunset, 12 December to nightfall, 20 December 2018 date Sunset, 2 December to nightfall, 10 December 2019 date Sunset, 22 December to nightfall, 30 December Related to Purim , as a rabbinically decreed holiday. Hanukkah table Hanukkah ( / ˈhɑːnəkə / HAH -nə -kə ; Hebrew : חֲנֻכָּה ‬ khanuká , Tiberian : khanuká , usually spelled חנוכה , pronounced (χanuˈka ) in Modern Hebrew , (ˈχanukə ) or (ˈχanikə ) in Yiddish ; a transliteration also romanized as Chanukah or Ḥanukah ) is a Jewish holiday commemorating the rededication of the Holy Temple (the Second Temple ) in Jerusalem at the time of the Maccabean Revolt against the Seleucid Empire . Hanukkah is observed for eight nights and days, starting on the 25th day of Kislev according to the Hebrew calendar , which may occur at any time from late November to late December in the Gregorian calendar . It is also known as the Festival of Lights and the Feast of Dedication . The festival is observed by lighting the candles of a candelabrum with nine branches, called a Hanukkah menorah (or hanukkiah). One branch is typically placed above or below the others and its candle is used to light the other eight candles. This unique candle is called the shamash ( Hebrew : שמש ‎ , `` attendant'' ). Each night, one additional candle is lit by the shamash until all eight candles are lit together on the final night of the holiday. Other Hanukkah festivities include playing dreidel and eating oil-based foods such as doughnuts and latkes . Since the 1970s, the worldwide Chabad Hasidic movement has initiated public menorah lightings in open public places in many countries. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 1.1 Alternative spellings 2 Historical sources 2.1 Maccabees, Mishna, and Talmud 2.2 Narrative of Josephus 2.3 Other ancient sources 3 Story 3.1 Background 3.2 Traditional view 3.3 Academic sources 3.4 Timeline 3.5 Battles of the Maccabean Revolt 3.6 Characters and heroes 4 Rituals 4.1 Kindling the Hanukkah lights 4.2 Candle-lighting time 4.3 Blessings over the candles 4.3.1 Blessing for lighting the candles 4.3.2 Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah 4.3.3 Hanerot Halalu 4.4 Maoz Tzur 4.5 Other customs 4.6 Special additions to daily prayers 4.7 Zot Hanukkah 4.8 Other related laws and customs 5 Customs 5.1 Music 5.2 Foods 5.3 Dreidel 5.4 Hanukkah gelt 5.5 Hanukkah in the White House 6 Dates 7 Symbolic importance 8 Gallery 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Etymology The name `` Hanukkah'' derives from the Hebrew verb `` חנך '' , meaning `` to dedicate'' . On Hanukkah, the Maccabean Jews regained control of Jerusalem and rededicated the Temple. Many homiletical explanations have been given for the name: The name can be broken down into חנו כ `` ה , `` (they) rested (on the) twenty-fifth'' , referring to the fact that the Jews ceased fighting on the 25th day of Kislev , the day on which the holiday begins. חנוכה (Hanukkah) is also the Hebrew acronym for ח נרות והלכה כבית הלל -- `` Eight candles, and the halakha is like the House of Hillel'' . This is a reference to the disagreement between two rabbinical schools of thought -- the House of Hillel and the House of Shammai -- on the proper order in which to light the Hanukkah flames. Shammai opined that eight candles should be lit on the first night, seven on the second night, and so on down to one on the last night (because the miracle was greatest on the first day). Hillel argued in favor of starting with one candle and lighting an additional one every night, up to eight on the eighth night (because the miracle grew in greatness each day). Jewish law adopted the position of Hillel. Alternative spellings Spelling variations due to transliteration of Hebrew Chet Nun Vav Kaf Hey In Hebrew , the word Hanukkah is written חֲנֻכָּה ‬ or חנוכה ( Ḥănukkāh ). It is most commonly transliterated to English as Chanukah or Hanukkah , the latter because the sound represented by `` CH'' ( ( χ ) , similar to the Scottish pronunciation of `` loch '' ) is not native to the English language. Furthermore, the letter `` ḥet '' ( ח ), which is the first letter in the Hebrew spelling, is pronounced differently in modern Hebrew ( voiceless uvular fricative ) from in classical Hebrew ( voiceless pharyngeal fricative ( ħ ) ), and neither of those sounds is unambiguously representable in English spelling. Moreover, the ' kaf' consonant is geminate in classical (but not modern) Hebrew. Adapting the classical Hebrew pronunciation with the geminate and pharyngeal Ḥeth can lead to the spelling `` Hanukkah'' ; while adapting the modern Hebrew pronunciation with no gemination and uvular Ḥeth leads to the spelling `` Chanukah '' . Historical sources Maccabees, Mishna, and Talmud See also: Mishnah § Omissions The story of Hanukkah is preserved in the books of the First and Second Maccabees , which describe in detail the re-dedication of the Temple in Jerusalem and the lighting of the menorah . These books are not part of the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) which came from the Palestinian canon; however, they were part of the Alexandrian canon which is also called the Septuagint (sometimes abbreviated LXX). Both books are included in the Old Testament used by the Catholic and Orthodox Churches, since those churches consider the books deuterocanonical. They are not included in the Old Testament books in most Protestant Bibles since most Protestants consider the books apocryphal. Multiple references to Hanukkah are also made in the Mishna (Bikkurim 1:6, Rosh HaShanah 1:3, Taanit 2:10, Megillah 3:4 and 3:6, Moed Katan 3:9, and Bava Kama 6:6), though specific laws are not described. The miracle of the one-day supply of oil miraculously lasting eight days is first described in the Talmud , committed to writing about 600 years after the events described in the books of Maccabees. Rav Nissim Gaon postulates in his Hakdamah Le'mafteach Hatalmud that information on the holiday was so commonplace that the Mishna felt no need to explain it. A modern-day scholar Reuvein Margolies suggests that as the Mishnah was redacted after the Bar Kochba revolt , its editors were reluctant to include explicit discussion of a holiday celebrating another relatively recent revolt against a foreign ruler, for fear of antagonizing the Romans. Hanukkah lamp unearthed near Jerusalem about 1900 The Gemara ( Talmud ), in tractate Shabbat, page 21b, focuses on Shabbat candles and moves to Hanukkah candles and says that after the forces of Antiochus IV had been driven from the Temple, the Maccabees discovered that almost all of the ritual olive oil had been profaned. They found only a single container that was still sealed by the High Priest , with enough oil to keep the menorah in the Temple lit for a single day. They used this, yet it burned for eight days (the time it took to have new oil pressed and made ready). The Talmud presents three options: The law requires only one light each night per household, A better practice is to light one light each night for each member of the household The most preferred practice is to vary the number of lights each night. Except in times of danger, the lights were to be placed outside one's door, on the opposite side of the mezuza , or in the window closest to the street. Rashi , in a note to Shabbat 21b, says their purpose is to publicize the miracle. The blessings for Hanukkah lights are discussed in tractate Succah, p. 46a. Narrative of Josephus The Jewish historian Titus Flavius Josephus narrates in his book, Jewish Antiquities XII, how the victorious Judas Maccabeus ordered lavish yearly eight-day festivities after rededicating the Temple in Jerusalem that had been profaned by Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Josephus does not say the festival was called Hanukkah but rather the `` Festival of Lights'' : `` Now Judas celebrated the festival of the restoration of the sacrifices of the temple for eight days, and omitted no sort of pleasures thereon; but he feasted them upon very rich and splendid sacrifices; and he honored God, and delighted them by hymns and psalms. Nay, they were so very glad at the revival of their customs, when, after a long time of intermission, they unexpectedly had regained the freedom of their worship, that they made it a law for their posterity, that they should keep a festival, on account of the restoration of their temple worship, for eight days. And from that time to this we celebrate this festival, and call it Lights. I suppose the reason was because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us; and that thence was the name given to that festival. Judas also rebuilt the walls round about the city, and reared towers of great height against the incursions of enemies, and set guards therein. He also fortified the city Bethsura , that it might serve as a citadel against any distresses that might come from our enemies.'' Other Ancient sources The story of Hanukkah is alluded to in the book of 1 Maccabees and 2 Maccabees . The eight-day rededication of the temple is described in 1 Maccabees 4:36-- 4:59 , though the name of the festival and the miracle of the lights do not appear here. A story similar in character, and obviously older in date, is the one alluded to in 2 Maccabees 1:18-- 1:36 according to which the relighting of the altar fire by Nehemiah was due to a miracle which occurred on the 25th of Kislev, and which appears to be given as the reason for the selection of the same date for the rededication of the altar by Judah Maccabee. The above account in 1 Maccabees 4, as well as 2 Maccabees 1:9 portrays the feast as a delayed observation of the eight-day Feast of Booths ( Sukkot )`` ; similarly 2 Maccabees 10:6 explains the length of the feast as `` in the manner of the Feast of Booths'' . Another source is the Megillat Antiochus . This work (also known as `` Megillat Benei Ḥashmonai '' , `` Megillat Hanukkah'' , or `` Megillat Yevanit'' ) is extant in both the Aramaic and Hebrew languages; the Hebrew version is a literal translation from the Aramaic original. Recent scholarship dates it to somewhere between the 2nd and 5th Centuries, probably in the 2nd century, with the Hebrew dating to the 7th century. It was published for the first time in Mantua in 1557. Saadia Gaon , who translated it into Arabic in the 9th century, ascribed it to the elders of the School of Shammai and the School of Hillel . The Hebrew text with an English translation can be found in the Siddur of Philip Birnbaum . The Scroll of Antiochus concludes with the following words: ...After this, the sons of Israel went up to the Temple and rebuilt its gates and purified the Temple from the dead bodies and from the defilement. And they sought after pure olive oil to light the lamps therewith, but could not find any, except one bowl that was sealed with the signet ring of the High Priest from the days of Samuel the prophet and they knew that it was pure. There was in it (enough oil) to light (the lamps therewith) for one day, but the God of heaven whose name dwells there put therein his blessing and they were able to light from it eight days. Therefore, the sons of Ḥashmonai made this covenant and took upon themselves a solemn vow, they and the sons of Israel, all of them, to publish amongst the sons of Israel, (to the end) that they might observe these eight days of joy and honour, as the days of the feasts written in (the book of) the Law; (even) to light in them so as to make known to those who come after them that their God wrought for them salvation from heaven. In them, it is not permitted to mourn, neither to decree a fast (on those days), and anyone who has a vow to perform, let him perform it. Section from the Aramaic Scroll of Antiochus in Babylonian supralinear punctuation , with an Arabic translation Original language (Aramaic): בָּתַר דְּנָּא עָלוּ בְּנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְבֵית מַקְדְּשָׁא וּבְנוֹ תַּרְעַיָּא וְדַכִּיאוּ בֵּית מַקְדְּשָׁא מִן קְטִילַיָּא וּמִן סְאוֹבֲתָא . וּבעוֹ מִשְׁחָא דְּזֵיתָא דָּכְיָא לְאַדְלָקָא בּוֹצִנַיָּא וְלָא אַשְׁכַּחוּ אֵלָא צְלוֹחִית חֲדָא דַּהֲוָת חֲתִימָא בְּעִזְקָת כָּהֲנָא רַבָּא מִיּוֹמֵי שְׁמוּאֵל נְבִיָּא וִיַדְעוּ דְּהִיא דָּכְיָא . בְּאַדְלָקוּת יוֹמָא חֲדָא הֲוָה בַּהּ וַאֲלָה שְׁמַיָּא דִּי שַׁכֵין שְׁמֵיהּ תַּמָּן יְהַב בַּהּ בִּרְכְּתָא וְאַדְלִיקוּ מִנַּהּ תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין . עַל כֵּן קַיִּימוּ בְּנֵי חַשְׁמוּנַּאי הָדֵין קְיָימָא וַאֲסַרוּ הָדֵין אֲסָּרָא אִנּוּן וּבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל כּוּלְּהוֹן . לְהוֹדָעָא לִבְנֵי יִשְׂרָאֵל לְמֶעֲבַד הָדֵין תְּמָנְיָא יוֹמִין חַדְוָא וִיקָר כְּיּוֹמֵי מוֹעֲדַיָּא דִּכְתִיבִין בְּאוֹרָיְתָא לְאַדְלָקָא בְּהוֹן לְהוֹדָעָא לְמַן דְּיֵּיתֵי מִבַּתְרֵיהוֹן אֲרֵי עֲבַד לְהוֹן אֱלָהֲהוֹן פּוּרְקָנָא מִן שְׁמַיָּא . בְּהוֹן לָא לְמִסְפַּד וְלָא לְמִגְזַר צוֹמָא וְכָל דִּיהֵי עֲלוֹהִי נִדְרָא יְשַׁלְּמִנֵּיהּ In the Christian Greek Scriptures , John 10:22-- 23 says Jesus walked in Solomon's Porch at the Jerusalem Temple during `` the Feast of Dedication and it was winter.'' The Greek term that is used is `` the renewals'' (Greek ta enkainia τὰ ἐγκαίνια ). The Hebrew word for `` dedication'' is Hanukkah. The Aramaic New Testament uses the Aramaic word Khawdata (a close synonym), which literally means `` renewal'' or `` to make new.'' Josephus refers to the festival as `` lights.'' Story Background Further information: Coele-Syria A model of Jerusalem during the Second Temple Period Judea was part of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt until 200 BCE when King Antiochus III the Great of Syria defeated King Ptolemy V Epiphanes of Egypt at the Battle of Panium . Judea then became part of the Seleucid Empire of Syria. King Antiochus III the Great wanting to conciliate his new Jewish subjects guaranteed their right to `` live according to their ancestral customs'' and to continue to practice their religion in the Temple of Jerusalem. However, in 175 BCE, Antiochus IV Epiphanes , the son of Antiochus III, invaded Judea, at the request of the sons of Tobias. The Tobiads , who led the Hellenizing Jewish faction in Jerusalem, were expelled to Syria around 170 BCE when the high priest Onias and his pro-Egyptian faction wrested control from them. The exiled Tobiads lobbied Antiochus IV Epiphanes to recapture Jerusalem. As Flavius Josephus relates: The king being thereto disposed beforehand, complied with them, and came upon the Jews with a great army, and took their city by force, and slew a great multitude of those that favored Ptolemy, and sent out his soldiers to plunder them without mercy. He also spoiled the temple, and put a stop to the constant practice of offering a daily sacrifice of expiation for three years and six months. -- The Jewish War Traditional view High Priest pouring oil over the menorah, Jewish new year card When the Second Temple in Jerusalem was looted and services stopped, Judaism was outlawed. In 167 BCE, Antiochus ordered an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple. He banned brit milah (circumcision) and ordered pigs to be sacrificed at the altar of the temple. Antiochus's actions provoked a large-scale revolt . Mattathias (Mattityahu), a Jewish priest , and his five sons Jochanan , Simeon , Eleazar , Jonathan , and Judah led a rebellion against Antiochus. It started with Mattathias killing first, a Jew who wanted to comply with Antiochus's order to sacrifice to Zeus, and then a Greek official who was to enforce the government's behest (1 Mac. 2, 24-- 25 ). Judah became known as Yehuda HaMakabi (`` Judah the Hammer'' ). By 166 BCE Mattathias had died, and Judah took his place as leader. By 165 BCE the Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy was successful. The Temple was liberated and rededicated. The festival of Hanukkah was instituted to celebrate this event. Judah ordered the Temple to be cleansed, a new altar to be built in place of the polluted one and new holy vessels to be made. According to the Talmud, unadulterated and undefiled pure olive oil with the seal of the kohen gadol (high priest) was needed for the menorah in the Temple, which was required to burn throughout the night every night. The story goes that one flask was found with only enough oil to burn for one day, yet it burned for eight days, the time needed to prepare a fresh supply of kosher oil for the menorah. An eight-day festival was declared by the Jewish sages to commemorate this miracle. The version of the story in 1 Maccabees states that an eight-day celebration of songs and sacrifices was proclaimed upon re-dedication of the altar, and makes no specific mention of the miracle of the oil. Academic sources US Navy personnel light candles on Hanukkah Some modern scholars argue that the king was intervening in an internal civil war between the Maccabean Jews and the Hellenized Jews in Jerusalem. These competed violently over who would be the High Priest, with traditionalists with Hebrew/Aramaic names like Onias contesting with Hellenizing High Priests with Greek names like Jason and Menelaus . In particular, Jason's Hellenistic reforms would prove to be a decisive factor leading to eventual conflict within the ranks of Judaism. Other authors point to possible socioeconomic reasons in addition to the religious reasons behind the civil war. What began in many respects as a civil war escalated when the Hellenistic kingdom of Syria sided with the Hellenizing Jews in their conflict with the traditionalists. As the conflict escalated, Antiochus took the side of the Hellenizers by prohibiting the religious practices the traditionalists had rallied around. This may explain why the king, in a total departure from Seleucid practice in all other places and times, banned a traditional religion. The miracle of the oil is widely regarded as a legend and its authenticity has been questioned since the Middle Ages. However, given the famous question Rabbi Yosef Karo posed concerning why Hanukkah is celebrated for eight days when the miracle was only for seven days (since there was enough oil for one day), it was clear that he believed it was a historical event. This belief has been adopted by most of Orthodox Judaism, in as much as Rabbi Karo's Shulchan Aruch is a main Code of Jewish Law. Timeline Further information: Second Temple period Hasmonean Kingdom , 143 BCE Tombs of the Maccabees, Modi'in , Israel 198 BCE: Armies of the Seleucid King Antiochus III (Antiochus the Great) oust Ptolemy V from Judea and Samaria . 175 BCE: Antiochus IV (Epiphanes) ascends the Seleucid throne. 168 BCE: Under the reign of Antiochus IV, the second Temple is looted, Jews are massacred, and Judaism is outlawed. 167 BCE: Antiochus orders an altar to Zeus erected in the Temple. Mattathias and his five sons John, Simon , Eleazar , Jonathan , and Judah lead a rebellion against Antiochus. Judah becomes known as Judah Maccabee (`` Judah the Hammer'' ). 166 BCE: Mattathias dies, and Judah takes his place as leader. The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom begins; It lasts until 63 BCE. 165 BCE: The Jewish revolt against the Seleucid monarchy is successful in recapturing the Temple, which is liberated and rededicated (Hanukkah). 142 BCE: Re-establishment of the Second Jewish Commonwealth . The Seleucids recognize Jewish autonomy. The Seleucid kings have a formal overlordship, which the Hasmoneans acknowledged. This inaugurates a period of population growth and religious, cultural and social development. This included the conquest of the areas now covered by Transjordan , Samaria , Galilee , and Idumea (also known as Edom ), and the forced conversion of Idumeans to the Jewish religion, including circumcision. 139 BCE: The Roman Senate recognizes Jewish autonomy. 134 BCE: Antiochus VII Sidetes besieges Jerusalem . The Jews under John Hyrcanus become Seleucid vassals but retain religious autonomy. 129 BCE: Antiochus VII dies. The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom throws off Syrian rule completely 96 BCE: Beginning of an eight-year civil war between Sadducee king Alexander Yanai and the Pharisees . 85-- 82 BCE: Consolidation of the Kingdom in territory east of the Jordan River . 63 BCE: The Hasmonean Jewish Kingdom comes to an end because of a rivalry between the brothers Aristobulus II and Hyrcanus II , both of whom appeal to the Roman Republic to intervene and settle the power struggle on their behalf. The Roman general Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus (Pompey the Great) is dispatched to the area. 12 thousand Jews are massacred in the Roman Siege of Jerusalem . The Priests of the Temple are struck down at the Altar. Rome annexes Judea. Battles of the Maccabean revolt Main article: Maccabean Revolt Maccabees on the Knesset Menorah Selected battles between the Maccabees and the Seleucid Syrian-Greeks: Battle of Adasa ( Judas Maccabeus leads the Jews to victory against the forces of Nicanor.) Battle of Beth Horon (Judas Maccabeus defeats the forces of Seron.) Battle of Beth-zechariah ( Elazar the Maccabee is killed in battle. Lysias has success in battle against the Maccabees, but allows them temporary freedom of worship.) Battle of Beth Zur (Judas Maccabeus defeats the army of Lysias , recapturing Jerusalem.) Dathema (A Jewish fortress saved by Judas Maccabeus.) Battle of Elasa (Judas Maccabeus dies in battle against the army of King Demetrius and Bacchides . He is succeeded by Jonathan Maccabaeus and Simon Maccabaeus who continue to lead the Jews in battle.) Battle of Emmaus (Judas Maccabeus fights the forces of Lysias and Georgias ). Battle of Wadi Haramia Characters and heroes Main article: Maccabees The Triumph of Judas Maccabeus , Rubens Matityahu the High Priest , also referred to as Mattathias and Mattathias ben Johanan. Matityahu was a Jewish High Priest who, together with his five sons, played a central role in the story of Hanukkah. Judah the Maccabee , also referred to as Judas Maccabeus and Y'hudhah HaMakabi. Judah was the eldest son of Matityahu and is acclaimed as one of the greatest warriors in Jewish history alongside Joshua , Gideon , and David . Eleazar the Maccabee , also referred to as Eleazar Avaran, Eleazar Maccabeus and Eleazar Hachorani/Choran. Simon the Maccabee , also referred to as Simon Maccabeus and Simon Thassi. Johanan the Maccabee , also referred to as Johanan Maccabeus and John Gaddi. Jonathan the Maccabee , also referred to as Jonathan Apphus. Antiochus IV Epiphanes . Seleucid emperor controlling the region during this period. Judith . Acclaimed for her heroism in the assassination of Holofernes . Hannah and her seven sons . Arrested, tortured and killed one by one, by Antiochus IV Epiphanes for refusing to bow to an idol. Rituals Chanukah Menorah opposite Nazi building in Berlin, December 1932. Public Hanukkah menorah in Nicosia , Cyprus Hanukkah celebrated in the Polish Sejm , Warsaw Hanukkah is celebrated with a series of rituals that are performed every day throughout the 8-day holiday, some are family-based and others communal. There are special additions to the daily prayer service , and a section is added to the blessing after meals . Hanukkah is not a `` Sabbath-like'' holiday, and there is no obligation to refrain from activities that are forbidden on the Sabbath , as specified in the Shulkhan Arukh . Adherents go to work as usual but may leave early in order to be home to kindle the lights at nightfall. There is no religious reason for schools to be closed, although in Israel schools close from the second day for the whole week of Hanukkah. Many families exchange gifts each night, such as books or games, and `` Hanukkah Gelt'' is often given to children. Fried foods (such as latkes ( potato pancakes ), jelly doughnuts ( sufganiyot ), and Sephardic bimuelos ) are eaten to commemorate the importance of oil during the celebration of Hanukkah. Some also have a custom of eating dairy products to remember Judith and how she overcame Holofernes by feeding him cheese, which made him thirsty, and giving him wine to drink. When Holofernes became very drunk, Judith cut off his head . Kindling the Hanukkah lights Further information: Menorah (Hanukkah) and Miracle of the cruse of oil Boy in front of a menorah Hanukkah lights in the dark Each night throughout the 8 day holiday, a candle or oil-based light is lit. As a universally practiced `` beautification'' ( hiddur mitzvah ) of the mitzvah , the number of lights lit is increased by one each night. An extra light called a shamash , meaning `` attendant'' or `` sexton,'' is also lit each night, and is given a distinct location, usually higher, lower, or to the side of the others. Among Ashkenazim the tendency is for every male member of the household (and in many families, girls as well) to light a full set of lights each night, while among Sephardim the prevalent custom is to have one set of lights for the entire household. The purpose of the shamash is to adhere to the prohibition, specified in the Talmud (Tractate Shabbat 21b-- 23a), against using the Hanukkah lights for anything other than publicizing and meditating on the Hanukkah miracle. This differs from Sabbath candles which are meant to be used for illumination and lighting. Hence, if one were to need extra illumination on Hanukkah, the shamash candle would be available, and one would avoid using the prohibited lights. Some, especially Ashkenazim, light the shamash candle first and then use it to light the others. So altogether, including the shamash , two lights are lit on the first night, three on the second and so on, ending with nine on the last night, for a total of 44 (36, excluding the shamash ). It is Sephardic custom not to light the shamash first and use it to light the rest. Instead, the shamash candle is the last to be lit, and a different candle or a match is used to light all the candles. Some Hasidic Jews follow this Sephardic custom as well. The lights can be candles or oil lamps. Electric lights are sometimes used and are acceptable in places where open flame is not permitted, such as a hospital room, or for the very elderly and infirm; however, those who permit reciting a blessing over electric lamps only allow it if it is incandescent and battery operated (an incandescent flashlight would be acceptable for this purpose), while a blessing may not be recited over a plug-in menorah or lamp. Most Jewish homes have a special candelabrum referred to as either a Chanukiah (the modern Israeli term) or a menorah (the traditional name, simply Hebrew for ' lamp' ). Many families use an oil lamp (traditionally filled with olive oil) for Hanukkah. Like the candle Chanukiah, it has eight wicks to light plus the additional shamash light. In the United States, Hanukkah became a more visible festival in the public sphere from the 1970s when Rabbi Menachem M. Schneerson called for public awareness and observance of the festival and encouraged the lighting of public menorahs . Diane Ashton attributed the increased visibility and reinvention of Hanukkah by some of the American Jewish community as a way to adapt to American life, re-inventing the festival in `` the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment'' . The reason for the Hanukkah lights is not for the `` lighting of the house within'' , but rather for the `` illumination of the house without,'' so that passersby should see it and be reminded of the holiday's miracle (i.e. that the sole cruse of pure oil found which held enough oil to burn for one night actually burned for eight nights). Accordingly, lamps are set up at a prominent window or near the door leading to the street. It is customary amongst some Ashkenazi Jews to have a separate menorah for each family member (customs vary), whereas most Sephardi Jews light one for the whole household. Only when there was danger of antisemitic persecution were lamps supposed to be hidden from public view, as was the case in Persia under the rule of the Zoroastrians , or in parts of Europe before and during World War II. However, most Hasidic groups light lamps near an inside doorway, not necessarily in public view. According to this tradition, the lamps are placed on the opposite side from the mezuzah , so that when one passes through the door s/he is surrounded by the holiness of mitzvot (the commandments ). Generally, women are exempt in Jewish law from time-bound positive commandments, although the Talmud requires that women engage in the mitzvah of lighting Hanukkah candles `` for they too were involved in the miracle.'' Candle-lighting time Biala Rebbe lights the menorah Hanukkah lights should usually burn for at least half an hour after it gets dark. The custom of many is to light at sundown, although most Hasidim light later. Many Hasidic Rebbes light much later to fulfill the obligation of publicizing the miracle by the presence of their Hasidim when they kindle the lights. Inexpensive small wax candles sold for Hanukkah burn for approximately half an hour so should be lit no earlier than nightfall. Friday night presents a problem, however. Since candles may not be lit on Shabbat itself, the candles must be lit before sunset. However, they must remain lit through the lighting of the Shabbat candles. Therefore, the Hanukkah menorah is lit first with larger candles than usual, followed by the Shabbat candles . At the end of the Shabbat, there are those who light the Hanukkah lights before Havdalah and those who make Havdalah before the lighting Hanukkah lights. If for whatever reason one didn't light at sunset or nightfall, the lights should be kindled later, as long as there are people in the streets. Later than that, the lights should still be kindled, but the blessings should be recited only if there is at least somebody else awake in the house and present at the lighting of the Hannukah lights. Blessings over the candles See also: List of Jewish prayers and blessings § Hanukkah Typically two blessings ( brachot ; singular: brachah ) are recited during this eight-day festival when lighting the candles. On the first night, the shehecheyanu blessing is added, making a total of three blessings. The blessings are said before or after the candles are lit depending on tradition. On the first night of Hanukkah one light (candle or oil) is lit on the right side of the menorah, on the following night a second light is placed to the left of the first but it is lit first, and so on, proceeding from placing candles right to left but lighting them from left to right over the eight nights. Blessing for lighting the candles בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' , אֱ -לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , אֲשֶׁר קִדְּשָׁנוּ בְּמִצְוֹתָיו , וְצִוָּנוּ לְהַדְלִיק נֵר חֲנֻכָּה. ‬ Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam , asher kid'shanu b'mitzvotav v'tzivanu l'hadlik ner shel Hanukkah. Translation: `` Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who has sanctified us with His commandments and commanded us to kindle the Hanukkah light(s).'' Blessing for the miracles of Hanukkah בָּרוּךְ אַתָּה ה ' אֱ -לֹהֵינוּ מֶלֶךְ הָעוֹלָם , שֶׁעָשָׂה נִסִּים לַאֲבוֹתֵֽינוּ בַּיָּמִים הָהֵם בַּזְּמַן הַזֶּה. ‬ Transliteration: Barukh ata Adonai Eloheinu, melekh ha'olam , she'asa nisim la'avoteinu ba'yamim ha'heim ba'z'man ha'ze . Translation: `` Blessed are You, LORD our God, King of the universe, Who performed miracles for our ancestors in those days at this time...'' Hanerot halalu After the lights are kindled the hymn Hanerot Halalu is recited. There are several different versions; the version presented here is recited in many Ashkenazic communities: Ashkenazi version: Hebrew Transliteration English הנרות הללו אנו מדליקין על הנסים ועל הנפלאות ועל התשועות ועל המלחמות שעשית לאבותינו בימים ההם , בזמן הזה על ידי כהניך הקדושים . וכל שמונת ימי חנוכה הנרות הללו קודש הם , ואין לנו רשות להשתמש בהם אלא להאיר אותם בלבד כדי להודות ולהלל לשמך הגדול על נסיך ועל נפלאותיך ועל ישועותיך . Hanneirot hallalu anu madlikin ' al hannissim ve'al hanniflaot ' al hatteshu'ot ve'al hammilchamot she'asita laavoteinu bayyamim haheim, (u)bazzeman hazeh ' al yedei kohanekha hakkedoshim. Vekhol-shemonat yemei Hanukkah hanneirot hallalu kodesh heim, ve-ein lanu reshut lehishtammesh baheim ella lir'otam bilvad kedei lehodot ul'halleil leshimcha haggadol ' al nissekha ve'al nifleotekha ve'al yeshu'otekha . We kindle these lights for the miracles and the wonders, for the redemption and the battles that you made for our forefathers, in those days at this season, through your holy priests . During all eight days of Hanukkah these lights are sacred , and we are not permitted to make ordinary use of them except for to look at them in order to express thanks and praise to Your great Name for Your miracles, Your wonders and Your salvations. Maoz Tzur Main article: Ma'oz Tzur In the Ashkenazi tradition, each night after the lighting of the candles, the hymn Ma'oz Tzur is sung. The song contains six stanzas. The first and last deal with general themes of divine salvation, and the middle four deal with events of persecution in Jewish history , and praises God for survival despite these tragedies ( the exodus from Egypt, the Babylonian captivity , the miracle of the holiday of Purim , the Hasmonean victory), and a longing for the days when Judea will finally triumph over Rome . The song was composed in the thirteenth century by a poet only known through the acrostic found in the first letters of the original five stanzas of the song: Mordechai. The familiar tune is most probably a derivation of a German Protestant church hymn or a popular folk song. Other customs After lighting the candles and Ma'oz Tzur, singing other Hanukkah songs is customary in many Jewish homes. Some Hasidic and Sephardi Jews recite Psalms , such as Psalms 30 , Psalms 67 , and Psalms 91 . In North America and in Israel it is common to exchange presents or give children presents at this time. In addition, many families encourage their children to give tzedakah (charity) in lieu of presents for themselves. Special additions to daily prayers `` We thank You also for the miraculous deeds and for the redemption and for the mighty deeds and the saving acts wrought by You, as well as for the wars which You waged for our ancestors in ancient days at this season. In the days of the Hasmonean Mattathias, son of Johanan the high priest, and his sons, when the iniquitous Greco-Syrian kingdom rose up against Your people Israel, to make them forget Your Torah and to turn them away from the ordinances of Your will, then You in your abundant mercy rose up for them in the time of their trouble, pled their cause, executed judgment, avenged their wrong, and delivered the strong into the hands of the weak, the many into the hands of few, the impure into the hands of the pure, the wicked into the hands of the righteous, and insolent ones into the hands of those occupied with Your Torah. Both unto Yourself did you make a great and holy name in Thy world, and unto Your people did You achieve a great deliverance and redemption. Whereupon your children entered the sanctuary of Your house, cleansed Your temple, purified Your sanctuary, kindled lights in Your holy courts, and appointed these eight days of Hanukkah in order to give thanks and praises unto Your holy name.'' Translation of Al ha-Nissim An addition is made to the `` hoda'ah '' (thanksgiving) benediction in the Amidah (thrice-daily prayers), called Al ha-Nissim (`` On/about the Miracles'' ). This addition refers to the victory achieved over the Syrians by the Hasmonean Mattathias and his sons. The same prayer is added to the grace after meals. In addition, the Hallel (praise) ( Psalms 113 -- Psalms 118 ) are sung during each morning service and the Tachanun penitential prayers are omitted. The Torah is read every day in the shacharit morning services in synagogue , on the first day beginning from Numbers 6:22 (according to some customs, Numbers 7:1 ), and the last day ending with Numbers 8:4 . Since Hanukkah lasts eight days it includes at least one, and sometimes two, Jewish Sabbaths (Saturdays). The weekly Torah portion for the first Sabbath is almost always Miketz , telling of Joseph 's dream and his enslavement in Egypt . The Haftarah reading for the first Sabbath Hanukkah is Zechariah 2:14 -- Zechariah 4:7 . When there is a second Sabbath on Hanukkah, the Haftarah reading is from 1Kings 7:40 -- 1Kings 7:50 . The Hanukkah menorah is also kindled daily in the synagogue, at night with the blessings and in the morning without the blessings. The menorah is not lit during Shabbat, but rather prior to the beginning of Shabbat as described above and not at all during the day. During the Middle Ages `` Megillat Antiochus '' was read in the Italian synagogues on Hanukkah just as the Book of Esther is read on Purim . It still forms part of the liturgy of the Yemenite Jews . Zot Hanukkah The last day of Hanukkah is known by some as Zot Hanukkah and by others as Chanukat HaMizbeach , from the verse read on this day in the synagogue Numbers 7:84 , Zot Hanukkat Hamizbe'ach : `` This was the dedication of the altar'' . According to the teachings of Kabbalah and Hasidism , this day is the final `` seal'' of the High Holiday season of Yom Kippur and is considered a time to repent out of love for God. In this spirit, many Hasidic Jews wish each other Gmar chatimah tovah (`` may you be sealed totally for good'' ), a traditional greeting for the Yom Kippur season. It is taught in Hasidic and Kabbalistic literature that this day is particularly auspicious for the fulfillment of prayers. Other related Laws and customs It is customary for women not to work for at least the first half-hour of the candles' burning, and some have the custom not to work for the entire time of burning. It is also forbidden to fast or to eulogize during Hanukkah. Customs Music Main article: Hanukkah music Radomsk Hasidic Ma'oz Tzur sheet music. A large number of songs have been written on Hanukkah themes, perhaps more so than for any other Jewish holiday. Some of the best known are `` Ma'oz Tzur '' (Rock of Ages), `` Latke'le Latke'le '' (Yiddish song about cooking Latkes), `` Hanukkiah Li Yesh '' (`` I Have a Hanukkah Menorah'' ), `` Ocho Kandelikas '' (`` Eight Little Candles'' ), `` Kad Katan '' (`` A Small Jug'' ), `` S'vivon Sov Sov Sov '' (`` Dreidel, Spin and Spin'' ), `` Haneirot Halolu '' (`` These Candles which we light'' ), `` Mi Yimalel '' (`` Who can Retell'' ) and `` Ner Li, Ner Li '' (`` I have a Candle'' ). Among the most well known songs in English-speaking countries are `` Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel '' and `` Oh Chanukah '' . Among the Rebbes of the Nadvorna Hasidic dynasty, it is customary for the Rebbes to play violin after the menorah is lit. Penina Moise 's Hannukah Hymn published in the 1842 Hymns Written for the Use of Hebrew Congregations was instrumental in the beginning of Americanization of Hanukkah. Foods Potato latke frying in hot olive oil . There is a custom of eating foods fried or baked in oil (preferably olive oil ) to commemorate the miracle of a small flask of oil keeping the Second Temple 's Menorah alight for eight days. Traditional foods include potato pancakes , known as latkes in Yiddish , especially among Ashkenazi families. Sephardi, Polish , and Israeli families eat jam-filled doughnuts ( Yiddish : פאנטשקעס ‎ pontshkes ), bimuelos (fritters) and sufganiyot which are deep-fried in oil. Hungarian Jews eat cheese pancakes known as `` cheese latkes'' . Sufganiyot / doughnuts filled with strawberry jelly Latkes are not popular in Israel, having been largely replaced by sufganiyot due to local economic factors, convenience and the influence of trade unions. Bakeries in Israel have popularized many new types of fillings for sufganiyot besides the traditional strawberry jelly filling, including chocolate cream, vanilla cream, caramel, cappuccino and others. In recent years, downsized, `` mini'' sufganiyot containing half the calories of the regular, 400-to-600-calorie version, have become popular. Rabbinic literature also records a tradition of eating cheese and other dairy products during Hanukkah. This custom, as mentioned above, commemorates the heroism of Judith during the Babylonian captivity of the Jews and reminds us that women also played an important role in the events of Hanukkah. The deuterocanonical book of Judith (Yehudit or Yehudis in Hebrew), which is not part of the Tanakh , records that Holofernes , an Assyrian general, had surrounded the village of Bethulia as part of his campaign to conquer Judea. After intense fighting, the water supply of the Jews was cut off and the situation became desperate. Judith, a pious widow, told the city leaders that she had a plan to save the city. Judith went to the Assyrian camps and pretended to surrender. She met Holofernes, who was smitten by her beauty. She went back to his tent with him, where she plied him with cheese and wine. When he fell into a drunken sleep, Judith beheaded him and escaped from the camp, taking the severed head with her (the beheading of Holofernes by Judith has historically been a popular theme in art). When Holofernes' soldiers found his corpse, they were overcome with fear; the Jews, on the other hand, were emboldened and launched a successful counterattack. The town was saved, and the Assyrians defeated. Roast goose has historically been a traditional Hanukkah food among Eastern European and American Jews, although the custom has declined in recent decades. Dreidel Main article: Dreidel Dreidels / Spinning tops in a Jerusalem market After lighting the candles, it is customary to play (or spin) the dreidel . The dreidel, or sevivon in Hebrew, is a four-sided spinning top that children play with during Hanukkah. Each side is imprinted with a Hebrew letter which is an abbreviation for the Hebrew words נס גדול היה שם ( Nes Gadol Haya Sham , `` A great miracle happened there'' ), referring to the miracle of the oil that took place in the Beit Hamikdash . On dreidels sold in Israel, the fourth side is inscribed with the letter פ ( Pe ) , rendering the acronym נס גדול היה פה ( Nes Gadol Haya Po , `` A great miracle happened here'' ), referring to the fact that the miracle occurred in the land of Israel, although this is a relatively recent innovation. Stores in Haredi neighborhoods sell the traditional Shin dreidels as well, because they understand `` there'' to refer to the Temple and not the entire Land of Israel, and because the Hasidic Masters ascribe significance to the traditional letters. Hanukkah gelt Main article: Hanukkah gelt Chocolate gelt Chanukkah gelt ( Yiddish for `` Chanukkah money'' ) known in Israel by the Hebrew translation dmei Hanukkah , is often distributed to children during the festival of Hanukkah. The giving of Hanukkah gelt also adds to the holiday excitement. The amount is usually in small coins, although grandparents or relatives may give larger sums. The tradition of giving Chanukah gelt dates back to a long-standing East European custom of children presenting their teachers with a small sum of money at this time of year as a token of gratitude. One minhag favors the fifth night of Hanukkah for giving Hanukkah gelt. Unlike the other nights of Hanukkah, the fifth does not ever fall on the Shabbat, hence never conflicting with the Halachic injunction against handling money on the Shabbat . Hanukkah in the White House Main article: White House Hanukkah Party President Harry S. Truman (left, back turned to camera) in the Oval Office , receiving a Hanukkah Menorah as a gift from the Prime Minister of Israel, David Ben-Gurion (center). To the right is Abba Eban , the Ambassador of Israel to the United States. The United States has a history of recognizing and celebrating Hanukkah in a number of ways. The earliest Hanukkah link with the White House occurred in 1951 when Israeli Prime Minister David Ben-Gurion presented United States President Harry Truman with a Hanukkah Menorah. In 1979 president Jimmy Carter took part in the first public Hanukkah candle-lighting ceremony of the National Menorah held across the White House lawn. In 1989, President George H.W. Bush displayed a menorah in the White House. In 1993, President Bill Clinton invited a group of schoolchildren to the Oval Office for a small ceremony. The United States Postal Service has released several Hanukkah-themed postage stamps . In 1996 the United States Postal Service (USPS) issued a 32 cent Hanukkah stamp as a joint issue with Israel . In 2004 after 8 years of reissuing the menorah design, the USPS issued a dreidel design for the Hanukkah stamp. The dreidel design was used through 2008. In 2009 a Hanukkah stamp was issued with a design featured a photograph of a menorah with nine lit candles. In 2001, President George W. Bush held an official Hanukkah reception in the White House in conjunction with the candle-lighting ceremony, and since then this ceremony has become an annual tradition attended by Jewish leaders from around the country. In 2008, George Bush linked the occasion to the 1951 gift by using that menorah for the ceremony, with a grandson of Ben-Gurion and a grandson of Truman lighting the candles. In December 2014, two Hanukkah celebrations were held at the White House. The White House commissioned a menorah made by students at the Max Rayne school in Israel and invited two of its students to join U.S. President Barack Obama and First Lady Michelle Obama as they welcomed over 500 guests to the celebration. The students' school in Israel had been subjected to arson by extremists. President Obama said these `` students teach us an important lesson for this time in our history. The light of hope must outlast the fires of hate. That's what the Hanukkah story teaches us. It's what our young people can teach us-- that one act of faith can make a miracle, that love is stronger than hate, that peace can triumph over conflict.'' Rabbi Angela Warnick Buchdahl , in leading prayers at the ceremony commented on the how special the scene was, asking the President if he believed America's founding fathers could possibly have pictured that a female Asian-American rabbi would one day be at the White House leading Jewish prayers in front of the African-American president. Dates Further information: Jewish and Israeli holidays 2000-- 2050 The dates of Hanukkah are determined by the Hebrew calendar . Hanukkah begins at the 25th day of Kislev and concludes on the 2nd or 3rd day of Tevet (Kislev can have 29 or 30 days). The Jewish day begins at sunset. Hanukkah begins at sunset of the date listed. 27 November 2013 16 December 2014 6 December 2015 24 December 2016 12 December 2017 2 December 2018 22 December 2019 10 December 2020 In 2013, on 28 November, the American holiday of Thanksgiving fell during Hanukkah for only the third time since Thanksgiving was declared a national holiday by President Abraham Lincoln . The last time was 1899; and due to the Gregorian and Jewish calendars being slightly out of sync with each other, it will not happen again in the foreseeable future. This convergence prompted the creation of the portmanteau neologism Thanksgivukkah . Symbolic importance Second night of Hannukah at Jerusalem's Western Wall Major Jewish holidays are those when all forms of work are forbidden, and that feature traditional holiday meals, kiddush, holiday candle-lighting, etc. Only biblical holidays fit these criteria, and Chanukah was instituted some two centuries after the Hebrew Bible was completed. Nevertheless, though Chanukah is of rabbinic origin, it is traditionally celebrated in a major and very public fashion. The requirement to position the menorah, or Chanukiah, at the door or window, symbolizes the desire to give the Chanukah miracle a high-profile. Some Jewish historians suggest a different explanation for the rabbinic reluctance to laud the militarism. First, the rabbis wrote after Hasmonean leaders had led Judea into Rome's grip and so may not have wanted to offer the family much praise. Second, they clearly wanted to promote a sense of dependence on God, urging Jews to look toward the divine for protection. They likely feared inciting Jews to another revolt that might end in disaster, like the CE 135 experience. With the advent of Zionism and the state of Israel, however, these themes were reconsidered. In modern Israel, the national and military aspects of Hanukkah became, once again, more dominant. US President Jimmy Carter attends Menorah Lighting, Lafayette Park , Washington, D.C. , 1979 In North America especially, Hanukkah gained increased importance with many Jewish families in the latter part of the 20th century, including among large numbers of secular Jews , who wanted a Jewish alternative to the Christmas celebrations that often overlap with Hanukkah. Though it was traditional among Ashkenazi Jews to give `` gelt'' or money to children during Hanukkah, in many families this has been supplemented with other gifts so that Jewish children can enjoy gifts just as their Christmas-celebrating peers do. While Hanukkah is a relatively minor Jewish holiday, as indicated by the lack of religious restrictions on work other than a few minutes after lighting the candles, in North America, Hanukkah in the 21st century has taken a place equal to Passover as a symbol of Jewish identity. Both the Israeli and North American versions of Hanukkah emphasize resistance, focusing on some combination of national liberation and religious freedom as the defining meaning of the holiday. Some Jews in North America and Israel have taken up environmental concerns in relation to Hanukkah's `` miracle of the oil'' , emphasizing reflection on energy conservation and energy independence . An example of this is the Coalition on the Environment and Jewish Life's renewable energy campaign. Gallery An entire room of Paris's Museum of Jewish Art and History is dedicated to Hanukkah, through an exceptional collection of Hanukkiyot, in a variety of shapes and designs, origins and periods. This panorama stands as a metaphor for the great diversity of Jewish customs throughout the world. France, 14th century France, 16th century Germany, 17th century Italy, 18th century Poland, 18th century France, 19th century Europe, 19th century Yemen, 20th century Tunisia, 20th century Israel, 20th century See also Judaism portal Hasmonean kingdom Jewish greetings Miracle of the cruse of oil References Jump up ^ `` How to Light the Menorah'' . chabad.org . Archived from the original on 5 June 2017 . Retrieved 10 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` JTA NEWS'' . Joi.org . Archived from the original on 6 October 2007. Jump up ^ `` BBC - Schools - Religion - Judaism'' . Bbc.co.uk . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Being Jewish: The Spiritual and Cultural Practice of Judaism Today, Ari L. Goldman, Simon and Schuster, pg141 Jump up ^ Scherman, Nosson. `` Origin of the Name Chanukah'' . Torah.org. Archived from the original on 7 December 2012. Jump up ^ Ran Shabbat 9b ( `` Hebrew text''. ) Jump up ^ Orthodox Union, The Lights of Chanukah -- Laws and Customs . 9 April 2014. Jump up ^ Carson, D.A. (2005). Hermeneutics, Authority, and Canon . Wipf and Stock Publishers. p. 307. ISBN 9781597521185 . E. AN ALEXANDRIAN CANON? Some assert that the Greek translation of the Old Testament (called the Septuagint or LXX) offers evidence that the canon of diaspora Judaism Jump up ^ `` The Old Testament'' . Orthodoxchristian.info . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dolanksy, Shawna (23 December 2011). `` The Truth(s) About Hanukkah'' . Huffington Post . Jump up ^ Yesod Hamishna Va'arichatah pp. 25-- 28 ( `` Hebrew text''. ) Jump up ^ `` Jewishvirtuallibrary.org'' . Jewishvirtuallibrary.org . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Adsole, Atenebris. `` Babylonian Talmud: Shabbath 21'' . Come-and-hear.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sukkah 46a:8'' . www.sefaria.org . Jump up ^ Josephus. `` Jewish Antiquities'' . doi : 10.4159/DLCL.josephus-jewish_antiquities.1930 . Retrieved 1 July 2016 . -- via digital Loeb Classical Library (subscription required) Jump up ^ Perseus.tufts.edu , Jewish Antiquities xii. 7, § 7, #323 Jump up ^ Zvieli, Benjamin. `` The Scroll of Antiochus'' . Retrieved 28 January 2007 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Scroll Of The Hasmoneans'' . Archived from the original on 28 May 2007. Jump up ^ Saadia Gaon, Introduction to Sefer Ha-Iggaron (ed. Abraham Firkovich), Odessa 1868 (Hebrew); See also The Scroll of Antiochus and The Unknown Chanukah Megillah Jump up ^ Hubarah, Yosef. `` Sefer Ha-Tiklāl ( Tiklal Qadmonim )'' . Jerusalem 1964, pp. 75b-- 79b, s.v. מגלת בני חשמונאי (Hebrew). Missing or empty url= ( help ) Jump up ^ This is the first reference to the Feast of Dedication by this name (ta egkainia, ta enkainia (a typical `` festive plural'' )) in Jewish literature (Hengel 1999: 317). `` Jump up ^ Andrew Gabriel Roth, Aramaic English New Testament, 3rd Ed., Netzari Press LLV, 2008, p.266 Jump up ^ Mercer Dictionary of the Bible ed. Watson E. Mills, Roger Aubrey Bullard -- 1990 -`` Hence Hanukkah also is called the Feast of Lights, an alternate title Josephus confirms with this rationale: `` And from that time to this we celebrate this festival, and call it ' Lights.' I suppose the reason was, because this liberty beyond our hopes appeared to us; and that thence was the name given to that festival.'' (per The works of Flavius Josephus translated by William Whiston) ^ Jump up to: Sacchi, Paolo (13 October 2004). `` The History of the Second Temple Period'' . Bloomsbury Publishing -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` Livy'' . Thelatinlibrary.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Old.perseus.tufts.edu Jewish War i. 31 Jump up ^ Josephus, Flavius (20 July 2012). `` The Great Roman-Jewish War'' . Courier Corporation -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Old.perseus.tufts.edu , Jewish War i. 34 Jump up ^ `` 1 Maccabees'' . www.earlyjewishwritings.com . Jump up ^ `` 1 Macc. iv. 59'' . Archived from the original on 27 June 2004. Jump up ^ `` All's Well -- When it Ends'' . www.chabad.org . Jump up ^ `` 1 Macc. iv. 36'' . Archived from the original on 16 January 2008. Jump up ^ Telushkin, Joseph (1991). Jewish Literacy: The Most Important Things to Know about the Jewish Religion, Its People, and Its History . W. Morrow. p. 114. ISBN 0-688-08506-7 . Jump up ^ Johnston, Sarah Iles (2004). Religions of the Ancient World: A Guide . Harvard University Press . p. 186. ISBN 0-674-01517-7 . Jump up ^ Greenberg, Irving (1993). The Jewish Way: Living the Holidays . Simon & Schuster. p. 29. ISBN 0-671-87303-2 . Jump up ^ Schultz, Joseph P. (1981). Judaism and the Gentile Faiths: Comparative Studies in Religion . Fairleigh Dickinson University Press . p. 155. ISBN 0-8386-1707-7 . Modern scholarship on the other hand considers the Maccabean revolt less as an uprising against foreign oppression than as a civil war between the orthodox and reformist parties in the Jewish camp Jump up ^ Gundry, Robert H. (2003). A Survey of the New Testament . Zondervan . p. 9. ISBN 0-310-23825-0 . Jump up ^ Grabbe, Lester L. (2000). Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh . Routledge . p. 59. ISBN 0-415-21250-2 . Jump up ^ Freedman, David Noel; Allen C. Myers; Astrid B. Beck (2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible . Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 837. ISBN 0-8028-2400-5 . Jump up ^ Wood, Leon James (1986). A Survey of Israel's History . Zondervan. p. 357. ISBN 0-310-34770-X . Jump up ^ Tcherikover, Victor (1999) (1959). Hellenistic Civilization and the Jews . Baker Academic. ISBN 0-8010-4785-4 . Jump up ^ Skolnik, Berenbaum, Fred, Michael (2007). Encyclopaedia Judaica, Volume 9 . Granite Hill Publishers, pg 332. Jump up ^ https://chicagotorah.org/why-eight-days/ Jump up ^ M. Zambelli, `` L'ascesa al trono di Antioco IV Epifane di Siria,'' Rivista di Filologia e di Istruzione Classica 38 (1960) 363-- 389 Jump up ^ Newsom, Carol Ann; Breed, Brennan (2014). Daniel: A Commentary . Presbyterian Publish Corp. p. 26 Jump up ^ Josephus, Ant. xiii, 9:1., via Jump up ^ 1 Maccabees 8:17-20 Jump up ^ Smith, Mahlon H. `` Antiochus VII Sidetes'' . Jump up ^ Ginzburg, Louis (1901). `` Antiochus VII., Sidetes'' . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Ginzberg, Louis. `` ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (Jonathan)'' . Retrieved 2017-12-13 . Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Ginzberg, Louis. `` ALEXANDER JANNÆUS (Jonathan)'' . Retrieved 2017-12-13 . His three years' war east of the Jordan (about 85-82) was successful; and he conquered Pella, Dium, Gerasa, Gaulana, Seleucia, and the strong fortress Gamala. Jewish Encyclopedia . Jump up ^ Josephus , Antiquities of the Jews 14:70-71 Jump up ^ Dr. Chuck Missler. `` Happy Hanukkah'' . Mattathias and his five sons became the nucleus of a growing band of rebels against Antiochus. Jump up ^ Saundra L. Washington. God's Intertestamental Silence: Then Came Jesus Christ . p. 14. Jump up ^ `` On Hanukkah, Women As Role Models'' . Also in the Apocrypha is the Book of Judith, which tells how this heroine stopped the siege of Jerusalem by decapitating Holofernes, a major military leader for the enemy. Jump up ^ `` December: Judith and the Hanukkah Story'' . For several centuries there was another hero associated with Hanukkah: Judith. Jump up ^ Elizabeth A. Dice. Christmas and Hanukkah . p. 24. Jump up ^ `` Chanukah with Torah Tidbits - Jewish Holidays'' . Ou.org. 29 June 2006 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 670:1 Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Chanukah by Rabbi Mordechai Becher'' . Ohr.edu . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Skop, Yarden (24 March 2014). `` Education Ministry Changes Start of School Year - Again'' . Haaretz.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 -- via Haaretz. Jump up ^ `` לוח החופשות והימים המיוחדים לשנת תשע '' ח `` . Edu.gov.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah - Its Customs'' . Kashrut.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 671:2 Jump up ^ `` How to Light the Menorah - Light Up Your Environment!'' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Chanukah by Rabbi Mordechai Becher'' . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Halacha L'Maaseh on Chanuka'' . Orthodox Union . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Why Don't Women Work While the Chanukah Candles Are Burning?'' . Chabad-Lubavitch Media Center . Retrieved 2 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hakirah.org'' (PDF) . Hakirah.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 673:1 Jump up ^ `` The following is a response from Hakham Ya'' . Midrash.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` OU's Chanukah Guide - Everyday Jewish Living - Synagogue Resources'' . Jump up ^ Joshua Eli Plaut, A Kosher Christmas: ' Tis the Season to be Jewish . Rutgers University Press, 2012. Page 167. Jump up ^ Jonathan D. Sarna, How Hanukkah Came To The White House . Forward, 2 December 2009. Jump up ^ Joseph Telushkin, Rebbe: The Life and Teachings of Menachem M. Schneerson, the Most Influential Rabbi in Modern History . HarperCollins, 2014. Page 269. Jump up ^ Menachem Posner, 40 Years Later: How the Chanukah Menorah Made Its Way to the Public sphere . 1 December 2014. ^ Jump up to: Ashton, Dianne (2013). Hanukkah in America: A History . NYU Press. p. 42-- 46. ISBN 9781479858958 . Throughout the nineteenth century some Jews tried various ways to adapt Judaism to American life. As they began looking for images to help understand and explain what a proper response to American Challenges might be, Hanukkah became ripe for reinvention. In Charleston, South Carolina, one group of Jews made Hanukkah into a time for serious religious reflexion that responded to their evangelical Protestant milieu...(Moise's ) poem gave Hanukkah a place in the emerging religious style of American culture that was dominated by the language of individualism and personal conscience derived from both Protestantism and the Enlightenment. However, neither the Talmud nor the Shulchan Aruch identifies Hanukkah as a special occasion to ask for the forgiveness of sins. Jump up ^ Babylonian Talmud: Shabbat 23a Jump up ^ Yosef, Rabbeinu Ovadia. `` The Obligation of Women Regarding Chanukah Candles : Daily Halacha Based on the Rulings of Maran Rabbeinu Ovadia Yosef zt'' l`` . Halachayomit.co.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Chanukah Guide'' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . the menorah must contain enough fuel at the time of the lighting to burn until 30 minutes after nightfall Jump up ^ http://rabbikaganoff.com/some-light-chanukah-questions/ see statement about lighting when people are around Jump up ^ `` CTI Laws and Customs of Chanukah'' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` What to do on Chanukah'' . Retrieved 4 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 676:1-- 2 Jump up ^ `` The Lights of Chanukah: Laws and Customs - Jewish Holidays'' . 9 April 2014. ^ Jump up to: Celebrate!: The Complete Jewish Holidays Handbook . Jason Aronson, Incorporated. 2000. ISBN 9781461627722 . Retrieved 2017-12-18 . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 676:4 Jump up ^ `` Maoz Tzur: Translation & Explanation - Jewish Holidays'' . 29 June 2006. Jump up ^ `` Maoz Tzur: Rock of Ages'' . My Jewish Learning . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah ushers in ' tzedakah,' a religious obligation to do what is right and just'' . 7 December 2012. Jump up ^ `` The Fifth Night Project: Teaching Giving During Hanukkah'' . 11 December 2012. Jump up ^ Singer, Isidore (1905). `` Chanukkah, or the Feast of Dedication'' . New Era Illustrated Magazine . 5 : 621 -- via Google Books . Jump up ^ Shulkhan Arukh Orach Chayim 682:1 ^ Jump up to: `` Chanukah with Torah Tidbits - Jewish Holidays'' . 29 June 2006. Jump up ^ `` Al Hanisim: Concerning the Miracles - My Jewish Learning'' . Jump up ^ `` 133. Days on Which Tachanun is Omitted - OU Torah'' . Jump up ^ `` Chanuka - Lighting in Shul - Torah Musings'' . www.torahmusings.com . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah's Last Light'' . Jump up ^ `` The Laws of Chanukah'' . Ohr Somayach . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah - Dreidel, Dreidel, Dreidel'' . As one of the most famous Chanukah songs... Jump up ^ `` Oh Chanukah (Jewish Traditional) sheet music for Trombone'' . Oh Chanukah (or Oj Chanukah) is a very popular modern English Chanukah song. Jump up ^ Greenberg, Shlomo; Haredim, Behadrey (15 December 2012). `` Belz resumed practice of playing violin at candle lighting'' . bhol.co.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 5 January 2015 . Retrieved 5 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Ashton, Dianne. `` Quick to the Party: The Americanization of Hanukkah and Southern Jewry'' . Southern Jewish History . 12 : 1-- 38. Jump up ^ `` The Philadelphia Jewish Voice'' . Pjvoice.com. 7 January 2006 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah Q&A '' . The New York Times . 12 December 2006. Jump up ^ Jeffay, Nathan (17 December 2009). `` Why Israel is a latke-free zone'' . thejc.com . Jump up ^ Gur, Jana, The Book of New Israeli Food: A Culinary Journey , pp. 238-- 243, Schocken (2008) ISBN 0-8052-1224-8 Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ Benyamina Soloveitchik, Why All the Oil and Cheese? . Jump up ^ `` The Story of Yehudit - The Woman Who Saved the Day'' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mishna Berurah 670:2:10 Jump up ^ John Cooper, Eat and be Satisfied: A Social History of Jewish Food ( Jason Aronson , 1993), p. 192. Florence Fabricant, Hanukkah's a-Coming: Geese Are Getting Fat , New York Times (23 November 1994). Jeffrey Yoskowitz, Goose: A Hanukkah Tradition , New York Times (24 December 2016). Jump up ^ `` The Surprising Origin of the Dreidel - My Jewish Learning'' . Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Anat (14 December 2014). `` Gyration Nation: The Weird Ancient History of the Dreidel'' -- via Haaretz. Jump up ^ Golinkin, David . `` Why Do We Give Hanukkah Gelt and Hanukkah Presents?'' , Schechter Institute of Jewish Studies , 19 December 2014. Accessed 28 December 2016. Jump up ^ Lebowitz, Aryeh. `` Chanukah Gelt and Gifts'' , Dvarim Hayotzim Min Halev , 11 December 2005, Volume XVII -- Issue 6. Accessed 28 December 2016. `` In fact, the Orchos Rabeinu in cheilek ג teaches that the Steipler Gaon maintained the minhag of giving out Chanukah gelt davka on the fifth night of Chanukah. Why specifically the fifth night? Answers the Orchos Rabeinu, since the fifth night is the only night that cannot coincide with Shabbos.'' Jump up ^ `` How Hanukkah Came to the White House'' . The Jewish Daily Forward. 2 December 2009. Jump up ^ `` Israeli-American Hanukkah Stamp'' . Mfa.gov.il. 22 October 1996 . Retrieved 17 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Service, United States Postal. `` Stamp Announcement 09-47: Hanukkah'' . about.usps.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 5 Thoughts On The Furor Over The White House's Hanukkah Party'' . Thefederalist.com. 11 December 2017 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` From the Archives: Hanukkah at the White House'' . Obamawhitehouse.archives.gov. 5 December 2013 . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Arab-Jewish school's menorah lights up White House Hanukkah party'' . Timesofisrael.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Most Inspiring Hanukkah at the White House'' . Blogs.forward.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman, Joel (24 November 2013). `` Why Hanukkah and Thanksgiving Will Never Again Coincide'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Amy Spiro (17 November 2013). `` Thanksgivukka: Please pass the turkey-stuffed doughnuts'' . Jerusalem Post . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ Christine Byrne (2 October 2013). `` How To Celebrate Thanksgivukkah, The Best Holiday Of All Time'' . Buzzfeed . Retrieved 10 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Stu Bykofsky (22 October 2012). `` Thanks for Thanukkah!'' . Philly.com . Retrieved 11 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Chanukah FAQs'' . Chabad.org . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Dianne Ashton, Hanukkah in America: A History , New York: New York University Press, 2013; p. 29. Jump up ^ Bonna Haberman (1 October 2014). Rereading Israel: The Spirit of the Matter . Urim Publications. pp. 152-- . ISBN 978-965-524-202-7 . Jump up ^ Michael Berkowitz (2004). Nationalism, Zionism and ethnic mobilization of the Jews in 1900 and beyond (electronic resource) . BRILL. pp. 244-- . ISBN 90-04-13184-1 . Jump up ^ `` Hanukkah Gifts - My Jewish Learning'' . Myjewishlearning.com . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Institute, Shalom Hartman. `` Reinventing Hanukkah: The Israeli Politics of the Maccabean Holiday'' . hartman.org.il . Retrieved 12 December 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Shalom Center on Hannukah and the environment'' . Theshalomcenter.org. 16 November 2007 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Hoffman, Gil (4 December 2007). `` Jerusalem Post: Green Hanukkia' campaign sparks ire'' . Fr.jpost.com. Archived from the original on 4 December 2007 . Retrieved 25 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Dobb, Rabbi Fred Scherlinder (6 July 2011). `` CFL Hannukah Installation ceremony'' . Coalition on Environment and Jewish Life (COEJL). Archived from the original on 28 November 2013 . Retrieved 28 November 2013 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Kaufmann, Kohler (1901-- 1906). `` ḤANUKKAH '' . In Singer, Isidore ; et al. Jewish Encyclopedia . New York: Funk & Wagnalls Company. Further reading Ashton, Dianne (2013). Hanukkah in America: A History . New York: New York University Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-0739-5 . 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See also: Lists of holidays , Hallmark holidays , public holidays in the United States , New Jersey , New York , Puerto Rico and the United States Virgin Islands . 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5850884352953826964

when do dr shepherd and meredith get married

Derek Shepherd Grey 's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day 's Night '' ( 1.01 ) March 27 , 2005 Last appearance `` You 're My Home ( Grey 's Anatomy ) '' ( 11.25 ) May 14 , 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname ( s ) McDreamy Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board ( former ) Chief of Surgery ( former ) Head of Neurosurgery ( former ) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd ( father , deceased ) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd ( mother ) Nancy Shepherd ( sister ) Kathleen `` Kate '' Shepherd ( sister ) Elizabeth `` Lizzie '' Shepherd ( sister ) Amelia Shepherd ( sister ) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews ( one deceased ) Spouse ( s ) Addison Montgomery ( m . 1994 ; div. 2006 ) Meredith Grey ( m . 2009 -- 2015 ) Significant other ( s ) Rose Children Zola Shepherd ( daughter ) Derek Bailey Shepherd ( son ) Ellis Shepherd ( daughter ) ( with Meredith ) certifications M.D. F.A.C.S

Derek Shepherd - Wikipedia Derek Shepherd Jump to: navigation , search This article's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise. (November 2010) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Derek Shepherd Grey's Anatomy character Patrick Dempsey as Derek Shepherd in 2012 First appearance `` A Hard Day's Night '' (1.01) March 27, 2005 Last appearance `` You're My Home (Grey's Anatomy) '' (11.25) May 14, 2015 Created by Shonda Rhimes Portrayed by Patrick Dempsey Information Full name Derek Christopher Shepherd Nickname(s) McDreamy Occupation Attending neurosurgeon Member of the Board (former) Chief of Surgery (former) Head of Neurosurgery (former) Title M.D. F.A.C.S. Family Mr. Shepherd (father, deceased) Carolyn Maloney Shepherd (mother) Nancy Shepherd (sister) Kathleen `` Kate'' Shepherd (sister) Elizabeth `` Lizzie'' Shepherd (sister) Amelia Shepherd (sister) 9 unnamed nieces 6 unnamed nephews (one deceased) Spouse(s) Addison Montgomery ( m. 1994; div. 2006) Meredith Grey ( m. 2009-- 2015) Significant other(s) Rose Children Zola Shepherd (daughter) Derek Bailey Shepherd (son) Ellis Shepherd (daughter) (with Meredith) certifications M.D. F.A.C.S Derek Christopher Shepherd , M.D. , also referred to as `` McDreamy '' , is a fictional surgeon from the ABC medical drama Grey's Anatomy , portrayed by actor Patrick Dempsey . He made his first appearance during `` A Hard Day's Night '' , which was broadcast on March 27, 2005. Derek was married to Addison Montgomery ( Kate Walsh ) for 12 years, before their divorce in 2006. Before his death in 2015, Derek was happily married to his longtime girlfriend Meredith Grey ( Ellen Pompeo ). The couple are often referred to as `` MerDer '' and they have three children together. Shepherd was formerly the Chief of Surgery at Seattle Grace Mercy West Hospital, but abruptly resigned as chief in season 7 following the shooting. For his portrayal of Shepherd, Dempsey was nominated in 2006 and 2007 Golden Globe for the Best Performance by an Actor in a Television Series Drama for the role, and the 2006 SAG Award for the Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Drama Series award. Contents ( hide ) 1 Storyline 2 Development 2.1 Casting and creation 2.2 Characterization 3 Reception 4 References 5 External links Storyline ( edit ) Derek arrives at Seattle Grace Hospital as the new Head of Neurosurgery from New York City . He is a Bowdoin College graduate and attended Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons alongside his childhood best friend Mark Sloan and ex-wife Addison Montgomery and Private Practice characters Naomi Bennett and Sam Bennett . Derek was a student of Dr. Richard Webber and was enticed to come with an `` offer he couldn't refuse'' -- the position of Chief of Surgery, which he eventually turned down. He specializes in highly complex tumors and conditions of the brain and spine and came to Seattle Grace with a reputation for taking on `` lost causes'' and `` impossible'' cases that most of his peers would turn down. As an attending he is both well-liked and feared -- well-liked by patients and his scrub nurses for his compassion and gentlemanly bedside manner and feared by interns and residents who are intimidated by his reputation and high standards. He is passionate about his job and has been known to expel staff or remove interns and residents (or at least threaten them) from his service for being disrespectful about patients or if he deems their attitude to be detrimental to his patient's well-being. Derek first meets Meredith Grey at a bar, and soon finds out that she is an intern at Seattle Grace. They begin to have feelings for one another and it causes some awkwardness at work, particularly after her supervising resident Dr. Miranda Bailey discovers their relationship. Meredith's housemates and fellow interns George O'Malley and Izzie Stevens both antagonized her for some time as they felt she was using her relationship with Derek to further her career. He generally tolerated them despite his dislike of sharing his living space with the interns who worked under him. While most of his family members accepted Meredith, his sister, Nancy, particularly disliked her and repeatedly called her `` the slutty intern'' ; as of season nine she still refuses to speak to Meredith or acknowledge her as her sister-in-law. His mother Carolyn approved as she felt Meredith's gray perspective of life complemented Derek's tendency to see everything in black and white. Derek's background was generally a mystery for the first season and source of speculation amongst his colleagues due to his sudden departure from an established and highly respected practice in New York. In the season one finale, his past eventually catches up with him when his estranged wife Addison moves to Seattle and is offered a position by Dr. Webber. Shortly thereafter, his childhood best friend Mark joins Seattle Grace as the new head of plastic surgery. Derek and Addison attempt to repair their marriage but attempts were futile. Since their divorce they have remained on amicable terms, with Addison even admonishing Meredith for breaking up with Derek in season three. In the Private Practice episode `` Ex-Life '' Derek finally tells Addison that his mother never liked her in the first place. He admits to Meredith that Addison cheating on him with Mark was partly his fault as an absentee husband. Addison eventually leaves Seattle for a private practice in Los Angeles , spawning the spin-off Private Practice . In the season eight episode `` If/Then '' , Meredith dreams of an alternate universe where her mother never had Alzheimer's ; Derek and Addison are still married but their strained relationship and Shepherd's disillusionment causes his career to stagnate, earning him the nicknames `` Bad Shepherd'' and `` McDreary'' . When Derek is offered the Chief of Surgery position for the second time, he persuades the board to keep Dr. Webber on the staff. During the merger of Seattle Grace with Mercy West their relationship sours when Derek disagreed with Richard's handling of the merger and Richard begins to display uncharacteristic behavior, not unnoticed by his fellow surgeons. Derek learns from Meredith that Richard has since resumed drinking and feels forced to have him removed as Chief of Surgery. With mixed feelings, Derek offers him an ultimatum: go into rehab and possibly pick up where he left off after, or quit completely. In seasons three and four, Meredith and Derek's relationship becomes rocky and they each take time to date other people. Derek's plans to propose were ruined by a series of unfortunate events in season five. In the season finale, they decide to give their planned wedding to Alex and Izzie. Due to their tight schedule, they instead informally marry and Derek writes down their `` promises'' on a post-it note . They legalize their marriage in season seven in order to adopt Zola, a young African orphan treated for spina bifida . They briefly separate after Meredith tampers with their Alzheimer's trial, jeopardizing her career and tarnishing Derek's reputation. Zola is taken away from Meredith after a social worker finds out she and Derek are living separately. In later seasons, Derek often griped about how his subsequent interns and residents -- mainly Lexie Grey, Shane Ross and Heather Brooks -- did not quite measure up to Meredith. The social worker comes back and announces they are the official parents of Zola. As Meredith nears the end of her fifth year of residency , she and Derek are torn between staying at Seattle Grace Mercy West or leaving for Boston where Derek would work at Harvard while Meredith would be at the Brigham and Women's Hospital . Following his rescue from the plane crash that killed Mark and Lexie, Derek learns that he may only regain 80 percent of his hand's function. He comes to terms with the fact that his career as a surgeon may be over and is grateful that he is alive. When Callie Torres ( Sara Ramirez ), head of orthopedic surgery, tells him a more risky surgery could give him back full function of his hand or reduce its function if it goes wrong, he agrees, accepting the possibility of never again holding a scalpel. Derek recovers well and Callie clears him to return to work, but it is still weeks later that he feels ready to operate. Derek, Callie and fellow resident Jackson Avery decide to do nerve transplant for his hand. Meredith, newly pregnant with their second child, goes behind his back and calls his sisters so they can donate a nerve to him. Lizzie ( Neve Campbell ), Derek's younger sister, agrees to donate a nerve and the surgery is a success. Derek and Meredith's marriage is strained after he accepted an invitation from the President to participate in the Brain-Mapping Initiative. He went back on his promise to her that he would not add to his current workload in order to devote time to their two young children and allow her the chance to establish her career as a full-fledged attending. Eventually he was offered a position at the National Institutes of Health in Washington, D.C., but Meredith puts her foot down and refuses to leave her hometown and uproot their young family. His youngest sister Amelia ( Caterina Scorsone ) takes over his position at Grey Sloan. Meanwhile, he and Meredith fight bitterly on and off over whether they should move. After a bad argument, he accepts the job in the heat of the moment and leaves for Washington. While there, he and Meredith talk things out over the phone and come to a mutual conclusion that they both did not want to end their marriage. He tells her that just being with her, raising their children and operating on patients was more satisfying than `` saving the world'' . In season 11, Derek is involved in a fatal car accident while driving to the airport for his final trip to Washington. He is able to hear and process auditory input, but unable to speak. He is recognized by Winnie, one of the victims of a crash he assisted in earlier, who tells the surgeons that their patient's name is Derek and that he is a surgeon as well. The hospital he was taken to was understaffed and his head injury was not detected quickly enough by the interns on duty that night. Although the neurosurgeon on call is paged multiple times, he takes too long to arrive and Derek is declared brain dead. Police arrive at Meredith's door and take her to see Derek, where she consents to removing him from life support. At the time of his death, Meredith was pregnant with their third child. She gives birth to a daughter whom she names Ellis after her mother. Derek was mentioned or referenced to a number of times in season 12 as the other characters struggle to cope with his sudden death. In the episode `` My Next Life '' , Meredith had a flashback of their first ever surgery together when a patient named Katie Bryce was admitted to the hospital with a brain aneurysm. Amelia took his death especially hard as he was the sibling she was closest to. At the end of the season, prior to her wedding to Derek's long-time colleague Owen Hunt , Amelia goes on a nervous rant about how Derek was supposed to be the one to give her away, him having given away their three other sisters at their weddings. Development ( edit ) Casting and creation ( edit ) When Patrick Dempsey auditioned for the role of Derek Shepherd, he was afraid that he was not going to get the part. Creator Shonda Rhimes' first reaction was: `` The very first time I met him, I was absolutely sure that he was my guy. Reading the lines of Derek Shepherd, Patrick had a vulnerable charm that I just fell for. And he had amazing chemistry with Ellen Pompeo.'' Rhimes admitted that Dempsey's dyslexia threw her at first, particularly at the first few table readings : `` I did not know about Patrick's dyslexia in the beginning. I actually thought that he didn't like the scripts from the way he approached the readings. When I found out, I completely understood his hesitation. Now that we all know, if he is struggling with a word, the other actors are quick to step up and help him out. Everyone is very respectful.'' Isaiah Washington also auditioned for the part and when he did not get it, he said his reaction was like `` I'd been kicked in the stomach by 14 mules.'' Washington was, however, later cast as Preston Burke . Rob Lowe was also considered to portray Shepherd but turned the role down. Some of the character's medical cases were inspired by real-life patients of Steve Giannotta, Chair of Neurological Surgery at the University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine , whom Rhimes had consulted in writing for Shepherd's storylines and patients. In January 2014, Dempsey signed a two-year contract to remain on Grey's Anatomy (then in its tenth season) that would ensure his presence for potential 11th and 12th seasons. However, in April 2015, Dempsey's character was killed off while his contract was not over yet. Dempsey explained: `` it just sort of evolved. It's just kind of happened. It really was something that was kind of surprising that unfolded, and it just naturally came to be. Which was pretty good. I like the way it has all played out.'' In August 2015, Rhimes commented: `` The decision to have the character die the way that he did was not a difficult one in the sense of what were the options? Either Derek was going to walk out on Meredith, and leave her high and dry, and what was that going to mean? That was going to suggest that the love was not true, the thing we had said for 11 years was a lie and McDreamy wasn't McDreamy. For me, that was untenable. Meredith and Derek's love had to remain Meredith and Derek's love. As painful as it was for me as a storyteller, because I had never really thought that was going to happen, it preserved what felt true to me, was that Derek was going to have to die in order for that love to remain honest. Because I really couldn't have the idea that he just turned out to be a bad guy who walked out on his wife and kids be a true story. To me, it felt like that was the only way to make Meredith and Derek's magic remain true and forever frozen in time. '' The character was later written to be a graduate of Bowdoin College , a liberal arts college in Brunswick, Maine , after an alumnus led a petition signed by over 450 students to `` adopt'' the character as an alumnus. Dempsey is from Lewiston , about 18 miles (29 km) away from Brunswick, and was awarded an honorary doctorate by Bowdoin in 2013. Characterization ( edit ) Rhimes describes Shepherd as typical `` Prince Charming '' . He was planned to be a doctor who doesn't really care about anything, who lives in his `` own'' universe and has a big sex appeal . A man who is charming, devilishly handsome and the type of guy every girl dreams of, and a man that often makes the wrong decisions, and is often known as a jerk or the ultimate heartbreaker. Rhimes planned to have this kind of character from the beginning, because he was the kind of guy whom girls fall in love with and a character whose storylines could easily be changed. USA Today writer Robert Bianco said: `` Derek could, at times, seem like two people, warm and funny one minute, cold and self-involved the next. Dempsey's gift was in making those two sides seem like part of the same person, while keeping us rooting for that person as a whole.'' Reception ( edit ) Dempsey's relation with Ellen Pompeo ( Meredith Grey ) has been the highlight of the series since its inception. With the show concluding its second season , Robert Bianco of USA Today said that Emmy voters could consider him because of the `` seemingly effortless way he humanizes Derek's ' dreamy' appeal with ego and vanity'' . In the third season , Alan Sepinwall of The Star-Ledger wrote that `` the attempt to give the moral high ground back to McDreamy was bad. Dude, whatever happened in New York ceased to count in any kind of grievance tally once you agreed to take Addison back and give things another try. You're the dick who cheated on her, you're the one who knew that she found the panties, and still you act like her getting back together with Mark justifies what you did? Wow. I didn't think it was possible for me to dislike anyone on this show more than Meredith, but congratulations, big guy.'' Debbie Chang of BuddyTV noted the character's immaturity in the fourth season , saying: `` The only character who did not make me love him was Derek Shepherd (Patrick Dempsey). How this character is still Shonda's golden child is beyond me. Yes, we get it. He's tormented by his love for Meredith, but that does not give him the right to lash out at her when his clinical trial patients are dying. If things don't go absolutely the way he wants them to, then he refuses to cooperate. How immature can this man possibly be? No amount of heavily styled hair or blue-blue-blue eyes is going to make me warm up to him unless he admits to being the needy, desperate one in the relationship.'' Entertainment Weekly placed Shepherd in its list of the `` 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses'' . The character was also listed in Wetpaint 's `` 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV'' and in BuzzFeed 's `` 16 Hottest Doctors On Television'' . His relationship with Meredith was included in TV Guide 's list of `` The Best TV Couples of All Time'' . Victor Balta of Today listed Shepherd and Sloan's friendship in its `` TV's best bromances '' . He called them `` the most exciting couple on Grey's , '' explaining `` they've demonstrated an easy chemistry that makes for some of the great comic relief around Seattle Grace Hospital with their banter, sage wisdom on each other's lives, and locker room-style teasing.'' Their bromance was furthermore included in lists by About.com , BuddyTV , Cosmopolitan , Wetpaint . However, following the announcement of Dane's upcoming departure from the show, Mark Perigard of the Boston Herald felt he and Derek `` never clicked like you'd expect friends would. Any scene they had together ranged from uncomfortable to forced.'' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Addison Shepherd Quotes -- Season 4, Episode 13: `` Piece of My Heart '' `` . TV Fanatic . Retrieved April 3, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` ' McDreamy' in Maine for Dempsey Challenge, Tips Cap to Bowdoin'' . Bowdoin College . October 2, 2010. Jump up ^ `` Enough is Enough '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 1. Episode 2. April 12, 2012. ABC . ^ Jump up to: `` Poker Face '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 8. Episode 6. October 20, 2011. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Stand By Me '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 5. Episode 18. March 19, 2009. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Give Peace a Chance '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 6. Episode 7. October 29, 2009. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Support System '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 8. Episode 19. April 12, 2012. ABC . ^ Jump up to: `` Go It Alone '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 10. Episode 20. April 17, 2014. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Brave New World '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 5. Episode 4. October 16, 2008. ABC . ^ Jump up to: `` What Is It About Men '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 8. Episode 4. October 6, 2011. ABC . Jump up ^ `` The Heart of the Matter '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 4. Episode 4. October 18, 2007. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Let the Angels Commit '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 3. Episode 6. November 2, 2006. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Love Turns You Upside Down '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 9. Episode 8. December 6, 2012. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Sympathy for the Devil '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 5. Episode 12. January 15, 2009. ABC . Jump up ^ `` Yesterday '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 2. Episode 18. February 19, 2006. ABC . Jump up ^ `` White Wedding '' . Grey's Anatomy . Season 7. Episode 20. May 5, 2011. ABC . Jump up ^ Rhodes, Joe (July 15, 2005). `` Today's News: Our Take -- Vet Earns M.D. on Grey's Anatomy'' . TV Guide . Retrieved September 3, 2012 . Jump up ^ Keck, William (November 17, 2006). `` Lowe knows political roles'' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 8, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Meet the Real-Life McDreamy: The Doctor Behind ' Grey's Anatomy ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . September 10, 2014. Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (January 23, 2014). `` ' Grey's Anatomy's ' Patrick Dempsey, Ellen Pompeo Ink New Two-Year Deals'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25, 2014 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth (April 23, 2015). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' : Patrick Dempsey Officially Leaving After 11 Seasons'' . Variety . Retrieved April 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ Rice, Lynette (April 24, 2015). `` Grey's Anatomy star Patrick Dempsey on tonight's shocking twist -- exclusive'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum, Sydney (August 5, 2015). `` Shonda Rhimes Finally Explains Why Derek Had to Die on Grey's Anatomy'' . E! Online . Retrieved August 4, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Alumnus puts Bowdoin in the Spotlight'' . The Bowdoin Orient. April 20, 2007. Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (April 24, 2015). `` Review: ' Grey's Anatomy's ' accidental death'' . USA Today . Retrieved April 24, 2015 . Jump up ^ Bianco, Robert (May 14, 2006). `` The cure for bromidic TV: ' Grey's Anatomy,' ' House ' '' . USA Today . Gannett Company . Retrieved September 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Sepinwall, Alan (September 28, 2006). `` Grey's Anatomy: You're kidding, right?'' . What's Alan Watching? . Blogspot . Retrieved September 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Chang, Debbie (May 27, 2008). `` How ' Grey's Anatomy' Got its Groove Back'' . BuddyTV . Retrieved September 1, 2013 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson, Amy (June 15, 2009). `` Paging Dr. Feelgood: 30 Great TV Doctors and Nurses'' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ Martin, Rebecca (December 21, 2012). `` The 10 Hottest Male Doctors on TV'' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 16 Hottest Doctors On Television'' . BuzzFeed . September 28, 2012 . Retrieved January 24, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Couples Pictures, Grey's Anatomy Photos -- Photo Gallery: The Best TV Couples of All Time'' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 20, 2012 . Jump up ^ Balta, Victor. `` How adorable! TV's best bromances'' . Today.com . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Thomas, Rachel. `` TV's Best Bromances'' . About.com . The New York Times Company . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Best TV Bromances #15 McDreamy and McSteamy'' . BuddyTV . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Hottest TV bromances'' . Cosmopolitan . July 19, 2011 . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Hoffman, Kim (January 28, 2013). `` Top 14 TV Bromances -- I Love You, Man! (PHOTOS)'' . Wetpaint . The Cambio Network . Retrieved June 13, 2013 . Jump up ^ Perigard, Mark (July 27, 2012). `` ' Grey's Anatomy' drops another doc'' . Boston Herald . Retrieved August 10, 2012 . External links ( edit ) Grey's Anatomy portal Fictional characters portal Grey's Anatomy at ABC.com ( hide ) Grey's Anatomy Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Characters ( cast members ) Meredith Grey Cristina Yang Izzie Stevens Alex Karev George O'Malley Miranda Bailey Richard Webber Preston Burke Derek Shepherd Addison Montgomery Mark Sloan Callie Torres Lexie Grey Erica Hahn Owen Hunt Sadie Harris Arizona Robbins Teddy Altman Jackson Avery April Kepner Amelia Shepherd Stephanie Edwards Maggie Pierce Nathan Riggs Other Awards and nominations Soundtrack Video game Private Practice Station 19 A Corazón Abierto (Mexican telenovela) A Corazón Abierto (Colombian telenovela) Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Derek_Shepherd&oldid=826981601 '' Categories : Grey's Anatomy characters Fictional surgeons Fictional characters from New York (state) Fictional characters introduced in 2005 Fictional American people of Irish descent Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from November 2010 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français Italiano Македонски Nederlands Polski Português Српски / srpski Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018, at 02:30. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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what is the important features of chinese paintings

High quality reproductions are made by special printing techniques , at Rongbaozhai in Beijing , and at Duoyunxuan in Shanghai .

Chinese painting - wikipedia Chinese painting Jump to: navigation , search This article's lead section may be too long for the length of the article . Please help by moving some material from it into the body of the article. Please read the layout guide and lead section guidelines to ensure the section will still be inclusive of all essential details. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page . (April 2017) A hanging scroll painted by Ma Lin on or before 1246. Ink and color on silk, 226.6x110.3 cm. Loquats and a Mountain Bird , by an anonymous painter of the Southern Song Dynasty (1127-- 1279); small album leaf paintings like this were popular amongst the gentry and scholar-officials of the Southern Song. Painting from the Eastern Han Dynasty (25-- 220 CE), Museum of Fine Arts, Boston Animalistic guardian spirits of midnight and morning wearing Chinese robes , Han Dynasty (202 BCE -- 220 CE) on ceramic tile Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic traditions in the world. Painting in the traditional style is known today in Chinese as guóhuà ( simplified Chinese : 国画 ; traditional Chinese : 國畫 ), meaning `` national'' or `` native painting'' , as opposed to Western styles of art which became popular in China in the 20th century. Traditional painting involves essentially the same techniques as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black ink or coloured pigments ; oils are not used. As with calligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings are made are paper and silk. The finished work can be mounted on scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls . Traditional painting can also be done on album sheets, walls, lacquerware , folding screens , and other media. The two main techniques in Chinese painting are: Gongbi (工筆 ), meaning `` meticulous'' , uses highly detailed brushstrokes that delimits details very precisely. It is often highly coloured and usually depicts figural or narrative subjects. It is often practised by artists working for the royal court or in independent workshops. Ink and wash painting , in Chinese shui-mo (水墨 , `` water and ink'' ) also loosely termed watercolour or brush painting, and also known as `` literati painting'' , as it was one of the `` Four Arts '' of the Chinese Scholar-official class. In theory this was an art practiced by gentlemen, a distinction that begins to be made in writings on art from the Song dynasty , though in fact the careers of leading exponents could benefit considerably. This style is also referred to as `` xieyi'' (寫意 ) or freehand style. Landscape painting was regarded as the highest form of Chinese painting, and generally still is. The time from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song period (907-- 1127) is known as the `` Great age of Chinese landscape'' . In the north, artists such as Jing Hao , Li Cheng , Fan Kuan , and Guo Xi painted pictures of towering mountains, using strong black lines, ink wash, and sharp, dotted brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In the south, Dong Yuan , Juran , and other artists painted the rolling hills and rivers of their native countryside in peaceful scenes done with softer, rubbed brushwork. These two kinds of scenes and techniques became the classical styles of Chinese landscape painting. Contents ( hide ) 1 Specifics and study 2 Early periods 2.1 Six principles 3 Sui and Tang dynasties (581-- 907) 4 Liao, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties (907-- 1368) 5 Late imperial China (1368-- 1895) 6 Modern painting 6.1 Since 1978 7 High quality reproductions 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 Further reading 12 External links Specifics and study ( edit ) Chinese painting and calligraphy distinguish themselves from other cultures' arts by emphasis on motion and change with dynamic life. The practice is traditionally first learned by rote, in which the master shows the `` right way'' to draw items. The apprentice must copy these items strictly and continuously until the movements become instinctive. In contemporary times, debate emerged on the limits of this copyist tradition within modern art scenes where innovation is the rule. Changing lifestyles, tools, and colors are also influencing new waves of masters. Early periods ( edit ) The earliest paintings were not representational but ornamental; they consisted of patterns or designs rather than pictures. Early pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags, dots, or animals. It was only during the Warring States period (475-- 221 BC) that artists began to represent the world around them. In imperial times (beginning with the Eastern Jin dynasty ), painting and calligraphy in China were among the most highly appreciated arts in the court and they were often practiced by amateurs-- aristocrats and scholar-officials-- who had the leisure time necessary to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for great brushwork. Calligraphy and painting were thought to be the purest forms of art. The implements were the brush pen made of animal hair, and black inks made from pine soot and animal glue . In ancient times, writing, as well as painting, was done on silk . However, after the invention of paper in the 1st century AD, silk was gradually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Original writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly valued throughout China's history and are mounted on scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings are. Artists from the Han (206 BC -- 220 AD) to the Tang (618-- 906) dynasties mainly painted the human figure. Much of what we know of early Chinese figure painting comes from burial sites, where paintings were preserved on silk banners, lacquered objects, and tomb walls. Many early tomb paintings were meant to protect the dead or help their souls to get to paradise. Others illustrated the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius or showed scenes of daily life. Luoshenfu by Gu Kaizhi (344-- 406 AD) During the Six Dynasties period (220-- 589), people began to appreciate painting for its own beauty and to write about art. From this time we begin to learn about individual artists, such as Gu Kaizhi . Even when these artists illustrated Confucian moral themes -- such as the proper behavior of a wife to her husband or of children to their parents -- they tried to make the figures graceful. Six principles ( edit ) Main article: Six principles of Chinese painting The `` Six principles of Chinese painting '' were established by Xie He , a writer, art historian and critic in 5th century China, in `` Six points to consider when judging a painting'' (繪畫 六法 , Pinyin : Huìhuà Liùfǎ ), taken from the preface to his book `` The Record of the Classification of Old Painters'' (古 畫 品 錄 ; Pinyin : Gǔhuà Pǐnlù ). Keep in mind that this was written circa 550 CE and refers to `` old'' and `` ancient'' practices. The six elements that define a painting are: The Sakyamuni Buddha , by Zhang Shengwen, 1173-- 1176 CE, Song dynasty A mural painting of Li Xian 's tomb at the Qianling Mausoleum , dated 706 CE, Tang dynasty `` Spirit Resonance'' , or vitality, which refers to the flow of energy that encompasses theme, work, and artist. Xie He said that without Spirit Resonance, there was no need to look further. `` Bone Method'' , or the way of using the brush, refers not only to texture and brush stroke, but to the close link between handwriting and personality. In his day, the art of calligraphy was inseparable from painting. `` Correspondence to the Object'' , or the depicting of form, which would include shape and line. `` Suitability to Type'' , or the application of color, including layers, value, and tone. `` Division and Planning'' , or placing and arrangement, corresponding to composition, space, and depth. `` Transmission by Copying'' , or the copying of models, not from life only but also from the works of antiquity. Sui and Tang dynasties (581-- 907) ( edit ) Further information: Tang dynasty painting During the Tang dynasty , figure painting flourished at the royal court. Artists such as Zhou Fang depicted the splendor of court life in paintings of emperors, palace ladies, and imperial horses. Figure painting reached the height of elegant realism in the art of the court of Southern Tang (937-- 975). Most of the Tang artists outlined figures with fine black lines and used brilliant color and elaborate detail. However, one Tang artist, the master Wu Daozi , used only black ink and freely painted brushstrokes to create ink paintings that were so exciting that crowds gathered to watch him work. From his time on, ink paintings were no longer thought to be preliminary sketches or outlines to be filled in with color. Instead, they were valued as finished works of art. Beginning in the Tang Dynasty, many paintings were landscapes , often shanshui (山水 , `` mountain water'' ) paintings. In these landscapes, monochromatic and sparse (a style that is collectively called shuimohua ), the purpose was not to reproduce the appearance of nature exactly ( realism ) but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere, as if catching the `` rhythm'' of nature. Liao, Song, Jin and Yuan dynasties (907-- 1368) ( edit ) Guo Xi is a representative landscape painter of the Northern Song dynasty, depicting mountains, rivers and forests in winter. This piece shows a scene of deep and serene mountain valley covered with snow and several old trees struggling to survive on precipitous cliffs. Buddhist Temple in the Mountains , 11th century, ink on silk, Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art , Kansas City (Missouri). Painting during the Song dynasty (960-- 1279) reached a further development of landscape painting; immeasurable distances were conveyed through the use of blurred outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. The shan shui style painting-- `` shan'' meaning mountain, and `` shui'' meaning river-- became prominent in Chinese landscape art. The emphasis laid upon landscape was grounded in Chinese philosophy ; Taoism stressed that humans were but tiny specks in the vast and greater cosmos, while Neo-Confucianist writers often pursued the discovery of patterns and principles that they believed caused all social and natural phenomena. The painting of portraits and closely viewed objects like birds on branches were held in high esteem, but landscape painting was paramount. By the beginning of the Song Dynasty a distinctive landscape style had emerged. Artists mastered the formula of intricate and realistic scenes placed in the foreground, while the background retained qualities of vast and infinite space. Distant mountain peaks rise out of high clouds and mist, while streaming rivers run from afar into the foreground. Painting of maple and deer by Khitans , National Palace Museum , Taiwan . There was a significant difference in painting trends between the Northern Song period (960-- 1127) and Southern Song period (1127-- 1279). The paintings of Northern Song officials were influenced by their political ideals of bringing order to the world and tackling the largest issues affecting the whole of society; their paintings often depicted huge, sweeping landscapes. On the other hand, Southern Song officials were more interested in reforming society from the bottom up and on a much smaller scale, a method they believed had a better chance for eventual success; their paintings often focused on smaller, visually closer, and more intimate scenes, while the background was often depicted as bereft of detail as a realm without concern for the artist or viewer. This change in attitude from one era to the next stemmed largely from the rising influence of Neo-Confucian philosophy. Adherents to Neo-Confucianism focused on reforming society from the bottom up, not the top down, which can be seen in their efforts to promote small private academies during the Southern Song instead of the large state-controlled academies seen in the Northern Song era. Ever since the Southern and Northern dynasties (420-- 589), painting had become an art of high sophistication that was associated with the gentry class as one of their main artistic pastimes, the others being calligraphy and poetry. During the Song Dynasty there were avid art collectors that would often meet in groups to discuss their own paintings, as well as rate those of their colleagues and friends. The poet and statesman Su Shi (1037-- 1101) and his accomplice Mi Fu (1051-- 1107) often partook in these affairs, borrowing art pieces to study and copy, or if they really admired a piece then an exchange was often proposed. They created a new kind of art based upon the three perfections in which they used their skills in calligraphy (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink paintings. From their time onward, many painters strove to freely express their feelings and to capture the inner spirit of their subject instead of describing its outward appearance. The small round paintings popular in the Southern Song were often collected into albums as poets would write poems along the side to match the theme and mood of the painting. The `` Four Generals of Zhongxing'' painted by Liu Songnian during the Southern Song dynasty . Yue Fei is the second person from the left. It is believed to be the `` truest portrait of Yue in all extant materials'' . Although they were avid art collectors, some Song scholars did not readily appreciate artworks commissioned by those painters found at shops or common marketplaces, and some of the scholars even criticized artists from renowned schools and academies. Anthony J. Barbieri-Low, a Professor of Early Chinese History at the University of California, Santa Barbara , points out that Song scholars' appreciation of art created by their peers was not extended to those who made a living simply as professional artists: During the Northern Song (960-- 1126 CE), a new class of scholar-artists emerged who did not possess the tromp l'œil skills of the academy painters nor even the proficiency of common marketplace painters. The literati's painting was simpler and at times quite unschooled, yet they would criticize these other two groups as mere professionals, since they relied on paid commissions for their livelihood and did not paint merely for enjoyment or self-expression. The scholar-artists considered that painters who concentrated on realistic depictions, who employed a colorful palette, or, worst of all, who accepted monetary payment for their work were no better than butchers or tinkers in the marketplace. They were not to be considered real artists. However, during the Song period, there were many acclaimed court painters and they were highly esteemed by emperors and the royal family . One of the greatest landscape painters given patronage by the Song court was Zhang Zeduan (1085-- 1145), who painted the original Along the River During the Qingming Festival scroll, one of the most well-known masterpieces of Chinese visual art. Emperor Gaozong of Song (1127-- 1162) once commissioned an art project of numerous paintings for the Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute , based on the woman poet Cai Wenji (177-- 250 AD) of the earlier Han dynasty . Yi Yuanji achieved a high degree of realism painting animals, in particular monkeys and gibbons . During the Southern Song period (1127-- 1279), court painters such as Ma Yuan and Xia Gui used strong black brushstrokes to sketch trees and rocks and pale washes to suggest misty space. During the Mongol Yuan dynasty (1271-- 1368), painters joined the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy by inscribing poems on their paintings. These three arts worked together to express the artist's feelings more completely than one art could do alone. Yuan emperor Tugh Temur (r. 1328, 1329-- 1332) was fond of Chinese painting and became a creditable painter himself. Late imperial China (1368-- 1895) ( edit ) The panorama painting `` Departure Herald'' , painted during the reign of the Xuande Emperor (1425-- 1435 AD), shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial City to the Ming Dynasty tombs. Beginning with Yongle, thirteen Ming emperors were buried in the Ming Tombs of present-day Changping District . `` Jieziyuan Huazhuan Lotus Flowers'' , Mustard Seed Garden Painting Manual Beginning in the 13th century, the tradition of painting simple subjects-- a branch with fruit, a few flowers, or one or two horses-- developed. Narrative painting, with a wider color range and a much busier composition than Song paintings, was immensely popular during the Ming period (1368-- 1644). The first books illustrated with colored woodcuts appeared around this time; as color-printing techniques were perfected, illustrated manuals on the art of painting began to be published. Jieziyuan Huazhuan (Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden) , a five-volume work first published in 1679, has been in use as a technical textbook for artists and students ever since. Some painters of the Ming dynasty (1368-- 1644) continued the traditions of the Yuan scholar-painters. This group of painters, known as the Wu School , was led by the artist Shen Zhou . Another group of painters, known as the Zhe School , revived and transformed the styles of the Song court. Shen Zhou of the Wu School depicted the scene when the painter was making his farewell to Wu Kuan, a good friend of his, at Jingkou. During the early Qing dynasty (1644-- 1911), painters known as Individualists rebelled against many of the traditional rules of painting and found ways to express themselves more directly through free brushwork. In the 18th and 19th centuries, great commercial cities such as Yangzhou and Shanghai became art centers where wealthy merchant-patrons encouraged artists to produce bold new works. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese painters were increasingly exposed to Western art . Some artists who studied in Europe rejected Chinese painting; others tried to combine the best of both traditions. Among the most beloved modern painters was Qi Baishi , who began life as a poor peasant and became a great master. His best-known works depict flowers and small animals. Shop of Tingqua, the painter Modern painting ( edit ) Beginning with the New Culture Movement , Chinese artists started to adopt using Western techniques. Prominent Chinese artists who studied Western painting include Li Tiefu , Yan Wenliang , Xu Beihong , Lin Fengmian , Fang Ganmin and Liu Haisu . In the early years of the People's Republic of China , artists were encouraged to employ socialist realism . Some Soviet Union socialist realism was imported without modification, and painters were assigned subjects and expected to mass-produce paintings. This regimen was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after the Hundred Flowers Campaign of 1956-- 57, traditional Chinese painting experienced a significant revival. Along with these developments in professional art circles, there was a proliferation of peasant art depicting everyday life in the rural areas on wall murals and in open-air painting exhibitions. During the Cultural Revolution , art schools were closed, and publication of art journals and major art exhibitions ceased. Major destruction was also carried out as part of the elimination of Four Olds campaign. Since 1978 ( edit ) Following the Cultural Revolution, art schools and professional organizations were reinstated. Exchanges were set up with groups of foreign artists, and Chinese artists began to experiment with new subjects and techniques. One particular case of freehand style (xieyi hua) may be noted in the work of the child prodigy Wang Yani (born 1975) who started painting at age 3 and has since considerably contributed to the exercise of the style in contemporary artwork. After Chinese economic reform, more and more artists boldly conducted innovations in Chinese Painting. The innovations include: development of new brushing skill such as vertical direction splash water and ink, with representative artist Tiancheng Xie, creation of new style by integration traditional Chinese and Western painting techniques such as Heaven Style Painting , with representative artist Shaoqiang Chen , and new styles that express contemporary theme and typical nature scene of certain regions such as Lijiang Painting Style,with representative artist Gesheng Huang. A 2008 set of paintings by Cai Jin , most well-known for her use of psychedelic colours, showed influences of both Western and traditional Chinese sources, though the paintings were organic abstractions. High quality reproductions ( edit ) High quality reproductions are made by special printing techniques, at Rongbaozhai in Beijing, and at Duoyunxuan in Shanghai. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Paintings from China . Bird-and-flower painting Chinese art Chinese Piling paintings Eastern art history Eight Views of Xiaoxiang History of painting Lin Tinggui List of Chinese painters List of Chinese women artists Qiu Ying Three perfections -- integration of calligraphy, poetry and painting Mu Qi Wǔ Xíng painting Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou Cantonese school of painting Japanese painting Korean painting Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sickman, 222 Jump up ^ Rawson, 114-- 119; Sickman, Chapter 15 Jump up ^ Rawson, 112 ^ Jump up to: ( Stanley-Baker 2010a ) Jump up ^ ( Stanley-Baker 2010b ) Jump up ^ Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 162. Jump up ^ Morton, 104. Jump up ^ Barnhart, `` Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting'' , 93. Jump up ^ Morton, 105. ^ Jump up to: Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China , 163. Jump up ^ Walton, 199. Jump up ^ Ebrey, 81-- 83. Jump up ^ Ebrey, 163. Jump up ^ Shao Xiaoyi. `` Yue Fei's facelift sparks debate'' . China Daily. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29 . Retrieved 2007-08-09 . ^ Jump up to: Barbieri-Low (2007), 39-- 40. Jump up ^ Robert van Gulik , `` Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese Animal Lore'' . The Hague, 1967. Jump up ^ 宏 然 天成 : 谢 天成 泼墨 山水 技法 ,百度 百科 http://baike.baidu.com/view/8312263.htm Jump up ^ `` ( 社团 风采 ) -- -- '' 天堂 画 派 `` 艺术家 作品 选刊 ('' 书法 报 书画 天地 `` ,2015年 第 2期 第 26-- 27版 )'' . qq.com . Retrieved 31 October 2015 . Jump up ^ 漓江 画 派 ,百度 百科 http://baike.baidu.com/view/200826.htm Jump up ^ Goodman, Jonathan. `` Cai Jin: Return to the Source'' . Brooklyn Rail . Retrieved 7 March 2015 . References ( edit ) Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of Chinese Art , 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press, ISBN 9780714124469 Stanley-Baker, Joan (May 2010a), Ink Painting Today (PDF) , 10 (8), Centered on Taipei, pp. 8-- 11, archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-17 Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A, `` The Art and Architecture of China'' , Pelican History of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History of Art), LOC 70-125675 Stanley-Baker, Joan (June 2010b), Ink Painting Today (PDF) , 10 (9), Centered on Taipei, pp. 18-- 21, archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-03-21 Further reading ( edit ) Fong, Wen (1973). Sung and Yuan paintings . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 0870990845 . Fully online from the MMA Liu , Shi-yee (2007). Straddling East and West: Lin Yutang, a modern literatus: the Lin Yutang family collection of Chinese painting and calligraphy . New York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN 9781588392701 . External links ( edit ) Chinese Painting at China Online Museum Famous Chinese painters and their galleries Chinese painting Technique and styles Cuiqixuan -- Inside painting snuff bottles Between two cultures : late-nineteenth- and twentieth-century Chinese paintings from the Robert H. Ellsworth collection in The Metropolitan Museum of Art Fully online from the MMA A Pure and Remote View: Visualizing Early Chinese Landscape Painting : a series of more than 20 video lectures by James Cahill . Gazing Into The Past -- Scenes From Later Chinese & Japanese Painting : a series of video lecture by James Cahill. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chinese_painting&oldid=839863779 '' Categories : Chinese art Chinese painting Arts in China Hidden categories: Wikipedia introduction cleanup from April 2017 All pages needing cleanup Articles covered by WikiProject Wikify from April 2017 All articles covered by WikiProject Wikify Articles containing simplified Chinese-language text Articles containing traditional Chinese-language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски தமிழ் Українська 吴语 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 6 May 2018, at 05:54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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how is the java transaction architecture (jta) usertransaction interface used

Bitronix claims to support transaction recovery as well as or even better than some of the commercial products . Bitronix also provides connection pooling and session pooling out of the box .

Java transaction API - wikipedia Java transaction API Jump to: navigation , search The Java Transaction API ( JTA ), one of the Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) APIs , enables distributed transactions to be done across multiple X/Open XA resources in a Java environment. JTA is a specification developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 907 . JTA provides for: demarcation of transaction boundaries X/Open XA API allowing resources to participate in transactions. Contents ( hide ) 1 X/Open XA architecture 2 JTA implementation of the X/Open XA architecture 3 Java Transaction API 3.1 UserTransaction interface 3.2 @Transactional annotation 3.3 @TransactionScoped annotation 4 UserTransaction support in EJB server 5 UserTransaction support in JNDI 6 Open source JTA implementations 6.1 Narayana 6.2 Atomikos TransactionsEssentials 6.3 Bitronix JTA 7 See also 8 References 9 External links X/Open XA architecture ( edit ) In the X/Open XA architecture, a transaction manager or transaction processing monitor (TP monitor) coordinates the transactions across multiple resources such as databases and message queues. Each resource has its own resource manager. The resource manager typically has its own API for manipulating the resource, for example the JDBC API to work with relational databases. In addition, the resource manager allows a TP monitor to coordinate a distributed transaction between its own and other resource managers. Finally, there is the application which communicates with the TP monitor to begin, commit or roll back the transactions. The application also communicates with the individual resources using their own API to modify the resource. JTA implementation of the X/Open XA architecture ( edit ) The JTA API consists of classes in two Java packages : javax.transaction javax.transaction.xa The JTA is modelled on the X/Open XA architecture, but it defines two different APIs for demarcating transaction boundaries. It distinguishes between an application server such as an EJB server and an application component. It provides an interface, javax.transaction.TransactionManager , that is used by the application server itself to begin, commit and roll back the transactions. It provides a different interface, the javax.transaction.UserTransaction , that is used by general client code such as a servlet or an EJB to manage the transactions. The JTA architecture requires that each resource manager must implement the javax.transaction.xa.XAResource interface in order to be managed by the TP monitor. As stated previously, each resource will have its own specific API, for instance: relational databases use JDBC messaging services use JMS generalized EIS ( Enterprise Information System ) resources use Java EE Connector API . Java transaction API ( edit ) The Java Transaction API consists of three elements: a high-level application transaction demarcation interface, a high-level transaction manager interface intended for an application server, and a standard Java mapping of the X/Open XA protocol intended for a transactional resource manager. UserTransaction interface ( edit ) The javax.transaction.UserTransaction interface provides the application the ability to control transaction boundaries programmatically. This interface may be used by Java client programs or EJB beans. The UserTransaction.begin() method starts a global transaction and associates the transaction with the calling thread. The transaction-to-thread association is managed transparently by the Transaction Manager. Support for nested transactions is not required. The UserTransaction.begin method throws the NotSupportedException when the calling thread is already associated with a transaction and the transaction manager implementation does not support nested transactions. Transaction context propagation between application programs is provided by the underlying transaction manager implementations on the client and server machines. The transaction context format used for propagation is protocol dependent and must be negotiated between the client and server hosts. For example, if the transaction manager is an implementation of the JTS specification, it will use the transaction context propagation format as specified in the CORBA OTS 1.1 specification. Transaction propagation is transparent to application programs. @Transactional annotation ( edit ) The javax.transaction.Transactional annotation provides the application the ability to control transaction boundaries declaratively. This annotation can be applied to any class that the Java EE specification defines as a managed bean (which includes CDI managed beans). The code sample below illustrates the usage of @Transactional in a request scoped CDI managed bean: @RequestScoped public class ExampleBean ( @Transactional public void foo () ( // A transaction is active here // Do work ) // After the method returns transaction is committed or rolled back ) Transactional behavior can be configured via an attribute on the annotation. The available options closely mirror those of the EJB specification. @TransactionScoped annotation ( edit ) The javax.transaction.TransactionScoped annotation provides the application the ability to declare that the scope during which a bean lives is tied to the time a given transaction is active. The code sample below illustrates the usage of @TransactionScoped in a request scoped CDI managed bean: @TransactionScoped public class TxScopedBean ( public int number ; public int getNumber () ( return number ;) public void setNumber ( int number ) ( this. number = number ;) ) @RequestScoped public class ExampleBean ( @Inject private TxScopedBean txScopedBean ; @Transactional public void foo () ( txScopedBean. setNumber ( 1 ); ) @Transactional public void bar () ( System. out. print ( tXscopedBean. getNumber ()); ) ) If method foo() is first called on a managed instance of ExampleBean and then subsequently method bar() is called, the number printed will be 0 and not 1. This is because each method had its own transaction and therefore its own instance of TxScopedBean. The number 1 that was set during the call to foo() will therefore not be seen during the call to bar() . UserTransaction support in EJB server ( edit ) EJB servers are required to support the UserTransaction interface for use by EJB beans with the BEAN value in the javax.ejb.TransactionManagement annotation (this is called bean-managed transactions or BMT). The UserTransaction interface is exposed to EJB components through either the EJBContext interface using the getUserTransaction method, or directly via injection using the general @Resource annotation. Thus, an EJB application does not interface with the Transaction Manager directly for transaction demarcation; instead, the EJB bean relies on the EJB server to provide support for all of its transaction work as defined in the Enterprise JavaBeans Specification. (The underlying interaction between the EJB Server and the TM is transparent to the application; the burden of implementing transaction management is on the EJB container and server provider. ) The code sample below illustrates the usage of UserTransaction via bean-managed transactions in an EJB session bean: @Stateless @TransactionManagement ( BEAN ) public class ExampleBean ( @Resource private UserTransaction utx ; public void foo () ( // start a transaction utx. begin (); // Do work // Commit it utx. commit (); ) ) Alternatively, the UserTransaction can be obtained from the SessionContext: @Stateless @TransactionManagement ( BEAN ) public class ExampleBean ( @Resource private SessionContext ctx ; public void foo () ( UserTransaction utx = ctx. getUserTransaction (); // start a transaction utx. begin (); // Do work // Commit it utx. commit (); ) ) Note though that in the example above if the @TransactionManagement(BEAN) annotation is omitted, a JTA transaction is automatically started whenever foo() is called and is automatically committed or rolled back when foo() is exited. Making use of a UserTransaction is thus not necessary in EJB programming, but might be needed for very specialized code. UserTransaction support in jndi ( edit ) The UserTransaction should be available under java:comp/UserTransaction (if a JTA implementation is installed in the environment). Open source JTA implementations ( edit ) There exist a number of active (as of September 2010) open source JTA implementations. Narayana ( edit ) Narayana (TM) , formerly known as JBossTS and Arjuna Transaction Service, comes with a very robust implementation, which supports both the JTA and JTS APIs. Narayana comes with a recovery service, which could be run as a separate process from your application processes. Narayana is the default transaction manager for Java EE WildFly and JBoss EAP application servers. It supports three Extended Transaction models: Nested Top Level Transactions, Nested Transactions and a compensation-based model based on `` Sagas'' . Webservice and RESTful Transactions are supported as well. Narayana could be used out-of-the box with Spring Boot. There is need for manual integration with Spring framework, but it is an easy task to do. Atomikos TransactionsEssentials ( edit ) Atomikos TransactionsEssentials 's documentation and literature on the internet show that it is a production quality implementation, which also supports recovery and some exotic features beyond the JTA API. Atomikos provides out-of-the-box Spring integration along with some nice examples. It also provides support for pooled connections for both database and JMS resources. Bitronix JTA ( edit ) Bitronix claims to support transaction recovery as well as or even better than some of the commercial products. Bitronix also provides connection pooling and session pooling out of the box. See also ( edit ) Java portal Java transaction service References ( edit ) Jump up ^ JSR 220: Enterprise JavaBeans,Version 3.0, EJB 3.0 Expert Group, Sun Microsystems, 2006 Jump up ^ `` Compensating Transactions: When ACID is too much JBoss Developer'' . developer.jboss.org . Retrieved 2016-01-08 . Jump up ^ `` Narayana team blog: Out of the Box Support for RESTful Transactions'' . jbossts.blogspot.cz . Retrieved 2016-01-08 . Jump up ^ `` Narayana in Spring Boot'' . Retrieved 2016-07-19 . Jump up ^ `` Spring Boot starter'' . Retrieved 2016-07-19 . Jump up ^ `` Narayana Quickstart to integrate with Spring'' . Retrieved 2016-03-07 . External links ( edit ) JTA specifications JSR 907 Narayana transaction manager website ( hide ) Java EE 7 specifications Web app Servlet JavaServer Pages Expression Language JSTL JavaServer Faces WebSocket Enterprise app Dependency injection Bean Validation Enterprise JavaBeans JPA JMS JTA JavaMail JCA Common Annotations Web services JAX-RS JAX-WS Web Services Metadata Java API for XML Messaging JAXR APM J2EE Management Related JAXB JAXP JDBC JMX JavaBeans Activation Framework Streaming API for XML Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Java_Transaction_API&oldid=834239192 '' Categories : Java enterprise platform Java specification requests Java APIs Hidden categories: All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2017 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from May 2012 Articles with example Java code Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Português Русский 中文 5 more Edit links This page was last edited on 4 April 2018, at 17:19. 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structural and regulatory genes of the lac operon

The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial - based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis , in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined . In LB plates containing X-gal , the colour change from white colonies to a shade of blue corresponds to about 20 -- 100 β - galactosidase units , while tetrazolium lactose and MacConkey lactose media have a range of 100 -- 1000 units , being most sensitive in the high and low parts of this range respectively . Since MacConkey lactose and tetrazolium lactose media both rely on the products of lactose breakdown , they require the presence of both lacZ and lacY genes . The many lac fusion techniques which include only the lacZ gene are thus suited to X-gal plates or ONPG liquid broths .

Lac operon - wikipedia Lac operon Jump to: navigation , search The lac operon (lactose operon) is an operon required for the transport and metabolism of lactose in Escherichia coli and many other enteric bacteria . Although glucose is the preferred carbon source for most bacteria, the lac operon allows for the effective digestion of lactose when glucose is not available through the activity of beta-galactosidase. Gene regulation of the lac operon was the first genetic regulatory mechanism to be understood clearly, so it has become a foremost example of prokaryotic gene regulation . It is often discussed in introductory molecular and cellular biology classes for this reason. This lactose metabolism system was used by Jacob and Monod to determine how a cell knows which enzyme to synthesize. Their work on the lac operon won them the Nobel Prize in Physiology in 1965. Bacterial operons are polycistronic transcripts that are able to produce multiple proteins from one mRNA transcript. In this case, when lactose is required as a sugar source for the bacterium, the three genes of the lac operon can be expressed and their subsequent proteins translated: lacZ , lacY , and lacA . The gene product of lacZ is β -galactosidase which cleaves lactose, a disaccharide, into glucose and galactose . lacY encodes Beta-galactoside permease , a protein which becomes embedded in the cytoplasmic membrane to enable transport of lactose into the cell. Finally, lacA encodes β -galactoside transacetylase . The lac operon. Top:Repressed, Bottom:Active. 1 : RNA Polymerase, 2 : Repressor, 3 : Promoter, 4 : Operator, 5 : Lactose, 6 : lacZ, 7 : lacY, 8 : lacA. It would be wasteful to produce the enzymes when there is no lactose available or if there is a more preferable energy source available, such as glucose. The lac operon uses a two-part control mechanism to ensure that the cell expends energy producing the enzymes encoded by the lac operon only when necessary. In the absence of lactose, the lac repressor , lacI, halts production of the enzymes encoded by the lac operon. The lac repressor is always expressed unless a co-inducer binds to it. In other words, it is transcribed only in the presence of small molecule co-inducer. In the presence of glucose, the catabolite activator protein (CAP), required for production of the enzymes, remains inactive, and EIIA shuts down lactose permease to prevent transport of lactose into the cell. This dual control mechanism causes the sequential utilization of glucose and lactose in two distinct growth phases, known as diauxie . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Genetic nomenclature 2 Regulation 2.1 Repressor structure 2.1.1 Mechanism of induction 2.1.2 Role of non-specific binding 2.2 Lactose analogs 3 Development of the classic model 3.1 Classification of regulatory mutants 3.2 Regulation by cyclic AMP 4 Use in molecular biology 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Structure ( edit ) Structure of lactose and the products of its cleavage. The lac operon consists of three structural genes , and a promoter , a terminator , regulator , and an operator . The three structural genes are: lacZ , lacY , and lacA . lacZ encodes β -galactosidase (LacZ), an intracellular enzyme that cleaves the disaccharide lactose into glucose and galactose . lacY encodes Beta-galactoside permease (LacY), a transmembrane symporter that pumps β -galactosides including lactose into the cell using a proton gradient in the same direction. lacA encodes β -galactoside transacetylase (LacA), an enzyme that transfers an acetyl group from acetyl-CoA to β -galactosides . Only lacZ and lacY appear to be necessary for lactose catabolism . Genetic nomenclature ( edit ) Three-letter abbreviations are used to describe phenotypes in bacteria including E. coli . Examples include: Lac (the ability to use lactose), His (the ability to synthesize the amino acid histidine) Mot (swimming motility) Sm (resistance to the antibiotic streptomycin) In the case of Lac, wild type cells are Lac and are able to use lactose as a carbon and energy source, while Lac mutant derivatives cannot use lactose. The same three letters are typically used (lower-case, italicized) to label the genes involved in a particular phenotype, where each different gene is additionally distinguished by an extra letter. The lac genes encoding enzymes are lacZ , lacY , and lacA . The fourth lac gene is lacI , encoding the lactose repressor-- `` I'' stands for inducibility . One may distinguish between structural genes encoding enzymes, and regulatory genes encoding proteins that affect gene expression. Current usage expands the phenotypic nomenclature to apply to proteins: thus, LacZ is the protein product of the lacZ gene, β -galactosidase. Various short sequences that are not genes also affect gene expression, including the lac promoter, lac p , and the lac operator, lac o . Although it is not strictly standard usage, mutations affecting lac o are referred to as lac o , for historical reasons. Regulation ( edit ) Specific control of the lac genes depends on the availability of the substrate lactose to the bacterium. The proteins are not produced by the bacterium when lactose is unavailable as a carbon source. The lac genes are organized into an operon ; that is, they are oriented in the same direction immediately adjacent on the chromosome and are co-transcribed into a single polycistronic mRNA molecule. Transcription of all genes starts with the binding of the enzyme RNA polymerase (RNAP), a DNA-binding protein , which binds to a specific DNA binding site, the promoter , immediately upstream of the genes. Binding of RNA polymerase to the promoter is aided by the cAMP -bound catabolite activator protein (CAP, also known as the cAMP receptor protein). However, the lacI gene (regulatory gene for lac operon) produces a protein that blocks RNAP from binding to the promoter of the operon. This protein can only be removed when allolactose binds to it, and inactivates it. The protein that is formed by the lacI gene is known as the lac repressor. The type of regulation that the lac operon undergoes is referred to as negative inducible, meaning that the gene is turned off by the regulatory factor ( lac repressor) unless some molecule (lactose) is added. Because of the presence of the lac repressor protein, genetic engineers who replace the lacZ gene with another gene will have to grow the experimental bacteria on agar with lactose available on it. If they do not, the gene they are trying to express will not be expressed as the repressor protein is still blocking RNAP from binding to the promoter and transcribing the gene. Once the repressor is removed, RNAP then proceeds to transcribe all three genes ( lacZYA ) into mRNA. Each of the three genes on the mRNA strand has its own Shine-Dalgarno sequence , so the genes are independently translated. The DNA sequence of the E. coli lac operon , the lacZYA mRNA , and the lacI genes are available from GenBank (view) . The first control mechanism is the regulatory response to lactose, which uses an intracellular regulatory protein called the lactose repressor to hinder production of β -galactosidase in the absence of lactose. The lacI gene coding for the repressor lies nearby the lac operon and is always expressed ( constitutive ). If lactose is missing from the growth medium, the repressor binds very tightly to a short DNA sequence just downstream of the promoter near the beginning of lacZ called the lac operator . The repressor binding to the operator interferes with binding of RNAP to the promoter, and therefore mRNA encoding LacZ and LacY is only made at very low levels. When cells are grown in the presence of lactose, however, a lactose metabolite called allolactose, made from lactose by the product of the lacZ gene, binds to the repressor, causing an allosteric shift. Thus altered, the repressor is unable to bind to the operator, allowing RNAP to transcribe the lac genes and thereby leading to higher levels of the encoded proteins. The second control mechanism is a response to glucose, which uses the catabolite activator protein (CAP) homodimer to greatly increase production of β -galactosidase in the absence of glucose. Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a signal molecule whose prevalence is inversely proportional to that of glucose. It binds to the CAP, which in turn allows the CAP to bind to the CAP binding site (a 16 bp DNA sequence upstream of the promoter on the left in the diagram below, about 60 bp upstream of the transcription start site), which assists the RNAP in binding to the DNA. In the absence of glucose, the cAMP concentration is high and binding of CAP-cAMP to the DNA significantly increases the production of β -galactosidase, enabling the cell to hydrolyse lactose and release galactose and glucose. More recently inducer exclusion was shown to block expression of the lac operon when glucose is present. Glucose is transported into the cell by the PEP-dependent phosphotransferase system . The phosphate group of phosphoenolpyruvate is transferred via a phosphorylation cascade consisting of the general PTS (phosphotransferase system) proteins HPr and EIA and the glucose-specific PTS proteins EIIA and EIIB , the cytoplasmic domain of the EII glucose transporter. Transport of glucose is accompanied by its phosphorylation by EIIB , draining the phosphate group from the other PTS proteins, including EIIA . The unphosphorylated form of EIIA binds to the lac permease and prevents it from bringing lactose into the cell. Therefore, if both glucose and lactose are present, the transport of glucose blocks the transport of the inducer of the lac operon. Repressor structure ( edit ) Tetrameric LacI binds two operator sequences and induces DNA looping. Two dimeric LacI functional subunits (red+blue and green+orange) each bind a DNA operator sequence (labeled). These two functional subunits are coupled at the tetramerization region (labeled); thus, tetrameric LacI binds two operator sequences. This allows tetrameric LacI to induce DNA looping. The lac repressor is a four-part protein, a tetramer, with identical subunits. Each subunit contains a helix-turn-helix (HTH) motif capable of binding to DNA. The operator site where repressor binds is a DNA sequence with inverted repeat symmetry. The two DNA half-sites of the operator together bind to two of the subunits of the repressor. Although the other two subunits of repressor are not doing anything in this model, this property was not understood for many years. Eventually it was discovered that two additional operators are involved in lac regulation. One (O ) lies about -90 bp upstream of O in the end of the lacI gene, and the other (O ) is about +410 bp downstream of O in the early part of lacZ . These two sites were not found in the early work because they have redundant functions and individual mutations do not affect repression very much. Single mutations to either O or O have only 2 to 3-fold effects. However, their importance is demonstrated by the fact that a double mutant defective in both O and O is dramatically de-repressed (by about 70-fold). In the current model, lac repressor is bound simultaneously to both the main operator O and to either O or O . The intervening DNA loops out from the complex. The redundant nature of the two minor operators suggests that it is not a specific looped complex that is important. One idea is that the system works through tethering; if bound repressor releases from O momentarily, binding to a minor operator keeps it in the vicinity, so that it may rebind quickly. This would increase the affinity of repressor for O . Mechanism of induction ( edit ) 1 : RNA Polymerase, 2 : Repressor, 3 : Promoter, 4 : Operator, 5 : Lactose, 6 : lacZ, 7 : lacY, 8 : lacA. Top : The gene is essentially turned off. There is no allolactose to inhibit the lac repressor, so the repressor binds tightly to the operator, which obstructs the RNA polymerase from binding to the promoter, resulting in no laczya mRNA transcripts. Bottom : The gene is turned on. Allolactose inhibits the repressor, allowing the RNA polymerase to bind to the promoter and express the genes, resulting in production of LacZYA. Eventually, the enzymes will digest all of the lactose, until there is no allolactose that can bind to the repressor. The repressor will then bind to the operator, stopping the transcription of the LacZYA genes. The repressor is an allosteric protein , i.e. it can assume either one of two slightly different shapes, which are in equilibrium with each other. In one form the repressor will bind to the operator DNA with high specificity, and in the other form it has lost its specificity. According to the classical model of induction, binding of the inducer, either allolactose or IPTG, to the repressor affects the distribution of repressor between the two shapes. Thus, repressor with inducer bound is stabilized in the non-DNA-binding conformation. However, this simple model cannot be the whole story, because repressor is bound quite stably to DNA, yet it is released rapidly by addition of inducer. Therefore, it seems clear that an inducer can also bind to the repressor when the repressor is already bound to DNA. It is still not entirely known what the exact mechanism of binding is. Role of non-specific binding ( edit ) Non-specific binding of the repressor to DNA plays a crucial role in the repression and induction of the Lac-operon. The specific binding site for the Lac-repressor protein is the operator. The non-specific interaction is mediated mainly by charge-charge interactions while binding to the operator is reinforced by hydrophobic interactions. Additionally, there is an abundance of non-specific DNA sequences to which the repressor can bind. Essentially, any sequence that is not the operator, is considered non-specific. Studies have shown, that without the presence of non-specific binding, induction (or unrepression) of the Lac-operon could not occur even with saturated levels of inducer. It had been demonstrated that, without non-specific binding, the basal level of induction is ten thousand times smaller than observed normally. This is because the non-specific DNA acts as sort of a `` sink'' for the repressor proteins, distracting them from the operator. The non-specific sequences decrease the amount of available repressor in the cell. This in turn reduces the amount of inducer required to unrepress the system. Lactose analogs ( edit ) IPTG ONPG X-gal allolactose A number of lactose derivatives or analogs have been described that are useful for work with the lac operon. These compounds are mainly substituted galactosides, where the glucose moiety of lactose is replaced by another chemical group. Isopropyl-β -D-thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) is frequently used as an inducer of the lac operon for physiological work. IPTG binds to repressor and inactivates it, but is not a substrate for β -galactosidase. One advantage of IPTG for in vivo studies is that since it cannot be metabolized by E. coli its concentration remains constant and the rate of expression of lac p/o -controlled genes, is not a variable in the experiment. IPTG intake is dependent on the action of lactose permease in P. fluorescens , but not in E. coli . Phenyl-β -D-galactose (phenyl-Gal) is a substrate for β -galactosidase, but does not inactivate repressor and so is not an inducer. Since wild type cells produce very little β -galactosidase, they cannot grow on phenyl-Gal as a carbon and energy source. Mutants lacking repressor are able to grow on phenyl-Gal. Thus, minimal medium containing only phenyl-Gal as a source of carbon and energy is selective for repressor mutants and operator mutants. If 10 cells of a wild type strain are plated on agar plates containing phenyl-Gal, the rare colonies which grow are mainly spontaneous mutants affecting the repressor. The relative distribution of repressor and operator mutants is affected by the target size. Since the lacI gene encoding repressor is about 50 times larger than the operator, repressor mutants predominate in the selection. Thiomethyl galactosidase (TMG) is another lactose analog. These inhibit the lacI repressor. At low inducer concentrations, both TMG and IPTG can enter the cell through the lactose permease. However at high inducer concentrations, both analogs can enter the cell independently. TMG can can reduce growth rates at high extracellular concentrations. Other compounds serve as colorful indicators of β -galactosidase activity. ONPG is cleaved to produce the intensely yellow compound, orthonitrophenol and galactose, and is commonly used as a substrate for assay of β -galactosidase in vitro . Colonies that produce β -galactosidase are turned blue by X-gal (5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl-β -D-galactoside) which is an artificial substrate for B-galactosidase whose cleavage results in galactose and 4-Cl,3-Br indigo thus producing a deep blue color. Allolactose is an isomer of lactose and is the inducer of the lac operon. Lactose is galactose-(β1 -> 4)-glucose, whereas allolactose is galactose-(β1 -> 6)-glucose. Lactose is converted to allolactose by β -galactosidase in an alternative reaction to the hydrolytic one. A physiological experiment which demonstrates the role of LacZ in production of the `` true'' inducer in E. coli cells is the observation that a null mutant of lacZ can still produce LacY permease when grown with IPTG but not when grown with lactose. The explanation is that processing of lactose to allolactose (catalyzed by β -galactosidase) is needed to produce the inducer inside the cell. Development of the classic model ( edit ) The experimental microorganism used by François Jacob and Jacques Monod was the common laboratory bacterium, E. coli , but many of the basic regulatory concepts that were discovered by Jacob and Monod are fundamental to cellular regulation in all organisms. The key idea is that proteins are not synthesized when they are not needed-- E. coli conserves cellular resources and energy by not making the three Lac proteins when there is no need to metabolize lactose, such as when other sugars like glucose are available. The following section discusses how E. coli controls certain genes in response to metabolic needs. During World War II , Monod was testing the effects of combinations of sugars as nutrient sources for E. coli and B. subtilis . Monod was following up on similar studies that had been conducted by other scientists with bacteria and yeast. He found that bacteria grown with two different sugars often displayed two phases of growth. For example, if glucose and lactose were both provided, glucose was metabolized first (growth phase I, see Figure 2) and then lactose (growth phase II). Lactose was not metabolized during the first part of the diauxic growth curve because β -galactosidase was not made when both glucose and lactose were present in the medium. Monod named this phenomenon diauxie . Figure 2: Monod's `` bi-phasic'' growth curve Monod then focused his attention on the induction of β -galactosidase formation that occurred when lactose was the sole sugar in the culture medium. Classification of regulatory mutants ( edit ) A conceptual breakthrough of Jacob and Monod was to recognize the distinction between regulatory substances and sites where they act to change gene expression. A former soldier, Jacob used the analogy of a bomber that would release its lethal cargo upon receipt of a special radio transmission or signal. A working system requires both a ground transmitter and a receiver in the airplane. Now, suppose that the usual transmitter is broken. This system can be made to work by introduction of a second, functional transmitter. In contrast, he said, consider a bomber with a defective receiver. The behavior of this bomber cannot be changed by introduction of a second, functional aeroplane. To analyze regulatory mutants of the lac operon, Jacob developed a system by which a second copy of the lac genes ( lacI with its promoter, and lacZYA with promoter and operator) could be introduced into a single cell. A culture of such bacteria, which are diploid for the lac genes but otherwise normal, is then tested for the regulatory phenotype. In particular, it is determined whether LacZ and LacY are made even in the absence of IPTG (due to the lactose repressor produced by the mutant gene being non-functional). This experiment, in which genes or gene clusters are tested pairwise, is called a complementation test . This test is illustrated in the figure ( lacA is omitted for simplicity). First, certain haploid states are shown (i.e. the cell carries only a single copy of the lac genes). Panel (a) shows repression, (b) shows induction by IPTG, and (c) and (d) show the effect of a mutation to the lacI gene or to the operator, respectively. In panel (e) the complementation test for repressor is shown. If one copy of the lac genes carries a mutation in lacI , but the second copy is wild type for lacI , the resulting phenotype is normal---but lacZ is expressed when exposed to inducer IPTG. Mutations affecting repressor are said to be recessive to wild type (and that wild type is dominant ), and this is explained by the fact that repressor is a small protein which can diffuse in the cell. The copy of the lac operon adjacent to the defective lacI gene is effectively shut off by protein produced from the second copy of lacI . If the same experiment is carried out using an operator mutation, a different result is obtained (panel (f)). The phenotype of a cell carrying one mutant and one wild type operator site is that LacZ and LacY are produced even in the absence of the inducer IPTG; because the damaged operator site, does not permit binding of the repressor to inhibit transcription of the structural genes. The operator mutation is dominant. When the operator site where repressor must bind is damaged by mutation, the presence of a second functional site in the same cell makes no difference to expression of genes controlled by the mutant site. A more sophisticated version of this experiment uses marked operons to distinguish between the two copies of the lac genes and show that the unregulated structural gene(s) is(are) the one(s) next to the mutant operator (panel (g). For example, suppose that one copy is marked by a mutation inactivating lacZ so that it can only produce the LacY protein, while the second copy carries a mutation affecting lacY and can only produce LacZ. In this version, only the copy of the lac operon that is adjacent to the mutant operator is expressed without IPTG. We say that the operator mutation is cis-dominant , it is dominant to wild type but affects only the copy of the operon which is immediately adjacent to it. This explanation is misleading in an important sense, because it proceeds from a description of the experiment and then explains the results in terms of a model. But in fact, it is often true that the model comes first, and an experiment is fashioned specifically to test the model. Jacob and Monod first imagined that there must be a site in DNA with the properties of the operator, and then designed their complementation tests to show this. The dominance of operator mutants also suggests a procedure to select them specifically. If regulatory mutants are selected from a culture of wild type using phenyl-Gal, as described above, operator mutations are rare compared to repressor mutants because the target-size is so small. But if instead we start with a strain which carries two copies of the whole lac region (that is diploid for lac ), the repressor mutations (which still occur) are not recovered because complementation by the second, wild type lacI gene confers a wild type phenotype. In contrast, mutation of one copy of the operator confers a mutant phenotype because it is dominant to the second, wild type copy. Regulation by cyclic AMP ( edit ) Explanation of diauxie depended on the characterization of additional mutations affecting the lac genes other than those explained by the classical model. Two other genes, cya and crp , subsequently were identified that mapped far from lac , and that, when mutated, result in a decreased level of expression in the presence of IPTG and even in strains of the bacterium lacking the repressor or operator. The discovery of cAMP in E. coli led to the demonstration that mutants defective the cya gene but not the crp gene could be restored to full activity by the addition of cAMP to the medium. The cya gene encodes adenylate cyclase, which produces cAMP. In a cya mutant, the absence of cAMP makes the expression of the lacZYA genes more than ten times lower than normal. Addition of cAMP corrects the low Lac expression characteristic of cya mutants. The second gene, crp , encodes a protein called catabolite activator protein (CAP) or cAMP receptor protein (CRP). However the lactose metabolism enzymes are made in small quantities in the presence of both glucose and lactose (sometimes called leaky expression) due to the fact that the LacI repressor rapidly associates/dissociates from the DNA rather than tightly binding to it, which can allow time for RNAP to bind and transcribe mRNAs of lacZYA . Leaky expression is necessary in order to allow for metabolism of some lactose after the glucose source is expended, but before lac expression is fully activated. In summary: When lactose is absent then there is very little Lac enzyme production (the operator has Lac repressor bound to it). When lactose is present but a preferred carbon source (like glucose) is also present then a small amount of enzyme is produced (Lac repressor is not bound to the operator). When glucose is absent, CAP-cAMP binds to a specific DNA site upstream of the promoter and makes a direct protein-protein interaction with RNAP that facilitates the binding of RNAP to the promoter. The delay between growth phases reflects the time needed to produce sufficient quantities of lactose-metabolizing enzymes. First, the CAP regulatory protein has to assemble on the lac promoter, resulting in an increase in the production of lac mRNA . More available copies of the lac mRNA results in the production (see translation ) of significantly more copies of LacZ (β -galactosidase, for lactose metabolism) and LacY (lactose permease to transport lactose into the cell). After a delay needed to increase the level of the lactose metabolizing enzymes, the bacteria enter into a new rapid phase of cell growth . lac operon in detail Two puzzles of catabolite repression relate to how cAMP levels are coupled to the presence of glucose, and secondly, why the cells should even bother. After lactose is cleaved it actually forms glucose and galactose (easily converted to glucose). In metabolic terms, lactose is just as good a carbon and energy source as glucose. The cAMP level is related not to intracellular glucose concentration but to the rate of glucose transport, which influences the activity of adenylate cyclase. (In addition, glucose transport also leads to direct inhibition of the lactose permease.) As to why E. coli works this way, one can only speculate. All enteric bacteria ferment glucose, which suggests they encounter it frequently. It is possible that a small difference in efficiency of transport or metabolism of glucose v. lactose makes it advantageous for cells to regulate the lac operon in this way. Use in molecular biology ( edit ) The lac gene and its derivatives are amenable to use as a reporter gene in a number of bacterial-based selection techniques such as two hybrid analysis, in which the successful binding of a transcriptional activator to a specific promoter sequence must be determined. In LB plates containing X-gal , the colour change from white colonies to a shade of blue corresponds to about 20-- 100 β -galactosidase units, while tetrazolium lactose and MacConkey lactose media have a range of 100-- 1000 units, being most sensitive in the high and low parts of this range respectively. Since MacConkey lactose and tetrazolium lactose media both rely on the products of lactose breakdown, they require the presence of both lacZ and lacY genes. The many lac fusion techniques which include only the lacZ gene are thus suited to X-gal plates or ONPG liquid broths. See also ( edit ) Catabolite repression References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Griffiths, Anthony J.F.; Wessler, Susan R.; Carroll, Sean B.; Doebley, John (2015). An Introduction to Genetic Analysis (11 ed.). Freeman, W.H. & Company. pp. 400-- 412. ISBN 9781464109485 . Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotic Gene Expression'' . www.ndsu.edu . Missing or empty url= ( help ); access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Prokaryotic Gene Expression'' . www.ndsu.edu . Retrieved 2017-05-19 . Jump up ^ Busby S., Ebright RH. (2001). `` Transcription activation by catabolite activator protein (CAP)'' . J. Mol. Biol. 293 (2): 199-- 213. doi : 10.1006/jmbi.1999.3161 . PMID 10550204 . Jump up ^ Kennell, David; Riezman, Howard (July 1977). `` Transcription and translation initiation frequencies of the Escherichia coli lac operon'' . Journal of Molecular Biology . 114 (1): 1-- 21. doi : 10.1016/0022-2836(77)90279-0 . PMID 409848 . Jump up ^ Malan, T. Philip; Kolb, Annie; Buc, Henri; McClure, William (December 1984). `` Mechanism of CRP-cAMP Activation of lac Operon Transcription Initiation Activation of the P1 Promoter'' . J. Mol. Biol. 180 (4): 881-- 909. doi : 10.1016/0022-2836(84)90262-6 . PMID 6098691 . Jump up ^ Görke B, Stülke J (August 2008). `` Carbon catabolite repression in bacteria: many ways to make the most out of nutrients'' . Nature Reviews. Microbiology. 6 (8): 613-- 24. doi : 10.1038/nrmicro1932 . PMID 18628769 . Jump up ^ Oehler, S.; Eismann, E.R. ; Krämer , H.; Müller -Hill, B. (1990). `` The three operators of the lac operon cooperate in repression'' . The EMBO Journal . 9 (4): 973-- 979. PMC 551766 . PMID 2182324 . Jump up ^ Griffiths, Anthony JF; Gelbart, William M.; Miller, Jeffrey H.; Lewontin, Richard C. (1999). `` Regulation of the Lactose System'' . Modern Genetic Analysis . New York: W.H. Freeman. ISBN 0-7167-3118-5 . Jump up ^ von Hippel, P.H.; Revzin, A.; Gross, C.A.; Wang, A.C. (December 1974). `` Non-specific DNA binding of genome regulating proteins as a biological control mechanism: I. The lac operon: equilibrium aspects'' . PNAS. 71 (12): 4808-- 12. doi : 10.1073/pnas.71.12.4808 . PMC 433986 . PMID 4612528 . Jump up ^ Hansen LH, Knudsen S, Sørensen SJ (June 1998). `` The effect of the lacY gene on the induction of IPTG inducible promoters, studied in Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens '' . Curr. Microbiol. 36 (6): 341-- 7. doi : 10.1007/s002849900320 . PMID 9608745 . Jump up ^ Marbach A, Bettenbrock K (Jan 2012). `` lac operon induction in Escherichia coli: Systematic comparison of IPTG and TMG induction and influence of the transacetylase LacA'' . Journal of Biotechnology . 157 (1): 82-- 88. doi : 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.10.009 . PMID 22079752 . Jump up ^ `` ONPG (β -Galactosidase) test'' . September 2000. ^ Jump up to: Joung J, Ramm E, Pabo C (2000). `` A bacterial two-hybrid selection system for studying protein-- DNA and protein-- protein interactions'' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 97 (13): 7382-- 7. doi : 10.1073/pnas.110149297 . PMC 16554 . PMID 10852947 . Jump up ^ `` Milestone 2 - A visionary pair : Nature Milestones in gene expression'' . www.nature.com . Retrieved 2015-12-27 . Jump up ^ Muller-Hill, Benno (1996). The lac Operon, a Short History of a Genetic Paradigm . Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. pp. 7-- 10. ISBN 3-11-014830-7 . Jump up ^ McKnight, Steven L. (1992). Transcriptional Regulation . Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. pp. 3-- 24. ISBN 0-87969-410-6 . Jump up ^ Jacob F. ; Monod J (June 1961). `` Genetic regulatory mechanisms in the synthesis of proteins'' . J Mol Biol. 3 (3): 318-- 56. doi : 10.1016/S0022-2836(61)80072-7 . PMID 13718526 . Jump up ^ Montminy, M. (1997). `` Transcriptional regulation by cyclic AMP'' . Annual Review of Biochemistry . 66 : 807-- 822. doi : 10.1146/annurev.biochem.66.1.807 . ISSN 0066-4154 . PMID 9242925 . Jump up ^ Botsford, JL ; Harman, JG (March 1992). `` Cyclic AMP in prokaryotes'' . Microbiological Reviews . 56 (1): 100-- 122. ISSN 0146-0749 . PMC 372856 . PMID 1315922 . Jump up ^ Vazquez A, Beg QK, Demenezes MA, et al. (2008). `` Impact of the solvent capacity constraint on E. coli metabolism'' . BMC Syst Biol. 2 : 7. doi : 10.1186/1752-0509-2-7 . PMC 2270259 . PMID 18215292 . Jump up ^ `` Induction of the lac operon in E. coli'' (PDF) . SAPS . Retrieved 29 June 2016 . External links ( edit ) Lac Operon at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) lac operon in NCBI Bookshelf (2) Virtual Cell Animation Collection Introducing: The Lac Operon The lac Operon: Bozeman Science Staining Whole Mouse Embryos for β -Galactosidase (lacZ) Activity Transcription ( Bacterial , Eukaryotic ) Transcriptional regulation prokaryotic Operon lac operon trp operon gab operon ara operon gal operon Repressor lac repressor trp repressor eukaryotic Histone-modifying enzymes ( histone / nucleosome ): Histone methylation / Histone methyltransferase EZH2 Histone demethylase Histone acetylation and deacetylation Histone deacetylase HDAC1 Histone acetyltransferase DNA methylation : DNA methyltransferase Chromatin remodeling : CHD7 both Transcription coregulator Coactivator Corepressor Inducer Promotion Promoter Pribnow box TATA box BRE CAAT box Response element Enhancer E-box Response element Insulator Silencer Internal control region Initiation ( bacterial , eukaryotic Transcription start site Elongation bacterial RNA polymerase : rpoB eukaryotic RNA polymerase : RNA polymerase II Termination ( bacterial , eukaryotic ) Terminator Intrinsic termination Rho factor The development of phenotype Key concepts Genotype-- phenotype distinction Norms of reaction Gene-- environment interaction Gene-- environment correlation Operon Heritability Quantitative genetics Heterochrony Neoteny Heterotopy Genetic architecture Canalisation Genetic assimilation Dominance Epistasis Fitness landscape / evolutionary landscape Pleiotropy Plasticity Polygenic inheritance Transgressive segregation Sequence space Non-genetic influences Epigenetics Maternal effect Dual inheritance theory Polyphenism Developmental architecture Developmental biology Morphogenesis Eyespot Pattern formation Segmentation Modularity Evolution of genetic systems Evolvability Mutational robustness Neutral networks Evolution of sexual reproduction Control of development Systems Regulation of gene expression Gene regulatory network Developmental-genetic toolkit Evolutionary developmental biology Homeobox Hedgehog signaling pathway Notch signaling pathway Elements Homeotic gene Hox gene Pax genes eyeless gene Distal-less Engrailed cis-regulatory element Ligand Morphogen Cell surface receptor Transcription factor Influential figures C.H. Waddington Richard Lewontin François Jacob + Jacques Monod Lac operon Eric F. Wieschaus Christiane Nüsslein -Volhard William McGinnis Mike Levine Sean B. Carroll Endless Forms Most Beautiful Debates Nature versus nurture Morphogenetic field Index of evolutionary biology articles Molecular and Cellular Biology portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lac_operon&oldid=841860837 '' Categories : Gene expression Bacterial genetics Hidden categories: Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Slovenščina Svenska ไทย 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 18 May 2018, at 15:09. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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i will go to u like the first snow

Seoul Music Awards Best OST Award Won

I Will Go to You Like the First Snow - wikipedia I Will Go to You Like the First Snow `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow ( 첫눈 처럼 너 에게 가겠다 )'' Single by Ailee Released January 7, 2017 Format Digital download Genre Soundtrack Ballad Length 3 : 50 Label YMC Entertainment CJ E&M Songwriter(s) Mina ( Hangul : 이미나 ) Producer(s) Rocoberry Ailee singles chronology `` Home'' (2016) `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow ( 첫눈 처럼 너 에게 가겠다 ) '' (2017) `` Reminiscing'' (2017) `` Home'' (2016) `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow '' (2017) `` Reminiscing'' (2017) Music video `` I Will Go To You Like the First Snow'' on YouTube `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow '' ( Hangul : 첫눈 처럼 너 에게 가겠다 ; RR : cheotnuncheoreom neoege gagetda ) is a song recorded by Korean American singer-songwriter Ailee , serving as an original soundtrack for the 2016 hit television drama Guardian: The Lonely and Great God . The song was written by Mina ( Hangul : 이미나 ) and composed by the musical duo Rocoberry . The single was released on January 7, 2017 and was part 9 in a series composed of high-charting singles. `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' was a critical and commercial success in South Korea . The song was the best-performing single of 2017, as it topped the yearly digital, download and streaming charts on the Gaon Music Chart . It has broken the record for most streamed song per year on Gaon , and has also exceeded the accumulated streaming number of one billion views on Melon . On December 14, `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' made history as it became the song with the most number of streams on the Gaon Chart. As of August 2018, more than one year after its release, it has never once fallen out of the top 100 songs of the Gaon Digital Chart in South Korea , making it one of the longest-running songs of all time. The soundtrack has received several accolades, including the best original soundtrack award at the Seoul International Drama Awards , the Mnet Asian Music Awards , the Melon Music Awards , the Seoul Music Awards and the Golden Disc Awards . The success of the soundtrack has been compared to the 2012 hit song `` Cherry Blossom Ending '' by Busker Busker , which is known for re-entering music charts every spring. The song has been described as Cherry Blossom Ending 's ' sadder, winter, immortal cousin' , and is expected to re-enter music charts every winter. Due to the song's widespread popularity when it was released, it is considered to be Ailee 's signature song. Contents 1 Background and release 2 Chart performance 3 Critical reception 4 Charts 4.1 Sales 4.2 Streaming 4.3 Gaon Heating Index 5 Release history 6 Accolades 7 References Background and release ( edit ) On January 4, it was announced that Ailee would be releasing a single for the South Korean cable television series Guardian: The Lonely and the Great God OST. The single was composed and arranged by the South Korean indie band Rocoberry while the lyrics were written by Mina. Additionally, the best-selling author and tvN screenwriter Yi Mi-na contributed lyrics to the song. Rocoberry is a musical duo that consists of members Roco (vocalist, lyricist) and Conan (chorus, composer, lyricist). Rocoberry had previously worked on the OST's for the hit dramas Descendants of the Sun (`` Everytime'' ) and Pinocchio (`` Love Is Like Snow'' ). They had also worked on two other singles for the Goblin OST which were also well received, Soyou 's `` I Miss You,'' and the theme song, `` Stay With Me ,'' sung by EXO 's Chanyeol and Punch . This was the third time the duo worked with Ailee, as they had previously produced two of her soundtracks. `` Are You The Same'' for the drama Shine or Go Crazy , as well as `` Because It's Love'' for the drama Come Back Mister . While being interviewed Conan revealed, `` the production team asked for a song that conveys suffering and beauty concurrently. I repeatedly thought over how to express the strange feeling of beautiful sadness. During that period, it was to the point where 12 songs were rejected. After the song was finally chosen, it went through seven modifications.'' When asked about their inspirations for the lyrics and titles of their tracks for `` Goblin,'' Conan imparted that it was all thanks to the drama's script. The story itself truly inspired them, wherein he even shared that the drama team itself is very supportive which constitutes to what a dream team is. He also commended Ailee's hard work by saying, `` During the recording process, Ailee's health wasn't in the best condition. However, she persevered and sang for us until the end. I'm very thankful towards her.'' `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' was officially released for digital download on January 7, 2017. Unlike some of the previous releases from the OST, its initial release was not paired with a music video. Chart performance ( edit ) `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' was well received in its first week on music charts, debuting 19 on the Gaon Chart in the week of January 1-- 7. On January 12, Ailee achieved a Perfect All-Kill, for the single hit Number 1 on all South Korean music sites listed on iChart. For the week of January 8-- 14, the single also moved up 18 spots, topping the Gaon Chart. On January 19, it was declared that the single achieved a `` Triple Crown'' for taking Number 1 on the Gaon Combined Digital Chart, Online Download Chart and Online Streaming Chart. The single has taken the number 1 spot on all of Gaon's charts. As of February 1, the single has managed to clench onto the top spot for three weeks. On March 9, Gaon Chart revealed that the OST took first place on February's combined monthly digital chart. It was the second month in a row that the song has sat in this position, after also taking the top spot on the chart back in January. It is the first and currently only song to top the monthly chart for two different months in the Gaon Chart 's history. `` I Will Go To You Like the First Snow'' surpassed 100 million streams and 1,5 million downloads on Gaon in May 2017, the first song released in 2017 to do so. This achievement made `` I Will Go To You Like the First Snow'' the fastest song to have surpassed 100 millions streams (20 weeks) in the Gaon chart's history, breaking Bolbbalgan4 's previous record of 28 weeks. On June 5, 22 weeks after its release, Ailee's OST broke the record for most streamed song per year on Gaon since 2010, with a total of 111,770,770 streams. The OST has also stayed #1 on Melon for 779 hours. It is the first time for an OST to stay #1 on Melon for more than 600 hours. On June 2, Ailee's OST achieved 200,000 likes on Melon, making it the third most liked song on Melon of all time. Ailee is also the first female solo artist, and the first OST, to have achieved 200,000 likes on Melon. On July 7 Gaon published the Half-Year Charts. `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' topped the Digital, Download and Streaming charts. On September 13 `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' surpassed 2 million downloads on Gaon (36 weeks). It is one of the fastest songs to achieve such milestone that included the 2012 song's Cherry Blossom Ending (37 weeks), the 2014 song's Some (33 weeks), the 2016 song's Galaxy (40 weeks) and the 2017 song's Through the Night (37 weeks). On September 15 Gaon published a list of the most streamed songs of all time. The original soundtrack was the only song from 2017 to make it on the list, placing on the 6th place with 136 million streams. On December 10 the song with the most number of days on the Melon Daily Chart 2017 were revealed. `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' was the number one song, with 37 days. On December 14, `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' made history as it surpassed 165,307,579 streams, making it the most streamed song of all time on the Gaon Chart. The record was previously held by Bolbbalgan4 's `` Galaxy'' . In June 2018, it was announced that the song had surpassed 200 million streams, making it the only song to have achieved that amount of streams while still charting. On December 5 Gaon released their top 10 songs of the year where `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' topped the list. On December 14, the online music service Bugs released a list of the top 10 songs of the year, where the original soundtrack once again came out in first place. On December 16, the online music service Genie published their top 10 songs of the year, where '' I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' again came out in first place. On December 18, the Korea Music Content Association revealed a first look at the overall Gaon chart standings for 2017. Ailee again achieved a triple crown as her song topped the overall digital, download, and streaming charts. On January 1, 2018, the online music service Mnet released its Yearly Chart for 2017, where the original soundtrack claimed the first place. On January 12, Gaon officially published their yearly digital, download and streaming charts, where `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' again came out in first place, achieving yet another triple crown. On January 23, Melon announced its music chart for the year of 2017 where `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' topped the list. Critical reception ( edit ) An industry source analyzed the success of the song, and explained, `` ...it is a ballad that the general public won't tire of no matter how many times they listen to it...Ailee's emotional sensibility and lyrics that is suitable to any season appear to have resonated with listeners. This song is also the oldest song among the 14 top songs (on Melon), showing immortal power beyond the long run. Through Ailee's emotions, I can feel that the ballad will have a long-lasting effect that the crowd would not grow tired even if the public continues to listen to them, and even though the issues related to the ' Goblin' are over.'' Kim Eun-koo of Entertainment Naver wrote, `` The popularity of ' I Will Go to You Like the First Snow' is intertwined with the popularity of the drama ' Goblin' . However, the first place on the annual music chart is a sign that the public has enjoyed it steadily since the end of the drama. If a song stays on a short-term chart and it's gone, no matter how early in the year it was released, it's difficult to be in first place on the annual chart. The power of music itself can not be neglected. Ailee's appeal and rich voice are very appealing to the public.'' Charts ( edit ) Chart (2017) Peak position South Korea ( Gaon Weekly Single Chart ) South Korea ( Gaon Weekly Mobile Chart ) South Korea ( Gaon Monthly Single Chart ) South Korea ( Gaon Monthly Mobile Chart ) South Korea ( Gaon Yearly Single Chart ) US World Digital Songs ( Billboard ) 10 Sales ( edit ) Chart Sales South Korean Gaon Download Chart 2,488,341+ Streaming ( edit ) Chart Streaming South Korean Gaon Streaming Chart 200,000,000+ Gaon Heating Index ( edit ) Chart Gaon Heating Index South Korean Gaon Digital Chart 321,864,574+ Release history ( edit ) Region Date Format Label South Korea January 7, 2017 Digital download YMC Entertainment CJ E&M Worldwide January 6, 2017 Accolades ( edit ) Year Award-Giving Body Result Ref 2017 Korea Cable TV Awards Best Original Soundtrack Daesang Won Seoul International Drama Awards Outstanding Korean Drama OST Won Soribada Best K-Music Awards Best Hallyu OST Won Asia Artist Awards Best OST Award Won Mnet Asian Music Awards Best Original Soundtrack Won Melon Music Awards Best OST Award Won Song of the Year Nominated 2018 Golden Disc Awards Best OST Award Won Seoul Music Awards Best OST Award Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Ailee gets a Perfect All-Kill with ' Goblin' OST love theme!'' . Allkpop. 27 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Single Chart'' . Gaon Chart . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` '' 첫눈 연금 `` ...에일 리 ' 첫눈 처럼 너 에게 가겠다 ' 여전히 롱런 '' . Jump up ^ `` Indie Band Rocoberry Talks About Composing Tracks For `` Goblin'' OST`` . Jump up ^ `` Indie Band Rocoberry Talks About Composing Tracks For `` Goblin'' OST`` . Jump up ^ `` (도깨비 OST Part 9) 에일 리 (Ailee) - 첫눈 처럼 너 에게 가겠다 (I will go to you like the first snow) (Official Audio)'' . Jump up ^ `` Ailee gets a Perfect All-Kill with ' Goblin' OST love theme!'' . Allkpop. 27 January 2017 . Retrieved 27 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ailee Gets A `` Triple Crown'' On Gaon Music Charts With `` Goblin'' OST`` . Soompi. 20 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ailee Reigns Over Digital Gaon Chart With `` Goblin'' OST For 2nd Month In A Row`` . Soompi. 9 March 2017 . Retrieved 9 March 2017 . Jump up ^ http://gaonchart.co.kr/main/section/chart/total.gaon?serviceGbn=S1040 Jump up ^ `` Gaon Streaming Chart -- June 4, 2017 till June 10, 2017'' . Gaon Music Chart . Retrieved June 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Music Bank'' . Jump up ^ `` Ailee has the most streamed song in Gaon chart history'' . Jump up ^ `` 아이돌 음악 은 추락 , 팝송 은 ' 날개 짓 ' '' . Jump up ^ `` (2017 음원 차트 결산 )1 에일 리 ' 음원 퀸 ' 등극 '' . Jump up ^ `` Ailee And BTS Top Gaon's Overall 2017 Music Charts'' . Jump up ^ `` Mnet Yearly Chart for 2017'' . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Single Chart'' . Gaon Chart . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Melon Reveals Overall Chart Results For 2017'' . Soompi . Soompi . Retrieved 24 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` (팝업 뮤직 )'' 차트 는 아직도 첫눈 '' 에일 리 , 실질적 음원 최강자 `` . Jump up ^ `` (2017 음원 차트 결산 )1 에일 리 ' 음원 퀸 ' 등극 '' . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Digital Chart - Week 3'' . Gaon Chart. 20 June 2017 . Retrieved 21 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gaon Mobile Chart - Week 3'' . Gaon Chart. 21 January 2017 . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Chart - January'' . Gaon Chart . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Digital Chart - January'' . Gaon Chart . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 20 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yearly Single Chart'' . Gaon Chart . Gaon Chart . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ Cumulative sales for `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' : `` Gaon Download Chart -- Year 2017'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . Jump up ^ Cumulative streaming for `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' : `` Gaon Streaming Chart -- Year 2017'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-01-12 . Jump up ^ Cumulative Heating Index for `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow'' : `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 1'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-01-11 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 2'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-01-18 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 3'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-01-25 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 4'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-02-01 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 5'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-02-08 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 6'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-02-15 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 7'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-02-22 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 8'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-03-01 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 9'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-03-08 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 10'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-03-15 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 11'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-03-22 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 12'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-03-29 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 13'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-04-05 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 14'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-04-12 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 15'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-04-19 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 16'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-04-26 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 17'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-05-03 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 18'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-05-10 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 19'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-05-17 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 20'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-05-24 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 21'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-05-31 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 22'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-06-08 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 23'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-06-14 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 24'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-06-21 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 25'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-06-28 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 26'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-07-05 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 27'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-07-12 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 28'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-07-19 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 29'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-07-26 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 30'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-08-02 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 31'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-08-09 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 32'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-08-16 . `` Gaon Digital Chart -- Week 33'' . gaonchart.co.kr . Retrieved 2018-08-23 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian (Original Television Soundtrack), Pt. 9 - Single'' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Guardian (Original Television Soundtrack), Pt. 9 - Single'' . iTunes Store . Retrieved June 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of the 2017 Korea Cable TV Awards'' . soompi.com . March 10, 2017 . Retrieved June 17, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` (SDA 2017) 에일 리 , 한류 주제 가상 ..'' 박 보검 다음 작품 도 부르고 파 `` '' . osen (in Korean). 7 September 2017 . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' ' 도깨비 ' 첫눈 효과 여전 '' 에일 리 , OST상 주인공 `` . m.entertain.naver.com . September 20, 2017 . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' (2017 AAA) 에일 리 , ' 도깨비 -첫 눈 처럼 ...' 으로 베스트 OST상 수상 `` . m.entertain.naver.com . November 15, 2017 . Retrieved November 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 MAMA Announces Nominees + Voting Begins'' . soompi.com . October 19, 2017 . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Melon Music Awards Announces Nominees For Category Awards + Voting Begins'' . Soompi . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Of The 32nd Golden Disc Awards Day 2'' . soompi.com.au . January 11, 2018 . Retrieved January 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Winners Of The 27th Seoul Music Awards'' . Soompi. 25 January 2018. Ailee Studio albums Vivid Extended plays Invitation A's Doll House Magazine A New Empire Concert tours Welcome Home Tour Solo Concerts Fatal Attraction Ailee Concert (California) Hello Taipei 2017 Singles `` Heaven '' `` I Will Show You '' `` U&I '' `` Singing Got Better '' `` Don't Touch Me '' `` Mind Your Own Business '' `` If You '' `` Home '' `` Reminiscing '' Soundtracks `` Ice Flower '' `` Tears Stole the Heart '' `` Day by Day '' `` Goodbye My Love '' `` I Will Go to You Like the First Snow '' Television Immortal Songs 2 Laws of the City Dream High 2 Related articles Discography Awards and nominations Wheesung Gaon Digital Chart year-end number ones 2010: `` Bad Girl Good Girl '' -- Miss A 2011: `` Roly-Poly '' -- T-ara 2012: `` Gangnam Style '' -- Psy 2013: `` Gentleman '' -- Psy 2014: `` Some '' -- Soyou & Junggigo 2015: `` Bang Bang Bang '' -- Big Bang 2016: `` Cheer Up '' -- Twice 2017: `` I Will Go to You like the First Snow -- Ailee Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=I_Will_Go_to_You_like_the_First_Snow&oldid=856427663 '' Categories : 2017 singles 2017 songs Ailee albums YMC Entertainment albums Gaon Digital Chart number-one singles Korean-language songs Hidden categories: CS1 Korean-language sources (ko) Articles containing Korean-language text Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018, at 03:30 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia

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who are the largest employers in the uk

Employer est . Sector Employees NHS ( England ) 1945 Health 1,400,000 NHS Scotland 1948 Health 160,000 British Army 1660 Military 125,430 Department of Work and Pensions Welfare 111,000 HM Revenue & Customs 2005 Taxation 76,890 NHS Wales 1946 Healthcare 72,000 Ministry of Justice 2007 Law 68,670 Ministry of Defence 1940 Military 65,000 Metropolitan Police Service 1829 Police 50,000 ( approx . ) Royal Air Force 1918 Military 37,200 Network Rail 2002 Transport 34,000 Tata Steel 2017 Steel Industry 26,000 BBC 1927 Media 23,000 Home Office 1782 Security , immigration , etc . 25,850 Scottish Government 1999 Devolved government 17,000 Department for Transport 2002 Transport 17,640 Welsh Government 1999 Devolved government 5,682 Parliament of the United Kingdom 1707 Political representation 1,475

List of largest United Kingdom employers - wikipedia List of largest United Kingdom employers Jump to: navigation , search This is a list of largest United Kingdom employers . There are four main kinds of employer, public sector bodies public listed companies (plc) such as those on the FTSE 100 private companies (ltd), partnerships (often LLP) or other traders charitable sector organisations Contents ( hide ) 1 Public sector employers 2 Public listed company employers 3 Private company employers 4 See also 5 Notes Public sector employers ( edit ) Partial statistics for public bodies are available from the Office for National Statistics . Employer est. Sector Employees NHS (England) 1945 Health 1,400,000 NHS Scotland 1948 Health 160,000 British Army 1660 Military 125,430 Department of Work and Pensions Welfare 111,000 HM Revenue & Customs 2005 Taxation 76,890 NHS Wales 1946 Healthcare 72,000 Ministry of Justice 2007 Law 68,670 Ministry of Defence 1940 Military 65,000 Metropolitan Police Service 1829 Police 50,000 (approx.) Royal Air Force 1918 Military 37,200 Network Rail 2002 Transport 34,000 Tata Steel 2017 Steel Industry 26,000 BBC 1927 Media 23,000 Home Office 1782 Security, immigration, etc. 25,850 Scottish Government 1999 Devolved government 17,000 Department for Transport 2002 Transport 17,640 Welsh Government 1999 Devolved government 5,682 Parliament of the United Kingdom 1707 Political representation 1,475 Just under 17% of UK workers now work in the public sector and this is a seventy year low. Rehana Azam of the GMB said, `` These shocking figures are a stark reminder of the scale of the catastrophe that is befalling our public services. Any sensible opportunities for efficiencies are long gone -- funding reductions are now cutting into sheer bone.'' Public listed company employers ( edit ) Main article: FTSE 100 Statistics are available on an ad hoc basis from public company annual reports. Currently Royal Mail, G4S, Tesco and Compass Group are the largest plc employers. Private company employers ( edit ) Main article: List of largest UK private companies Statistics on staff numbers were compiled in the Sunday Times `` Top Track 100'' of private companies for 2012. The three largest private employers in that list are John Lewis Partnership , Swire Group and Alliance Boots . See also ( edit ) UK labour law UK company law FTSE 100 and FT 30 List of UK trade unions List of largest employers List of German companies by employees in 1938 List of German companies by employees in 1907 List of private equity firms List of corporate scandals Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ ONS, Public Sector Employment, Q3 2012 (12 December 2012) Jump up ^ British Army (Regular and Army Reserve) Jump up ^ Includes `` temporary and casual'' employees. Jump up ^ Includes `` temporary and casual'' employees. Jump up ^ Regular and RAuxAF Jump up ^ Public sector employment is at 70-year low, says GMB report The Observer Jump up ^ nb, calculations differ depending on the company's subjective perception of who counts as an `` employee'' . See UK labour law . Jump up ^ See Fast Track 100 Archived 2013-05-11 at the Wayback Machine .' (24 June 2012) Sunday Times Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_largest_United_Kingdom_employers&oldid=801095444 '' Categories : Employment in the United Kingdom Lists of organisations based in the United Kingdom United Kingdom-related lists of superlatives Economy of the United Kingdom-related lists Employers Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 16:54. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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the pull of gravity on the mass of a substance is known as

The negative mass exists in the model to describe dark energy ( phantom energy ) and radiation in negative - index metamaterial in a unified way . In this way , the negative mass is associated with negative momentum , negative pressure , negative kinetic energy and FTL ( faster - than - light ) .

Mass - wikipedia Mass Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the scientific concept. For the substance of which all physical objects consist, see Matter . For other uses, see Mass (disambiguation) . Classical mechanics F → = m a → (\displaystyle (\vec (F))=m(\vec (a))) Second law of motion History Timeline Branches (show) Applied Celestial Continuum Dynamics Kinematics Kinetics Statics Statistical Fundamentals (show) Acceleration Angular momentum Couple D'Alembert's principle Energy kinetic potential Force Frame of reference Impulse Inertia / Moment of inertia Mass Mechanical power Mechanical work Moment Momentum Space Speed Time Torque Velocity Virtual work Formulations (show) Newton's laws of motion Analytical mechanics Lagrangian mechanics Hamiltonian mechanics Routhian mechanics Hamilton-- Jacobi equation Appell's equation of motion Udwadia-- Kalaba equation Koopman-- von Neumann mechanics Core topics (show) Damping ( ratio ) Displacement Equations of motion Euler's laws of motion Fictitious force Friction Harmonic oscillator Inertial / Non-inertial reference frame Mechanics of planar particle motion Motion ( linear ) Newton's law of universal gravitation Newton's laws of motion Relative velocity Rigid body dynamics Euler's equations Simple harmonic motion Vibration Rotation (show) Circular motion Rotating reference frame Centripetal force Centrifugal force reactive Coriolis force Pendulum Tangential speed Rotational speed Angular acceleration / displacement / frequency / velocity Scientists (show) Galileo Newton Kepler Horrocks Halley Euler d'Alembert Clairaut Lagrange Laplace Hamilton Poisson Daniel Bernoulli Johann Bernoulli Cauchy Mass is both a property of a physical body and a measure of its resistance to acceleration (a change in its state of motion ) when a net force is applied. It also determines the strength of its mutual gravitational attraction to other bodies. The basic SI unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). In physics , mass is not the same as weight , even though mass is often determined by measuring the object's weight using a spring scale , rather than balance scale comparing it directly with known masses. An object on the Moon would weigh less than it does on Earth because of the lower gravity, but it would still have the same mass. This is because weight is a force, while mass is the property that (along with gravity) determines the strength of this force. In Newtonian physics , mass can be generalized as the amount of matter in an object. However, at very high speeds, special relativity states that the kinetic energy of its motion becomes a significant additional source of mass. Thus, any stationary body having mass has an equivalent amount of energy, and all forms of energy resist acceleration by a force and have gravitational attraction. In modern physics , matter is not a fundamental concept because its definition has proven elusive. There are several distinct phenomena which can be used to measure mass. Although some theorists have speculated that some of these phenomena could be independent of each other, current experiments have found no difference in results regardless of how it is measured: Inertial mass measures an object's resistance to being accelerated by a force (represented by the relationship F = ma ). Active gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted by an object. Passive gravitational mass measures the gravitational force exerted on an object in a known gravitational field. The mass of an object determines its acceleration in the presence of an applied force. The inertia and the inertial mass describe the same properties of physical bodies at the qualitative and quantitative level respectively, by other words, the mass quantitatively describes the inertia. According to Newton's second law of motion , if a body of fixed mass m is subjected to a single force F , its acceleration a is given by F / m . A body's mass also determines the degree to which it generates or is affected by a gravitational field . If a first body of mass m is placed at a distance r (center of mass to center of mass) from a second body of mass m , each body is subject to an attractive force F = Gm m / r , where G = 6989667000000000000♠ 6.67 × 10 N kg m is the `` universal gravitational constant '' . This is sometimes referred to as gravitational mass. Repeated experiments since the 17th century have demonstrated that inertial and gravitational mass are identical; since 1915, this observation has been entailed a priori in the equivalence principle of general relativity . Contents ( hide ) 1 Units of mass 2 Definitions of mass 2.1 Weight vs. mass 2.2 Inertial vs. gravitational mass 2.3 Origin of mass 3 Pre-Newtonian concepts 3.1 Weight as an amount 3.2 Planetary motion 3.3 Galilean free fall 4 Newtonian mass 4.1 Newton's cannonball 4.2 Universal gravitational mass 4.3 Inertial mass 5 Atomic mass 6 Mass in relativity 6.1 Special relativity 6.2 General relativity 7 Mass in quantum physics 7.1 Tachyonic particles and imaginary (complex) mass 7.2 Exotic matter and negative mass 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Units of mass ( edit ) Further information: Orders of magnitude (mass) The kilogram is one of the seven SI base units and one of three which is defined ad hoc (i.e. without reference to another base unit). The standard International System of Units (SI) unit of mass is the kilogram (kg). The kilogram is 1000 grams (g), first defined in 1795 as one cubic decimeter of water at the melting point of ice. Then in 1889, the kilogram was redefined as the mass of the international prototype kilogram , and as such is independent of the meter, or the properties of water. However, the mass of the international prototype and its identical national copies have been found to be drifting over time. It is expected that the re-definition of the kilogram and several other units will change on May 20, 2019, following a final vote by the CGPM in November 2018. The new definition will use only invariant quantities of nature: the speed of light , the caesium hyperfine frequency , and the Planck constant . Other units are accepted for use in SI: the tonne (t) (or `` metric ton'' ) is equal to 1000 kg. the electronvolt (eV) is a unit of energy , but because of the mass-- energy equivalence it can easily be converted to a unit of mass, and is often used like one. In this context, the mass has units of eV/ c (where c is the speed of light). The electronvolt and its multiples, such as the MeV (megaelectronvolt), are commonly used in particle physics . the atomic mass unit (u) is 1/12 of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, approximately 6973166000000000000♠ 1.66 × 10 kg . The atomic mass unit is convenient for expressing the masses of atoms and molecules. Outside the SI system, other units of mass include: the slug (sl) is an Imperial unit of mass (about 14.6 kg). the pound (lb) is a unit of both mass and force, used mainly in the United States (about 0.45 kg or 4.5 N). In scientific contexts where pound (force) and pound (mass) need to be distinguished, SI units are usually used instead. the Planck mass ( m ) is the maximum mass of point particles (about 6992218000000000000♠ 2.18 × 10 kg ). It is used in particle physics . the solar mass ( M ) is defined as the mass of the Sun . It is primarily used in astronomy to compare large masses such as stars or galaxies (≈ 7030199000000000000♠ 1.99 × 10 kg ). the mass of a very small particle may be identified by its inverse Compton wavelength ( 1 cm ≈ 6959352000000000000♠ 3.52 × 10 kg ). the mass of a very large star or black hole may be identified with its Schwarzschild radius ( 1 cm ≈ 7024673000000000000♠ 6.73 × 10 kg ). Definitions of mass ( edit ) The relation between properties of mass and their associated physical constants. Every massive object is believed to exhibit all five properties. However, due to extremely large or extremely small constants, it is generally impossible to verify more than two or three properties for any object. The Schwarzschild radius ( r ) represents the ability of mass to cause curvature in space and time. The standard gravitational parameter ( μ ) represents the ability of a massive body to exert Newtonian gravitational forces on other bodies. Inertial mass ( m ) represents the Newtonian response of mass to forces. Rest energy ( E ) represents the ability of mass to be converted into other forms of energy. The Compton wavelength ( λ ) represents the quantum response of mass to local geometry. In physical science , one may distinguish conceptually between at least seven different aspects of mass , or seven physical notions that involve the concept of mass . Every experiment to date has shown these seven values to be proportional , and in some cases equal, and this proportionality gives rise to the abstract concept of mass. There are a number of ways mass can be measured or operationally defined : Inertial mass is a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration when a force is applied. It is determined by applying a force to an object and measuring the acceleration that results from that force. An object with small inertial mass will accelerate more than an object with large inertial mass when acted upon by the same force. One says the body of greater mass has greater inertia . Active gravitational mass is a measure of the strength of an object's gravitational flux (gravitational flux is equal to the surface integral of gravitational field over an enclosing surface). Gravitational field can be measured by allowing a small `` test object'' to fall freely and measuring its free-fall acceleration. For example, an object in free fall near the Moon is subject to a smaller gravitational field, and hence accelerates more slowly, than the same object would if it were in free fall near the Earth. The gravitational field near the Moon is weaker because the Moon has less active gravitational mass. Passive gravitational mass is a measure of the strength of an object's interaction with a gravitational field . Passive gravitational mass is determined by dividing an object's weight by its free-fall acceleration. Two objects within the same gravitational field will experience the same acceleration; however, the object with a smaller passive gravitational mass will experience a smaller force (less weight) than the object with a larger passive gravitational mass. Energy also has mass according to the principle of mass-- energy equivalence . This equivalence is exemplified in a large number of physical processes including pair production , nuclear fusion , and the gravitational bending of light . Pair production and nuclear fusion are processes in which measurable amounts of mass are converted to energy, or vice versa. In the gravitational bending of light, photons of pure energy are shown to exhibit a behavior similar to passive gravitational mass. Curvature of spacetime is a relativistic manifestation of the existence of mass. Such curvature is extremely weak and difficult to measure. For this reason, curvature was not discovered until after it was predicted by Einstein's theory of general relativity. Extremely precise atomic clocks on the surface of the Earth, for example, are found to measure less time (run slower) when compared to similar clocks in space. This difference in elapsed time is a form of curvature called gravitational time dilation . Other forms of curvature have been measured using the Gravity Probe B satellite. Quantum mass manifests itself as a difference between an object's quantum frequency and its wave number . The quantum mass of an electron, the Compton wavelength , can be determined through various forms of spectroscopy and is closely related to the Rydberg constant , the Bohr radius , and the classical electron radius . The quantum mass of larger objects can be directly measured using a Watt balance . In relativistic quantum mechanics, mass is one of the irreducible representation labels of the Poincaré group. Weight vs. mass ( edit ) Main article: Mass versus weight In everyday usage, mass and `` weight '' are often used interchangeably. For instance, a person's weight may be stated as 75 kg. In a constant gravitational field, the weight of an object is proportional to its mass, and it is unproblematic to use the same unit for both concepts. But because of slight differences in the strength of the Earth's gravitational field at different places, the distinction becomes important for measurements with a precision better than a few percent, and for places far from the surface of the Earth, such as in space or on other planets. Conceptually, `` mass'' (measured in kilograms ) refers to an intrinsic property of an object, whereas `` weight'' (measured in newtons ) measures an object's resistance to deviating from its natural course of free fall , which can be influenced by the nearby gravitational field. No matter how strong the gravitational field, objects in free fall are weightless , though they still have mass. The force known as `` weight'' is proportional to mass and acceleration in all situations where the mass is accelerated away from free fall. For example, when a body is at rest in a gravitational field (rather than in free fall), it must be accelerated by a force from a scale or the surface of a planetary body such as the Earth or the Moon . This force keeps the object from going into free fall. Weight is the opposing force in such circumstances, and is thus determined by the acceleration of free fall. On the surface of the Earth, for example, an object with a mass of 50 kilograms weighs 491 newtons, which means that 491 newtons is being applied to keep the object from going into free fall. By contrast, on the surface of the Moon, the same object still has a mass of 50 kilograms but weighs only 81.5 newtons, because only 81.5 newtons is required to keep this object from going into a free fall on the moon. Restated in mathematical terms, on the surface of the Earth, the weight W of an object is related to its mass m by W = mg , where g = 7000980665000000000♠ 9.80665 m/s is the acceleration due to Earth's gravitational field , (expressed as the acceleration experienced by a free-falling object). For other situations, such as when objects are subjected to mechanical accelerations from forces other than the resistance of a planetary surface, the weight force is proportional to the mass of an object multiplied by the total acceleration away from free fall, which is called the proper acceleration . Through such mechanisms, objects in elevators, vehicles, centrifuges, and the like, may experience weight forces many times those caused by resistance to the effects of gravity on objects, resulting from planetary surfaces. In such cases, the generalized equation for weight W of an object is related to its mass m by the equation W = -- ma , where a is the proper acceleration of the object caused by all influences other than gravity. (Again, if gravity is the only influence, such as occurs when an object falls freely, its weight will be zero). Macroscopically, mass is associated with matter , although matter is not, ultimately, as clearly defined a concept as mass. On the subatomic scale, not only fermions , the particles often associated with matter, but also some bosons , the particles that act as force carriers , have rest mass . Another problem for easy definition is that much of the rest mass of ordinary matter derives from the binding energy (potential energy) holding their quarks together and other forms of energy rather than the sum of the rest masses of the individual particle constituents. For example, only 1% of the rest mass of matter is accounted for by the rest mass of its elementary quarks and electrons. From a fundamental physics perspective, mass is the number describing under which the representation of the little group of the Poincaré group a particle transforms. In the Standard Model of particle physics, this symmetry is described as arising as a consequence of a coupling of particles with rest mass to a postulated additional field , known as the Higgs field . The total mass of the observable universe is estimated at 10 kg, corresponding to the rest mass of between 10 and 10 protons . Inertial vs. gravitational mass ( edit ) Although inertial mass, passive gravitational mass and active gravitational mass are conceptually distinct, no experiment has ever unambiguously demonstrated any difference between them. In classical mechanics , Newton's third law implies that active and passive gravitational mass must always be identical (or at least proportional), but the classical theory offers no compelling reason why the gravitational mass has to equal the inertial mass. That it does is merely an empirical fact. Albert Einstein developed his general theory of relativity starting from the assumption that this correspondence between inertial and (passive) gravitational mass is not accidental: that no experiment will ever detect a difference between them (the weak version of the equivalence principle ). However, in the resulting theory, gravitation is not a force and thus not subject to Newton's third law, so `` the equality of inertial and active gravitational mass (...) remains as puzzling as ever'' . The equivalence of inertial and gravitational masses is sometimes referred to as the `` Galilean equivalence principle'' or the `` weak equivalence principle '' . The most important consequence of this equivalence principle applies to freely falling objects. Suppose we have an object with inertial and gravitational masses m and M , respectively. If the only force acting on the object comes from a gravitational field g , combining Newton's second law and the gravitational law yields the acceleration a = M m g . (\displaystyle a=(\frac (M)(m))g.) This says that the ratio of gravitational to inertial mass of any object is equal to some constant K if and only if all objects fall at the same rate in a given gravitational field. This phenomenon is referred to as the `` universality of free-fall'' . (In addition, the constant K can be taken to be 1 by defining our units appropriately.) The first experiments demonstrating the universality of free-fall were conducted by Galileo . It is commonly stated that Galileo obtained his results by dropping objects from the Leaning Tower of Pisa , but this is most likely apocryphal; actually, he performed his experiments with balls rolling down nearly frictionless inclined planes to slow the motion and increase the timing accuracy. Increasingly precise experiments have been performed, such as those performed by Loránd Eötvös , using the torsion balance pendulum, in 1889. As of 2008 , no deviation from universality, and thus from Galilean equivalence, has ever been found, at least to the precision 10 . More precise experimental efforts are still being carried out. The universality of free-fall only applies to systems in which gravity is the only acting force. All other forces, especially friction and air resistance , must be absent or at least negligible. For example, if a hammer and a feather are dropped from the same height through the air on Earth, the feather will take much longer to reach the ground; the feather is not really in free -fall because the force of air resistance upwards against the feather is comparable to the downward force of gravity. On the other hand, if the experiment is performed in a vacuum , in which there is no air resistance, the hammer and the feather should hit the ground at exactly the same time (assuming the acceleration of both objects towards each other, and of the ground towards both objects, for its own part, is negligible). This can easily be done in a high school laboratory by dropping the objects in transparent tubes that have the air removed with a vacuum pump. It is even more dramatic when done in an environment that naturally has a vacuum, as David Scott did on the surface of the Moon during Apollo 15 . A stronger version of the equivalence principle, known as the Einstein equivalence principle or the strong equivalence principle , lies at the heart of the general theory of relativity . Einstein's equivalence principle states that within sufficiently small regions of space-time, it is impossible to distinguish between a uniform acceleration and a uniform gravitational field. Thus, the theory postulates that the force acting on a massive object caused by a gravitational field is a result of the object's tendency to move in a straight line (in other words its inertia) and should therefore be a function of its inertial mass and the strength of the gravitational field. Origin of mass ( edit ) Main article: Mass generation mechanism In theoretical physics , a mass generation mechanism is a theory which attempts to explain the origin of mass from the most fundamental laws of physics . To date, a number of different models have been proposed which advocate different views of the origin of mass. The problem is complicated by the fact that the notion of mass is strongly related to the gravitational interaction but a theory of the latter has not been yet reconciled with the currently popular model of particle physics , known as the Standard Model . Pre-newtonian concepts ( edit ) Weight as an amount ( edit ) Main article: weight Depiction of early balance scales in the Papyrus of Hunefer (dated to the 19th dynasty , ca. 1285 BC). The scene shows Anubis weighing the heart of Hunefer. The concept of amount is very old and predates recorded history . Humans, at some early era, realized that the weight of a collection of similar objects was directly proportional to the number of objects in the collection: W n ∝ n , (\displaystyle W_(n)\propto n,) where W is the weight of the collection of similar objects and n is the number of objects in the collection. Proportionality, by definition, implies that two values have a constant ratio : W n n = W m m (\displaystyle (\frac (W_(n))(n))=(\frac (W_(m))(m))) , or equivalently W n W m = n m . (\displaystyle (\frac (W_(n))(W_(m)))=(\frac (n)(m)).) An early use of this relationship is a balance scale , which balances the force of one object's weight against the force of another object's weight. The two sides of a balance scale are close enough that the objects experience similar gravitational fields. Hence, if they have similar masses then their weights will also be similar. This allows the scale, by comparing weights, to also compare masses. Consequently, historical weight standards were often defined in terms of amounts. The Romans, for example, used the carob seed ( carat or siliqua ) as a measurement standard. If an object's weight was equivalent to 1728 carob seeds , then the object was said to weigh one Roman pound. If, on the other hand, the object's weight was equivalent to 144 carob seeds then the object was said to weigh one Roman ounce (uncia). The Roman pound and ounce were both defined in terms of different sized collections of the same common mass standard, the carob seed. The ratio of a Roman ounce (144 carob seeds) to a Roman pound (1728 carob seeds) was: o u n c e p o u n d = W 144 W 1728 = 144 1728 = 1 12 . (\displaystyle (\frac (\mathrm (ounce) )(\mathrm (pound) ))=(\frac (W_(144))(W_(1728)))=(\frac (144)(1728))=(\frac (1)(12)).) Planetary motion ( edit ) See also: Kepler's laws of planetary motion In 1600 AD, Johannes Kepler sought employment with Tycho Brahe , who had some of the most precise astronomical data available. Using Brahe's precise observations of the planet Mars, Kepler spent the next five years developing his own method for characterizing planetary motion. In 1609, Johannes Kepler published his three laws of planetary motion, explaining how the planets orbit the Sun. In Kepler's final planetary model, he described planetary orbits as following elliptical paths with the Sun at a focal point of the ellipse. Kepler discovered that the square of the orbital period of each planet is directly proportional to the cube of the semi-major axis of its orbit, or equivalently, that the ratio of these two values is constant for all planets in the Solar System . On 25 August 1609, Galileo Galilei demonstrated his first telescope to a group of Venetian merchants, and in early January 1610, Galileo observed four dim objects near Jupiter, which he mistook for stars. However, after a few days of observation, Galileo realized that these `` stars'' were in fact orbiting Jupiter. These four objects (later named the Galilean moons in honor of their discoverer) were the first celestial bodies observed to orbit something other than the Earth or Sun. Galileo continued to observe these moons over the next eighteen months, and by the middle of 1611 he had obtained remarkably accurate estimates for their periods. Galilean free fall ( edit ) Galileo Galilei (1636) Distance traveled by a freely falling ball is proportional to the square of the elapsed time Sometime prior to 1638, Galileo turned his attention to the phenomenon of objects in free fall, attempting to characterize these motions. Galileo was not the first to investigate Earth's gravitational field, nor was he the first to accurately describe its fundamental characteristics. However, Galileo's reliance on scientific experimentation to establish physical principles would have a profound effect on future generations of scientists. It is unclear if these were just hypothetical experiments used to illustrate a concept, or if they were real experiments performed by Galileo, but the results obtained from these experiments were both realistic and compelling. A biography by Galileo's pupil Vincenzo Viviani stated that Galileo had dropped balls of the same material, but different masses, from the Leaning Tower of Pisa to demonstrate that their time of descent was independent of their mass. In support of this conclusion, Galileo had advanced the following theoretical argument: He asked if two bodies of different masses and different rates of fall are tied by a string, does the combined system fall faster because it is now more massive, or does the lighter body in its slower fall hold back the heavier body? The only convincing resolution to this question is that all bodies must fall at the same rate. A later experiment was described in Galileo's Two New Sciences published in 1638. One of Galileo's fictional characters, Salviati, describes an experiment using a bronze ball and a wooden ramp. The wooden ramp was `` 12 cubits long, half a cubit wide and three finger-breadths thick'' with a straight, smooth, polished groove . The groove was lined with `` parchment , also smooth and polished as possible'' . And into this groove was placed `` a hard, smooth and very round bronze ball'' . The ramp was inclined at various angles to slow the acceleration enough so that the elapsed time could be measured. The ball was allowed to roll a known distance down the ramp, and the time taken for the ball to move the known distance was measured. The time was measured using a water clock described as follows: `` a large vessel of water placed in an elevated position; to the bottom of this vessel was soldered a pipe of small diameter giving a thin jet of water, which we collected in a small glass during the time of each descent, whether for the whole length of the channel or for a part of its length; the water thus collected was weighed, after each descent, on a very accurate balance; the differences and ratios of these weights gave us the differences and ratios of the times, and this with such accuracy that although the operation was repeated many, many times, there was no appreciable discrepancy in the results.'' Galileo found that for an object in free fall, the distance that the object has fallen is always proportional to the square of the elapsed time: Distance ∝ Time 2 (\displaystyle (\text(Distance))\propto ((\text(Time))^(2))) Galileo had shown that objects in free fall under the influence of the Earth's gravitational field have a constant acceleration, and Galileo's contemporary, Johannes Kepler, had shown that the planets follow elliptical paths under the influence of the Sun's gravitational mass. However, Galileo's free fall motions and Kepler's planetary motions remained distinct during Galileo's lifetime. Newtonian mass ( edit ) Isaac Newton 1689 Earth's Moon Mass of Earth Semi-major axis Sidereal orbital period 0.002 569 AU 0.074 802 sidereal year 1.2 π 2 ⋅ 10 − 5 AU 3 y 2 = 3.986 ⋅ 10 14 m 3 s 2 (\displaystyle 1.2\pi ^(2)\cdot 10^(-5)(\frac ((\text(AU))^(3))((\text(y))^(2)))=3.986\cdot 10^(14)(\frac ((\text(m))^(3))((\text(s))^(2)))) Earth's gravity Earth's radius 9.806 65 m/s 6 375 km Robert Hooke had published his concept of gravitational forces in 1674, stating that all celestial bodies have an attraction or gravitating power towards their own centers, and also attract all the other celestial bodies that are within the sphere of their activity. He further stated that gravitational attraction increases by how much nearer the body wrought upon is to their own center. In correspondence with Isaac Newton from 1679 and 1680, Hooke conjectured that gravitational forces might decrease according to the double of the distance between the two bodies. Hooke urged Newton, who was a pioneer in the development of calculus , to work through the mathematical details of Keplerian orbits to determine if Hooke's hypothesis was correct. Newton's own investigations verified that Hooke was correct, but due to personal differences between the two men, Newton chose not to reveal this to Hooke. Isaac Newton kept quiet about his discoveries until 1684, at which time he told a friend, Edmond Halley , that he had solved the problem of gravitational orbits, but had misplaced the solution in his office. After being encouraged by Halley, Newton decided to develop his ideas about gravity and publish all of his findings. In November 1684, Isaac Newton sent a document to Edmund Halley, now lost but presumed to have been titled De motu corporum in gyrum (Latin for `` On the motion of bodies in an orbit'' ). Halley presented Newton's findings to the Royal Society of London, with a promise that a fuller presentation would follow. Newton later recorded his ideas in a three book set, entitled Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica (Latin: `` Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy'' ). The first was received by the Royal Society on 28 April 1685-- 6; the second on 2 March 1686-- 7; and the third on 6 April 1686-- 7. The Royal Society published Newton's entire collection at their own expense in May 1686-- 7. Isaac Newton had bridged the gap between Kepler's gravitational mass and Galileo's gravitational acceleration, resulting in the discovery of the following relationship which governed both of these: g = − μ R ^ R 2 (\displaystyle \mathbf (g) =-\mu (\frac (\hat (\mathbf (R) ))( \mathbf (R) ^(2)))) where g is the apparent acceleration of a body as it passes through a region of space where gravitational fields exist, μ is the gravitational mass ( standard gravitational parameter ) of the body causing gravitational fields, and R is the radial coordinate (the distance between the centers of the two bodies). By finding the exact relationship between a body's gravitational mass and its gravitational field, Newton provided a second method for measuring gravitational mass. The mass of the Earth can be determined using Kepler's method (from the orbit of Earth's Moon), or it can be determined by measuring the gravitational acceleration on the Earth's surface, and multiplying that by the square of the Earth's radius. The mass of the Earth is approximately three millionths of the mass of the Sun. To date, no other accurate method for measuring gravitational mass has been discovered. Newton's cannonball ( edit ) A cannon on top of a very high mountain shoots a cannonball horizontally. If the speed is low, the cannonball quickly falls back to Earth (A,B). At intermediate speeds , it will revolve around Earth along an elliptical orbit (C,D). At a sufficiently high speed , it will leave the Earth altogether (E). Main article: Newton's cannonball Newton's cannonball was a thought experiment used to bridge the gap between Galileo's gravitational acceleration and Kepler's elliptical orbits. It appeared in Newton's 1728 book A Treatise of the System of the World . According to Galileo's concept of gravitation, a dropped stone falls with constant acceleration down towards the Earth. However, Newton explains that when a stone is thrown horizontally (meaning sideways or perpendicular to Earth's gravity) it follows a curved path. `` For a stone projected is by the pressure of its own weight forced out of the rectilinear path, which by the projection alone it should have pursued, and made to describe a curve line in the air; and through that crooked way is at last brought down to the ground. And the greater the velocity is with which it is projected, the farther it goes before it falls to the Earth.'' Newton further reasons that if an object were `` projected in an horizontal direction from the top of a high mountain'' with sufficient velocity, `` it would reach at last quite beyond the circumference of the Earth, and return to the mountain from which it was projected.'' Universal gravitational mass ( edit ) An apple experiences gravitational fields directed towards every part of the Earth; however, the sum total of these many fields produces a single gravitational field directed towards the Earth's center In contrast to earlier theories (e.g. celestial spheres ) which stated that the heavens were made of entirely different material, Newton's theory of mass was groundbreaking partly because it introduced universal gravitational mass : every object has gravitational mass, and therefore, every object generates a gravitational field. Newton further assumed that the strength of each object's gravitational field would decrease according to the square of the distance to that object. If a large collection of small objects were formed into a giant spherical body such as the Earth or Sun, Newton calculated the collection would create a gravitational field proportional to the total mass of the body, and inversely proportional to the square of the distance to the body's center. For example, according to Newton's theory of universal gravitation, each carob seed produces a gravitational field. Therefore, if one were to gather an immense number of carob seeds and form them into an enormous sphere, then the gravitational field of the sphere would be proportional to the number of carob seeds in the sphere. Hence, it should be theoretically possible to determine the exact number of carob seeds that would be required to produce a gravitational field similar to that of the Earth or Sun. In fact, by unit conversion it is a simple matter of abstraction to realize that any traditional mass unit can theoretically be used to measure gravitational mass. Vertical section drawing of Cavendish's torsion balance instrument including the building in which it was housed. The large balls were hung from a frame so they could be rotated into position next to the small balls by a pulley from outside. Figure 1 of Cavendish's paper. Measuring gravitational mass in terms of traditional mass units is simple in principle, but extremely difficult in practice. According to Newton's theory all objects produce gravitational fields and it is theoretically possible to collect an immense number of small objects and form them into an enormous gravitating sphere. However, from a practical standpoint, the gravitational fields of small objects are extremely weak and difficult to measure. Newton's books on universal gravitation were published in the 1680s, but the first successful measurement of the Earth's mass in terms of traditional mass units, the Cavendish experiment , did not occur until 1797, over a hundred years later. Cavendish found that the Earth's density was 5.448 ± 0.033 times that of water. As of 2009, the Earth's mass in kilograms is only known to around five digits of accuracy, whereas its gravitational mass is known to over nine significant figures. Given two objects A and B, of masses M and M , separated by a displacement R , Newton's law of gravitation states that each object exerts a gravitational force on the other, of magnitude F AB = − G M A M B R ^ AB R AB 2 (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) _(\text(AB))=-GM_(\text(A))M_(\text(B))(\frac ((\hat (\mathbf (R) ))_(\text(AB)))( \mathbf (R) _(\text(AB)) ^(2)))\ ) , where G is the universal gravitational constant . The above statement may be reformulated in the following way: if g is the magnitude at a given location in a gravitational field, then the gravitational force on an object with gravitational mass M is F = M g (\displaystyle F=Mg) . This is the basis by which masses are determined by weighing . In simple spring scales , for example, the force F is proportional to the displacement of the spring beneath the weighing pan, as per Hooke's law , and the scales are calibrated to take g into account, allowing the mass M to be read off. Assuming the gravitational field is equivalent on both sides of the balance, a balance measures relative weight, giving the relative gravitation mass of each object. Inertial mass ( edit ) Massmeter, a device for measuring the inertial mass of an astronaut in weightlessness. The mass is calculated via the oscillation period for a spring with the astronaut attached ( Tsiolkovsky State Museum of the History of Cosmonautics ) Inertial mass is the mass of an object measured by its resistance to acceleration. This definition has been championed by Ernst Mach and has since been developed into the notion of operationalism by Percy W. Bridgman . The simple classical mechanics definition of mass is slightly different than the definition in the theory of special relativity , but the essential meaning is the same. In classical mechanics, according to Newton's second law , we say that a body has a mass m if, at any instant of time, it obeys the equation of motion F = m a , (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) =m\mathbf (a) ,) where F is the resultant force acting on the body and a is the acceleration of the body's centre of mass. For the moment, we will put aside the question of what `` force acting on the body'' actually means. This equation illustrates how mass relates to the inertia of a body. Consider two objects with different masses. If we apply an identical force to each, the object with a bigger mass will experience a smaller acceleration, and the object with a smaller mass will experience a bigger acceleration. We might say that the larger mass exerts a greater `` resistance'' to changing its state of motion in response to the force. However, this notion of applying `` identical'' forces to different objects brings us back to the fact that we have not really defined what a force is. We can sidestep this difficulty with the help of Newton's third law , which states that if one object exerts a force on a second object, it will experience an equal and opposite force. To be precise, suppose we have two objects of constant inertial masses m and m . We isolate the two objects from all other physical influences, so that the only forces present are the force exerted on m by m , which we denote F , and the force exerted on m by m , which we denote F. Newton's second law states that F 12 = m 1 a 1 , F 21 = m 2 a 2 , (\displaystyle (\begin(aligned)\mathbf (F_(12)) & =m_(1)\mathbf (a) _(1),\\\mathbf (F_(21)) & =m_(2)\mathbf (a) _(2),\end(aligned))) where a and a are the accelerations of m and m , respectively. Suppose that these accelerations are non-zero, so that the forces between the two objects are non-zero. This occurs, for example, if the two objects are in the process of colliding with one another. Newton's third law then states that F 12 = − F 21 ; (\displaystyle \mathbf (F) _(12)=-\mathbf (F) _(21);) and thus m 1 = m 2 a 2 a 1 . (\displaystyle m_(1)=m_(2)(\frac ( \mathbf (a) _(2) )( \mathbf (a) _(1) ))\!.) If a is non-zero, the fraction is well-defined, which allows us to measure the inertial mass of m . In this case, m is our `` reference'' object, and we can define its mass m as (say) 1 kilogram. Then we can measure the mass of any other object in the universe by colliding it with the reference object and measuring the accelerations. Additionally, mass relates a body's momentum p to its linear velocity v : p = m v (\displaystyle \mathbf (p) =m\mathbf (v) ) , and the body's kinetic energy K to its velocity: K = 1 2 m v 2 (\displaystyle K=(\dfrac (1)(2))m \mathbf (v) ^(2)) . The primary difficulty with Mach's definition of mass is that it fails to take into account the potential energy (or binding energy ) needed to bring two masses sufficiently close to one another to perform the measurement of mass. This is most vividly demonstrated by comparing the mass of the proton in the nucleus of deuterium , to the mass of the proton in free space (which is greater by about 0.239% - this is due to the binding energy of deuterium.). Thus, for example, if the reference weight m is taken to be the mass of the neutron in free space, and the relative accelerations for the proton and neutron in deuterium are computed, then the above formula over-estimates the mass m (by 0.239%) for the proton in deuterium. At best, Mach's formula can only be used to obtain ratios of masses, that is, as m / m = a / a . An additional difficulty was pointed out by Henri Poincaré , which is that the measurement of instantaneous acceleration is impossible: unlike the measurement of time or distance, there is no way to measure acceleration with a single measurement; one must make multiple measurements (of position, time, etc.) and perform a computation to obtain the acceleration. Poincaré termed this to be an `` insurmountable flaw'' in the Mach definition of mass. Atomic mass ( edit ) Main article: Atomic mass unit Typically, the mass of objects is measured in relation to that of the kilogram, which is defined as the mass of the international prototype kilogram (IPK), a platinum alloy cylinder stored in an environmentally-monitored safe secured in a vault at the International Bureau of Weights and Measures in France. However, the IPK is not convenient for measuring the masses of atoms and particles of similar scale, as it contains trillions of trillions of atoms, and has most certainly lost or gained a little mass over time despite the best efforts to prevent this. It is much easier to precisely compare an atom's mass to that of another atom, thus scientists developed the atomic mass unit (or Dalton). By definition, 1 u is exactly one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom, and by extension a carbon-12 atom has a mass of exactly 12 u. This definition, however, might be changed by the proposed redefinition of SI base units , which will leave the Dalton very close to one, but no longer exactly equal to it. Mass in relativity ( edit ) Special relativity ( edit ) Main article: Mass in special relativity In special relativity , there are two kinds of mass: rest mass (invariant mass), and relativistic mass (which increases with velocity). Rest mass is the Newtonian mass as measured by an observer moving along with the object. Relativistic mass is the total quantity of energy in a body or system divided by c . The two are related by the following equation: m r e l a t i v e = γ ( m r e s t ) (\displaystyle m_(\mathrm (relative) )=\gamma (m_(\mathrm (rest) ))\!) where γ (\displaystyle \gamma ) is the Lorentz factor : γ = 1 1 − v 2 / c 2 (\displaystyle \gamma =(\frac (1)(\sqrt (1-v^(2)/c^(2))))) The invariant mass of systems is the same for observers in all inertial frames, while the relativistic mass depends on the observer's frame of reference . In order to formulate the equations of physics such that mass values do not change between observers, it is convenient to use rest mass. The rest mass of a body is also related to its energy E and the magnitude of its momentum p by the relativistic energy-momentum equation : ( m r e s t ) c 2 = E t o t a l 2 − ( p c ) 2 . (\displaystyle (m_(\mathrm (rest) ))c^(2)=(\sqrt (E_(\mathrm (total) )^(2)-( \mathbf (p) c)^(2))).\!) So long as the system is closed with respect to mass and energy, both kinds of mass are conserved in any given frame of reference. The conservation of mass holds even as some types of particles are converted to others. Matter particles (such as atoms) may be converted to non-matter particles (such as photons of light), but this does not affect the total amount of mass or energy. Although things like heat may not be matter, all types of energy still continue to exhibit mass. Thus, mass and energy do not change into one another in relativity; rather, both are names for the same thing, and neither mass nor energy appear without the other. Both rest and relativistic mass can be expressed as an energy by applying the well-known relationship E = mc , yielding rest energy and `` relativistic energy'' (total system energy) respectively: E r e s t = ( m r e s t ) c 2 (\displaystyle E_(\mathrm (rest) )=(m_(\mathrm (rest) ))c^(2)\!) E t o t a l = ( m r e l a t i v e ) c 2 (\displaystyle E_(\mathrm (total) )=(m_(\mathrm (relative) ))c^(2)\!) The `` relativistic'' mass and energy concepts are related to their `` rest'' counterparts, but they do not have the same value as their rest counterparts in systems where there is a net momentum. Because the relativistic mass is proportional to the energy , it has gradually fallen into disuse among physicists. There is disagreement over whether the concept remains useful pedagogically . In bound systems, the binding energy must often be subtracted from the mass of the unbound system, because binding energy commonly leaves the system at the time it is bound. The mass of the system changes in this process merely because the system was not closed during the binding process, so the energy escaped. For example, the binding energy of atomic nuclei is often lost in the form of gamma rays when the nuclei are formed, leaving nuclides which have less mass than the free particles ( nucleons ) of which they are composed. Mass-- energy equivalence also holds in macroscopic systems. For example, if one takes exactly one kilogram of ice, and applies heat, the mass of the resulting melt-water will be more than a kilogram: it will include the mass from the thermal energy ( latent heat ) used to melt the ice; this follows from the conservation of energy . This number is small but not negligible: about 3.7 nanograms. It is given by the latent heat of melting ice (334 kJ/kg) divided by the speed of light squared ( c = 9× 10 m /s ). General relativity ( edit ) Main article: Mass in general relativity In general relativity , the equivalence principle is any of several related concepts dealing with the equivalence of gravitational and inertial mass . At the core of this assertion is Albert Einstein's idea that the gravitational force as experienced locally while standing on a massive body (such as the Earth) is the same as the pseudo-force experienced by an observer in a non-inertial (i.e. accelerated) frame of reference. However, it turns out that it is impossible to find an objective general definition for the concept of invariant mass in general relativity. At the core of the problem is the non-linearity of the Einstein field equations , making it impossible to write the gravitational field energy as part of the stress-- energy tensor in a way that is invariant for all observers. For a given observer, this can be achieved by the stress-- energy-- momentum pseudotensor . Mass in quantum physics ( edit ) In classical mechanics , the inert mass of a particle appears in the Euler-- Lagrange equation as a parameter m : d d t ( ∂ L ∂ x ̇ i ) = m x ̈ i (\displaystyle (\frac (\mathrm (d) )(\mathrm (d) t))\ \left(\,(\frac (\partial L)(\partial (\dot (x))_(i)))\,\right)\ =\ m\,(\ddot (x))_(i)) . After quantization, replacing the position vector x with a wave function , the parameter m appears in the kinetic energy operator: i ħ ∂ ∂ t Ψ ( r , t ) = ( − ħ 2 2 m ∇ 2 + V ( r ) ) Ψ ( r , t ) (\displaystyle i\hbar (\frac (\partial )(\partial t))\Psi (\mathbf (r) ,\,t)=\left(-(\frac (\hbar ^(2))(2m))\nabla ^(2)+V(\mathbf (r) )\right)\Psi (\mathbf (r) ,\,t)) . In the ostensibly covariant (relativistically invariant) Dirac equation , and in natural units , this becomes: ( − i γ μ ∂ μ + m ) ψ = 0 (\displaystyle (-i\gamma ^(\mu )\partial _(\mu )+m)\psi =0\,) where the `` mass '' parameter m is now simply a constant associated with the quantum described by the wave function ψ . In the Standard Model of particle physics as developed in the 1960s, this term arises from the coupling of the field ψ to an additional field Φ , the Higgs field . In the case of fermions, the Higgs mechanism results in the replacement of the term mψ in the Lagrangian with G ψ ψ ̄ φ ψ (\displaystyle G_(\psi )(\overline (\psi ))\phi \psi ) . This shifts the explanandum of the value for the mass of each elementary particle to the value of the unknown couplings G . Tachyonic particles and imaginary (complex) mass ( edit ) Main articles: Tachyonic field and Tachyon § Mass A tachyonic field , or simply tachyon , is a quantum field with an imaginary mass. Although tachyons ( particles that move faster than light ) are a purely hypothetical concept not generally believed to exist, fields with imaginary mass have come to play an important role in modern physics and are discussed in popular books on physics. Under no circumstances do any excitations ever propagate faster than light in such theories -- the presence or absence of a tachyonic mass has no effect whatsoever on the maximum velocity of signals (there is no violation of causality ). While the field may have imaginary mass, any physical particles do not; the `` imaginary mass'' shows that the system becomes unstable, and sheds the instability by undergoing a type of phase transition called tachyon condensation (closely related to second order phase transitions) that results in symmetry breaking in current models of particle physics . The term `` tachyon '' was coined by Gerald Feinberg in a 1967 paper, but it was soon realized that Feinberg's model in fact did not allow for superluminal speeds. Instead, the imaginary mass creates an instability in the configuration:- any configuration in which one or more field excitations are tachyonic will spontaneously decay, and the resulting configuration contains no physical tachyons. This process is known as tachyon condensation. Well known examples include the condensation of the Higgs boson in particle physics , and ferromagnetism in condensed matter physics . Although the notion of a tachyonic imaginary mass might seem troubling because there is no classical interpretation of an imaginary mass, the mass is not quantized. Rather, the scalar field is; even for tachyonic quantum fields , the field operators at spacelike separated points still commute (or anticommute) , thus preserving causality. Therefore, information still does not propagate faster than light, and solutions grow exponentially, but not superluminally (there is no violation of causality ). Tachyon condensation drives a physical system that has reached a local limit and might naively be expected to produce physical tachyons, to an alternate stable state where no physical tachyons exist. Once the tachyonic field reaches the minimum of the potential, its quanta are not tachyons any more but rather are ordinary particles with a positive mass-squared. This is a special case of the general rule, where unstable massive particles are formally described as having a complex mass, with the real part being their mass in the usual sense, and the imaginary part being the decay rate in natural units . However, in quantum field theory , a particle (a `` one-particle state'' ) is roughly defined as a state which is constant over time; i.e., an eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian . An unstable particle is a state which is only approximately constant over time; If it exists long enough to be measured, it can be formally described as having a complex mass, with the real part of the mass greater than its imaginary part. If both parts are of the same magnitude, this is interpreted as a resonance appearing in a scattering process rather than a particle, as it is considered not to exist long enough to be measured independently of the scattering process. In the case of a tachyon the real part of the mass is zero, and hence no concept of a particle can be attributed to it. In a Lorentz invariant theory, the same formulas that apply to ordinary slower-than-light particles (sometimes called `` bradyons '' in discussions of tachyons) must also apply to tachyons. In particular the energy-- momentum relation : E 2 = p 2 c 2 + m 2 c 4 (\displaystyle E^(2)=p^(2)c^(2)+m^(2)c^(4)\;) (where p is the relativistic momentum of the bradyon and m is its rest mass ) should still apply, along with the formula for the total energy of a particle: E = m c 2 1 − v 2 c 2 . (\displaystyle E=(\frac (mc^(2))(\sqrt (1-(\frac (v^(2))(c^(2)))))).) This equation shows that the total energy of a particle (bradyon or tachyon) contains a contribution from its rest mass (the `` rest mass-- energy'' ) and a contribution from its motion, the kinetic energy. When v is larger than c , the denominator in the equation for the energy is `` imaginary'' , as the value under the radical is negative. Because the total energy must be real , the numerator must also be imaginary: i.e. the rest mass m must be imaginary, as a pure imaginary number divided by another pure imaginary number is a real number. Exotic matter and negative mass ( edit ) Main article: negative mass The negative mass exists in the model to describe dark energy ( phantom energy ) and radiation in negative-index metamaterial in a unified way. In this way, the negative mass is associated with negative momentum , negative pressure , negative kinetic energy and FTL ( faster-than-light ). See also ( edit ) Mass versus weight Effective mass (spring-- mass system) Effective mass (solid-state physics) Extension (metaphysics) International System of Quantities Proposed redefinition of SI base units Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ When a distinction is necessary, M is used to denote the active gravitational mass and m the passive gravitational mass. Jump up ^ Since the Avogadro constant N is defined as the number of atoms in 12 g of carbon-12, it follows that 1 u is exactly 1/(10 N ) kg. Jump up ^ The distinction between `` active'' and `` passive'' gravitational mass does not exist in the Newtonian view of gravity as found in classical mechanics , and can safely be ignored for many purposes. In most practical applications, Newtonian gravity is assumed because it is usually sufficiently accurate, and is simpler than General Relativity; for example, NASA uses primarily Newtonian gravity to design space missions, although `` accuracies are routinely enhanced by accounting for tiny relativistic effects''. www2.jpl.nasa.gov/basics/bsf3-2.php The distinction between `` active'' and `` passive'' is very abstract, and applies to post-graduate level applications of General Relativity to certain problems in cosmology, and is otherwise not used. There is, nevertheless, an important conceptual distinction in Newtonian physics between `` inertial mass'' and `` gravitational mass'' , although these quantities are identical; the conceptual distinction between these two fundamental definitions of mass is maintained for teaching purposes because they involve two distinct methods of measurement. It was long considered anomalous that the two distinct measurements of mass (inertial and gravitational) gave an identical result. The property, observed by Galileo, that objects of different mass fall with the same rate of acceleration (ignoring air resistance), shows that inertial and gravitational mass are the same. Jump up ^ This constant ratio was later shown to be a direct measure of the Sun's active gravitational mass; it has units of distance cubed per time squared, and is known as the standard gravitational parameter : μ = 4 π 2 distance 3 time 2 ∝ gravitational mass (\displaystyle \mu =4\pi ^(2)(\frac ((\text(distance))^(3))((\text(time))^(2)))\propto (\text(gravitational mass))) Jump up ^ At the time when Viviani asserts that the experiment took place, Galileo had not yet formulated the final version of his law of free fall. He had, however, formulated an earlier version which predicted that bodies of the same material falling through the same medium would fall at the same speed. See Drake, S. (1978). Galileo at Work . University of Chicago Press . pp. 19-- 20. ISBN 0-226-16226-5 . Jump up ^ These two properties are very useful, as they allow spherical collections of objects to be treated exactly like large individual objects. Jump up ^ In its original form, Newton's second law is valid only for bodies of constant mass. Jump up ^ It is possible to make a slight distinction between `` rest mass'' and `` invariant mass'' . For a system of two or more particles, none of the particles are required be at rest with respect to the observer for the system as a whole to be at rest with respect to the observer. To avoid this confusion, some sources will use `` rest mass'' only for individual particles, and `` invariant mass'' for systems. Jump up ^ For example, a nuclear bomb in an idealized super-strong box, sitting on a scale, would in theory show no change in mass when detonated (although the inside of the box would become much hotter). In such a system, the mass of the box would change only if energy were allowed to escape from the box as light or heat. However, in that case, the removed energy would take its associated mass with it. Letting heat or radiation out of such a system is simply a way to remove mass. Thus, mass, like energy, cannot be destroyed, but only moved from one place to another. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/mass Jump up ^ `` New Quantum Theory Separates Gravitational and Inertial Mass'' . MIT Technology Review. 14 Jun 2010 . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . Jump up ^ von Klitzing, Klaus (February 2017). `` Metrology in 2019'' (PDF) . Nature Physics . Springer Nature . 13 (2): 198. arXiv : 1707.06785 . Bibcode : 2017SSPMA..47l9503L . doi : 10.1360/SSPMA2017-00044 . Jump up ^ `` Draft of the ninth SI Brochure'' (PDF) . BIPM. 10 November 2016. pp. 2-- 9 . Retrieved 2017-09-10 . Jump up ^ W. Rindler (2006). Relativity: Special, General, And Cosmological . Oxford University Press . pp. 16-- 18. ISBN 0-19-856731-6 . Jump up ^ Kane, Gordon (September 4, 2008). `` The Mysteries of Mass'' . Scientific American . Nature America, Inc. pp. 32-- 39 . Retrieved 2013-07-05 . Jump up ^ Davies, P.C.W. (2007). Cosmic Jackpot: Why Our Universe is Just Right for Life . Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 9780618592265 . Jump up ^ Rindler, W. (2006). Relativity: Special, General, And Cosmological . Oxford University Press . p. 22. ISBN 0-19-856731-6 . Jump up ^ Eötvös , R.V. ; Pekár , D.; Fekete, E. (1922). `` Beiträge zum Gesetz der Proportionalität von Trägheit und Gravität '' . Annalen der Physik. 68 : 11-- 66. Bibcode : 1922AnP...373...11E . doi : 10.1002/andp.19223730903 . Jump up ^ Drake, S. (1979). `` Galileo's Discovery of the Law of Free Fall'' . Scientific American . 228 (5): 84-- 92. Bibcode : 1973SciAm.228e..84D . doi : 10.1038/scientificamerican0573-84 . Jump up ^ Galileo, G. (1632). Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems . Jump up ^ Galileo, G. (1638). Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche, Intorno à Due Nuove Scienze. 213 . Louis Elsevier . , translated in Crew, H.; de Salvio, A., eds. (1954). Mathematical Discourses and Demonstrations, Relating to Two New Sciences . 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Archived from the original on 20 March 2003 . Retrieved 12 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Ernst Mach, `` Science of Mechanics'' (1919) ^ Jump up to: Ori Belkind, `` Physical Systems: Conceptual Pathways between Flat Space-time and Matter'' (2012) Springer ( Chapter 5.3 ) Jump up ^ P.W. Bridgman, Einstein's Theories and the Operational Point of View , in: P.A. Schilpp, ed., Albert Einstein: Philosopher-Scientist , Open Court, La Salle, Ill., Cambridge University Press, 1982, Vol. 2, p. 335-- 354. Jump up ^ D. A Gillies, `` Operationalism '' Synthese (1972) pp 1-24 D. Reidel Publishing DOI 10.1007/BF00484997 Jump up ^ Henri Poincaré . `` Classical Mechanics '' . Chapter 6 in Science and Hypothesis . London: Walter Scott Publishing (1905): 89-110. Jump up ^ Leonard, B.P. (2010). `` Comments on recent proposals for redefining the mole and kilogram'' . Metrologia. 47 (3): L5-- L8. Bibcode : 2010Metro..47L...5L . doi : 10.1088/0026-1394/47/3/L01 . Retrieved 2013-09-15 . Jump up ^ Pavese, Franco (2011). `` Some reflections on the proposed redefinition of the unit for the amount of substance and of other SI units'' . Accreditation and Quality Assurance . 16 (3): 161-- 165. doi : 10.1007/s00769-010-0700-y . Jump up ^ Taylor, E.F. ; Wheeler, J.A. (1992). Spacetime Physics . W.H. Freeman . pp. 248-- 149. ISBN 0-7167-2327-1 . Jump up ^ G. Oas (2005). `` On the Abuse and Use of Relativistic Mass'' . arXiv : physics/0504110 ( physics.ed-ph ). Jump up ^ Okun, L.B. (1989). `` The Concept of Mass'' (PDF) . Physics Today . 42 (6): 31-- 36. Bibcode : 1989PhT... 42f..31O . doi : 10.1063/1.881171 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Jump up ^ Rindler, W.; Vandyck, M.A. ; Murugesan, P.; Ruschin, S.; Sauter, C.; Okun, L.B. (1990). `` Putting to Rest Mass Misconceptions'' (PDF) . Physics Today . 43 (5): 13-- 14, 115, 117. Bibcode : 1990PhT... 43e..13R . doi : 10.1063/1.2810555 . Archived from the original (PDF) on 22 July 2011. Jump up ^ Sandin, T.R. (1991). `` In Defense of Relativistic Mass'' . American Journal of Physics. 59 (11): 1032. Bibcode : 1991AmJPh..59.1032S . doi : 10.1119/1.16642 . Jump up ^ Planck, Max (1907), `` Zur Dynamik bewegter Systeme'' , Sitzungsberichte der Königlich -Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin , Erster Halbband (29): 542-- 570 English Wikisource translation: On the Dynamics of Moving Systems ( See paragraph 16. ) Jump up ^ Hecht, Eugene (2006). `` There Is No Really Good Definition of Mass'' (PDF) . Phys. Teach. 44 : 40-- 45. Bibcode : 2006PhTea..44...40H . doi : 10.1119/1.2150758 . Jump up ^ Misner, C.W. ; Thorne, K.S. ; Wheeler, J.A. (1973). Gravitation . W.H. Freeman . p. 466. ISBN 978-0-7167-0344-0 . ^ Jump up to: Lisa Randall, Warped Passages: Unraveling the Mysteries of the Universe's Hidden Dimensions , p.286: `` People initially thought of tachyons as particles travelling faster than the speed of light...But we now know that a tachyon indicates an instability in a theory that contains it. Regrettably for science fiction fans, tachyons are not real physical particles that appear in nature.'' Jump up ^ Tipler, Paul A.; Llewellyn, Ralph A. (2008). Modern Physics (5th ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman & Co. p. 54. ISBN 978-0-7167-7550-8 ... so existence of particles v > c ... Called tachyons ... would present relativity with serious ... problems of infinite creation energies and causality paradoxes. ^ Jump up to: Kutasov, David; Marino, Marcos & Moore, Gregory W. (2000). `` Some exact results on tachyon condensation in string field theory'' . JHEP. 0010 : 045. arXiv : hep-th/0009148 . Bibcode : 2000JHEP...10..045K . doi : 10.1088/1126-6708/2000/10/045 . arXiv EFI-2000-32, RUNHETC-2000-34. Jump up ^ Sen, A. (2002). Rolling tachyon. JHEP 0204 , 048. Cited 720 times as of 2/2012. Jump up ^ Gibbons, G.W. (2000). `` Cosmological evolution of the rolling tachyon'' . Phys. Lett. B. 537 : 1-- 4. arXiv : hep-th/0204008 . Bibcode : 2002PhLB..537... 1G . doi : 10.1016/s0370-2693(02)01881-6 . Jump up ^ Brian Greene, The Elegant Universe , Vintage Books (2000) ^ Jump up to: Aharonov, Y.; Komar, A.; Susskind, L. (1969). `` Superluminal Behavior, Causality, and Instability'' . Phys. Rev. American Physical Society. 182 (5): 1400-- 1403. Bibcode : 1969PhRv..182.1400A . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.182.1400 . ^ Jump up to: Feinberg, Gerald (1967). `` Possibility of Faster-Than-Light Particles'' . Physical Review . 159 (5): 1089-- 1105. Bibcode : 1967PhRv..159.1089F . doi : 10.1103/PhysRev.159.1089 . ^ Jump up to: Peskin, M.E. ; Schroeder, D.V. (1995). An Introduction to Quantum Field Theory . Perseus Books . Jump up ^ Wang,Z.Y. (2016). `` Modern Theory for Electromagnetic Metamaterials'' . Plasmonics. 11 (2): 503-- 508. doi : 10.1007/s11468-015-0071-7 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mass (physical property) . Wikisource has the text of The New Student's Reference Work article Mass . Francisco Flores (6 Feb 2012). `` The Equivalence of Mass and Energy'' . Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . Gordon Kane (27 Jun 2005). `` The Mysteries of Mass'' . Scientific American . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . L.B. Okun (15 Nov 2001). `` Photons, Clocks, Gravity and the Concept of Mass'' (PDF) . Nuclear Physics . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . Frank Wilczek (13 May 2001). `` The Origin of Mass and the Feebleness of Gravity'' (video). MIT Video . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . John Baez ; et al. (2012). `` Does mass change with velocity?'' . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . John Baez ; et al. (2008). `` What is the mass of a photon?'' . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . David R. Williams (12 February 2008). `` The Apollo 15 Hammer-Feather Drop'' . NASA . Retrieved 3 Dec 2013 . SI base quantities Base quantity Quantity SI unit Name Symbol Dimension symbol Unit name (symbol) Example length l , x , r , (etc.) metre (m) r = 10 m mass m kilogram (kg) m = 10 kg time, duration second (s) t = 10 s electric current I , i I ampere (A) I = 10 A thermodynamic temperature Θ kelvin (K) T = 10 K amount of substance n mole (mol) n = 10 mol luminous intensity J candela (cd) I = 10 cd Specification The quantity (not the unit) can have a specification: T = 300 K Derived quantity Definition A quantity Q is expressed in the base quantities: Q = f ( l , m , t , I , T , n , I v ) (\displaystyle Q=f\left((\mathit (l,m,t,I,T,n,I))\mathrm (_(v)) \right)) Derived dimension dim Q = L M T I Θ N J (Superscripts a -- g are algebraic exponents, usually a positive, negative or zero integer.) Example Quantity acceleration = l t , dim acceleration = L T possible units: m s , km Ms , etc. See also History of the metric system International System of Quantities Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement Book Outline Classical mechanics SI units Linear/translational quantities Angular/rotational quantities Dimensions Dimensions time : t s absement : A ms time : t s distance : d , position : r , s , x , displacement m area : A m angle : θ , angular displacement : θ rad solid angle : Ω rad , sr frequency : f s , Hz speed : v , velocity : v ms kinematic viscosity : ν , specific angular momentum : h m s frequency : f s , Hz angular speed : ω , angular velocity : ω rad s acceleration : a ms angular acceleration : α rad s jerk : j ms angular jerk : ζ rad s mass : m kg ML moment of inertia : I kg m MT momentum : p , impulse : J kg m s , N s action : S , actergy : א kg m s , J s ML T angular momentum : L , angular impulse : ΔL kg m s action : S , actergy : א kg m s , J s MT force : F , weight : F kg ms , N energy : E , work : W kg m s , J ML T torque : τ , moment : M kg m s , N m energy : E , work : W kg m s , J MT yank : Y kg ms , N s power : P kg m s , W ML T rotatum : P kg m s , N ms power : P kg m s , W GND : 4169025-4 NDL : 00571299 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mass&oldid=814915502 '' Categories : Mass Physical quantities SI base quantities Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from May 2012 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2014 Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2008 All articles containing potentially dated statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from January 2014 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Čeština ChiShona Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Mìng -dĕ̤ng -ngṳ̄ Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Novial Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Ripoarisch Română Runa Simi Русиньскый Русский संस्कृतम् Scots Seeltersk Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Ślůnski Soomaaliga کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ ᏣᎳᎩ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Võro Winaray 吴语 ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Kabɩyɛ EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon11December2017,at17:51.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia

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who is the united states supporting in syria

Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War has been substantial since the beginning of armed insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War , and turned into active support and troop deployment from 2012 onwards . By 2014 , Hezbollah involvement begun to turn steady in support of Syrian Ba'athist Government forces across Syria . Hezbollah deployed several thousand fighters in Syria and by 2015 lost up to 1500 fighters in combat . Hezbollah has also been very active to prevent rebel penetration from Syria to Lebanon , being one of the most active forces in the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon .

Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil war - wikipedia Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil war This article is about support to Syrian Civil War factions and international involvement. For humanitarian aid, see Humanitarian aid during the Syrian Civil War . Map of world and Syria (red) with military involvement. Syria Countries that support the Syrian Ba'athist government Countries that support the Syrian Opposition Countries where support is divided between the Syrian Ba'athist government and the Syrian Opposition Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Since 2011 protests (show) Qatari involvement Al-Nusra Front (2012-2017 Foreign rebel fighters ISIL Turkish involvement Turkey-- ISIL conflict Tomb of Suleyman Shah relocation Euphrates Shield 2017 airstrikes Idlib Governorate operation Afrin operation Russian involvement 2015 military intervention Iranian involvement ( 2017 missile strike ) 2012 Hezbollah involvement 2018 Iran-- Israel conflict Saudi involvement Islamic Front / SIF Jaysh al-Islam Army of Conquest (formed 2015 Since 2014 ISIL invasion of Iraq (show) U.S.-led Intervention Timeline of raids 2014 rescue operation May 2015 raid 2017 missile strikes 2018 bombing Jordanian intervention Operation Martyr Muath European NATO involvement Dutch involvement German intervention French intervention Australian intervention UK intervention Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War refers to political, military and operational support to parties involved in the ongoing conflict in Syria that began in March 2011, as well as active foreign involvement. Most parties involved in the war in Syria receive various types of support from foreign countries and entities based outside Syria. The ongoing conflict in Syria is widely described as a series of overlapping proxy wars between the regional and world powers, primarily between the US and Russia as well as between Iran and Saudi Arabia . The Syrian Ba'athist government is politically and militarily supported by Iran and Russia , actively supported by Lebanese Hezbollah party and by Syrian-based Palestinian group PFLP-GC and others. Since 30 September 2015, Russia, the only foreign power that has its military assets openly and legally stationed in Syria , wages an intensive air campaign against ISIL and other anti-government forces in Syria, on the side and at the request of the Syrian government. The military activity of Russia in Syria has been criticized by the US and its regional allies; Turkey overtly clashed with the Russian military in November 2015 over the alleged violation of its airspace by a Russian plane as well as over Russia′ s bombardment of the areas held by anti-government forces that are supported by Turkey, especially in the Bayırbucak region. The Syrian opposition , politically represented by the Syrian National Coalition , receives financial, logistical, political and in some cases military support from major Sunni states in the Middle East allied with the U.S., most notably Saudi Arabia , Qatar , and Turkey . From early stages of the civil conflict in Syria, major Western countries such as the U.S, France, and the UK provide political, military and logistic support to the opposition as well as rebel groups in Syria that are not designated by them as terrorist. Since July 2015, Turkey also openly counters by military means further expansion of the Syrian Kurdish forces along its border and has created a buffer zone within Syrian territory. The predominantly Kurdish People's Protection Units (YPG), the main armed service of the Executive Council (Rojava) , the government of Syrian Kurdistan ( Rojava ), have received military and logistic support from Iraqi Kurdistan and air support by U.S., Canada, British and French air force. The Salafist groups are partially supported by Turkey, while the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant received support from several non-state groups and organizations from across the Muslim World. As a significant part of Syria′ s territory was from 2014 until October 2017 claimed by the Islamic State (ISIL), an entity internationally recognised as terrorist , a number of Western and other countries, most notably the U.S., Russia, Britain, and France, have participated in direct military action against ISIL in the territory of Syria. Contents 1 Support for the Syrian Ba'athist government 1.1 Russia 1.2 Iran 1.3 Hezbollah 1.4 Iraq 1.5 Companies 2 Support for Syrian opposition 2.1 United States 2.2 United Kingdom 2.3 France 2.4 Turkey 2.5 Arab League 2.5.1 Qatar 2.5.2 Jordan 2.5.3 Saudi Arabia 2.5.3.1 Croatian weapons 2.5.3.2 Bandar bin Sultan 2.5.3.3 Swiss weapon sales controversies 2.6 Support from non-state groups 3 Support to North Syrian Federation 4 Support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant 5 Individual foreign nationals′ support for rebels/jihadist groups 6 Role of regional states 6.1 Israel 6.2 Lebanon 7 See also 8 External links 9 References Support for the Syrian Ba'athist government Russia Main articles: Russian involvement in the Syrian Civil War and Russian military intervention in the Syrian Civil War Russia is a military ally of Syria since 1956, and during the Syrian Civil War it continued supplying Assad's government with arms, sending military and technical advisers to train Syrian soldiers to use the Russian-made weapons, and it helped repair and maintain Syrian weapons. Investigations by reporters suggest that Russia is helping to keep the Syrian economy afloat by transporting hundreds of tonnes of banknotes into the country by airplane. In December 2012, it was reported that Russian military personnel under the guise of military advisers were inside Syria manning some of the anti-aircraft defenses sent by Russia. The depth and sophistication of Syria's air defences was cited as a major reason for the US decision not to intervene militarily against the Syrian government or impose a no-fly zone , despite publicly voiced commitment to do so if the Assad government crossed the `` red line'' of using chemical weapons . Russian (Lavrov, Putin) and US (Kerry) representatives meet, in the United Nations headquarters in New York, to discuss the situation in Syria on 29 September 2015 Western leaders and diplomats repeatedly criticized Russia's support of the Syrian government; Russia stressed that its actions did not violate international law. In June 2012, Russian president Vladimir Putin said Russia did not support `` any side (in the conflict) from which the threat of a civil war may emerge'' . In December 2013, Russia was reported to have stepped up its military support for the Syrian government by supplying new armored vehicles, surveillance equipment, radars, electronic warfare systems, spare parts for helicopters, and various weapons including guided bombs for planes. On 30 September 2015, with permission of the upper house of the Russian Parliament, Russia started a direct military intervention in Syria consisting of air strikes against ISIL, the Al-Nusra Front , and other perceived enemies of the Syrian government. The Russian Orthodox Church official spokesman called the intervention by Russia in Syria a `` holy fight'' (or holy struggle) against terrorism. Russia claimed the attacks were against the ISIL positions. However, according to reports, the Russian air strikes targeted positions held by the Army of Conquest coalition including the Saudi/Turkish-backed Al-Nusra Front and by Salafi-jihadi coalition known as Ahrar ash-Sham . In autumn 2015, the US ruled out military cooperation with Russia in Syria. However, on 20 October 2015, the US and Russia signed a secret technical memorandum of understanding to avoid air incidents over Syria. On 22 November 2015, Syria′ s president Bashar Assad said that within two months of its air strikes Russia had achieved more than the U.S.-led coalition in its fight against Islamic State for a year. Two days later, the US president Barack Obama , speaking after a meeting with his French counterpart François Hollande , said: `` Russia right now is a coalition of two, Iran and Russia, supporting Assad. Given Russia's military capabilities and given the influence they have on the Assad regime, them cooperating would be enormously helpful in bringing about a resolution of the civil war in Syria, and allow us all to refocus our attention on ISIL. But I think it's important to remember that you've got a global coalition organized. Russia is the outlier.'' At the end of December 2015, senior US officials privately admitted that Russia had achieved its central goal of stabilising the Assad government and, with the costs and casualties relatively low, was in a position to sustain the operation at this level for years to come. Iran Main article: Iranian involvement in the Syrian Civil War See also: Iran and ISIL Iran and Syria are close strategic allies , and Iran has provided significant support for Syria in the Syrian Civil War. This is said to include technical support, some combat troops, and $9bn in financial support. Iran views the civil war as a critical front in an existential battle that directly relates to its geopolitical security. Iran's supreme leader , Ali Khamenei , was reported in September 2011 to be vocally in favor of the Syrian government. The Syrian city of Zabadani is vitally important to Assad and to Iran because, at least as late as June 2011, the city served as the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps 's logistical hub for supplying Hezbollah . In the civil uprising phase of the Syrian Civil War , Iran was said to be providing Syria with technical support based on Iran's capabilities developed following the 2009-- 2010 Iranian election protests . As the uprising developed into civil war, there were increasing reports of Iranian military support, partly in response to reports of increasing military support to the Syrian opposition from Persian gulf states. On 30 January 2013, about ten jets bombed a convoy believed to be carrying Russian-made SA-17 anti-aircraft missiles to Lebanon. The attack, attributed by some media reports to Israeli Air Force, did not result in any counterattacks from Syria, although Syria has said it reserves the right to retaliate. Western intelligence sources reported that Iranian general Hassan Shateri had been killed in the airstrike. Iran acknowledged his death at the hands of the Israelis without further details. Israel refused to comment on its involvement in the incident. In the autumn of 2015, Iran reluctantly signed on to the road map based on the 2012 Geneva Communique that was worked out during the two rounds of Syria talks in Vienna. After the meeting between Vladimir Putin and Ali Khamenei in Tehran on 23 November 2015, Iran was said to have made a decision to unify its stance vis-a-vis the Syrian leadership with Russia's . Hezbollah Main article: Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War Hezbollah has long been an ally of the Ba'ath Party government of Syria, led by the Al-Assad family . Hezbollah has helped the Syrian government in its fight against the armed Syrian opposition. As early as November 2011, The Jerusalem Post reported that protesters in Syria, enraged at Hezbollah's support for the Syrian government, burnt Hezbollah flags and images of Nasrallah, while pro-government protesters have carried posters of Nasrallah. In August 2012, the United States sanctioned Hezbollah for its alleged role in the war. Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah denied Hezbollah had been fighting on behalf of the Syrian government, stating in a 12 October 2012 speech that `` right from the start the Syrian opposition has been telling the media that Hezbollah sent 3,000 fighters to Syria, which we have denied'' . However, he said that Hezbollah fighters have gone to Syria independently and died there doing their `` jihadist duties'' . Hezbollah states it supports a process of reforms in Syria and is against what it calls US plots to destabilize and interfere in Syria. In January-- February 2012, Hezbollah fighters were reported to have helped the government fight the rebels in Damascus and in the Battle of Zabadani . Later that year, Hezbollah fighters crossed the border from Lebanon and took over eight villages in the Al-Qusayr District of Syria. According to the Lebanese Daily Star newspaper, Nasrallah said that Hezbollah fighters helped the Syrian government `` retain control of some 23 strategically located villages (in Syria) inhabited by Shiites of Lebanese citizenship'' . In September 2012, Hezbollah's commander in Syria, Ali Hussein Nassif , was killed along with several other Hezbollah militants in an ambush by the Free Syrian Army (FSA) near Al-Qusayr . According to the US, the Assad loyalist militia known as Jaysh al-Sha'bi was created and is maintained by Hezbollah and Iran's Revolutionary Guard, both of whom provide it with money, weapons, training and advice. Also, according to Israeli intelligence sources, Hezbollah is working to forge loyalist government militias into a 100,000-strong irregular army to fight alongside the government's conventional forces. In the early period of the war, Hezbollah was involved in the Siege of Homs (2011-- 14), the Battle of Zabadani (2012) , the Battle of al-Qusayr (2012) and the Battle of Aleppo (2011-- 16). On 16-- 17 February 2013, Syrian opposition groups claimed that Hezbollah, backed by the Syrian military, attacked three FSA-controlled Sunni villages in Al-Qusayr . An FSA spokesman said, `` Hezbollah's invasion is the first of its kind in terms of organisation, planning and coordination with the Syrian regime's air force'' . Hezbollah said three Lebanese Shias, `` acting in self-defense'' , were killed in the clashes with the FSA. Lebanese security sources said that the three were Hezbollah members. In response, the FSA allegedly attacked two Hezbollah positions on 21 February; one in Syria and one in Lebanon. Five days later, it said it destroyed a convoy carrying Hezbollah fighters and Syrian officers to Lebanon, killing all the passengers. The leaders of the March 14 alliance and other prominent Lebanese figures called on Hezbollah to end its involvement in Syria and said it is putting Lebanon at risk. Subhi al-Tufayli , Hezbollah's former leader, said `` Hezbollah should not be defending the criminal regime that kills its own people and that has never fired a shot in defense of the Palestinians'' . He said `` those Hezbollah fighters who are killing children and terrorizing people and destroying houses in Syria will go to hell'' . The Consultative Gathering, a group of Shia and Sunni leaders in Baalbek - Hermel , also called on Hezbollah not to `` interfere'' in Syria. They said `` Opening a front against the Syrian people and dragging Lebanon to war with the Syrian people is very dangerous and will have a negative impact on the relations between the two'' . Walid Jumblatt , leader of the Progressive Socialist Party , also called on Hezbollah to end its involvement and claimed that `` Hezbollah is fighting inside Syria with orders from Iran'' . News organizations reported that Israel allegedly attacked Syria on the night between 2 and 3 May 2013. US officials said that the Israeli war planes shot into Syria from Lebanese air space, and that the warplanes did not enter Syrian air space. No counter-attacks by Syria were reported at any front, and the Syrian ambassador to the UN said that he was not aware of any attacks on Syria by Israel. Israel as well declined any comment. Another alleged attack was reported to be a set of massive explosions in Damascus on the night of 4-- 5 May 2013. Syrian state media described this as an `` Israeli rocket attack'' , with the targets including a military research center of the Syrian government in Jamraya . The Daily Telegraph reported anonymous Israeli sources as saying that this was an Israeli attack on Iranian-made guided missiles allegedly intended to be shipped to Hezbollah. Hezbollah was involved in the Al-Qusayr offensive (mid-2013) and the Battle of Qalamoun (late 2013). In February 2015, Israeli research centre Jerusalem Center for Public Affairs published what it said was an Israeli intelligence assessment document that referenced a document allegedly produced by the United Al-Sham Front of the Free Syrian Army and purportedly exposed '' the military and terrorist infrastructure that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps and Hizbullah have built on the Syrian Golan, which, according to the IDF's intelligence branch, is also directed at Israel.'' In the 2015-18 period of the war, Hezbollah was involved in the Daraa Governorate campaign , the Battle of Zabadani (2015) , Aleppo offensive (October-- December 2015) , Northern Aleppo offensive (2016) , Wadi Barada offensive (2016-- 17) , Aleppo offensive (June-- August 2016) , Daraa offensive (June 2017) , Qalamoun offensive (July-- August 2017) , 2017 Abu Kamal offensive , Central Syria campaign (2017) , the Beit Jinn offensive (2017-- 18), and the East Hama offensive (2017) . In September 2017, a Hezbollah commander said the group has 10,000 fighters in southern Syria ready to confront Israel. Iraq From 2011, Iraqi Government has sent Assad financial support. Iraq has opened its airspace for use by Iranian planes ferrying support to the Syrian government, and has granted trucks bound for Syria carrying supplies from the Iranian Revolutionary Guards passage through Iraqi territory. Iraqi government has signed a deal to provide Syria with diesel fuel . Companies A Greece-based trading company, Naftomar , is reputedly the last firm arranging deliveries of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), but, unlike the fuel sent from Venezuela and Russia, LPG is a peaceful material that plays a vital role in countries like Syria that have limited infrastructure for piping gas. International sanctions do not apply to LPG for humanitarian reasons. The release of WikiLeaks 's `` Syria Files '' beginning in July 2012 led to accusations that the subsidiary of an Italian arms company had provided communications equipment to the Syrian military in May 2011, and that, as late as February 2012, its engineers gave training on the use of the communications technology, including how it could be installed in helicopters. The company said the equipment was for civilian use and said it had not sold any technology to Syria since the beginning of the uprising. According to a report in the Daily Mail , British companies sold sodium fluoride , which has many civil applications such as water fluoridation , but is also a key ingredient in the manufacture of sarin , to a Syrian firm from 2004-- 2010. Between July 2004 and May 2010, the British government issued five export licenses to two companies, with the last export license was issued in May 2010. The licenses are obtained prior to manufacture and the industry standard requires four to five months before the chemicals are delivered, thus allowing them to sell Syria sodium fluoride. Support for Syrian opposition United States US military transport helicopters fly over northeastern Syria Covert United States involvement in regime change 1949 Syrian coup d'état 1949-- 1953 Albania 1953 Iranian coup d'état 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état 1956-- 57 Syria crisis 1957-- 58 Indonesian rebellion 1959-- 2000 Cuba, assassination attempts on Fidel Castro 1959 Cambodian `` Bangkok Plot'' 1960 Congo coup 1961 Cuba, Bay of Pigs Invasion 1961 Cuba, Operation Mongoose 1961 Dominican Republic 1963 South Vietnamese coup 1964 Bolivian coup d'état 1964 Brazilian coup d'état 1966 Ghana coup d'état 1971 Bolivian coup d'état 1970 -- 73 Chile 1979-- 89 Afghanistan, Operation Cyclone 1980-- 92 Angola, UNITA 1981-- 87 Nicaragua, Contras 1982 Chad 1996 Iraq coup attempt 2000 Yugoslavia 2004 Haiti 2011-- 2017 Syria, Timber Sycamore view talk Further information: American-led intervention in the Syrian Civil War , List of United States attacks on the Syrian government during the Syrian Civil War , Timber Sycamore , Syrian Train and Equip Program , and Authorization for the Use of Military Force Against the Government of Syria to Respond to Use of Chemical Weapons See also: Syria-- United States relations and CIA activities in Syria Main countries that support the Syrian opposition For several initial months of the Syrian uprising that began in March 2011, the US administration headed by Barack Obama , despite pressure from some political groups, refrained from outright calls for Bashar Assad′ s ouster, a move then opposed by key regional US allies such as Turkey and Saudi Arabia. First, limited sanctions against the Assad government were imposed by the US in April 2011, followed by Obama′ s executive order as of 18 May 2011 targeting Bashar Assad specifically and six other senior officials. In July 2011, US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton said president Assad had `` lost legitimacy.'' On 18 August 2011, Barack Obama issued a written statement echoed by the leaders of the UK, France, and Germany, that inter alia said: `` The future of Syria must be determined by its people, but President Bashar al-Assad is standing in their way. His calls for dialogue and reform have rung hollow while he is imprisoning, torturing, and slaughtering his own people. We have consistently said that President Assad must lead a democratic transition or get out of the way. He has not led. For the sake of the Syrian people, the time has come for President Assad to step aside.'' On the same day the US president signed executive orders that froze all Syrian government assets that were under US jurisdiction, barred Americans from doing business with the government, and prohibited the import of Syrian oil and petroleum products to the United States. The US sanctions were called by Syria's U.N. ambassador Bashar Jaafari `` a humanitarian and diplomatic war against us.'' Under the administration's division of labor, the State Department is in charge of supplying nonlethal aid (includes food rations and pickup trucks, not tanks and bullets), while the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) runs a covert program to arm and train the Syrian rebels. In June 2012, the CIA was reported to be involved in covert operations along the Turkish-Syrian border, where agents investigated rebel groups, recommending arms providers which groups to give aid to. Agents also helped opposition forces develop supply routes, and provided them with communications training. CIA operatives distributed assault rifles, anti-tank rocket launchers and other ammunition to Syrian opposition. The State Department had then reportedly allocated $15 million for civilian opposition groups in Syria. In July 2012, the US government granted a non-governmental organization called Syrian Support Group a license to fund the Free Syrian Army. In 2016, a number of US officials revealed that the CIA in 2012 proposed a detailed covert action plan designed to remove Bashar Assad from power, but president Obama declined to approve it. In early March 2013, a Jordanian security source revealed that the U.S., Britain, and France were training non-Islamist rebels in Jordan in an effort to strengthen secular elements in the opposition as a bulwark against Islamic extremism, and to begin building security forces to maintain order in the event of Assad's fall. In April 2013, also in Jordan, the United States had set up a $70 million program in the country `` that is training the kingdom's special forces to identify and secure chemical-weapons sites across Syria should the regime fall and the wrong rebels look like getting their hands on them.'' In April 2013, the Obama administration promised to double non-lethal aid to rebels, specifically to $250 million. On 13 June 2013, US government officials said the administration, after days of high-level meetings, had approved providing lethal arms to the Supreme Military Council (SMC). The decision was made shortly after the administration concluded that the Assad government had used chemical weapons on opposition forces, thus crossing the `` red line'' declared by Obama earlier in 2012. The arms to be provided included small arms and ammunition, and possibly anti-tank weapons. However, they were not to include anti-aircraft weapons, something repeatedly requested by the armed opposition. Further such weapons would be supplied by the US `` on our own timeline'' . In mid-June 2013, the US government said it would now arm rebels in Syria and would consider a no-fly zone in Syria′ s southern border with Jordan to allow a safe place to equip and train rebels. The US government′ s rhetorical reaction to the use of chemical agents in Ghouta on 21 August 2013, which was formally ascribed by the Obama administration to the Syrian government, prompted the news media to conclude at the end of August that `` the US was on the verge of military strikes against the Assad regime'' . Nevertheless, the president opted not to strike. The decision disappointed some within the US political establishment. During September 2013, it was reported by US officials that under `` a covert CIA program,'' small arms and anti tank weapons had begun reaching some moderate rebel groups. Although Free Syrian Army Commander Salim Idris denied receiving lethal aid, some analysts commented that information on US arms may not have reached Idris due to poor communications as the Free Syrian Army command was based in Northern Syria whilst weapons were reportedly reaching rebel groups in the south. In late 2013, Islamist groups left the SMC to form the Saudi-backed Islamic Front (Syria) , which engaged in combat with SMC brigades. In December 2013, the US government temporarily suspended the shipments of non-lethal military aid, including food rations, medical kits and pickup trucks after warehouses of equipment were seized by the Islamic Front. In April 2014, videos appeared online that showed rebels in Syria using U.S.-made anti-tank rockets ( BGM-71 TOW), the first significant American armaments in the country's conflict; analysts suggested they might have been provided by states such as Saudi Arabia, a US ally, with Washington's acquiescence. As US policy shifted to combating ISIS, the SMC declared war on ISIS in late 2014. By early 2015, voices in the US foreign policy establishment were pushing for an abandonment of the rebels due to their operational weakness and collaboration with Islamist hardliners. US policy increasingly focused on supporting Kurdish-led forces against ISIS. In early October 2015, shortly after the start of the Russian military intervention in Syria , Barack Obama was reported to have authorised the resupply -- against ISIL -- of 25,000 Syrian Kurds and 5,000 of the armed- Syrian opposition , emphasising that the US would continue this support now that Russia had joined the conflict. In October 2015, the US also announced the end of the Pentagon's $500 million program to train Syrian rebels to only fight ISIL and not Assad in an acknowledgment that the program had failed in achieving its ostensible goals. Instead the funding would be used to provide weapons and ammunition to rebel groups already in place. Other, covert and significantly larger, programs in Syria were being run by the CIA and continued under the Barack Obama administration. Jane's Defence Weekly reported a US shipment of 994 tonnes of weapons and ammunition (including packaging and container weight) in December 2015 from Eastern Europe to Syrian rebel groups, including 9M17 Fleyta anti-tank missiles, RPG-7s , AK-47 S, DShKs , and PKMs . A detailed list of weapon types and shipment weights had been obtained from the US government's Federal Business Opportunities website. On 7 April 2017 the United States launched a series of 59 Tomahawk missiles at a Syrian Air Force base in Shayrat following the Khan Shaykhun chemical attack . Shortly after, the US Central Command acknowledged the stationing of the US `` special forces'' at Al-Tanf in Southern Syria since early 2016, after the US troops were engaged in direct combat action against ISIL on 8 April. United States special operations forces near Manbij in northern Syria, March 2017 In July 2017, it was reported that the Donald Trump administration had decided to halt the CIA program to equip and train anti-government rebels, a move sought by Russia. According to David Ignatius , writing in The Washington Post , while the CIA program ultimately failed in its objective of removing Assad from power, it was hardly `` bootless'' : `` The program pumped many hundreds of millions of dollars to many dozens of militia groups. One knowledgeable official estimates that the CIA-backed fighters may have killed or wounded 100,000 Syrian soldiers and their allies over the past four years.'' On 14 November 2017, the Foreign Ministry of Syria reaffirmed that it considered the presence of the US forces, or any other foreign military presence, in Syria without the approval of the Syrian government '' an act of aggression and an attack on the sovereignty of the Syrian Arab Republic'' and rejected the U.S.′ attempt to connect the US military presence in Syria with the settlement process. In late November 2017, the US government made it known that they intended to use the presence of US troops in northern Syria, deployed there in support of the Kurdish-dominated SDF, to pressure president Assad to make concessions at the talks in Geneva . This intent was in mid-January 2018 clearly broadcast by Rex Tillerson , who said the Trump administration would maintain an open-ended military presence in Syria to counter Iran′ s influence and oust Syrian president Bashar Assad . However in April 2018 the Saudi foreign minister, Adel al-Jubeir , said that they were in discussions with the US on finding replacement forces for the about 2,000 US troops in Syria fighting Islamic State, to address the Trump administration's desire to withdraw them. United kingdom Further information: Operation Shader § Airstrikes in Syria Since August 2011, Britain insists, along with the US and France and some Arab states, that the Syrian president Bashar Assad must step down. In June 2012, following unconfirmed reports from an Israeli website that SAS Commandos were conducting covert operations within Syrian territory, operating from Turkey on 26 June 2012, it was reported that the prospect of British special forces entering Syria on the ground was growing. In 2012 the UK provided opposition forces with non-lethal military aid, including communications equipment and medical supplies, and the UK was reported to have provided intelligence support from its Cyprus bases , revealing Syrian military movements to Turkish officials, who then passed on the information to the Free Syrian Army . On 29 August 2013, a vote was held in the British House of Commons to decide whether the United Kingdom would join the United States in initiating militant action against the use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government: the Prime Minister David Cameron ′ s motion was defeated by 285 votes to 272. Although the prime minister does not need parliamentary approval for military action, Cameron said that he would respect this Parliamentary decision and that the UK would not take part in military action in Syria. Mid November 2015, the UK co-sponsored a French-drafted UN Security Council resolution urging UN members to `` take all necessary measures'' in the fight against Islamic State and al-Nusra Front. On 20 November 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously passed the French-British drafted-sponsored resolution. British Ambassador to the U.N. Matthew Rycroft said the resolution would be used by prime minister David Cameron to address Parliament on his plans to begin airstrikes by the UK in Syria. On 3 December 2015, after the UK parliament overwhelmingly backed the UK government′ s motion to extend the UK military action to Syria, four Tornados from RAF air base in Cyprus carried out their first air strikes against ISIL in Syria targeting the Omar oil fields in eastern Syria, according to defence minister Michael Fallon. France welcomed that UK military action; Syria, noting that the UK had failed to ask permission from Syria's government, insisted Britain and its allies must follow Russia's example and co-ordinate their campaign with Syrian government forces. In early February 2016, the UK foreign minister Philip Hammond , referring to the Russia′ s air campaign in support of the Syrian government, said: `` It's a source of constant grief to me that everything we are doing is being undermined by the Russians.'' In August 2016, the BBC published photographs taken in June that year that it said showed British special forces soldiers apparently guarding the perimeter of the New Syrian Army 's base at al-Tanf (Al Waleed) in Syria's Homs province on the Syria-Iraq border that had been seized by Islamic State militants in May 2015. The troops were shown to be equipped with four-wheel drive Al-Thalab vehicles and a range of weapons which included sniper rifles, anti-tank weapons and heavy machine guns. France Further information: Opération Chammal Since August 2011, France insists, along with the US and Britain and some Arab states, that the Syrian president Bashar Assad must step down, France-- a former mandatory ruler of Syria -- being considered by the Guardian more active and forward than the other Western countries in its policy towards the war in Syria. In 2012, France provided opposition forces with non-lethal military aid, including communications equipment and medical supplies. In August 2013, when the Assad government was accused of using chemical weapons in the Ghouta area near Damascus, Paris called for military intervention but was isolated after the US president, Barack Obama, refused to act despite the breach of what he had earlier declared was a `` red line'' . On 19 September 2013, French President François Hollande during a press conference in Bamako suggested that France was ready to begin supplying lethal aid to the Free Syrian Army in a `` controlled framework'' . End of September 2015, France has begun airstrikes in Syria, on a small scale to avoid inadvertently strengthening the hand of president Bashar Assad by hitting his enemies. In August 2014 French President François Hollande confirmed that France had delivered arms to Syrian rebels. In mid-November 2015, in the wake of the 13 November Paris terror attacks , France, citing self-defence under Article 51 of the United Nations Charter , significantly intensified its air strikes in Syria, closely coordinating with the US military. Also mid November, France drafted a UN Security Council resolution urging UN members to `` take all necessary measures'' in the fight against Islamic State and al-Nusra Front. The following day the French-drafted resolution was co-sponsored by the UK. On 20 November 2015, the UN Security Council unanimously passed the French-British drafted-sponsored resolution. Also on 20 November, France dismissed Russia′ s suggestions that the French air strikes against oil installations in Syria were illegal, saying they were `` an appropriate and necessary riposte'' to attacks by Islamic State. As on 3 December 2015 the UK had started air strikes against ISIL in Syria, France welcomed that UK military action. Turkey Main articles: Turkish involvement in the Syrian Civil War , Turkish military intervention in Syria , and Turkish occupation of northern Syria See also: Syria-- Turkey relations , Turkey-- PKK conflict , and 2014 National Intelligence Organisation scandal in Turkey Turkish soldiers and TFSA fighters at the building in Afrin that had hosted the PYD -led government of the region , 18 March 2018 The government of Turkey, a NATO member with the alliance′ s second largest army, had had a relatively friendly relationship with Syria over a decade prior to the start of the civil unrest in Syria in 2011; Turkey, while joining calls for the Syrian government to end the violence, initially objected to the demand voiced in August 2011 by the US that Bashar Assad resign. Until September 2014, Turkey did not overtly participate in the international airstrikes against ISIS. Turkey trained defectors from the Syrian Army on its territory, and in July 2011 a group of them announced the birth of the Free Syrian Army under the supervision of Turkish military intelligence. In October 2011, Turkey began sheltering the Free Syrian Army, offering the group a safe zone and a base of operation. Together with Saudi Arabia and Qatar , Turkey has also provided the rebels with arms and other military equipment. Tensions between Syria and Turkey significantly worsened after Syrian forces shot down a Turkish fighter jet in June 2012 and border clashes in October 2012. In early February 2016, Reuters referred to Turkey as '' a major sponsor of the insurgency against President Bashar al-Assad'' . Turkey provided refuge for Syrian dissidents from early days of the Syrian conflict. In early June 2011, Syrian opposition activists convened in Istanbul to discuss regime change, and Turkey hosted the head of the Free Syrian Army, Colonel Riad al-Asaad. Turkey became increasingly hostile to the Assad government's policies and came to encourage reconciliation among dissident factions. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan has tried to `` cultivate a favorable relationship with whatever government would take the place of Assad.'' Since May 2012, Syrian opposition forces have been receiving arms and training from Turkey and the United States. The Islamic Front and Ahrar ash-Sham in particular have received weapons and/or healthcare services from Turkey and Saudi Arabia. Turkey′ s involvement in the conflict has been widely seen as going beyond combating ISIL and supporting moderate rebels: Turkey has been accused of fighting against Kurdish forces in Syria, as well as in Iraq, including intelligence collaborations with ISIL in some cases. The conclusion of a highly classified assessment made by the Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) and the Joint Chiefs of Staff in 2013 was that Turkey had effectively transformed the secret US arms program in support of moderate rebels, who in effect no longer existed, into an indiscriminate program to provide technical and logistical support to all elements of the opposition, including Jabhat al-Nusra and Islamic State. Turkey's subsequent arrangements with Russia and Iran (from early 2017) caused a rift in its relationship with the Syrian opposition, as the opposition leaders criticized Russia′ s plan to create safe zones in Syria as threatening the country's territorial integrity. Turkey maintained a small enclave within Syria itself, the Tomb of Suleyman Shah on the right bank of the Euphrates in Aleppo Province near the village of Qarah Qawzak (Karakozak). The tomb is guarded by a small permanent garrison of Turkish soldiers, who rotate in from a battalion based at the Turkish border some 25 kilometres (16 mi) away-- even as the civil war unfolded around them. Up until Syrian forces shot down a Turkish warplane in June 2012, the garrison numbered 15 men in total. Following the incident, the Turkish government doubled the number of soldiers stationed at the tomb to 30, while Prime Minister Erdoğan warned that `` the tomb of Suleyman Shah and the land that surrounds it are Turkish territory. Any act of aggression against it would be an attack on our territory and NATO territory.'' In February 2015, the army launched a raid into Syria in order to move the tomb closer to the border. Turkey had repeatedly said it wanted the US to focus its air strikes in Syria as much on removing Assad as on fighting the ISIL; it had also demanded a `` safe zone'' in the area extending from the Syrian town of Kobanî on the Turkish border, westward to the town of Azaz , that would be protected by air power and that was purported to enable Turkey to transfer back to Syria some of an estimated 1.8 million displaced people camped on Turkish territory. On 22 July 2015, Turkey agreed to let the US use the Incirlik Air Base in southern Turkey to launch air attacks against the ISIL, a deal that was seen as a major shift in policy on the part of the once-reluctant American ally (in March 2003, the Turkish parliament voted against allowing Turkey to be a base of operations for the U.S. invasion of Iraq ). At the end of July 2015, American and Turkish media outlets reported that the US government and Turkey had agreed on the outlines of a de facto `` safe zone'' along the Turkey-Syria border under the terms of a deal that was purported to increase the scope and pace of the U.S.-led air missions against the ISIL in northern Syria; the plan provided for driving ISIL, the al-Nusra Front , and other radical groups out of a 68-mile-long area west of the Euphrates River and reaching into the province of Aleppo that would then come under the control of the Syrian opposition. The operational status of the envisioned area was to stop short of meeting Turkish demands for a full-scale, declared no-fly zone. In August 2015, the US announced it would withdraw two Patriot missile-defense batteries from southern Turkey in the autumn that year; also withdrawn were the German Patriots stationed in Turkey, amidst concerns in the NATO military establishment that Turkey was intent on dragging NATO into the Syrian conflict in pursuit of its own parochial interests. In late July 2015, Turkey resumed fighting against the outlawed Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK) in the Kurdish-dominated southeastern parts of Turkey. On 29 June 2015, Turkey′ s National Security Council made a decision and released a statement that said that Turkey would consider any incursion west of the Euphrates in northern Syria along the Turkish border (the area between Jarablus in the east and the Azaz -- Mare' region in the west) by Kurdish YPG militia, backed by the Democratic Union Party (PYD) , as well as any attack north of Idlib by Syrian government forces to be a violation of the `` red line.'' (The PYD is deemed by Turkey to be the Syrian affiliate of PKK, but it is actively aided by the U.S. ) At the end of October 2015, Turkish prime minister Ahmet Davutoğlu claimed that Turkey had struck Kurdish militia fighters in Syria twice for the alleged breach of the `` red line'' ; the YPG′ s statements said that the Turkish army had twice attacked its positions near the border towns of Tell Abyad and Kobanî . In mid-November 2015, president Recep Erdoğan reaffirmed this threat not to allow Syrian Kurds to cross over to the western side of the Euphrates along the Turkish border. On 24 November 2015, speaking shortly after the shootdown of a Russian Su-24 by Turkey, Russian president Vladimir Putin characterised the role played by Turkey in the Syrian conflict as that of `` the accomplices of terrorists.'' Russia′ s foreign minister Sergey Lavrov noted that the Turkish plan to create a buffer zone in the area where Syrian Turkmen lived in northern Syria stemmed from Ankara's wish to protect local terrorist infrastructure: `` According to the latest information, the area which our Turkish colleagues deem to be populated by Syrian Turkmen not only accommodates several hundreds, or thousands, of militants - citizens of the Russian Federation, as the (Russian) president said yesterday, who present a direct threat to our security, security of our people but also, according to the available information, that area accommodates infrastructures of the militants, including arms and ammo depots, command centers, and logistics centers.'' Several Turkish and Western analysts, while not questioning that ISIS oil was being imported into Turkey, argued that Moscow′ s accusations of the Turkish government in this regard were not well-founded. In late November 2015, following Russian President Putin directly accusing Turkey of aiding ISIL and al-Qaeda, Turkey came under pressure from the US to close the remaining crossing point for ISIL militants on a 60-mile stretch of the border with Syria where ISIL had control of the Syrian side. The crossing had been used to export crude oil originating from ISIL-controlled oilfields, and for arms smuggling. On 2 December 2015, Russia′ s military officials presented what they referred to as `` only part of the available facts'' that proved that Turkey′ s president Recep Erdogan and his family were personally involved in a multimillion-dollar oil smuggling operation that funded ISIL terrorists. The accusations were seen as further drastic escalation of tensions between Turkey and Russia that has its military personnel and advanced weapons openly deployed in Syria. Both the Turkish government and the Iraqi Kurdish Regional Government (KRG) denied this. Commenting on the allegations, John R. Bass , the US Ambassador to Turkey, told the press that the claims about the Turkish government's involvement in ISIL oil trade were unfounded, citing the official apology issued by the CIA with regards to the allegations in 2014. In late December 2015, in an interview for Al Arabiya Turkey′ s president Recep Erdogan said, `` Syria, Iran, Iraq and Russia have formed a quartet alliance in Baghdad and asked Turkey to join, but I told President (Vladimir) Putin that I cannot sit alongside a president whose legitimacy is distrustful.'' After Syria′ s Kurdish militia (YPG) captured Syria′ s Menagh Airbase and several settlements north of Aleppo near the border with Turkey, Turkey on 13 February 2016 began a sustained campaign of shelling the YPG positions in the area of Azaz from its territory. In response to this action qualified by Syria as a violation of its sovereignty as well as the alleged infiltration into Syria of `` Turkish soldiers or Turkish mercenaries'' , the Syrian government requested that the UN Security Council take action. The attempt by Russia on 19 February 2016 to have an appropriate resolution adopted by the UN Security Council was undermined by Western powers, including the U.S., the UK, and France. On 24 February 2015, president Erdogan speaking on television of the tentative plan for a cessation of hostilities in Syria announced by Russia and the US two days prior, accused the UN, the West, Russia and Iran of seeking to further their own interests in Syria and said he feared a U.S.-Russian ceasefire plan would do little more than benefit Syria′ s president Bashar Assad. Several days after the truce came into effect, in early March 2016, the Kurdish YPG in an interview by Russian media, suggested that Turkey was shipping regular supplies across its border with Syria to anti-government forces, including the al-Nusra Front . In May 2016, in a letter to the UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon Russia stated that the analysis of chemical components of explosives recovered from the ISIL in areas of Iraq's Tikrit and the Syrian city of Kobani implicated Turkish companies and `` indicated that they were either manufactured in Turkey or delivered to that country without the right of re-export.'' Since August 2016, the Turkish military have conducted a series of cross-border operations in Syria, mainly fighting against the Kurdish-dominated forces, supported by the U.S., that controlled the northern parts of Syria. Arab League Sunni Arab states are concerned that the Iranian arms transfers are changing the balance of power in the region and has `` become a regional contest for primacy in Syria between Sunni Arabs and the Iran-backed Assad government and Hezbollah of Lebanon.'' Iran is using the Maharaj Airlines to ship weapons to Syrian government. On 6 March 2013, the Arab League gave its members the `` green light'' to arm the Syrian rebels. On 26 March 2013, at the Arab league summit in Doha , the League recognised the National Coalition for Syrian Revolutionary and Opposition Forces , as the legitimate representatives of the Syrian people. Qatar Main article: Qatari involvement in the Syrian Civil War The Financial Times reported that Qatar had funded the Syrian rebellion by `` as much as $3 billion'' over the first two years of the civil war. It reported that Qatar was offering refugee packages of about $50,000 a year to defectors and family. The Stockholm International Peace Research Institute estimated that Qatar had sent the most weapons to Syria, with over 70 weapons cargo flights into Turkey between April 2012 and March 2013. Qatar operates a training base in its territory, in conjunction with the CIA who run the training, training about 1,200 rebel soldiers a year on three week courses. Jordan Main article: Jordanian intervention in the Syrian Civil War From at least the 2014 June Offensive in Iraq, ISIL leadership threatened to overthrow the monarchy of Jordan through invading Jordan once it took Baghdad (which ISIL never succeeded in doing). The Jordanian Air Force joined in the US-led bombing of ISIL in Syria. ISIL retaliated by firing into Jordan and sniping incidents increased at the border. On 24 December 2014, a Jordanian fighter jet was shot down over Syria and its pilot, Jordanian air force lieutenant Muath Al-Kasasbeh , captured. This pilot was executed by burning in January 2015 and was later used to attempt to recover jailed terrorists. Jordan offered to make the exchange, but demanded `` proof of life'' first, this wasn't done, and the video of the pilot's execution was released. In response, the terrorists, Sajida al-Rishawi and Ziad al-Karbouli , were executed and Jordan took the lead on anti-ISIL bombing raids, claiming nearly a thousand KOI in a week. From time to time during the first half of 2015 and into the summer, there have been reports of plans for an invasion of Syria in order to set up a buffer zone within that country and away from its own border. Saudi Arabia Main article: Saudi Arabian involvement in the Syrian Civil War See also: Saudi Arabia-- Syria relations U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry with King Salman of Saudi Arabia after arriving in Saudi Arabia for meetings about Syria, 24 October 2015 The Financial Times reported in May 2013 that Saudi Arabia was becoming a large provider of arms to the rebels. Since the summer of 2013, Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels. Saudi Arabia has financed a large purchase of infantry weapons, such as Yugoslav-made recoil less guns and the M79 Osa , an anti-tank weapon, from Croatia via shipments shuttled through Jordan . The weapons began reaching rebels in December 2012 which allowed rebels' small tactical gains this winter against the army and militias loyal to Assad. This was to counter shipments of weapons from Iran to Assad's forces. Bashar al-Assad pointed at Saudi Arabia as the major supporter of terrorists and `` leading the most extensive operation of direct sabotage against all the Arab world'' . In May 2015, The Independent reported that Saudi Arabia and Turkey were `` focusing their backing for the Syrian rebels on the combined Jaish al-Fatah, or the Army of Conquest'' . The Army of Conquest reportedly includes an Al-Qaeda -linked Al-Nusra Front , which had been declared a terrorist organisation by the United States. In October 2015, Saudi Arabia delivered 500 U.S.-made TOW anti-tank missiles to anti-Assad rebels. According to Russian President Vladimir Putin, the weapons would `` certainly fall into the hands of terrorist organizations'' . In mid-December 2015, in the wake of the two rounds of the Vienna talks , Saudi Arabia hosted a conference of Syria's political and armed opposition factions that was intended to come to an agreement on a common position from which to negotiate with the government of Bashar al-Assad. The meeting, that did not include the major Kurdish factions in Syria, produced a statement of principles to guide peace talks with the government; it said inter alia that president Assad would be allowed to stay until a transitional government was formed. The meeting decided to set up a `` Higher Negotiations Authority'' to direct the opposition's participation in the proposed talks with the regime early in 2016; that leadership body is to remain based in Riyadh, giving the Saudis a ready handle on it. Shortly afterwards, the Saudis announced the formation of a military alliance of Muslim countries to fight international terrorism; about 30 Muslim states (all of them Sunni-majority nations) were reported to join the alliance, including Egypt and Turkey. The coalition was seen by Russia and Iran as aimed at reinforcing Saudi Arabia′ s leadership and countering their efforts in the region, yet meaningless in practical terms. In early February 2016, a Saudi military official announced, '' The kingdom is ready to participate in any ground operations that the coalition (against Isis) may agree to carry out in Syria.'' Saudi sources elaborated that the putative deployment of Saudi special forces could be carried out in coordination with Turkey. Croatian weapons In December 2012, a new wave of weapons from foreign supporters were transferred to rebel forces via the Jordanian border in the country's south. The arms included M79 Osa anti-tank weapons and M-60 recoilless rifles purchased by Saudi Arabia from Croatia. Previously, most of the weapons were delivered via the Turkish border in the north. However, much of the arms unintentionally ended up in the hands of Islamist rebels. The goal for the change in routes was to strengthen moderate rebels and to bring the war closer to Damascus. According to Jutarnji list , a Croatian daily newspaper, there were an unusually high number of sightings of Ilyushin 76 aircraft owned by Jordan International Air Cargo at Pleso Airport in Zagreb, Croatia on 14 and 23 December 2012; 6 January; and 18 February 2013. In early January 2013, Yugoslav weapons were seen used in battles in the Dara'a region near Jordan. Then, in February 2013, Yugoslav weapons were seen in videos posted by rebels fighting in the Hama, Idlib, and Aleppo regions. Danijela Barišić of Croatia's Foreign Ministry and arms-export agency denied that such shipments had occurred. Saudi officials have declined requests for interviews about the shipments for two weeks. Ukrainian-made rifle cartridges, Swiss-made hand grenades, Belgian-made rifles are showing up in the rebels' hands but the origin is not clear because Saudi Arabia has insisted on secrecy. Bandar bin Sultan In August 2013 the Wall Street Journal reported that Saudi Prince Bandar bin Sultan had been appointed to lead Saudi Arabia's efforts to topple Syrian President Bashar al-Assad , and that the US Central Intelligence Agency considered this a sign of how serious Saudi Arabia was about this aim. Bandar was described as `` jetting from covert command centers near the Syrian front lines to the Élysée Palace in Paris and the Kremlin in Moscow, seeking to undermine the Assad regime.'' After tensions with Qatar over supplying rebel groups, Saudi Arabia switched its efforts from Turkey to Jordan in 2012, using its financial leverage over Jordan to develop training facilities there, overseen by Bandar's half-brother Salman bin Sultan . In late 2012 Saudi intelligence also began efforts to convince the US that the Assad government was using chemical weapons. The Saudi government also would be sending prisoners sentenced to death to fight in Syria. Swiss weapon sales controversies In July 2012, Switzerland ceased arms exports to the UAE after it emerged Swiss weapons were finding their way to opposition fighters. The Swiss decision came shortly after the UN human rights chief, Navi Pillay, called for an urgent stop to arms transfers to government and opposition forces so as to avoid `` further militarisation'' of the conflict. The director of the Saban Center for Middle East Policy had previously argued that, while `` uncontrolled militarization will turn the Syrian uprising into a wider conflict that could draw in jihadis and other extremists from across the Muslim World'' , militarisation was inevitable, and so the US should help facilitate and guide it. Marc Lynch argued the opposite in February 2012, as the provision of weapons from Saudi Arabia and Qatar was being mooted: `` It is unlikely that arms from the outside would come close to evening the balance of power, and would only invite escalations from Syrian regime forces'' . Support from non-state groups The Free Iraqi Army allowed soldiers and supplies to cross from Anbar Province into Syria. Sunni armed groups inside in the western Sunni-majority provinces of Iraq formed the Free Iraqi Army in an effort to emulate the FSA, and supported the Syrian rebels until August 2014, when the Free Iraqi Army was overtaken by ISIL . In February 2012, Al-Qaeda ′ s chief Ayman al-Zawahiri called on Muslims from other countries to support anti-government forces in Syria. Support to north Syrian Federation Further information: Foreign relations of Rojava The Syrian Kurds have received military and logistic support from Iraqi Kurdistan , and air support by U.S., Canadian, British and French air force. After the start of the Russian military operation in Syria in the autumn 2015, Russia and the US were said to be in competition to attract the dominant Syrian Kurds′ Democratic Union Party (PYD). Senior Russian officials were reported to have had meetings with the Syrian Kurdish leadership, including Salih Muslim Muhammad . Since the end of November 2015, the Kurdish militia is reported to receive support from Russia. In April 2016 a France 24 documentary reported the presence of French , British , and US special forces cooperating with the Syrian Democratic Forces to coordinate airstrikes against ISIL during the al-Shaddadi offensive (2016) in February. In late April 2016, the US announced imminent deployment to Syria of additional 250 US troops to provide training to the Syrian Arab Coalition . Shortly thereafter, 150 of these troops were reported to have arrived in Rmelan , al-Hasakah Governorate , in an area controlled by the Kurdish YPG militia, from Iraqi Kurdistan . The deployment prompted the Syrian government′ s strong condemnation of what it called a '' blatant act of aggression that constitutes a dangerous intervention and a gross violation of the Syrian sovereignty.'' In mid-August 2016, the Pentagon said the U.S.-led coalition′ s F-22 aircraft flew over the area around the city of Al-Hasakah in a `` very unusual'' move to protect American special operation ground forces from attacks by Syrian government jets. Support for the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Until 2015, the Turkish government had maintained a border regime that was referred to by commentators and Turkish journalists as the `` Jihadist Highway'' where militants including potential ISIL fighters and other radical groups could come and go freely. In July 2015, a raid by US special forces on a compound housing the Islamic State's `` chief financial officer'' , Abu Sayyaf , produced evidence that Turkish officials directly dealt with ranking IS members. Individual foreign nationals′ support for rebels/jihadist groups Main article: Foreign rebel fighters in the Syrian Civil War There have been a number of foreign fighters that had joined the Syrian Civil War in opposition to Assad. While some are jihadists, others, such as Mahdi al-Harati , joined to help the Syrian rebels. Some fighters came from as far away as Chechnya and Tajikistan . Several groups, such as the Abdullah Azzam Shaheed Brigade , al-Nusra Front and Fatah al-Islam have stated that they conducted operations in Syria. Jihadist leaders and intelligence sources said foreign fighters had begun to enter Syria only in February 2012. In May 2012, Syria's U.N. envoy Bashar Ja'afari declared that dozens of foreign fighters from Libya, Tunisia, Egypt, Britain, France and elsewhere had been captured or killed, and urged Saudi Arabia, Qatar and Turkey to stop `` their sponsorship of the armed rebellion'' . In June, it was reported that hundreds of foreign fighters, many linked to al-Qaeda, had gone to Syria to fight against Assad. In July, Iraq's foreign minister again warned that members of al-Qaeda in Iraq were seeking refuge in Syria and moving there to fight. When asked if the United States would arm the opposition, Hillary Clinton expressed fears that such weapons could fall into the hands of al-Qaeda or Hamas. In October 2012, the United States expressed concern and confirmed that most of the weapons fall into the hands of radical Islamist rebels. In July 2016, the British press cited '' experts'' as believing that ISIL fielded at least three exclusively Russian-speaking `` Caucasian '' (often led by Chechens ) battalions of about 150 men each, the rank and file of those having been drawn from Russia′ s North Caucasus and other parts of the former Soviet Union . Role of regional States Israel Main article: Israeli involvement in the Syrian Civil War See also: Iran-Israel proxy conflict , March 2017 Israel-- Syria incident , and Israeli-- Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian Civil War Israel 's military role in the Syrian Civil War has been limited and until 2017 officially not acknowledged, whereas Syria and Israel have technically been in a state of war since 1948, albeit without major open hostilities after the 1973 conflict . Israeli official position had until 2017 been neutrality in the civil war in Syria. Until the March 2017 strike , Israel's reported attacks on targets inside Syria were low-profile operations, for which Israel did not assume responsibility. In early July 2017, Israel′ s defence minister Avigdor Liberman said that while '' the rebels are not our friends, they are all versions of al-Qaida`` , Israel could not allow a man like Assad to remain in power: `` Keeping Assad in power is not in our security interests. As long as he is in power, Iran and Hezbollah will be in Syria.'' He said that Israel had no interest in entering the Syrian civil war, but there were '' red lines'' Israel had set, such as the smuggling of sophisticated weaponry to Hezbollah and Iran′ s presence on its borders. Later in July 2017, the Israeli government said it opposed the cease-fire agreement in southern Syria that the United States and Russia had reached a week prior that envisaged establishing de-escalation zones along Syria's borders with both Jordan and Israel, as that would legalise Iran′ s presence in Syria. In July 2017, the Israeli military said that they had since June 2016 run Operation Good Neighbor, a multi-faceted humanitarian relief operation focused on providing care to Syrian children. By early December 2017, the Israeli air force had confirmed it had attacked arms convoys of the Syrian government and Lebanon's Hezbollah nearly 100 times during within over six years of the conflict in Syria. On 22 July 2018, Israel carried out an evacuation of some 400 people, including 98 White Helmets , from former rebel-controlled territory in the southwest through the part of Golan Heights it controls and transferred them to Jordan. The operation was effected at the request of Western governments as the lives of the White Helmets were considered to be in danger in view of the Syrian government′ s successful offensive in southwestern Syria . Lebanon Main article: Lebanon's role in the Syrian Civil War Lebanon 's role in the Syrian Civil War has been limited, compared to the role of other regional and international actors. Lebanon is not officially involved in the conflict, but has been greatly affected by it. Since 2011, Lebanon has absorbed Syrian refugees as well as provided humanitarian aid. According to the UNHCR, there were over 1 million Syrian refugees who had been registered in Lebanon in 2016. Nevertheless, this figure is likely largely underestimated since the UNHCR has stopped registering new Syrian refugees since May 2015 and it doesn't include individuals awaiting to be registered. Hence, precise figures of the number of Syrian people in Lebanon don't exist currently. Recent estimates were as high as 1,500,000 people. Between 2011 and 2017, fighting from the Syrian Civil War spilled over into Lebanon as opponents and supporters of the Syrian rebels travelled to Lebanon to fight and attack each other on Lebanese soil. The Syrian conflict has been described as having stoked a `` resurgence of sectarian violence in Lebanon'' , with many of Lebanon's Sunni Muslims supporting the rebels in Syria, while many Shi'ites have supported Assad, whose Alawite minority is usually described as an offshoot of Shi'a Islam. Killings, unrest, and kidnappings of foreign citizens across Lebanon resulted. Hezbollah involvement in the Syrian Civil War has been substantial since the beginning of armed insurgency phase of the Syrian Civil War , and turned into active support and troop deployment from 2012 onwards. By 2014, Hezbollah involvement begun to turn steady in support of Syrian Ba'athist Government forces across Syria. Hezbollah deployed several thousand fighters in Syria and by 2015 lost up to 1500 fighters in combat. Hezbollah has also been very active to prevent rebel penetration from Syria to Lebanon, being one of the most active forces in the Syrian Civil War spillover in Lebanon . See also Dutch involvement in the Syrian Civil War List of armed groups in the Syrian Civil War Spillover of the Syrian Civil War Syrian Civil War peace process Iran-- Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Syrian Civil War portal External links `` FROM THE BOTTOM, UP: A Strategy for U.S. Military Support to Syria's Armed Opposition'' (PDF) . CNAS, Jamestown Foundation. April 2016. References ^ Jump up to: `` U.S. Weaponry Is Turning Syria Into Proxy War With Russia'' . The New York Times . 12 October 2015 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` John McCain says US is engaged in proxy war with Russia in Syria'' . The Guardian . 4 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . 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BBC. 10 December 2015 . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Muir, Jim (10 December 2015). `` Syria conflict: Can Saudi pressure secure peace?'' . BBC . Retrieved 12 December 2015 . Jump up ^ What do Russia and Iran think about Saudi Arabia's coalition initiative? Jump up ^ Senior Russian lawmaker blasts Saudi-led anti-terror coalition as ' unviable' ^ Jump up to: Black, Ian (4 February 2016). `` Saudi Arabia offers to send ground troops to Syria to fight Isis'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 5 February 2016 . Jump up ^ Sly, Liz; DeYoung, Karen (23 February 2013). `` In Syria, new influx of weapons to rebels tilts the battle against Assad'' . Washington Post . Jump up ^ Chivers, C.J. ; Schmitt, Eric (25 February 2013). `` Saudis Step Up Help for Rebels in Syria With Croatian Arms'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ ADAM ENTOUS, NOUR MALAS and MARGARET COKER, Wall Street Journal , 25 August 2013, A Veteran Saudi Power Player Works To Build Support to Topple Assad Jump up ^ Cooke, Shamus (21 January 2013). `` Report: Saudis sent death-row inmates to fight Syria'' . USA tODAY . Retrieved 12 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Switzerland halts arms exports to U.A.E., as report says Swiss arms used by Syria rebels'' . Haaretz. 5 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` UN rights chief Navi Pillay plea on Syria weapons'' . BBC News. 2 July 2012 . Retrieved 5 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Cofman Wittes, Tamara (19 April 2012). `` Options for U.S. Policy in Syria'' . Testimony before the Senate Foreign Relations Committee . Brookings Institution . Retrieved 6 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Lynch, Marc (21 February 2012). `` Helping Syria Without War'' . Abu Aardvark's Middle East Blog . FP.com . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Williams, Lauren (10 November 2012). `` Free Iraqi Army inspired by Syria war'' . The Daliy Star. Archived from the original on 4 July 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Ruhayem, Rami (21 November 2012). `` Iraqis locked in rival sectarian narratives'' . BBC News . Retrieved 3 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Kennedy, Elizabeth A. (12 February 2012). `` Al Qaeda urges Muslims to help Syria rebels'' . AP . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Kennedy, Elizabeth A. (12 February 2012). `` Ayman al-Zawahri, Al-Qaeda Chief, Urges Muslims To Help Syrian Rebels'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 March 2016 . Jump up ^ PYD uses US, Russian support to promote its agenda 3 November 2015. ^ Jump up to: `` Russian support for PKK's Syrian arm PYD'' . Anadolu Agency . 27 November 2015. Jump up ^ Russia hits back at Turkey by changing Syria ′ game′ Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE: Interethnic coalition takes on the IS group in Syria'' . France 24 (Youtube) . 22 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` Syria conflict: Obama to deploy 250 more special forces troops'' . BBC . 25 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` 150 US Troops Arrive in Rojava: Source'' . Bas News . 27 April 2016. Jump up ^ Syria stresses entry of 150 US troops into its territory is illegitimate and totally rejected Jump up ^ Damascus concerned at reports of US troops arrival Reuters, 28 April 2016. Jump up ^ Coalition jets scrambled to defend US forces from Syrian bombing Jump up ^ Cockburn, Patrick (24 August 2014). `` An obvious first step -- close the jihadis′ highway'' . The Independent . Jump up ^ All It Takes To Cross From Turkey To ISIS-Held Syria Is $25 Jump up ^ Bertrand, Natasha (28 July 2015). `` Senior Western official: Links between Turkey and ISIS are now ' undeniable ' '' . Yahoo News . Jump up ^ MacFarquhar, Neil; Saad, Hwaida (29 July 2012). `` As Syrian War Drags On, Jihadists Take Bigger Role'' . Time . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Abdul-Ahad, Ghaith (23 September 2012). `` Syria: the foreign fighters joining the war against Bashar al-Assad'' . London: The Guardian . Retrieved 9 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Lebanon's Most Wanted Sunni Terrorist Blows Himself Up in Syria'' . Yalibnan. 23 April 2012 . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Macleod, Hugh; Flamand, Annasofie (13 May 2012). `` Iraq-style chaos looms as foreign jihadists pour into Syria'' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Yacoub, Khaled (9 May 2012). `` Syria rebels kill 7, bomb explodes near U.N. monitors'' . Reuters . Retrieved 17 May 2012 . Jump up ^ Jaber, Hala (17 June 2012). `` Jihadists pour into Syrian slaughter'' . The Sunday Times . Retrieved 30 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Peel, Michael; Fielding-Smith, Abigail (5 July 2012). `` Iraq warns over al-Qaeda flux to Syria'' . Financial Times . Retrieved 7 July 2012 . Jump up ^ Andrews, Wyatt (26 February 2012). `` Hillary Clinton: Assad regime dishonors Syria'' . CBS . Retrieved 24 June 2012 . Jump up ^ Sanger, David E. (14 October 2012). `` Rebel Arms Flow Is Said to Benefit Jihadists in Syria'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 October 2012 . Jump up ^ ' Your son has become a martyr' : the Russian fighters from Dagestan rising up the ranks of Islamic State The Telegraph, 30 July 2017. Jump up ^ Israel Carries Out Airstrike on Syrian Anti-Aircraft Battery NYT, 16 October 2017. Jump up ^ Why does Israel keep attacking Syria? AJ, 23 October 2017. Jump up ^ `` i24news - See beyond'' . Archived from the original on 27 September 2015 . Retrieved 13 January 2017 . ^ Jump up to: ISRAELI DEFENSE MINISTER TO SYRIA: ' DON'T TEST US' The Jerusalem Post, 2 July 2017. Jump up ^ Netanyahu: Israel Opposes Cease-fire Deal Reached by US and Russia in Southern Syria Haaretz, 17 July 2017. Jump up ^ Russia Responds to Netanyahu's Criticism of Syrian Cease-fire: We'll Address Israel's Security Concerns JP, 17 July 2017. Jump up ^ LIBERMAN: ISRAEL WILL RETAIN FREEDOM OF ACTION IN SYRIA The Jerusalem Post, 9 July 2017. Jump up ^ Operation Good Neighbor: Israel reveals its massive humanitarian aid to Syria The Times of Israel , 19 July 2017. Jump up ^ Israeli missiles hit military post near Damascus: Syrian state TV Reuters, 2 December 2017. Jump up ^ Syrian ' White Helmets' flee to Jordan with Israeli, Western help Reuters, 22 July 2018. Jump up ^ 300 White Helmet rescue workers still trapped in Syria CNN, 23 July 2018. ^ Jump up to: `` UNHCR Syria Regional Refugee Response/ Lebanon'' . UNHCR. 18 March 2015 . Retrieved 21 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Marco Funk and Roderick Parkes (2016). `` Syrian refugee flows -- and ebbs'' (PDF) . Retrieved 6 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Holmes, Oliver (23 August 2013). `` Bombs kill 42 outside mosques in Lebanon's Tripoli'' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Bassam, Laila (15 August 2013). `` Car bomb kills 20 in Hezbollah's Beirut stronghold'' . Reuters . Retrieved 30 August 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The role of Hezbollah in Syria's war News'' . Al Jazeera . Retrieved 29 November 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hizbullah's learning curve: Deadly experience'' . The Economist. 22 August 2015 . Retrieved 24 August 2015 . Syrian Civil War Part of the Arab Spring and Arab Winter Background Timeline Background 1963 coup d'état 1966 coup d'état 1970 `` Corrective Revolution'' 1979-- 82 Islamic uprising 1999 Latakia protests 2000-- 01 Damascus Spring 2004 Qamishli riots Syrian occupation of Lebanon 2005 Damascus Declaration Human rights in Syria 2011 Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec Death of Hamza Ali Al-Khateeb Siege of Daraa Siege of Baniyas Talkalakh siege Siege of Rastan and Talbiseh Jisr ash-Shugur operation Siege of Hama Siege of Homs Jabal al-Zawiya operation Siege of Latakia Deir ez-Zor Clashes Rif Dimashq clashes Battle of Zabadani Battle of Douma Daraa Governorate clashes First Battle of Rastan Shayrat and Tiyas airbase ambush Idlib Governorate clashes Jabal al-Zawiya massacres 2012 Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec al-Midan bombing Second Battle of Rastan First Idlib operation First Battle of Idlib First Battle of al-Qusayr Second Idlib operation Battle of Taftanaz Third Battle of Rastan Houla massacre Battle of al-Haffah Al-Qubeir massacre Battle of Tremseh Battle of Damascus Damascus bombing Battle of Aleppo Battle of Anadan Siege of Base 46 Al-Hasakah Governorate campaign (2012-- 13) First Rif Dimashq offensive Darayya massacre Battle of Khirbet al-Joz Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2012) First Siege of Wadi Deif Battle of Harem Second Rif Dimashq offensive Battle of Darayya Aqrab massacre First Hama offensive Halfaya massacre Battle of Darayya Quneitra Governorate clashes Talbiseh bakery massacre 2013 Jan-- Apr May-- Dec Battle of Safira Battle of Shadadeh Damascus offensive Raqqa campaign (2012-- 13) ( Battle of Raqqa (March 2013) ) Daraa offensive Third Rif Dimashq offensive Battle of Jdaidet al-Fadl Ghouta chemical attack Al-Qusayr offensive Second Battle of al-Qusayr Bayda and Baniyas massacres Second Hama offensive Hatla massacre Khan al-Assal chemical attack Khan al-Assal massacre Adra massacre Battle of Ras al-Ayn Battle of Tell Abyad Fourth Rif Dimashq offensive Aleppo offensive 2014 Jan-- Jul Aug-- Dec First Inter-Rebel Conflict Battle of Markada First Deir ez-Zor Offensive Battle of Mork 2nd Daraa Offensive Maan massacre Al-Otaiba ambush 4th Idlib Offensive Battle of Hosn 2nd Latakia Offensive Battle of Al-Malihah Kafr Zita chemical attack Second Siege of Wadi Deif 2nd Qalamoun Offensive Battle of Arsal First Battle of the Shaer gas field Eastern Syria Offensive Battle for Tabqa Air base Northern Aleppo offensive (February-- July 2014) 3rd Hama Offensive Quneitra Offensive 6th Rif Dimashq offensive Siege of Kobanî 3rd Daraa offensive 2nd Al-Safira offensive Idlib Raid Second Inter-Rebel Conflict Second Battle of the Shaer gas field Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 2nd Deir ez-Zor offensive 2015 Jan-- Jul Aug-- Dec An-26 crash 4th Daraa Offensive Southern Syria Offensive Eastern al-Hasakah offensive 1st Battle of Sarrin 2nd Battle of Sarrin Battle of Bosra 5th Idlib Offensive Second Battle of Idlib Battle of Nasib Border Crossing 2nd Battle of Yarmouk Camp Western al-Hasakah offensive Palmyra offensive (May 2015) 2015 Qamishli bombings Tell Abyad offensive Kobanî massacre Quneitra offensive Palmyra offensive (July-- August 2015) 7th Rif Dimashq offensive Northwestern Syria offensive 2015 Aleppo offensive 2015 Al-Hawl offensive Homs offensive (November-- December 2015) East Aleppo offensive (2015-- 16) Latakia offensive (2015-- 2016) Tishrin Dam offensive 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown 2016 Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec Second Battle of Al-Shaykh Maskin 3rd Deir ez-Zor offensive Sayyidah Zaynab bombings Northern Aleppo offensive (February 2016) Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (February-- March 2016) Al-Shaddadi offensive (2016) February Homs bombings February Sayyidah Zaynab bombings 2016 Khanasir offensive Battle of Tel Abyad Battle of Maarrat al-Nu'man (2016) Battle of Qamishli (April 2016) Northern Aleppo offensive (March-- June 2016) Palmyra offensive (March 2016) East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April-- May 2016) 8th Rif Dimashq offensive Northern Raqqa offensive (May 2016) May 2016 Jableh and Tartous bombings Ithriyah-Raqqa offensive (June 2016) 9th Rif Dimashq offensive Manbij offensive Tokhar 2016 Southern Aleppo campaign Battle of al-Rai (August 2016) 2016 Aleppo summer campaign Western al-Bab offensive (September 2016) 5 September 2016 Syria bombings September 2016 Deir ez-Zor air raid September 2016 Urum al-Kubra Aid Convoy attack September Aleppo offensive 2016 Dabiq offensive Western al-Bab offensive (October-- November 2016) Aleppo offensive (September-- October 2016) Khan al-Shih offensive (October-- November 2016) Raqqa campaign (2016-- present) Battle of al-Bab Aleppo offensive (November-- December 2016) Palmyra offensive (December 2016) 2017 Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec Wadi Barada offensive (2016-- 17) January 2017 Azaz bombing Syrian Desert campaign (December 2016-- April 2017) Idlib Governorate clashes (2017) Deir ez-Zor offensive (January-- February 2017) Daraa offensive (February-- June 2017) Southwestern Daraa offensive (February 2017) Qaboun offensive (2017) Palmyra offensive (2017) East Aleppo offensive (January-- April 2017) March 2017 Damascus bombings 2017 al-Jinah airstrike Hama offensive (March-- April 2017) Battle of Tabqa (2017) Khan Shaykhun chemical attack 2017 Shayrat missile strike 2017 Aleppo suicide car bombing April 2017 Turkish airstrikes in Syria and Iraq East Ghouta inter-rebel conflict (April-- May 2017) Syrian Desert campaign (May-- July 2017) Maskanah Plains offensive East Hama offensive Battle of Raqqa (2017) 9th Daraa Southern Raqqa offensive (June 2017) 2017 Jobar offensive Quneitra offensive (June 2017) Idlib Governorate clashes (July 2017) Central Syria campaign (2017) 4th Qalamoun Deir ez-Zor offensive (September 2017-- March 2018) Hama offensive (September 2017) Northwestern Syria campaign (October 2017-- February 2018) Turkish military operation in Idlib Governorate Battle of Harasta (2017-- 18) Eastern Syria campaign (September-- December 2017) 2017 Euphrates Crossing offensive 2017 Mayadin offensive Battle of Deir ez-Zor (September-- November 2017) 2017 Abu Kamal offensive Beit Jinn offensive 2018 Jan-- Apr May-- Aug Sep-- Dec Turkish military operation in Afrin Battle of Khasham Tenth Rif Dimashq offensive Southern Damascus offensive (January-- February 2018) Syrian Liberation Front-- Tahrir al-Sham conflict Southern Damascus offensive (March 2018) Douma chemical attack 2018 missile strikes against Syria Northern Homs offensive (April-- May 2018) Eastern Qalamoun offensive (April 2018) Southern Damascus offensive (April-- May 2018) Deir ez-Zor Governorate clashes (April 2018) Deir ez-Zor offensive (May-- June 2018) As-Suwayda offensive (June 2018) 2018 Southern Syria offensive 2018 As-Suwayda attacks As-Suwayda offensive (August-- September 2018) Qamishli clashes (September 2018) Syria missile strikes (September 2018) 2018 Idlib crisis Spillover Assassination of Andrei Karlov Turkish military intervention in Syria (August 2016-- March 2017) 2017 Russian Air Force Al-Bab incident 2017 Deir ez-Zor missile strike Israel : March 2017 incident February 2018 incident May 2018 Israel-- Iran incidents Iraq : Akashat ambush Operation al-Shabah April 2014 Iraqi-- Syrian border airstrike Jordan : April 2014 Jordanian-- Syrian border airstrike Lebanon : Lebanese-- Syrian border clashes Battle of Sidon Iranian Embassy Bombing Northern Lebanon Clashes 3rd Qalamoun Turkey : December 2011 Syrian-- Turkish border clash 2012 Turkish F-4 Phantom shootdown October 2012 Syrian-Turkish border clashes Reyhanlı bombings January 2014 Turkish attack in Syria Involved parties Syria Ba'ath Government Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party -- Syria Region Syrian Social Nationalist Party Arab Socialist Movement Syrian Communist Party Military and militias Syrian Armed Forces Syrian Resistance PFLP-GC al-Quds Brigade Palestine Liberation Army Foreign support Hezbollah involvement Iranian involvement Liwa Fatemiyoun Russian involvement medical facility targeting military intervention Wagner Group Russia-- Syria-- Iran-- Iraq coalition Popular Mobilization Forces (Iraq) Opposition Interim Government National Coalition Local Co-ordination Committees Syrian National Council Supreme Council of the Syrian Revolution National Coordination Committee for Democratic Change Syrian Revolution General Commission Syrian Support Group Adopt a Revolution Syrian Patriotic Group Opposition militias Turkish-backed Free Syrian Army National Front for Liberation Army of Glory Authenticity and Development Front Central Division National Liberation Movement Army of Free Tribes Revolutionary Commando Army Muslim Brotherhood of Syria Grey Wolves Smaller groups Foreign support American-led intervention Jordanian intervention Qatar Saudi Arabia Turkey Rojava DFNS Government Democratic Union Party Kurdish National Council Smaller political parties SDF militias People's Protection Units Women's Protection Units Anti-Terror Units Al-Sanadid Forces Army of Revolutionaries SDF Military Councils Syriac Military Council Jabhat Thuwar al-Raqqa Northern Democratic Brigade Assyria Forces Smaller groups Support Patriotic Union of Kurdistan Kurdistan Workers' Party International Freedom Battalion Sinjar Resistance Units Êzîdxan Women's Units Islamists Islamic State Military of ISIL Dokumacılar Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Liwa al-Aqsa Group of the One and Only Liwa Dawud al-Qaeda and allies Tahrir al-Sham Alliance to Support Islam Turkistan Islamic Party in Syria Caucasus Emirate Ajnad al-Kavkaz Junud al-Makhdi Malhama Tactical Ansar al-Islam Smaller groups People Ammar Abdulhamid Ali al-Abdallah Adnan al-Aroor al-Assad family Bashar Maher Rifaat Rami Makhlouf Hafez Makhlouf Riad al-Asaad Anwar al-Bunni Fahd Jassem al-Freij Suheil al-Hassan Haitham al-Maleh Moaz al-Khatib Kamal al-Labwani Hamza al-Khateeb Tal al-Mallohi Fida al-Sayed Riad al-Turk Khaled Khoja Ammar al-Qurabi Suheir Atassi Ali Sadreddine Al-Bayanouni Aref Dalila Farid Ghadry Burhan Ghalioun Razan Ghazzawi Ghassan Hitto Salim Idris Randa Kassis Abdul Halim Khaddam Michel Kilo Bassma Kodmani Ali Habib Mahmud Ali Mahmoud Othman Ibrahim Qashoush Dawoud Rajiha Yassin al-Haj Saleh Bouthaina Shaaban Adib Shishakly Abdulbaset Sieda Riad Seif Fadwa Soliman Mohamad Anas Haitham Soueid Yaser Tabbara Razan Zaitouneh Rami Jarrah Abdurrahman Mustafa Related topics Elections 2011 Local elections 2012 Parliamentary election 2014 Presidential election 2015 Rojava local elections 2016 Parliamentary election 2017 Northern Syria local elections 2017 Northern Syria regional elections Issues Casualties Chemical weapons Cities and towns Damaged heritage sites Foreign involvement Human rights violations Humanitarian aid International reactions International demonstrations and protests Massacres Refugees ( European migrant crisis ) Sectarianism and minorities Spillover into Lebanon Syrian reactions Peace process Arab League monitors Friends of Syria Group Kofi Annan peace plan UN Supervision Mission Lakhdar Brahimi peace plan U.S.-- Russia peace proposals on Syria 39th G8 summit UN Security Council Resolution 2118 Geneva II Conference 2015 Zabadani cease-fire agreement 2015 Vienna talks 2016 Geneva talks Related topics 2014 Syrian detainee report Exclusive mandate Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference International recognition of the Syrian National Council Syria Files Syrian media coverage The Return to Homs Silvered Water, Syria Self-Portrait Sunnistan Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Foreign_involvement_in_the_Syrian_Civil_War&oldid=861881023 '' Categories : Foreign relations of Syria Lists of the Syrian Civil War Foreign involvement in the Syrian Civil War Hidden categories: Articles with Russian-language external links Articles with Arabic-language external links Pages using web citations with no URL Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr) Pages containing links to subscription-only content Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from May 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013 Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia فارسی한국어PortuguêsРусскийSicilianuSuomiEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon30September2018,at18:24(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia

8190899946686220155

list mvc type. explain mvc architecture with diagram

Pronounced learning curve -- Knowledge on multiple technologies becomes the norm . Developers using MVC need to be skilled in multiple technologies .

Model-- view-- controller - wikipedia Model-- view-- controller Diagram of interactions within the MVC pattern. Model-- view-- controller is an architectural pattern commonly used for developing user interfaces that divides an application into three interconnected parts. This is done to separate internal representations of information from the ways information is presented to and accepted from the user. The MVC design pattern decouples these major components allowing for efficient code reuse and parallel development. Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces (GUIs), this architecture has become popular for designing web applications and even mobile, desktop and other clients. Popular programming languages like Java , C# , Ruby , PHP have MVC frameworks that are used in web application development straight out of the box . Contents 1 Descriptions 1.1 Components 1.2 Interactions 2 History 3 Use in web applications 4 Goals of MVC 4.1 Simultaneous development 4.2 Code reuse 5 Advantages & disadvantages 5.1 Advantages 5.2 Disadvantages 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography Descriptions ( edit ) As with other software patterns, MVC expresses the `` core of the solution'' to a problem while allowing it to be adapted for each system. Particular MVC architectures can vary significantly from the traditional description here. Components ( edit ) The model is the central component of the pattern. It is the application's dynamic data structure, independent of the user interface. It directly manages the data, logic and rules of the application. A view can be any output representation of information, such as a chart or a diagram. Multiple views of the same information are possible, such as a bar chart for management and a tabular view for accountants. The third part or section, the controller , accepts input and converts it to commands for the model or view. Interactions ( edit ) In addition to dividing the application into three kinds of components, the model-- view-- controller design defines the interactions between them. The model is responsible for managing the data of the application. It receives user input from the controller. The view means presentation of the model in a particular format. The controller responds to the user input and performs interactions on the data model objects. The controller receives the input, optionally validates it and then passes the input to the model. History ( edit ) One of the seminal insights in the early development of graphical user interfaces, MVC became one of the first approaches to describe and implement software constructs in terms of their responsibilities . Trygve Reenskaug introduced MVC into Smalltalk -76 while visiting the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC) in the 1970s. In the 1980s, Jim Althoff and others implemented a version of MVC for the Smalltalk-80 class library. Only later did a 1988 article in The Journal of Object Technology (JOT) express MVC as a general concept. The MVC pattern has subsequently evolved, giving rise to variants such as hierarchical model-- view-- controller (HMVC), model-- view-- adapter (MVA), model-- view-- presenter (MVP), model-- view-- viewmodel (MVVM), and others that adapted MVC to different contexts. The use of the MVC pattern in web applications exploded in popularity after the introduction of NeXT 's WebObjects in 1996, which was originally written in Objective-C (that borrowed heavily from Smalltalk) and helped enforce MVC principles. Later, the MVC pattern became popular with Java developers when WebObjects was ported to Java . Later frameworks for Java, such as Spring (released in October 2002), continued the strong bond between Java and MVC. The introduction of the frameworks Django (July 2005, for Python ) and Rails (December 2005, for Ruby ), both of which had a strong emphasis on rapid deployment, increased MVC's popularity outside the traditional enterprise environment in which it has long been popular. MVC web frameworks now hold large market-shares relative to non-MVC web toolkits . Use in web applications ( edit ) Although originally developed for desktop computing, MVC has been widely adopted as an architecture for World Wide Web applications in major programming languages . Several web frameworks have been created that enforce the pattern. These software frameworks vary in their interpretations, mainly in the way that the MVC responsibilities are divided between the client and server . Some web MVC frameworks take a thin client approach that places almost the entire model, view and controller logic on the server. This is reflected in frameworks such as Django , Rails and ASP.NET MVC . In this approach, the client sends either hyperlink requests or form submissions to the controller and then receives a complete and updated web page (or other document) from the view; the model exists entirely on the server. Other frameworks such as AngularJS , EmberJS , JavaScriptMVC and Backbone allow the MVC components to execute partly on the client (also see Ajax ). Goals of MVC ( edit ) This section possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed. (February 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simultaneous development ( edit ) Because MVC decouples the various components of an application, developers are able to work in parallel on different components without impacting or blocking one another. For example, a team might divide their developers between the front-end and the back-end. The back-end developers can design the structure of the data and how the user interacts with it without requiring the user interface to be completed. Conversely, the front-end developers are able to design and test the layout of the application prior to the data structure being available. Code reuse ( edit ) By creating components that are independent of each other, developers are able to reuse components quickly and easily in other applications. The same (or similar) view for one application can be refactored for another application with different data because the view is simply handling how the data is being displayed to the user. Advantages & disadvantages ( edit ) Advantages ( edit ) Simultaneous development -- Multiple developers can work simultaneously on the model, controller and views. High cohesion -- MVC enables logical grouping of related actions on a controller together. The views for a specific model are also grouped together. Low coupling -- The very nature of the MVC framework is such that there is low coupling among models, views or controllers Ease of modification -- Because of the separation of responsibilities, future development or modification is easier Multiple views for a model -- Models can have multiple views Disadvantages ( edit ) Code navigability -- The framework navigation can be complex because it introduces new layers of abstraction and requires users to adapt to the decomposition criteria of MVC. Multi-artifact consistency -- Decomposing a feature into three artifacts causes scattering. Thus, requiring developers to maintain the consistency of multiple representations at once. Pronounced learning curve -- Knowledge on multiple technologies becomes the norm. Developers using MVC need to be skilled in multiple technologies. See also ( edit ) Hierarchical model-- view-- controller Model-- view-- adapter Model-- view-- presenter Model-- view-- viewmodel Presentation-- abstraction-- control Action-- domain-- responder Observer pattern Strategy pattern Naked objects References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` More deeply, the framework exists to separate the representation of information from user interaction.'' The DCI Architecture: A New Vision of Object-Oriented Programming -- Trygve Reenskaug and James Coplien -- March 20, 2009. Jump up ^ Burbeck (1992): `` ... the user input, the modeling of the external world, and the visual feedback to the user are explicitly separated and handled by three types of object.'' Jump up ^ Davis, Ian. `` What Are The Benefits of MVC?'' . Internet Alchemy . Retrieved 2016-11-29 . Jump up ^ Gamma, Erich et al. (1994) Design Patterns Jump up ^ Moore, Dana et al. (2007) Professional Rich Internet Applications: Ajax and Beyond : `` Since the origin of MVC, there have been many interpretations of the pattern. The concept has been adapted and applied in very different ways to a wide variety of systems and architectures.'' Jump up ^ Burbeck, Steve (1992) Applications Programming in Smalltalk-80:How to use Model-- View-- Controller (MVC) Jump up ^ Simple Example of MVC (Model-- View-- Controller) Design Pattern for Abstraction Jump up ^ Buschmann, Frank (1996) Pattern-Oriented Software Architecture . Jump up ^ Model-- View-- Controller History . C2.com (2012-05-11). Retrieved on 2013-12-09. Jump up ^ Notes and Historical documents from Trygve Reenskaug, inventor of MVC. Jump up ^ `` A note on DynaBook requirements'' , Trygve Reenskaug, 22 March 1979, SysReq.pdf . Jump up ^ Krasner, Glenn E.; Pope, Stephen T. (Aug-- Sep 1988). `` A cookbook for using the model-- view controller user interface paradigm in Smalltalk-80'' . The Journal of Object Technology . SIGS Publications. Also published as `` A Description of the Model-- View-- Controller User Interface Paradigm in the Smalltalk-80 System '' (Report), ParcPlace Systems; Retrieved 2012-06-05. Jump up ^ The evolution of MVC and other UI architectures from Martin Fowler. Jump up ^ Hot Frameworks ^ Jump up to: Leff, Avraham; Rayfield, James T. (September 2001). Web-Application Development Using the Model/View/Controller Design Pattern . IEEE Enterprise Distributed Object Computing Conference. pp. 118-- 127. Bibliography ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Computer Science Design Patterns/Model-- view-- controller Software design patterns Gang of Four patterns Creational Abstract factory Builder Factory method Prototype Singleton Structural Adapter Bridge Composite Decorator Facade Flyweight Proxy Behavioral Chain of responsibility Command Interpreter Iterator Mediator Memento Observer State Strategy Template method Visitor Concurrency patterns Active object Balking Binding properties Double-checked locking Event-based asynchronous Guarded suspension Join Lock Monitor Proactor Reactor Read write lock Scheduler Thread pool Thread-local storage Architectural patterns Front controller Interceptor MVC ADR ECS n -tier Specification Publish-- subscribe Naked objects Service locator Active record Identity map Data access object Data transfer object Inversion of control Model 2 Other patterns Blackboard Business delegate Composite entity Dependency injection Intercepting filter Lazy loading Mock object Null object Object pool Servant Twin Type tunnel Method chaining Delegation Books Design Patterns Enterprise Integration Patterns Patterns of Enterprise Application Architecture Analysis patterns People Christopher Alexander Erich Gamma Ralph Johnson John Vlissides Grady Booch Kent Beck Ward Cunningham Martin Fowler Robert Martin Jim Coplien Douglas Schmidt Linda Rising Communities The Hillside Group The Portland Pattern Repository Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Model-- view-- controller&oldid =852604623 '' Categories : Software design patterns Architectural pattern (computer science) Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles that may contain original research from February 2017 All articles that may contain original research Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikibooks Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Latviešu Magyar Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 32 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 03:54 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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legislation to prohibit segregation in all public accommodations was

The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Pub. L. 88 -- 352 , 78 Stat. 241 , enacted July 2 , 1964 ) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race , color , religion , sex , or national origin . It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements , racial segregation in schools , employment , and public accommodations .

Civil Rights Act of 1964 - wikipedia Civil Rights Act of 1964 This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 15 July 2018 . This article is about the 1964 Civil Rights Act. For other American laws called Civil Rights Acts, see Civil Rights Act . Civil Rights Act of 1964 Long title An act to enforce the constitutional right to vote, to confer jurisdiction upon the district courts of the United States of America to provide injunctive relief against discrimination in public accommodations, to authorize the Attorney General to institute suits to protect constitutional rights in public facilities and public education, to extend the Commission on Civil Rights, to prevent discrimination in federally assisted programs, to establish a Commission on Equal Employment Opportunity, and for other purposes. Enacted by the 88th United States Congress Effective July 2, 1964 Citations Public law 88-352 Statutes at Large 78 Stat. 241 Codification Acts amended Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Titles amended 42 Legislative history Introduced in the House as H.R. 7152 by Emanuel Celler ( D -- NY ) on June 20, 1963 Committee consideration by Judiciary Passed the House on February 10, 1964 (290-- 130) Passed the Senate on June 19, 1964 (73-- 27) with amendment House agreed to Senate amendment on July 2, 1964 (289-- 126) Signed into law by President Lyndon B. Johnson on July 2, 1964 Major amendments Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 Civil Rights Act of 1991 No Child Left Behind Act Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 United States Supreme Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) Alexander v. Holmes County Board of Education (1969) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) The Civil Rights Act of 1964 ( Pub.L. 88-- 352 , 78 Stat. 241 , enacted July 2, 1964) is a landmark civil rights and US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin. It prohibits unequal application of voter registration requirements, racial segregation in schools, employment, and public accommodations . Powers given to enforce the act were initially weak, but were supplemented during later years. Congress asserted its authority to legislate under several different parts of the United States Constitution , principally its power to regulate interstate commerce under Article One (section 8), its duty to guarantee all citizens equal protection of the laws under the Fourteenth Amendment and its duty to protect voting rights under the Fifteenth Amendment . The legislation had been proposed by President John F. Kennedy in June 1963, but opposed by filibuster in the Senate. Thereafter, President Lyndon B. Johnson pushed the bill forward, which in its final form was passed in the U.S. Congress by a Senate vote of 73-27 and House vote of 289-126 (70%-30%). The Act was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964, at the White House . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 2 Legislative history 2.1 House of Representatives 2.2 Johnson's appeal to Congress 2.3 Lobbying efforts 2.4 Passage in the Senate 2.5 Vote totals 2.5.1 By party 2.5.2 By party and region 3 Women's rights 4 Desegregation 5 Political repercussions 6 Major features 6.1 Title I 6.2 Title II 6.3 Title III 6.4 Title IV 6.5 Title V 6.6 Title VI 6.7 Title VII 6.7.1 Precedents and history 6.8 Title VIII 6.9 Title IX 6.10 Title X 6.11 Title XI 7 Continued resistance 8 Amendments 9 Subsequent court rulings 10 Influence 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 External links Origins ( edit ) First page of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 John F. Kennedy addresses the nation about civil rights on June 11, 1963. The bill was called for by President John F. Kennedy in his Report to the American People on Civil Rights of June 11, 1963, in which he asked for legislation `` giving all Americans the right to be served in facilities which are open to the public-- hotels, restaurants, theaters, retail stores, and similar establishments'' , as well as `` greater protection for the right to vote'' . Kennedy delivered this speech following the immediate aftermath of the Birmingham campaign and the growing number of demonstrations and protests throughout the southern United States. Kennedy was moved to action following the elevated racial tensions and wave of black riots in the spring 1963. Emulating the Civil Rights Act of 1875 , Kennedy's civil rights bill included provisions to ban discrimination in public accommodations, and to enable the U.S. Attorney General to join in lawsuits against state governments which operated segregated school systems, among other provisions. However, it did not include a number of provisions deemed essential by civil rights leaders including protection against police brutality, ending discrimination in private employment, or granting the Justice Department power to initiate desegregation or job discrimination lawsuits. Legislative History ( edit ) House of Representatives ( edit ) Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Among the guests behind him is Martin Luther King, Jr. On June 11, 1963, President Kennedy met with the Republican leaders to discuss the legislation before his television address to the nation that evening. Two days later, Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen and Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield both voiced support for the president's bill, except for provisions guaranteeing equal access to places of public accommodations. This led to several Republican Congressmen drafting a compromise bill to be considered. On June 19, the president sent his bill to Congress as it was originally written, saying legislative action was `` imperative'' . The president's bill went first to the House of Representatives , where it was referred to the Judiciary Committee , chaired by Emanuel Celler , a Democrat from New York . After a series of hearings on the bill, Celler's committee strengthened the act, adding provisions to ban racial discrimination in employment, providing greater protection to black voters, eliminating segregation in all publicly owned facilities (not just schools), and strengthening the anti-segregation clauses regarding public facilities such as lunch counters. They also added authorization for the Attorney General to file lawsuits to protect individuals against the deprivation of any rights secured by the Constitution or U.S. law. In essence, this was the controversial `` Title III'' that had been removed from the 1957 and 1960 Acts. Civil rights organizations pressed hard for this provision because it could be used to protect peaceful protesters and black voters from police brutality and suppression of free speech rights. Kennedy called the congressional leaders to the White House in late October, 1963 to line up the necessary votes in the House for passage. The bill was reported out of the Judiciary Committee in November 1963, and referred to the Rules Committee , whose chairman, Howard W. Smith , a Democrat and avid segregationist from Virginia , indicated his intention to keep the bill bottled up indefinitely. Johnson's appeal to Congress ( edit ) The assassination of John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963, changed the political situation. Kennedy's successor as president, Lyndon Johnson , made use of his experience in legislative politics, along with the bully pulpit he wielded as president, in support of the bill. In his first address to a joint session of Congress on November 27, 1963, Johnson told the legislators, `` No memorial oration or eulogy could more eloquently honor President Kennedy's memory than the earliest possible passage of the civil rights bill for which he fought so long.'' Judiciary Committee chairman Celler filed a petition to discharge the bill from the Rules Committee; it required the support of a majority of House members to move the bill to the floor. Initially Celler had a difficult time acquiring the signatures necessary, with many congressmen who supported the civil rights bill itself remaining cautious about violating normal House procedure with the rare use of a discharge petition. By the time of the 1963 winter recess, 50 signatures were still needed. The record of the roll call vote kept by the House Clerk on final passage of the bill After the return of Congress from its winter recess, however, it was apparent that public opinion in the North favored the bill and that the petition would acquire the necessary signatures. To avert the humiliation of a successful discharge petition, Chairman Smith relented and allowed the bill to pass through the Rules Committee. Lobbying efforts ( edit ) Lobbying support for the Civil Rights Act was coordinated by the Leadership Conference on Civil Rights, a coalition of 70 liberal and labor organizations. The principal lobbyists for the Leadership Conference were civil rights lawyer Joseph L. Rauh Jr. and Clarence Mitchell , Sr. of the NAACP. Passage in the Senate ( edit ) Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X at the United States Capitol on March 26, 1964. Both men had come to hear the Senate debate on the bill. This was the only time the two men ever met; their meeting lasted only one minute. Johnson, who wanted the bill passed as soon as possible, ensured that the bill would be quickly considered by the Senate . Normally, the bill would have been referred to the Senate Judiciary Committee , chaired by Senator James O. Eastland , Democrat from Mississippi . Given Eastland's firm opposition, it seemed impossible that the bill would reach the Senate floor. Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield took a novel approach to prevent the bill from being relegated to Judiciary Committee limbo. Having initially waived a second reading of the bill, which would have led to it being immediately referred to Judiciary, Mansfield gave the bill a second reading on February 26, 1964, and then proposed, in the absence of precedent for instances when a second reading did not immediately follow the first, that the bill bypass the Judiciary Committee and immediately be sent to the Senate floor for debate. When the bill came before the full Senate for debate on March 30, 1964, the `` Southern Bloc'' of 18 southern Democratic Senators and one Republican Senator led by Richard Russell (D-GA) launched a filibuster to prevent its passage. Said Russell: `` We will resist to the bitter end any measure or any movement which would have a tendency to bring about social equality and intermingling and amalgamation of the races in our (Southern) states.'' Strong opposition to the bill also came from Senator Strom Thurmond (D-SC): `` This so-called Civil Rights Proposals, which the President has sent to Capitol Hill for enactment into law, are unconstitutional, unnecessary, unwise and extend beyond the realm of reason. This is the worst civil-rights package ever presented to the Congress and is reminiscent of the Reconstruction proposals and actions of the radical Republican Congress.'' After 54 days of filibuster, Senators Hubert Humphrey (D-MN), Mike Mansfield (D-MT), Everett Dirksen (R-IL), and Thomas Kuchel (R-CA), introduced a substitute bill that they hoped would attract enough Republican swing votes in addition to the core liberal Democrats behind the legislation to end the filibuster. The compromise bill was weaker than the House version in regard to government power to regulate the conduct of private business, but it was not so weak as to cause the House to reconsider the legislation. On the morning of June 10, 1964, Senator Robert Byrd (D-W.Va.) completed a filibustering address that he had begun 14 hours and 13 minutes earlier opposing the legislation. Until then, the measure had occupied the Senate for 60 working days, including six Saturdays. A day earlier, Democratic Whip Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, the bill's manager, concluded he had the 67 votes required at that time to end the debate and end the filibuster. With six wavering senators providing a four-vote victory margin, the final tally stood at 71 to 29. Never in history had the Senate been able to muster enough votes to cut off a filibuster on a civil rights bill. And only once in the 37 years since 1927 had it agreed to cloture for any measure. `` Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964'' Play media Public statement by Lyndon B. Johnson of July 2, 1964 about the Civil Rights Act of 1964. `` Remarks upon Signing the Civil Rights Act of 1964'' audio only Problems playing these files? See media help . On June 19, the substitute (compromise) bill passed the Senate by a vote of 73-- 27, and quickly passed through the House-- Senate conference committee , which adopted the Senate version of the bill. The conference bill was passed by both houses of Congress, and was signed into law by President Johnson on July 2, 1964. Vote totals ( edit ) Totals are in `` Yea -- Nay '' format: The original House version: 290-- 130 (69-- 31%) Cloture in the Senate: 71-- 29 (71-- 29%) The Senate version: 73-- 27 (73-- 27%) The Senate version, as voted on by the House: 289-- 126 (70-- 30%) By Party ( edit ) The original House version: Democratic Party: 152-- 96 (61-- 39%) Republican Party: 138-- 34 (80-- 20%) Cloture in the Senate: Democratic Party: 44-- 23 (66-- 34%) Republican Party: 27-- 6 (82-- 18%) The Senate version: Democratic Party: 46-- 21 (69-- 31%) Republican Party: 27-- 6 (82-- 18%) The Senate version, voted on by the House: Democratic Party: 153-- 91 (63-- 37%) Republican Party: 136-- 35 (80-- 20%) By Party and region ( edit ) Note: `` Southern'' , as used in this section, refers to members of Congress from the eleven states that made up the Confederate States of America in the American Civil War . `` Northern'' refers to members from the other 39 states, regardless of the geographic location of those states. The original House version: Southern Democrats: 7-- 87 (7-- 93%) Southern Republicans: 0-- 10 (0-- 100%) Northern Democrats: 145-- 9 (94-- 6%) Northern Republicans: 138-- 24 (85-- 15%) The Senate version: Southern Democrats: 1-- 20 (5-- 95%) (only Ralph Yarborough of Texas voted in favor) Southern Republicans: 0-- 1 (0-- 100%) ( John Tower of Texas ) Northern Democrats: 45-- 1 (98-- 2%) (only Robert Byrd of West Virginia voted against) Northern Republicans: 27-- 5 (84-- 16%) Women's Rights ( edit ) Engrossing copy of H.R. 7152, which added sex to the categories of persons against whom the bill prohibited discrimination, as passed by the House of Representatives Just one year earlier, the same Congress had passed the Equal Pay Act of 1963 , which prohibited wage differentials based on sex. The prohibition on sex discrimination was added to the Civil Rights Act by Howard W. Smith , a powerful Virginia Democrat who chaired the House Rules Committee and who strongly opposed the legislation. Smith's amendment was passed by a teller vote of 168 to 133. Historians debate Smith's motivation, whether it was a cynical attempt to defeat the bill by someone opposed to civil rights both for blacks and women, or an attempt to support their rights by broadening the bill to include women. Smith expected that Republicans, who had included equal rights for women in their party's platform since 1944, would probably vote for the amendment. Historians speculate that Smith was trying to embarrass northern Democrats who opposed civil rights for women because the clause was opposed by labor unions. Representative Carl Elliott of Alabama later claimed, `` Smith didn't give a damn about women's rights...he was trying to knock off votes either then or down the line because there was always a hard core of men who didn't favor women's rights,'' and the Congressional Record records that Smith was greeted by laughter when he introduced the amendment. Smith asserted that he was not joking; he sincerely supported the amendment and, indeed, along with Rep. Martha Griffiths , he was the chief spokesperson for the amendment. For twenty years Smith had sponsored the Equal Rights Amendment (with no linkage to racial issues) in the House because he believed in it. He for decades had been close to the National Woman's Party and its leader Alice Paul , who was also the leader in winning the right to vote for women in 1920, the author of the first Equal Rights Amendment, and a chief supporter of equal rights proposals since then. She and other feminists had worked with Smith since 1945 trying to find a way to include sex as a protected civil rights category. Now was the moment. Griffiths argued that the new law would protect black women but not white women, and that was unfair to white women. Furthermore, she argued that the laws `` protecting'' women from unpleasant jobs were actually designed to enable men to monopolize those jobs, and that was unfair to women who were not allowed to try out for those jobs. The amendment passed with the votes of Republicans and Southern Democrats. The final law passed with the votes of Republicans and Northern Democrats. Thus, as Justice William Rehnquist explained in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , `` The prohibition against discrimination based on sex was added to Title VII at the last minute on the floor of the House of Representatives... the bill quickly passed as amended, and we are left with little legislative history to guide us in interpreting the Act's prohibition against discrimination based on ' sex. ' '' Desegregation ( edit ) One of the most damaging arguments by the bill's opponents was that once passed, the bill would require forced busing to achieve certain racial quotas in schools. Proponents of the bill, such as Emanuel Celler and Jacob Javits , said that the bill would not authorize such measures. Leading sponsor Senator Hubert Humphrey (D-MN) wrote two amendments specifically designed to outlaw busing. Humphrey said `` if the bill were to compel it, it would be a violation (of the Constitution), because it would be handling the matter on the basis of race and we would be transporting children because of race.'' While Javits said any government official who sought to use the bill for busing purposes `` would be making a fool of himself,'' two years later the Department of Health, Education and Welfare said that Southern school districts would be required to meet mathematical ratios of students by busing. Political repercussions ( edit ) See also: Realigning election President Johnson speaks to a television camera at the signing of the Civil Rights Act. The bill divided and engendered a long-term change in the demographic support of both parties. President Johnson realized that supporting this bill would risk losing the South's overwhelming support of the Democratic Party. Both Attorney General Robert Kennedy and Vice President Johnson had pushed for the introduction of the civil rights legislation. Johnson told Kennedy aide Ted Sorensen that `` I know the risks are great and we might lose the South, but those sorts of states may be lost anyway.'' Senator Richard Russell, Jr. later warned President Johnson that his strong support for the civil rights bill `` will not only cost you the South, it will cost you the election'' . Johnson, however, went on to win the 1964 election by one of the biggest landslides in American history. The South, which had five states swing Republican in 1964, became a stronghold of the Republican Party by the 1990s. Although majorities in both parties voted for the bill, there were notable exceptions. Though he opposed forced segregation, Republican Senator Barry Goldwater of Arizona voted against the bill, remarking, `` You can't legislate morality.'' Goldwater had supported previous attempts to pass civil rights legislation in 1957 and 1960 as well as the 24th Amendment outlawing the poll tax . He stated that the reason for his opposition to the 1964 bill was Title II, which in his opinion violated individual liberty and states' rights . Democrats and Republicans from the Southern states opposed the bill and led an unsuccessful 83-day filibuster, including Senators Albert Gore, Sr. (D-TN) and J. William Fulbright (D-AR), as well as Senator Robert Byrd (D-WV), who personally filibustered for 14 hours straight. Major Features ( edit ) (The full text of the Act is available online .) Title I ( edit ) Barred unequal application of voter registration requirements. Title I did not eliminate literacy tests , which were one of the main methods used to exclude Black voters, other racial minorities, and poor Whites in the South, nor did it address economic retaliation, police repression, or physical violence against nonwhite voters. While the Act did require that voting rules and procedures be applied equally to all races, it did not abolish the concept of voter `` qualification'' , that is to say, it accepted the idea that citizens do not have an automatic right to vote but rather might have to meet some standard beyond citizenship. It was the Voting Rights Act , enacted one year later in 1965, that directly addressed and eliminated most voting qualifications beyond citizenship. Title II ( edit ) Outlawed discrimination based on race, color, religion or national origin in hotels, motels, restaurants, theaters, and all other public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce; exempted private clubs without defining the term `` private'' . Title III ( edit ) Prohibited state and municipal governments from denying access to public facilities on grounds of race, color, religion or national origin. Title IV ( edit ) Encouraged the desegregation of public schools and authorized the U.S. Attorney General to file suits to enforce said act. Title v. ( edit ) Expanded the Civil Rights Commission established by the earlier Civil Rights Act of 1957 with additional powers, rules and procedures. Title VI ( edit ) Prevents discrimination by government agencies that receive federal funds. If an agency is found in violation of Title VI, that agency may lose its federal funding. General This title declares it to be the policy of the United States that discrimination on the ground of race, color, or national origin shall not occur in connection with programs and activities receiving Federal financial assistance and authorizes and directs the appropriate Federal departments and agencies to take action to carry out this policy. This title is not intended to apply to foreign assistance programs. Section 601 -- This section states the general principle that no person in the United States shall be excluded from participation in or otherwise discriminated against on the ground of race, color, or national origin under any program or activity receiving Federal financial assistance. Section 602 directs each Federal agency administering a program of Federal financial assistance by way of grant, contract, or loan to take action pursuant to rule, regulation, or order of general applicability to effectuate the principle of section 601 in a manner consistent with the achievement of the objectives of the statute authorizing the assistance. In seeking the effect compliance with its requirements imposed under this section, an agency is authorized to terminate or to refuse to grant or to continue assistance under a program to any recipient as to whom there has been an express finding pursuant to a hearing of a failure to comply with the requirements under that program, and it may also employ any other means authorized by law. However, each agency is directed first to seek compliance with its requirements by voluntary means. Section 603 provides that any agency action taken pursuant to section 602 shall be subject to such judicial review as would be available for similar actions by that agency on other grounds. Where the agency action consists of terminating or refusing to grant or to continue financial assistance because of a finding of a failure of the recipient to comply with the agency's requirements imposed under section 602, and the agency action would not otherwise be subject to judicial review under existing law, judicial review shall nevertheless be available to any person aggrieved as provided in section 10 of the Administrative Procedure Act ( 5 U.S.C. § 1009 ). The section also states explicitly that in the latter situation such agency action shall not be deemed committed to unreviewable agency discretion within the meaning of section 10. The purpose of this provision is to obviate the possible argument that although section 603 provides for review in accordance with section 10, section 10 itself has an exception for action `` committed to agency discretion,'' which might otherwise be carried over into section 603. It is not the purpose of this provision of section 603, however, otherwise to alter the scope of judicial review as presently provided in section 10(e) of the Administrative Procedure Act. Title VII ( edit ) See also: United States labor law and Employment discrimination law in the United States Title VII of the Act, codified as Subchapter VI of Chapter 21 of title 42 of the United States Code , prohibits discrimination by covered employers on the basis of race, color, religion, sex or national origin (see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-2 ). Title VII applies to and covers an employer `` who has fifteen (15) or more employees for each working day in each of twenty or more calendar weeks in the current or preceding calendar year'' as written in the Definitions section under 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b) . Title VII also prohibits discrimination against an individual because of his or her association with another individual of a particular race, color, religion, sex, or national origin, such as by an interracial marriage. The EEO Title VII has also been supplemented with legislation prohibiting pregnancy, age, and disability discrimination ( See Pregnancy Discrimination Act of 1978 , Age Discrimination in Employment Act , Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 ). In very narrowly defined situations, an employer is permitted to discriminate on the basis of a protected trait where the trait is a bona fide occupational qualification (BFOQ) reasonably necessary to the normal operation of that particular business or enterprise. To prove the bona fide occupational qualifications defense, an employer must prove three elements: a direct relationship between the protected trait and the ability to perform the duties of the job, the BFOQ relates to the `` essence'' or `` central mission of the employer's business'' , and there is no less-restrictive or reasonable alternative ( United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc. , 499 U.S. 187 (1991) 111 S.Ct. 1196). The Bona Fide Occupational Qualification exception is an extremely narrow exception to the general prohibition of discrimination based on protected traits ( Dothard v. Rawlinson , 433 U.S. 321 (1977) 97 S.Ct. 2720). An employer or customer's preference for an individual of a particular religion is not sufficient to establish a Bona Fide Occupational Qualification ( Equal Employment Opportunity Commission v. Kamehameha School -- Bishop Estate , 990 F.2d 458 (9th Cir. 1993)). Title VII allows for any employer, labor organization, joint labor-management committee, or employment agency to bypass the `` unlawful employment practice'' for any person involved with the Communist Party of the United States or of any other organization required to register as a Communist-action or Communist-front organization by final order of the Subversive Activities Control Board pursuant to the Subversive Activities Control Act of 1950. There are partial and whole exceptions to Title VII for four types of employers: Federal government; (Comment: The proscriptions against employment discrimination under Title VII are now applicable to certain federal government offices under 42 U.S.C. Section 2000e-16 ) Federally recognized Native American tribes Religious groups performing work connected to the group's activities, including associated education institutions; Bona fide nonprofit private membership organizations. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) as well as certain state fair employment practices agencies (FEPAs) enforce Title VII (see 42 U.S.C. § 2000e-4 ). The EEOC and state FEPAs investigate, mediate, and may file lawsuits on behalf of employees. Where a state law is contradicted by a federal law, it is overridden. Every state, except Arkansas and Mississippi, maintains a state FEPA (see EEOC and state FEPA directory ). Title VII also provides that an individual can bring a private lawsuit. An individual must file a complaint of discrimination with the EEOC within 180 days of learning of the discrimination or the individual may lose the right to file a lawsuit. Title VII only applies to employers who employ 15 or more employees for 20 or more weeks in the current or preceding calendar year ( 42 U.S.C. § 2000e(b) ). Precedents and History ( edit ) In the early 1980s, the EEOC and some federal courts began holding that sexual harassment is also prohibited under the Act. In 1986, the Supreme Court held in Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson , 477 U.S. 57 (1986), that sexual harassment is sex discrimination and is prohibited by Title VII. This case filed by plaintiff Mechelle Vinson was the first in the history of the court to recognize sexual harassment as actionable. Following 1986, court cases in which the plaintiff suffers no economic loss can potentially argue for a violation of Title VII if the discrimination resulted in a hostile work environment. Same-sex sexual harassment has also been held in a unanimous decision written by Justice Scalia to be prohibited by Title VII ( Oncale v. Sundowner Offshore Services, Inc. , 523 U.S. 75 (1998), 118 S.Ct. 998). In 2012, the EEOC ruled that employment discrimination on the basis of gender identity or transgender status is prohibited under Title VII. The decision held that discrimination on the basis of gender identity qualified as discrimination on the basis of sex whether the discrimination was due to sex stereotyping, discomfort with the fact of an individual's transition, or discrimination due to a perceived change in the individual's sex. In 2014, the EEOC initiated two lawsuits against private companies for discrimination on the basis of gender identity, with additional litigation under consideration. As of November 2014, Commissioner Chai Feldblum is making an active effort to increase awareness of Title VII remedies for individuals discriminated on the basis of sexual orientation or gender identity. On December 15, 2014, under a memorandum issued by Attorney General Eric Holder , the United States Department of Justice (DoJ) took a position that aligned with the EEOC, namely the prohibition of sex discrimination under Title VII encompassed the prohibition of discrimination based on gender identity or transgender status. DoJ had already stopped opposing claims of discrimination brought by federal transgender employees. In October 2017, Attorney General Jeff Sessions issued a directive that withdrew the Holder memorandum. According to a copy of the directive reviewed by BuzzFeed News , Sessions stated that Title VII should be narrowly interpreted to cover discrimination between `` men and women'' . Attorney General Session stated as a matter of law, `` Title VII does not prohibit discrimination based on gender identity per se.'' Devin O'Malley , speaking on behalf of the DoJ, stated `` the last administration abandoned that fundamental principle (that the Department of Justice cannot expand the law beyond what Congress has provided), which necessitated today's action.'' Sharon McGowan, a lawyer with Lambda Legal who previously served in the Civil Rights division of DoJ, rejected that argument, saying `` (T)his memo is not actually a reflection of the law as it is -- it's a reflection of what the DOJ wishes the law were'' and `` The Justice Department is actually getting back in the business of making anti-transgender law in court.'' On December 11, 2017, the United States Supreme Court refused to hear an appeal in Evans v. Georgia Regional Hospital , in which a lower court ruled against the plaintiff, who had argued Title VII protections applied to sexual orientation. The 11th U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals stated in its earlier ruling that only the Supreme Court could determine if Title VII applied. Title viii ( edit ) Required compilation of voter-registration and voting data in geographic areas specified by the Commission on Civil Rights. Title IX ( edit ) Title IX made it easier to move civil rights cases from state courts to federal court. This was of crucial importance to civil rights activists who contended that they could not get fair trials in state courts. Title IX of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 should not be confused with Title IX of the Education Amendments Act of 1972 , which prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education programs and activities. Title X ( edit ) Established the Community Relations Service , tasked with assisting in community disputes involving claims of discrimination. Title XI ( edit ) Title XI gives a defendant accused of certain categories of criminal contempt in a matter arising under title II, III, IV, V, VI, or VII of the Act the right to a jury trial. If convicted, the defendant can be fined an amount not to exceed $1,000 or imprisoned for not more than six months. Continued resistance ( edit ) There were white business owners who claimed that Congress did not have the constitutional authority to ban segregation in public accommodations. For example, Moreton Rolleston, the owner of a motel in Atlanta, Georgia, said he should not be forced to serve black travelers, saying, `` the fundamental question...is whether or not Congress has the power to take away the liberty of an individual to run his business as he sees fit in the selection and choice of his customers'' . Rolleston claimed that the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was a breach of the Fourteenth Amendment and also violated the Fifth and Thirteenth Amendments by depriving him of `` liberty and property without due process'' . In Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964), the Supreme Court held that Congress drew its authority from the Constitution's Commerce Clause, rejecting Rolleston's claims. Resistance to the public accommodation clause continued for years on the ground, especially in the South. When local college students in Orangeburg, South Carolina attempted to desegregate a bowling alley in 1968, they were violently attacked, leading to rioting and what became known as the `` Orangeburg massacre .'' Resistance by school boards continued into the next decade, with the most significant declines in black-white school segregation only occurring at the end of the 1960s and the start of the 1970s in the aftermath of the Green v. County School Board of New Kent County (1968) court decision. Amendments ( edit ) Between 1965 and 1972, Title VII lacked any strong enforcement provisions. Instead, the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission was authorized only to investigate external claims of discrimination. The EEOC could then refer cases to the Justice Department for litigation if reasonable cause was found. The EEOC documented the nature and magnitude of discriminatory employment practices, the first study of this kind done. In 1972, Congress passed the Equal Employment Opportunity Act . The Act amended Title VII and gave EEOC authority to initiate its own enforcement litigation. The EEOC now played a major role in guiding judicial interpretations of civil rights legislation. The commission was also permitted for the first time to define `` discrimination,'' a term excluded from the 1964 Act. Subsequent Court rulings ( edit ) The Constitutionality of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was, at the time, in some dispute as it applied to the private sector. In the landmark Civil Rights Cases the United States Supreme Court had ruled, in 1883, that Congress did not have the power to prohibit discrimination in the private sector, thus stripping the Civil Rights Act of 1875 of much of its ability to protect civil rights. In the late 19th and early 20th century, the legal justification for voiding the Civil Rights Act of 1875 was part of a larger trend by members of the United States Supreme Court to invalidate most government regulations of the private sector, except when dealing with laws designed to protect traditional public morality. In the 1930s, during the New Deal, the majority of the Supreme Court justices gradually shifted their legal theory to allow for greater government regulation of the private sector under the commerce clause, thus paving the way for the Federal government to enact civil rights laws prohibiting both public and private sector discrimination on the basis of the commerce clause. After the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was passed, the Supreme Court upheld the law's application to the private sector, on the grounds that Congress has the power to regulate commerce between the States. The landmark case Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States established the constitutionality of the law, but it did not settle all of the legal questions surrounding the law. In Phillips v. Martin Marietta Corp. , a 1971 Supreme Court case regarding the gender provisions of the Act, the Court ruled that a company could not discriminate against a potential female employee because she had a preschool-age child unless they did the same with potential male employees. A federal court overruled an Ohio state law that barred women from obtaining jobs which required the ability to lift 25 pounds and required women to take lunch breaks when men were not required to. In Pittsburgh Press Co. v. Pittsburgh Commission on Human Relations , the United States Supreme Court decided that printing separate job listings for men and women was illegal, which ended that practice among the country's newspapers. The United States Civil Service Commission ended the practice among federal jobs which designated them `` women only'' or `` men only'' . In 1974, the Supreme Court also ruled that the San Francisco school district was violating non-English speaking students' rights under the 1964 act by placing them in regular classes rather than providing some sort of accommodation for them. In 1975, a federal civil rights agency warned a Phoenix, Arizona school that its end-of-year father-son and mother-daughter baseball games were illegal according to the 1964 Civil Rights Act. President Gerald Ford intervened, and the games were allowed to continue. In 1977, the Supreme Court struck down state minimum height requirements for police officers as violating the Act; women usually could not meet these requirements. On April 4, 2017, the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit in Chicago, sitting en banc , ruled that Title VII of the Act forbids discrimination on the basis of sexual orientation by a vote of 8-- 3. Over the prior month, panels of both the United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit in Atlanta and the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit in New York City had reached the opposite conclusion , finding that Title VII sex discrimination does not include claims based on sexual orientation. Influence ( edit ) Despite its lack of influence during its time, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 had considerable impact on later civil rights legislation in the United States. It paved the way for future legislation that was not limited to African American civil rights. The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 -- which has been called `` the most important piece of federal legislation since the Civil Rights Act of 1964'' -- was influenced both by the structure and substance of the previous Civil Rights Act of 1964. The act was arguably of equal importance, and `` draws substantially from the structure of that landmark legislation (Civil Rights Act of 1964)'' . The Americans With Disabilities Act paralleled its landmark predecessor structurally, drawing upon many of the same titles and statutes. For example, `` Title I of the ADA, which bans employment discrimination by private employers on the basis of disability, parallels Title VII of the Act'' . Similarly, Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act, `` which proscribes discrimination on the basis of disability in public accommodations, tracks Title II of the 1964 Act while expanding upon the list of public accommodations covered.'' The Americans with Disabilities Act extended `` the principle of nondiscrimination to people with disabilities'' , an idea unsought in the United States before the passage of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. The Act also influenced later civil rights legislation, such as the Voting Rights Act of 1965 and the Civil Rights Act of 1968 , aiding not only African Americans, but also women. See also ( edit ) US labor law Civil Rights Movement Affirmative action in the United States Bennett Amendment Bourke B. Hickenlooper Other civil rights legislation Civil Rights Act of 1866 Civil Rights Act of 1871 Civil Rights Act of 1875 Civil Rights Act of 1957 Civil Rights Act of 1960 Civil Rights Act of 1968 Civil Rights Act of 1991 Employment Non-Discrimination Act Equal Pay Act of 1963 Equality Act of 2015 Enforcement Act of 1870 First Enforcement Act of 1871 Second Enforcement Act of 1871 Lodge Bill Reconstruction Acts Voting Rights Act of 1965 Court cases Heart of Atlanta Motel v. United States (1964) Katzenbach v. McClung (1964) Griggs v. Duke Power Co. (1971) Washington v. Davis (1976) Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio (1989) Ricci v. DeStefano (2009) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7152. PASSAGE.'' GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` HR. 7152. PASSAGE'' . GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ `` H.R. 7152. CIVIL RIGHTS ACT OF 1964. ADOPTION OF A RESOLUTION (H. RES. 789) PROVIDING FOR HOUSE APPROVAL OF THE BILL AS AMENDED BY THE SENATE.'' GovTrack.us . Jump up ^ Milestones In The History of Equal Employment Opportunity Commission: 1972 Accessed July 1, 2014 Jump up ^ Wright, Susan (2005), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: Landmark Antidiscrimination Legislation , The Rosen Publishing Group, ISBN 1-4042-0455-5 Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Civil Rights Act (1964)'' . Retrieved July 28, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Radio and television address on civil rights, 11 June 1963'' . John F. Kennedy Presidential Library and Museum. 1963-06-11 . Retrieved 2013-11-23 . Jump up ^ `` Eyes on the Prize: America's Civil Rights Years , episode 4 `` No Easy Walk (1961-- 1963) '' `` . Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act Passes in the House ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Loevy, Robert (1997), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law that Ended Racial Segregation , State University of New York Press, p. 171. ISBN 0-7914-3362-5 Jump up ^ Golway, Terry and Krantz, Les (2010), JFK: Day by Day , Running Press, p. 284. ISBN 978-0-7624-3742-9 Jump up ^ Reeves, Richard (1993), President Kennedy: Profile of Power , pp. 628-- 631 Jump up ^ `` Transition to Johnson'' . UPI . Jump up ^ `` History of The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights & The Leadership Conference Education Fund -- The Leadership Conference on Civil and Human Rights'' . Jump up ^ Cone, James H. (1991). Martin & Malcolm & America: A Dream or a Nightmare . p. 2. ISBN 0-88344-721-5 . Jump up ^ `` A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act'' . The Dirksen Congressional Center . Retrieved 2016-07-21 . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Rights Act: What JFK, LBJ, Martin Luther King and Malcolm X had to say'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016-02-02 . Jump up ^ 1963 Year In Review -- Part 1 -- Civil Rights Bill United Press International, 1963 Jump up ^ Civil Rights Act -- Battle in the Senate ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ Civil Rights Filibuster Ended -- United States Senate Jump up ^ Dallek, Robert (2004), Lyndon B. Johnson: Portrait of a President , p. 169 ^ Jump up to: King, Desmond (1995). Separate and Unequal: Black Americans and the US Federal Government . p. 311. Jump up ^ Jeong, Gyung-Ho; Gary J. Miller; Itai Sened (2009-03-14). Closing The Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation . 67th Annual Conference of the Midwest Political Science Association . p. 29. Archived from the original on 2016-07-29 . Retrieved 2016-07-29 . Jump up ^ EL. `` Were Republicans Really..?'' . Guardian . Retrieved 16 September 2016 . Jump up ^ U.S. House of Representatives. Office of the Clerk of the House. 4/1/1789- (25 September 1964). `` Excerpt of the Engrossing Copy of H.R. 7152, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Showing Amendments'' -- via US National Archives Research Catalog. Jump up ^ Freeman, Jo. `` How ' Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy,'' Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice , Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp 163-- 184. online version Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Rosalind (2008), Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century , pp. 187-- 88 Jump up ^ Gittinger, Ted and Fisher, Allen, LBJ Champions the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Part 2 , Prologue Magazine, The National Archives, Summer 2004, Vol. 36, No. 2 (`` Certainly Smith hoped that such a divisive issue would torpedo the civil rights bill, if not in the House, then in the Senate.'' ) ^ Jump up to: Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ' 70s . pp. 245-- 246, 249. ISBN 0-465-04195-7 . Jump up ^ The American Presidency Project Jump up ^ Dierenfield, Bruce J (1981). `` Conservative Outrage: the Defeat in 1966 of Representative Howard W. Smith of Virginia'' . Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 89 (2): 194. ^ Jump up to: Gold, Michael Evan. A Tale of Two Amendments: The Reasons Congress Added Sex to Title VII and Their Implication for the Issue of Comparable Worth. Faculty Publications -- Collective Bargaining, Labor Law, and Labor History. Cornell, 1981 (1) Jump up ^ Olson, Lynne (2001), Freedom's Daughters: The Unsung Heroines of the Civil Rights Movement , p. 360 Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Rosalind (2008), Divided Lives: American Women in the Twentieth Century , p. 187 notes that Smith had been working for years with two Virginia feminists on the issue. Jump up ^ Harrison, Cynthia (1989), On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues, 1945-- 1968 , p. 179 Jump up ^ (477 U.S. 57, 63-- 64) ^ Jump up to: Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ' 70s . pp. 251-- 252. Jump up ^ Kotz, Nick (2005), Judgment Days: Lyndon Baines Johnson, Martin Luther King, Jr., and the Laws that Changed America , p. 61. Jump up ^ Branch, Taylor (1998), Pillar of Fire , p. 187. Jump up ^ Brownstein, Ronald (May 23, 2009). `` For GOP, A Southern Exposure'' . National Journal . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ Robert Sherrill (25 May 2001). `` Conservatism as Phoenix'' . The Nation . Jump up ^ Voting Rights ~ Civil Rights Movement Veterans Jump up ^ `` Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964'' . CongressLink . The Dirksen Congressional Center. Archived from the original on December 6, 2014 . Retrieved March 14, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 Title II'' . Wake Forest University . ^ Jump up to: `` Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- CRA -- Title VII -- Equal Employment Opportunities -- 42 US Code Chapter 21'' . finduslaw . Retrieved 2010-06-06 . Jump up ^ Parr v. Woodmen of the World Life Insurance Company , 791 F.2d 888 (11th Cir. 1986). Jump up ^ `` Age Discrimination in Employment Act of 1967'' . Finduslaw.com . Retrieved 2010-06-06 . Jump up ^ https://www.archives.gov/education/lessons/civil-rights-act/images/act-06.jpg Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Labor Employment and Training Administration. (1999) `` Chapter 2: Laws and Regulations with Implications for Assessments'' . (2) ^ Jump up to: 1946-, Cochran, Augustus B., (2004). Sexual harassment and the law : the Mechelle Vinson case . Lawrence, Kan.: University Press of Kansas. ISBN 0700613234 . OCLC 53284947 . Jump up ^ Macy v. Holder , EEOC Appeal No. 0120120821 (April 20, 2012) Jump up ^ Quinones, Sam (April 25, 2012). `` EEOC rules job protections also apply to transgender people'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved November 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ Rosenberg, Mica (September 9, 2014). `` U.S. government lawsuits target transgender discrimination in workplace'' . Reuters . Retrieved November 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What You Should Know about EEOC and the Enforcement Protections for LGBT Workers'' . Equal Employment Opportunity Commission. Jump up ^ Chai Feldblum (@chaifeldblum) (6 November 2014). `` ICYMI-- EEOC helping LGBT people get protection from discrimination under sex discrimination laws'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Geidner, Chris (18 December 2014). `` Justice Department Will Now Support Transgender Discrimination Claims In Litigation'' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Holden, Dominic (5 October 2017). `` Jeff Sessions Just Reversed A Policy That Protects Transgender Workers From Discrimination'' . BuzzFeed News . Retrieved 5 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Goico, Allison L.; Geller, Hayley (6 October 2017). `` US Attorney General Jefferson Sessions Issues New Guidance On Transgender Employees'' . The National Law Review . Dinsmore & Shohl LLP . Retrieved 15 October 2017 . Jump up ^ Chung, Andrew (11 December 2017). `` U.S. high court turns away dispute over gay worker protections'' . Reuters. Reuters . Retrieved 11 December 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Sandoval-Strausz, A.K. (Spring 2005). `` Travelers, Strangers, and Jim Crow: Law, Public Accommodations, and Civil Rights in America'' . Law and History Review . 23 (1): 53-- 94. doi : 10.1017/s0738248000000055 . JSTOR 30042844 . Jump up ^ Alan Taylor. `` 1964: Civil Rights Battles'' . The Atlantic . Jump up ^ Wolcott, Victoria W. (16 August 2012). `` Race, Riots, and Roller Coasters: The Struggle over Segregated Recreation in America'' . University of Pennsylvania Press -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Sean F. Reardon, Ann Owens, `` 60 Years After Brown: Trends and Consequences of School Segregation'' Annual Review of Sociology Vol. 14, 2014 Jump up ^ `` Equal Employment Opportunity Commission'' . LII / Legal Information Institute . Jump up ^ `` The Civil Rights Act of March 1, 1875'' , www.gmu.edu. Jump up ^ Frum, David (2000). How We Got Here: The ' 70s . p. 270. Jump up ^ Frankel, Alison (5 April 2017). `` The shrewdness of Judge Wood's opinion in LGBT workplace bias case'' . Reuters . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Briscoe, Tony (4 April 2017). `` Court: Civil Rights Act covers LGBT workplace bias'' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Haag, Matthew; Chokshi, Niraj (5 April 2017). `` Civil Rights Act Protects Gay Workers, Court Rules'' . The New York Times . p. A17 . Retrieved 6 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinerstein, Robert D. (). The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990: Progeny of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 . American Bar Association . JSTOR. References ( edit ) Branch, Taylor (1998), Pillar of Fire: America in the King Years 1963-- 65 , New York: Simon & Schuster. Brauer, Carl M., `` Women Activists, Southern Conservatives, and the Prohibition of Sexual Discrimination in Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act'' , 49 Journal of Southern History , February 1983. Burstein, Paul (1985), Discrimination, Jobs and Politics: The Struggle for Equal Employment Opportunity in the United States since the New Deal , Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Finley, Keith M. (2008), Delaying the Dream: Southern Senators and the Fight Against Civil Rights, 1938-- 1965 , Baton Rouge: LSU Press. Freeman, Jo. `` How ' Sex' Got Into Title VII: Persistent Opportunism as a Maker of Public Policy'' Law and Inequality: A Journal of Theory and Practice , Vol. 9, No. 2, March 1991, pp. 163-- 184. online version Graham, Hugh (1990), The Civil Rights Era: Origins and Development of National Policy, 1960-- 1972 , New York: Oxford University Press. Gregory, Raymond F. (2014). The Civil Rights Act and the Battle to End Workplace Discrimination. Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield. Harrison, Cynthia (1988), On Account of Sex: The Politics of Women's Issues 1945-- 1968 , Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Jeong, Gyung-Ho, Gary J. Miller, and Itai Sened, `` Closing the Deal: Negotiating Civil Rights Legislation'' , American Political Science Review , 103 (Nov. 2009) Loevy, Robert D. (1990), To End All Segregation: The Politics of the Passage of The Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Lanham, MD: University Press of America. Loevy, Robert D. ed. (1997), The Civil Rights Act of 1964: The Passage of the Law That Ended Racial Segregation , Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. Loevy, Robert D. `` The Presidency and Domestic Policy: The Civil Rights Act of 1964,'' in David C. Kozak and Kenneth N. Ciboski, ed., The American Presidency (Chicago: Nelson Hall, 1985), pp. 411-- 419. online version Mann, Robert (1996). The Walls of Jericho: Lyndon Johnson, Hubert Humphrey, Richard Russell, and the Struggle for Civil Rights. Pedriana, Nicholas, and Stryker, Robin. `` The Strength of a Weak Agency: Enforcement of Title VII of the 1964 Civil Rights Act and the Expansion of State Capacity, 1965-- 1971,'' American Journal of Sociology , Nov 2004, Vol. 110 Issue 3, pp 709-- 760 Rodriguez, Daniel B. and Weingast, Barry R. `` The Positive Political Theory of Legislative History: New Perspectives on the 1964 Civil Rights Act and Its Interpretation'' , University of Pennsylvania Law Review , Vol. 151. (2003) online Rothstein, Mark A., Andria S. Knapp & Lance Liebman (1987). Employment Law: Cases and Materials. Foundation Press. Warren, Dan R. (2008), If It Takes All Summer: Martin Luther King, the KKK, and States' Rights in St. Augustine, 1964 , Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. Whalen, Charles and Whalen, Barbara (1985), The Longest Debate: A Legislative History of the 1964 Civil Rights Act , Cabin John, MD: Seven Locks Press. Woods, Randall B. (2006), LBJ: Architect of American Ambition , New York: Free Press, ch 22. Zimmer, Michael J., Charles A. Sullivan & Richard F. Richards, Cases and Materials on Employment Discrimination , Little, Brown and Company (1982). External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Civil Rights Act of 1964 . Civil Rights Act of 1964 bill Major Features of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and A Case History: The 1964 Civil Rights Act as provided by The Dirksen Center Text of Civil Rights Act of 1964 -- Title VII -- 42 US Code Chapter 21 (Employment Discrimination) Martin Luther King's famous `` I Have a Dream'' speech, plus background including Civil Rights bill. 1963 March on Washington, civil rights including JFK death date. Presidency book excerpt, the legislative history of this bill as it became an Act. Background facts including enactment date. Directory of EEOC offices, addresses, and hours of operation. President Lyndon B. Johnson's Radio and Television Remarks Upon Signing the Civil Rights Bill Civil Rights Movement Veterans 50th Anniversary of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 curated by Michigan State University's Diversity of Excellence through Artistic Expression Civil Rights Act of 1964 , Civil Rights Digital Library hide Civil rights movement Notable events ( timeline ) Prior to 1954 Lynching in the United States Murder of Harry and Harriette Moore 1954-- 1959 Brown v. Board of Education Bolling v. Sharpe Briggs v. Elliott Davis v. County School Board of Prince Edward County Gebhart v. Belton White America, Inc. Sarah Keys v. Carolina Coach Company Emmett Till Montgomery bus boycott Browder v. Gayle Tallahassee bus boycott Mansfield school desegregation 1957 Prayer Pilgrimage for Freedom `` Give Us the Ballot '' Royal Ice Cream sit-in Little Rock Nine National Guard blockade Civil Rights Act of 1957 Kissing Case Biloxi wade-ins 1960-- 1963 Greensboro sit-ins Nashville sit-ins Sit-in movement Civil Rights Act of 1960 Gomillion v. Lightfoot Boynton v. Virginia Rock Hill sit-ins Robert F. Kennedy's Law Day Address Freedom Rides attacks Garner v. Louisiana Albany Movement University of Chicago sit-ins `` Second Emancipation Proclamation '' Meredith enrollment, Ole Miss riot `` Segregation now, segregation forever'' Stand in the Schoolhouse Door 1963 Birmingham campaign Letter from Birmingham Jail Children's Crusade Birmingham riot 16th Street Baptist Church bombing John F. Kennedy's Report to the American People on Civil Rights March on Washington `` I Have a Dream'' St. Augustine movement 1964-- 1968 Twenty-fourth Amendment Bloody Tuesday Freedom Summer workers' murders Civil Rights Act of 1964 1965 Selma to Montgomery marches `` How Long, Not Long '' Voting Rights Act of 1965 Harper v. Virginia Board of Elections March Against Fear White House Conference on Civil Rights Chicago Freedom Movement/Chicago open housing movement Memphis sanitation strike King assassination funeral riots Poor People's Campaign Civil Rights Act of 1968 Green v. 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Harbour Vincent Harding Dorothy Height Lola Hendricks Aaron Henry Oliver Hill Donald L. Hollowell James Hood Myles Horton Zilphia Horton T.R.M. Howard Ruby Hurley Jesse Jackson Jimmie Lee Jackson Richie Jean Jackson T.J. Jemison Esau Jenkins Barbara Rose Johns Vernon Johns Frank Minis Johnson Clarence Jones J. Charles Jones Matthew Jones Vernon Jordan Tom Kahn Clyde Kennard A.D. King C.B. King Coretta Scott King Martin Luther King Jr. Martin Luther King Sr. Bernard Lafayette James Lawson Bernard Lee Sanford R. Leigh Jim Letherer Stanley Levison John Lewis Viola Liuzzo Z. Alexander Looby Joseph Lowery Clara Luper Malcolm X Mae Mallory Vivian Malone Thurgood Marshall Benjamin Mays Franklin McCain Charles McDew Ralph McGill Floyd McKissick Joseph McNeil James Meredith William Ming Jack Minnis Amzie Moore Douglas E. Moore Harriette Moore Harry T. 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Virginia Fifth Circuit Four Brown Chapel Holt Street Baptist Church Edmund Pettus Bridge March on Washington Movement African-American churches attacked Journey of Reconciliation Freedom Songs `` Kumbaya '' `` Keep Your Eyes on the Prize'' `` Oh, Freedom'' `` This Little Light of Mine'' `` We Shall Not Be Moved'' `` We Shall Overcome'' Spring Mobilization Committee to End the War in Vietnam `` Beyond Vietnam: A Time to Break Silence '' Watts riots Voter Education Project 1960s counterculture In popular culture King Memorial Birmingham Civil Rights National Monument Freedom Riders National Monument Civil Rights Memorial The New Jim Crow (2010) Noted historians Taylor Branch Clayborne Carson John Dittmer Michael Eric Dyson Chuck Fager Adam Fairclough David Garrow David Halberstam Vincent Harding Steven F. Lawson Doug McAdam Diane McWhorter Charles M. Payne Timothy Tyson Akinyele Umoja Movement photographers Lyndon B. Johnson 36th President of the United States (1963-- 1969) 37th Vice President of the United States (1961-- 1963) U.S. Senator from Texas (1949-- 1961) U.S. Representative for TX-10 (1937-- 1949) Presidency 1963 inauguration 1965 inauguration Great Society Architectural Barriers Act Child Nutrition Act Civil Rights Act of 1964 Department of Housing and Urban Development Department of Transportation Economic Opportunity Act of 1964 Head Start Program Job Corps Elementary and Secondary Education Act Equal Employment Opportunity Commission Fair Housing Act of 1968 Food Stamp Act of 1964 Glassboro Summit Gun Control Act of 1968 Higher Education Act of 1965 Upward Bound TRIO Teacher Corps Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 Johnson Doctrine Dominican Republic occupation Medicare Medicaid Meritorious Service Medal National Endowment for the Arts National Endowment for the Humanities Non-Discrimination in Federal contracts Executive Order 11375 Older Americans Act Operation CHAOS Outer Space Treaty Public Broadcasting Act of 1967 Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution `` Credibility gap '' VISTA Voting Rights Act of 1965 War on Poverty White House Conference on Civil Rights White House preservation State of the Union Address, 1966 1968 Cabinet Judicial appointments Supreme Court controversies Life Early years and career Operation Texas Texas Broadcasting Company Johnson Amendment Bashir Ahmad Legacy Lyndon Baines Johnson Library and Museum Lyndon B. 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which technique was used in the 1933 film king kong to create the special effects

King Kong is well known for its groundbreaking use of special effects , such as stop - motion animation , matte painting , rear projection and miniatures , all of which were conceived decades before the digital age .

King Kong (1933 film) - wikipedia King Kong (1933 film) Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) King Kong Theatrical release poster Directed by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Produced by Merian C. Cooper Ernest B. Schoedsack Screenplay by James Creelman Ruth Rose Story by Edgar Wallace Merian C. Cooper Starring Fay Wray Robert Armstrong Bruce Cabot Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Eddie Linden Vernon Walker J.O. Taylor Edited by Ted Cheesman Production company Radio Pictures Distributed by Radio Pictures Release date March 2, 1933 ( 1933-03-02 ) ( New York City ) March 24, 1933 ( 1933-03-24 ) ( Los Angeles ) April 7, 1933 ( 1933-04-07 ) (US) Running time 100 minutes 104 minutes (with overture ) Country United States Language English Budget $672,000 ($12 million adjusted for inflation ) Box office $2.8 million ($51 million adjusted for inflation) King Kong is a 1933 American pre-Code monster adventure film directed and produced by Merian C. Cooper and Ernest B. Schoedsack . The screenplay by James Ashmore Creelman and Ruth Rose was from an idea conceived by Cooper and Edgar Wallace . It stars Fay Wray , Bruce Cabot and Robert Armstrong , and opened in New York City on March 2, 1933, to rave reviews. It has been ranked by Rotten Tomatoes as the greatest horror film of all time and the twentieth greatest film of all time . The film tells of a gigantic, prehistoric, island-dwelling ape called Kong who dies in an attempt to possess a beautiful young woman. King Kong is especially noted for its stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and a groundbreaking musical score by Max Steiner . In 1991, it was deemed `` culturally, historically and aesthetically significant'' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the National Film Registry . It has been remade twice, in 1976 and 2005 , while a reboot, Kong: Skull Island , was released in 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Background 4 Production 4.1 Development 4.1.1 Concept 4.1.2 Script 4.2 Pre-production 4.2.1 Casting 4.2.1.1 Fay Wray 4.2.1.2 Robert Armstrong and Bruce Cabot 4.2.1.3 Other players 4.2.2 Models 4.2.3 Special effects 4.2.4 Live-action scenes 4.3 Post-production 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Racist allegory 7 Box office 8 Awards and honors 9 Re-releases, censorship and restorations 10 Home media 11 Adaptations 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Plot ( edit ) In New York Harbor , filmmaker Carl Denham , famous for making wildlife films in remote and exotic locations, charters Captain Englehorn's ship, the Venture for his new project, but is unable to secure an actress for a female role he has reluctantly added to the script. Due to adventure that night, Denham searches the streets of New York for a suitable woman. He meets Ann Darrow and convinces her to join him for what he proposes as the adventure of a lifetime. The Venture quickly gets underway and, during the voyage, the surly first mate, Jack Driscoll , gradually falls in love with Ann. After weeks of secrecy, Denham finally tells Englehorn and Driscoll that their destination is Skull Island , an uncharted land shown on a map in Denham's possession. Denham also cryptically alludes to some monstrous creature rumored to dwell on the island, a legendary entity known only as `` Kong'' . When they find the island and anchor offshore, they see a native village, separated from the rest of the island by an enormous ancient stone wall. A landing party, including the filming crew and Ann, witnesses a group of natives preparing to sacrifice a young maiden as the `` bride of Kong'' . The intruders are spotted and the native chief stops the ceremony. When he sees Ann, he offers to trade six of his tribal women for the `` golden woman'' . They rebuff him and return to the Venture . That night, a band of natives kidnap Ann from the ship, and lead her through a huge wooden gate in the wall. Tied to an altar, she is offered to Kong, who turns out to be an enormous gorilla-like ape . Kong carries her off into the wilderness as the Venture crew, alerted to Ann's abduction, arrive. They open the gate and Denham, Driscoll and some volunteers enter the jungle in hopes of rescuing Ann. They soon discover that Kong is far from the only giant prehistoric creature on the island when they are charged by a Stegosaurus , which they manage to kill. After constructing a raft in order to cross a swamp, a Brontosaurus capsizes their supplies, killing several of the men. Fleeing through the wilderness, they soon encounter Kong, who tries to stop them from crossing a ravine by shaking them off a fallen tree that bridges it. Only Driscoll and Denham, on opposite sides, survive. A Tyrannosaurus approaches Ann, but Kong kills it after breaking its jaws and skull. Driscoll continues to shadow Kong and Ann while Denham returns to the village for more men. Upon arriving in Kong's lair in a mountain cave, Ann is menaced by a snake -like Elasmosaurus , which Kong wrestles and kills. While Kong is distracted killing a Pteranodon that tried to fly away with Ann, Driscoll reaches her and they climb down a vine dangling from a cliff ledge. When Kong notices and starts pulling them back up, they let go and fall unharmed into the water below. They run through the jungle and back to the village, where Denham, Englehorn, and the surviving crewmen are waiting. Kong, following, breaks open the gate, and relentlessly rampages through the village. On shore, Denham, now determined to bring Kong back alive, knocks him unconscious with a gas bomb. Shackled in chains of chrome steel, Kong is presented to a Broadway theatre audience as `` Kong, the Eighth Wonder of the World'' . Ann and Jack are brought on stage to join him, followed by an invited group of press photographers. Kong, believing that the ensuing flash photography is an attack, breaks loose as the audience flees in horror. Ann is whisked away to a hotel room on a high floor, but Kong, scaling the building, soon finds her. Kong's hand smashes through the hotel room window, knocking Jack unconscious and seizing Ann. Kong rampages through the city. He wrecks a crowded elevated train and then climbs the Empire State Building . At its top, he is met by four Observation Aircraft . Kong takes on the planes, downing one, but he finally succumbs to their gunfire, and falls to his death. Ann and Jack are reunited. Denham arrives and pushes through a crowd, surrounding Kong's corpse in the street. When a policeman remarks that the planes got him, Denham tells him, `` It was Beauty who killed the Beast.'' Cast ( edit ) Fay Wray as Ann Darrow Robert Armstrong as Carl Denham Bruce Cabot as Jack Driscoll Frank Reicher as Captain Englehorn Sam Hardy as Charles Weston Noble Johnson as the Native Chief Steve Clemente as the Witch King James Flavin as Briggs, 2nd Mate Victor Wong as Charlie the Cook (uncredited) Everett Brown as the Native in Ape Costume (uncredited) Background ( edit ) An articulated skeleton of the Brontosaurus used in the film. Before King Kong entered production, a long tradition of jungle films existed, and, whether drama or documentary, such films generally adhered to a narrative pattern that followed an explorer or scientist into the jungle to test a theory only to discover some monstrous aberration in the undergrowth ( see Stark Mad ). In such films, scientific knowledge could be turned topsy-turvy at any time, and it was this that provided the genre with its vitality, appeal, and endurance. In the early 20th century, few zoos had primate exhibits so there was popular demand to see them on film. At the turn of the 20th century, the Lumière Brothers sent film documentarians to places westerners had never seen, and Georges Méliès utilized trick photography in film fantasies that prefigured that in King Kong . Jungle films were launched in the United States in 1913 with Beasts in the Jungle , a film that mixed live actors with lions, a tiger, and other animals. The film's popularity spawned similar pictures, including a few about `` ape men'' and gorillas. In 1918, Elmo Lincoln starred in Tarzan of the Apes , and, in 1925, The Lost World made movie history with special effects by Willis O'Brien and a crew that later would work on King Kong . William S. Campbell specialized in monkey-themed films with Monkey Stuff and Jazz Monkey in 1919, with Prohibition Monkey following in 1920. King Kong producer Ernest B. Schoedsack had earlier monkey experience directing Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness in 1927 (also with Merian C. Cooper ) and Rango in 1931, both of which prominently featured monkeys in authentic jungle settings. Capitalizing on this trend, Congo Pictures released the hoax documentary Ingagi in 1930, advertising the film as `` an authentic incontestable celluloid document showing the sacrifice of a living woman to mammoth gorillas.'' Ingagi was an unabashed black exploitation film , immediately running afoul of the Hollywood code of ethics, as it implicitly depicted black women having sex with gorillas, and baby offspring that looked more ape than human. The film was an immediate hit, and by some estimates it was one of the highest-grossing movies of the 1930s at over $4 million. Although Cooper never listed Ingagi among his influences for King Kong, it has long been held that RKO green-lit Kong because of the bottom-line example of Ingagi and the formula that `` gorillas plus sexy women in peril equals enormous profits'' . Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) Concept ( edit ) Merian C. Cooper 's fascination with gorillas began with his boyhood reading of Paul Du Chaillu 's Explorations and Adventures in Equatorial Africa (1861) and was furthered in 1929 by studying a tribe of baboons in Africa while filming The Four Feathers . After reading W. Douglas Burden 's The Dragon Lizards of Komodo , he fashioned a scenario depicting African gorillas battling Komodo dragons intercut with artificial stand-ins for joint shots. He then narrowed the dramatis personae to one ferocious, lizard-battling gorilla (rather than a group) and included a lone woman on expedition to appease those critics who belabored him for neglecting romance in his films. A remote island would be the setting and the gorilla would be dealt a spectacular death in New York City. Cooper took his concept to Paramount Studios in the first years of the Great Depression but executives shied away from a project that sent film crews on costly shoots to Africa and Komodo. In 1931, David O. Selznick brought Cooper to RKO as his executive assistant, and, to sweeten the deal, promised him he could make his own films. Cooper began immediately developing The Most Dangerous Game , a story about a big game hunter, and hired his friend and former film partner, Ernest B. Schoedsack , to direct. A huge jungle stage set was built, with Robert Armstrong and Fay Wray as the stars. Once the film was underway, Cooper turned his attention to the studio's big-budget-out-of-control fantasy, Creation , a story about a group of travelers shipwrecked on an island of dinosaurs. The film employed special effects wizard Willis O'Brien . When Cooper screened O'Brien's stop-motion Creation footage, he was unimpressed, but realized he could economically make his gorilla picture by scrapping the Komodo dragons and costly location shoots for O'Brien's animated dinosaurs and the studio's existing jungle set. It was at this time Cooper probably cast his gorilla as a giant named Kong, and planned to have him die at the Empire State Building . The RKO board was wary about the project, but gave its approval after Cooper organized a presentation with Wray, Armstrong, and Cabot, and O'Brien's model dinosaurs. In his executive capacity, Cooper ordered the Creation production shelved, and put its crew to work on Kong . Script ( edit ) Cooper assigned recently hired RKO screenwriter and best-selling British mystery/adventure writer Edgar Wallace the job of writing a screenplay and a novel based on his gorilla fantasy. Cooper understood the commercial appeal of Wallace's name and planned to publicize the film as being `` based on the novel by Edgar Wallace'' . Wallace conferred with Cooper and O'Brien (who contributed, among other things, the `` Ann's dress'' scene) and began work on January 1, 1932. He completed a rough draft called The Beast on January 5, 1932. Cooper thought the draft needed considerable work but Wallace died on February 10, 1932, just after beginning revisions. Despite not using any of the draft in the final production beyond the previously agreed upon plot outline, Cooper gave a screen credit to Wallace as he had promised it as a producer. Cooper called in James Ashmore Creelman (who was working on the script of The Most Dangerous Game at the time) and the two men worked together on several drafts under the title The Eighth Wonder . Some details from Wallace's rough draft were dropped, notably his boatload of escaped convicts. Wallace's Danby Denham character, a big game hunter, became film director Carl Denham. His Shirley became Ann Darrow and her lover-convict John became Jack Driscoll. The ' beauty and the beast' angle was first developed at this time. Kong's escape was switched from Madison Square Garden to Yankee Stadium and (finally) to a Broadway theater. Cute moments involving the gorilla in Wallace's draft were cut because Cooper wanted Kong hard and tough in the belief that his fall would be all the more awesome and tragic. Time constraints forced Creelman to temporarily drop The Eighth Wonder and devote his time to the Game script. RKO staff writer Horace McCoy was called in to work with Cooper, and it was he who introduced the island natives, a giant wall, and the sacrificial maidens into the plot. Leon Gordon also contributed to the screenplay in a minimal capacity; both he and McCoy went uncredited in the completed film. When Creelman returned to the script full-time, he hated McCoy's ' mythic elements' , believing the script already had too many over-the-top concepts, but Cooper insisted on keeping them in. RKO head Selznick and his executives wanted Kong introduced earlier in the film (believing the audience would grow bored waiting for his appearance), but Cooper persuaded them that a suspenseful build-up would make Kong's entrance all the more exciting. Cooper felt Creelman's final draft was slow-paced, too full of flowery dialogue, weighted-down with long scenes of exposition, and written on a scale that would have been prohibitively expensive to film. Writer Ruth Rose (Schoedsack's wife) was brought in to for rewrites and, although she had never written a screenplay, undertook the task with a complete understanding of Cooper's style, streamlining the script and tightening the action. Rather than explaining how Kong would be transported to New York, for example, she simply cut from the island to the theater. She incorporated autobiographical elements into the script with Cooper mirrored in the Denham character, her husband Schoedsack in the tough but tender Driscoll character, and herself in struggling actress Ann Darrow. Rose also rewrote the dialogue and created the film's opening sequence, showing Denham meeting Ann on the streets of New York. Cooper was delighted with Rose's script, approving the newly re-titled Kong for production. Cooper and Schoedsack decided to co-direct scenes but their styles were different (Cooper was slow and meticulous, Schoedsack brisk) and they finally agreed to work separately, with Cooper overseeing O'Brien's miniature work and directing the special effects sequences, and Schoedsack directing the dialogue scenes. Pre-production ( edit ) Casting ( edit ) Fay Wray ( edit ) Fay Wray (1933) Fay Wray played bit parts in Hollywood until cast as the lead in Erich von Stroheim 's 1928 silent film, The Wedding March . She met Kong co-directors Cooper and Schoedsack when cast as Ethne Eustace in The Four Feathers in 1929. Cooper cast her in 1932 as Eve Trowbridge in The Most Dangerous Game . After the RKO board approved the Kong test, Cooper decided a blonde would provide contrast to the gorilla's dark pelt. Dorothy Jordan , Jean Harlow , and Ginger Rogers were considered, but the role finally went to Wray who wore a blonde wig in the film and was inspired more by Cooper's enthusiasm than the script to accept the role. According to her autobiography, On the Other Hand , Wray recounts that Cooper had told her he planned to star her opposite the `` tallest, darkest leading man in Hollywood'' . She assumed he meant Clark Gable until he showed her a picture of Kong climbing the Empire State Building. On the film's 50th anniversary in 1983, one New York theater held a Fay Wray scream-alike contest in its lobby, and, two days after her death on August 8, 2004, the lights of the Empire State Building were dimmed for 15 minutes in her memory. Robert Armstrong and Bruce Cabot ( edit ) Armstrong portrait Michigan native and veteran Broadway and silent film character actor Robert Armstrong played Wray's alcoholic brother in The Most Dangerous Game and, during filming, became a member of the Cooper-Schoedsack inner circle. He was a shoo-in as Denham when Kong was cast. The film's romantic angle (rather than its jungle or animal angle) was played-up after animal films fared poorly at the box office in the early months of 1933. One exhibitor displayed a promotional still of Wray swooning in Armstrong's arms with the caption, `` Their Hearts Stood Still...For There Stood Kong! A Love Story of Today That Spans the Ages!'' . Although the film's romantic subplot belongs to Cabot and Wray, established star Armstrong was chosen for the ad rather than the unknown Cabot. Months later, Armstrong again played Carl Denham in Kong's sequel, Son of Kong (1933). New Mexico native Jacques De Bujac was signed by Selznick as a contract player, given the name Bruce Cabot , and met Cooper when auditioning for The Most Dangerous Game . He almost walked out of his Kong audition (mistakenly believing he was trying out as a stunt double for Joel McCrea ) but was convinced otherwise and received the role of Jack Driscoll, his first starring role. He was an inexperienced actor and described his participation in Kong as standing in the right place, doing what he was told, and collecting a paycheck. Other players ( edit ) German-born Broadway veteran and silent film director Frank Reicher was cast as Captain Englehorn of the SS Venture , Victor Wong as the ship's cook Charlie, James Flavin as Second Mate Briggs, and a host of stuntmen and bit players as the ship's crew. Noble Johnson and Steve Clemente were members of the Cooper-Schoedsack inner circle and cast as the Native Chief and the Witch Doctor respectively while Etta McDaniel played a native mother of a child she rescues from Kong's rampage. Sam Hardy was cast as a theatrical agent and Sandra Shaw (later Mrs. Gary Cooper ) was cast as the New York woman Kong drops to the street from the hotel ledge. Merian C. Cooper, who was shot down in World War I in an Airco DH.4 and made a prisoner of war by the Germans, and who later flew with the Kosciuszko Squadron , played the airplane pilot and Schoedsack the machine gunner in uncredited roles in the film's final scenes. Models ( edit ) Play media Two Western lowland gorillas at Ueno Zoo displaying prominent belly and buttocks. Kong modelers would streamline the armature's torso to minimize the comical and awkward aspects of the gorilla's physique. After the RKO board approved the production of a test reel, Marcel Delgado constructed Kong (or the `` Giant Terror Gorilla'' as he was then known) per designs and directions from Cooper and O'Brien on a one-inch-equals-one-foot scale to simulate a gorilla 18 feet tall. Four models were built: two jointed 18-inch aluminum, foam rubber, latex, and rabbit fur models (to be rotated during filming), one jointed 24-inch model of the same materials for the New York scenes, and a small model of lead and fur for the plummeting-down-the-Empire-State-Building scene. At least two armatures have survived - one believed to be the original made for the test footage - and are owned by Peter Jackson and Bob Burns . In 2009, one sold for £ 121,000 ($200,000) at Christie's in London. Kong's torso was streamlined to eliminate the comical appearance of the real world gorilla's prominent belly and buttocks. His lips, eyebrows, and nose were fashioned of rubber, his eyes of glass, and his facial expressions controlled by thin, bendable wires threaded through holes drilled in his aluminum skull. During filming, Kong's rubber skin dried out quickly under studio lights, making it necessary to replace it often and completely rebuild his facial features. The stop-motion animated King Kong, battling a Curtiss F8C Helldiver airplane, on top of the Empire State Building A huge bust of Kong's head, neck, and upper chest was made of wood, cloth, rubber, and bearskin by Delgado, E.B. Gibson, and Fred Reefe. Inside the structure, metal levers, hinges, and an air compressor were operated by three men to control the mouth and facial expressions. Its fangs were 10 inches in length and its eyeballs 12 inches in diameter. The bust was moved from set to set on a flatcar. Its scale matched none of the models and, if fully realized, Kong would have stood thirty to forty feet tall. Two versions of Kong's right hand and arm were constructed of steel, sponge rubber, rubber, and bearskin. The first hand was non articulated, mounted on a crane, and operated by grips for the scene in which Kong grabs at Driscoll in the cave. The other hand and arm had articulated fingers, was mounted on a lever to elevate it, and was used in the several scenes in which Kong grasps Ann. A non articulated leg was created of materials similar to the hands, mounted on a crane, and used to stomp on Kong's victims. Charles R. Knight 's Tyrannosaurus in the American Museum of Natural History , on which the large theropod of the film was based The dinosaurs were made by Delgado in the same fashion as Kong and based on Charles R. Knight 's murals in the American Museum of Natural History in New York City. All the armatures were manufactured in the RKO machine shop. Materials used were cotton, foam rubber, latex sheeting, and liquid latex. Football bladders were placed inside some models to simulate breathing. A scale of one-inch-equals-one-foot was employed and models ranged from 18 inches to 3 feet in length. Several of the models were originally built for Creation and sometimes two or three models were built of individual species. Prolonged exposure to studio lights wreaked havoc with the latex skin so John Cerasoli carved wooden duplicates of each model to be used as stand-ins for test shoots and lineups. He carved wooden models of Ann, Driscoll, and other human characters. Models of the Venture , railway cars, and war planes were built. Special effects ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (November 2016) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Promotional image featuring Kong battling and killing the Tyrannosaurus . King Kong is well known for its groundbreaking use of special effects, such as stop-motion animation , matte painting , rear projection and miniatures , all of which were conceived decades before the digital age. The numerous prehistoric creatures inhabiting Skull Island were brought to life through the use of stop-motion animation by Willis O'Brien and his assistant animator, Buzz Gibson. The stop-motion animation scenes were painstaking and difficult to achieve and complete after the special effects crew realized that they could not stop, because it would make the movements of the creatures seem inconsistent and the lighting would not have the same intensity over the many days it took to fully animate a finished sequence. A device called the surface gauge was used in order to keep track of the stop-motion animation performance. The iconic fight between Kong and the Tyrannosaurus took seven weeks to be completed. O'Brien's protegé , Ray Harryhausen , who would work with him on several films and become one of the most prominent stop-motion animators in Hollywood, stated that O'Brien's second wife noticed that there was so much of her husband in Kong. The backdrop of Skull Island seen when the Venture crew first arrive was painted on glass by matte painters Henry Hillinck, Mario Larrinaga and Byron C. Crabbé . The scene was then composted with separate bird elements and rear projected behind the ship and the actors. The background of the scenes in the jungle (a miniature set) were also painted on several layers of glass to convey the illusion of deep and dense jungle foliage. The most difficult task for the special effects artists to achieve was to make live-action footage interact with separately filmed stop-motion animation - to make the interaction between the humans and the creatures of the island seem believable. The most simple of these effects were accomplished by exposing part of the frame, than running the same piece of the film through the camera again by exposing the other part of the frame with a different image. The most complex shots, where the live-action actors interacted with the stop-motion animation, were achieved via two different techniques, the Dunning process and the Williams process, in order to produce the effect of a travelling matte. The Dunning process , invented by cinematographer Carroll H. Dunning, employed the use of blue and yellow lighting, filtered and photographed into black-and-white film. Bi packing of the camera was used for these types of effects. With it, the special effects crew could combine two strips of different film at the same time, creating the final composite shot in the camera. It was used in the climactic scene where one of the Curtiss Helldiver planes attacking Kong crashes from the top of the Empire State Building, and in the scene where natives are running through the foreground, while Kong is fighting other natives at the wall. On the other hand, the Williams process, invented by cinematographer Frank D. Williams , did not require a system of colored lights and could be used for wider shots. It was used in the scene where Kong is shaking the sailors off the log, as well as the scene where Kong pushes the gates open. The Williams process did not use bipacking , but rather an optical printer , the first such device that synchronized a projector with a camera, so that several strips of film could be combined into a single composted image. Through the use of the optical printer, the special effects crew could film the foreground, the stop-motion animation, the live-action footage, and the background, and combine all of those elements into one single shot. The optical printer would continue to be used for films until the late 1980s, when they were superseded by digital composting. Another technique that was used in combining live actors and stop-motion animation was rear-screen projection. The actor would have a translucent screen behind him where a projector would project footage onto the back of the translucent screen. The translucent screen was developed by Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman , who received a Special Achievement Oscar. It was used in the famous scene where Kong and the Tyrannosaurus fight while Ann watches from the branches of a nearby tree. The stop-motion animation was filmed first. Fay Wray then spent a twenty-two hour period sitting in a fake tree acting out her observation of the battle, which was projected onto the translucent screen while the camera filmed her witnessing the projected stop-motion battle. She was sore for days after the shoot. The same process was also used for the scene where sailors from the Venture kill a Stegosaurus. O'Brien and his special effects crew also devised a way to use rear-projection in miniature sets. A tiny screen was built into the miniature onto which live-action footage would then be projected. A fan pumped cool air to prevent the footage that was projected from melting or catching fire. This miniature rear projection was used in the scene where Kong is trying to grab Driscoll, who is hiding in a cave. The scene where Kong puts Ann in the top of a tree switched from a puppet in Kong's hand to a projected footage of Ann sitting. The scene where Kong fights the snake-like reptile in his lair was likely the most significant special effects achievement of the film, due to the way in which all of the elements in the sequence work together at the same time. The scene was accomplished through the use of a miniature set, stop-motion animation for Kong, background matte paintings, real water, foreground rocks with bubbling mud, smoke and two miniature rear screen projections of Driscoll and Ann. Over the years, some media reports have alleged that in certain scenes Kong was played by an actor wearing a gorilla suit . However, film historians are generally agreed that all scenes involving Kong were achieved with animated models. Live-action scenes ( edit ) King Kong was filmed in several stages over an eight-month period. Some actors had so much time between their Kong periods that they were able to fully complete work on other films. Cabot completed Road House and Wray appeared in the horror films Dr. X and Mystery of the Wax Museum . She estimated she worked for ten weeks on Kong over its eight-month production. In May and June 1932, Cooper directed the first live-action Kong scenes on the jungle set built for The Most Dangerous Game . Some of these scenes were incorporated into the test reel later exhibited for the RKO board. The script was still in revision when the jungle scenes were shot and much of the dialogue was improvised. The jungle set was scheduled to be struck after Game was completed, so Cooper filmed all of the other jungle scenes at this time. The last scene shot was that of Driscoll and Ann racing through the jungle to safety following their escape from Kong's lair. In July 1932, the native village was readied while Schoedsack and his crew filmed establishing shots in the harbor of New York City. Curtiss F8C-5/O2C-1 Helldiver war planes taking off and in flight were filmed at a U.S. Naval airfield on Long Island. Views of New York City were filmed from the Empire State Building for backgrounds in the final scenes and architectural plans for the mooring mast were secured from the building's owners for a mock-up to be constructed on the Hollywood sound stage. King Kong views Ann on the limb of a tree In August 1932, the island landing party scene and the gas bomb scene were filmed south of Los Angeles on a beach at San Pedro, California . All of the native village scenes were then filmed on the RKO-Pathé lot in Culver City with the native huts recycled from Bird of Paradise (1932). The great wall in the island scenes was a hand-me-down from DeMille 's The King of Kings (1927) and dressed up with massive gates, a gong, and primitive carvings. The scene of Ann being led through the gates to the sacrificial altar was filmed at night with hundreds of extras and 350 lights for illumination. A camera was mounted on a crane to follow Ann to the altar. The Culver City Fire Department was on hand due to concerns that the set might go up in flames from the many native torches used in the scene. The wall and gate were destroyed in 1939 for Gone With the Wind 's burning of Atlanta sequence. Hundreds of extras were once again used for Kong's rampage through the native village, and filming was completed with individual vignettes of mayhem and native panic. Meanwhile, the scene depicting a New York woman being dropped to her apparent death from a hotel window was filmed on the sound stage using the articulated hand. At the same time, a scene depicting poker players surprised by Kong's face peering through a window was filmed using the ' big head' , although the scene was eventually dropped. When filming was completed, a break was scheduled to finish construction of the interior sets and to allow screenwriter Ruth Rose time to finish the script. In September-- October 1932, Schoedsack returned to the sound stage after completing the native village shoots in Culver City. The decks and cabins of the Venture were constructed and all the live-action shipboard scenes were then filmed. The New York scenes were filmed, including the scene of Ann being plucked from the streets by Denham, and the diner scene. Following completion of the interior scenes, Schoedsack returned to San Pedro and spent a day on a tramp steamer to film the scene of Driscoll punching Ann, and various atmospheric harbor scenes. The Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles was rented for one day to film the scenes where Kong is displayed in chains and the backstage theater scenes following his escape. Principal photography wrapped at the end of October 1932 with the filming of the climax wherein Driscoll rescues Ann at the top of the Empire State Building. Schoedsack's work was completed and he headed to Syria to film outdoor scenes for Arabia , a project that was never completed. In December 1932 -- January 1933, the actors were called back to film a number of optical effects shots which were mostly rear-screen projections. Technical problems inherent in the process made filming difficult and time-consuming. Wray spent most of a twenty-two hour period sitting in a fake tree to witness the battle between Kong and a Tyrannosaurus . She was sore for days after. Many of the scenes featuring Wray in the articulated hand were filmed at this time. In December, Cooper re shot the scene of the female New Yorker falling to her death. Stunt doubles were filmed for the water scenes depicting Driscoll and Ann escaping from Kong. A portion of the jungle set was reconstructed to film Denham snagging his sleeve on a branch during the pursuit scene. Originally, Denham ducked behind a bush to escape danger, but this was later considered cowardly and the scene was re shot. The final scene was originally staged on the top of the Empire State Building, but Cooper was dissatisfied and re shot the scene with Kong lying dead in the street with the crowd gathered about him. Post-production ( edit ) King Kong was settled upon as the title, and the film cut from 125 to 100 minutes, with scenes that slowed the pace or diverted attention from Kong deleted. Infamously, the deleted scene was what later became known as the `` Spider Pit Sequence'' , where a number of sailors from the Venture survived a fall into a ravine, only to be eaten alive by various large spiders, insects and other creatures. In a studio memo, Merian C. Cooper said that he cut the scene out himself because it `` stopped the story'' . Aside from some still photographs and pre-production artwork, no trace of it has ever been found. Decades later, Peter Jackson would incorporate a re-imagining of this sequence for his 2005 King Kong remake, and he also shot another version of the scene for fun using stop-motion animation, which was included among the bonus features of the two-disc DVD of the 1933 original. Murray Spivack provided the sound effects for the film. Kong's roar was created by mixing the recorded roars of zoo lions and tigers, subsequently played backwards slowly. Spivak himself provided Kong's `` love grunts'' by grunting into a megaphone and playing it at a slow speed. For the huge ape's footsteps, Spivak stomped across a gravel-filled box with plungers wrapped in foam attached to his own feet, while the sounds of his chest beats were recorded by Spivak hitting his assistant (who had a microphone held to his back) on the chest with a drumstick. Spivak created the hisses and croaks of the dinosaurs with an air compressor for the former and his own vocals for the latter. The vocalizations of the Tyrannosaurus were additionally mixed in with puma screams. Bird squawks were used for the Pteranodon. Spivak also provided the numerous screams of the various sailors. Fay Wray herself provided all of her character's screams in a single recording session. For budget reasons, RKO decided not to have an original film score composed, instead instructing composer Max Steiner to simply reuse music from other films. Cooper thought the film deserved an original score and paid Steiner $50,000 to compose it. Steiner completed the score in six weeks and recorded it with a 46-piece orchestra. The studio later reimbursed Cooper. The score was unlike any that came before and marked a significant change in the history of film music. King Kong's score was the first feature-length musical score written for an American `` talkie'' film, the first major Hollywood film to have a thematic score rather than background music, the first to mark the use of a 46-piece orchestra, and the first to be recorded on three separate tracks (sound effects, dialogue, and music). Steiner used a number of new film scoring techniques, such as drawing upon opera conventions for his use of leitmotifs . Release ( edit ) King Kong held its world premiere at Grauman's Chinese Theater . King Kong opened at the 6,200-seat Radio City Music Hall in New York City and the 3,700-seat RKO Roxy across the street on Thursday, March 2, 1933. The film was preceded by a stage show called Jungle Rhythms . Crowds lined up around the block on opening day, tickets were priced at $.35 to $.75, and, in its first four days, every one of its ten-shows-a-day were sold out -- setting an all-time attendance record for an indoor event. Over the four-day period, the film grossed $89,931. The film had its official world premiere on March 23, 1933 at Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood. The ' big head bust' was placed in the theater's forecourt and a seventeen-act show preceded the film with The Dance of the Sacred Ape performed by a troupe of African American dancers the highpoint. Kong cast and crew attended and Wray thought her on-screen screams distracting and excessive. The film opened nationwide on April 10, 1933, and worldwide on Easter Day in London , England. Reception ( edit ) Variety thought the film was a powerful adventure. The New York Times gave readers an enthusiastic account of the plot and thought the film a fascinating adventure. John Mosher of The New Yorker called it `` ridiculous'' , but wrote that there were `` many scenes in this picture that are certainly diverting'' . The New York World-Telegram said it was `` one of the very best of all the screen thrillers, done with all the cinema's slickest camera tricks'' . The Chicago Tribune called it `` one of the most original, thrilling and mammoth novelties to emerge from a movie studio.'' On February 3, 2002, Roger Ebert included King Kong in his `` Great Movies '' list, writing that `` In modern times the movie has aged, as critic James Berardinelli observes, and ' advances in technology and acting have dated aspects of the production.' Yes, but in the very artificiality of some of the special effects, there is a creepiness that isn't there in today's slick, flawless, computer-aided images... Even allowing for its slow start, wooden acting and wall-to-wall screaming, there is something ageless and primeval about `` King Kong'' that still somehow works.'' King Kong holds an average score of 98% based on 54 reviews on Rotten Tomatoes . Racist allegory ( edit ) In the 19th and early twentieth century, people of African descent were commonly visually represented as ape-like, a metaphor that fitted racist stereotypes, further bolstered by the emergence of scientific racism . Early blockbuster films frequently mirrored racial tensions. While King Kong is often compared to the story of Beauty and the Beast , many film scholars have argued that the film was a racist cautionary tale about interracial romance, in which the film's `` carrier of blackness is not a human being, but an ape'' . Cooper and Schoedsack rejected any allegorical interpretations, insisting in interviews that the film's story contained no hidden meanings. Box office ( edit ) The film was a box office success making about $2 million in rentals on its initial release, with an opening weekend estimated at $90,000. Receipts fell by up to 50% in the second week of the film's release because of the national `` bank holiday'' called in President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's first days in office; the film still did nicely. During the film's first run it made a profit of $650,000. It was re-released in 1938, 1942, 1946, 1952 and 1956. After the 1952 re-release, Variety estimated the film had made $4 million in cumulative domestic rentals for that year. Awards and honors ( edit ) Kong did not receive any Academy Awards nominations. Selznick wanted to nominate O'Brien and his crew for a special award in visual effects but the Academy declined. Such a category did not exist at the time and would not exist until 1938. Sidney Saunders and Fred Jackman received a special achievement award for the development of the translucent acetate/cellulose rear screen -- the only Kong -related award. The film has since received some significant honors. In 1975, Kong was named one of the 50 best American films by the American Film Institute , and, in 1991, the film was deemed `` culturally, historically and aesthetically significant'' by the Library of Congress and selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry . In 1998, the AFI ranked the film #43 on its list of the 100 greatest movies of all time. American Film Institute Lists AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies -- #43 AFI's 100 Years...100 Thrills -- #12 AFI's 100 Years...100 Passions -- #24 AFI's 100 Years...100 Heroes and Villains : Kong -- Nominated Villain AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes : `` Oh, no, it wasn't the airplanes. It was Beauty killed the Beast.'' -- #84 AFI's 100 Years of Film Scores -- #13 AFI's 100 Years...100 Movies (10th Anniversary Edition) -- #41 AFI's 10 Top 10 -- #4 Fantasy film Re-releases, censorship and restorations ( edit ) King Kong was re-released in 1938, 1942, 1946, 1952 and 1956, to great box office success. Stricter decency rules had been put into effect in Hollywood since its 1933 premiere and each time it was censored further, with several scenes, being either trimmed or excised altogether. These scenes were as follows: A Brontosaurus mauling crewmen in the water, chasing one up a tree and killing him; Kong undressing Ann Darrow and sniffing his fingers; Kong biting and stepping on natives when he attacks the village; Kong biting a reporter in New York; Kong mistaking a sleeping woman for Ann and dropping her to her death, after realizing his mistake. After the 1956 re-release, the film was sold to television (first being broadcast March 5, 1956). RKO had failed to preserve copies of film's negative or release prints with the excised footage, and the cut scenes were considered lost for years. In 1969, a 16mm print, including the censored footage, was found in Philadelphia. The cut scenes were added to the film, restoring it to its original theatrical running time of 100 minutes. This version was re-released to art houses by Janus Films in 1970. Over the next two decades, Universal Studios carried out further photochemical restoration on King Kong . This was based on a 1942 release print, with missing censor cuts taken from a 1937 print, which `` contained heavy vertical scratches from projection.'' An original release print located in the UK in the 1980s was found to contain the cut scenes in better quality. After a 6-year worldwide search for the best surviving materials, a further, fully digital, restoration utilizing 4K resolution scanning was completed by Warner Bros. in 2005. This restoration also had a 4-minute overture added, bringing the overall running time to 104 minutes. King Kong was also, somewhat controversially, colorized in the late 1980s for television. Home media ( edit ) In 1984, King Kong was one of the first films to be released on LaserDisc by the Criterion Collection , and was the very first movie to have an audio commentary track included. Criterion's audio commentary was by film historian Ron Haver ; in 1985 Image Entertainment released another LaserDisc, this time with a commentary by film historian and soundtrack producer Paul Mandell. Neither of these commentaries has since resurfaced on any other format. King Kong had numerous VHS and LaserDisc releases of varying quality prior to receiving an official studio release on DVD. Those included a Turner 60th anniversary edition in 1993 featuring a front cover which had the sound effect of Kong roaring when his chest was pressed. It also included the colorized version of the film and a 25-minute documentary, It Was Beauty Killed the Beast (1992). The documentary is also available on two different UK King Kong DVDs, while the colorized version is available on DVD in the UK and Italy. Warner Home Video re-released the black and white version on VHS with the 25-minute documentary included under the Warner Bros. Classics label in 1999. In 2005 Warner Bros. released their digital restoration of King Kong in a US 2-disc Special Edition DVD, coinciding with the theatrical release of Peter Jackson 's remake . It had numerous extra features, including a new, third audio commentary by visual effects artists Ray Harryhausen and Ken Ralston , with archival excerpts from actress Fay Wray and producer/director Merian C. Cooper. Warners issued identical DVDs in 2006 in Australia and New Zealand, followed by a US digibook-packaged Blu-ray in 2010. In 2014 the Blu-ray was repackaged with three unrelated films in a 4 Film Favorites: Colossal Monster Collection . At present, Universal holds worldwide rights to Kong's home video releases outside of the US, Australia and New Zealand. All Universal's releases only contain their earlier, 100 minute, pre-2005 restoration. Adaptations ( edit ) The 1933 King Kong film and character inspired imitations and installments. Son of Kong , a direct sequel to the 1933 film was released nine months after the first film's release. In the early 1960s, RKO had licensed the King Kong character to Japanese studio Toho and produced two King Kong films, King Kong vs. Godzilla and King Kong Escapes , both directed by Ishirō Honda . In 1976, Italian producer Dino De Laurentiis released his version of King Kong , a modern remake of the 1933 film, which was followed by a sequel in 1986 titled King Kong Lives . In 2005, Universal Pictures released another remake of King Kong , directed by Peter Jackson . Legendary Pictures and Warner Bros. released a Kong reboot film titled Kong: Skull Island in 2017 which was directed by Jordan Vogt-Roberts . See also ( edit ) 1930s portal Film portal Horror portal United States portal List of films featuring giant monsters List of stop motion films Skull Island Mighty Joe Young (1949) The Lost World (1925) Ingagi (1930) Stark Mad (1929) References ( edit ) Notes ^ Jump up to: King Kong at the American Film Institute Catalog Jump up ^ King Kong (DVD). Warner Bros. Home Entertainment . 10 May 2015. ^ Jump up to: Richard Jewel, ' RKO Film Grosses: 1931-- 1951' , Historical Journal of Film Radio and Television , Vol 14 No 1, 1994 p39 Jump up ^ Miller, Frank (January 5, 2015). `` King Kong (1933) Awards and Honors'' . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved November 26, 2015 . Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes: Best Horror Movies Retrieved 2010-03-17 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Movies of All Time - Rotten Tomatoes'' . www.rottentomatoes.com . Retrieved 2016-10-14 . ^ Jump up to: Peary Jump up ^ Morton 21 Jump up ^ Gerald Peary, ' Missing Links: The Jungle Origins of King Kong' (1976) , repr. Gerald Peary: Film Reviews, Interviews, Essays and Sundry Miscellany , 2004. Jump up ^ Erish, Andrew (January 8, 2006). `` Illegitimate Dad of King Kong'' . Los Angeles Times. Jump up ^ Morton 17-- 8 Jump up ^ Morton 18-- 20 Jump up ^ Morton 22-- 5 ^ Jump up to: Morton 25-- 7 ^ Jump up to: Erb 31 ^ Jump up to: Morton 28 Jump up ^ Goldner (page unknown) Jump up ^ Morton 28-- 9 Jump up ^ Morton 29 ^ Jump up to: Morton 31-- 3 Jump up ^ United Press International Jump up ^ Erb 54-- 5 Jump up ^ Morton 31-- 2 Jump up ^ Morton 32 Jump up ^ Morton 49 Jump up ^ Goldner, Orville; Turner, George E. (1975). The Making of King Kong -- The Story Behind a Film Classic . New York: Ballantine Books, a division of Random House. p. 165. ISBN 0-8109-4535-5 . Jump up ^ Morton 33 Jump up ^ Peter Jackson interviewed about his film memorablia collection YouTube. Retrieved 1st February 2017 Jump up ^ Original King Kong model sells for 200k CBS News. Retrieved 1st February 2017 Jump up ^ Morton 33-- 5 Jump up ^ Morton 35-- 6 Jump up ^ Morton 36 Jump up ^ Orville Goldner, George E Turner (1975). Making of King Kong: The Story Behind a Film Classic . ISBN 0-498-01510-6 . See also Spawn of Skull Island (2002). ISBN 1-887664-45-9 Jump up ^ Morton 36-- 8 Jump up ^ `` Charlie Gemora, 58, had King Kong role'' . New York Times . 20 August 1961. (subscription required) Jump up ^ Greene, Bob (27 November 1990). `` Saying so long to Mr. Kong'' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Glut, Donald F. (2001). Jurassic Classics: A Collection of Saurian Essays and Mesozoic Musings . Jefferson, NC: McFarland. p. 192. ISBN 9780786462469 . Over the years, various actors have claimed to have played Kong in this (Empire State Building) scene, including a virtually unknown performer named Carmen Nigro (AKA Ken Roady), and also noted gorilla impersonator Charles Gemora ... In Nigro's case, the claim seems to have been simply fraudulent; in Gemora's , the inaccurate claim was apparently based on the actor's memory of playing a giant ape in a never-completed King Kong spoof entitled The Lost Island. Jump up ^ Glut, Donald F. (2005). `` His Majesty, King Kong - IV'' . In Woods, Paul A. King Kong Cometh! . London: Plexus. p. 64. ISBN 9780859653626 . Cooper denied any performance by an actor in a gorilla costume in King Kong... Perhaps a human actor was used in a bit of forgotten test footage before the film went into production, but thus far the matter remains a mystery. Jump up ^ Goldner 173 Jump up ^ Goldner 165 Jump up ^ Goldner 159 Jump up ^ Goldner 185 Jump up ^ `` The Missing Spider Pit Scene'' Retrieved: March 2, 2012. Jump up ^ Morton 75-- 6 Jump up ^ Shay, Don. (1982) Cinefex issues 7-10 page 41 Jump up ^ Morton 76-- 7 Jump up ^ Helvering, David Allen; The University of Iowa (2007). Functions of dialogue underscoring in American feature film . ProQuest. pp. 21-- 22. ISBN 978-0-549-23504-0 . Retrieved March 28, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Morton 78 Jump up ^ Bigelow Jump up ^ Hall Jump up ^ Mosher , John (March 11, 1933). `` The Current Cinema'' . The New Yorker . New York: F-R Publishing Corporation: 56. Jump up ^ `` New York Reviews'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Los Angeles: The Wilkerson Daily Corporation: 2. March 7, 1933. Jump up ^ `` Monster Ape Packs Thrills in New Talkie'' . Chicago Tribune . Chicago: Tribune Publishing : Part 7, p. 8. April 23, 1933. Jump up ^ Ebert Jump up ^ Rotten Tomatoes Jump up ^ Goff, Phillip Atiba; Eberhardt, Jennifer L.; Williams, Melissa J.; Jackson, Matthew Christian (2008). `` Not yet human: Implicit knowledge, historical dehumanization, and contemporary consequences'' . Journal of Personality and Social Psychology . 94 (2): 293. doi : 10.1037/0022-3514.94.2.292 . ISSN 1939-1315 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Marie Erb (2009). Tracking King Kong: A Hollywood Icon in World Culture . Wayne State University Press. p. xvii. ISBN 0-8143-3430-X . Jump up ^ Ahamed, Liaquat (2009). Lords of Finance . Penguin Books . p. 452. ISBN 9780143116806 . Jump up ^ Morton 81,84 Jump up ^ Morton 81 Jump up ^ Morton 85 ^ Jump up to: Morton 83-- 4 Jump up ^ Rainho, Manny (March 2015). `` This Month in Movie History'' . Classic Images (477): 26. Jump up ^ Millimeter Magazine article, 1 January 2006 Retrieved: March 15, 2012 ^ Jump up to: `` Robert A. Harris On King Kong'' Retrieved: March 15, 2012 Jump up ^ `` King Kong: Miscellaneous Notes'' at TCM Retrieved: March 15, 2012 Jump up ^ DVDCompare.com: King Kong (1933) Retrieved: April 8, 2012 Jump up ^ DVDBeaver.com King Kong comparison Retrieved: June 14, 2015 Bibliography American Film Institute (June 17, 2008). `` AFI Crowns Top 10 Films in 10 Classic Genres'' . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . Bigelow, Joe (1933). `` King Kong review'' . Variety . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . Doherty, Thomas Patrick (1999). Pre-Code Hollywood: Sex, Immorality, and Insurrection in American Cinema, 1930-- 1934 . Columbia University Press. p. 293. ISBN 0-231-11094-4 . Ebert, Roger (3 February 2002). `` King Kong Movie Review & Film Summary (1933)'' . RogerEbert.com . Ebert Digital LLC . Retrieved 24 July 2016 . Erb, Cynthia Marie (2009). Tracking King Kong: a Hollywood Icon in World Culture . Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press. pp. 54-- 5. ISBN 978-0-8143-3430-0 . Erish, Andrew (January 8, 2006). `` Illegitimate Dad of King Kong'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . Goldner, Orville and George E. Turner (1975). The Making of King Kong: The Story Behind a Film Classic . A.S. Barnes. ISBN 0-498-01510-6 . Gottesman, Ronald and Harry Geduld, ed. (1976). The Girl in the Hairy Paw: King Kong as Myth, Movie, and Monster . Avon. ISBN 0-380-00610-3 . Hall, Mordaunt (March 3, 1933). `` King Kong'' . New York Times . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . Haver, Ronald (1987). David O. Selznick's Hollywood . New York: Random House . ISBN 978-0-517-47665-9 . `` King Kong Collection'' . Amazon.com UK . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . Maltin, Leonard , ed. (2007). Leonard Maltin's 2008 Movie Guide . New York: Signet. ISBN 978-0-451-22186-5 . Morton, Ray (2005). King Kong: The History of a Movie Icon from Fay Wray to Peter Jackson . New York, NY: Applause Theatre & Cinema Books. ISBN 1-55783-669-8 . Peary, Gerald (2004). `` Missing Links: The Jungle Origins of King Kong'' . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . Rotten Tomatoes (April 19, 2007). `` King Kong (1933)'' . Rotten Tomatoes. Archived from the original on December 30, 2009 . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . United Press International. `` Empire State Building to Dim Lights in Remembrance of Actress Fay Wray'' . United Press International, Inc . Retrieved February 20, 2010 . External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to King Kong (1933 film) . Wikiquote has quotations related to: King Kong (1933 film) King Kong on IMDb King Kong at the TCM Movie Database King Kong at the American Film Institute Catalog King Kong at AllMovie King Kong at Box Office Mojo King Kong at Rotten Tomatoes King Kong Films King Kong (1933) Son of Kong (1933) King Kong vs. Godzilla (1962) King Kong Escapes (1967) King Kong (1976) King Kong Lives (1986) King Kong (2005) Kong: Skull Island (2017) Related films Creation (unfinished) Wasei Kingu Kongu (1933) King Kong Appears in Edo (1938) Mighty Joe Young (1949) Queen Kong (1976) Bye Bye Monkey (1978) Mighty Joe Young (1998) Theatre King Kong (2013) Characters King Kong Carl Denham Jack Driscoll Mechani-Kong Gorosaurus Godzilla Animation The King Kong Show (1966-- 1969) The Mighty Kong (1998) Kong: The Animated Series (2000-2001) Kong: King of the Apes (2016) Video games King Kong 2: Ikari no Megaton Punch (1986) King Kong 2: Yomigaeru Densetsu (1986) Peter Jackson's King Kong (2005) Kong: The 8th Wonder of the World (2005) Attractions King Kong Encounter (1986) Kongfrontation (1990) King Kong: 360 3-D (2010) Skull Island: Reign of Kong (2016) Miscellaneous Comics Popular culture Skull Island Universal City Studios, Inc. v. Nintendo Co., Ltd. Kaiju Godzilla MonsterVerse Monsterland and Monster Island Films directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack Grass (1925) Chang: A Drama of the Wilderness (1927) The Four Feathers (1929) Rango (1931) The Most Dangerous Game (1932) The Monkey's Paw (1933) King Kong (1933) Blind Adventure (1933) Son of Kong (1933) Long Lost Father (1934) The Last Days of Pompeii (1935) Trouble in Morocco (1937) Outlaws of the Orient (1937) Dr. Cyclops (1940) Mighty Joe Young (1949) Edgar Wallace Novels The Four Just Men (1905) Kate Plus Ten (1919) The Crimson Circle (1922) The Valley of Ghosts (1922) The Clue of the New Pin (1923) The Dark Eyes of London (1924) The Mind of Mr. J.G. Reeder (1925) The Terrible People (1926) The Big Foot (1927) The Forger (1927) The Calendar (1930) The Guv'nor and Other Short Stories (1932) Plays The Man Who Changed His Name (1928) Screenplays The Valley of Ghosts (1928) The Hound of the Baskervilles (1932) King Kong (1933) Adaptations J.G. Reeder Mr. Reeder in Room 13 (1938) The Mind of Mr. Reeder (1939) The Missing People (1940) The Four Just Men The Four Just Men (1921 film) The Four Just Men (1939 film) The Four Just Men (1959 TV series) Edgar Wallace Mysteries Urge to Kill The Clue of the New Pin Never Back Losers The Sinister Man Solo for Sparrow Incident at Midnight We Shall See Rialto Films Der Frosch mit der Maske (1959) Der rote Kreis (1960) The Terrible People (1960) The Green Archer (1961) The Dead Eyes of London (1961) The Devil's Daffodil (1961) The Forger of London (1961) The Strange Countess (1961) The Puzzle of the Red Orchid (1962) The Door with Seven Locks (1962) The Inn on the River (1962) The Squeaker (1963) The Black Abbot (1963) The Indian Scarf (1963) The Curse of the Hidden Vault (1964) Der Hexer (1964) The Traitor's Gate (1964) Neues vom Hexer (1965) The Sinister Monk (1965) The Hunchback of Soho (1966) The Trygon Factor (1966) Creature with the Blue Hand (1967) Im Banne des Unheimlichen (1968) The Gorilla of Soho (1968) Other The Man Who Bought London (1916) The Green Terror (1919) Pallard the Punter (1919) The River of Stars (1921) The Crimson Circle (1922) The Diamond Man (1924) The Green Archer (1925 serial) The Terror (1928) Mark of the Frog (1928 serial) Chick (1928) The Forger (1928) The Terrible People (1928 serial) The Ringer (1928) The Man Who Changed His Name (1928) The Flying Squad (1929) The Crimson Circle (1929) The Clue of the New Pin (1929) The Yellow Mask (1930) The Ringer (1931) To Oblige a Lady (1931) The Calendar (1931) The Old Man (1931) The Squeaker (1931) The Flying Squad (1932) The Frightened Lady (1932) The Sorceror (1932) The Menace (1932) White Face (1932) The Jewel (1933) Before Dawn (1933) The Feathered Serpent (1934) The Green Pack (1934) Mystery Liner (1934) The Lad (1935) Sanders of the River (1935) Born to Gamble (1935) Chick (1936) Educated Evans (1936) The Crimson Circle (1936) Prison Breaker (1936) The Frog (1937) The Sqeaker (1937) The Gaunt Stranger (1938) Dangerous to Know (1938) Kate Plus Ten (1938) Thank Evans (1938) The Terror (1938) The Return of the Frog (1938) Flying Fifty-Five (1939) The Dark Eyes of London (1939) The Case of the Frightened Lady (1940) The Door with Seven Locks (1940) The Flying Squad (1940) The Green Archer (1940 serial) The Missing Million (1942) The Calendar (1948) The Ringer (1952) The Avenger (1960) Death Drums Along the River (1963) Coast of Skeletons (1964) Circus of Fear (1966) Five Golden Dragons (1967) The Devil Came from Akasava (1970) The Bloodstained Butterfly (1971) What Have You Done to Solange? (1972) Seven Bloodstained Orchids (1972) Family Marriott Edgar (half-brother) VIAF : 189372510 LCCN : n95030682 GND : 4536625-1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=King_Kong_(1933_film)&oldid=814917166 '' Categories : 1933 films English-language films 1930s horror films 1930s adventure films 1930s fantasy films American films American black-and-white films American fantasy adventure films American monster movies Dinosaur films Empire State Building in fiction Films scored by Max Steiner Films directed by Ernest B. Schoedsack Films directed by Merian C. Cooper Films about filmmaking Films adapted into comics Films adapted into novels Films adapted into plays Films adapted into video games Films made before the MPAA Production Code Films produced by David O. Selznick Films set in 1932 Films set in New York City Films set in the Indian Ocean Films set on fictional islands Films using stop-motion animation Horror adventure films King Kong films Lost world films United States National Film Registry films RKO Pictures films Screenplays by Edgar Wallace Animals in media Hidden categories: Pages containing links to subscription-only content Use mdy dates from January 2015 Articles needing additional references from June 2017 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Articles needing additional references from November 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans বাংলা Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ქართული Lëtzebuergesch Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Shqip Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 吴语 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017, at 18:00. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

-2510806422053324336

avenue of hyde park uks first artificially lit highway

Rotten Row is a broad track running for 1,384 metres ( 4,541 ft ) along the south side of Hyde Park in London . It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road . During the 18th and 19th centuries , Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper - class Londoners to be seen horse riding . Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London , but it is little used . Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century . Having moved court to Kensington Palace , William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James 's Palace . He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park , lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690 -- the first artificially lit highway in Britain . The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen , who lurked in Hyde Park at the time . The track was called Route du Roi , French for King 's Road , which was eventually corrupted into `` Rotten Row '' .

Rotten Row - wikipedia Rotten Row Jump to: navigation , search For the street in Glasgow, see Rottenrow . Rotten Row Rotten Row from Hyde Park Corner. Former name(s) Route du Roi Length 1,384 m (4,541 ft) Location Hyde Park, London , United Kingdom Postal code W2 Nearest Tube station Hyde Park Corner East end Hyde Park Corner West end Serpentine Road Construction Completion 1690 Other Known for Equestrianism Coordinates : 51° 30′ 13.25'' N 0° 9′ 59'' W  /  51.5036806° N 0.16639° W  / 51.5036806; -0.16639 Rotten Row and the South Carriage Drive (1894). A view of Rotten Row, painted by Thomas Blinks , circa 1900 Rotten Row Rotten Row is a broad track running for 1,384 metres (4,541 ft) along the south side of Hyde Park in London. It leads from Hyde Park Corner to Serpentine Road. During the 18th and 19th centuries, Rotten Row was a fashionable place for upper-class Londoners to be seen horse riding. Today it is maintained as a place to ride horses in the centre of London, but it is little used. Rotten Row was established by William III at the end of the 17th century. Having moved court to Kensington Palace , William wanted a safer way to travel to St. James's Palace . He created the broad avenue through Hyde Park, lit with 300 oil lamps in 1690-- the first artificially lit highway in Britain. The lighting was a precaution against highwaymen , who lurked in Hyde Park at the time. The track was called Route du Roi , French for King's Road, which was eventually corrupted into `` Rotten Row'' . In the 18th century, Rotten Row became a popular meeting place for upper-class Londoners. Particularly on weekend evenings and at midday, people dressed in their finest clothes to ride along the row and be seen. The adjacent South Carriage Drive was used by society people in carriages for the same purpose. In 1876, it was reconstructed as a horse-ride, with a brick base covered by sand. The sand-covered avenue of Rotten Row is maintained as a bridleway and forms part of Hyde Park's South Ride. It is convenient for the Household Cavalry , stabled nearby at Hyde Park Barracks in Knightsbridge, to exercise their horses. Members of the public may also ride, although few people have stables close enough to make use of it. Commercial stables nearby, the Hyde Park Stables and ' Ross Nye Stables, offer horse hire and riding lessons to the public. Michael Crichton 's 1979 feature film, The First Great Train Robbery , set in 1855 has a scene in which the character Edward Pierce (portrayed by Sean Connery ) escorts Emily Trent ( Pamela Salem ) on a supposedly romantic ride along Rotten Row. A Royal plaque commemorating 300 years of Rotten Row was erected in 1990. `` ROTTEN ROW - The King's Old Road, Completed 1690 This ride originally formed part of King William III's carriage drive from Whitehall to Kensington Palace. Its Construction was supervised by the Serveyor of their Majesties' Roads, Captain Michael Studholme and it was the first lamp-lit road in the Kingdom. Designated as a public bridleway in the 1730's , Rotten Row is one of the most famous urban riding grounds in the world.'' Rotten Row is immortalised in a short piece of orchestral light music, composed by Wally Stott in 1958. Other locations ( edit ) `` Rotten Row'' is a location in at least 15 places in England and Scotland, such as in Lewes , East Sussex and Elie , Fife. It describes a place where there was once a row of tumbledown cottages infested with rats ( raton ) and dates to the 14th century or earlier, predating the London derivation. Other historians have speculated the name might be a corruption of rotteran (to muster), Ratten Row (roundabout way), or rotten (the soft material with which the road is covered). References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Rotten Row'' . Pastscape . English Heritage . Retrieved 12 April 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Dunton, Larkin (1896). The World and Its People . Silver, Burdett. pp. 30-- 31. Jump up ^ Hibbert, Cristopher ; Weinreb, Ben ; Keay, John ; Keay, Julia (2011). The London Encyclopaedia . Pan Macmillan. p. 424. ISBN 0230738788 . Jump up ^ `` Hyde Park: History and Architecture'' . The Royal Parks. 2003-12-15 . Retrieved 2009-01-14 . Jump up ^ The First Great Train Robbery . Dir. Michael Crichton. United Artists, 1979. Jump up ^ Cameron, Kenneth (1959). The Place-Names of Derbyshire . Nottingham: English Place-Name Society. pp. 435, 449. Jump up ^ Edward Walford. ' Hyde Park' , Old and New London: Volume 4 (1878), pp. 375-405 . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . Jump up ^ E Cobham Brewer . ' Dictionary of Phrase and Fable . Henry Altemus, 1898; Bartleby.com, 2000 . Retrieved 29 January 2009 . External links ( edit ) The Fashionable Hour in Hyde Park -- description of 18th century parading on Rotten Row. Poem by Frederick Lampson on Rotten Row. Hyde Park and Kensington Stables and Ross Nye Stables -possibly the only two remaining stables near Hyde Park. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rotten_Row&oldid=788481161 '' Categories : Streets in the Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea Streets in the City of Westminster Walking in London Hyde Park, London Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June 2015 Use British English from June 2015 Coordinates on Wikidata Talk About Wikipedia Afrikaans Italiano Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Edit links This page was last edited on 1 July 2017, at 17:22. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

1829148113888464782

how much did an ipod nano cost in 2008

On November 11 , 2011 , Apple announced the iPod Nano ( 1st generation ) Replacement Program , intended to address concerns over overheating batteries . Customers with affected devices can fill out a claim form to confirm eligibility for replacement . Defective devices will be replaced within six weeks and will carry 90 - day warranties . Customers who have personalized iPod Nano devices will not be able to receive personalization on their replacement devices . During the replacement process , there have been several reports of users receiving an iPod Nano 6th generation as replacement instead of the expected 1st generation device that users sent in during the recall . Because using the iPod nano 6th generation with a Mac computer requires iTunes 10 or higher , which in turn requires Mac OS X Leopard system software , Apple will upgrade the system software of participants running earlier versions of OS X , on request but this leaves users that do not have access to iTunes without a working device ( because Apple changed the hashing of the music database which prevented the 6th generation iPod Nano from being used with open source software via libgpod ) .

IPod Nano - Wikipedia IPod Nano Jump to: navigation , search iPod Nano iPod Nano (7th Generation) in Space Gray Developer Apple Inc. Manufacturer Foxconn Product family iPod Type Portable media player Retail availability September 7, 2005-- July 27, 2017 (11 years, 10 months) Discontinued July 27, 2017 Operating system 1.3.1 (1st Gen) 1.1.3 (2nd, 3rd Gen) 1.0.4 (4th Gen) 1.0.2 (5th Gen) 1.2 (6th Gen) 1.0.4 (7th Gen) Storage 1-16 GB flash memory Display 1st-- 2nd Gen: 176 × 132 px , 1.5 in (38 mm), color LCD 3rd-- 4th Gen: 320 × 240 px , 2 in (51 mm), color LCD 5th Gen: 376 × 240 px , 2.22 in (56 mm), color LCD 6th Gen: 240 × 240 px , 1.55 in (39 mm), color LCD 7th Gen: 432 × 240 px , 2.5 in (64 mm), color LCD Input 1st-- 5th Gen: Click wheel 6th-- 7th Gen: Multi-touch touchscreen Connectivity 1st-- 6th Gen: 3.5mm headphone jack ( TRS connector , 30-pin connector ) 7th Gen: 3.5mm headphone jack ( TRS connector ), Bluetooth 4.0 , Lightning connector Power Lithium-ion battery Predecessor iPod Mini Related articles iPod Classic iPod Shuffle iPod Touch Website www.apple.com/ipod-nano/ This article is part of a series on the iPod Classic Mini Nano Shuffle Touch 5th 6th List of iPod models The iPod Nano (stylized and marketed as iPod nano ) is a portable media player designed and marketed by Apple Inc. The first generation model was introduced on September 7, 2005, as a replacement for the iPod Mini , using flash memory for storage. The iPod Nano went through several differing models, or generations, since its introduction. Apple discontinued the iPod Nano on July 27, 2017. Contents ( hide ) 1 Development 2 History 2.1 1st generation 2.2 2nd generation 2.3 3rd generation 2.4 4th generation 2.5 5th generation 2.6 6th generation 2.7 7th generation 3 Specifications 4 Supported audio formats 5 Reception 6 Incidents 7 Timeline of compact iPod models 8 References 9 External links Development ( edit ) Development work on the design of the iPod Nano started only nine months before its launch date. The Nano was launched in two colors (black and white) with two available sizes: 2 GB (roughly 500 songs) and 4 GB (1000 songs). On February 7, 2006, Apple updated the lineup with the 1 GB model (240 songs). Apple also released some accessories, including armbands and silicone `` tubes'' designed to bring color to the Nano and protect it from scratches, as well as a combination lanyard - earphone accessory that hangs around the neck and avoids the problem of tangled earphone cords. The current models with Bluetooth headphones have a similar advantage. History ( edit ) 1st generation ( edit ) Black first-generation iPod Nano On September 7, 2005, Apple introduced the iPod Nano at a media event with Steve Jobs pointing to the small watch pocket in his jeans and asking, `` Ever wonder what this pocket is for?'' Advertising emphasized the iPod Nano's small size: 40 millimetres (1.6 in) wide, 90 millimetres (3.5 in) long, 6.9 millimetres (0.27 in) thick and weighing 42 grams (1.5 oz). The stated battery life was up to 14 hours, while the screen was 176× 132 pixels, 38 millimetres (1.5 in) diagonal, displaying 65,536 colors ( 16-bit color ). 1, 2, and 4 GB capacities were available. On November 11, 2011, Apple announced a recall on this model of iPod nano. The recall was issued due to a battery overheat issue. This recall applied to iPod nanos sold between September 2005 and December 2006. 2nd generation ( edit ) Blue second generation iPod Nano On September 25, 2006, Apple updated the Nano line. The second-generation Nano featured scratch-resistant, anodized aluminum casing like the earlier Mini's design; the multiple color choices mirrored those of the Mini as well. However, unlike the second-generation Mini, the button labels were grey instead of matching the Nano's casing (except for the black Nano, which had a black click wheel ). The second-generation Nano featured a 40% brighter, `` more vibrant'' display, a battery life upgrade (from 14 to 24 hours), and storage sizes doubled to 2, 4, and 8 GB models. The second generation also introduced gapless playback of audio files, along with a new search option. The 2 GB model was available in silver only. The 4 GB was initially available in green, blue, silver, or pink, and the 8 GB model was initially only available in black - red was later added for 4 and 8 GB models. Apple claimed that the second generation iPod Nano's packaging was `` 32% lighter with 52% less volume than the first generation'' , thereby reducing environmental impact and shipping costs. A (Product) Red second-generation iPod Nano. On October 13, 2006, Apple announced a special edition iPod Nano; Product Red , with a red exterior and 4 GB of storage. For each red iPod Nano sold in the United States, Apple donates US$10 to the Product Red initiative, while retaining the regular price. On November 3, 2006, Apple introduced a red 8 GB model, due to `` outstanding customer demand'' , again retaining the same price point of the equivalent black model. 3rd generation ( edit ) A black 8 GB 3rd generation iPod Nano. Apple updated the Nano again on September 5, 2007. It also is the most like the iPod Classic . The third-generation Nano featured a 2-inch (51 mm) QVGA (320 x 240) screen and a shorter, wider, heavier design, with new colors. New features included browsing via Cover Flow , a new user interface, video playback, and support for new iPod Games. Users had to repurchase games bought a month before the debut of the new iPod as they were not supported. The Nano was announced in a 4 GB version coming in silver and an 8 GB version coming in silver, turquoise, mint green, black, and Product Red . The battery lasted for approx. 24 hours on audio playback and approx. 5 hours on video playback. On January 22, 2008, Apple released a pink version of the 8 GB iPod Nano. Combining elements from previous generations of the iPod Nano, the third-generation Nano had an aluminum front plate and a stainless steel back plate. The Nano also sported a new Minimalistic hold switch, similar to the iPod Shuffle 's power switch, which had been moved to the bottom of the player. The 2-inch (51 mm) screen had the smallest dot pitch of any Apple product, having the same pixel count as the 2.5-inch (64 mm) display of the iPod Classic . On October 6, 2007, Apple released a firmware update (1.0.2) via iTunes that was said to improve Cover Flow and yield faster menu navigation. The update was also released for the iPod Classic. On November 28, 2007, Apple released another firmware update (1.0.3) via iTunes, which included unspecified bugfixes. January 15, 2008 saw the release of version 1.1, which added support for iTunes movie rentals, music song lyrics support and included more unspecified bugfixes. Apple released update version 1.1.2 in May 2008 and version 1.1.3 in July 2008 with even more bug fixes. 4th generation ( edit ) 4th generation iPod Nano. At the Apple Let's Rock Event on September 9, 2008, the iPod Nano Fourth Generation was officially announced. It returned to the narrow form factor of the 1st and 2nd Generation model, while retaining and rotating the 51-millimetre (2.0 in) screen from the 3rd gen model. It was also thinner than the first, second, and third generation Nano, measuring 90.7 millimetres (3.57 in) tall by 38.7 millimetres (1.52 in) wide by 6.2 millimetres (0.24 in) thick, and weighing 36.8 grams (1.30 oz). It had a curved aluminum shell and glass screen (the glass screen being held in place with nothing but the shell). Apple claimed the battery would last 24 hours of music playback, and only 4 hours of video playback, compared to the 5 hours of the previous generation. The six previous colors (silver, black, mint, turquoise, berry red, and rose pink) were replaced by silver, black, purple, light blue, green, yellow, orange, red, and pink, for a total of nine, although the Product Red color was only available directly from Apple (website and retail stores). Apple marketed the new colors as `` Nano-chromatic'' . Also added was an accelerometer which allows the Nano to shuffle songs by shaking it, the option between portrait and landscape display modes by tilting the iPod left or right, and access to Cover Flow when tilted sideways. Videos, however, could only be played in landscape mode. The user interface was also refreshed, adding a more stylized look in keeping with the new hardware design. It included a new voice recording feature which started automatically when an Apple compatible microphone is plugged in. It also included the new `` Genius'' feature, introduced by Apple the same day. The Genius feature automatically creates playlists based on a selected song using an algorithm built by Apple. It was additionally touted as `` the most environmentally friendly iPod Apple has ever made'' , containing arsenic -free glass and a BFR -, mercury -, and PVC -free design. It was also claimed to be highly recyclable . The iPod Nano fourth-generation was shipped in cases similar to the second-generation ones with the clear view in the front, and is marketed in three models: 4 GB (limited production to Europe only) and 8 GB and 16 GB. Limited quantities of an unannounced 4 GB model surfaced in various markets. Also, the iPod Quiz game was dropped and replaced with a Maze game which makes use of the iPod's accelerometer similarly to such games on the iPhone and iPod Touch. The fourth generation dropped support for charging via FireWire . `` This change means that any dock accessories that use the dock connector's FireWire pins to send power-- many older speakers and car chargers, for example-- will not charge the fourth-generation iPod Nano.'' 5th generation ( edit ) 5th generation iPod Nano camera and microphone. At Apple's September 9, 2009 event, a fifth generation iPod Nano was unveiled with reduced prices on the larger model (at the time of release, the 8GB was priced at $149 and the 16GB at $179), a larger, 56.3 millimetres (2.22 in) diagonal screen (up from 50.8 millimetres (2.00 in) in third and fourth generation iPod Nanos), which was also wider, integrated video camera with 16 special effects, microphone , FM Radio with iTunes tagging (via RDS ) multiple radio regions including Americas, Asia, Australia, Europe, and Japan. As well as continuing to support picture viewing and video playback, it also included Live Pause, a built-in pedometer, Nike+iPod Support and a speaker . This model also had the Genius Mix feature installed. The headphone jack and dock connector swapped locations so that the headphone jack was to the left of the dock connector. Therefore, the fifth generation iPod Nano used a different Apple Universal Dock insert than the fourth generation. The fifth generation iPod Nano had nine finishes: Silver, Black, Purple, Blue, Yellow, Orange, Product Red, Green and Pink. All have a glossier, shinier finish than the fourth generation. Just like the fourth-generation iPod Nano, Product Red and the yellow Nano were only available on the Apple Online Store and Apple Retail Store. This generation was discontinued on September 1, 2010. 6th generation ( edit ) 6th generation iPod Nano. At a media event on September 1, 2010, Apple announced the sixth generation iPod Nano, which, among many new features, was designed around a high resolution square touch-screen. The device featured a small 1.55 inch multi-touch screen with a lower resolution of 240× 240 pixels but a higher pixel density of 220 pixels per inch , as opposed to the larger 2.2 inch screen on the fifth-generation iPod Nano. The device had a 0.39 watt-hour battery rated at 3.7 volts , giving a capacity of 105 mAh , and specified to give 24 hours of music playback on a single full charge. The device took about three hours for one full charge. The device retained the same 30-pin dock connector as previous generations. This Nano lost the previous generation's video camera, built-in voice recorder microphone (although plugging in headphones with a built in microphone revealed a Voice Memos app) and built-in speaker, and games. It also lost support for video playback, but music videos and video podcasts (vodcasts) could be synced onto the device, and the audio from them would play on the device, with a single key-frame shown on the screen. It still included the Nike+iPod fitness option as well as an FM radio tuner with RDS (Radio Data System). It had a black on white screen contrast option and other accessibility options. The 6th generation iPod Nano had the same price point as the 5th generation device. A firmware update (version 1.1) for the Nano was released on February 28, 2011. The update added the ability to change songs or pause with a double click of the sleep/wake button. It also added the ability to turn the device off by holding the sleep/wake button. The user interface was also enhanced. On October 4, 2011, the iPod Nano 1.2 update was unveiled at the Apple `` Let's Talk iPhone'' event at the Town Hall, 4 Infinite Loop. This update added the option to increase or decrease the size of the home buttons for easier use. The update also added a better fitness app, which had a better pedometer split into walking and running style. The update also included 16 new clock faces, which included designs like a Nixie tube clock face or an old-style clock face, and Disney -licensed designs, such as Mickey Mouse and Kermit the Frog , bringing to a total of 18 clock faces. Three more background images were also added. Although not specifically designed as one, some accessory makers produced watchbands for the 6th generation Nano, allowing it to be worn like a watch . In September 2013, TUAW compared the iPod Nano to the Samsung Galaxy Gear , and considered the three-year-old model to be a `` better, cheaper smartwatch '' than the Galaxy Gear because of its more complete functionality in comparison, and its inclusion of a headphone jack. 7th generation ( edit ) 7th generation iPod Nanos. A 2015 model of the 7th-generation iPod Nano having the Product Red color scheme. Apple announced the seventh and final generation iPod Nano on September 12, 2012. The (maximum) internal storage capacity has not been increased compared with the previous model but only a single, 16GB version of the seventh generation iPod Nano was announced at the product launch. It has been described as the `` thinnest iPod Nano yet'' , 38% thinner (5.4 mm) than the Nano it replaces (8.78 mm), and adds the ability to use Bluetooth 4.0 wireless headsets, speakers and other devices (such as heart-rate monitors). It still included the Nike+iPod fitness option as well as an FM radio tuner which works when connected to headphones or a stereo jack. On 15 July 2015, Apple refreshed the iPod Nano, offering only 5 more subdued colours (gold, silver, blue, pink and space grey) compared to the original 7 jewel tones, in addition to the (Product) Red model. On July 27, 2017, Apple discontinued the iPod Nano, along with the iPod shuffle . Specifications ( edit ) Generation and Appearance Capacity Colours Connection Original release date Minimum OS to sync Rated battery life (hours) Screen (pixels) Audio processor On-board RAM Physical size Weight 1st 1 GB Black White USB ( FireWire for charging only) February 7, 2006 Mac : 10.3.4 Windows : 2000 iTunes 5 or later Audio : 14 Slideshow : 4 176× 132 145 PPI (16Bit Colour) Wolfson WM8975G 32 MB 89 mm 41 mm 6.9 mm 42.5 g (1.5 oz) 2 GB September 7, 2005 4 GB Replaced Mini . Colour screen for picture viewing; 1 GB version released later. 2nd 2 GB Silver USB ( FireWire for charging only) September 12, 2006 Mac: 10.3.9 Windows: 2000 iTunes 7 or later Audio : 24 Slideshow : 5 176× 132 145 PPI (16Bit Colour) Wolfson WM8975 32 MB 89 mm 41 mm 6.6 mm 40 g (1.41 oz) 4 GB Silver Blue Green Pink (Product) Red October 13, 2006 8 GB Black September 12, 2006 (Product) Red November 3, 2006 Anodized aluminium casing with plastic top and bottom; 6 colours available. 3rd 4 GB Silver USB ( FireWire for charging only) September 5, 2007 Mac: 10.4.8 Windows: XP iTunes 7.4 or later Audio : 24 Video : 5 320× 240 204 PPI Wolfson WM1870 32 MB 70 mm 52 mm 6.6 mm 49.3 g (1.74 oz) 8 GB Silver Blue Green Black (Product) Red Pink January 22, 2008 51 mm QVGA screen; lighter color shades and chrome back; new interface; video-playing capability. 4th 8 GB Silver Black Purple Blue Green Yellow Orange Pink (Product) Red USB September 9, 2008 Mac: 10.4.11 Windows: XP iTunes 8 or later Audio : 24 Video : 4 240× 320 204 PPI Cirrus Logic CS42L58 32 MB 91 mm 38 mm 6.1 mm 36.8 g (1.3 oz) 16 GB Curved enclosure and new colors; revised interface; voice recording features; `` shake to shuffle'' ; accelerometer ; limited 4 GB models 5th 8 GB Black Silver Purple Pink Yellow Blue Green Orange (Product) Red USB September 13, 2009 Mac: 10.4.11 Windows: XP iTunes 9 or later Audio : 24 Video : 5 240× 376 204 PPI 0.3 megapixel camera Cirrus Logic CLI1480A 64 MB 91 mm 38 mm 6.1 mm 36.3 g (1.28 oz) 16 GB Polished aluminium case including a larger screen, video camera, built-in microphone, FM radio tuner , Recorder and a pedometer . Retains entire color line from fourth generation. 6th 8 GB Silver Graphite Blue Green Orange Pink (Product) Red USB September 1, 2010 Mac: 10.5.8 Windows: XP iTunes 10 or later Audio : 24 240× 240 220 PPI Cirrus Logic CLI1544C0 64 MB 37.5 mm 41 mm 8.78 mm 21.1 g (0.74 oz) 16 GB Multi-touch screen. No click-wheel, camera, or video playback. The 1.1 OS update brought the ability of turning off by holding the wake/sleep button. Same price range as the 5th generation, except in Europe , Japan and Australia . Features iOS -like interface design and still contains `` shake to shuffle'' , FM radio, and pedometer. The 1.2 OS update added built-in accelerometer support which works with Nike+iPod without the need to attach a Nike+ receiver or shoe sensor. 7th 16 GB Slate (2012-- 2013) USB October 12, 2012 Mac: 10.6.8 Windows: XP iTunes 10.7 or later Audio : 30 Video : 3.5 240× 432 202 PPI Cirrus Logic CLI1599A1 64 MB 76.5 mm 39.6 mm 5.4 mm 31 g (1.1 oz) Space gray (2013-- ) 2012-- 2015 Silver Pink Yellow Green Blue Purple (Product) Red 2015 models Space gray Silver Gold Pink Blue (Product) Red July 15, 2015 Mac: 10.7.5 Windows: 7 iTunes 12.2 or later New, larger 2.5 inch Multi-Touch screen, and `` Home button'' similar to iPhone but does not run iOS . Unibody now made of anodized aluminium . Also, with larger screen, supports video playback. The 30-pin dock connector has been replaced by the new Lightning connector . Bluetooth 4.0 wireless connectivity. New `` Space Gray'' color option replaces `` Slate'' as of September 10, 2013. New colors were introduced on July 15, 2015. Discontinued on July 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to: Is a Special Edition color exclusively available on Apple's website. Supported audio formats ( edit ) Lossy : AAC (8 to 320 kbit/s) Protected AAC (from the iTunes Store ) MP3 (8 to 320 Kib/s, including variable bitrate files) Audible (formats 2, 3 and 4) Lossless /original PCM : Apple Lossless AIFF WAV Other container : MP4 Reception ( edit ) The size of the package was reduced 50 percent with the introduction of the 2nd generation. The 4th and 5th generation packaging mimics this packaging, while the 3rd generation used a larger but otherwise similar version of it. The initial consumer response to the iPod Nano was overwhelmingly positive and sales were heavy. The Nano sold its first million units in 17 days, helping Apple Inc. to a record billion-dollar profit in 2005. Apple's release of the iPod Nano as a replacement for the iPod Mini was viewed by many as a risky move. Steve Jobs argued that the iPod Nano was a necessary risk since competitors were beginning to catch up to the iPod Mini in terms of design and features, and believed the iPod Nano would prove to be even more popular and successful than the iPod Mini. Within days of the Nano's release, some users reported damage to the Nano, suggesting that the LCD screen had become so scratched that it was unreadable, even when the backlight was on. Many reported fine scratches on Nanos, caused by microfiber cloths. Other owners reported that their Nano's screen cracked without use of excessive force. On September 27, 2005, Apple confirmed that a small percentage (`` less than 1/10 of 1 percent'' ) of iPod Nanos shipped with a faulty screen and agreed to replace any that had cracked screens, but denied the iPod Nano was more susceptible to scratching than prior iPods. Apple started shipping iPod Nanos with a protective sleeve to protect them from scratches. In October 2005 a class action lawsuit was filed against Apple, with the plaintiffs seeking reimbursement for the device, legal fees, and `` unlawful or illegal profits'' from sales of the iPod Nano. Lawyers for the plaintiffs claimed that the devices `` scratch excessively during normal usage, rendering the screen on the Nanos unreadable, and violating state consumer protection statutes'' . Similar lawsuits were later filed in Mexico and the United Kingdom. In early 2009, Apple was in the process of settling a court case over the scratched iPod Nano screens. It was suggested that Apple should set aside $22 million to refund users. At the time, it required a Judge's sign-off on the terms by April 28, 2009. Some commentators such as BusinessWeek 's Arik Hesseldahl have criticized the lawsuits. Hesseldahl dismissed them as `` stupid'' and suggested that they benefitted `` no one but the trial lawyers,'' but also suggested that Apple could have avoided litigation by offering `` full refunds on unwanted Nanos'' instead of charging a re-stocking fee and lengthening the return period from 14 days (when purchased through Apple retail or online) to 30 or 60 days. Incidents ( edit ) In Australia, an iPod Nano caught fire while being charged on a PC. In another incident, a man's iPod Nano set his pants on fire while he was working at Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport . In addition, an iPod Nano sparked in Japan in January while it was recharging. Although no one was injured during the incident, Apple Inc. investigated the incident. It was reported on August 19, 2008 that 17 incidents of abnormal overheating with first generation iPod Nano units while recharging had been reported in Japan, including cases in which tatami mats had been charred. On August 10, 2010, Apple Japan released a statement saying that it would replace any iPod Nanos that overheated. Since 2010, users have been reporting the 6th generation iPod Nano's sleep/wake button remains stuck after months of use, making it impossible to activate the device without the help of a computer or a dock accessory. According to a technical inspection, the device uses double-sided tape to hold the button in place, indicating a possible design fault. On November 11, 2011, Apple announced the iPod Nano (1st generation) Replacement Program, intended to address concerns over overheating batteries. Customers with affected devices can fill out a claim form to confirm eligibility for replacement. Defective devices will be replaced within six weeks and will carry 90-day warranties. Customers who have personalized iPod Nano devices will not be able to receive personalization on their replacement devices. During the replacement process, there have been several reports of users receiving an iPod Nano 6th generation as replacement instead of the expected 1st generation device that users sent in during the recall. Because using the iPod nano 6th generation with a Mac computer requires iTunes 10 or higher, which in turn requires Mac OS X Leopard system software, Apple will upgrade the system software of participants running earlier versions of OS X, on request but this leaves users that do not have access to iTunes without a working device (because Apple changed the hashing of the music database which prevented the 6th generation iPod Nano from being used with open source software via libgpod). Timeline of compact iPod models See also: Timeline of full-sized iPod models and Timeline of iPod models and related products Sources: Apple press release library, Mactracker Apple Inc. model database References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Apple discontinues iPod nano and shuffle'' . 9to5Mac. 27 July 2017 . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Apple Introduces iPod Nano'' (Press release). Apple Inc . September 7, 2005. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012 . Retrieved December 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ Huddleston, Jr., Tom (July 27, 2017). `` Apple Is Discontinuing the iPod Nano and Shuffle'' . Fortune . Jump up ^ Grossman, Lev (September 12, 2005). `` Stevie's Little Wonder'' . Time . Retrieved October 3, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Unveils New 1 GB iPod Nano at $149'' . Apple press release . Apple Inc. February 7, 2006 . Retrieved December 23, 2006 . Jump up ^ Pachal, Peter (October 8, 2011). `` Remembering Steve Jobs: His Best Keynote Moments'' . PCMag.com . 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Archived from the original on October 18, 2012 . Retrieved March 1, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nano 1G'' . freemyipod.org. November 21, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Introduces the New iPod nano'' . Apple Inc . September 12, 2006. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012 . Retrieved March 1, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Nano 2G'' . freemyipod.org. November 21, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Nano 3G Logic Board'' . FreeMyIPod.ORG. ^ Jump up to: `` Which iPod has the best quality audio?'' . Macintoshhowto.com . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . Jump up ^ Rassweiler, Andrew (September 27, 2010). `` iSuppli Estimates New iPod nano Bill of Materials at $43.73'' . iSuppli.com . Retrieved September 16, 2011 . The most expensive subsection of the new nano is the memory system, featuring ... 512Mbits of mobile Double Data Rate (DDR) DRAM from Samsung Jump up ^ `` Fitness Updated'' . Apple.com . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chipworks Apple APP-338S1146 Audio Codec'' . chipworks.secure.force.com. November 21, 2014 . Retrieved November 21, 2014 . Apple 338S1146 is an Apple/Cirrus Logic Audio Codec in Apple MD481C/A Jump up ^ Apple unveils new iPods, including gold color options Retrieved on July 20, 1025. Jump up ^ `` Apple and the Environment'' . Apple.com . Apple Inc. Archived from the original on August 21, 2006 . Retrieved October 22, 2006 . Jump up ^ Myers, Michelle (September 10, 2005). `` Apple store buzzes with Nano fever'' . CNet . Retrieved September 15, 2005 . Jump up ^ Daniel Drew Turner (October 11, 2005). `` Apple Hits $1 billion in Profit for 2005'' . eWeek . Retrieved January 3, 2006 . Jump up ^ Burrows, Peter (September 13, 2005). `` iPod nano: Will small size mean big sales?'' . BusinessWeek . Jump up ^ Angell, Larry (September 25, 2005). `` iPod nano screen complaints abound'' . iLounge . Retrieved September 27, 2005 . Jump up ^ Dalrymple, Jim (September 27, 2005). `` Apple responds to iPod Nano screen concerns'' . Macworld . Retrieved September 28, 2005 . Jump up ^ Jade, Kasper; Katie Marshal (October 21, 2005). `` iPod Nano owners sue Apple over screen issues'' . AppleInsider . Retrieved October 21, 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Nano lawsuit goes international'' . BBC News . November 8, 2005 . Retrieved May 10, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Apple Settles iPod Nano Scratch Lawsuit with $25 Refund'' . Macrumors.com. January 23, 2009 . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . Jump up ^ Hesseldahl, Arik (October 27, 2005). `` iPod nano Lawsuits: Who Wins?'' . BusinessWeek . Retrieved November 8, 2005 . Jump up ^ `` Exploding iPod dies gruesome death'' . Engadget. April 12, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Gadgets: iPod nano Explodes During Charge'' . Gizmodo. 2007-04-02. Jump up ^ `` iPod Sets Man's Pants On Fire -- News Story -- WSB Atlanta'' . Wsbtv.com. October 5, 2007 . Retrieved November 29, 2011 . 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Jump up ^ Apple -- Support -- iPod nano Replacement Program , page on Apple Support site Jump up ^ Apple Launches Worldwide Replacement Program for First-Generation iPod Nano -- Mac Rumors Jump up ^ Pollicino, Joe (December 21, 2011). `` Apple reportedly swapping recalled iPod nanos for 6G counterparts; you have yours?'' . Engadget . Retrieved December 21, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Libgpod - gtkpod iPod Manager'' . Gtkpod.org. October 15, 2011 . Retrieved November 17, 2012 . Jump up ^ Apple Inc. , Apple press release library , Retrieved September 19, 2007. Jump up ^ Mactracker ( mactracker.ca ), Apple Inc. model database, version as of July 26, 2007. 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i got you babe from sonny and cher

In the episode of The Big Bang Theory , `` The Love Car Displacement , '' Bernadette and Howard begin to sing `` I Got You Babe '' as a duet .

I Got You Babe - wikipedia I Got You Babe `` I Got You Babe'' French 7-inch single cover Single by Sonny & Cher from the album Look at Us Released July 9, 1965 Format 7-inch single Recorded 1965 Genre Pop Length 3 : 11 Label Atco Songwriter(s) Sonny Bono Producer(s) Sonny Bono Sonny & Cher singles chronology `` Love Is Strange '' (1964) `` I Got You Babe '' (1965) `` The Letter'' (1965) `` Love Is Strange '' (1964) `` I Got You Babe '' (1965) `` The Letter'' (1965) Alternative cover `` I Got You Babe '' is a song written by Sonny Bono . It was the first single taken from the debut studio album Look at Us , of the American pop music duo Sonny & Cher . In August 1965, their single spent three weeks at number 1 on the Billboard Hot 100 in the United States where it sold more than 1 million copies and was certified Gold. It also reached number 1 in the United Kingdom and Canada . In 1985, a cover version of `` I Got You Babe'' by British reggae /pop band UB40 featuring American singer Chrissie Hynde , peaked at number one in the UK Singles Chart and reached number 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Contents ( hide ) 1 Sonny & Cher version 1.1 Background and composition 1.2 Live performances 1.3 In popular culture 1.4 Charts 1.4.1 Weekly charts 1.4.2 Year-end charts 1.4.3 Certifications 2 UB40 feat. Chrissie Hynde version 2.1 Background 2.2 Track listings 2.3 Charts 3 Cher with Beavis and Butt-Head version 3.1 Background 3.2 Music video 3.3 Track listings 3.4 Charts 3.4.1 Weekly charts 3.4.2 Year-end charts 4 Other versions 5 Movies and television 6 References 7 External links Sonny & Cher version ( edit ) Background and composition ( edit ) Sonny Bono , a songwriter and record producer for Phil Spector , wrote the lyrics to and composed the music of the song for himself and his then-wife, Cher , late at night in their basement. Session drummer Hal Blaine played drums for the song with other members of The Wrecking Crew supplying instrumental support. `` I Got You Babe'' became the duo's biggest single, their signature song , and a defining recording of the early hippie countercultural movement. AllMusic critic William Ruhmann praised the song: Recalling Dylan's bitter 1964 song `` It Ain't Me Babe'' (soon to be a folk-rock hit for the Turtles), Bono wrote his own opposite sentiment: `` I Got You Babe.'' Where Dylan was lyrically complex, Bono was simple: His lyric began with the ominous youth-versus-grownups theme of `` they'' who set up barriers to romance, but soon gave way to a dialogue of teenage romantic platitudes. Where Dylan was musically simple, however, Bono, without fully rebuilding Spector's Wall of Sound , was more structurally ambitious, following the song's standard verse-chorus-verse-chorus-bridge-verse-chorus form with an ascending coda that built to a climax, then started building again before the fadeout, all in only a little over three minutes. Set to waltz time, the tune retained a light feel despite the sometimes busy instrumentation, led by a prominent ocarina and the alternating vocals between the two singers. If neither were interesting singers, their plodding, matter-of-fact performances gave the song a common-man appeal. African-American musician Harold Battiste provided the instrumental arrangement. Richard Niles quotes Battiste as saying the prominent figure in the song is played on an oboe rather than an ocarina. In the United States, the song has sold more than 1 million copies in 1965 and was certified Gold by the RIAA . As of November 2011, Billboard reported the digital sales of `` I Got You Babe'' to be 372,000 in the US. In 2011, the song was named as one of the greatest duets of all times by both Billboard and Rolling Stone magazine. It was also listed at #444 on Rolling Stone 's list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time in 2004. In early 2017 the song has been inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame . Live performances ( edit ) Sonny and Cher last performed the song together during an impromptu reunion on NBC 's Late Night with David Letterman on November 13, 1987. Cher performed the song with R.E.M. on February 14, 2002, at the Kodak Theatre in Los Angeles . It was her first performance of the song without Sonny. During Cher's 2014 Dressed to Kill Tour and 2017 Las Vegas residency Classic Cher using left behind vocals and a projection of videos of Sonny, Cher performed the song live with Sonny for the first time since 1987. In popular culture ( edit ) `` I Got You Babe'' has been frequently featured in film and television , including Sonny and Cher's own The Sonny and Cher Comedy Hour . The song made a bit of a comeback when it was used repeatedly as Phil Connors' wake-up music in the 1993 movie Groundhog Day . On re-release, the single re-charted in the UK, reaching number 66. Other films have used the song including Good Times which stars Sonny & Cher, Buster , Look Who's Talking Too , Just Visiting , Me Without You , Riding in Cars with Boys , and Jack and Jill . Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1965) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 12 Canada ( RPM Singles Chart ) Finland ( The Official Finnish Charts ) 8 France ( SNEP ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) Ireland ( Irish Singles Chart ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) 6 Singapore Singles Chart 5 South Africa ( RiSA ) 5 Spain ( Promusicae ) 8 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 5 Switzerland ( Swiss Hitparade ) 7 UK Singles ( The Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Billboard R&B Singles 19 US Cash Box Top 100 Zimbabwe Singles Chart Chart (1993) Peak position UK Singles 66 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1965) Position Dutch Top 100 31 German Singles Chart 27 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 9 US Billboard Hot 100 16 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales United States ( RIAA ) Gold 1,000,000 Digital United States ( RIAA ) 372,000 shipments figures based on certification alone UB40 feat. Chrissie Hynde version ( edit ) `` I Got You Babe '' Single by UB40 and Chrissie Hynde from the album Baggariddim B-side `` Theme from Labour of Love'' Released August 2, 1985 Format 7-inch single 12-inch single Recorded 1984-- 1985 Genre Reggae synthpop dub Length 3 : 09 Label DEP International Songwriter(s) Sonny Bono Producer(s) Pablo Falconer UB40 singles chronology `` I'm Not Fooled So Easily'' (1985) `` ' I Got You Babe' '' (1985) `` Don't Break My Heart'' (1985) `` I'm Not Fooled So Easily'' (1985) `` I Got You Babe '' (1985) `` Don't Break My Heart'' (1985) Chrissie Hynde singles chronology `` I Got You Babe '' (1985) I Got You Babe1985 `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' (1995) Love Can Build a Bridge 1995 Background ( edit ) Twenty years later, in 1985, British band UB40 with American singer Chrissie Hynde recorded a cover version of `` I Got You Babe'' for the group's studio album Baggariddim . The song also appeared on the Pretenders ' 1987 compilation album The Singles . This version of `` I Got You Babe'' charted at number 1 on the UK Singles Chart in August 1985 and reached number 28 on the US Billboard Hot 100 chart. Track listings ( edit ) 7`` -single I Got You Babe 3:08 UB40 - Theme From Labour Of Love 3:05 12`` -single I Got You Babe 3:09 UB40 - Red Red Wine 5:21 Charts ( edit ) Chart (1985) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 14 Belgium ( VRT Top 30 Flanders) Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 6 Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) 6 France ( SNEP ) 29 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 15 Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy (Hit Parade Italia) 40 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 17 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 15 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 28 Cher with Beavis and Butt-head version ( edit ) `` I Got You Babe'' Single by Cher with Beavis and Butt-head from the album The Beavis and Butt-head Experience Released December 1993 Format CD single maxi single Genre Pop rock heavy metal Length 4 : 00 Label Geffen Songwriter(s) Sonny Bono Cher singles chronology `` Many Rivers to Cross '' (1993) `` I Got You Babe '' (1993) `` It Ain't Necessarily So '' (1994) `` Many Rivers to Cross '' (1993) `` I Got You Babe '' (1993) `` It Ain't Necessarily So '' (1994) Background ( edit ) In 1993, Cher recorded a cover version of `` I Got You Babe'' with the American animated characters Beavis and Butt-Head . The song was the first single from The Beavis and Butt-Head Experience , a compilation comedy album released in 1993 by the Geffen Records , which is one of the fastest-selling comedy albums, has officially sold 1,610,000 units and was certified 2x Platinum by the RIAA in the United States. AllMusic reviewed this song by calling it `` most interesting'' track on the album. The single reached the top 40 in the UK, Belgium and Sweden, as well as the top ten in the Netherlands. Music video ( edit ) A funny and psychedelic video was produced, which received heavy MTV airplay. It featured Cher and Beavis and Butt-Head in a virtual animated world. In the video, the animated pair refer to her former husband Bono as a dork and a wuss , to which a live-action Cher agrees. It was placed at number 5 on the `` 50 Greatest Funny Moments in Music'' list made by VH1 channel in 2004. Track listings ( edit ) Cher With Beavis And Butt-Head -- I Got You Babe (4:00) Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe (3:12) Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1993-- 94) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 69 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 19 Europe ( European Hot 100 Singles ) 69 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 9 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 40 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 35 US Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ( Billboard ) 8 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1994) Position Netherlands (Dutch Top 40) 69 Other versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song has been frequently covered , including versions by: 1967 Manfred Mann on the album The Soul of Mann 1968 Etta James on the album Tell Mama 1968 Tiny Tim on the album God Bless Tiny Tim 1960s or 1970s, French singer and composer Claude François sung the French cover Je t'aime trop toi (Lit. `` I love you too much, oh you'' ). 1973 David Bowie with Marianne Faithfull on The Midnight Special , released on the bootleg Dollars In Drag: The 1980 Floor Show 1975 The Dictators on their album The Dictators Go Girl Crazy! 1982 The Ramones ' Joey Ramone and Holly and the Italians ' Holly Beth Vincent performed the duet. 1989 Madonna and Sandra Bernhard sang the song on May 24, 1989 during the ' Don't Bungle The Jungle' benefit concert to raise money and awareness for preserving the world's rain forests. 1991 The Cynics ' cover from their tribute to Bono, Bonograph , was a Get Hip single, backed with `` Bang Bang '' ; a music video includes photos of Sonny and Cher. 1993 Angel'in Heavy Syrup on the album Angel'in Heavy Syrup II. 1998 Merril Bainbridge feat. Shaggy for the soundtrack album to the Johnathon Schaech film Welcome to Woop Woop and the Bainbridge album Between the Days 2004 Avid Merrion , along with Patsy Kensit and Davina McCall , released a Christmas single which reached number 5 in the UK charts. 2006 Bradley Joseph , an instrumental arrangement on the album Piano Love Songs . 2013 Lucky Dube , reggae version, released on his posthumous album `` Colours of Africa'' . 2015, folk rock duo Blackmore's Night covered the song on their album All Our Yesterdays . Movies and television ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This section appears to contain trivial, minor, or unrelated references to popular culture . Please reorganize this content to explain the subject's impact on popular culture, using references to reliable sources , rather than simply listing appearances . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2018) In a fifth season episode of the CBS sitcom Good Times , Michael Evans ( Ralph Carter ) and Penny Gordon ( Janet Jackson ) perform the song, mimicking a performance from The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour . In The Golden Girls fifth-season episode `` An Illegitimate Concern'' , Sophia ( Estelle Getty ) and Dorothy ( Bea Arthur ) dress up as Sonny and Cher, respectively, to rehearse for a mother-daughter talent show, singing `` I Got You Babe'' while Rose ( Betty White ) accompanies them on the piano. The episode aired February 12, 1990. Bea Arthur often said later in interviews that this was her favorite moment from the series run. In a Full House episode, Uncle Jesse ( John Stamos ) has Michelle (one or both of the Olsen Twins ) sing `` I Got You Babe'' as they strum on their respective guitars. In the Sabrina The Teenage Witch episode `` What's News'' , Sabrina and cat Salem Saberhagen dress as Sonny and Cher to sing `` I Got You Babe'' in an effort to get her boss and his wife to stop fighting. In Harold Ramis 's film Groundhog Day , starring Bill Murray and Andie MacDowell , it is this song to which the main character awakes each repetitive morning on the clock radio . Then-married Nick Lachey and Jessica Simpson close The Nick and Jessica Variety Hour special, already very much in the style of Sonny and Cher , singing the duet. The Rolling Stones donned costumes and lip synched to the original version of the song in a 1965 special taped for Ready Steady Go! . New York City-based television show Duets with Deni (also carried on the internet) which regularly features local songwriters and musicians, Deni Bonet and Robyn Hitchcock sing the song from Deni's apartment. In the Mad Men season 4 finale, set in October 1965, the original recording played over the final scene of Don Draper lying awake in bed in his Greenwich Village apartment with his new fiancee Megan asleep at his side and continued to play during the closing credits. In series 2, episode 4, of American Dad! , Roger wakes up via his alarm clock to `` I Got You Babe'' . He proceeds to get drunk and destroy his television. Appears in the film Me Without You (2001). In the Man from U.N.C.L.E. episode `` The Hot Number Affair'' , the song plays under the scene where Sonny and Cher appear on screen together for the first time. In the episode `` Chicago Hope'' of Home Improvement , Tim and Jill sing `` I Got You Babe'' on a karaoke machine in Chicago. In the Misfits episode seven of season three, Seth's alarm clock plays `` I Got You Babe'' . In the episode of House `` We Need the Eggs,'' Park and her friend are singing the song together at the end. In the episode of Step by Step , `` Locket Man,'' Rich sings `` I Got You Babe'' to reclaim Dana's affections in a restaurant. As the credits roll, the two are shown dressed as Sonny and Cher singing the duet. In the 2011 movie Jack & Jill , a shortened version plays over the opening credits. In the American remake of Les Visiteurs , Just Visiting ; Andre and Angelique drive towards Las Vegas while the song ends and cuts to black, ending the movie. In the episode of The Big Bang Theory , `` The Love Car Displacement,'' Bernadette and Howard begin to sing `` I Got You Babe'' as a duet. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (2004). Top R&B /Hip-Hop Singles: 1942-2004 . Record Research. p. 539. Jump up ^ Hartman, Kent (2012). The Wrecking Crew . St. Martin's Griffin . pp. 261-- 263. ISBN 978-1-250-03046-7 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. `` I Got You Babe - Sonny & Cher - Listen, Appearances, Song Review - AllMusic'' . AllMusic . Jump up ^ `` Harold Battiste Musician Mentor and Arranger Dies at 83'' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ Richard Niles (2007). `` THE INVISIBLE ARTIST : Arrangers in popular music (1950 - 2000); Their contribution and techniques'' (TXT) . Bura.brunel.ac.uk . Retrieved September 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard: Cher Information, Yes?'' . Billboard . November 5, 2011 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40 Biggest Duets of All Times'' . Billboard . February 14, 2011 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 10 Greatest Duets of All Time'' . Rolling Stone . February 14, 2011 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ Grammy Hall of Fame award Archived July 7, 2015, at the Wayback Machine ... Grammy . Retrieved on December 4, 2016 Jump up ^ `` Sonny & Cher Boost Ratings'' . The New Mexican . Santa Fe, New Mexico. November 29, 1987, p. 35, accessed through NewspaperARCHIVE.com on March 13, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Sonny and Cher Reunited on David Letterman Show.'' Aiken Standard . Aiken, South Carolina. November 15, 1987. p. 3. accessed through NewspaperARCHIVE.com on March 13, 2009. Jump up ^ Video on YouTube Jump up ^ `` The R.E.M. Timeline'' . Members.iinet.net.au. Archived from the original on May 21, 2011 . Retrieved October 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ Entertainment Tonight , February 15, 2002 Jump up ^ `` Billboard'' . google.it . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada'' . Collectionscanada.gc.ca . Retrieved September 29, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Billboard'' . google.it . ^ Jump up to: `` Billboard'' . google.it . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Sonny & Cher Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts - All there is to know'' . irishcharts.ie . Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Sonny & Cher'' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Sonny & Cher -- I Got You Babe'' . VG-lista . Jump up ^ `` Billboard'' . google.it . Jump up ^ Fernando Salaverri (September 2005). Sólo éxitos : año a año , 1959-- 2002 (1st ed.). Spain: Fundación Autor-SGAE. ISBN 84-8048-639-2 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard'' . google.it . Jump up ^ `` Billboard'' . google.it . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Charts Company'' . officialcharts.com . Archived from the original on October 29, 2012. ^ Jump up to: `` Allmusic: Sonny & Cher'' . Allmusic . Retrieved November 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box 100 Singles chart Archived December 31, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 -- Bekijk de Top 100 van 1965'' . Dutch Top 40 (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved April 23, 2018 . Jump up ^ German Singles Chart (1965). `` German Singles Chart; End of year charts'' . Archived from the original on July 18, 2010 . Retrieved August 27, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 1965 - Year End'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved December 19, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Top 100 - 1965'' . Retrieved September 15, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Sonny and Cher -- I Got You Babe'' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Cher -- Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves'' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` Ask Billboard: Cher Information, Yes?'' . Billboard . November 5, 2011 . Retrieved March 11, 2012 . Jump up ^ Kent, David (1993). Australian Chart Book 1970-- 1992 (Illustrated ed.). St. Ives, N.S.W.: Australian Chart Book. p. 316. ISBN 0-646-11917-6 . N.B. The Kent Report chart was licensed by ARIA between mid 1983 and June 19, 1988. Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe'' (in German). Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Radio2 top 30: 4 juli 2015'' . radio2.be . Archived from the original on April 9, 2012. Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Singles: Issue 0593 .'' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Top RPM Adult Contemporary: Issue 9299 .'' RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe'' (in French). Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde Single-Chartverfolgung'' (in German). Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH. Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- I Got You Babe'' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Indice per Interprete: U'' . Hit Parade Italia . Retrieved 8 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 40, 1985 '' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe'' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- UB40 featuring Chrissie Hynde -- I Got You Babe'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` UB40 Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Weird Al Finally Gets First No. 1 Album with Mandatory Fun'' . pastemagazine.com . Jump up ^ `` Best Selling Comedy Albums - Billboard'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ Review by AllMusic Retrieved October 15, 2013 Jump up ^ Ryan, Gavin (2011). Australia's Music Charts 1988-2010 . Mt. Martha, VIC, Australia: Moonlight Publishing. Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Cher with Beavis and Butt-head -- I Got You Babe'' (in Dutch). Ultratop 50 . Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Hits of the World'' (PDF) . Billboard . Retrieved October 28, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 4, 1994 '' (in Dutch). Dutch Top 40 Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Cher with Beavis and Butt-head -- I Got You Babe'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Cher with Beavis and Butt-head -- I Got You Babe'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cher: Artist Chart History'' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Cher Chart History (Bubbling Under Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Single Top 100 Van 1994'' (PDF) (in Dutch). Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved October 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Show 44 - Revolt of the Fat Angel: Some samples of the Los Angeles sound. (Part 4) : UNT Digital Library Jump up ^ (1) Jump up ^ Sid Dorfman (writer); Gerren Keith (director) (September 21, 1977). `` The Evans Get Involved (Part 2)'' . Good Times . Season 5. Episode 2. CBS . Jump up ^ Bill Murray - Best scenes from the `` Groundhog Day'' - 4 on YouTube ^ Jump up to: `` WFMU's Beware of the Blog: I Got You Babe'' . Blog.wfmu.org. February 28, 2008 . Retrieved October 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Duets With Deni'' . Denibonet.com. Archived from the original on January 20, 2009 . Retrieved October 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory Review: `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` . TV Fanatic. January 21, 2011 . Retrieved March 2, 2014 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Sonny & Cher Studio albums Look at Us The Wondrous World of Sonny & Chér In Case You're in Love All I Ever Need Is You Mama Was a Rock and Roll Singer, Papa Used to Write All Her Songs Live albums Sonny & Cher Live Live in Las Vegas Vol. 2 Compilations The Best of Sonny & Chér Sonny & Cher's Greatest Hits The Two of Us Greatest Hits All I Ever Need Is You The Beat Goes On: The Best of Sonny & Cher The Definitive Pop Collection Soundtracks Good Times Other albums Baby Don't Go -- Sonny & Cher and Friends Television The Sonny & Cher Nitty Gritty Hour The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour The Sonny Comedy Revue The Sonny & Cher Show Sonny & Me: Cher Remembers Films Good Times Related topics Discography Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Sonny Bono Cher Cher Albums Singles Filmography Tours Videography Awards Studio albums All I Really Want to Do The Sonny Side of Chér Chér With Love, Chér Backstage 3614 Jackson Highway Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves Foxy Lady Bittersweet White Light Half-Breed Dark Lady Stars I'd Rather Believe in You Cherished Take Me Home Prisoner I Paralyze Cher Heart of Stone Love Hurts It's a Man's World Believe not.com.mercial Living Proof Closer to the Truth Compilations Golden Greats Superpack Vol. 1 and 2 Greatest Hits Greatest Hits: 1965-- 1992 If I Could Turn Back Time: Cher's Greatest Hits The Greatest Hits The Very Best of Cher Gold Soundtracks Chastity Mermaids Burlesque Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again Music video releases The Video Collection The Very Best of Cher: The Video Hits Collection Live releases Extravaganza: Live at the Mirage Live in Concert Live! The Farewell Tour The Farewell Tour Live at the Mirage Other video releases CherFitness: A New Attitude CherFitness: Body Confidence Tours and residencies Cher in Concert Heart of Stone Tour Love Hurts Tour Do You Believe? Living Proof: The Farewell Tour Cher Dressed to Kill Tour Classic Cher Here We Go Again Tour Television The Sonny & Cher Comedy Hour Cher Cher... Special Dear Mom, Love Cher Books The Ugly Duckling (audiobook) Related music Sonny Bono (first husband) Sonny & Cher discography Gregg Allman (second husband) `` You've Lost That Lovin' Feelin' '' `` Be My Baby '' Two the Hard Way Black Rose `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' Related tours Two the Hard Way Tour The Black Rose Show Related articles Cher as a gay icon Chaz Bono (son) Elijah Blue Allman (son) Mego Sonny & Cher Toys Uninhibited Book Category Portal Cher singles 1960s `` All I Really Want to Do '' `` Where Do You Go '' `` Bang Bang (My Baby Shot Me Down) '' `` Alfie '' `` I Feel Something in the Air '' `` Sunny '' `` Hey Joe '' `` You Better Sit Down Kids '' `` For What It's Worth '' 1970s `` Gypsys, Tramps & Thieves '' `` The Way of Love '' `` Living in a House Divided '' `` Don't Hide Your Love '' `` Am I Blue '' `` Half-Breed '' `` Dark Lady '' `` Train of Thought '' `` Pirate '' `` Take Me Home '' `` Wasn't It Good '' `` Hell on Wheels '' 1980s `` I Paralyze '' `` I Found Someone '' `` We All Sleep Alone '' `` Skin Deep '' `` Main Man '' `` After All '' `` If I Could Turn Back Time '' `` Just Like Jesse James '' 1990s `` Heart of Stone '' `` You Wouldn't Know Love '' `` Baby I'm Yours '' `` The Shoop Shoop Song (It's in His Kiss) '' `` Love and Understanding '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Could've Been You '' `` When Lovers Become Strangers '' `` Oh No Not My Baby '' `` Whenever You're Near '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Love Can Build a Bridge '' `` Walking in Memphis '' `` One by One '' `` Not Enough Love in the World '' `` The Sun Ain't Gonna Shine Anymore '' `` Paradise Is Here '' `` Believe '' `` Strong Enough '' `` All or Nothing '' `` Dov'è l'amore '' 2000s `` The Music's No Good Without You '' `` Song for the Lonely '' `` Alive Again '' `` A Different Kind of Love Song '' `` When the Money's Gone '' `` Love One Another '' 2010s `` You Haven't Seen the Last of Me '' `` Woman's World '' `` I Hope You Find It '' `` Take It Like a Man '' `` I Walk Alone '' Guest singles `` A Love Like Yours (Don't Come Knocking Everyday) '' `` Dead Ringer for Love '' `` It Ain't Necessarily So '' `` Più che puoi '' `` Bewitched, Bothered and Bewildered '' Book Category Portal UB40 Jimmy Brown Robin Campbell Earl Falconer Norman Hassan Brian Travers Duncan Campbell Ali Campbell Yomi Babayemi Jimmy Lynn Mickey Virtue Astro Studio albums Signing Off Present Arms UB44 Labour of Love Geffery Morgan Baggariddim Rat in the Kitchen UB40 Labour of Love II Promises and Lies Guns in the Ghetto Labour of Love III Cover Up Homegrown Who You Fighting For? TwentyFourSeven Labour of Love IV Getting Over the Storm A Real Labour of Love Compilation albums The Singles Album More UB40 Music The UB40 File The Best of UB40 -- Volume One The Best of UB40 -- Volume Two The Very Best of UB40 1980-2000 Greatest Hits Love Songs Live albums UB40 Live Remix albums Present Arms in Dub Dub Sessions Singles `` Food for Thought '' `` One in Ten '' `` Don't Slow Down '' `` Red Red Wine '' `` Please Don't Make Me Cry '' `` Many Rivers to Cross '' `` If It Happens Again '' `` Sing Our Own Song '' `` Rat in Mi Kitchen '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Breakfast in Bed '' `` Homely Girl '' `` Kingston Town '' `` I'll Be Your Baby Tonight '' `` The Way You Do the Things You Do '' `` (I Can't Help) Falling in Love With You '' `` Higher Ground '' `` Swing Low '' See also UB40 discography DEP International Merril Bainbridge Studio albums The Garden Between the Days Singles `` Mouth '' `` Under the Water '' `` Power of One '' `` Sleeping Dogs '' `` Lonely '' `` I Got You Babe '' `` Between the Days'' `` Walk on Fire'' `` Girl Next Door '' Etta James Discography Studio albums At Last! 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who is the publisher of the wall street journal

In 2015 , a report written by the Journal 's John Carreyrou alleged that blood testing company Theranos ' technology was faulty and founder Elizabeth Holmes was misleading investors . According to Vanity Fair , `` a damning report published in The Wall Street Journal had alleged that the company was , in effect , a sham -- that its vaunted core technology was actually faulty and that Theranos administered almost all of its blood tests using competitors ' equipment . '' The Journal has subsequently published several more reports questioning Theranos ' and Holmes ' credibility . On June 15 , 2018 , the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California announced the indictment of Holmes on wire fraud and conspiracy charges in relation to her role as CEO of Theranos .

The Wall Street Journal - wikipedia The Wall Street Journal `` WSJ'' redirects here. For other uses, see WSJ (disambiguation) . The Wall Street Journal Cover of The Wall Street Journal (March 23, 2016), with the headline story reporting on the 2016 Brussels bombings Type Daily newspaper Format Broadsheet Owner(s) News Corp (via Dow Jones & Company ) Editor-in-chief Matt Murray Opinion editor Paul A. Gigot Founded July 8, 1889 ; 129 years ago ( 1889-07-08 ) Language English Headquarters 1211 Avenue of the Americas , New York City , U.S. Country United States Circulation 2,277,000 Daily (as of June 2017) ISSN 0099-9660 OCLC number 781541372 Website www.wsj.com Media of the United States List of newspapers The Wall Street Journal is a U.S. business-focused, English-language international daily newspaper based in New York City. The Journal , along with its Asian and European editions, is published six days a week by Dow Jones & Company , a division of News Corp . The newspaper is published in the broadsheet format and online. The Wall Street Journal is the largest newspaper in the United States by circulation . According to News Corp, in its June 2017 10-K filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission, the Journal had a circulation of about 2.277 million copies (including nearly 1,270,000 digital subscriptions) as of June 2017 , compared with USA Today 's 1.7 million. The newspaper, which has won 37 Pulitzer Prizes through 2017, derives its name from Wall Street in the heart of the Financial District of Lower Manhattan . The Journal has been printed continuously since its inception on July 8, 1889, by Charles Dow , Edward Jones , and Charles Bergstresser . The Journal also publishes the luxury news and lifestyle magazine WSJ , which was originally launched as a quarterly but expanded to 12 issues as of 2014. The Journal launched an online version in 1996, which has been accessible only to subscribers since it began. Contents 1 History 1.1 Beginnings 1.2 Internet expansion 1.3 Design changes 1.4 News Corporation and News Corp 2 Features 3 WSJ. 4 Operations 5 Recent milestones 6 Editorial page and political stance 6.1 Economic views 6.2 Political stance 6.3 Bias in news pages 7 Notable stories and Pulitzer Prizes 7.1 1987: RJR Nabisco buyout 7.2 1988: Insider trading 7.3 1997: AIDS treatment 7.4 2000: Enron 7.5 2001: 9/11 7.6 2007: Stock option scandal 7.7 2008: Bear Stearns fall 7.8 2010: McDonald's health care 7.9 2015: Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak and 1MDB 7.10 2015-- present: Theranos investigation 8 See also 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) Beginnings ( edit ) Front page of the first issue of The Wall Street Journal , July 8, 1889 The first products of Dow Jones & Company, the publisher of the Journal , were brief news bulletins, nick-named `` flimsies'' , hand-delivered throughout the day to traders at the stock exchange in the early 1880s. They were later aggregated in a printed daily summary called the Customers' Afternoon Letter . Reporters Charles Dow, Edward Jones, and Charles Bergstresser converted this into The Wall Street Journal , which was published for the first time on July 8, 1889, and began delivery of the Dow Jones News Service via telegraph. In 1896, The `` Dow Jones Industrial Average '' was officially launched. It was the first of several indices of stock and bond prices on the New York Stock Exchange . In 1899, the Journal 's Review & Outlook column, which still runs today, appeared for the first time, initially written by Charles Dow. Journalist Clarence Barron purchased control of the company for US$130,000 in 1902; circulation was then around 7,000 but climbed to 50,000 by the end of the 1920s. Barron and his predecessors were credited with creating an atmosphere of fearless, independent financial reporting-- a novelty in the early days of business journalism . In 1921, Barron's , America's premier financial weekly, was founded. Barron died in 1928, a year before Black Tuesday , the stock market crash that greatly affected the Great Depression in the United States. Barron's descendants, the Bancroft family , would continue to control the company until 2007. The Journal took its modern shape and prominence in the 1940s, a time of industrial expansion for the United States and its financial institutions in New York. Bernard Kilgore was named managing editor of the paper in 1941, and company CEO in 1945, eventually compiling a 25-year career as the head of the Journal . Kilgore was the architect of the paper's iconic front-page design, with its `` What's News'' digest, and its national distribution strategy, which brought the paper's circulation from 33,000 in 1941 to 1.1 million at the time of Kilgore's death in 1967. Under Kilgore, in 1947 , the paper won its first Pulitzer Prize for William Henry Grimes's editorials . In 1967, Dow Jones Newswires began a major expansion outside of the United States that ultimately put journalists in every major financial center in Europe, Asia, Latin America, Australia, and Africa. In 1970, Dow Jones bought the Ottaway newspaper chain, which at the time comprised nine dailies and three Sunday newspapers. Later, the name was changed to `` Dow Jones Local Media Group'' . 1971 to 1997 brought about a series of launches, acquisitions, and joint ventures, including `` Factiva '' , The Wall Street Journal Asia , The Wall Street Journal Europe , the WSJ.com website, Dow Jones Indexes, MarketWatch , and `` WSJ Weekend Edition'' . In 2007, News Corp. acquired Dow Jones. WSJ. , a luxury lifestyle magazine, was launched in 2008. Internet expansion ( edit ) Further information: OpinionJournal.com A complement to the print newspaper, The Wall Street Journal Online , was launched in 1996 and has allowed access only by subscription from the beginning. In 2003, Dow Jones began to integrate reporting of the Journal 's print and online subscribers together in Audit Bureau of Circulations statements. In 2007, it was commonly believed to be the largest paid-subscription news site on the Web, with 980,000 paid subscribers. Since then, online subscribership has fallen, due in part to rising subscription costs, and was reported at 400,000 in March 2010. In May 2008, an annual subscription to the online edition of The Wall Street Journal cost $119 for those who do not have subscriptions to the print edition. By June 2013, the monthly cost for a subscription to the online edition was $22.99, or $275.88 annually, excluding introductory offers. Vladimir Putin with Journal correspondent Karen Elliott House in 2002 On November 30, 2004, Oasys Mobile and The Wall Street Journal released an app that would allow users to access content from the Wall Street Journal Online via their mobile phones. Many of The Wall Street Journal news stories are available through free online newspapers that subscribe to the Dow Jones syndicate . Pulitzer Prize-- winning stories from 1995 are available free on the Pulitzer web site. In September 2005, the Journal launched a weekend edition, delivered to all subscribers, which marked a return to Saturday publication after a lapse of some 50 years. The move was designed in part to attract more consumer advertising. In 2005, the Journal reported a readership profile of about 60 percent top management, an average income of $191,000, an average household net worth of $2.1 million, and an average age of 55. In 2007, the Journal launched a worldwide expansion of its website to include major foreign-language editions. The paper had also shown an interest in buying the rival Financial Times . Design changes ( edit ) The nameplate is unique in having a period at the end. On September 5, 2006, the Journal included advertising on its front page for the first time. This followed the introduction of front-page advertising on the European and Asian editions in late 2005. After presenting nearly identical front-page layouts for half a century-- always six columns, with the day's top stories in the first and sixth columns, `` What's News'' digest in the second and third, the `` A-hed'' feature story in the fourth (with ' hed' being jargon for headline ) and themed weekly reports in the fifth column -- the paper in 2007 decreased its broadsheet width from 15 to 12 inches while keeping the length at 22​ ⁄ inches, to save newsprint costs. News design consultant Mario Garcia collaborated on the changes. Dow Jones said it would save US$18 million a year in newsprint costs across all The Wall Street Journal papers. This move eliminated one column of print, pushing the `` A-hed'' out of its traditional location (though the paper now usually includes a quirky feature story on the right side of the front page, sandwiched among the lead stories). The paper still uses ink dot drawings called hedcuts , introduced in 1979 and originally created by Kevin Sprouls , in addition to photographs, a method of illustration considered a consistent visual signature of the paper. The Journal still heavily employs the use of caricatures , notably those of Ken Fallin , such as when Peggy Noonan memorialized then-recently deceased newsman Tim Russert . The use of color photographs and graphics has become increasingly common in recent years with the addition of more `` lifestyle'' sections. The daily was awarded by the Society for News Design World's Best Designed Newspaper award for 1994 and 1997. News Corporation and news Corp ( edit ) On May 2, 2007, News Corporation made an unsolicited takeover bid for Dow Jones, offering US$60 a share for stock that had been selling for US$33 a share. The Bancroft family , which controlled more than 60% of the voting stock, at first rejected the offer, but later reconsidered its position. Three months later, on August 1, 2007, News Corporation and Dow Jones entered into a definitive merger agreement. The US$5 billion sale added The Wall Street Journal to Rupert Murdoch 's news empire, which already included Fox News Channel , financial network unit and London's The Times , and locally within New York, the New York Post , along with Fox flagship station WNYW (Channel 5) and MyNetworkTV flagship WWOR (Channel 9). On December 13, 2007, shareholders representing more than 60 percent of Dow Jones's voting stock approved the company's acquisition by News Corporation. In an editorial page column, publisher L. Gordon Crovitz said the Bancrofts and News Corporation had agreed that the Journal 's news and opinion sections would preserve their editorial independence from their new corporate parent: A special committee was established to oversee the paper's editorial integrity. When the managing editor Marcus Brauchli resigned on April 22, 2008, the committee said that News Corporation had violated its agreement by not notifying the committee earlier. However, Brauchli said he believed that new owners should appoint their own editor. A 2007 Journal article quoted charges that Murdoch had made and broken similar promises in the past. One large shareholder commented that Murdoch has long `` expressed his personal, political and business biases through his newspapers and television stations'' . Former Times assistant editor Fred Emery remembers an incident when `` Mr. Murdoch called him into his office in March 1982 and said he was considering firing Times editor Harold Evans . Mr. Emery says he reminded Mr. Murdoch of his promise that editors couldn't be fired without the independent directors' approval. ' God, you don't take all that seriously, do you?' Mr. Murdoch answered, according to Mr. Emery.'' Murdoch eventually forced out Evans. In 2011, The Guardian found evidence that the Journal had artificially inflated its European sales numbers, by paying Executive Learning Partnership for purchasing 16% of European sales. These inflated sales numbers then enabled the Journal to charge similarly inflated advertising rates, as the advertisers would think that they reached more readers than they actually did. In addition, the Journal agreed to run `` articles'' featuring Executive Learning Partnership, presented as news, but effectively advertising. The case came to light after a Belgian Wall Street Journal employee, Gert Van Mol , informed Dow Jones CEO Les Hinton about the questionable practice. As a result, the then Wall Street Journal Europe CEO and Publisher Andrew Langhoff was fired after it was found out he personally pressured journalists into covering one of the newspaper's business partners involved in the issue. Since September 2011 all the online articles that resulted from the ethical wrongdoing carry a Wall Street Journal disclaimer informing the readers about the circumstances in which they were created. The Journal , along with its parent Dow Jones & Company, was among the businesses News Corporation spun off in 2013 as the new News Corp . In November 2016, in an effort to cut costs, the Journal 's editor-in-chief, Gerard Baker, announced that layoffs and consolidation to its sections would take place. In the memo, the new format for the newspaper will have a `` Business & Finance'' section that will combine its current `` Business & Tech'' and `` Money & Investing'' sections. It will also include a new `` Life & Arts'' section that will combine its current `` Personal Journal'' and `` Arena'' sections. In addition, the current `` Greater New York'' coverage will be reduced and will move into the main section of paper. Features ( edit ) Since 1980, the Journal has been published in multiple sections. At one time, The Journal 's page count averaged as much as 96 pages an issue, but with the industry-wide decline in advertising, the Journal in 2009-- 10 more typically published about 50 to 60 pages per issue. Regularly scheduled sections are: Section One -- every day; corporate news, as well as political and economic reporting and the opinion pages Marketplace -- Monday through Friday; coverage of health, technology, media , and marketing industries (the second section was launched June 23, 1980) Money and Investing -- every day; covers and analyzes international financial markets (the third section was launched October 3, 1988) Personal Journal -- published Tuesday through Thursday; covers personal investments, careers and cultural pursuits (the section was introduced April 9, 2002) Off Duty -- published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on fashion, food, design, travel and gear/tech. The section was launched September 25, 2010. Review -- published Saturdays in WSJ Weekend; focuses on essays, commentary, reviews and ideas. The section was launched September 25, 2010. Mansion -- published Fridays; focuses on high-end real estate. The section was launched October 5, 2012. WSJ Magazine -- Launched in 2008 as a quarterly, this luxury magazine supplement distributed within the U.S., European and Asian editions of The Wall Street Journal grew to 12 issues per year in 2014. In addition, several columnists contribute regular features to the Journal opinion page and OpinionJournal.com : Weekdays -- Best of the Web Today by James Freeman Monday -- Americas by Mary O'Grady Wednesday -- Business World by Holman W. Jenkins Jr Thursday -- Wonder Land by Daniel Henninger Friday -- Potomac Watch by Kimberley Strassel Weekend Edition -- Rule of Law, The Weekend Interview (variety of authors), Declarations by Peggy Noonan In addition to these regular opinion pieces, on Fridays the Journal publishes a religion-themed op-ed, titled `` Houses of Worship'' , written by a different author each week. Authors range from the Dalai Lama to cardinals. WSJ ( edit ) Main article: WSJ. WSJ. is The Wall Street Journal 's luxury lifestyle magazine. Its coverage spans art, fashion, entertainment, design, food, architecture, travel and more. Kristina O'Neill is Editor in Chief and Anthony Cenname is Publisher. Launched as a quarterly in 2008, the magazine grew to 12 issues a year for 2014. The magazine is distributed within the U.S. Weekend Edition of The Wall Street Journal newspaper (average paid print circulation is +2.2 million*), the European and Asian editions, and is available on WSJ.com. Each issue is also available throughout the month in The Wall Street Journal 's iPad app. Penélope Cruz , Carmelo Anthony , Woody Allen , Scarlett Johansson , Emilia Clarke , Daft Punk , and Gisele Bündchen have all been featured on the cover. In 2012, the magazine launched its signature platform, The Innovator Awards. An extension of the November Innovators issue, the awards ceremony, held in New York City at Museum of Modern Art , honors visionaries across the fields of design, fashion, architecture, humanitarianism, art and technology. The 2013 winners were: Alice Waters (Humanitarianism); Daft Punk (Entertainment); David Adjaye (Architecture); Do Ho Su (Art); Nick D'Aloisio (Technology); Pat McGrath (Fashion); Thomas Woltz (Design). In 2013, Adweek awarded WSJ. `` Hottest Lifestyle Magazine of the Year'' for its annual Hot List. U.S. Circulation: Each issue of WSJ. is inserted into the weekend edition of The Wall Street Journal , whose average paid circulation for the three months ending September 30, 2013 was 2,261,772 as reported to the Alliance for Audited Media (AAM). Operations ( edit ) As of 2012 , The Wall Street Journal had a global news staff of around 2,000 journalists in 85 news bureaus across 51 countries. As of 2012 , it had 26 printing plants. Recent milestones ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (July 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) WSJ Live became available on mobile devices in September 2011. WSJ Weekend , the weekend newspaper, expanded September 2010, with two new sections: `` Off Duty'' and `` Review'' . `` Greater New York'' , a stand-alone, full color section dedicated to the New York metro area, launched April 2010. The Wall Street Journal 's San Francisco Bay Area Edition, which focuses on local news and events, launched on November 5, 2009, appearing locally each Thursday in the print Journal and every day on online at WSJ.com/SF. WSJ Weekend , formerly called Saturday's Weekend Edition : September 2005. Launch of Today's Journal , which included both the addition of Personal Journal and color capacity to the Journal : April 2002. Launch of The Wall Street Journal Sunday : Sept. 12, 1999. A four-page print supplement of original investing news, market reports and personal-finance advice that ran in the business sections of other U.S. newspaprs. WSJ Sunday circulation peaked in 2005 with 84 newspapers reaching nearly 11 million homes. The publication ceased on Feb. 7, 2015. Friday Journal , formerly called First Weekend Journal : March 20, 1998. WSJ.com launched in April 1996. First three-section Journal : October 1988. First two-section Journal : June 1980. Editorial page and political stance ( edit ) Further information: The Wall Street Journal Editorial Board The Journal won its first two Pulitzer Prizes for editorial writing in 1947 and 1953. Subsequent Pulitzer Prizes have been awarded for editorial writing to Robert L. Bartley in 1980 and Joseph Rago in 2011; for criticism to Manuela Hoelterhoff in 1983 and Joe Morgenstern in 2005; and for commentary to Vermont Royster in 1984, Paul Gigot in 2000, Dorothy Rabinowitz in 2001, Bret Stephens in 2013, and Peggy Noonan in 2017. Two summaries published in 1995 by the progressive blog Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting , and in 1996 by the Columbia Journalism Review criticized the Journal 's editorial page for inaccuracy during the 1980s and 1990s. The Journal describes the history of its editorials: They are united by the mantra `` free markets and free people'' , the principles, if you will, marked in the watershed year of 1776 by Thomas Jefferson 's Declaration of Independence and Adam Smith 's Wealth of Nations . So over the past century and into the next, the Journal stands for free trade and sound money ; against confiscatory taxation and the ukases of kings and other collectivists ; and for individual autonomy against dictators, bullies and even the tempers of momentary majorities. If these principles sound unexceptionable in theory, applying them to current issues is often unfashionable and controversial. Its historical position was much the same. As former editor William H. Grimes wrote in 1951: On our editorial page we make no pretense of walking down the middle of the road. Our comments and interpretations are made from a definite point of view. We believe in the individual, in his wisdom and his decency. We oppose all infringements on individual rights, whether they stem from attempts at private monopoly, labor union monopoly or from an overgrowing government. People will say we are conservative or even reactionary. We are not much interested in labels but if we were to choose one, we would say we are radical. Just as radical as the Christian doctrine. Each Thanksgiving the editorial page prints two famous articles that have appeared there since 1961. The first is titled The Desolate Wilderness , and describes what the Pilgrims saw when they arrived at the Plymouth Colony . The second is titled And the Fair Land , and describes the bounty of America. It was written by a former editor, Vermont C. Royster , whose Christmas article In Hoc Anno Domini has appeared every December 25 since 1949. Economic views ( edit ) On September 12, 2018, the Census Bureau released data showing improvement in household income and the poverty rate during 2017, Trump's first year in office. The Journal published an editorial that day attributing the improvement to Trump's purportedly superior economic policies, compared to Obama's . However, The Journal's news division reported that both figures also showed improvement in 2015 and 2016, and they improved to a greater degree in both those years than they did in 2017. During the Reagan administration , the newspaper's editorial page was particularly influential as the leading voice for supply-side economics . Under the editorship of Robert Bartley , it expounded at length on economic concepts such as the Laffer curve , and how a decrease in certain marginal tax rates and the capital gains tax could allegedly increase overall tax revenue by generating more economic activity. In the economic argument of exchange rate regimes (one of the most divisive issues among economists), the Journal has a tendency to support fixed exchange rates over floating exchange rates . For example, the Journal was a major supporter of the Chinese yuan 's peg to the dollar, and strongly disagreed with American politicians who criticized the Chinese government about the peg. It opposed China's move to let the yuan gradually float, arguing that the fixed rate benefited both the United States and China. The Journal 's views compare with those of the British publication The Economist , with its emphasis on free markets . However, the Journal demonstrates important distinctions from European business newspapers, most particularly in regard to the relative significance of, and causes of, the American budget deficit . (The Journal generally points to the lack of foreign growth, while business journals in Europe and Asia blame the low savings rate and concordant high borrowing rate in the United States). Political stance ( edit ) Mark Rutte , prime minister of the Netherlands , being interviewed by the Journal The Journal 's editorial pages and columns , run separately from the news pages, are highly influential in American conservative circles. As editors of the editorial page, Vermont C. Royster (served 1958-- 1971) and Robert L. Bartley (served 1972-- 2000) were especially influential in providing a conservative interpretation of the news on a daily basis. Some of the Journal 's former reporters claim that the paper has adopted a more conservative tone since Rupert Murdoch 's purchase. The editorial board has long argued for a pro-business immigration policy. In a July 3, 1984, editorial, the board wrote: `` If Washington still wants to ' do something' about immigration, we propose a five-word constitutional amendment: There shall be open borders .'' This stand on immigration reform places the Journal in contrast to most conservative activists, politicians, and media publications for example National Review and The Washington Times , who favor heightened restrictions on immigration. The Journal 's editorial page has been seen as critical of many aspects of Barack Obama 's presidency. In particular, it has been a prominent critic of the Affordable Care Act legislation passed in 2010, and has featured many opinion columns attacking various aspects of the bill. The Journal 's editorial page has also criticized the Obama administration's energy policies and foreign policy. The editorial board of The Wall Street Journal tends to reject widely held views on climate change -- namely that it poses a major threat to human existence, is largely caused by fossil fuel emissions, and can be prevented through public policy. The Journal is regarded as a forum for climate change skeptics , publishing articles by scientists skeptical of the consensus position on climate change in its op-ed section, including several essays by Richard Lindzen of MIT . Similarly, the Journal has been accused of refusing to publish opinions of scientists which present the mainstream view on climate change. According to a 2016 analysis, 14% of the guest editorials presented the results of `` mainstream climate science'' , while the majority did not. Also, none of 201 editorials published in the WSJ since 1997 concede that the burning of fossil fuels was causing climate change . A 2015 study found The Wall Street Journal was the newspaper that was least likely to present negative effects of global warming among several newspapers. It was also the most likely to present negative economic framing when discussing climate change mitigation policies, tending to taking the stance that the cost of such policies generally outweighs their benefit. On October 25, 2017, the editorial board called for Special Counsel Robert Mueller to resign from the investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections and accused Hillary Clinton's 2016 presidential campaign of colluding with Russia. In December 2017, the editorial board repeated its calls for Mueller's resignation. The editorials by the editorial board caused fractures within the Wall Street Journal , as reporters say that the editorials undermine the paper's credibility. Bias in news pages ( edit ) The Journal 's editors stress the independence and impartiality of their reporters. In a 2004 study, Tim Groseclose and Jeff Milyo argue the Journal 's news pages have a pro-liberal bias because they more often quote liberal think tanks. They calculated the ideological attitude of news reports in 20 media outlets by counting the frequency they cited particular think tanks and comparing that to the frequency that legislators cited the same think tanks. They found that the news reporting of The Journal was the most liberal (more liberal than NPR or The New York Times ). The study did not factor in editorials. Mark Liberman criticized the model used to calculate bias in the study and argued that the model unequally affected liberals and conservatives and that `` ..the model starts with a very peculiar assumption about the relationship between political opinion and the choice of authorities to cite.'' (The authors assume that) `` think tank ideology (...) only matters to liberals.'' The company's planned and eventual acquisition by News Corp in 2007 led to significant media criticism and discussion about whether the news pages would exhibit a rightward slant under Rupert Murdoch . An August 1 editorial responded to the questions by asserting that Murdoch intended to `` maintain the values and integrity of the Journal .'' Notable stories and Pulitzer Prizes ( edit ) The Journal has won more than 30 Pulitzer Prizes in its history. Staff journalists who led some of the newspaper's best-known coverage teams have later published books that summarized and extended their reporting. 1987: RJR Nabisco buyout ( edit ) In 1987, a bidding war ensued between several financial firms for tobacco and food giant RJR Nabisco . Bryan Burrough and John Helyar documented the events in more than two dozen Journal articles. Burrough and Helyar later used these articles as the basis of a bestselling book, Barbarians at the Gate: The Fall of RJR Nabisco , which was turned into a film for HBO. 1988: Insider trading ( edit ) In the 1980s, then Journal reporter James B. Stewart brought national attention to the illegal practice of insider trading . He was awarded the Pulitzer Prize in explanatory journalism in 1988, which he shared with Daniel Hertzberg , who went on to serve as the paper's senior deputy managing editor before resigning in 2009. Stewart expanded on this theme in his book, Den of Thieves . 1997: AIDS treatment ( edit ) David Sanford, a Page One features editor who was infected with HIV in 1982 in a bathhouse, wrote a front-page personal account of how, with the assistance of improved treatments for HIV, he went from planning his death to planning his retirement. He and six other reporters wrote about the new treatments, political and economic issues, and won the 1997 Pulitzer Prize for National Reporting about AIDS. 2000: Enron ( edit ) Jonathan Weil , a reporter at the Dallas bureau of The Wall Street Journal , is credited with first breaking the story of financial abuses at Enron in September 2000. Rebecca Smith and John R. Emshwiller reported on the story regularly, and wrote a book, 24 Days . 2001: 9/11 ( edit ) The Journal claims to have sent the first news report, on the Dow Jones wire, of a plane crashing into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001 . Its headquarters, at One World Financial Center , was severely damaged by the collapse of the World Trade Center just across the street. Top editors worried that they might miss publishing the first issue for the first time in the paper's 112-year history. They relocated to a makeshift office at an editor's home, while sending most of the staff to Dow Jones's South Brunswick, N.J. , corporate campus, where the paper had established emergency editorial facilities soon after the 1993 World Trade Center bombing . The paper was on the stands the next day, albeit in scaled-down form. Perhaps the most compelling story in that day's edition was a first-hand account of the Twin Towers' collapse written by then-Foreign Editor (and current Washington bureau chief) John Bussey, who holed up in a ninth-floor Journal office, literally in the shadow of the towers, from where he phoned in live reports to CNBC as the towers burned. He narrowly escaped serious injury when the first tower collapsed, shattering all the windows in the Journal 's offices and filling them with dust and debris. The Journal won a 2002 Pulitzer Prize in Breaking News Reporting for that day's stories. The Journal subsequently conducted a worldwide investigation of the causes and significance of 9/11, using contacts it had developed while covering business in the Arab world. In Kabul, Afghanistan , a reporter from The Wall Street Journal bought a pair of looted computers that Al Qaeda leaders had used to plan assassinations, chemical and biological attacks, and mundane daily activities. The encrypted files were decrypted and translated. It was during this coverage that terrorists kidnapped and killed Journal reporter Daniel Pearl . 2007: stock option scandal ( edit ) In 2007, the paper won the Pulitzer Prize for Public Service , with its iconic Gold Medal, for exposing companies that illegally backdate stock options they awarded executives to increase their value. 2008: Bear Stearns Fall ( edit ) Kate Kelly wrote a three-part series that detailed events that led to the collapse of Bear Stearns . 2010: McDonald's health Care ( edit ) A report published on September 30, 2010, detailing allegations McDonald's had plans to drop health coverage for hourly employees drew criticism from McDonald's as well as the Obama administration. The Wall Street Journal reported the plan to drop coverage stemmed from new health care requirements under the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act . McDonald's called the report `` speculative and misleading'' , stating they had no plans to drop coverage. The Wall Street Journal report and subsequent rebuttal received coverage from several other media outlets. 2015: Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak and 1MDB ( edit ) In 2015, a report published by the Journal alleged that up to US$700 million was wired from 1MDB , a Malaysian state investment company, to the personal accounts of Malaysia Prime Minister Najib Razak at AmBank , the fifth largest lender in Malaysia. Razak responded by threatening to sue the New York-based newspaper. The report prompted some governmental agencies in Malaysia to conduct an investigation into the allegation. 2015-- present: Theranos investigation ( edit ) In 2015, a report written by the Journal 's John Carreyrou alleged that blood testing company Theranos ' technology was faulty and founder Elizabeth Holmes was misleading investors. According to Vanity Fair , `` a damning report published in The Wall Street Journal had alleged that the company was, in effect, a sham-- that its vaunted core technology was actually faulty and that Theranos administered almost all of its blood tests using competitors' equipment.'' The Journal has subsequently published several more reports questioning Theranos' and Holmes' credibility. On June 15, 2018, the U.S. Attorney for the Northern District of California announced the indictment of Holmes on wire fraud and conspiracy charges in relation to her role as CEO of Theranos. See also ( edit ) New York City portal The Economic Times Far Eastern Economic Review Index of Economic Freedom -- an annual report published by the Journal together with The Heritage Foundation Journal Editorial Report , the weekly Fox News Channel series featuring WSJ editorial writers and board members Lucky duckies Media in New York City On the Money (2013 TV series) -- the current title of a CNBC-produced program known as The Wall Street Journal Report from 1970 until the CNBC/Dow Jones split in January 2013. Other Wall Street Journal editions The Wall Street Journal Asia The Wall Street Journal Europe The Wall Street Journal Special Editions Wall Street Journal Radio Network Worth Bingham Prize References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Form 10-K June, 2017'' . SEC . Retrieved June 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Form 10-K'' . www.sec.gov . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Wall Street Journal'' . dowjones.com . Retrieved August 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- What's New'' . pulitzer.org. Archived from the original on February 24, 2008 . Retrieved April 10, 2017 . Jump up ^ Salwen, Michael B.; Garrison, Bruce; Driscoll, Paul D. (2004-12-13). Online News and the Public . Routledge. ISBN 9781135616793 . Jump up ^ Dow Jones & Co. Inc., `` Dow Jones History -- The Late 1800s'' Archived August 7, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. , Retrieved July 25, 2013. ^ Jump up to: Crossen, Cynthia. `` It All Began in the Basement of a Candy Store Archived October 7, 2008, at the Wayback Machine .'' , The Wall Street Journal (New York), p. B1, August 1, 2007. Jump up ^ `` Dow Jones Local Media Group, Inc'' . Local Media Group. Jump up ^ Edgecliffe-Johnson, Andrew (September 3, 2008). `` WSJ magazine targets upscale market'' . Financial Times . Archived from the original on September 29, 2011. Jump up ^ Stulberg, Ariel (May 23, 2017). `` Testing news paywalls: Which are leaky, and which are airtight?'' . Columbia Journalism Review . Jump up ^ `` The Wall Street Journal Announces New Integrated Print and Online Sales and Marketing Initiatives'' . Press release. November 3, 2003. Jump up ^ Plambeck, Joseph (April 26, 2010). `` Newspaper Circulation Falls Nearly 9%'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 24, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Subscribing to the Wall Street Journal'' . The Wall Street Journal . June 17, 2013. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013. Jump up ^ `` Oasys Mobile, Inc. News Release'' . Phx.corporate. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012 . Retrieved June 5, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- What's New'' . pulitzer.org. Archived from the original on March 9, 2008. Jump up ^ Mitchell, Bill. `` The Wall Street Journal Weekend Edition: Expectations, Surprises, Disappointments Archived August 16, 2006, at the Wayback Machine .'' . Poynter Online , September 21, 2005. Jump up ^ Wray, Richard (February 1, 2007). `` How the word on Wall Street will spread around the world'' . The Guardian . UK. Archived from the original on February 3, 2007 . Retrieved February 3, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Punctuation Nerds Stopped by Obama Slogan, ' Forward. ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . July 31, 2012. Archived from the original on October 30, 2012 . Retrieved October 30, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Introduces New Front Page Advertising Opportunity Archived August 14, 2006, at the Wayback Machine .'' . Press release, July 18, 2006. Retrieved August 19, 2006. Jump up ^ WSJ.com Guided Tour: Page One , accessed August 30, 2007. Jump up ^ Ahrens, Frank (October 12, 2005). `` Wall Street Journal To Narrow Its Pages'' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on July 24, 2008 . Retrieved August 19, 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Picturing Business in America'' Archived November 5, 2005, at the Wayback Machine. , Smithsonian National Portrait Gallery , Retrieved August 19, 2006. Jump up ^ Noonan, Peggy (June 20, 2008). `` Tim Russert WSJ drawing'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 26, 2011 . Retrieved June 5, 2011 . Jump up ^ Caricaturist Captures the Corporate Market Archived September 24, 2009, at the Wayback Machine. , Biz Bash Orlando, August 11, 2008. Jump up ^ `` World's Best-Designed winners (2006)'' . Society for News Design. Archived from the original on August 18, 2017 . Retrieved October 8, 2013 . Jump up ^ For background and sequel, see: Ellison, Sarah, War at the Wall Street Journal: Inside the Struggle To Control an American Business Empire , Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2010. ISBN 978-0-547-15243-1 (Also published as: War at The Wall Street Journal: How Rupert Murdoch Bought an American Icon`` , Sydney, Text Publishing, 2010.) Jump up ^ `` Murdoch wins Control of Dow Jones'' . BBC. August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on August 5, 2007 . Retrieved August 1, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Murdoch clinches deal for publisher of Journal'' . MSNBC . August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on August 25, 2007 . Retrieved August 9, 2007 . Jump up ^ `` News Corp Dow Jones Deal Done -- '' . Portfolio.com. September 11, 2008. Archived from the original on May 11, 2011 . Retrieved June 5, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: L. Gordon Crovitz , `` A Report to Our Readers'' . The Wall Street Journal (New York), page A14, August 1, 2007. Jump up ^ Steve Stecklow (April 30, 2008). `` WSJ Editor's Resignation Is Criticized By Committee'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on September 18, 2008 . Retrieved September 27, 2008 . Jump up ^ Steve Stecklow, Aaron O. Patrick, Martin Peers, and Andrew Higgins, `` Calling the shots: In Murdoch's career, a hand in the news; his aggressive style can blur boundaries; ' Buck stops with me' '' Archived December 13, 2007, at the Wayback Machine. , Wall Street Journal , June 5, 2007. Jump up ^ Davies, Nick (October 12, 2011). `` Wall Street Journal circulation scam claims senior Murdoch executive'' . The Guardian . London. Archived from the original on November 14, 2013 . Retrieved October 13, 2011 . Jump up ^ Staff, THR (October 12, 2011). `` News Corp Ignored Wall Street Journal Circulation Inflation (Report)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . US. Archived from the original on April 11, 2012 . Retrieved October 13, 2011 . Jump up ^ Meyers, Steve (October 13, 2011). `` WSJ Europe publisher resigns after reports he ' personally pressured' journalists into covering paper's business partner'' . US: Poynter Institute . Archived from the original on November 14, 2011 . Retrieved October 13, 2011 . Jump up ^ Sonne, Paul (October 12, 2011). `` Publisher of WSJ Europe Resigns After Ethics Inquiry'' . The Wall Street Journal . London. Archived from the original on October 13, 2011 . Retrieved October 13, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Begins Layoffs, Cuts Sections'' . Forbes . New York. November 2, 2016. Archived from the original on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion, Editorials, Columns, Op-Ed, Letters to the Editor, Commentary'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on June 4, 2004. Jump up ^ Chukky Nze. `` WSJ. Media Kit'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Check Out All of the Winners in the Print Category From This Year's Hot List'' . Adweek . Archived from the original on April 7, 2014. ^ Jump up to: `` The Wall Street Journal'' (PDF) . Dow Jones & Company . January 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 27, 2013 . Retrieved July 25, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Worldwide Bureaus'' . Dow Jones & Company. 2011. Archived from the original on August 20, 2011 . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Adds to Live Video Programming'' . The New York Times . September 13, 2011. Archived from the original on August 4, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal Launches NY Section, Aiming To Compete With NY Times'' . Archived from the original on August 15, 2017. Jump up ^ `` New York Main Page'' . Archived from the original on July 25, 2017 . Retrieved August 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Goodbye From The WSJ Sunday'' . February 8, 2015 . Retrieved September 14, 2018 -- via www.wsj.com. Jump up ^ `` WSJ.com'' . online.wsj.com . Archived from the original on December 19, 2016. Jump up ^ Naureckas, Jim; Rendall, Steve (September-- October 1995). `` 20 Reasons Not to Trust the Journal Editorial Page'' . Extra! . Fairness and Accuracy in Reporting. Archived from the original on November 7, 2008. Lieberman, Trudy (July-- August 1996). `` Bartley's Believe It Or Not!'' . Columbia Journalism Review . Archived from the original on January 29, 2008. Jump up ^ Grimes, William H. (January 2, 1951). `` A Newspaper's Philosophy'' . The Wall Street Journal . New York, NY. seen in `` A Newspaper's Philosophy'' . Dow Jones & Company. 2007. Archived from the original on July 16, 2007 . Retrieved August 26, 2011 . Jump up ^ Luhby, Tami. `` Middle class income rises again -- now up to $61,400'' . Retrieved September 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ Full access to article via Twitter: https://twitter.com/WSJopinion/status/1040254976319258624 Jump up ^ Adamy, Janet; Overberg, Paul (September 13, 2018). `` Incomes Rose and Poverty Rate Fell for Third Straight Year, Census Data Show'' . Retrieved September 14, 2018 -- via www.wsj.com. Jump up ^ Table 2: https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/income-poverty/historical-poverty-people.html Jump up ^ `` Real Median Household Income in the United States'' . September 12, 2018 . Retrieved September 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ Richard Vetter, `` Wall Street Journal,'' in Bruce Frohnen, ed. American Conservatism (2006) pp 898-- 99 Jump up ^ Carr, David (December 13, 2009). `` The Media Equation: Under Murdoch, Tilting Rightward at The Journal'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on February 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Rutenberg, Jim (June 3, 2007). `` The editorial page commonly publishes pieces by U.S. and world leaders in academia, business, government and politics'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 13, 2011 . Retrieved June 5, 2011 . Jump up ^ Wagner, Michael W., and Timothy P. Collins. `` Does Ownership Matter? The case of Rupert Murdoch's purchase of the Wall Street Journal'' . Journalism Practice (2014) 8#6 pp: 1-- 14. online Jump up ^ `` Big Solar's Subsidy Bubble'' . The Wall Street Journal . August 30, 2015. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Obama's Tide of War'' . The Wall Street Journal . October 19, 2016. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017 . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Obama's Iran Missile War'' . The Wall Street Journal . October 13, 2016. Archived from the original on April 2, 2017 . Retrieved April 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Shaun W. Elsasser, Riley E. Dunlap: Leading Voices in the Denier Choir: Conservative Columnists' Dismissal of Global Warming and Denigration of Climate Science . American Behavioral Scientist 57, No. 6, 2013, 754-- 776, doi : 10.1177/0002764212469800 . Jump up ^ Karen Akerlof et al.: Communication of climate projections in US media amid politicization of model science . Nature Climate Change 2, 2012, 648-- 654 doi : 10.1038/nclimate1542 . Jump up ^ Cook, J.; Nuccitelli, D.; Green, S.A. ; Richardson, M.; Winkler, B.R. ; Painting, R.; Way, R.; Jacobs, P.; Skuce, A. (2013). `` Quantifying the consensus on anthropogenic global warming in the scientific literature'' . Environmental Research Letters. 8 (2): 024024. doi : 10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024 . Jump up ^ Lindzen, Richard S. (November 30, 2009). `` The Climate Science Isn't Settled'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on March 2, 2014 . Retrieved February 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ Supran, Geoffrey; Oreskes, Naomi (2017). `` Assessing ExxonMobil's climate change communications (1977-- 2014)'' . Environmental Research Letters. 12 (8). doi : 10.1088/1748-9326/aa815f . Jump up ^ Remarkable Editorial Bias On Climate Science At The Wall Street Journal Archived January 29, 2012, at the Wayback Machine. , Peter Gleick , Forbes, January 27, 2012 Jump up ^ `` Wall Street Journal accepts environmentalist ad but charges extra'' . The Washington Post . June 14, 2016. Archived from the original on June 15, 2016 . Retrieved June 17, 2016 . Jump up ^ Lauren Feldman et al.: Polarizing news? Representations of threat and efficacy in leading US newspapers' coverage of climate change . Public Understanding of Science 2015, doi : 10.1177/0963662515595348 . Jump up ^ `` '' Democrats, Russians and the FBI `` '' . ^ Jump up to: `` Wall Street Journal editorial board calls on special counsel Robert Mueller to resign again'' . Business Insider . Retrieved 2018-07-24 . ^ Jump up to: Frej, Willa (2017-12-05). `` Wall Street Journal Editorial Board Goes To Bat Against FBI And Robert Mueller For Trump'' . Huffington Post . Retrieved 2018-07-24 . Jump up ^ Pompeo, Joe. `` '' A Different Level of Crazy`` : Inside The Wall Street Journal's Civil War'' . The Hive . Retrieved 2018-07-24 . Jump up ^ Groseclose, T.; Milyo, J. (2005). `` A Measure of Media Bias'' . The Quarterly Journal of Economics . 120 (4): 1191. doi : 10.1162/003355305775097542 . Jump up ^ Liberman, Mark (December 22, 2005). `` Linguistics, Politics, Mathematics'' . Language Log. Archived from the original on September 10, 2006 . Retrieved November 6, 2006 . Jump up ^ Shafer, Jack (May 7, 2007). `` The Murdoch Street Journal'' . Slate . Archived from the original on September 18, 2008 . Retrieved September 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` A New Owner'' . The Wall Street Journal . August 1, 2007. Archived from the original on June 25, 2009 . Retrieved September 7, 2008 . Jump up ^ Barbarians at the Gate on IMDb Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes'' . Archived from the original on September 25, 2006. Jump up ^ Sanford, David. `` Back to the Future: One Man's AIDS Tale Shows How Quickly Epidemic Has Turned Archived June 30, 2007, at the Wayback Machine .'' . The Wall Street Journal (New York), November 8, 1997. Jump up ^ Pulitzer Prize Winners: 1997 -- National Reporting , retrieved August 8, 2007. Archived July 11, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Gladwell, Malcolm. `` Open Secrets Archived September 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine .'' . The New Yorker , January 8, 2007. Jump up ^ Enron CFO's Partnership Had Millions in Profit Archived August 23, 2006, at the Wayback Machine. , The Wall Street Journal (New York), October 19, 2001. Retrieved August 19, 2006. (PDF) Jump up ^ `` Raymond Snoddy on Media: Logic says WSJ is safe with Murdoch'' . Mediaweek.co.uk. June 6, 2007. Archived from the original on December 22, 2012 . Retrieved June 5, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Bussey, John. `` The Eye of the Storm: One Journey Through Desperation and Chaos Archived May 11, 2011, at the Wayback Machine .'' . The Wall Street Journal , page A1, September 12, 2001. Retrieved August 8, 2007. Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- Works'' . pulitzer.org . Archived from the original on December 30, 2010. Jump up ^ Cullison, Alan, and Andrew Higgins. `` Forgotten Computer Reveals Thinking Behind Four Years of Al Qaeda Doings'' . The Wall Street Journal (New York), December 31, 2001. Jump up ^ `` The Pulitzer Prizes -- The Medal'' . The Pulitzer Prizes . Archived from the original on October 27, 2013 . Retrieved October 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ Ademy, Janet (September 30, 2010). `` McDonald's May Drop Health Plan'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on October 4, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Arnall, Daniel (September 30, 2010). `` McDonald's Fights Back Against Report It Will Drop Health Care Plan'' . ABC News. Archived from the original on October 2, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Fulton, April (September 30, 2010). `` McDonald's threatens to cut skimpy health plans'' . National Public Radio. Archived from the original on October 1, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Pequent, Julian (September 30, 2010). `` Health secretary says McDonald's not dropping health plans'' . The Hill. Archived from the original on October 3, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Weisenthal, Joe (September 30, 2010). `` The WSJ's Demonization Of Obamacare Hits New Low With Article On McDonald's Dropping Coverage'' . Business Insider. Archived from the original on October 2, 2010 . Retrieved September 30, 2010 . Jump up ^ Jason Ng (July 7, 2015). `` Malaysia Orders Freeze of Accounts Tied to Probe of Alleged Transfers to Prime Minister Najib'' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on April 23, 2017. Jump up ^ Carreyrou, John (October 16, 2015). `` Hot Startup Theranos Has Struggled With Its Blood-Test Technology'' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Archived from the original on April 21, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Bilton, Nick. `` Exclusive: How Elizabeth Holmes's House of Cards Came Tumbling Down'' . The Hive . Archived from the original on April 10, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Are The Wall Street Journal's Allegations About Theranos True'' . Fortune . Archived from the original on January 11, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver, Christopher; Carreyrou, John (January 18, 2017). `` Second Theranos Lab Failed U.S. Inspection'' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Archived from the original on April 21, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Weaver, Christopher (April 22, 2017). `` Theranos Secretly Bought Outside Lab Gear, Ran Fake Tests: Court Filings'' . The Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Archived from the original on April 21, 2017 . Retrieved April 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Brien , Sarah Ashley. `` Elizabeth Holmes indicted on wire fraud charges, steps down from Theranos'' . CNN.com . CNN . Retrieved 15 June 2018 . Further reading ( edit ) Dealy, Francis X. The power and the money: Inside the Wall Street Journal (Birch Lane Press, 1993). Douai, Aziz, and Terry Wu. `` News as business: the global financial crisis and Occupy movement in the Wall Street Journal.'' Journal of International Communication 20.2 (2014): 148-167. Merrill, John C. and Harold A. Fisher. The world's great dailies: profiles of fifty newspapers (1980) pp 338-- 41 Rosenberg, Jerry M. Inside the Wall Street Journal: The History and the Power of Dow Jones & Company and America's Most Influential Newspaper (1982) online Sakurai, Takuya. `` Framing a Trade Policy: An Analysis of The Wall Street Journal Coverage of Super 301.'' Intercultural Communication Studies 24.3 (2015). online Steinbock, Dan. `` Building dynamic capabilities: The Wall Street Journal interactive edition: A successful online subscription model (1993-- 2000).'' International Journal on Media Management 2.3-4 (2000): 178-194. Yarrow, Andrew L. `` The big postwar story: Abundance and the rise of economic journalism.'' Journalism History 32.2 (2006): 58+ online External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to The Wall Street Journal . 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who played eddie in leave it to beaver

Kenneth Charles `` Ken '' Osmond ( born June 7 , 1943 ) is an American actor and retired policeman . Beginning a prolific career as a child actor at the age of four , Osmond is best known for his iconic role as Eddie Haskell on the 1950s television situation comedy Leave It to Beaver , and for reprising it on the 1980s revival series The New Leave It to Beaver . Typecast by the role , he found it hard to get other acting work and became a Los Angeles policeman . After retiring from the police , he resumed his acting career .

Ken Osmond - wikipedia Ken Osmond Jump to: navigation , search Ken Osmond Osmond, circa 1962 Kenneth Charles Osmond ( 1943-06-07 ) June 7, 1943 (age 74) Glendale, California U.S.A. Occupation Actor, police officer Years active 1953-- 1997 (actor) 1970-- 1988 (police officer) Spouse(s) Sandra Purdy (1969-- present) Children Eric Osmond (b. 1971) Christian Osmond (b. 1974) Kenneth Charles `` Ken'' Osmond (born June 7, 1943) is an American actor and retired policeman. Beginning a prolific career as a child actor at the age of four, Osmond is best known for his iconic role as Eddie Haskell on the 1950s television situation comedy Leave It to Beaver , and for reprising it on the 1980s revival series The New Leave It to Beaver . Typecast by the role, he found it hard to get other acting work and became a Los Angeles policeman. After retiring from the police, he resumed his acting career. Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Early years 2.2 Leave It to Beaver 2.3 Typecast 2.4 Law enforcement 2.5 Urban legends 2.6 Return to acting 3 Personal life 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Early life ( edit ) Osmond was born in Glendale, California . His father was a carpenter and his mother, whom he describes as `` a typical movie mother'' , had ambitions to get him and his brother, Dayton, into acting. Osmond began going on professional auditions at the age of four, and was soon working in commercials. His mother took her sons to acting classes every day after school; he eventually studied dance , drama , diction , dialects , martial arts , and equestrian riding . Career ( edit ) Early years ( edit ) Osmond began in feature films working as an extra. The first he remembers was an appearance in the film Plymouth Adventure with Spencer Tracy and Gene Tierney . He had his first speaking part at age 9, a small role in the film So Big starring Jane Wyman and Sterling Hayden . He continued to appear in small roles in feature films such as Good Morning Miss Dove , and Everything But the Truth , and made numerous guest-starring appearances on television series, including Lassie , The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet , Fury , Circus Boy , and The Loretta Young Show . He also appeared in 1958 on the series Official Detective as Henry in the episode `` The Deserted House'' . In 1959, Osmond played 16-year-old `` Tommy'' in the episode `` Dead Aim'' of the ABC / Warner Brothers western series Colt .45 , starring Wayde Preston . John Doucette was cast as the bounty hunter Lou Gore, and Bing Russell portrayed Jed Coy in the episode. Osmond made one guest appearance, in 1964, on Petticoat Junction . He was in the episode `` The Genghis Keane Story'' , as Harold Boggs. Leave It to Beaver ( edit ) In the fall of 1957, 14-year-old Osmond was called into a typical `` cattle call'' audition to read for the role for which he would become most identified, that of Wally Cleaver's best (and worst) friend, Eddie Haskell , on the family sitcom Leave It to Beaver . After a series of call-backs to narrow down the field, Osmond eventually landed the role. The character of Eddie was originally intended to be a `` one shot'' guest appearance, but those involved with the show were impressed with Osmond's portrayal, and Eddie Haskell would eventually become one of the most memorable characters on the series throughout its entire six season run. Osmond's portrayal of Eddie Haskell became a cultural reference, recognized as an archetype for the `` behind-your-back'' rebel. Teenager Eddie Haskell would be polite and obsequious to grownups, but derided adults' social conventions behind their backs. He was constantly trying to involve his friends in activities that would get them into trouble. Eddie was the kind of friend parents like Ward and June Cleaver wished their children would limit their associations with, but needed to have to gain learning experiences. Even today, the term `` Eddie Haskell'' is known to refer to an insincere flatterer or a sychophant. During the final years of the show, Osmond was in the U.S. Army Reserve as an armourer and was granted leave to film episodes in return for personal appearances for the Army's Special Services . Typecast ( edit ) After Leave It to Beaver ended in 1963, Osmond continued to make occasional appearances on such television series as CBS 's Petticoat Junction , The Munsters , and a final return appearance on Lassie in the episode `` A Matter of Seconds'' (1967) as a motorcycle delivery man who offers the hitchhiking collie a lift in his sidecar. He was cast in the feature films C'mon Let's Live a Little (1967) and With Six You Get Eggroll (1968). However, he found himself typecast as `` Eddie Haskell'' and had difficulty finding steady work. In 2008, Osmond told radio host Stu Shostak in a radio interview, `` I was very much typecast. It's a death sentence. In Hollywood you get typecast. I'm not complaining because Eddie's been too good to me, but I found work hard to come by. In 1968, I bought my first house, in ' 69 I got married, and we were going to start a family and I needed a job, so I went out and signed up for the LAPD.'' Law enforcement ( edit ) In 1970, Osmond joined the Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) and grew a mustache which helped to secure his anonymity. He worked in vice and narcotics and as a motorcycle officer. On September 20, 1980, Osmond was hit by three bullets while in a foot chase with a suspected car thief. He was protected from two of the bullets by his bulletproof vest , with the third bullet ricocheting off of his belt buckle. Osmond was placed on disability and eventually retired from the force in 1988. The shooting was later dramatized in a November 1992 episode of the CBS series Top Cops . Urban legends ( edit ) In the early 1970s, a story was widely reported that Osmond had become rock star Alice Cooper . According to Cooper, the rumor began when a college newspaper editor asked him what kind of kid he was, to which Cooper replied `` I was obnoxious, disgusting, a real Eddie Haskell'' ; however, the story ended up reporting that Cooper was the real Eddie Haskell. Cooper would later tell the New Times , `` It was the biggest rumor that ever came out about me. Finally, I got a T-shirt that said ' No, I am not Eddie Haskell.' But people still believed it.'' Another widely reported urban legend of the 1970s was that Osmond had grown up to become adult film star John Holmes . The story apparently began when fan magazines falsely reported that Osmond had embarked on such a career. The rumor was dispelled when a Los Angeles movie theater lit up its marquee advertising `` Eddie Haskell of TV in ' Behind the Green Door ' - X-rated'' , prompting Osmond himself, then an LAPD officer, to go to the theater to request that the manager of the theater pull the plug on the marquee. Return to acting ( edit ) Osmond returned to acting in 1983 reprising his role as Eddie Haskell in the CBS made-for-television movie, Still the Beaver , which followed the adult Cleaver boys, their friends, and their families. The television movie was a success and led to the revival comedy series The New Leave It to Beaver which premiered the following year. The show ran for four seasons from 1984 to 1989, starting on The Disney Channel , and later moving to the TBS network. On the show, Osmond played Eddie Haskell as a husband and father, while his character's two sons, Freddie Haskell and Edward `` Bomber'' Haskell Jr., were played by Osmond's two real-life sons, Eric Osmond and Christian Osmond, respectively. In 1987, Osmond was honored by the Young Artist Foundation with its Former Child Star `` Lifetime Achievement'' Award for his role as Eddie Haskell. He continued to make television appearances throughout the 1980s and 1990s on the shows Happy Days , Rags to Riches and the television movie High School U.S.A. , as well as cameo appearances in his role as Eddie Haskell on such television shows as Parker Lewis Can't Lose , and Hi Honey, I'm Home! . Osmond would once again reprise his role as Eddie Haskell in the 1997 feature film Leave It to Beaver . In the film, Osmond played Eddie Haskell, Sr., and Adam Zolotin played his son Eddie Haskell, Jr. He also had a bit part in the 2016 indie movie Characterz . Personal life ( edit ) In 1969, Osmond married Sandra Purdy. They have two sons, Eric E. Osmond (born October 8, 1971 ) and Christian S. Osmond (born June 12, 1974 ). Since his retirement from the police force, Osmond handles rental properties in the Los Angeles area and makes occasional personal appearances at film festivals, collectors' shows and nostalgia conventions. On September 18, 2007, Osmond filed a class action lawsuit against the Screen Actors Guild , alleging that SAG had collected $8 million in foreign residuals for U.S. actors but had not distributed them to the actors. In August 2011, Osmond began appearing as a celebrity spokesman for St. Joseph aspirin. Osmond is the co-author, along with Christopher J. Lynch, of the book Eddie: The Life and Times of America's Preeminent Bad Boy , which was published in September 2014. The foreword was written by Jerry Mathers . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` California Births, 1905-1995 - Kenneth Charles Osmond'' . FamilyTreeLegends.com . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Stu Shostak Interview with Ken Osmond & Frank Bank'' . The Stu Show . March 5, 2008. ^ Jump up to: `` ' The Beaver' Is Returning'' . Herald-Journal . March 16, 1983. Jump up ^ `` The Classic TV Archive'' Jump up ^ `` Colt .45'' . ctva.biz . Retrieved December 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Alex Ben Block (January 6, 1975). `` Cooper's comedy mocks system'' . The Miami News . Archived from the original on January 24, 2013. Jump up ^ Hixon, Michael (October 15, 2014). `` Return of Eddie Haskell: Ken Osmond signs his memoir at Barnes & Noble Oct. 18'' . The Beach Reporter . Retrieved May 16, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The O'Reilly Factor Flash'' . BillOReilly.com . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` No pension for `` Eddie '' `` . The Milwaukee Journal . November 7, 1986. Jump up ^ `` TV Series Altered Lives of ' Beaver' and Brother'' . The Victoria Advocate . August 3, 1977. Jump up ^ `` Wally & Beaver just glad to be working'' . The Deseret News . February 14, 1980. ^ Jump up to: `` Ex-TV Actor Saved By Bulletproof Vest'' . The New York Times . September 20, 1980. ^ Jump up to: `` Ken Osmond receives LAPD pension'' . Daily News of Los Angeles . June 8, 1988. Jump up ^ Jery Buck (November 16, 1982). `` ' Leave it to Beaver' is 1980s cult show'' . The Miami News . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame (November 11, 1992). `` ' Top Cops' delves entertaining officers'' . The Spokesman-Review . Jump up ^ Jim Tripoli (September 9, 1974). `` John Holmes is Ken Osmond'' . Beaver County Times . Jump up ^ James Brown (May 21, 1980). `` ' Leave it to Beaver' casts shadow over actors'' . Anchorage Daily News . Jump up ^ `` Viewers still love ' Beaver ' '' . Boca Raton News . June 15, 1982. ^ Jump up to: Marilyn and Hy Gardner (April 24, 1977). `` Glad You Asked That!'' . Youngstown Vindicator . Jump up ^ `` Together Again'' . Observer-Reporter . December 13, 1982. ^ Jump up to: `` Disney Channel Brings Back Cleavers'' . Miami Herald . May 3, 1984. Jump up ^ Kathy O'Malley (October 26, 1988). `` Old Cast Is Family Again'' . Chicago Tribune . ^ Jump up to: Ed Bark (December 2, 1984). `` Eddie Haskell's son best new (two) face on Disney's ' Beaver ' '' . Dallas Morning News . Jump up ^ Andrew J. Edelstein (July 13, 1986). `` Cable channels plan more comedy'' . Gadsden Times . Jump up ^ `` 9th Annual Youth In Film's Special Awards'' . YoungArtistAwards.org . Archived from the original on March 3, 2016 . Retrieved September 11, 2011 . Jump up ^ Jerry Buck (October 16, 1983). `` Former Child Stars Meet Young Dazzlers'' . Youngstown Vindicator . Jump up ^ `` California Marriage Index 1960-1985 - Kenneth Charles Osmond'' . Ancestry.com . Retrieved September 11, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Births, 1905-1995 - Eric E. Osmond'' . FamilyTreeLegends.com . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` California Births, 1905-1995 - Christian S. Osmond'' . FamilyTreeLegends.com . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Osmond sues SAG interview with Jamie Colby of FoxNews'' . YouTube.com . Retrieved 29 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Leslie Simmons (September 19, 2007). `` ' Beaver' actor sues SAG'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ Dave McNary (August 24, 2011). `` Thesps urge probe into SAG foreign tax revs'' . Variety . Jump up ^ `` St. Joseph Aspirin > Meet Ken Osmond'' . StJosephAspirin.com . Archived from the original on August 25, 2011 . Retrieved August 25, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` KenOsmondBook'' . Genesis Creations Entertainment . Retrieved May 16, 2015 . Further reading ( edit ) Osmond, Ken. Eddie: The Life and Times of America's Preeminent Bad Boy . 2014 ( ISBN 0990727300 ) External links ( edit ) Ken Osmond on IMDb Ken Osmond at TVGuide.com Ken Osmond at TVLand.com Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ken_Osmond&oldid=789345925 '' Categories : 1943 births Male actors from Los Angeles American male child actors American male film actors American male television actors Living people Los Angeles Police Department officers Male actors from Glendale, California Hidden categories: Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017, at 20:45. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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three important concepts upon which the u.s. government was formed are

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Government - wikipedia Government This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 11 October 2017 . Jump to: navigation , search For government in linguistics, see Government (linguistics) . For the group of people that exercises executive authority in a state, see Administration (government) and Ministry (collective executive) . Part of the Politics series Basic forms of government Power structure Separation Associated state Dominion Chiefdom Federalism Federation Confederation Devolution Integration Empire Hegemony Unitary state Administrative division Power source Democracy power of many Direct Representative Semi others Oligarchy power of few Aristocracy Military junta Plutocracy Stratocracy Timocracy Theocracy Kritarchy Particracy Autocracy power of one Despotism Illiberal democracy Semi-authoritarian Dictatorship Hybrids Anocracy Power ideology Monarchy vs. Republic socio-political ideologies Absolute Constitutional Directorial Legalist Parliamentary Semi-presidential Presidential Authoritarian vs. Libertarian socio-economic ideologies Capitalism Colonialism Communism Distributism Feudalism Socialism Anarchism vs. Statism civil-liberties ideologies Anarchy Minarchy Totalitarianism Global vs. Local geo-cultural ideologies Central City-state National unity World Politics portal Part of a series on Politics Primary topics (show) Index of politics articles Politics by country Politics by subdivision Political economy Political history Political history of the world Political philosophy Political systems (show) Anarchy City-state Democracy Federacy Feudalism Dictatorship Directory Meritocracy Monarchy Parliamentary Presidential Republic Semi-parliamentary Semi-presidential Theocracy Academic disciplines (show) Political science ( political scientists ) International relations ( theory ) Comparative politics Public administration (show) Bureaucracy ( street-level ) Adhocracy Policy (show) Public policy ( doctrine ) Civil society Public interest Foreign policy Organs of government (show) Separation of powers Legislature Executive Judiciary Election commission Related topics (show) Sovereignty Theories of political behavior Political psychology Biology and political orientation Political organisations Foreign electoral intervention Subseries (hide) Electoral systems Elections ( voting ) Federalism Form of government Ideology Political campaigning Political parties A government is the system or group of people governing an organized community, usually a state . In the Commonwealth of Nations , the word `` government'' is also used more narrowly to refer to the collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state. This usage is analogous to what is called an `` administration '' in American English . Furthermore, especially in American English, the concepts of `` the state'' and `` the government'' may be used synonymously to refer to the person or group of people exercising authority over a politically organized territory. Finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance . In the case of its broad associative definition, government normally consists of legislators , administrators , and arbitrators . Government is the means by which state policy is enforced, as well as the mechanism for determining the policy of the state. A form of government, or form of state governance, refers to the set of political systems and institutions that make up the organisation of a specific government. Contents ( hide ) 1 Definitions and etymology 2 History 3 Political science 3.1 Classifying government 3.2 Social-political ambiguity 3.3 The dialectical forms of government 3.4 Etymology 4 Forms of government by associated attributes 4.1 By elements of where decision-making power is held 4.2 By elements of who elects the empowered 4.3 By elements of how power distribution is structured 4.3.1 Republican attributes 4.3.2 Federalism attributes 4.4 By socio-economic system attributes 4.5 By significant constitutional attributes 4.6 By approach to regional autonomy 5 Maps 6 See also 7 References 8 Bibliography 9 Further reading 10 External links Definitions and Etymology ( edit ) A government is the system to govern a state or community. The word government derives, ultimately, from the Greek verb κυβερνάω ( kubernáo ) (meaning to steer , the metaphorical sense first being attested in Plato ). The Columbia Encyclopedia defines government as `` a system of social control under which the right to make laws, and the right to enforce them, is vested in a particular group in society'' . While all types of organizations have governance, the word government is often used more specifically to refer to the approximately 200 independent national governments on Earth , as well as their subsidiary organizations. In the Commonwealth of Nations , the word government is also used more narrowly to refer to the ministry (collective executive) , a collective group of people that exercises executive authority in a state or, metonymically, to the governing cabinet as part of the executive. Finally, government is also sometimes used in English as a synonym for governance . History ( edit ) Main articles: Political history of the world and Political philosophy The exact moment and place that the phenomenon of human government developed is lost in time; however, history does record the formations of very early governments. About 5,000 years ago, the first small city-states appeared. By the third to second millenniums BC, some of these had developed into larger governed areas: Sumer , Ancient Egypt , the Indus Valley Civilization , and the Yellow River Civilization . The development of agriculture and water control projects were a catalyst for the development of governments. For many thousands of years when people were hunter-gatherers and small scale farmers, humans lived in small, non-hierarchical and self-sufficient communities. On occasion a chief of a tribe was elected by various rituals or tests of strength to govern his tribe, sometimes with a group of elder tribesmen as a council. Though this was not always the case. The human ability to precisely communicate abstract, learned information allowed humans to become ever more effective at agriculture, and that allowed for ever increasing population densities. David Christian explains how this resulted in states with laws and governments: As farming populations gathered in larger and denser communities, interactions between different groups increased and the social pressure rose until, in a striking parallel with star formation, new structures suddenly appeared, together with a new level of complexity. Like stars, cities and states reorganize and energize the smaller objects within their gravitational field. -- David Christian, p. 245, Maps of Time Starting at the end of the 17th century , the prevalence of republican forms of government grew. The Glorious Revolution in England, the American revolution , and the French revolution contributed to the growth of representative forms of government. The Soviet Union was the first large country to have a Communist government. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall , liberal democracy has been the most prevalent form of government. In the nineteenth and twentieth century, there was a significant increase in the size and scale of government at the national level. This included the regulation of corporations and the development of the welfare state . Political science ( edit ) Classifying government ( edit ) In political science, it has long been a goal to create a typology or taxonomy of polities , as typologies of political systems are not obvious. It is especially important in the political science fields of comparative politics and international relations . Like all categories discerned within forms of government, the boundaries of government classifications are either fluid or ill-defined. On the surface, identifying a form of government appears to be simple, as all governments have an official form. The United States is a constitutional republic , while the former Soviet Union was a socialist republic . However self-identification is not objective, and as Kopstein and Lichbach argue, defining regimes can be tricky. For example, elections are a defining characteristic of an electoral democracy, but in practice elections in the former Soviet Union were not `` free and fair'' and took place in a one-party state . Voltaire argued that `` the Holy Roman Empire is neither Holy, nor Roman, nor an Empire'' . Many governments that officially call themselves a `` democratic republic '' are not democratic, nor a republic; they are usually a dictatorship de facto . Communist dictatorships have been especially prone to use this term. For example, the official name of North Vietnam was `` The Democratic Republic of Vietnam'' . China uses a variant, `` The People's Republic of China'' . Thus in many practical classifications it would not be considered democratic. Identifying a form of government is also difficult because a large number of political systems originate as socio-economic movements and are then carried into governments by specific parties naming themselves after those movements; all with competing political-ideologies. Experience with those movements in power, and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government, can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. Other complications include general non-consensus or deliberate `` distortion or bias'' of reasonable technical definitions to political ideologies and associated forms of governing, due to the nature of politics in the modern era. For example: The meaning of `` conservatism '' in the United States has little in common with the way the word's definition is used elsewhere. As Ribuffo notes, `` what Americans now call conservatism much of the world calls liberalism or neoliberalism'' . Since the 1950s conservatism in the United States has been chiefly associated with the Republican Party . However, during the era of segregation many Southern Democrats were conservatives, and they played a key role in the Conservative Coalition that controlled Congress from 1937 to 1963. Researchers from Halmstad University developed a dataset called MaxRange designed to define the level of democracy and institutional structure (its regime-type) on a 100-graded scale where every value represents a unique regimetype. Values are sorted from 1-- 100 based on level of democracy and political accountability. MaxRange defines the value corresponding to all states and every month from 1789 to the present (continually updated). Social-political ambiguity ( edit ) Every country in the world is ruled by a system of governance that combines at least three or more political or economic attributes. Additionally, opinions vary by individuals concerning the types and properties of governments that exist. `` Shades of gray'' are commonplace in any government and its corresponding classification. Even the most liberal democracies limit rival political activity to one extent or another while the most tyrannical dictatorships must organize a broad base of support thereby creating difficulties for `` pigeonholing '' governments into narrow categories. Examples include the claims of the United States as being a plutocracy rather than a democracy since some American voters believe elections are being manipulated by wealthy Super PACs . The dialectical forms of government ( edit ) Main article: Plato's five regimes The Classical Greek philosopher Plato discusses five types of regimes. They are aristocracy , timocracy , oligarchy , democracy and tyranny . Plato also assigns a man to each of these regimes to illustrate what they stand for. The tyrannical man would represent tyranny for example. These five regimes progressively degenerate starting with aristocracy at the top and tyranny at the bottom. Etymology ( edit ) arch- , prefix derived from the Greek archon , ' rulership' , which means `` higher in hierarchy'' . The Greek word κράτος krátos , `` power'' , which means `` right to lead'' is the suffix root in words like aristocrat and democracy . Forms of government by associated attributes ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list, see List of forms of government . By elements of where decision-making power is held ( edit ) Societies with aristocracy attributes are traditionally controlled and organised by a small class of privileged people, with no intervention from the most part of society; this small elite is defined as sharing some common trait. Societies with despotism attributes are ruled by a single entity with absolute power, whose decisions are subject to neither external legal restraints nor regular mechanisms of popular control (except perhaps for implicit threat). That entity may be an individual, as in an autocracy , or it may be a group, as in an oligarchy . The word despotism means to `` rule in the fashion of despots'' . Countries with monarchy attributes are those where a family or group of families (rarely another type of group), called the royalty , represents national identity, with power traditionally assigned to one of its individuals, called the monarch, who mostly rule kingdoms. The actual role of the monarch and other members of royalty varies from purely symbolical ( crowned republic ) to partial and restricted ( constitutional monarchy ) to completely despotic ( absolute monarchy ). Traditionally and in most cases, the post of the monarch is inherited , but there are also elective monarchies where the monarch is elected. By elements of who elects the empowered ( edit ) Rule by authoritarian governments is identified in societies where a specific set of people possess the authority of the state in a republic or union. It is a political system controlled by unelected rulers who usually permit some degree of individual freedom . Rule by a totalitarian government is characterised by a highly centralised and coercive authority that regulates nearly every aspect of public and private life. In a general sense, in a democracy , all the people of a state or polity are involved in making decisions about its affairs. Also refer to the rule by a government chosen by election where most of the populace are enfranchised. The key distinction between a democracy and other forms of constitutional government is usually taken to be that the right to vote is not limited by a person's wealth or race (the main qualification for enfranchisement is usually having reached a certain age). A democratic government is, therefore, one supported (at least at the time of the election) by a majority of the populace (provided the election was held fairly). A `` majority'' may be defined in different ways. There are many `` power-sharing'' (usually in countries where people mainly identify themselves by race or religion) or `` electoral-college'' or `` constituency'' systems where the government is not chosen by a simple one-vote-per-person headcount. In democracies, large proportions of the population may vote, either to make decisions or to choose representatives to make decisions. Commonly significant in democracies are political parties, which are groups of people with similar ideas about how a country or region should be governed. Different political parties have different ideas about how the government should handle different problems. Liberal democracy is a variant of democracy. It is a form of government in which representative democracy operates under the principles of liberalism . It is characterised by fair, free, and competitive elections between multiple distinct political parties , a separation of powers into different branches of government , the rule of law in everyday life as part of an open society , and the protection of human rights and civil liberties for all persons. To define the system in practice, liberal democracies often draw upon a constitution , either formally written or uncodified , to delineate the powers of government and enshrine the social contract . After a period of sustained expansion throughout the 20th century, liberal democracy became the predominant political system in the world. A liberal democracy may take various constitutional forms: it may be a republic , such as France , Germany , India , Ireland , Italy , Taiwan , or the United States ; or a constitutional monarchy , such as Japan , Spain , or the United Kingdom . It may have a presidential system ( Argentina , Brazil , Mexico , or the United States ), a semi-presidential system ( France , Portugal , or Taiwan ), or a parliamentary system ( Australia , Canada , Germany , Ireland , India , Italy , New Zealand, or the United Kingdom ). Governments with oligarchic attributes are ruled by a small group of segregated, powerful or influential people who usually share similar interests or family relations. These people may spread power and elect candidates equally or not equally. An oligarchy is different from a true democracy because very few people are given the chance to change things. An oligarchy does not have to be hereditary or monarchic. An oligarchy does not have one clear ruler but several rulers. Some historical examples of oligarchy are the former Union of Soviet Socialist Republics . Some critics of representative democracy think of the United States as an oligarchy . The Athenian democracy used sortition to elect candidates, almost always male, Greek, educated citizens holding a minimum of land, wealth and status. A theocracy is rule by a religious elite; a system of governance composed of religious institutions in which the state and the church are traditionally or constitutionally the same entity. The Vatican 's (see Pope ), Iran 's (see Supreme Leader ), Tibetan government 's (see Dalai Lama ), Caliphates and other Islamic states are historically considered theocracies . By elements of how power distribution is structured ( edit ) Republican attributes ( edit ) A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a `` public matter'' (Latin: res publica ), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited. Term Definition Republic Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch. Montesquieu included both democracies , where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies , where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government. Constitutional Republic Rule by a government whose powers are limited by law or a formal constitution, and chosen by a vote amongst at least some sections of the populace (Ancient Sparta was in its own terms a republic, though most inhabitants were disenfranchised). Republics that exclude sections of the populace from participation will typically claim to represent all citizens (by defining people without the vote as `` non-citizens'' ). Examples include the United States , South Africa , India , etc. Democratic republic A republic form of government where the country is considered a `` public matter'' (Latin: res publica), not a private concern or property of rulers/3rd world, and where offices of states are subsequently, directly or indirectly, elected or appointed -- rather than inherited -- where all eligible citizens have an equal say in the local and national decisions that affect their lives. Parliamentary republic A republic, like Germany , India or Singapore , with an elected head of state, but where the head of state and head of government are kept separate with the head of government retaining most executive powers, or a head of state akin to a head of government, elected by a parliament. Federal republic A federal union of states or provinces with a republican form of government. Examples include United States , Argentina , Austria , Brazil , Germany , India , Mexico , Russia , and Switzerland . Islamic Republic Republics governed in accordance with Islamic law. Examples include Afghanistan , Pakistan , and Iran . Socialist republic Countries like China and Vietnam are meant to be governed for and by the people, but with no direct elections. The term People's Republic is used to differentiate themselves from the earlier republic of their countries before the people's revolution, like the Republic of China. Federalism attributes ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (January 2013) Federalism is a political concept in which a group of members are bound together by covenant (Latin: foedus , covenant ) with a governing representative head . The term `` federalism'' is also used to describe a system of government in which sovereignty is constitutionally divided between a central governing authority and constituent political units (such as states or provinces). Federalism is a system based upon democratic rules and institutions in which the power to govern is shared between national and provincial/state governments, creating what is often called a federation . Proponents are often called federalists . Term Definition Federalism Rule by a form of government in which the people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people. Montesquieu included both democracies , where all the people have a share in rule, and aristocracies or oligarchies , where only some of the people rule, as republican forms of government. Examples include the Russian Federation , USSR , the United States , Mexico, Brazil and India . Federal monarchy A federal monarchy is a federation of states with a single monarch as overall head of the federation, but retaining different monarchs, or a non-monarchical system of government, in the various states joined to the federation. Modern examples include Malaysia and the UAE . Federal republic A federal union of states or provinces with a republican form of government. Examples include Argentina , Austria , Brazil , Germany , India , Russia , and Switzerland . By socio-economic system attributes ( edit ) Further information: Economic system Historically, most political systems originated as socioeconomic ideologies . Experience with those movements in power and the strong ties they may have to particular forms of government can cause them to be considered as forms of government in themselves. Term Definition Capitalism A social-economic system in which workers negotiate with owners of means of production (machines, tools, factories, etc.) to use those means of production in exchange for a portion of what the workers produce, usually in the form of capital. The owners of the means of production are entitled to whatever portion of the products of the workers' labor that the workers dictate. Communism A social-economic system in which means of production are commonly owned (either by the people directly, through the commune or by communist society ), and production is undertaken for use , rather than for profit . Communist society is thus stateless , classless , moneyless, and democratic . Distributism A social-economic system in which widespread property ownership as fundamental right; the means of production are spread as widely as possible rather than being centralized under the control of the state ( state socialism ), a few individuals ( plutocracy ), or corporations ( corporatocracy ). Distributism fundamentally opposes socialism and capitalism , which distributists view as equally flawed and exploitative. In contrast, distributism seeks to subordinate economic activity to human life as a whole, to our spiritual life, our intellectual life, our family life`` . Feudalism A social-economic system of land ownership and duties. Under feudalism, all the land in a kingdom was the king's . However, the king would give some of the land to the lords or nobles who fought for him. These presents of land were called manors. Then the nobles gave some of their land to vassals. The vassals then had to do duties for the nobles. The lands of vassals were called fiefs. Socialism A social-economic system in which workers, democratically and socially own the means of production and the economic framework may be decentralized , distributed or centralized planned or self-managed in autonomous economic units. Public services would be commonly , collectively , or state owned , such as healthcare and education . Statism A social-economic system that concentrates power in the state at the expense of individual freedom. Among other variants, the term subsumes theocracy, absolute monarchy, Nazism, fascism, authoritarian socialism, and plain, unadorned dictatorship. Such variants differ on matters of form, tactics and ideology. Welfare state A social-economic system in which the state plays a key role in the protection and promotion of the economic and social well-being of its citizens. It is based on the principles of equality of opportunity , equitable distribution of wealth , and public responsibility for those unable to avail themselves of the minimal provisions for a good life. By significant constitutional attributes ( edit ) Certain major characteristics are defining of certain types; others are historically associated with certain types of government. Rule according to higher law (unwritten ethical principles) vs. written constitutionalism Separation of church and state or free church vs. state religion Civilian control of the military vs. stratocracy Totalitarianism or authoritarianism vs. libertarianism Majority rule or parliamentary sovereignty vs. constitution or bill of rights with separation of powers and supermajority rules to prevent tyranny of the majority and protect minority rights Androcracy ( patriarchy ) or gynarchy ( matriarchy ) vs. gender quotas , gender equality provision, or silence on the matter By approach to regional autonomy ( edit ) This list focuses on differing approaches that political systems take to the distribution of sovereignty , and the autonomy of regions within the state. Sovereignty located exclusively at the centre of political jurisdiction. Empire Unitary state Sovereignty located at the centre and in peripheral areas. Hegemony Federation and federal republic Confederation Federal monarchy Diverging degrees of sovereignty. Alliance Asymmetrical federalism Federacy Associated state Corpus separatum Colony Crown colony Chartered company Dependent territory Occupied territory Occupied zone Mandate Exclusive mandate Military Frontier Neutral zone Colonial dependency Protectorate Vassal state Satellite state Puppet state Thalassocracy Unrecognized state States with limited recognition Separatist movement Government in exile Micronation Provisional government Territorial disputes Non-self-governing territories League of Nations League Commonwealth Decentralisation and devolution (powers redistributed from central to regional or local governments) Maps ( edit ) States by their systems of government. For the complete list of systems by country, see List of countries by system of government . presidential republics semi-presidential republics parliamentary republics parliamentary republics , an executive presidency elected by and dependent on parliament parliamentary constitutional monarchies in which the monarch does not personally exercise power constitutional monarchies in which the monarch personally exercises power, often alongside a weak parliament absolute monarchies republics whose constitutions grant only one party the right to govern republics where constitutional provisions for government have been suspended states that do not fit in any of the above listed systems no government Democracy Index by the Economist Intelligence Unit , 2016. Full Democracies 9-- 10 8-- 9 Flawed Democracies 7-- 8 6-- 7 Hybrid Regimes 5-- 6 4-- 5 Authoritarian Regimes 3-- 4 2-- 3 1-- 2 Not determined World administrative levels Countries highlighted in blue are designated `` electoral democracies '' in Freedom House's 2017 survey `` Freedom in the World'' , covering the year 2016. The US based NGO Freedom House considers democracy in practice, not merely official claims. Electoral democracies Other A world map distinguishing countries of the world as federations ( green ) from unitary states ( blue ). Unitary states Federations Global governance and identity as influenced by cultural homogenization . Sinosphere Indosphere Western Europe cultural sphere Islamic cultural sphere South American cultural sphere Eastern Europe cultural sphere African cultural sphere See also ( edit ) List of forms of government Central government Civics Comparative government Constitutional economics Deep state Digital democracy E-Government History of politics Legal rights List of countries by system of government List of European Union member states by political system Ministry Political economy Political history Politics Prime ministerial government State (polity) Voting system World government References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` government'' . Oxford English Dictionary , Oxford University Press. November 2010. Jump up ^ `` government.'' . Oxford Dictionaries e . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 7 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Bealey, Frank, ed. (1999). `` government'' . The Blackwell dictionary of political science: a user's guide to its terms . Wiley-Blackwell. p. 147. ISBN 0631206957 . Jump up ^ `` government.'' . Macquarie Dictionary . Macmillan Publishers Group. 2014 . Retrieved 9 December 2014 . Jump up ^ See `` government'' under List of words having different meanings in American and British English: A-- L Jump up ^ `` ' State' (definition 5) and ' Government' (definitions 4, 5, and 6)'' , Merriam-Webster Dictionary , Merriam-Webster, Incorporated, 2015 Jump up ^ `` government'' . OxfordDictionaries.com . November 2010. Jump up ^ The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature and General Information . Encyclopædia Britannica Company. 1911. Jump up ^ Columbia Encyclopedia , 6th edition . Columbia University Press. 2000. ^ Jump up to: International Encyclopedia of the Social & Behavioral Sciences . Elsevier. 2001. ISBN 0-08-043076-7 . ^ Jump up to: Christian 2004 , p. 245. Jump up ^ Christian 2004 , p. 294. Jump up ^ The New Encyclopædia Britannica (15th edition) Jump up ^ Christian 2004 , pp. 146-147. Jump up ^ Christian, David (2004). Maps of Time . University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-24476-1 . ^ Jump up to: Adam Kuper and Jessica Kuper (ed.). The Social Science Encyclopedia . Routledge. ISBN 978-0-415-47635-5 . Jump up ^ The Oxford Handbook of State and Local Government , 2014, ISBN 978-0-19-957967-9 Jump up ^ Lewellen, Ted C. Political Anthropology: An Introduction Third Edition . Praeger Publishers; 3rd edition (30 November 2003) Jump up ^ Comparative politics : interests, identities, and institutions in a changing global order , Jeffrey Kopstein, Mark Lichbach (eds.), 2nd ed, Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521708400 , p. 4. Jump up ^ Renna, Thomas (Sep 2015). `` The Holy Roman Empire was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire'' . Michigan Academician. 42 (1): 60-- 75. doi : 10.7245/0026-2005-42.1.60 . Jump up ^ Leo P. Ribuffo, `` 20 Suggestions for Studying the Right now that Studying the Right is Trendy,'' Historically Speaking Jan 2011 v.12#1 pp. 2-- 6, quote on p. 6 Jump up ^ Kari Frederickson, The Dixiecrat Revolt and the End of the Solid South, 1932-- 1968 , p. 12, `` ...conservative southern Democrats viewed warily the potential of New Deal programs to threaten the region's economic dependence on cheap labor while stirring the democratic ambitions of the disfranchised and undermining white supremacy.'' , The University of North Carolina Press, 2000, ISBN 978-0-8078-4910-1 Jump up ^ `` MaxRange'' . hh.se . Jump up ^ `` Plutocrats -- The Rise of the New Global Super-Rich and the Fall of Everyone Else'' Chrystia Free land is Global Editor-at-Large at Reuters news agency, following years of service at the Financial Times both in New York and London. She was the deputy editor of Canada's Globe and Mail and has reported for the Financial Times , Economist , and Washington Post . She lives in New York City. Jump up ^ archon Archived 17 January 2013 at the Wayback Machine ...Online Etymology Dictionary. Etymonline.com. Retrieved on 2013-03-15. ^ Jump up to: Montesquieu , The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1. ^ Jump up to: `` Republic'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Jump up ^ `` republic'' . WordNet 3.0 . Dictionary.com . Retrieved 20 March 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Republic'' . Merriam-Webster . Retrieved 14 August 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Montesquieu, Spirit of the Laws , Bk. II, ch. 2-- 3. Jump up ^ Steele, David Ramsay (September 1999). From Marx to Mises: Post Capitalist Society and the Challenge of Economic Calculation . Open Court. p. 66. ISBN 978-0875484495 . Marx distinguishes between two phases of marketless communism: an initial phase, with labor vouchers, and a higher phase, with free access. Jump up ^ Busky, Donald F. (July 20, 2000). Democratic Socialism: A Global Survey . Praeger. p. 4. ISBN 978-0275968861 . Communism would mean free distribution of goods and services. The communist slogan, ' From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs' (as opposed to ' work' ) would then rule Jump up ^ Shiach, Morag (2004). Modernism, Labour and Selfhood in British Literature and Culture, 1890-- 1930 . Cambridge University Press . p. 224. ISBN 978-0-521-83459-9 Jump up ^ Zwick, Mark and Louise (2004). The Catholic Worker Movement: Intellectual and Spiritual Origins . Paulist Press . p. 156. ISBN 978-0-8091-4315-3 Jump up ^ Boyle, David; Simms, Andrew (2009). The New Economics . Routledge . p. 20. ISBN 978-1-84407-675-8 Jump up ^ Novak, Michael; Younkins, Edward W. (2001). Three in One: Essays on Democratic Capitalism, 1976-- 2000 . Rowman and Littlefield . p. 152. ISBN 978-0-7425-1171-2 Jump up ^ Storck, Thomas. `` Capitalism and Distributism: two systems at war,'' in Beyond Capitalism & Socialism . Tobias J. Lanz, ed. IHS Press, 2008. p. 75 Jump up ^ Sinclair, Upton (1918-01-01). Upton Sinclair's : A Monthly Magazine: for Social Justice, by Peaceful Means If Possible . Socialism, you see, is a bird with two wings. The definition is ' social ownership and democratic control of the instruments and means of production.' Jump up ^ Schweickart, David. Democratic Socialism . Encyclopedia of Activism and Social Justice (2006): `` Virtually all (democratic) socialists have distanced themselves from the economic model long synonymous with ' socialism,' i.e. the Soviet model of a non-market, centrally-planned economy...Some have endorsed the concept of ' market socialism,' a post-capitalist economy that retains market competition, but socializes the means of production, and, in some versions, extends democracy to the workplace. Some hold out for a non-market, participatory economy. All democratic socialists agree on the need for a democratic alternative to capitalism.'' Jump up ^ `` Democracy Index 2016'' (PDF) . Economist Intelligence Unit . 21 January 2017. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2017-02-17. Jump up ^ Freedom in The World 2017 report ( PDF ) Bibliography ( edit ) American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (4th ed.). 222 Berkeley Street, Boston, MA 02116: Houghton Mifflin Company. ISBN 0-395-82517-2 Further reading ( edit ) Krader, Lawrence (1968). Formation of the State , in Foundations of Modern Anthropology Series . Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. x, 118 p. Bruce Bueno de Mesquita and Alastair Smith (2011). The Dictator's Handbook: Why Bad Behavior is Almost Always Good Politics . Random House . p. 272. ISBN 9781610390446 . OCLC 701015473 . Friedrich, Carl J.; Brzezinski, Zbigniew K. (1965). Totalitarian Dictatorship and Autocracy (2nd ed.). Praeger. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce; Smith, Alastair; Siverson, Randolph M.; Morrow, James D. (2003). The Logic of Political Survival . The MIT Press . ISBN 0-262-63315-9 . William J. Dobson (2013). The Dictator's Learning Curve: Inside the Global Battle for Democracy . Anchor. ISBN 978-0307477552 . External links ( edit ) Look up government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Look up Appendix:List of forms of government in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Wikiquote has quotations related to: Government Wikimedia Commons has media related to Government . The Phrontistery Word List: Types of Government and Leadership What Are the Different Types of Governments? Types of Governments from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century Other classifications examples from Historical Atlas of the 20th Century World Affairs: Types of Government Regime Types CBBC Newsround: types of government Bill Moyers: Plutocracy Rising Phobiocracy by Chris Claypoole Links to related articles Autonomous types of first-tier subdivision administration Federalism Asymmetric federalism Confederation Constituent state Corporative federalism Dual federalism Federacy Federal monarchy Federal republic Federated state Federation Fiscal federalism Regional state Symmetric federalism Unitary state Devolution See also Autonomy Autonomous area Decentralization Home rule Multinational state Personal union Subsidiarity Supranationalism Tribal sovereignty Global governance and identity Proposals United Nations Parliamentary Assembly World government Theories Anti-nationalism Cosmopolitanism Counter-hegemonic globalization Democratic globalization Democratic mundialization Global citizenship Global governance Globalism Internationalism Transnational governance World currency World taxation system Organisations Democratic World Federalists Global citizens movement World Federalist Movement World Service Authority World Passport Political culture Types of political culture Anarchism Corporatism Oligarchy Liberalism Authoritarianism Socialism Fascism Country-specific articles Political culture of Canada Political culture of Germany Political culture of the United Kingdom Politics portal Political science portal Political ideologies Left-wing politics Centrism Right-wing politics Authoritarianism Anarchism Capitalism Christian democracy Collectivism Communalism Communism Communitarianism Conservatism Constitutionalism Distributism Environmentalism Extremism Fanaticism Fascism Feminism Fundamentalism Globalism Green politics Individualism Industrialism Intellectualism Islamism Liberalism Libertarianism Masculism Militarism Monarchism Nationalism Progressivism Radicalism Reformism Republicanism Social democracy Socialism Utilitarianism Social and political philosophy Philosophers Alinsky Ambedkar Arendt Aristotle Augustine Aurobindo Aquinas Aron Averroes Azurmendi Badiou Bakunin Baudrillard Bauman Benoist Bentham Berlin Bonald Bosanquet Burke Judith Butler Camus Chanakya Chomsky Cicero Comte Confucius De Beauvoir Debord Djilas Du Bois Durkheim Emerson Engels Foucault Fourier Franklin Gandhi Gehlen Gentile Al-Ghazali Gramsci Grotius Habermas Han Fei Hayek Hegel Heidegger Hobbes Hume Irigaray Jefferson Kant Kierkegaard Kirk Kropotkin Laozi Le Bon Le Play Leibniz Lenin Locke Luxemburg Machiavelli Maistre Malebranche Mao Marcuse Maritain Marsilius Marx Mencius Michels Mill Mises Montesquieu Möser Mozi Muhammad Negri Nehru Niebuhr Nietzsche Nozick Oakeshott Ortega Paine Pareto Peterson Pettit Plamenatz Plato Polanyi Popper Radhakrishnan Rand Rawls Renan Rothbard Rousseau Royce Ruskin Russell Sade Santayana Sarkar Sartre Schmitt Searle Shang Simonović Skinner Smith Socrates Sombart Spann Spencer Spinoza Spirito Stirner Strauss Sun Sun Tzu Taine Taylor Thucydides Thoreau Tocqueville Vivekananda Voltaire Walzer Weber Žižek Social theories Ambedkarism Anarchism Authoritarianism Collectivism Communism Communitarianism Conflict theories Confucianism Consensus theory Conservatism Contractualism Cosmopolitanism Culturalism Fascism Feminist political theory Gandhism Individualism Legalism Liberalism Libertarianism Mohism National liberalism Republicanism Social constructionism Social constructivism Social Darwinism Social determinism Socialism Utilitarianism Vaisheshika Social concepts Civil disobedience Democracy Four occupations Justice Law Mandate of Heaven Peace Property Revolution Rights Social contract Society War more... Related articles Jurisprudence Philosophy and economics Philosophy of education Philosophy of history Philosophy of love Philosophy of sex Philosophy of social science Political ethics Social epistemology Portal Task Force Political spectrum Left-- right Post-left Far-left Hard left Left Centre-left Centre Radical Centre-right Right Hard right Far-right Radical: United States - Europe Anti-Stalinist left Christian left Jewish left Muslim left New left Third Position Third Way Triangulation Christian right Hindutva Islamism New right Other models: Horseshoe theory Nolan Chart Open-- closed Political compass Pournelle chart GND : 4049012-9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Government&oldid=804912500 '' Categories : Forms of government Government Government institutions Political terminology Constitutional state types Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Use dmy dates from May 2012 Use British English from January 2016 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2016 Articles to be expanded from January 2013 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Aragonés ܐܪܡܝܐ Armãneashti Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Cebuano Čeština Chamoru Chi-Chewa Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 한국어 Hawaiʻi Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Interlingue Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Kalaallisut ಕನ್ನಡ Къарачай -малкъар ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Кыргызча ລາວ Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lingála Magyar मैथिली Македонски Malagasy മലയാളം Māori मराठी მარგალური مصرى Bahasa Melayu Baso Minangkabau Mirandés Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Occitan Oromoo Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی پښتو Patois Piemontèis Tok Pisin Português Română Русиньскый Русский Саха тыла Sámegiella Scots Shqip Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vahcuengh Vèneto Tiếng Việt 文言 Winaray 吴语 Xitsonga ייִדיש Yorùbá 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 October 2017, at 21:48. 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-9005146630748613225

who won the mayoral race in new orleans 2017

New Orleans mayoral election , 2017 ← 2014 October 14 and November 18 , 2017 2021 → Candidate LaToya Cantrell Desiree M. Charbonnet Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 51,342 33,729 Percentage 60.4 % 39.7 % Mayor before election Mitch Landrieu Democratic Elected Mayor LaToya Cantrell Democratic

New Orleans mayoral election, 2017 - Wikipedia New Orleans mayoral election, 2017 Jump to: navigation , search New Orleans mayoral election, 2017 ← 2014 October 14 and November 18, 2017 2021 → Candidate LaToya Cantrell Desiree M. Charbonnet Party Democratic Democratic Popular vote 51,342 33,729 Percentage 60.4% 39.7% Mayor before election Mitch Landrieu Democratic Elected Mayor LaToya Cantrell Democratic Elections in Louisiana Federal government (show) Presidential Elections 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1832 1836 1840 1844 1848 1852 1856 1860 1864 1868 1872 1876 1880 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Presidential primaries Democratic 2008 Republican 2008 2012 U.S. Senate elections 1990 1992 1998 2002 2008 2014 2016 U.S. House elections 2000 2002 2006 ( 2nd ) 2008 ( 2nd ) 2012 2014 2016 Special elections 1st district, 2008 6th district, 2008 5th district, 2013 State government (show) State elections by year 2007 2011 2015 Gubernatorial elections 1812 1816 1820 1824 1828 1830 (special) 1834 1838 1842 1846 1849 1852 1855 1859 1863 (Confederate) 1864 (Union) 1865 1868 1872 1876 1879 1884 1888 1892 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1916 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1940 1944 1948 1952 1956 1959-- 60 1963-- 64 1967 1971-- 72 1979 1991 1995 1999 2003 2007 2011 2015 Lieutenant gubernatorial elections 2010 (special) 2015 Attorney General elections 2011 2015 Ballot measures (show) Amendment 1 New Orleans (show) Mayoral elections 1866 1930 1934 1938 1942 1946 1950 1954 1958 1962 1965 1969-- 70 1973 1977 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2017 New Orleans City Council elections 2006 2014 Shreveport (show) Mayoral elections 2014 Government The 2017 New Orleans mayoral election was held on November 18, 2017. On October 14 all candidates competed on a one ballot regardless of party registration (called the nonpartisan blanket primary or `` Louisiana primary'' ). Incumbent Democratic Mayor Mitch Landrieu was term-limited and could not seek reelection. This is the first time New Orleans elections will be held in the fall as opposed to February and March. In 2014, at Landrieu's request, the Louisiana State Legislature moved city elections from the spring, when New Orleans hosts the Mardi Gras and Sugar Bowl (and sometimes the Super Bowl ). The change in schedule was made in an effort to improve voter turnout . Contents ( hide ) 1 Candidates 1.1 Democratic 1.1.1 Declared 1.2 Independent 1.2.1 Declared 1.3 No-party 1.3.1 Declared 2 Polling 3 Results 3.1 Mayoral primary, October 14 3.1.1 Notes 3.2 Mayoral runoff, November 18 4 References Candidates ( edit ) Democratic ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Thomas J. Albert Jr. Charles Anderson, visual artist and activist Michael Bagneris - former Civil District Court judge and 2014 mayoral candidate LaToya Cantrell - New Orleans City Councilor , District B Desiree M. Charbonnet - former chief judge of the New Orleans Municipal Court Edward Collins Sr. Brandon Dorrington, wellness center coordinator with Delta Corps Troy Henry - businessman, founder of management consulting firm Henry Consulting, and 2010 mayoral candidate Frank Scurlock - businessman Johnese Smith Tommie A. Vassel, public accountant Independent ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) Edward `` Ed'' Bruski, registered nurse Patrick Van Hoorebeek Hashim Walters No-party ( edit ) Declared ( edit ) `` Manny Chevrolet'' Bruno Byron Stephan Cole Matthew Hill Derrick O'Brien Martin, executive director of the Algiers Economic Development Foundation and managing partner at Sugchairo, Moi & Martin Polling ( edit ) Poll source Date(s) administered Sample size Margin of error LaToya Cantrell Desiree Charbonnet Undecided University of New Orleans November 1 -- 8, 2017 602 ± 4.0% 46% 35% 20% Democrats for Education Reform/LJR Custom Strategies October 24 -- November 2, 2017 1,000 ± 3.0% 44% 26% -- Results ( edit ) Mayoral primary, October 14 ( edit ) Mayor of New Orleans election results Party Candidate Votes % Democratic LaToya Cantrell 32,025 39% Democratic Desiree M. Charbonnet 25,028 30.48% Democratic Michael Bagneris 15,405 18.76% Democratic Troy Henry 5,270 6.42% Democratic Tommie A. Vassel 1,120 1.36% Independent Hashim Walters 462 0.56% Democratic Thomas Albert Jr. 456 0.56% Independent Edward `` Ed'' Bruski 450 0.55% Democratic Frank Scurlock 385 0.47% Nonpartisan `` Manny Chevrolet'' Bruno 264 0.32% Nonpartisan Derrick O'Brien Martin 238 0.29% Independent Patrick Van Hoorebeek 232 0.28% Democratic Charles Anderson 230 0.28% Nonpartisan Byron Stephan Cole 212 0.26% Nonpartisan Matthew Hill 108 0.13% Democratic Edward Collins, Sr. 96 0.12% Democratic Brandon Dorrington 92 0.11% Democratic Johnese Smith 38 0.05% Total votes 82,111 100% Notes ( edit ) After the primary election third-place finisher former judge Michael Bagneris and fourth-place finisher businessman Troy Henry officially endorsed first-place finisher City Councilor LaToya Cantrell. Mayoral runoff, November 18 ( edit ) Mayor of New Orleans runoff election results, 2017 Party Candidate Votes % Democratic LaToya Cantrell 51,342 60.4% Democratic Desiree M. Charbonnet 33,729 39.7% Total votes 85,071 100% References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Richard Rainey (April 7, 2016). `` Mayor Landrieu's election date move irks New Orleans voter advocates'' . The Times-Picayune . ^ Jump up to: `` Candidate Inquiry'' . voterportal.sos.la.gov . Louisiana Secretary of State . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . Jump up ^ https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/static/#!/2017-10-14/resultsRace/36 Jump up ^ http://www.nola.com/politics/index.ssf/2017/10/michael_bagneris_endorses_lato.html Jump up ^ https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/latoya-cantrell-wins-new-orleans-mayoral-race_us_5a10acdbe4b0e97dffedc46c?section=us_politics Jump up ^ https://voterportal.sos.la.gov/static/#!/2017-11-18/resultsRace/36 ( hide ) ( 2016 ← ) 2017 United States elections ( → 2018 ) U.S. Senate Alabama U.S. House California's 34th Georgia's 6th Kansas's 4th Montana's at-large South Carolina's 5th Utah's 3rd Governors New Jersey Virginia Mayors Albuquerque, NM Atlanta, GA Atlantic City, NJ Boston, MA Buffalo, NY Charlotte, NC Cincinnati, OH Cleveland, OH Detroit, MI El Paso, TX Frederick, MD Hoboken, NJ Jackson, MS Jersey City, NJ Los Angeles, CA Miami, FL Minneapolis, MN New Orleans, LA New York, NY North Miami, FL Omaha, NE Pittsburgh, PA Raleigh, NC Rochester, NY St. Louis, MO St. Paul, MN St. Petersburg, FL San Antonio, TX Seattle, WA City Houston, TX Minneapolis, MN State New Jersey Virginia Territories Puerto Rican status referendum This New Orleans , Louisiana -- related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . This American elections -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=New_Orleans_mayoral_election,_2017&oldid=811220265 '' Categories : Louisiana elections, 2017 Mayoral elections in New Orleans United States mayoral elections, 2017 21st century in New Orleans New Orleans stubs United States election stubs Hidden categories: Pages using deprecated image syntax All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 November 2017, at 06:52. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

6967675938504531033

which of the following is a function of a steriod

Because non-genomic pathways include any mechanism that is not a genomic effect , there are various non-genomic pathways . However , all of these pathways are mediated by some type of steroid hormone receptor found at the plasma membrane . Ion channels , transporters , G - protein coupled receptors ( GPCR ) , and membrane fluidity have all been shown to be affected by steroid hormones . Of these , GPCR linked proteins are the most common . For more information on these proteins and pathways , visit the steroid hormone receptor page .

Steroid hormone - wikipedia Steroid hormone Steroid hormone Drug class Estradiol , an important estrogen steroid hormone in both women and men. Class identifiers Synonyms Adrenal steroid; Gonadal steroid Use Various Biological target Steroid hormone receptors Chemical class Steroidal ; Nonsteroidal In Wikidata A steroid hormone is a steroid that acts as a hormone . Steroid hormones can be grouped into two classes: corticosteroids (typically made in the adrenal cortex , hence cortico- ) and sex steroids (typically made in the gonads or placenta ). Within those two classes are five types according to the receptors to which they bind: glucocorticoids , mineralocorticoids (corticosteroids), androgens , estrogens , and progestogens (sex steroids). Vitamin D derivatives are a sixth closely related hormone system with homologous receptors. They have some of the characteristics of true steroids as receptor ligands . Steroid hormones help control metabolism, inflammation , immune functions , salt and water balance , development of sexual characteristics , and the ability to withstand illness and injury. The term steroid describes both hormones produced by the body and artificially produced medications that duplicate the action for the naturally occurring steroids. Contents 1 Synthesis 1.1 Synthetic steroids and sterols 2 Transport 3 Mechanisms of action and effects 3.1 Genomic pathways 3.2 Non-genomic pathways 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Synthesis ( edit ) Further information: Steroidogenesis Steroidogenesis with enzymes and intermediates. The natural steroid hormones are generally synthesized from cholesterol in the gonads and adrenal glands . These forms of hormones are lipids . They can pass through the cell membrane as they are fat-soluble, and then bind to steroid hormone receptors (which may be nuclear or cytosolic depending on the steroid hormone) to bring about changes within the cell. Steroid hormones are generally carried in the blood, bound to specific carrier proteins such as sex hormone-binding globulin or corticosteroid-binding globulin . Further conversions and catabolism occurs in the liver, in other `` peripheral'' tissues, and in the target tissues. Synthetic steroids and sterols ( edit ) A variety of synthetic steroids and sterols have also been contrived. Most are steroids, but some nonsteroidal molecules can interact with the steroid receptors because of a similarity of shape. Some synthetic steroids are weaker or stronger than the natural steroids whose receptors they activate. Some examples of synthetic steroid hormones: Glucocorticoids : alclometasone , prednisone , dexamethasone , triamcinolone , cortisone Mineralocorticoid : fludrocortisone Vitamin D: dihydrotachysterol Androgens: oxandrolone , oxabolone , testosterone , nandrolone (also known as anabolic-- androgenic steroids or simply anabolic steroids ) Oestrogens: diethylstilbestrol (DES) and estradiol Progestins: norethisterone , medroxyprogesterone acetate , hydroxyprogesterone caproate . Some steroid antagonists: Androgen: cyproterone acetate Progestins: mifepristone , gestrinone Transport ( edit ) Free hormone hypothesis 2 Steroid hormones are transported through the blood by being bound to carrier proteins-- serum proteins that bind them and increase the hormones' solubility in water. Some examples are sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), corticosteroid-binding globulin , and albumin . Most studies say that hormones can only affect cells when they are not bound by serum proteins. In order to be active, steroid hormones must free themselves from their blood-solubilizing proteins and either bind to extracellular receptors, or passively cross the cell membrane and bind to nuclear receptors . This idea is known as the free hormone hypothesis. This idea is shown in Figure 1 to the right. This shows a possible pathway through which steroid hormones are endocytosed and proceed to affect cells via a genomic pathway. One study has found that these steroid-carrier complexes are bound by megalin , a membrane receptor, and are then taken into cells via endocytosis . One possible pathway is that once inside the cell these complexes are taken to the lysosome, where the carrier protein is degraded and the steroid hormone is released into the cytoplasm of the target cell. The hormone then follows a genomic pathway of action. This process is shown in Figure 2 to the right. The role of endocytosis in steroid hormone transport is not well understood and is under further investigation. In order for steroid hormones to cross the lipid bilayer of cells they must overcome energetic barriers that would prevent their entering or exiting the membrane. Gibbs free energy is an important concept here. These hormones, which are all derived from cholesterol, have hydrophilic functional groups at either end and hydrophobic carbon backbones. When steroid hormones are entering membranes free energy barriers exist when the functional groups are entering the hydrophobic interior of membrane, but it is energetically favorable for the hydrophobic core of these hormones to enter lipid bilayers. These energy barriers and wells are reversed for hormones exiting membranes. Steroid hormones easily enter and exit the membrane at physiologic conditions. They have been shown experimentally to cross membranes near a rate of 20 μm /s, depending on the hormone. Though it is energetically more favorable for hormones to be in the membrane than in the ECF or ICF, they do in fact leave the membrane once they have entered it. This is an important consideration because cholesterol-- the precursor to all steroid hormones-- does not leave the membrane once it has embedded itself inside. The difference between cholesterol and these hormones is that cholesterol is in a much larger negative Gibb's free energy well once inside the membrane, as compared to these hormones. This is because the carbohydrate tail on cholesterol has a very favorable interaction with the interior of lipid bilayers. Mechanisms of action and effects ( edit ) There are many different mechanisms through which steroid hormones affect their target cells. All of these different pathways can be classified as having either a genomic effect, or a non-genomic effect. Genomic pathways are slow and result in altering transcription levels of certain proteins in the cell; non-genomic pathways are much faster. Genomic pathways ( edit ) The first identified mechanisms of steroid hormone action were the genomic effects. In this pathway, the free hormones first pass through the cell membrane because they are fat soluble. In the cytoplasm, the steroid may or may not undergo an enzyme -mediated alteration such as reduction, hydroxylation, or aromatization. Then the steroid binds to a specific steroid hormone receptor , also known as a nuclear receptor , which is a large metalloprotein. Upon steroid binding, many kinds of steroid receptors dimerize : two receptor subunits join together to form one functional DNA -binding unit that can enter the cell nucleus. Once in the nucleus, the steroid-receptor ligand complex binds to specific DNA sequences and induces transcription of its target genes . Non-genomic pathways ( edit ) Because non-genomic pathways include any mechanism that is not a genomic effect, there are various non-genomic pathways. However, all of these pathways are mediated by some type of steroid hormone receptor found at the plasma membrane. Ion channels, transporters, G-protein coupled receptors (GPCR), and membrane fluidity have all been shown to be affected by steroid hormones. Of these, GPCR linked proteins are the most common. For more information on these proteins and pathways, visit the steroid hormone receptor page. See also ( edit ) List of investigational hormonal agents Membrane steroid receptor References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Funder JW, Krozowski Z, Myles K, Sato A, Sheppard KE, Young M (1997). `` Mineralocorticoid receptors, salt, and hypertension'' . Recent Prog Horm Res. 52 : 247-- 260. PMID 9238855 . ^ Jump up to: Gupta BBP, Lalchhandama K (2002). `` Molecular mechanisms of glucocorticoid action'' (PDF) . Current Science . 83 (9): 1103-- 1111. Jump up ^ Frye CA (2009). `` Steroids, reproductive endocrine function, and affect. A review'' . Minerva Ginecol. 61 (6): 541-- 562. PMID 19942840 . Jump up ^ Häggström , Mikael; Richfield, David (2014). `` Diagram of the pathways of human steroidogenesis'' . WikiJournal of Medicine . 1 (1). doi : 10.15347/wjm/2014.005 . ISSN 2002-4436 . ^ Jump up to: Linda J. Heffner; Danny J. Schust (2010). The Reproductive System at a Glance . John Wiley and Sons. pp. 16-- . ISBN 978-1-4051-9452-5 . Retrieved 28 November 2010 . Jump up ^ Nahar L, Sarker SD, Turner AB (2007). `` A review on synthetic and natural steroid dimers: 1997-2006'' . Curr Med Chem. 14 (12): 1349-- 1370. doi : 10.2174/092986707780597880 . PMID 17504217 . Jump up ^ Adams JS (2005). `` '' Bound'' to work: The free hormone hypothesis revisited`` . Cell. 122 (5): 647-- 9. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.08.024 . Jump up ^ Hammes A (2005). `` Role of endocytosis in cellular uptake of sex steroids'' . Cell. 122 (5): 751-- 62. doi : 10.1016/j.cell.2005.06.032 . ^ Jump up to: Oren I (2004). `` Free diffusion of steroid hormones across biomembranes: A simplex search with implicit solvent model calculations'' . Biophysical Journal . 87 (2): 768-- 79. doi : 10.1529/biophysj.103.035527 . ^ Jump up to: Rousseau G (2013). `` Fifty years ago: The quest for steroid hormone receptors'' . Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology. 375 (1-- 2): 10-- 3. doi : 10.1016/j.mce.2013.05.005 . PMID 23684885 . Jump up ^ Moore FL, Evans SJ (1995). `` Steroid hormones use non-genomic mechanisms to control brain functions and behaviors: a review of evidence'' . Brain Behav Evol. 54 (4): 41-- 50. PMID 10516403 . Jump up ^ Marcinkowska E, Wiedłocha A (2002). `` Steroid signal transduction activated at the cell membrane: from plants to animals'' . Acta Biochim Pol. 49 (9): 735-- 745. PMID 12422243 . Jump up ^ Wang C, Liu Y, Cao JM (2014). `` G protein-coupled receptors: Extranuclear mediators for the non-genomic actions of steroids'' . International Journal of Molecular Sciences . 15 (9): 15412-- 25. doi : 10.3390/ijms150915412 . PMC 4200746 . PMID 25257522 . Further reading ( edit ) Brook CG (1999). `` Mechanism of puberty'' . Horm. Res. 51 Suppl 3: 52-- 4. doi : 10.1159/000053162 . PMID 10592444 . Holmes SJ, Shalet SM (1996). `` Role of growth hormone and sex steroids in achieving and maintaining normal bone mass'' . Horm. Res. 45 : 86-- 93. doi : 10.1159/000184765 . PMID 8742125 . Ottolenghi C, Uda M, Crisponi L, Omari S, Cao A, Forabosco A, Schlessinger D (Jan 2007). `` Determination and stability of sex'' . BioEssays. 29 (1): 15-- 25. doi : 10.1002/bies.20515 . PMID 17187356 . Couse JF, Korach KS (June 1998). `` Exploring the role of sex steroids through studies of receptor deficient mice'' . J. Mol. Med. 76 : 497-- 511. doi : 10.1007/s001090050244 . PMID 9660168 . McEwen BS (1992). `` Steroid hormones: effect on brain development and function'' . Horm. Res. 37 Suppl 3: 1-- 10. doi : 10.1159/000182393 . PMID 1330863 . Simons (Aug 2008). `` physiological versus pharmacological steroid hormone actions'' . BioEssays. 30 (8): 744-- 56. doi : 10.1002/bies.20792 . PMC 2742386 . PMID 18623071 . Han, Thang S.; Walker, Brian R.; Arlt, Wiebke; Ross, Richard J. (17 December 2013). `` Treatment and health outcomes in adults with congenital adrenal hyperplasia'' . Nature Reviews Endocrinology. 10 (2): 115-- 124. doi : 10.1038/nrendo.2013.239 . PMID 24342885 Figure 2: The adrenal steroidogenesis pathway. External links ( edit ) An animated and narrated tutorial about nuclear receptor signaling Virtual Chembook stedwards.edu How Steroid Hormones Work Anabolic Energy Hormones Endocrine glands Hypothalamic- pituitary Hypothalamus GnRH TRH Dopamine CRH GHRH Somatostatin (GHIH) MCH Posterior pituitary Oxytocin Vasopressin Anterior pituitary FSH LH TSH Prolactin POMC CLIP ACTH MSH Endorphins Lipotropin GH Adrenal axis Adrenal cortex Aldosterone Cortisol Cortisone DHEA DHEA-S Androstenedione Adrenal medulla Epinephrine Norepinephrine Thyroid Thyroid hormones Calcitonin Thyroid axis Parathyroid PTH Gonadal axis Testis Testosterone AMH Inhibin Ovary Estradiol Progesterone Activin Inhibin Relaxin GnSAF Placenta hCG HPL Estrogen Progesterone Pancreas Glucagon Insulin Amylin Somatostatin Pancreatic polypeptide Pineal gland Melatonin N,N-Dimethyltryptamine 5-Methoxy-N,N-dimethyltryptamine Other Thymus Thymosins Thymosin α1 Beta thymosins Thymopoietin Thymulin Digestive system Stomach Gastrin Ghrelin Duodenum CCK Incretins GIP GLP-1 Secretin Motilin VIP Ileum Enteroglucagon Peptide YY Liver /other Insulin-like growth factor IGF-1 IGF-2 Adipose tissue Leptin Adiponectin Resistin Skeleton Osteocalcin Kidney Renin EPO Calcitriol Prostaglandin Heart Natriuretic peptide ANP BNP Endogenous steroids Precursors Cholesterol 22R -Hydroxycholesterol 20α ,22R -Dihydroxycholesterol Pregnenolone 11β -Hydroxypregnenolone 17α -Hydroxypregnenolone 21-Hydroxypregnenolone 17α ,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone 11β ,17α ,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone Corticosteroids Glucocorticoids 3α ,5α -Tetrahydrocorticosterone 5α -Dihydrocorticosterone 11-Deoxycorticosterone 11-Deoxycortisol 11-Ketoprogesterone 21-Deoxycortisol 21-Deoxycortisone Corticosterone Cortisol Cortisone 17α -Hydroxypregnenolone 17α -Hydroxyprogesterone Pregnenolone Progesterone Mineralocorticoids 5α -Dihydroaldosterone 11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone) 11-Deoxycortisol 11-Deoxycorticosterone 11β -Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone) 18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone 18-Hydroxycorticosterone 18-Hydroxyprogesterone Aldosterone Corticosterone Cortisol Sex steroids Androgens 11-Ketodihydrotestosterone 11-Ketotestosterone 7β -Hydroxyepiandrosterone 11β -Hydroxyandrostenedione Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione) Androstenediol Androstenedione Androsterone Dehydroandrosterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Dihydrotestosterone Epiandrosterone Epitestosterone 16α -Hydroxyandrostenedione 16α -Hydroxy-DHEA 16α -Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate Testosterone Metabolites: 3α -Androstanediol 3α -Androstanediol glucuronide 3β -Androstanediol 5β -Dihydrotestosterone 3α -Etiocholanediol 3β -Etiocholanediol Androstanetriols Androstenediol sulfate Androsterone glucuronide Androsterone sulfate Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide Dihydrotestosterone sulfate Etiocholanedione Etiocholanolone Etiocholanolone glucuronide Epietiocholanolone Testosterone glucuronide Testosterone sulfate Estrogens Estranes: Estetrol Estradiol Estrone Estriol 17α -Estradiol 16β -Epiestriol (16β -hydroxyestradiol) 17α -Epiestriol (16α -hydroxy-17α -estradiol) 16β ,17α -Epiestriol (16β -hydroxy-17α -estradiol) 2-Hydroxyestradiol 2-Hydroxyestriol 2-Hydroxyestrone 4-Hydroxyestradiol 4-Hydroxyestriol 4-Hydroxyestrone 4-Methoxyestradiol 16α -Hydroxyestrone Others: 27-Hydroxycholesterol 3α -Androstanediol 3β -Androstanediol 4-Androstenedione 5-Androstenediol DHEA DHEA sulfate 7-Keto-DHEA 7α -Hydroxy-DHEA 16α -Hydroxy-DHEA Metabolites: 2-Methoxyestradiol 2-Methoxyestrone 4-Methoxyestrone Estradiol glucuronide Estradiol sulfate Estrone glucuronide Estrone sulfate Estriol glucuronide Estriol sulfate Lipoidal estradiol (e.g., estradiol stearate , estradiol palmitate ) Progestogens Progesterone 16α -Hydroxyprogesterone 17α -Hydroxyprogesterone 20α -Dihydroprogesterone 20β -Dihydroprogesterone 5α -Dihydroprogesterone 11-Deoxycorticosterone 5α -DHDOC Metabolites: Allopregnanediol Pregnanediol Pregnanediol glucuronide Pregnanetriol Neurosteroids Cholestanes: 24S -Hydroxycholesterol Cholesterol Pregnanes: 3α -Dihydroprogesterone 3β -Dihydroprogesterone 5α -Dihydrocorticosterone 5α -Dihydroprogesterone 5β -Dihydroprogesterone Allopregnanolone Corticosterone DHC DHDOC 11-Deoxycorticosterone Epipregnanolone Isopregnanolone Pregnanolone Pregnenolone Pregnenolone sulfate Progesterone THB THDOC Androstanes: 3α -Androstanediol 3α -Androstenol 7-Keto-DHEA 7α -Hydroxy-DHEA 7β -Hydroxy-DHEA 7α -Hydroxyepiandrosterone 7β -Hydroxyepiandrosterone Androsterone DHEA DHEA sulfate Etiocholanolone Pheromones : 3α -Androstenol 3β -Androstenol Androstadienol Androstadienone Androstenone Androsterone Estratetraenol Others Vitamin D: 7-Dehydrocholesterol Calcidiol/Calcifediol Calcitriol Cholecalciferol Others: 7α -Hydroxycholesterol 11α -Hydroxyprogesterone 11β -Hydroxyprogesterone Cholesterol sulfate Nuclear receptor modulators AhR Agonists: Arachidonic acid metabolites (e.g., lipoxin A4 , prostaglandin G2 ) Dietary carotenoids Flutamide Halogenated aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., polychlorinated dibenzodioxins (e.g., TCDD ), dibenzofurans , biphenyls ) Modified low-density lipoproteins Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g., 3-methylcholanthrene , benzo(a)pyrene , benzanthracenes , benzoflavones (e.g., beta-naphthoflavone )) Tapinarof (benvitimod) Tetrapyroles (e.g., bilirubin ) Tryptophan derivatives (e.g., indigo dye , indirubin ) Antagonists: 7-Ketocholesterol CAR See here instead. ERR ERRα Agonists: 6,3′ ,4′ -Trihydroxyflavone Biochanin A Cholesterol Daidzein Genistein Antagonists: Diethylstilbestrol XCT-790 ERRβ Agonists: DY-131 (GSK-9089) GSK-4716 (GW-4716) Antagonists: 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene) Diethylstilbestrol ERRγ Agonists: Bisphenol A DY-131 (GSK-9089) GSK-4716 (GW-4716) Antagonists: 4-Hydroxytamoxifen (afimoxifene) Diethylstilbestrol FXR Agonists: Bile acids Cafestol Chenodeoxycholic acid Cilofexor Fexaramine GW-4064 Nidufexor Obeticholic acid Tropifexor Antagonists: Guggulsterone LXR Agonists: 22R-Hydroxycholesterol 24S-Hydroxycholesterol 27-Hydroxycholesterol Cholestenoic acid DMHCA GW-3965 Hypocholamide T-0901317 Antagonists: Efavirenz PPAR See here instead. PXR See here instead. Retinoid See here instead. SHR AR See here instead. ER See here instead. PR See here instead. GR See here instead. MR See here instead. THR See here instead. VDR See here instead. See also Receptor/signaling modulators Leukotriene signaling modulators Prostanoid signaling modulators NDL : 00571768 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steroid_hormone&oldid=844017641 '' Categories : Steroid hormones Steroids Hidden categories: Wikipedia articles with NDL identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Brezhoneg Català Deutsch Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 June 2018, at 01:23 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

2106774271261328896

can diversity also be a part of unity

`` It signifies how Europeans have come together , in the form of the EU , to work for peace and prosperity , while at the same time being enriched by the continent 's many different cultures , traditions and languages . ''

Unity in diversity - wikipedia Unity in diversity Jump to: navigation , search Unity in diversity (Latin: unitas in varetite ) is a political motto advocating federalism multiculturalism . The phrase is a deliberate oxymoron , the rhetorical combination of two antonyms, unitas `` unity, oneness'' and varietas `` variety, variousness'' . The phrase can be traced to Leibniz , who uses it as a definition of `` harmony '' ( Harmonia est unitas in varietate ) in his Elementa verae pietatis, sive de amore dei super omnia (1677/8). In modern politics it was first used, as In varietate unitas , by Ernesto Teodoro Moneta in the context of Italian Unification . In 1943 it invoked by Adélard Godbout , Premier of Quebec, in the context of the situation of French Canadians within Canada. The variant In varietate concordia was adopted as the motto of the European Union in 2000. History of usage ( edit ) In 1938, in his book The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh , Shoghi Effendi , the Guardian of the Baha'i Faith , said that `` unity in diversity'' was the `` watchword'' for the religion. Adélard Godbout , while Premier of Quebec, published an article entitled `` Canada: Unity in Diversity'' (1943) in the Council on Foreign Relations journal. He asked, `` How does the dual relationship of the French Canadians make them an element of strength and order, and therefore of unity, in our joint civilization, which necessarily includes not only Canada and the British Commonwealth of Nations, but also the United States, the Latin republics of America and liberated France? '' The phrase has since become somewhat of a staple of Canadian multiculturalism in general. The phrase was invoked in the Interdisciplinary Research Seminar at Wilfrid Laurier University in the 1970s. Ervin Laszlo presented his paper entitled `` Framework for a General Systems Theory of World Order'' (1974) as one of the first seminar Papers that led to the establishment of the IRS in 1975. The motto of the province of Saskatchewan , adopted in 1986, is a variation, Multis e gentibus vires (from many peoples, strength). When the Apartheid of Republic of South Africa celebrated 20 years of independence on 31 May 1981, the theme of the celebrations was `` unity in diversity'' . Anti-apartheid campaigners denounced the motto as a cynical attempt to explain away the inequalities in South African life and called on runners of the Comrades Marathon to protest at the co-option of the event by wearing a black armband. The winner of the race, Bruce Fordyce , was one of those wearing a black armband. The term has since been incorporated into the preamble of the 1996 Constitution of South Africa as a central tenet of post-Apartheid South Africa. In 2000, the European Union adopted ' United in Diversity' (Latin: In varietate concordia ) as official motto , a reference to the many and diverse member states of the Union in terms of culture. Apart from its English form, the European Union's motto is also official in 23 other languages. `` Unity in diversity'' was selected by means of a competition involving students from member nations. According to the European Union official website `` It signifies how Europeans have come together, in the form of the EU , to work for peace and prosperity, while at the same time being enriched by the continent's many different cultures, traditions and languages. '' See also ( edit ) Bhinneka Tunggal Ika E pluribus unum Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno Cultural diversity References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ed. Grua (1948) I.12/A VI.4.1358. Leibniz glosses the definition with Harmonia est cum multa ad quandam unitatem revocantur `` ' Harmony' is when many (things) are restored to some kind of unity'' . Jump up ^ i.e. the EU replaced varietas by concordia `` concord, cordial accord'' in the Latin version and inverted word order. In the English version unity was retained (French unité ). Jump up ^ `` European Motto in varietate concordia '' , Eurominority , 2004 , retrieved 10 January 2014 Jump up ^ Effendi, Shoghi (1938), The World Order of Bahá'u'lláh , Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, ISBN 0-87743-231-7 , retrieved 10 January 2014 Effendi, Shoghi (1938), `` Unity in Diversity'' , World Order of Bahá'u'lláh , Wilmette, Illinois, USA: Bahá'í Publishing Trust, pp. 41-- 42, ISBN 0-87743-231-7 , retrieved 10 January 2014 Jump up ^ Godbout 1943 . Jump up ^ Godbout, Adelard (April 1943), Canada: Unity in Diversity , 21 (3), Council on Foreign Relations , retrieved 10 January 2014 `` Gwich'in Tribal Council Annual Report 2012 - 2013: Unity through diversity'' (PDF) , Gwich'in Tribal Council , 2013 , retrieved 5 September 2014 Roxanne, Lalonde (April 1994), `` Edited extract from M.A. thesis'' , Unity in Diversity: Acceptance and Integration in an Era of Intolerance and Fragmentation , Ottawa, Ontario: Department of Geography, Carleton University , retrieved 9 January 2014 Jump up ^ Nyiri, Nicolas A.; Preece, Rod (1977), Unity in Diversity , 1 , Waterloo, Ontario, Canada: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, ISBN 0-88920-058-0 , retrieved 14 February 2012 Jump up ^ Morgan, Brad (nd), Bruce Fordyce: Comrades King Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Unity_in_diversity&oldid=801070769 '' Categories : Mottos Multiculturalism Multiculturalism in Canada Talk About Wikipedia ಕನ್ನಡ Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017, at 13:39. About Wikipedia

9081070107909580385

who headed the himalayan trance provisional government set up in 1948

Love Songs These songs are of Shrinagar rasa . Mostly the feelings of separation , hard life of Gaddis , their social bindings and the tales of sacrifice , unsuccessful love etc. are depicted through these songs . Famous Love songs are , ' Kunju and Chanchlo ' , ' Phulmu and Ranjhu ' , ' Raja Gaddan ' and ' Bhunku Gaddi ' that are very popular among the city and the state .

Chamba, Himachal Pradesh - Wikipedia Chamba, Himachal Pradesh This article is about the municipality in Himachal Pradesh . For its namesake district, see Chamba district . For other uses, see Chamba . Town in Himachal Pradesh, India Chamba Hindi : चम्बा Town Chamba town from across the river Chamba Coordinates: 32° 34′ 12'' N 76° 7′ 48'' E  /  32.57000° N 76.13000° E  / 32.57000; 76.13000 Country India State Himachal Pradesh District Chamba district Founded 920 Elevation 3,268 ft (996 m) Population (2011) Total 19,933 Rank 9 in HP Time zone IST ( UTC+5:30 ) Post code 176310 Area code(s) +91-18992-xxxxx Vehicle registration HP-48 and HP-73 Website hpchamba.nic.in Chamba ( Hindi : चम्बा ) is a town in the Chamba district in the state of Himachal Pradesh , in northern India . According to the 2001 Indian census the town is situated on the banks of the Ravi River (a major tributary of the Trans- Himalayan Indus River ), at its confluence with the Sal River. Chambial were the Rulers of Chamba State Chambials use suffix Varmans. Though historical records date the history of the Chamba region to the Kolian tribes in the 2nd century BC, the area was formally ruled by the Maru dynasty, starting with the Raju Maru from around 500 AD, ruling from the ancient capital of Bharmour , which is located 65 kilometres (40 mi) from the town of Chamba. In 920, Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahil Verma) shifted the capital of the kingdom to Chamba, following the specific request of his daughter Champavati , Who Further Adopted a Kid Named Pt.Shiv Kumar Upmanyu (Chamba was named after her). From the time of Raju Maru, 67 Rajas of this dynasty ruled over Chamba until it finally merged with the Indian Union in April 1948, although Chamba was under British suzerainty from 1846 to this time. The town has numerous temples and palaces, and hosts two popular jatras (fairs), the `` Suhi Mata Mela'' and the `` Minjar Mela'' , which last for several days of music and dancing. Chamba is also well noted for its arts and crafts, particularly its Pahari paintings , which originated in the Hill Kingdoms of North India between the 17th and 19th century, and its handicrafts and textiles. Contents 1 History 1.1 Early history 1.2 Modern history 2 Geography and climate 3 Demographics 4 Administration 5 Landmarks and cityscape 5.1 Monuments built prior to 1846 5.1.1 Champavati Temple 5.1.1.1 Banni Mata Temple 5.1.2 Lakshmi Narayan temples 5.1.3 Chamunda Devi Temple 5.1.4 Akhand Chandi Palace 5.2 Monuments built after 1846 5.2.1 Chaugan 5.2.2 Church of Scotland 5.2.3 Bhuri Singh Museum 6 Culture 6.1 Arts 6.1.1 Chamba miniature paintings 6.1.2 Handicrafts and musical instruments 6.2 Festivals, fairs and dances 6.3 Costumes 7 Music of Chamba 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links History ( edit ) See also: Chamba State Early history ( edit ) Chamba has an ancient history, which is inseparable from that of the surrounding district of Chamba. The earliest rulers were Kolian tribes. In the 2nd century BC the Khasas and Audumbaras were in power in the region. In the 4th century AD during the Gupta period , the Thakurs and Ranas ruled. From the 7th century, the Gurjara Pratiharas or the Rajput dynasty came into power. Narasimha Temple, Bharmaur , the ancient capital of the district. The recorded history of the Rajput rulers is traced to an eminent individual named Maru who is said to have moved to northwest India from Kalpagrama, around 500 AD. He founded his capital in the Budhal river valley at a place called Brahmapura, which later became known as Bharmaur. Bharmaur is situated 75 kilometres (47 mi) to the east of the present day Chamba town. For three hundred years, kings of Rajput Dynasty ruled from their capital in Bharmour. However, in 920, Raja Sahil Varman (or Raja Sahila Verma), King of Bharmour, shifted his capital from Bharmour to a more centrally located plateau in the lower Ravi valley, and named the city Champavati, after his daughter. There is some variation in the story to how exactly this transition came about in the historical records of Chamba. One version tells how Varman, who, after being childless for a significant period, was blessed with ten sons and a daughter, named `` Champavati'' . It was Champavati who urged her father to build a new capital town in the valley. However, obstacles stood in the way to relocating his capital, given that the king had previously granted the land in the modern Chamba vicinity to the Kanwan Brahmins . A solution was found in the form of offering a gift of eight copper coins called chaklis on the occasion of every marriage that took place in the Brahmin family, if they would agree to surrender their land to pave the way for the new capital. With the land thus obtained, the new capital was built and named as Champa after Chamapavati, the King's daughter, which, over the years, was simply shortened to `` Chamba' . A variation of this origin of Chamba is that it originated as a hermitage which Champavati, a devout Hindu, used to frequent. The king, being suspicious of his daughter's fidelity, one day investigated and followed her to the hermitage, but surprisingly he found neither his daughter nor the hermit there. Suddenly he was said to have heard a voice which informed him that his suspicions were ill-founded, admonishing him and informing him that his daughter had been taken away from him permanently as a punishment for his lack of trust in her morals. The King, fully chastened, sought redemption for his sin by expanding the hermitage into a temple, named in his daughter's honour and built a city around the temple. Today this temple, called the Champavati Temple, belongs to the Royal family and the King's daughter is venerated as a goddess. Every year, since 935, the Minjar festival or fair has been held. It lasts for 21 days, coinciding with the first day of Baisakhi . The remoteness and ruggedness of the Ravi River valley secured Chamba from successful invasions for around 1,000 years. Since Raja Sahil Varman, the dynasty ruled without successful invasion for around a millennium, until the British gained power. The isolation of the town and its rugged hilly terrain is believed to have been a contributing factor to this unusual state of security. Later, Mughal emperors Akbar and Aurangzeb did attempt to annex Chamba but were unsuccessful in subjugating this territory into their kingdoms. Raja Prithvi Singh (1641-1664 AD), who was on amiable terms with Emperor Shahjahan was instrumental in introducing the court lifestyles of the Mughals. Modern history ( edit ) In 1806 A.D., the combined forces of Gurkhas and local hills chiefs attacked the forces of Raja Sansar Chand in the battle and forced a crushing defeat on him along with family took shelter in the Kangra fort . The Gurkhas sieged the Kangra fort and ruthlessly looted the area between the fort of Kangra and Mahal Mohrian and virtually destroyed the villages. The siege of the fort continued for three years. In 1809 A.D., Raja Ranjit Singh , the Sikh ruler of Lahore, on the request of Sansar Chand, waged war against the Gurkhas and defeated them in But Sansar Chand had to pay a heavy price whereby he had to lose Kangra fort and 66 villages to the Sikhs . Ranjit Singh controlled the region and had even placed a garrison at Chamba, forced the hill states to pay tribute to them. Ranjit Singh deposed the hill princes, including the more powerful Kangra ruler, Sansar Chand Katoch, but spared Chamba, given that the Wazir Nathu of Chamba had been important as an ambassador in negotiations with Katoch in 1809 and had saved his life in 1817 by succumbing his horse to King Singh to escape during a winter campaign in Kashmir. The Chamba Valley, c. 1865 In 1845, the Sikh army invaded the British territory. The result was disastrous, with the British defeating the army, leaving Chamba in a poor position. Wazir Bagha of Chamba was important in negotiations in its aftermath, and the Rajas of Chamba, on the advice of Bagha, agreed to the British suzerainty as part of Jammu and Kashmir in favour of an annuity of Rs 12,000. The Treaty of Lahore was signed in 1846, in which the Rajas agreed to cede the territory of Chamba district. From then on, relations with the British were cordial, and all of the Rajas of Chamba under the British rule, Sri Singh, Gopal Singh, Sham Singh, Bhuri Singh, Ram Singh, and Laxman Singh, were on good terms with the British army officers. Many progressive reforms and developments were made in Chamba under the British. In 1863, the first Post office was established in Chamba and a daily mail service and a primary school. In December, 1866, a hospital was opened by Doctor Elmslie of the Kashmir Medical Mission. In the late 1860s two new roads to Dalhousie via Kolri and Khajiar were built. Gopal Singh, who ruled from 1870 to 1873, after abdicating, was responsible for building the grand Jandarighat Palace as his summer residence. After India becoming an independent nation in August 1947, the princely state of Chamba finally merged with India on 15 April 1948 along with the other princedoms of Mandi - Suket State , Sirmour State and all of those in the Shimla hills. Geography and climate ( edit ) Panorama of the upper part of the town and mountains surrounding it Chamba is the headquarters of the Chamba district, bordered by Jammu and Kashmir to the north-west and west, the Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir and Lahaul and Bara Banghal to the north-east and east, Kangra to the south-east and Pathankot district of Punjab to the south. It has an average elevation of 1,006 metres (3,301 ft). The Ravi River flowing through Chamba The town, the district and the valley where the town is located, share the name of Chamba. The town of Chamba is located at the junction of Ravi River and its tributary, the Sal River , with the Shah Madar hill forming the backdrop on its eastern side. The Ravi flows in east-west direction forming deep canyons. During the spring and summer months, the levels of the river rise significantly from snow melt and pose a flooding risk. Record levels were experienced in early July 2005, when the National Hydroelectric Power Corporation was forced to shut down the power generation on its 300-MW Chamera Power Station . Located on the right bank of the Ravi river valley, built on successive flat terraces, the town is bounded topographically by the Dhauladhar and Zanskar ranges, south of the inner Himalayas . Chamba, despite its hill location, is well connected by road to the rest of the state and country, including Shimla , Delhi and Chandigarh along several routes. The nearest broad gauge railway stations are at Chakki Bank and Pathankot, the latter of which is 120 kilometres (75 mi) away by road. The temperatures in summer vary between 38 ° C (100 ° F) and 15 ° C (59 ° F) and in winter: 15 ° C (59 ° F) and 0 ° C (32 ° F). The maximum temperature recorded in summer is 39 ° C (102 ° F) and the minimum temperature in winter is − 1 ° C (30 ° F). Climatically March to June is said to be the best period to visit Chamba, which is a well known hill station. The average annual rainfall in the town is 785.84 millimetres (30.939 in). Demographics ( edit ) As of 2001 India census, Chamba had a population of 20,312. Males constituted 52% of the population and females 48%. Chamba has an average literacy rate of 81%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with a male literacy of 85% and female literacy of 77%. The administrative language is Hindi , whereas the locally spoken language is Chambeali . There are some speakers of Punjabi , mostly of Sikh and Hindu descent, Those came here after partition. Away from the urban centre, the tribal people of Chamba are divided into two major groups; the Gujjars and the Gaddis. The Gujjars, mainly nomads, came to Chamba across the state border from Kashmir along the trade routes. They belong to nomadic herdsmen of the Islamic community, and travel to lowland Punjab in the autumn with their livestock to avoid the harsh winter of the Chamba hills. Their features are Turkic and have a distinct language and culture aloof from the main town. The Gaddis comprise several ethnic groups; namely the Brahmans, Rajputs, Thakurs, Rathis and the Khatris, who form the majority. They are agricultural peoples, and the name `` Gaddi'' means `` shepherd'' . They mainly inhabit an area of the Chamba district in the Dhaula Dhar mountains, known as Brahmaur Wazarat or `` Gadaran'' , located between Chamba and Kangra . `` Gadar'' means sheep, so their land is informally referred to as `` Gadaran'' , literally meaning `` sheep country'' . They are believed to have come to Chamba in the 10th century, although an influx of Gaddi people migrated to Chamba from Lahore in the 18th century, during the Mughal Empire. They are said to practice animism combined with the worship of Lord Shiva. Administration ( edit ) Gopal Singh, Raja of Chamba (ruled 1870-- 1873) There have been a total of 67 rajas who have ruled Chamba district since the Principality of Bharmour was established in the 6th century, beginning with Raja Maru. Indeed, it is believed to have been an isolated case in the history of India that the Chamba kingdom remained independent without interference for over 1000 years. Before Raja Sahila Varman, however, the territorial extent of the state of Chamba was ill-defined and was more a loosely based territory, marked by disunity. Chamba state was run by Ranas, petty rulers who were allocated locally governed areas known as `` fiefdoms'' and treated them as their own virtually independent kingdoms. It wasn't until the reign of Sahila Varman that these Raja lords were subjugated and the district of Chamba was consolidated formally as a unified entity. The rajas of the Chamba Kingdom, ruling from the capital in Chamba divided the kingdom into 5 mandalas , later termed wazarats . These sub-territories consisted of Chamba, Bharmour, Bhatti, Churah and Pangi . Landmarks and cityscape ( edit ) The city layout can be distinctly demarcated into two zones; namely the ' Old Town' before the British introduced their urban architectural styles and the British period of contemporary monuments, bridges and buildings. In a study of the architecture of Chamba, instituted by the Indian National Trust for Art and Cultural Heritage (INTACH), with the objective of conserving and restoring individual heritage buildings, it has been observed that the urban architecture of Chamba evolved under three distinct phases. The first phase from 930, dating from the Rajput dynasty establishing the capital at Chamba until 1846, the second phase during the British period; and the third phase constituting the post independent period after its merger with the Indian Union in April 1948. Monuments built prior to 1846 ( edit ) View of Chamba. Chamba Town. Buildings in Chamba were traditionally constructed using local materials. Buildings were made out of dry stone masonry, with the walls and floors of the older houses plastered with a concoction of clay and cow-dung. Thick wooden beams were used to support the walls, paying attention to durability and to withstand earthquakes, and wooden cantilever construction was often used to support the verandas . The staircases and doors were made from wood, with the doors often decorated in religious reliefs and flanked by two lamps to light it at night. Before the arrival of the British, who introduced slate roofs to Chamba, roofs were covered with planks, coated in clay. Few of these houses remain today, although a number still have wood-clay roofs in villages in the suburbs. The old heritage monuments, which are palaces and temples are located in the old town (east of the Chaugans ), on the lower slopes of Shah Madar hill. They were built in the lower valley where the two rivers and steep thickly forested hillsides provided a strong defense. Located here is the 10th century Champavati Temple, said to have marked the birth of the town, the Lakshmi Narayan group of temples (built from 10th-19th century), the 10th century Sita Ram Temple, Bansi Gopal temple, Kharura Mohalla and Hari Rai temple, the 11th century Sui Mata Temple and Chamunda Devi Temple, and the Akhand Chandi palace, overlooking the Chaugan, which has since been converted into a college. Additions were made to the palace in the form of the Zenana Mahal and the Rang Mahal in the 18th century. The temples built in Chamba demonstrate a strong Kashmiri influence with their stone temple architecture and temple iconography. Given their age however, only their unicellular layout with fluted pillars has been retained. Champavati temple ( edit ) This temple was built by Raja Sahil Varman in memory of his daughter Champavati. The temple, located near the Police Post and the Treasury building, is built in the Shikhara style, with intricate stone carvings. It has a wheel roof and is large as the Laxmi Narayan Temple. An idol of the goddess Mahishasuramardini (Durga) is worshipped in the temple. The walls of the temple are full of exquisite stone sculptures. On account of its historical and archaeological importance, the temple is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India . Champavati Temple, located in the heart of the city of Chamba, is a pilgrim destination for many Hindus. It is named after Champavati, the daughter of King Sahil Varman, the founder of the temple. The temple holds great historical and religious relevance for many Hindus. Champavati Temple enshrines an idol of Goddess Mahisasuramardini, the avatar of Goddess Durga. According to the legend, the daughter of King Sahil Varman Champavati was a religious person and used to visit temples and sadhu's ashrams regularly. The king, after getting suspicious of her actions, once followed her to a sadhu's place, with a dagger in his cloak. Once he reached the ashram, he found that there was no one inside. To his surprise, both the sadhu and his daughter Champavati had vanished. When he was about to return, he heard a voice saying that his daughter had been taken away as a punishment of his suspicion. The voice also asked him to build a temple, on the name of his daughter Champavati, if he wanted to avoid further familial calamities. The king ordered the construction of the Champavati Temple. Now, the temple is under the Archaeological Survey of India, for its historical and archaeological importance. The major attraction of the temple is its Shikhara style architecture. Stone carved walls, full with sculptures, make the temple an attractive tourist spot. The temple has a large wheel on the rooftop, which adores it and makes it a distinguished temple in North India. The Champavati Temple is often compared with Laxmi Narayan Temple, in its grandeur. Banni Mata Temple ( edit ) See Banni Mata Temple Lakshmi Narayan temples ( edit ) Laxmi Narayan temple in Chamba The Lakshmi Narayan temples complex, devoted to the Vaishnavite sect, includes the main Lakshmi Narayan temple, built in the 10th century by Raja Sahil Verman. It has been built to suit the local climatic conditions with wooden chatries and has a shikara , and a sanctum sanctorum ( Garbhagriha ), with an antarala and a mantapa . A metallic image of Garuda , the vahana (mount) of Vishnu is installed on the dwajastamba pillar at the main gate of the temple. In 1678, Raja Chhatra Singh adorned the temple roof with gold plated pinnacles, as a riposte to Auranagzeb, who had ordered demolition of this temple. Chamunda Devi temple ( edit ) Champa Devi Temple near old market place, 1860 Chamunda Devi Temple is located in a prominent position on the spur of Shah Madar range of hills, opposite to the Chamba town. It was built by Raja Umed Singh, and was completed in 1762. It is the only wooden temple with gabled roof (single storied) in Chamba, while all others in the town are built from stone in the north Indian Nagara architectural style. In the past, the temple was accessed through a stone paved steep path laid with 378 steps, but it is now approached by a 3 kilometres (9,800 ft) motorable road. The temple, a trabeated structure, is built on a high raised plinth, buttressed on all four sides, and has a rectangular layout on the outside. It exterior measures 9.22 metres (30.2 ft) x 6 metres (20 ft), the inner square sanctum measures 3.55 metres (11.6 ft) x 3.55 metres (11.6 ft) and has a parikrama path (circumambulatory path) of 1.67 metres (5.5 ft) around the perimeter. There is a mandap in the foreground of the temple of 5.1 metres (17 ft) x 6 metres (20 ft) size with an agni-kund or fire pit in the centre and a gable roof covered with slates. The mandapa has carvings in wood in its multi paneled ceiling with reliefs of human figures on the pillars and brackets. Votive bells are provided in the mandap entrance and it has a Nagari inscription, which records it as the offering from Pandit Vidhadhara to the goddess Chamunda deified in the temple on 2 April 1762, the date when the temple was consecrated. Maa Chamunda Location in Himachal Pradesh Geography Coordinates 32° 08′ 54'' N 76° 25′ 07'' E  /  32.148244° N 76.418566° E  / 32.148244; 76.418566 Coordinates : 32° 08′ 54'' N 76° 25′ 07'' E  /  32.148244° N 76.418566° E  / 32.148244; 76.418566 Country India State Himachal Pradesh District Kangra district Location Chamunda, 176052 Elevation 1,059.499000 m (3,476 ft) Culture Sanctum Chamunda Shakti Peeth Architecture Architecture Hindu Number of temples History Date built 1762 Creator Gaurav Gupta Akhand Chandi palace ( edit ) Akhand Chandi Palace The Akhand Chandi Palace, noted for its distinct green roof, was built by Raja Umed Singh between 1747 and 1765 and used as his residence. Later, Raja Sham Singh refurbished it with the assistance of British engineers. In 1879, the Darbar Hall (also named ' Marshal Hall' after the builder) was built. Raja Bhuri Singh added the Zenana Mahal (residence of Royal ladies). The building was exemplary of the fusion of Mughal and British architectural influences. In 1973, the Royal family of Chamba sold the palace to the Government of Himachal Pradesh , who in turn converted it into a Government College and District Library. Maintenance of the attractive palace, however, which has painted walls and glass work and intricate woodwork, has not been satisfactory, due to the lack of funds allocated to refurbish it. The palace provides scenic views of the Chaugan, Laxmi Narayana Temple, Sui Mata, Chamunda Devi Temple, Rang Mehal, Hari Rai Temple and Bansi Gopal Temple. Monuments built after 1846 ( edit ) The lower, old part of the town and bridge In the second half of the nineteenth century, the British administration drew up an urban plan for the development of Chamba. They laid emphasis on the building of civic buildings around the Chaugan to conceal the unorthodox structural layout of the residential complexes. The western oriented development programme grew particularly active after the arrival of Major Blair Reid in January 1863, during the reign of Raja Shri Singh. The next fourteen years in particular, until his retirement in March 1877, were characterised by large-scale building projects in Chamba, with Reid fully revising the administrative and revenue departments of Chamba and reorganizing the state machinery to make development more efficient. Orderly new building complexes with `` simple visual discipline with white plastered walls, lancer arch windows, cornices, sloping sheet roofs, wooden eaves and deep verandahs were planned and built'' . Road communications were dramatically improved, with the approach road to the town being diverted, to provide a way for vehicular traffic to enter from the western end of the chaugan. A cabled suspension bridge was built across the Ravi River in the lower outskirts of the town, and many important public welfare projects were started, and well as many temples, gates, gardens and churches between 1863 and 1910. Notable works built during the colonial period include the temples in the Jansali Bazar, Gandhi Gate (Curzon Gate), Shiva Temple, the Chaugans, the Police Lines, the Church of Scotland, the Shyam Singh Hospital (built in 1891), Chamba Library, the Post Office building, Bhuri Singh Museum, the State Forces barracks, and the administrative buildings of the British period. Today, architectural materials have evolved considerably since ancient times and reinforced concrete structures are rapidly changing the skyline of the town. Chaugan ( edit ) Chamba Chaugan The Chaugan (a Sanskrit word meaning: `` four sided'' ) is the nucleus of all activity in Chamba, surrounded by impressive administrative buildings and a shopping arcade built during the British period, with the old Akhand Chandi palace standing nearby. It has a terraced grass green, and is exceptionally large for a hill station, measuring 800 metres (2,600 ft) length and 80 metres (260 ft) width. In 1890, the British converted five small chaugans into a single chaugan for use as an esplanade and sports complex, and today it is commonly used for cricket matches, picnics and promenades during the mid summer months. During the annual ' Minjar Mela' fair, the entire ground becomes a flea market. After the Dussera festival, the grounds are closed to the public until April, for maintenance purposes. Church of Scotland ( edit ) The Church of Scotland , a Presbyterian Church , known as ' St. Andrew's Church' , was established by the first missionary in Chamba, the Reverend William Ferguson, who served there between 1863 and 1873. The foundation stone for building the new church was laid by the Raja of Chamba on 17 February 1899, in the presence of the Scottish reverend Dr. M'Clymont who had come from Scotland. The Raja had contributed a generous grant to build the church and ensured that it was exquisitely built in fine stone masonry. The walls are supported by buttresses, and lancer arch windows provide the light and ventilation. Several schools are run by the Mission located within the church precincts. Bhuri Singh museum ( edit ) The Bhuri Singh Museum The Bhuri Singh Museum at Chamba was established on 14 September 1908 in honour of the raja at the time, Raja Bhuri Singh , who ruled Chamba from 1904 to 1919. J. Ph. Vogel, an eminent indologist , and expert on the history of Chamba state, proposed the museum to preserve a number of valuable inscriptions, mostly in Sarda script, which contained some rare information about the medieval history of Chamba; the prashastis (inscriptions) of Sarahan, Devi-ri-kothi and mul Kihar (fountain inscription) are still preserved in the museum. Bhuri Singh donated his family collection of paintings to the museum, including royal portraits which ranged from Basohli to Guler-Kangra in style, and embroidered Pahari miniatures. Numerous artifacts, important to the heritage of Chamba were added, including coins, hill jewelry and royal and traditional costumes, arms and armour, musical instruments and other items. The current museum was built in 1975 in concrete. Culture ( edit ) Arts ( edit ) Chamba miniature Pahari paintings Varaha , the boar, avatar (incarnate) of god Vishnu Pahari painting , 1800, of Shiva 's family on the march Chamba miniature paintings ( edit ) Chamba is noted for its miniature Pahari paintings , where Basohli style of Pahari paintings took roots with Nikku, the artist of Basohli migrating from Guler to Chamba in the eighteenth century. Raja Udai Singh and Raja Jai Singh patronized this school of painting. During the reign of Raja Charhat Singh, folk art developed and had a lasting influence on local artists. The paintings of Chamba encompass both miniatures and murals and the Mughal influence is clearly discerned in these paintings. Distinguished artists of Chamba who have painted in this art form include Lehru, Durga and Miyan Jara Singh. The paintings were generally painted with Hindu religious themes, particularly the legends of Hindu mythology such as Radha Krishna , Shiva - Parvati , Rama Darbar, Yashoda and Krishna , Gopis , love scenes, deer, birds and women, Daya Saptashati and Krishna - Sudama . Romantic ambiance of the monsoon season in Chamba has also been painted by the artists of Pahari miniature art, in various moods and styles in Basholi colours. They are displayed in the museums at Chamba and also at Shimla and Dharamsala . Handicrafts and musical instruments ( edit ) Chamba is an important centre for the making of traditional handicrafts, and the town has numerous small workshops maintained by the artisans. Many of the items produced are exquisite and lavish, testament to the towns' aristocratic heritage. Casting metalware in Chamba is an ancient tradition, dating back to the Bronze Age period, with items typically made out of copper or brass, and also iron, especially in the traditional making of implements and weapons by blacksmiths. Of particular note in this trade are the large plaques with reliefs, commonly used for wall decoration. The temple cupolas in Chamba district are often furnished with copper and brass items made in Chamba and often the golden kalasha or vessel crowning them is produced here. Chamba has its own unique traditional system of men's and women's footwear. Traditional footwear was originally made from locally produced leather but is today transported to Chamba from the south of India. Women's footwear is embroidered as is `` vegetarian'' footwear which is purposefully made without leather for use in places where leather is prohibited for religious reasons. Handkerchiefs and shawls are also made in abundance in Chamba. Traditionally hand-spun, they are designed in such a way as to make both sides of the cloth look identical, and are beautifully embroidered. Chamba shawls are woven on hand looms in wool and typically have a bright border in a traditional design. A similar woven design is used for making caps. Traditional jewellery is made in gold and silver in Chamba as its pottery, typically kitchenware, utensils and earthen pots. Given Chamba's history of new immigration from other parts of the country and Tibet , a variety of influences can be seen in the pieces of jewellery that are produced in Chamba. Chamba is also noted for its wood carvings, which, like the metalware is often used for iconography in temples, such as Chamunda Devi. A `` Nagara'' , a form of kettle drum is produced in Chamba as are cymbals , bells and `` Singa'' or `` Ransinga'' (horns) produced in both straight and curved styles. Other instruments include Shankh, Nad, Beiunsuli, Saihna, Nag Pheni, Thali Ghada, Bhana, Karnal, Pohol, Dhons, Kahal, Kansi, Hasat Ghanta and Drugg. Festivals, fairs and dances ( edit ) The Chaugan in Chamba, where fairs are held Chamba is one of those places where Basohli effect actually reached. Two melas or fairs, also known as Jatras, are of particular note in Chamba; `` Suhi Mata Mela'' and `` Minjar Mela'' . A notable event of such fairs is when the ' chela'. a subordinate of the deity who is being worshipped goes into a trance and answers the queries and prayers of the devotees. An important festival held in Chamba is known as the `` Suhi Mata Mela'' . It is held annually in March-- April for four days to commemorate the sacrifice made by the queen of Chamba with her life, to bring water to the town. The legend associated with this festival and the Sui Mata temple, built in memory of the queen (wife of Raja Sahil Varman), relates to the sacrifice she made to fulfill a prophecy in a dream, which said that water from the Sarota stream could only be accessed through an aqueduct if the queen or her son was sacrificed. Rather than kill her own son she sacrificed her own life for the town. To commemorate this event, women and children take a lead role in the festival. An image of Champavati, with banners of the Rajput solar emblem, are taken by them in a procession, dancing and singing, through the Chaugan to the Suhi Mata temple. Another popular festival held in Chamba is the `` Minjar Mela'' , held on the second Sunday of the Shravana month, corresponding to the month of August in the Gregorian calendar . It marks the triumph of the Raja of Chamba over the ruler of Trigarta (now called as Kangra ), in 935 AD and also celebrates the paddy and maize crops grown at this time of the year. The festival commences with offerings of ' minjar' , consisting of a bunch of paddy plant and golden silk wrapped in red fabric. The offerings also include a rupee , a seasonal fruit, and a coconut . This occasion is also celebrated with a flag hoisting ceremony at the Chaugan that initiates a week of cultural and social programmes. The image of the deity, Lord Raghuvira, and more than 200 other deities, are taken in a procession, in a chariot pulled by ropes. Folk dances and music performances known as ' Kunjari Malhar' are part of the festivities. On the last day of the festival, a parade is held from the Akhand Chandi Palace to Ravi River, where offerings are made to the river. This commemorates an event in which Raja Sahil Verman changed the course of the river, to make the Hari Rai temple accessible to all devotees. Chamba and the surrounding district have many local customs in dancing, illustrating the differences in geographical, anthropological and social cultures and religious beliefs in the area. A solo dance or a dance of two people such as the Pharati or Khad-dumbi is commonly performed during the Nuwala ceremony and other important occasions, such as marriages etc. and the Dangri and Sikri are said to be of note. Notable male dances include the Gaddi and Gujjar dances, Dandaras , Nat , Ghorda , Nachan , Dharumsde , the Khad-dumbi and the Chhinjhati . Notable female dances include the Ghurei , Dangi and Kikli , whilst dances such as the Shain , Dhamal , Sohal , Sal Kukdi Nachan , Ratege and Til-Chauti are performed by both sexes. Several forms of masked dance are also performed in Chamba, such as the Chhatradhi Jatar . Costumes ( edit ) Ancient people of Chamba were known to have worn a fine woolen blanket or chadar around the waist, to keep warm in the cold climate. It was often tied or girdled with a band or patka , as evidenced by some archaeological discoveries in the area depicting this fashion. The Gaddi people have traditionally worn white embroidered caps and loose-fitting white woolen garments known as a chola , tied around the waist with a black wool rope. A local custom in Chamba was to give the Jogi of the Natha sect a cotton maikhal sheet to wear over the head during the Nuwala ceremony to honour Lord Siva . Chamba and the surrounding district have been well documented as being a producer of fine cloth and embroidered dresses for centuries. `` The Jakatas, the Milinda Panha and the Vinaya of the Mulasarvastivadins mention the beautifully embroidered Kotumbara clothes of the Audumbara country (Pathankot and Chamba) and the fine textiles captured in the lot of Kangra Fort in 1009 around the astonishment of the soldiers of Mahmud of Ghazni. A heavier, though not less luxurious type of embriodered dresses can be traced on the fountain stones, which had been erected by the local aristocracy of Churah, in western Chamba in the 11th to 12th centuries.'' - Hermann Goetz Given the history of migrants arriving in Chamba from across Kashmir and Tibet over the centuries, today Chamba has a variety of traditional dresses, defined by the region to which they belong. The most traditional dress worn by Hindu women, on special occasions, is the pashwaj . Pashwaj is a gown with a short bodice (blouse) covering up to the waist. A shirt is worn, below which the dress falls in many folds, nearly touching the ground. The typical casual dress though, however, is a pairahan , with a chadar or dupatta (stole) worn over the head. The lower half of the body is covered by a pyjama, known as a suthan . Muslim women also generally wear similar dresses as the Hindu women. However, the one difference is that the tunic they wear is considerably shorter, just touching the knee. They don a small vest called a angi , worn beneath the bodice. A small shirt or kurta is also common. Hindu men wear an angrakha , long tunic that touches the knees. A cloth waist-band and tight fitting pajama and a small pagri (top hat) worn on top of the head completes their ensemble. Music of Chamba ( edit ) Devotional songs known as ' Ainchali' are sung throughout the night. The ' Chella' is summoned who goes into a Tranceas soon as the sacrifices are referred to Lord Shiva . He is said to be possessed of the Lord himself. He answers the questions put to him by members of the family and their friends. Chambyal (people of Chamba) enjoy the traditional folk music of their area. This consists of folk songs, dances and folklores and these are accompanied by various musical instruments. Their love for folk music is evident from their keen interest in folk music which is different from that of other regions. Folk songs of Gaddis can be categorized as marriage songs, festivity songs, love songs. Marriage Songs The theme of the marriage songs is mostly related to the selection of groom and the girl's wishes regarding it. The songs which are sung at the time of wedding ceremony are known as ' Charlai' and these songs depict that the relatives of the bride and groom seek the blessings from the God. Festivity Songs Chambyals celebrate many fairs and festivals with great pump and show. They sing many songs which are usually accompanied by folk dances. Major folk songs are - ' Sukart and Ghanihar' , ' Kunjadi Malhar' during Minjar Mela, ' Ainchali' on Nuala, songs related to Baisakhi at the time of ' Basoa' and ' Kunjadi' songs of the rainy season are sung during Patroru festival. Love Songs These songs are of Shrinagar rasa. Mostly the feelings of separation, hard life of Gaddis, their social bindings and the tales of sacrifice, unsuccessful love etc. are depicted through these songs. Famous Love songs are, ' Kunju and Chanchlo' , ' Phulmu and Ranjhu' , ' Raja Gaddan' and ' Bhunku Gaddi' that are very popular among the city and the state. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Aśoka Jeratha. Dogra legends art and culture . Chamba: Indus Publishing, 1998. pp. 271 pages. ISBN 9788173870828 . ^ Jump up to: Sharma & Sethi (1997), p.34 ^ Jump up to: Bhatnagar (2008), pages 39-44 ^ Jump up to: `` Places of Interest in Chamba'' . National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district. Archived from the original on 2009-10-20 . Retrieved 2009-10-28 . Jump up ^ `` Hindu Hill Kingdoms'' . Victoria and Albert Museum . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ `` PahariKamat '' . ^ Jump up to: Bradnock (2000), p.211 ^ Jump up to: `` Chamba at Glance:History'' . National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district . Retrieved 2009-10-28 . ^ Jump up to: Bharati (2001), pp.16-23 Jump up ^ Bharati (2001), pp.23-24 ^ Jump up to: Bharati (2001), p.24 ^ Jump up to: `` Introducing Chamba'' . Lonely Planet . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: `` CHAMBA: Gopal Singh, Raja of Chamba (ruled 1870-1873)'' . British Library . Jump up ^ htm Jump up ^ Archer (1973), p.68 ^ Jump up to: Pramanik, Prabal. `` History of Chamba'' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ `` About Chamba'' . Himachal Pradesh Tourism Department . Retrieved 2009-10-28 . ^ Jump up to: Bharati (2001), p.16 ^ Jump up to: `` Chamera power station shut down'' . The Tribune (Himachal Pradesh) . 2005-07-06 . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ Bhatnagar (2008), p.40 ^ Jump up to: `` Chamba Hill station'' . Retrieved 2009-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Access to Chamba'' . National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district. Archived from the original on 8 December 2008 . Retrieved 2009-10-29 . ^ Jump up to: `` Chamba Tourism'' . India Line . Retrieved 2009-10-28 . Jump up ^ `` Chamba- Himachal Pradesh'' . Hill Resorts in India . Retrieved 2009-10-29 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India 2001: Data from the 2001 Census, including cities, villages and towns (Provisional)'' . Census Commission of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16 . Retrieved 2008-11-01 . Jump up ^ `` Census of India'' . Chamba at Srno932 . Census of India. Archived from the original on 2004-06-16 . Retrieved 2010-04-05 . ^ Jump up to: Pramanik, Prabal. `` Gaddis and Gujjars'' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: Sharma & Sethi (1997), p.35 Jump up ^ Bhatnagar (2008), p.43 ^ Jump up to: Pramanik, Prabal. `` Traditional architecture in Chamba'' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: Bradnock (2000), p.212 ^ Jump up to: Bhatnagar (2008), p.42 Jump up ^ Handa (2005), p.174 Jump up ^ `` ChampavatiTempleChamba'' . Himachal Tourism . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: `` Chamunda devi temple history'' . Tourism Chamba . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ Handa (2001), pp.133-135 ^ Jump up to: `` AkhandChandiPalaceChamba'' . Himachal Pradesh Tourism . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: Pramanik, Prabal. `` Development of Chamba'' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record, Volume 24 . Chamba, laying the foundation stone of the New Church . Church of Scotland. 1899. p. 136. Jump up ^ `` Church of Scotland'' . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: Dogra legends of art & culture By Aśoka Jeratha pp. 112-4 ^ Jump up to: `` Himachal Pradesh:Fine Arts- Chamba School'' . Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009-11-07 . Jump up ^ `` FINE ARTS Himachal Pradesh'' . Chamba School . Archived from the original on 22 October 2007 . Retrieved 2009-10-28 . Jump up ^ `` Tourism'' . National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district . Retrieved 2009-10-29 . ^ Jump up to: Pramanik, Prabal. `` Handicrafts of Chamba'' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ Margabandhu, Chedarambattu (1991). Indian Archaeological Heritage: Shri K.V. Soundara Rajan Festschrift, Chedarambattu Margabandhu, Volume 2 . Agam Kala Prakashan. p. 595. Jump up ^ `` Folk instruments'' . National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district. Archived from the original on 4 August 2010 . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: `` Fairs in Chamba'' . National Informatics Centre:Government of Chamba district. Archived from the original on 27 August 2002 . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ `` MinjarMelaChamba'' . Himachal Tourism . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . ^ Jump up to: Sharma (2004), p.50 Jump up ^ Pramanik, Prabal. `` Festivals of Chamba'' . Chamba Heritage . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ Sharma (2004), p.08 ^ Jump up to: Sharma (2004), p.07 ^ Jump up to: Sharma (1997), p.36 ^ Jump up to: `` Dress and Ornaments'' . National Informatics Centre. Archived from the original on 28 August 2002 . Retrieved 2010-04-06 . Jump up ^ Sharma, Manorama (1998). Tribal Melodies of Himachal Pradesh: Gaddi folk music . APH Publishing. ISBN 9788170249122 . References ( edit ) Archer, W. G (1973). Indian Paintings from the Punjab Hills: A Survey and History of Pahari Miniature Painting . Sotheby Parke Bernet. ISBN 0-85667-002-2 . Bhatnagar, Manu (2008). `` Chamba Urban evolution of an ancient town in the Himalaya'' (pdf) . Journal of the Development and Research Organization for Nature, Arts and Heritage . UNESCO. Indian Heritage Cities Network. 5 (1): 39-- 44 . Retrieved 2009-10-26 . Bharati, K.R (2001). Chamba Himalaya: amazing land, unique culture . Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-125-6 . Retrieved 2009-10-26 . Bradnock, Robert & Roma (2000). Footprint Indian Himalaya Handbook:The Travel Guide . Footprint Travel Guides. ISBN 1-900949-79-2 . Handa, O.C (2001). Temple architecture of the western Himalaya: wooden temples . Chamunda Devi temple at Chamba . Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-115-9 . Retrieved 2009-10-28 . Handa, O.C (2005). Gaddi land in Chamba: its history, art & culture : new light on the early ... Gaddi Land in Chamba Stone temples . Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-174-4 . Scotland, Church of (1899). The Church of Scotland home and foreign mission record, Volume 24 . Chamba, laying the foundation stone of the New Church . Church of Scotland. Sharma, K.P.; Sethi, S.M. (1997). Costumes and ornaments of Chamba . Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-067-5 . Sharma, K.P. (2004). Folk dances of Chambā . Indus Publishing. ISBN 81-7387-166-3 . Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8473-3461-3 . Rana, Kulwant Singh, Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh: with special reference to Pangi Valley, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8473-7695-8 . Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Village Studies in Northern India: a case study of Devikothi,Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8473-4743-9 Further reading ( edit ) Hutchinson, J. & J. PH Vogel (1933). History of the Panjab Hill States , Vol. I. 1st edition: Govt. Printing, Pujab, Lahore, 1933. Reprint 2000. Department of Language and Culture, Himachal Pradesh. Chapter IV Chamba State, pp. 268-- 339. Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Single Line Administration and Tribal Development in Himachal Pradesh, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8473-3461-3 . Rana, Kulwant Singh, Negi, Baldev Singh (2012), Changing Cropping Pattern in the Tribal Areas of Himachal Pradesh: with special reference to Pangi Valley, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8473-7695-8 . Negi, Baldev Singh (2012, Village Studies in Northern India: a case study of Devikothi, Lambert Academic Publishing, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8473-4743-9 Ulrich Friebel, Trekking in Himachal Pradesh, NaturFreunde-Verlag Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-925311-23-8 External links ( edit ) Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Chamba . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chamba . MyBhaderwah - The heaven on earth Chamba district website Nearby Valley State of Himachal Pradesh Capital : Shimla Topics Education History Prehistory and protohistory Early history Mughal rule British rule Freedom struggle Kangra-Lambagraon Punjab Hill States agency Guge Culture Arts and crafts Languages Music Traditional dances Jurisdiction Chief Ministers Governors High Court Government Vidhan Sabha High Court Raj Bhavan Police Districts and divisions Kangra division Chamba Kangra Una Mandi division Bilaspur Hamirpur Kullu Lahul and Spiti Mandi Shimla division Kinnaur Shimla Sirmaur Solan Major cities Shimla Solan Nahan Mandi Sundar Nagar Dharamsala Economy Agriculture Animal husbandry Industry Social services Transport Geography Lakes Rivers Climate Protected areas Highest point People The Great Khali 14th Dalai Lama Mohit Chauhan Prem Kumar Dhumal Anupam Kher Kangana Ranaut Preity Zinta Sukh Ram Anurag Thakur James Quinton Norah Richards Anuj Sharma Ruskin Bond Pratibha Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Virbhadra Singh Kaul Singh Thakur Shanta Kumar more Images Picture gallery Image gallery at Wikimedia Commons Others Bilaspur-- Manali-- Leh line Rohtang Tunnel Tourism Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chamba,_Himachal_Pradesh&oldid=850324089 '' Categories : 920 establishments Cities and towns in Chamba district Chamba, Himachal Pradesh 10th-century establishments in India Hidden categories: Use Indian English from April 2017 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles with short description Articles containing Hindi-language text Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2001 All articles containing potentially dated statements Coordinates on Wikidata Pages using infobox Hindu temple with unknown parameters Pages using infobox Hindu temple with multiple names Good articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikivoyage Languages Bân -lâm -gú Cebuano Deutsch Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी Italiano മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski संस्कृतम् Svenska اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 11 more Edit links This page was last edited on 15 July 2018, at 04:16 (UTC) . 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what was the impact of the glorious revolution on the 13 colonies

In 1685 , King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England , putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros . In 1688 , the colonies of New York , West Jersey , and East Jersey were added to the dominion . Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689 , after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II ; the former colonies were re-established . According to Guy Miller :

Thirteen colonies - wikipedia Thirteen colonies Jump to: navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged with History of the Thirteen Colonies . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017. Thirteen Colonies Part of British America (1607-- 1776) as Colonies of England (1607-- 1707) Colonies of Great Britain (1707-- 1776) 1607-- 1776 Flag of Great Britain (1707-- 1776) The thirteen colonies (shown in red) in 1775. Capital Administered from London , England Languages English German Dutch Indigenous languages Religion Mostly Christianity ( Puritanism Anglicanism Other Protestantism Roman Catholicism ), Minorities Judaism and Native American religion Government Colonial constitutional monarchy Monarch 1607-- 1625 James I & VI (first) 1760-- 1776 George III (last) History Roanoke Colony 1585 Virginia Colony 1607 New England 1620 King Charles II charter for Rhode Island and Providence Plantations 1663 Rupert's Land 1670 Treaty of Utrecht (1713) 1713 13th colony formed 1732 Independence declared 1776 Treaty of Paris 1783 Population 1625 est. 1,980 1775 est. 2,400,000 Currency Pound sterling Colonial money Bills of credit Commodity money Preceded by Succeeded by Pre-colonial North America New Netherland United States Today part of United States Part of a series on the History of the United States Timeline (hide) Prehistory Pre-colonial Colonial period 1776-- 1789 1789-- 1849 1849-- 1865 1865-- 1918 1918-- 1945 1945-- 1964 1964-- 1980 1980-- 1991 1991-- 2008 2008-- present By ethnicity (show) African American Asian American Chinese American Filipino American Japanese American Jewish American Mexican American Polish American By topic (show) Antisemitism Civil Rights 1896-- 1954 1955-- 1968 Civil War Culture Demographics Diplomacy Economics Historiography Labor Medicine Military Socialism Southern By state Frontier (Old West) Technology and industry Territory LGBT Women United States portal The Thirteen Colonies were a group of British colonies on the east coast of North America founded in the 17th and 18th centuries that declared independence in 1776 and formed the United States of America . The Thirteen Colonies had very similar political, constitutional, and legal systems, and were dominated by Protestant English-speakers. They were part of Britain's possessions in the New World , which also included colonies in Canada and the Caribbean, as well as East and West Florida . In the 18th century, the British government operated its colonies under a policy of mercantilism , in which the central government administered its possessions for the economic benefit of the mother country. However, the Thirteen Colonies had a high degree of self-governance and active local elections, and resisted London's demands for more control. In the 1750s, the colonies began collaborating with one another instead of dealing directly with Britain. These inter-colonial activities cultivated a sense of shared American identity and led to calls for protection of the colonists' `` Rights as Englishmen '' , especially the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' . Grievances with the British government led to the American Revolution , in which the colonies collaborated in forming a Continental Congress which declared independence in 1776 and fought the American Revolutionary War (1775-- 83) with the aid of France , the Dutch Republic , and Spain. Contents ( hide ) 1 The Thirteen Colonies 1.1 New England colonies 1.2 Middle colonies 1.3 Southern colonies 2 History 2.1 17th century 2.1.1 Southern colonies 2.1.2 New England 2.1.3 Middle Colonies 2.2 Early 18th century 2.3 French and Indian War 2.4 Growing dissent 2.5 American Revolution 3 Population 3.1 Slaves 3.2 Religion 3.3 Education 4 Government 4.1 Forms of government 4.2 British role 4.3 Self-government 4.4 Economic policy 5 Other British colonies 6 Historiography 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Further reading 9.1 Government 9.2 Primary sources 9.3 Online primary sources 10 External links The Thirteen colonies The first permanently settled English colony on the North American continent was the Colony and Dominion of Virginia , established 1607. The number 13 was complete with the establishment of the Province of Georgia in 1732, although the term `` Thirteen Colonies'' became current only in the context of the American Revolution . New England colonies Main article: New England colonies Province of New Hampshire , established in the 1620s, chartered as crown colony in 1679 Province of Massachusetts Bay , established in the 1620s, a crown colony 1692 Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations , established 1636, chartered as crown colony in 1663 Connecticut Colony , established 1636, chartered as crown colony in 1662 Middle colonies Main article: Middle Colonies Province of New York , proprietary colony 1664-- 1685, crown colony from 1686 Province of New Jersey , proprietary colony from 1664, crown colony from 1702 Province of Pennsylvania , a proprietary colony established 1681 Delaware Colony (before 1776, the Lower Counties on Delaware ), a proprietary colony established 1664 Southern colonies Main article: Southern Colonies Province of Maryland , a proprietary colony established 1632 Colony and Dominion of Virginia , a crown colony established 1607 Province of Carolina , a proprietary colony established 1663 Divided into the Province of North Carolina and Province of South Carolina in 1712, each became a crown colony in 1729 Province of Georgia , a crown colony established 1732 History Main article: History of the Thirteen Colonies See also: Colonial history of the United States , British colonization of the Americas , and Timeline of Colonial America 17th century The 1606 grants by James I to the London and Plymouth companies. The overlapping area (yellow) was granted to both companies on the stipulation that neither found a settlement within 100 miles (160 km) of each other. The location of the Jamestown Settlement is shown by `` J'' . Southern colonies The first successful English colony was Jamestown , established May 14, 1607 near Chesapeake Bay . The business venture was financed and coordinated by the London Virginia Company , a joint stock company looking for gold. Its first years were extremely difficult, with very high death rates from disease and starvation, wars with local Indians, and little gold. The colony survived and flourished by turning to tobacco as a cash crop . In 1632, King Charles I granted the charter for Province of Maryland to Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore . Calvert's father had been a prominent Catholic official who encouraged Catholic immigration to the English colonies. The charter offered no guidelines on religion. The Province of Carolina was the second attempted English settlement south of Virginia, the first being the failed attempt at Roanoke . It was a private venture, financed by a group of English Lords Proprietors who obtained a Royal Charter to the Carolinas in 1663, hoping that a new colony in the south would become profitable like Jamestown. Carolina was not settled until 1670, and even then the first attempt failed because there was no incentive for emigration to that area. Eventually, however, the Lords combined their remaining capital and financed a settlement mission to the area led by Sir John Colleton . The expedition located fertile and defensible ground at what became Charleston , originally Charles Town for Charles II of England . New England The Pilgrims were a small group of Puritan separatists who felt that they needed to physically distance themselves from the corrupt Church of England. After initially moving to the Netherlands, they decided to re-establish themselves in America. The initial Pilgrim settlers sailed to North America in 1620 on the Mayflower . Upon their arrival, they drew up the Mayflower Compact , by which they bound themselves together as a united community, thus establishing the small Plymouth Colony . William Bradford was their main leader. After its founding, other settlers traveled from England to join the colony. The non-separatist Puritans constituted a much larger group than the Pilgrims, and they established the Massachusetts Bay Colony in 1629 with 400 settlers. They sought to reform the Church of England by creating a new, pure church in the New World. By 1640, 20,000 had arrived ; many died soon after arrival, but the others found a healthy climate and an ample food supply. The Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay colonies together spawned other Puritan colonies in New England, including the New Haven , Saybrook , and Connecticut colonies. During the 17th century, the New Haven and Saybrook colonies were absorbed by Connecticut. Providence Plantation was founded in 1636 by Roger Williams on land provided by Narragansett sachem Canonicus . Williams was a Puritan who preached religious tolerance, separation of Church and State , and a complete break with the Church of England. He was banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony over theological disagreements, and he and other settlers founded Providence Plantation based on an egalitarian constitution providing for majority rule `` in civil things'' and `` liberty of conscience'' in religious matters. In 1637, a second group including Anne Hutchinson established a second settlement on Aquidneck Island , also known as Rhode Island. Other colonists settled to the north, mingling with adventurers and profit-oriented settlers to establish more religiously diverse colonies in New Hampshire and Maine . These small settlements were absorbed by Massachusetts when it made significant land claims in the 1640s and 1650s, but New Hampshire was eventually given a separate charter in 1679. Maine remained a part of Massachusetts until achieving statehood in 1820. In 1685, King James II of England closed the legislatures and consolidated the New England colonies into the Dominion of New England , putting the region under firm royal control of Governor Edmund Andros . In 1688, the colonies of New York, West Jersey, and East Jersey were added to the dominion. Andros was overthrown and the dominion was closed in 1689, after the Glorious Revolution deposed King James II; the former colonies were re-established. According to Guy Miller: The Rebellion of 1689 was the climax of the 60 year old struggle between the government in England and the Puritans of Massachusetts over the question of who was to rule the Bay colony. From its foundation in 1629 the colony had in fact been ruled by the ministers, who controlled church membership and, consequently, the franchise, and by the magistrates, who administered the state as the secular arm of the church. Middle colonies After the Second Anglo-Dutch War , the Dutch colony of New Netherland was taken over by the British and renamed New York. However, large numbers of Dutch remained in the colony, dominating the rural areas between New York City and Albany. Meanwhile, Yankees from New England started moving in, as did immigrants from Germany. New York City attracted a large polyglot population, including a large black slave population. In 1674, the proprietary colonies of East Jersey and West Jersey were created from lands formerly part of New York. Pennsylvania was founded in 1681 as a proprietary colony of Quaker William Penn . The main population elements included Quaker population based in Philadelphia, a Scotch Irish population on the Western frontier, and numerous German colonies in between. Philadelphia became the largest city in the colonies with its central location, excellent port, and a population of about 30,000. Early 18th century In 1702, East and West Jersey were combined to form the Province of New Jersey . Due to their remoteness from each other, the northern and southern sections of the Carolina colony operated more or less independently until 1691, when Philip Ludwell was appointed governor of the entire province. From that time until 1708, the northern and southern settlements remained under one government. However, during this period, the two halves of the province began increasingly to be known as North Carolina and South Carolina. In 1712, Carolina was divided into two colonies: the Province of South Carolina and the Province of North Carolina . In the 1730s, James Oglethorpe , a Member of Parliament , proposed that the area south of the Carolinas be colonized with the `` worthy poor'' of England, to provide an alternative to the overcrowded debtors' prisons. Oglethorpe and other English philanthropists secured a royal charter as the Trustees of the colony of Georgia on June 9, 1732. French and Indian war The French and Indian War (1754-- 1763) was the American extension of the general European conflict known as the Seven Years' War . Previous colonial wars in North America had started in Europe and then spread to the colonies, but the French and Indian War is notable for having started in North America and spread to Europe. One of the primary causes of the war was increasing competition between Britain and France, especially in the Great Lakes and Ohio valley. The French and Indian War took on a new significance for the British North American colonists when William Pitt the Elder decided that major military resources needed to be devoted to North America in order to win the war against France. For the first time, the continent became one of the main theaters of what could be termed a `` world war '' . During the war, the position of the British colonies as part of the British Empire was made truly apparent, as British military and civilian officials took on an increased presence in the lives of Americans. The war also increased a sense of American unity in other ways. It caused men to travel across the continent who might otherwise have never left their own colony, fighting alongside men from decidedly different backgrounds who were nonetheless still `` American'' . Throughout the course of the war, British officers trained American ones for battle, most notably George Washington , which benefited the American cause during the Revolution. Also, colonial legislatures and officials had to cooperate intensively, for the first time, in pursuit of the continent-wide military effort. The relations between the British military establishment and the colonists were not always positive, setting the stage for later distrust and dislike of British troops. Territorial changes following the French and Indian War: land held by the British before 1763 is shown in red, land gained by Britain in 1763 is shown in pink. In the Treaty of Paris (1763) , France formally ceded to Britain the eastern part of its vast North American empire, having secretly given to Spain the territory of Louisiana west of the Mississippi River the previous year. Before the war, Britain held the thirteen American colonies, most of present-day Nova Scotia , and most of the Hudson Bay watershed. Following the war, Britain gained all French territory east of the Mississippi River, including Quebec, the Great Lakes, and the Ohio River valley. Britain also gained Spanish Florida , from which it formed the colonies of East and West Florida . In removing a major foreign threat to the thirteen colonies, the war also largely removed the colonists' need of colonial protection. The British and colonists triumphed jointly over a common foe. The colonists' loyalty to the mother country was stronger than ever before. However, disunity was beginning to form. British Prime Minister William Pitt the Elder had decided to wage the war in the colonies with the use of troops from the colonies and tax funds from Britain itself. This was a successful wartime strategy but, after the war was over, each side believed that it had borne a greater burden than the other. The British elite, the most heavily taxed of any in Europe, pointed out angrily that the colonists paid little to the royal coffers. The colonists replied that their sons had fought and died in a war that served European interests more than their own. This dispute was a link in the chain of events that soon brought about the American Revolution. Growing dissent The British sought to maintain peaceful relations with those Indian tribes that had allied with the French, to keep them separated from the American frontiersmen. To this end, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 restricted settlement west of the Appalachian Mountains , as this was designated an Indian Reserve . Some groups of settlers disregarded the proclamation, continuing to move west and establish farms. The proclamation was soon modified and was no longer a hindrance to settlement, but the fact angered the colonists that it had been promulgated without their prior consultation. Join, or Die by Benjamin Franklin was recycled to encourage the former colonies to unite against British rule. Americans insisted on the principle of `` no taxation without representation '' beginning with the intense protests over the Stamp Act of 1765 , representation being understood in the context of Parliament directly levying the duty or excise tax, and thus by-passing the colonial legislatures, which had levied taxes on the colonies in the monarch's stead prior to 1763. They argued that the colonies had no representation in the British Parliament, so it was a violation of their rights as Englishmen for taxes to be imposed upon them. The other British colonies that had assemblies largely agreed with those in the Thirteen Colonies, but they were thoroughly controlled by the British Empire and the Royal Navy , so protests were hopeless. Parliament rejected the colonial protests and asserted its authority by passing new taxes. Trouble escalated over the tea tax, as Americans in each colony boycotted the tea, and those in Boston dumped the tea in the harbor during the Boston Tea Party in 1773. Tensions escalated in 1774 as Parliament passed the laws known as the Intolerable Acts , which greatly restricted self-government in the colony of Massachusetts, among other things. American Revolution Map of the Thirteen Colonies in 1775 In response, the colonies formed extralegal bodies of elected representatives, generally known as Provincial Congresses . Colonists emphasized their determination by boycotting imports of British merchandise. Later in 1774, twelve colonies sent representatives to the First Continental Congress in Philadelphia . During the Second Continental Congress , the thirteenth colony (Georgia) sent delegates, as well. By spring 1775, all royal officials had been expelled from all thirteen colonies. The Continental Congress became a national government. It raised an army to fight the British and named George Washington its commander, made treaties, declared independence, and recommended that the colonies write constitutions and become states. In 1776, the Thirteen Colonies declared their independence from Britain. With the help of France and Spain, the Thirteen Colonies defeated the British in the American Revolutionary War. In the 1783 Treaty of Paris , Britain recognized the independence of Thirteen Colonies, which became known as the United States. Population Population of the American colonies Year Population 1625 1,980 1641 50,000 1688 200,000 1702 270,000 1715 435,000 1749 1,000,000 1754 1,500,000 1765 2,200,000 1775 2,400,000 The colonial population rose to a quarter of a million during the 17th century, and to nearly 2.5 million on the eve of the American revolution. Perkins (1988) notes the importance of good health for the growth of the colonies: `` Fewer deaths among the young meant that a higher proportion of the population reached reproductive age, and that fact alone helps to explain why the colonies grew so rapidly.'' There were, of course, many other reasons for the population growth besides good health, such as the Great Migration . By 1776, about 85% of the white population's ancestry originated in the British Isles (English, Irish, Scottish, Welsh), 9% of German origin, 4% Dutch and 2% Huguenot French and other minorities. Over 90% were farmers, with several small cities that were also seaports linking the colonial economy to the larger British Empire. These populations continued to grow at a rapid rate during the late 18th and early 19th centuries, primarily because of high birth rates and relatively low death rates. Immigration was a minor factor from 1774 to 1830. Slaves Main article: Slavery in the colonial United States Slavery was legal and practiced in many of the Thirteen Colonies. In most places, it involved house servants or farm workers. It was of economic importance in the export-oriented tobacco plantations of Virginia and Maryland and on the rice and indigo plantations of South Carolina. About 287,000 slaves were imported into the Thirteen Colonies over a period of 160 years, or 2% of the estimated 12 million taken from Africa to the Americas via the Atlantic slave trade . The great majority went to sugar colonies in the Caribbean and to Brazil, where life expectancy was short and the numbers had to be continually replenished. By the mid-18th century, life expectancy was much higher in the American colonies. Slaves imported into Colonial America 1620-- 1700 1701-- 1760 1761-- 1770 1771-- 1780 total 21,000 189,000 63,000 15,000 287,000 The numbers grew rapidly through a very high birth rate and low mortality rate, reaching nearly four million by the 1860 census . From 1770 until 1860, the rate of natural growth of North American slaves was much greater than for the population of any nation in Europe, and was nearly twice as rapid as that in England. Religion Protestantism was the predominant religion in the Thirteen Colonies. There were also Catholics, Jews and deists. A large fraction had no religious connection. The Anglican Church or Church of England was officially established in most of the South; It was disestablished at the time of the American Revolution. As the Puritan movement became the Congregational denomination, it was the established religion in Massachusetts and Connecticut until well into the 19th century. In practice this meant that tax revenues were allocated to church expenses. The Anglican parishes in the South were under the control of local vestries, and had public functions, such as repair of the roads and relief of the poor. The colonies were religiously diverse, with Protestant denominations brought by British, German, Dutch, and other immigrants. The Reformed tradition was the foundation for Presbyterian , Congregationalist , and Continental Reformed denominations. The Dutch Reformed Church was strong among Dutch Americans in New York and New Jersey, while Lutheranism was prevalent among German immigrants . Germans also brought diverse forms of Anabaptism , especially the Mennonite variety. Baptist preacher Roger Williams founded Providence Plantations which became Rhode Island . Jews were clustered in a few port cities. The Baltimore family founded Maryland and brought in fellow Catholics from England. Presbyterians were chiefly immigrants from Scotland and Ulster, and favored the back country and frontier districts. Quakers were well established in Pennsylvania, where they controlled the governorship and for many years the legislature. Quakers were also numerous in Rhode Island. Baptists and Methodists were growing rapidly during the First Great Awakening of the 1740s. In Virginia the Baptists posed a challenge to the landed elites. Many of the denominations sponsored missions to the local Indians. In contrast a Catholic candidate, the number of conversions was relatively small. Education Higher education was available for young men in the North, and most students were aspiring Protestant ministers. The oldest colleges were Harvard College , College of New Jersey (Princeton) , Yale College , and College of Rhode Island (Brown) . Others were King's College (Columbia) , the College of Philadelphia (University of Pennsylvania) , and Dartmouth College in New Hampshire. South of Philadelphia, there was only the College of William and Mary which trained the secular elite in Virginia, especially aspiring lawyers. Most New England towns sponsored public schools for boys, but public schooling was rare elsewhere. Girls were educated at home or by small local private schools, and they had no access to college. Aspiring physicians and lawyers typically learned as apprentices to an established practitioner, although some young men went to medical schools in Scotland. Government Main article: Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Forms of government The three forms of colonial government in 1776 were provincial ( royal colony ), proprietary, and charter. These governments were all subordinate to the King of England, with no explicit relationship with the British Parliament . Beginning late in the 17th century, the administration of all British colonies was overseen by the Board of Trade in London. The provincial colony was governed by commissions created at pleasure of the king. A governor and (in some provinces) his council were appointed by the crown. The governor was invested with general executive powers and authorized to call a locally elected assembly. The governor's council would sit as an upper house when the assembly was in session, in addition to its role in advising the governor. Assemblies were made up of representatives elected by the freeholders and planters (landowners) of the province. The governor had the power of absolute veto and could prorogue (i.e., delay) and dissolve the assembly. The assembly's role was to make all local laws and ordinances, ensuring that they were not inconsistent with the laws of England. In practice, this did not always occur, since many of the provincial assemblies sought to expand their powers and limit those of the governor and crown. Laws could be examined by the British Privy Council or Board of Trade, which also held veto power of legislation. New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, and eventually Massachusetts were crown colonies. Proprietary colonies were governed much as royal colonies except that lord proprietors, rather than the king, appointed the governor. They were set up after the Restoration of 1660 and typically enjoyed greater civil and religious liberty. Pennsylvania (which included Delaware), New Jersey, and Maryland were proprietary colonies. Charter governments were political corporations created by letters patent , giving the grantees control of the land and the powers of legislative government. The charters provided a fundamental constitution and divided powers among legislative, executive, and judicial functions, with those powers being vested in officials. Massachusetts, Providence Plantation, Rhode Island, Warwick, and Connecticut were charter colonies. The Massachusetts charter was revoked in 1684 and was replaced by a provincial charter that was issued in 1691. British role After 1680, the royal government in London took an increasing interest in the affairs of the colonies, which were growing rapidly in population and wealth. In 1680, only Virginia was a royal colony; by 1720, half were under the control of royal governors. These governors were appointees closely tied to the government in London. Historians before the 1880s emphasized American nationalism. However, scholarship after that time was heavily influenced by the `` Imperial school'' led by Herbert L. Osgood , George Louis Beer , Charles McLean Andrews , and Lawrence H. Gipson . This viewpoint dominated colonial historiography into the 1940s, and they emphasized and often praised the attention that London gave to all the colonies. In this view, there was never a threat (before the 1770s) that any colony would revolt or seek independence. Self-government British settlers did not come to the American colonies with the intention of creating a democratic system; yet they quickly created a broad electorate without a land-owning aristocracy, along with a pattern of free elections which put a strong emphasis on voter participation. The colonies offered a much freer degree of suffrage than England or indeed any other country. Any property owner could vote for members of the lower house of the legislature, and they could even vote for the governor in Connecticut and Rhode Island. Voters were required to hold an `` interest'' in society; as the South Carolina legislature said in 1716, `` it is necessary and reasonable, that none but such persons will have an interest in the Province should be capable to elect members of the Commons House of Assembly'' . The main legal criterion for having an `` interest'' was ownership of real estate property, which was uncommon in Britain, where 19 out of 20 men were controlled politically by their landlords. (Women, children, indentured servants, and slaves were subsumed under the interest of the family head.) London insisted on this requirement for the colonies, telling governors to exclude from the ballot men who were not freeholders-- that is, those who did not own land. Nevertheless, land was so widely owned that 50% to 80% of the men were eligible to vote. The colonial political culture emphasized deference, so that local notables were the men who ran and were chosen. But sometimes they competed with each other and had to appeal to the common man for votes. There were no political parties, and would-be legislators formed ad-hoc coalitions of their families, friends, and neighbors. Outside of Puritan New England, election day brought in all the men from the countryside to the county seat to make merry, politick, shake hands with the grandees, meet old friends, and hear the speeches-- all the while toasting, eating, treating, tippling, and gambling. They voted by shouting their choice to the clerk, as supporters cheered or booed. Candidate George Washington spent £ 39 for treats for his supporters. The candidates knew that they had to `` swill the planters with bumbo'' (rum). Elections were carnivals where all men were equal for one day and traditional restraints were relaxed. The actual rate of voting ranged from 20% to 40% of all adult white males. The rates were higher in Pennsylvania and New York, where long-standing factions based on ethnic and religious groups mobilized supporters at a higher rate. New York and Rhode Island developed long-lasting two-faction systems that held together for years at the colony level, but they did not reach into local affairs. The factions were based on the personalities of a few leaders and an array of family connections, and they had little basis in policy or ideology. Elsewhere the political scene was in a constant whirl, based on personality rather than long-lived factions or serious disputes on issues. The colonies were independent of one other long before 1774; indeed, all the colonies began as separate and unique settlements or plantations. Further, efforts had failed to form a colonial union through the Albany Congress of 1754 led by Benjamin Franklin . The thirteen all had well-established systems of self-government and elections based on the Rights of Englishmen which they were determined to protect from imperial interference. Economic policy The British Empire at the time operated under the mercantile system , where all trade was concentrated inside the Empire, and trade with other empires was forbidden. The goal was to enrich Britain-- its merchants and its government. Whether the policy was good for the colonists was not an issue in London, but Americans became increasingly restive with mercantilist policies. Mercantilism meant that the government and the merchants became partners with the goal of increasing political power and private wealth, to the exclusion of other empires. The government protected its merchants-- and kept others out-- by trade barriers, regulations, and subsidies to domestic industries in order to maximize exports from and minimize imports to the realm. The government had to fight smuggling-- which became a favorite American technique in the 18th century to circumvent the restrictions on trading with the French, Spanish or Dutch. The tactic used by mercantilism was to run trade surpluses, so that gold and silver would pour into London. The government took its share through duties and taxes, with the remainder going to merchants in Britain. The government spent much of its revenue on a superb Royal Navy , which not only protected the British colonies but threatened the colonies of the other empires, and sometimes seized them. Thus the British Navy captured New Amsterdam (New York) in 1664. The colonies were captive markets for British industry, and the goal was to enrich the mother country. Britain implemented mercantilism by trying to block American trade with the French, Spanish, or Dutch empires using the Navigation Acts , which Americans avoided as often as they could. The royal officials responded to smuggling with open-ended search warrants ( Writs of Assistance ). In 1761, Boston lawyer James Otis argued that the writs violated the constitutional rights of the colonists. He lost the case, but John Adams later wrote, `` Then and there the child Independence was born.'' However, the colonists took pains to argue that they did not oppose British regulation of their external trade; they only opposed legislation which affected them internally. Other British colonies Main article: British America British colonies in North America, c. 1750 . Newfoundland Nova Scotia Thirteen Colonies Bermuda Bahamas British Honduras (was Spanish c. 1750: became British in 1798) Jamaica British Leeward Islands and Barbados Besides these thirteen colonies, Britain had another dozen in the New World . Those in the British West Indies , Newfoundland , the Province of Quebec , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , Bermuda , and East and West Florida remained loyal to the crown throughout the war (although Spain reacquired Florida before the war was over). There was a certain degree of sympathy with the Patriot cause in several of the other colonies, but their geographical isolation and the dominance of British naval power precluded any effective participation. The British crown had only recently acquired those lands, and many of the issues facing the Thirteen Colonies did not apply to them, especially in the case of Quebec and Florida. At the time of the war Britain had seven other colonies on the Atlantic coast of North America: Newfoundland , Rupert's Land (the area around the Hudson Bay ), Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, East Florida, West Florida, and the Province of Quebec. There were other colonies in the Americas as well, largely in the British West Indies. These colonies remained loyal to the crown. Newfoundland stayed loyal to Britain without question. It was exempt from the Navigation Acts and shared none of the grievances of the continental colonies. It was tightly bound to Britain and controlled by the Royal Navy and had no assembly that could voice grievances. Nova Scotia had a large Yankee element that had recently arrived from New England, and shared the sentiments of the Americans about demanding the rights of the British men. The royal government in Halifax reluctantly allowed the Yankees of Nova Scotia a kind of `` neutrality.'' In any case, the island-like geography and the presence of the major British naval base at Halifax made the thought of armed resistance impossible. Quebec was inhabited by French Catholic settlers who came under British control in the previous decade. The Quebec Act of 1774 gave them formal cultural autonomy within the empire, and many priests feared the intense Protestantism in New England. The American grievances over taxation had little relevance, and there was no assembly nor elections of any kind that could have mobilized any grievances. Even so, the Americans offered membership in the new nation and sent a military expedition that failed to capture Canada in 1775. Most Canadians remained neutral but some joined the American cause. In the West Indies the elected assemblies of Jamaica, Grenada , and Barbados formally declared their sympathies for the American cause and called for mediation, but the others were quite loyal. Britain carefully avoided antagonizing the rich owners of sugar plantations (many of whom lived in London); in turn the planters' greater dependence on slavery made them recognize the need for British military protection from possible slave revolts. The possibilities for overt action were sharply limited by the overwhelming power of Royal Navy in the islands. During the war there was some opportunistic trading with American ships. In Bermuda and the Bahamas local leaders were angry at the food shortages caused by British blockade of American ports. There was increasing sympathy for the American cause, including smuggling, and both colonies were considered `` passive allies'' of the United States throughout the war. When an American naval squadron arrived in the Bahamas to seize gunpowder, the colony gave no resistance at all. East Florida and West Florida were territories transferred from Spain to Britain after the French and Indian War by treaty. The few British colonists there needed protection from attacks by Indians and Spanish privateers. After 1775, East Florida became a major base for the British war effort in the South, especially in the invasions of Georgia and South Carolina. However, Spain seized Pensacola in West Florida in 1781, then recovered both territories in the Treaty of Paris that ended the war in 1783. Spain ultimately transferred the Florida provinces to the United States in 1819. Historiography Further information: Historiography of the British Empire The first British empire centered on the 13 American colonies, which attracted large numbers of settlers from Britain. The `` Imperial School'' in the 1900s-- 1930s period took a favorable view of the benefits of empire, emphasizing its successful economic integration. The Imperial School included such historians as Herbert L. Osgood, George Louis Beer, Charles M. Andrews , and Lawrence Gipson . The shock of Britain's defeat in 1783 caused a radical revision of their policies on colonialism, thereby producing what historians call the end of the First British Empire; of course, Britain still owned Canada and some islands in the West Indies. Ashley Jackson writes: The first British Empire was largely destroyed by the loss of the American colonies, followed by a `` swing to the east'' and the foundation of a second British Empire based on commercial and territorial expansion in South Asia. Much of the historiography concerns the reasons why the Americans rebelled in the 1770s and successfully broke away. Since the 1960s, the mainstream of historiography emphasizes the growth of American consciousness and nationalism, and its Republican value system in opposition to the aristocratic viewpoint of British leaders. In the analysis of the coming of the Revolution, historians in recent decades have mostly used one of three approaches. The Atlantic history view places the American story in a broader context, including revolutions in France and Haiti. It tends to integrate the historiographies of the American Revolution and the British Empire. The `` new social history '' approach looks at community social structure to find cleavages that were magnified into colonial cleavages. The ideological approach centers on Republicanism in the United States. Republicanism dictated that there would be no royalty or aristocracy or national church. It did permit continuation of the British common law, which American lawyers and jurists understood, approved of, and used in their everyday practice. Historians have examined how the rising American legal profession adapted the British common law to incorporate republicanism by selective revision of legal customs and by introducing more choice for courts. See also British Empire portal United States portal North America portal Atlantic history British America British colonization of the Americas Colonial American military history Colonial government in the Thirteen Colonies Colonial history of the United States Colonial South and the Chesapeake Credit in the Thirteen Colonies Cuisine of the Thirteen Colonies History of the United States (1776-- 89) State cessions , post-- Revolutionary War resolution of conflicting colonial land claims between the 13 former colonies Notes ^ Jump up to: U.S. Bureau of the Census, A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth, 1790-- 1900 (1909) p. 9. Jump up ^ Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard, Colonial America: A History to 1763 (4th ed. 2011), Jump up ^ The number 13 is mentioned as early as 1720 by Abel Boyer , The Political State of Great Britain vol. 19, p. 376 : `` so in this Country we have Thirteen Colonies at least severally govern'd by their repective Commanders in Chief, according to their peculiar Laws and Constitutions.'' This includes Carolina as a single colony, and does not include Georgia, but instead counts Nova Scotia and Newfoundland as British colonies. Early use of the term `` thirteen colonies'' in this context date to the American Revolution, for example John Roebuck , An Enquiry, Whether the Guilt of the Present Civil War in America, Ought to be Imputed to Great Britain Or America , p. 21 : `` though the colonies be thus absolutely subject to the parliament of England, the individuals of which the colony consist, may enjoy security, and freedom; there is not a single inhabitant, of the thirteen colonies, now in arms, but who may be conscious of the truth of this assertion'' . The critical review, or annals of literature vol. 48 (1779), p. 136 : `` during the last war, no part of his majesty's dominions contained a greater proportion of faithful subjects than the Thirteen Colonies. This being the case he (the writer) asks, how can it happen, that a people so lately loyal, should so suddenly become universally disloyal, and firmly attached to republican government'' . ^ Jump up to: Alan Taylor, American Colonies, , 2001. Jump up ^ Ronald L. Heinemann, Old Dominion, New Commonwealth: A History of Virginia, 1607-- 2007 , 2008. Jump up ^ Sparks, Jared (1846). The Library of American Biography: George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore . Boston: Charles C. Little and James Brown. pp. 16-- . Jump up ^ Robert M. Weir, Colonial South Carolina: A History (1983). Jump up ^ Nathaniel Philbrick, Mayflower: A Story of Courage, Community, and War Paperback (2007). Jump up ^ Francis J. Bremer, The Puritan Experiment: New England Society from Bradford to Edwards (1995). Jump up ^ Benjamin Woods Labaree, Colonial Massachusetts: a history (1979) Jump up ^ Michael G. Hall, Lawrence H. Leder, Michael Kammen, eds. (1 December 2012). The Glorious Revolution in America: Documents on the Colonial Crisis of 1689 . UNC Press Books. pp. 3, 4, 39. ISBN 978-0-8078-3866-2 . CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Guy Howard Miller, `` Rebellion in Zion: The Overthrow of the Dominion of New England.'' Historian 30#3 (1968): 439-459. online Jump up ^ Michael G. Kammen, Colonial New York: A History (1974). Jump up ^ John E. Pomfret, Colonial New Jersey: A History (1973). Jump up ^ Joseph E. Illick, Colonial Pennsylvania: a history (1976). Jump up ^ Russell F. Weigley, ed., Philadelphia: a 300 year history (1982). excerpt Jump up ^ Colonial charters, grants and related documents ^ Jump up to: Fred Anderson, The War That Made America: A Short History of the French and Indian War (2006) Jump up ^ Colin G. Calloway, The Scratch of a Pen: 1763 and the Transformation of North America (2006), pp 92-- 98 Jump up ^ W.J. Rorabaugh, Donald T. Critchlow, Paula C. Baker (2004). `` America's promise: a concise history of the United States '' . Rowman & Littlefield. p.92. ISBN 0-7425-1189-8 Jump up ^ Woody Holton, `` The Ohio Indians and the coming of the American revolution in Virginia'' , Journal of Southern History , (1994) 60#3 pp. 453-- 78 Jump up ^ J.R. Pole, Political Representation in England and the Origins of the American Republic (London; Melbourne: Macmillan, 1966), 31, https://www.questia.com/read/89805613 . Jump up ^ Donald William Meinig. The Shaping of America: Atlantic America, 1492-- 1800 (1986), p. 315; Greene and Pole, eds. ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution (2004), ch. 63 Jump up ^ T.H. Breen, American Insurgents, American Patriots: The Revolution of the People (2010) pp 81-- 82 Jump up ^ Robert Middlekauff , The Glorious Cause: The American Revolution, 1763-- 1789 (Oxford History of the United States) (2007) Jump up ^ Note: the population figures are estimates by historians; they do not include the Indian tribes outside the jurisdiction of the colonies. They do include Indians living under colonial control, as well as slaves and indentured servants. U.S. Bureau of the Census, A century of population growth from the first census of the United States to the twelfth, 1790-- 1900 (1909) p. 9 Jump up ^ Edwin J. Perkins (1988). The Economy of Colonial America . Columbia UP. p. 7. Jump up ^ Smith, Daniel Scott (1972). `` The Demographic History of Colonial New England'' . The Journal of Economic History . 32 (1): 165-- 83. doi : 10.1017/S0022050700075458 . JSTOR 2117183 . PMID 11632252 . Jump up ^ Betty Wood, Slavery in Colonial America, 1619-- 1776 (2013) excerpt and text search Jump up ^ Paul Finkelman (2006). Encyclopedia of African American History, 1619-1895 . Oxford UP. pp. 2:156. Jump up ^ Source: Miller and Smith, eds. Dictionary of American Slavery (1988) p . 678 Jump up ^ Stephen Foster, The Long Argument: English Puritanism and the Shaping of New England Culture, 1570-1700; (1996). Jump up ^ Patricia U. Bonomi, Under the cope of heaven: Religion, society, and politics in Colonial America (2003). Jump up ^ Sister M. Rita, `` Catholicism in colonial Maryland,'' Records of the American Catholic Historical Society of Philadelphia 51#1 (1940) pp. 65-83 Online Jump up ^ Bryan F. Le Beau, Jonathan Dickinson and the Formative Years of American Presbyterianism (2015). Jump up ^ Gary B. Nash, Quakers and Politics: Pennsylvania, 1681-1726 (1993). Jump up ^ Thomas S. Kidd, and Barry Hankins, Baptists in America: A History (2015) ch 1. Jump up ^ Rhys Isaac, `` Evangelical Revolt: The Nature of the Baptists' Challenge to the Traditional Order in Virginia, 1765 to 1775.'' William and Mary Quarterly (1974): 346-368. online Jump up ^ Laura M. Stevens, The poor Indians: British missionaries, Native Americans, and colonial sensibility (2010). Jump up ^ Wayne J. Urban and Jennings L. Wagoner Jr., American Education: A History (5th ed. 2013) pp 11-54. Jump up ^ John Andrew Doyle, English Colonies in America: Volume IV The Middle Colonies (1907) online Jump up ^ Louise Phelps Kellogg, The American colonial charter (1904) online Jump up ^ Max Savelle, `` The Imperial School of American Colonial Historians'' . Indiana Magazine of History (1949): 123-134 in JSTOR also online ^ Jump up to: Robert J. Dinkin, Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689-- 1776 (1977) Jump up ^ Thomas Cooper and David James McCord, eds. The Statutes at Large of South Carolina: Acts, 1685-- 1716 (1837) p 688 Jump up ^ Alexander Keyssar, The Right to Vote (2000) pp 5-- 8 Jump up ^ Daniel Vickers, A Companion to Colonial America (2006) p. 300 Jump up ^ Greene and Pole, eds. (2004), p. 665 Jump up ^ Max Savelle, Seeds of Liberty: The Genesis of the American Mind (2005) pp. 204-- 211 Jump up ^ George Otto Trevelyan, The American revolution: Volume 1 (1899) p. 128 online Jump up ^ William R. Nester, The Great Frontier War: Britain, France, and the Imperial Struggle for North America, 1607-- 1755 (Praeger, 2000) p, 54. Jump up ^ Stephens, Unreasonable Searches and Seizures (2006) p. 306 Jump up ^ Jack P. Greene and J.R. Pole, eds. ' `` A Companion to the American Revolution (2004) ch. 63 Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson, The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes, 1936-- 1970), highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World in the 1750s and 1760s Jump up ^ Lawrence Gipson, The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes, 1936-- 1970) Jump up ^ Meinig pp. 313-- 14; Greene and Pole (2004) ch. 61 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 314-- 15; Greene and Pole (2004) ch 61 Jump up ^ Andrew Jackson O'Shaughnessy , An Empire Divided: The American Revolution and the British Caribbean (2000) ch 6 Jump up ^ Meinig pp 315-- 16; Greene and Pole (2004) ch 63 Jump up ^ Meinig p 316 Jump up ^ P.J. Marshall, ed. The Oxford History of the British Empire: Volume II: The Eighteenth Century (2001) Jump up ^ Robert L. Middlekauff, `` The American Continental Colonies in the Empire'' , in Robin Winks, ed., The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966) pp 23-45. Jump up ^ William G. Shade, `` Lawrence Henry Gipson's Empire: The Critics'' . Pennsylvania History (1969): 49-69 online . Jump up ^ Brendan Simms, Three victories and a defeat: the rise and fall of the first British Empire 2008 Jump up ^ Ashley Jackson (2013). The British Empire: A Very Short Introduction . Oxford UP. p. 72. Jump up ^ Ian Tyrrell, `` Making Nations/Making States: American Historians in the Context of Empire'' , Journal of American History , (1999) 86#3 pp:. 1015-1044 in JSTOR Jump up ^ Winks, Historiography 5:95 Jump up ^ Francis D. Cogliano, `` Revisiting the American Revolution'' , History Compass (2010) 8#8 pp 951-963. Jump up ^ Eliga H. Gould, Peter S. Onuf, eds. Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World (2005) Jump up ^ David Kennedy; Lizabeth Cohen (2015). American Pageant . Cengage Learning. p. 156. Jump up ^ Ellen Holmes Pearson. `` Revising Custom, Embracing Choice: Early American Legal Scholars and the Republicanization of the Common Law'' , in Gould and Onuf, eds. Empire and Nation: The American Revolution in the Atlantic World (2005) pp 93-113 Jump up ^ Anton-Hermann Chroust , Rise of the Legal Profession in America (1965) vol 2. Further reading Adams, James Truslow (1922). The Founding of New England . Atlantic Monthly Press; full text online. Adams, James Truslow. Revolutionary New England, 1691-- 1776 (1923) Andrews, Charles M. The Colonial Period of American History (4 vol. 1934-- 38), the standard political overview to 1700 Carr, J. Revell (2008). Seeds of Discontent: The Deep Roots of the American Revolution, 1650-1750 . Walker Books. Chitwood, Oliver. A history of colonial America (1961), older textbook Cooke, Jacob Ernest et al., ed. Encyclopedia of the North American Colonies. (3 vol. 1993); 2397 pp.; comprehensive coverage; compares British, French, Spanish & Dutch colonies Elliott, John (2006). Empires of the Atlantic World: Britain and Spain in America 1492-1830 . Yale University Press. Foster, Stephen, ed. British North America in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries (2014) DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199206124.001.0001 online Gipson, Lawrence. The British Empire Before the American Revolution (15 volumes, 1936-- 1970), Pulitzer Prize; highly detailed discussion of every British colony in the New World Greene, Evarts Boutelle et al., American Population before the Federal Census of 1790 , 1993, ISBN 0-8063-1377-3 Greene, Evarts Boutell (1905). Provincial America, 1690-- 1740 . Harper & brothers; full text online. Hawke, David F.; The Colonial Experience ; 1966, ISBN 0-02-351830-8 . older textbook Hawke, David F. Everyday Life in Early America (1989) excerpt and text search Middlekauf, Robert (2005). The Glorious Cause: the American Revolution, 1763-1789 . Oxford University Press. Middleton, Richard, and Anne Lombard. Colonial America: A History to 1763 (4th ed. 2011), the newest textbook excerpt and text search Richter, Daniel (2011). Before the Revolution : America's ancient pasts . Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press. Taylor, Alan. American colonies (2002), 526 pages; recent survey by leading scholar Taylor, Alan. American Revolutions: A Continental History, 1750-1804 (2016) recent survey by leading scholar Vickers, Daniel, ed. A Companion to Colonial America. (Blackwell, 2003) 576 pp.; topical essays by experts excerpt Government Andrews, Charles M. Colonial Self-Government, 1652-- 1689 (1904) full text online Dinkin, Robert J. Voting in Provincial America: A Study of Elections in the Thirteen Colonies, 1689-- 1776 (1977) Miller, John C. Origins of the American Revolution (1943) Osgood, Herbert L. The American colonies in the seventeenth century, (3 vol 1904-07)' vol. 1 online ; vol 2 online ; vol 3 online Osgood, Herbert L. The American colonies in the eighteenth century (4 vols, 1924-- 25) Primary sources Kavenagh, W. Keith, ed. Foundations of Colonial America: a Documentary History (6 vol. 1974) Sarson, Steven, and Jack P. Greene, eds. 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where was the first railway line laid in india

India 's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832 . The Red Hill Railway , the country 's first train , ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837 . It was hauled by a rotary steam - engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery . Built by Arthur Cotton , the railway was primarily used to transport granite stone for road - building work in Madras . In 1845 , the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry . Also built by Cotton , it supplied stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River .

History of rail transport in India - wikipedia History of rail transport in India Jump to: navigation , search This article is part of the History of rail transport series. Rail transport in India began during the early nineteenth century. Contents ( hide ) 1 1832-- 1852: Industrial railways 2 1853-- 1924: Passenger railways and expansion 3 1925-- 1950: Electrification and further expansion 4 1951-- 1983: Zonal re-organisation and further developments 5 1984-- Present: Rapid Transit and Later Developments 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links 1832-- 1852: industrial Railways ( edit ) India 's first railway proposals were made in Madras in 1832. The Red Hill Railway, the country's first train, ran from Red Hills to Chintadripet bridge in Madras in 1837. It was hauled by a rotary steam-engine locomotive manufactured by William Avery. Built by Arthur Cotton , the railway was primarily used to transport granite stone for road-building work in Madras. In 1845, the Godavari Dam Construction Railway was built at Dowleswaram in Rajahmundry . Also built by Cotton, it supplied stone for the construction of a dam over the Godavari River . On 8 May 1845, the Madras Railway was incorporated, followed that year by the East India Railway . On 1 August 1849, the Great Indian Peninsular Railway was incorporated by an act of parliament. The `` guarantee system'' , providing free land and a guaranteed five-percent rate of return to private English companies willing to build railways, was finalized on 17 August 1849. In 1851, the Solani Aqueduct Railway was built in Roorkee . It was hauled by the Thomason steam locomotive, named after a British officer-in-charge of that name. The railway transported construction materials for an aqueduct over the Solani River. In 1852, the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated. In 1852 the Madras Guaranteed Railway Company was incorporated. 1853-- 1924: passenger Railways and expansion ( edit ) India's first passenger train, between Bombay and Thane , in 1853 The country's first passenger train, which ran between Bombay 's Bori Bunder station and Thane on 16 April 1853, was dedicated by Lord Dalhousie. The 14-carriage train was hauled by three steam locomotives: the Sahib , Sindh , and Sultan . Travelling 34 kilometres (21 mi), the train carried 400 people. The passenger line was built and operated by the Great Indian Peninsula Railway (GIPR). It was built in 1,676 mm ( 5 ft 6 in ) broad gauge , which became the country's standard for railways. The first passenger train in eastern India ran from Howrah (near Calcutta ) to Hoogly , a distance of 24 miles (39 km), on 15 August 1854. The line was built and operated by the East Indian Railway Company (EIR). In May 1854, the Bombay-Thane line was extended to Kalyan with the Dapoorie viaduct over the Ulhas River (India's first railway bridge ). That year, the GIPR opened its first workshops in Byculla. In 1855, the BB&CI Railway was incorporated. That August, the EIR Express and Fairy Queen steam locomotives were introduced. South India's first passenger train ran from Royapuram -Veyasarapady (Madras) to Wallajah Road in Arcot , a distance of 60 miles (97 km), on 1 July 1856. It was built and operated by the Madras Railway. The Madras Railway's first workshop opened in Perambur (near Madras) that year, and the Bombay-Thane line was extended to Khopoli . In 1858, the Eastern Bengal Railway was incorporated. India's first tramway (a horse-drawn tramway ) opened in Calcutta between Sealdah and Armenian Ghat Street, a distance of 3.8 kilometres (2.4 mi), on 24 February 1873. The following year, the Great South Indian and Carnatic Railways merged to form the South Indian Railway Company . On 9 May 1874, a horse-drawn tramway began operation in Bombay between Colaba and Parel . The Calcutta Tramways Company was incorporated in 1880, followed a decade later by the East Coast State Railway . Lighting in passenger coaches was introduced by many railway companies in 1897. In 1902, the Jodhpur Railway was the first to introduce electric lighting as standard fixtures. Electric signal lighting was introduced between Dadar and Currey Road in Bombay in 1920. Railway maps of India 1865 1871 1893 1909 1925-- 1950: Electrification and further expansion ( edit ) The first railway budget was presented in 1925. On 3 February 1925, the first electric passenger train in India ran between Victoria Terminus (VT) and Kurla on 1,500 V DC overhead traction. Cammell Laird and Uerdingenwagonfabrik manufactured the locomotives for this train. The VT-Bandra section was electrified (with an elevated platform at Sandhurst Road ), the Oudh and Rohilkhund Railway was merged with the EIR, the first railway budget was presented in the same year. In 1926, the Kurla-Kalyan section was electrified with 1,500 V DC. Electrification to Poona and Igatpuri (both 1,500 V DC) over the Bhore and Thal Ghats was also completed, and the Charbagh railway station in Lucknow was built that year. The Bandra-Virar section was electrified with 1,500 V DC in January 1928. The Frontier Mail made its inaugural run between Bombay VT and Peshawar in 1928. The country's first automatic color-light signals became operational, on GIPR's lines between Bombay VT and Byculla . In 1928, the Kanpur Central and Lucknow stations opened. The Grand Trunk Express began running between Peshawar and Mangalore, the Punjab Limited Express began running between Mumbai and Lahore, and automatic color-light signaling was extended to the Byculla-Kurla section the following year. On 1 June 1930, the Deccan Queen began service (hauled by a WCP-1-- No. 20024, old number EA/1 4006) with seven coaches on the GIPR's electrified route from Bombay VT to Poona (Pune). The Hyderabad Godavari Valley Railway was merged into Nizam's State Railway and the route of the Grand Trunk Express was changed to Delhi-Madras that year. 1951-- 1983: zonal re-organisation and further developments ( edit ) The re-organisation of railways in India into regional zones began in 1951. On 14 April of that year, the Southern Railway zone was created. On 5 November, the Central and Western Railway zones were created. That year, the post of Chief Commissioner of Railways was abolished and the Railway Board adopted the practice of making its senior-most member the chairman of the board. The government of West Bengal also entered into an agreement with the Calcutta Tramways Company to take over its administrative functions that year. The Northern , Eastern and North Eastern Railway zones were created on 14 April 1952. Fans and lights were mandated for all compartments in all classes of passenger accommodations in 1952, and sleeping accommodations were introduced in coaches. On 1 August 1955, the South-Eastern zone was split off from the Eastern Railway zone. A divisional system of administration was established for the zones in 1956, and the first fully air-conditioned train was introduced (between Howrah and Delhi). In 1957, after successful trials in France, SNCF proposed 25 kV AC electrification for India's railways. Indian Railways decided to adopt 25 kV AC electrification, choosing SNCF as a technical consultant. The Main Line Electrification Project (which later became the Railway Electrification Project and, still later, the Central Organisation for Railway Electrification ) was established that year. In 1958, the Northeast Frontier Railway zone split off from the North Eastern zone. In 1959, Raj Kharswan to Dongoposi was the first section electrified with 25kV AC traction. The first scheduled train using 25 kV AC traction ran on the Raj Kharswan-Dongoposi section on 11 August 1960. The first containerized freight service began between Bombay and Ahmedabad in 1966, and 25 kV AC electrification of several suburban tracks around Delhi, Madras and Calcutta was completed. In 1979, the Main Line Electrification Project became the Central Organization for Railway Electrification (CORE). 1984-- Present: rapid transit and later developments ( edit ) Gatimaan Express, introduced in 2016 and India's fastest train India's first metro train ran from Esplanade to Bhowanipur (now the Netaji Bhawan station) in Calcutta on 24 October 1984, and the Calcutta Metro was the country's first rapid-transit line. In 1986, computerized ticketing and reservations were introduced in New Delhi. The Shatabdi Express, India's fastest train, was introduced between New Delhi and Jhansi in 1988; the line was later extended to Bhopal . In 1990, the first self-printing ticket machine (SPTM) was introduced in New Delhi. Air-conditioned, three-tier coaches and a sleeper class (separate from Second Class) were introduced in 1993. On 16 January 1995, the first regularly-scheduled service with 2 x 25 kV traction began on the Bina - Katni line. In September 1996, the CONCERT system of computerized reservations began in New Delhi, Mumbai and Chennai. In 1998, coupon-validating machines (CVMs) were introduced at Mumbai CST . The CONCERT system became operational nationwide on 18 April 1999; the South East Central Railway zone was established and credit cards were accepted for tickets and reservations at some stations that year. In February 2000, the Indian Railways website went online. On 6 July 2002, the East Coast , South Western , South East Central , North Central and West Central Railway zones were created. Indian Railways (IR) began online train reservations and ticketing on 3 August of that year, with Internet ticketing extended to many cities on 1 December. On 5 February 2012, The Western Railway zone (WR) ended its use of 1,500 V DC traction, switching to 25 kV AC traction. The Tatkal system of ticketing was extended to all trains on 26 September 2013. Gatimaan Express , India's fastest train with a maximum speed of 160 km/h, made its maiden journey from Delhi to Agra on 5 April 2016. The Central Railway zone (CR) ended its use of DC traction in the Mumbai area and on the country's main-line rail network, switching to 25 kV AC traction on 11 April of that year. On 31 March 2017, IR announced that India's entire rail network would be electrified by 2022. See also ( edit ) Trains portal India portal Rail transport in India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` (IRFCA) India's First Railways'' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` 164 Years Ago On This Day, India's First Train Ran From Mumbai To Thane'' . Jump up ^ `` India's 1st train: When Sahib, Sindh & Sultan blew steam - Times of India'' . Jump up ^ `` (IRFCA) Indian Railways FAQ: IR History: Early Days - 1'' . www.irfca.org . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Indian Railways that will surprise you!'' . 11 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Western Railway'' . www.wr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Fairy Queen'' . www.irctctourism.com . Jump up ^ `` Legacy of First Railway Station of South India'' . RailNews Media India Ltd . Jump up ^ `` Eastern Bengal Railway - Graces Guide'' . www.gracesguide.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Kolkata's trams -- A ride through history'' . 2 March 2016. Jump up ^ `` History - The Calcutta Tramways Company (1978) Ltd'' . calcuttatramways.com . ^ Jump up to: `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE'' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ indiainfoline.com. `` History of Indian Railway Budget'' . Jump up ^ http://www.nair.indianrailways.gov.in/uploads/files/1430369423822-operating.pdf Jump up ^ `` Frontier Mail'' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` Signalling in India - Past and Present'' . signalbox.org . Jump up ^ `` The Grand Trunk Express'' . iaslic1955.org . Jump up ^ `` Deccan Queen Facts - General Knowledge for Kids - Mocomi'' . 26 January 2012. Jump up ^ User, Super. `` History of Railways'' . www.kportal.indianrailways.gov.in . ^ Jump up to: http://www.indianrail.gov.in/ir_zones.pdf Jump up ^ `` 160 years of Indian Railways: Here's how AC trains were kept cool'' . 2 April 2013. ^ Jump up to: `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE'' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Official Website of CORE'' . www.core.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` History of Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation - KMRC'' . 4 December 2015. Jump up ^ `` Metro Railway Kolkata / Indian Railways Portal'' . www.mtp.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ http://icisa.cag.gov.in/audit_report/2/15db5cf8539e7f66e05214564e6b5d01.pdf Jump up ^ `` Shatabdi Express - Shatabdi Express Train, Shatabadi Express Timetable, Shatabadi Express Schedule Booking India'' . www.iloveindia.com . Jump up ^ `` Indian Railway'' . www.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` North Central Railways / Indian Railways Portal'' . www.ncr.indianrailways.gov.in . Jump up ^ `` IRCTC Next Generation eTicketing System'' . www.irctc.co.in . Jump up ^ UK, DVV Media. `` Mumbai switches from DC to AC'' . Jump up ^ http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/gatimaan-express-reaches-agra-in-targeted-99-minutes/1/635554.html Jump up ^ `` End of an era: Mumbai bids goodbye to last DC local'' . 11 April 2016. Jump up ^ `` 48 per cent rail tracks electrified, aim to double it in 5 years: Govt'' . 31 March 2017. Further reading ( edit ) Andrew, W.P. (1884). Indian Railways . London: WH Allen. Awasthi, A. (1994). History and Development of Railways in India . New Delhi: Deep and Deep Publications. Bhandari, R.R. (2006). Indian railways : Glorious 150 Years (2nd ed.). New Delhi: Publications Division, Ministry of Information & Broadcasting, Govt. of India. ISBN 8123012543 . Ghosh, S. (2002). Railways in India -- A Legend . Kolkata: Jogemaya Prokashani. Government of India Railway Board (1919). History of Indian Railways Constructed and In Progress corrected up to 31st March 1918 . India: Government Central Press. Hurd, John; Kerr, Ian J. (2012). India's Railway History: A Research Handbook . Handbook of Oriental Studies. Section 2, South Asia, 27. Leiden; Boston: Brill. ISBN 9789004230033 . Huddleston, George (1906). History of the East Indian Railway . Calcutta: Thacker, Spink and Co. Kerr, Ian J. (1995). Building the Railways of the Raj . Delhi: Oxford University Press. Kerr, Ian J. (2001). Railways in Modern India . Oxford in India Readings. New Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195648285 . Kerr, Ian J. (2007). Engines of Change: the railroads that made India . Engines of Change series. Westport, Conn, USA: Praeger. ISBN 0275985644 . Khosala, Guradiala Si?gha (1988). A History of Indian Railways . New Delhi: Ministry of Railways, Railway Board, Government of India. OCLC 311273060 . Law Commission (England and Wales) (2007) `` Consultation Paper: Indian Railways Repeal Proposals'' (PDF) . (1.62 MiB ) Rao, M.A. (1999). Indian Railways (3rd ed.). New Delhi: National Book Trust, India. ISBN 8123725892 . Sahni, Jogendra Nath (1953). Indian Railways: One Hundred Years, 1853 to 1953 . New Delhi: Ministry of Railways (Railway Board). OCLC 3153177 . Satow, M. & Desmond R. (1980). Railways of the Raj . London: Scolar Press. South Indian Railway Co. (1900). Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company, Including the Mayavaram-Mutupet and Peralam-Karaikkal Railways . Madras: Higginbotham. -- (1910). Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company . London. -- (2004) (1926). Illustrated Guide to the South Indian Railway Company . Asian Educational Services. ISBN 81-206-1889-0 . Vaidyanathan, K.R. (2003). 150 Glorious Years of Indian Railways . Mumbai: English Edition Publishers and Distributors (India). ISBN 8187853492 . Westwood, J.N. (1974). Railways of India . Newton Abbot, Devon, UK; North Pomfret, Vt, USA: David & Charles. ISBN 071536295X . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to History of rail transport in India . `` History of the Indian railways in chronological order'' . IRFC server . Indian Railways Fan Club . Retrieved 2007-10-21 . Roychoudhury, S. (2004). `` A chronological history of India's railways'' . Retrieved 2007-10-21 . Rail Enquiry ( hide ) History of rail transport in Asia Sovereign states Afghanistan Armenia Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Bhutan Brunei Cambodia China Cyprus East Timor (Timor-Leste) Egypt Georgia India Indonesia Iran Iraq Israel Japan Jordan Kazakhstan North Korea South Korea Kuwait Kyrgyzstan Laos Lebanon Malaysia Maldives Mongolia Myanmar Nepal Oman Pakistan Philippines Qatar Russia Saudi Arabia Singapore Sri Lanka Syria Tajikistan Thailand Turkey Turkmenistan United Arab Emirates Uzbekistan Vietnam Yemen States with limited recognition Abkhazia Artsakh Northern Cyprus Palestine South Ossetia Taiwan Dependencies and other territories British Indian Ocean Territory Christmas Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands Hong Kong Macau Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_rail_transport_in_India&oldid=834525242 '' Categories : History of rail transport in India Hidden categories: Use British English from July 2012 Use dmy dates from July 2012 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 April 2018, at 04:38. 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what is the extent of damages that may be awarded in civil liability arising from a crime

On appeal , depending on the disposition of the case and the question on appeal , the court reviewing a trial court 's determination that the defendant was negligent will analyze at least one of the elements of the cause of action to determine if it is properly supported by the facts and law . For example , in an appeal from a final judgment after a jury verdict , the appellate court will review the record to verify that the jury was properly instructed on each contested element , and that the record shows sufficient evidence for the jury 's findings . On an appeal from a dismissal or judgment against the plaintiff without trial , the court will review de novo whether the court below properly found that the plaintiff could not prove any or all of his or her case .

Negligence - wikipedia Negligence Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see Negligence (disambiguation) . Part of the common law series Tort law Intentional torts Assault Battery False imprisonment Intentional infliction of emotional distress Transferred intent Property torts Trespass land chattels Conversion Detinue Replevin Trover Defenses Assumption of risk Comparative negligence Contributory negligence Consent Necessity Statute of limitations Self-defense Defense of others Defense of property Shopkeeper's privilege Negligence Duty of / standard of care Proximate cause Res ipsa loquitur Calculus of negligence Rescue doctrine Duty to rescue Negligent infliction of emotional distress Employment-related Entrustment Malpractice legal medical Liability torts Product liability Quasi-tort Ultrahazardous activity Nuisance Public nuisance Rylands v Fletcher Dignitary torts Defamation Invasion of privacy False light Breach of confidence Abuse of process Malicious prosecution Alienation of affections Criminal conversation Seduction Breach of promise Economic torts Fraud Tortious interference Conspiracy Restraint of trade Liability and remedies Last clear chance Eggshell skull Vicarious liability Volenti non fit injuria Ex turpi causa non oritur actio Neutral reportage Damages Injunction Conflict of tort laws Joint and several liability Comparative responsibility Market share liability Duty to visitors Trespassers Licensees Invitees Attractive nuisance Other common law areas Contracts Criminal law Evidence Property Wills , trusts , and estates Law portal Negligence (Lat. negligentia ) is a failure to exercise appropriate and or ethical ruled care expected to be exercised amongst specified circumstances. The area of tort law known as negligence involves harm caused by failing to act as a form of carelessness possibly with extenuating circumstances. The core concept of negligence is that people should exercise reasonable care in their actions, by taking account of the potential harm that they might foreseeably cause to other people or property. Someone who suffers loss caused by another's negligence may be able to sue for damages to compensate for their harm. Such loss may include physical injury, harm to property, psychiatric illness, or economic loss. The law on negligence may be assessed in general terms according to a five-part model which includes the assessment of duty, breach, actual cause, proximate cause, and damages. Contents ( hide ) 1 Elements of negligence claims 1.1 Duty of care 1.2 Breach of duty 1.2.1 Intention and/or malice 1.3 Causation 1.3.1 Factual causation (actual cause) 1.3.2 Legal causation (proximate cause) 1.4 Injury 2 Damages 3 Procedure in the United States 4 See also 5 Footnotes 6 References 7 External links Elements of negligence claims ( edit ) Some things must be established by anyone who wants to sue in negligence. These are what are called the `` elements'' of negligence. Most jurisdictions say that there are four elements to a negligence action: duty: the defendant has a duty to others, including the plaintiff , to exercise reasonable care, breach: the defendant breaches that duty through an act or culpable omission, damages: as a result of that act or omission, the plaintiff suffers an injury, and causation: the injury to the plaintiff is a reasonably foreseeable consequence of the defendant's act or omission. Some jurisdictions narrow the definition down to three elements: duty, breach and proximately caused harm. Some jurisdictions recognize five elements, duty, breach, actual cause, proximate cause, and damages. However, at their heart, the various definitions of what constitutes negligent conduct are very similar. Duty of care ( edit ) Main article: Duty of care A decomposed snail in Scotland was the humble beginning of the modern English law of negligence The legal liability of a defendant to a plaintiff is based on the defendant's failure to fulfil a responsibility, recognised by law, of which the plaintiff is the intended beneficiary. The first step in determining the existence of a legally recognised responsibility is the concept of an obligation or duty. In the tort of negligence the term used is duty of care The case of Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) established the modern law of negligence, laying the foundations of the duty of care and the fault principle which, (through the Privy Council ), have been adopted throughout the Commonwealth . May Donoghue and her friend were in a café in Paisley. The friend bought Mrs Donoghue a ginger beer float . She drank some of the beer and later poured the remainder over her ice-cream and was horrified to see the decomposed remains of a snail exit the bottle. Donoghue suffered nervous shock and gastro-enteritis, but did not sue the cafe owner, instead suing the manufacturer, Stevenson. (As Mrs Donoghue had not herself bought the ginger beer, the doctrine of privity precluded a contractual action against Stevenson). The Scottish judge, Lord MacMillan, considered the case to fall within a new category of delict (the Scots law nearest equivalent of tort). The case proceeded to the House of Lords , where Lord Atkin interpreted the biblical ordinance to ' love thy neighbour' as a legal requirement to ' not harm thy neighbour.' He then went on to define neighbour as `` persons who are so closely and directly affected by my act that I ought reasonably to have them in contemplation as being so affected when I am directing my mind to the acts or omissions that are called in question.'' In England the more recent case of Caparo Industries Plc v Dickman (1990) introduced a ' threefold test' for a duty of care. Harm must be (1) reasonably foreseeable (2) there must be a relationship of proximity between the plaintiff and defendant and (3) it must be ' fair, just and reasonable' to impose liability. However, these act as guidelines for the courts in establishing a duty of care; much of the principle is still at the discretion of judges. In Australia, Donoghue v Stevenson was used as a persuasive precedent in the case of Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (AKR) (1936). This was a landmark case in the development of negligence law in Australia. Whether a duty of care is owed for psychiatric, as opposed to physical, harm was discussed in the Australian case of Tame v State of New South Wales; Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002). Determining a duty for mental harm has now been subsumed into the Civil Liability Act 2002 in New South Wales. The application of Part 3 of the Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) was demonstrated in Wicks v SRA (NSW); Sheehan v SRA (NSW) . Breach of duty ( edit ) See also: Breach of duty in English law In Bolton v Stone , the English Law Lords were sympathetic to cricket players Once it is established that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff/claimant, the matter of whether or not that duty was breached must be settled. The test is both subjective and objective. The defendant who knowingly (subjective) exposes the plaintiff/claimant to a substantial risk of loss, breaches that duty. The defendant who fails to realize the substantial risk of loss to the plaintiff/claimant, which any reasonable person (objective) in the same situation would clearly have realized, also breaches that duty. However, whether the test is objective or subjective may depend upon the particular case involved. There is a reduced threshold for the standard of care owed by children. In the Australian case of McHale v Watson, McHale, a 9-year-old girl was blinded in one eye after being hit by the ricochet of a sharp metal rod thrown by a 12-year-old girl, Watson. The defendant child was held not to have the level of care to the standard of an adult, but of a 12-year-old child with similar experience and intelligence. Kitto J explained that a child's lack of foresight is a characteristic they share with others at that stage of development. Certain jurisdictions, also provide for breaches where professionals, such as doctors, fail to warn of risks associated with medical treatments or procedures. Doctors owe both objective and subjective duties to warn; and breach of either is sufficient to satisfy this element in a court of law. For example, the Civil Liability Act in Queensland outlines a statutory test incorporating both objective and subjective elements. For example, an obstetrician who fails to warn a mother of complications arising from childbirth may be held to have breached their professional duty of care. In Donoghue v Stevenson , Lord Atkin declared that `` the categories of negligence are never closed'' ; and in Dorset Yacht v Home Office it was held that the government had no immunity from suit when they negligently failed to prevent the escape of juvenile offenders who subsequently vandalise a boatyard. In other words, all members of society have a duty to exercise reasonable care toward others and their property. In Bolton v. Stone (1951), the House of Lords held that a defendant was not negligent if the damage to the plaintiff were not a reasonably foreseeable consequence of his conduct. In the case, a Miss Stone was struck on the head by a cricket ball while standing outside a cricket ground. Finding that no batsman would normally be able hit a cricket ball far enough to reach a person standing as far away as was Miss Stone, the court held her claim would fail because the danger was not reasonably or sufficiently foreseeable. As stated in the opinion, ' reasonable risk' cannot be judged with the benefit of hindsight. In Roe v Minister of Health , Lord Denning said the past should not be viewed through rose coloured spectacles, finding no negligence on the part of medical professionals accused of using contaminated medical jars, since contemporary standards would have indicated only a low possibility of medical jar contamination. United States v. Carroll Towing Co. 159 F.2d 169 (2d. Cir. 1947) For the rule in the U.S., see : Calculus of negligence Intention and/or malice ( edit ) Further establishment of conditions of intention or malice where applicable may apply in cases of gross negligence . Causation ( edit ) Main article: Causation (law) In order for liability to result from a negligent act or omission, it is necessary to prove not only that the injury was caused by that negligence, but also that there is a legally sufficient connection between the act and the negligence. Factual causation (actual cause) ( edit ) See also: Causation in English law and Breaking the chain For a defendant to be held liable , it must be shown that the particular acts or omissions were the cause of the loss or damage sustained. Although the notion sounds simple, the causation between one's breach of duty and the harm that results to another can at times be very complicated. The basic test is to ask whether the injury would have occurred ' but for' , or without, the accused party's breach of the duty owed to the injured party. In Australia, the High Court has held that the ' but for' test is not the exclusive test of causation because it cannot address a situation where there is more than one cause of damage. When ' but for' test is not satisfied and the case is an exceptional one, a commonsense test (' Whether and Why' test) will be applied Even more precisely, if a breaching party materially increases the risk of harm to another, then the breaching party can be sued to the value of harm that he caused. Asbestos litigations which have been ongoing for decades revolve around the issue of causation. Interwoven with the simple idea of a party causing harm to another are issues on insurance bills and compensations, which sometimes drove compensating companies out of business. Legal causation (proximate cause) ( edit ) Negligence can lead to this sort of collision - a train wreck at Gare Montparnasse in 1895. Sometimes factual causation is distinguished from ' legal causation' to avert the danger of defendants being exposed to, in the words of Cardozo, J. , `` liability in an indeterminate amount for an indeterminate time to an indeterminate class.'' It is said a new question arises of how remote a consequence a person's harm is from another's negligence. We say that one's negligence is ' too remote' (in England) or not a ' proximate cause ' (in the U.S.) of another's harm if one would ' never' reasonably foresee it happening. Note that a ' proximate cause' in U.S. terminology (to do with the chain of events between the action and the injury) should not be confused with the ' proximity test' under the English duty of care (to do with closeness of relationship). The idea of legal causation is that if no one can foresee something bad happening, and therefore take care to avoid it, how could anyone be responsible? For instance, in Palsgraf v. Long Island Rail Road Co. the judge decided that the defendant, a railway , was not liable for an injury suffered by a distant bystander. The plaintiff, Palsgraf, was hit by scales that fell on her as she waited on a train platform. The scales fell because of a far-away commotion. A train conductor had run to help a man into a departing train. The man was carrying a package as he jogged to jump in the train door. The package had fireworks in it. The conductor mishandled the passenger or his package, causing the package to fall. The fireworks slipped and exploded on the ground causing shockwaves to travel through the platform. As a consequence, the scales fell. Because Palsgraf was hurt by the falling scales, she sued the train company who employed the conductor for negligence. The defendant train company argued it should not be liable as a matter of law, because despite the fact that they employed the employee, who was negligent, his negligence was too remote from the plaintiff's injury. On appeal, the majority of the court agreed, with four judges adopting the reasons, written by Judge Cardozo, that the defendant owed no duty of care to the plaintiff, because a duty was owed only to foreseeable plaintiffs. Three judges dissented, arguing, as written by Judge Andrews, that the defendant owed a duty to the plaintiff, regardless of foreseeability, because all men owe one another a duty not to act negligently. Such disparity of views on the element of remoteness continues to trouble the judiciary. Courts that follow Cardozo's view have greater control in negligence cases. If the court can find that, as a matter of law, the defendant owed no duty of care to the plaintiff, the plaintiff will lose his case for negligence before having a chance to present to the jury. Cardozo's view is the majority view. However, some courts follow the position put forth by Judge Andrews. In jurisdictions following the minority rule, defendants must phrase their remoteness arguments in terms of proximate cause if they wish the court to take the case away from the jury. Remoteness takes another form, seen in The Wagon Mound (No. 2) . The Wagon Mound was a ship in Sydney harbour. The ship leaked oil creating a slick in part of the harbour. The wharf owner asked the ship owner about the danger and was told he could continue his work because the slick would not burn. The wharf owner allowed work to continue on the wharf, which sent sparks onto a rag in the water which ignited and created a fire which burnt down the wharf. The Privy Council determined that the wharf owner ' intervened' in the causal chain, creating a responsibility for the fire which canceled out the liability of the ship owner. In Australia the concept of remoteness, or proximity, was tested with the case of Jaensch v Coffey . The wife of a policeman, Mrs Coffey suffered a nervous shock injury from the aftermath of a motor vehicle collision although she was not actually at the scene at the time of the collision. The court upheld that, in addition to it being reasonably foreseeable that his wife might suffer such an injury, it required that there be sufficient proximity between the plaintiff and the defendant who caused the collision. Here there was sufficient causal proximity. See also Kavanagh v Akhtar , Imbree v McNeilly , and Tame v NSW . Injury ( edit ) Even though there is breach of duty, and the cause of some injury to the defendant, a plaintiff may not recover unless he can prove that the defendant's breach caused a pecuniary injury. This should not be mistaken with the requirements that a plaintiff prove harm to recover. As a general rule, a plaintiff can only rely on a legal remedy to the point that he proves that he suffered a loss; it was reasonably foreseeable. It means something more than pecuniary loss is a necessary element of the plaintiff's case in negligence. When damages are not a necessary element, a plaintiff can win his case without showing that he suffered any loss; he would be entitled to nominal damages and any other damages according to proof. (See Constantine v Imperial Hotels Ltd (1944) KB)). Negligence is different in that the plaintiff must prove his loss, and a particular kind of loss, to recover. In some cases, a defendant may not dispute the loss, but the requirement is significant in cases where a defendant cannot deny his negligence, but the plaintiff suffered no loss as a result. If the plaintiff can prove pecuniary loss, then he can also obtain damages for non-pecuniary injuries, such as emotional distress. The requirement of pecuniary loss can be shown in a number of ways. A plaintiff who is physically injured by allegedly negligent conduct may show that he had to pay a medical bill. If his property is damaged, he could show the income lost because he could not use it, the cost to repair it, although he could only recover for one of these things. The damage may be physical, purely economic, both physical and economic (loss of earnings following a personal injury, ) or reputational (in a defamation case). In English law, the right to claim for purely economic loss is limited to a number of ' special' and clearly defined circumstances, often related to the nature of the duty to the plaintiff as between clients and lawyers, financial advisers, and other professions where money is central to the consultative services. Emotional distress has been recognized as an actionable tort. Generally, emotional distress damages had to be parasitic. That is, the plaintiff could recover for emotional distress caused by injury, but only if it accompanied a physical or pecuniary injury. A claimant who has suffered only emotional distress and no pecuniary loss would not recover for negligence. However, courts have recently allowed recovery for a plaintiff to recover for purely emotional distress under certain circumstances. The state courts of California allowed recovery for emotional distress alone -- even in the absence of any physical injury, when the defendant physically injures a relative of the plaintiff, and the plaintiff witnesses it. The eggshell skull rule is a legal doctrine upheld in some tort law systems, which holds that a tortfeasor is liable for the full extent of damage caused, even where the extent of the damage is due to the unforeseen frailty of the claimant. The eggshell skull rule was recently maintained in Australia in the case of Kavanagh v Akhtar . Damages ( edit ) Main article: Damages Damages place a monetary value on the harm done, following the principle of restitutio in integrum ( Latin for `` restoration to the original condition'' ). Thus, for most purposes connected with the quantification of damages, the degree of culpability in the breach of the duty of care is irrelevant. Once the breach of the duty is established, the only requirement is to compensate the victim. One of the main tests that is posed when deliberating whether a claimant is entitled to compensation for a tort, is the `` reasonable person '' . The test is self-explanatory: would a reasonable person (as determined by a judge or jury), under the given circumstances, have done what the defendant did to cause the injury in question; or, in other words, would a reasonable person, acting reasonably, have engaged in similar conduct when compared to the one whose actions caused the injury in question? Simple as the `` reasonable person'' test sounds, it is very complicated. It is a risky test because it involves the opinion of either the judge or the jury that can be based on limited facts. However, as vague as the `` reasonable person'' test seems, it is extremely important in deciding whether or not a plaintiff is entitled to compensation for a negligence tort. Damages are compensatory in nature. Compensatory damages addresses a plaintiff/claimant's losses (in cases involving physical or mental injury the amount awarded also compensates for pain and suffering). The award should make the plaintiff whole, sufficient to put the plaintiff back in the position he or she was before Defendant's negligent act. Anything more would unlawfully permit a plaintiff to profit from the tort. There are also two other general principles relating to damages. Firstly, the award of damages should take place in the form of a single lump sum payment. Therefore, a defendant should not be required to make periodic payments (however some statutes give exceptions for this). Secondly, the Court is not concerned with how the plaintiff uses the award of damages. For example, if a plaintiff is awarded $100,000 for physical harm, the plaintiff is not required to spend this money on medical bills to restore them to their original position - they can spend this money any way they want. Types of damage Special damages - quantifiable dollar losses suffered from the date of defendant's negligent act (the tort) up to a specified time (proven at trial). Special damage examples include lost wages, medical bills, and damage to property such as one's car. General damages - these are damages that are not quantified in monetary terms (e.g., there's no invoice or receipt as there would be to prove special damages). A general damage example is an amount for the pain and suffering one experiences from a car collision. Lastly, where the plaintiff proves only minimal loss or damage, or the court or jury is unable to quantify the losses, the court or jury may award nominal damages . Punitive damages - Punitive damages are to punish a defendant, rather than to compensate plaintiffs, in negligence cases. In most jurisdictions punitive damages are recoverable in a negligence action, but only if the plaintiff shows that the defendant's conduct was more than ordinary negligence (i.e., wanton and willful or reckless). Aggravated damages - In contrast to exemplary damages, compensation are given to the plaintiff when the harm is aggravated by the defendant's conduct. For example, the manner of this wrongful act increased the injury by subjecting the plaintiff to humiliation, insult. Procedure in the United States ( edit ) The United States generally recognizes four elements to a negligence action: duty, breach, proximate causation and injury. A plaintiff who makes a negligence claim must prove all four elements of negligence in order to win his or her case. Therefore, if it is highly unlikely that the plaintiff can prove one of the elements, the defendant may request judicial resolution early on, to prevent the case from going to a jury. This can be by way of a demurrer , motion to dismiss, or motion for summary judgment . The elements allow a defendant to test a plaintiff's accusations before trial, as well as providing a guide to the finder of fact at trial (the judge in a bench trial, or jury in a jury trial) to decide whether the defendant is or is not liable. Whether the case is resolved with or without trial again depends heavily on the particular facts of the case, and the ability of the parties to frame the issues to the court. The duty and causation elements in particular give the court the greatest opportunity to take the case from the jury, because they directly involve questions of policy. The court can find that regardless of any disputed facts, the case may be resolved as a matter of law from undisputed facts because as a matter of law the defendant cannot be legally responsible for the plaintiff's injury under a theory of negligence. On appeal, depending on the disposition of the case and the question on appeal, the court reviewing a trial court's determination that the defendant was negligent will analyze at least one of the elements of the cause of action to determine if it is properly supported by the facts and law. For example, in an appeal from a final judgment after a jury verdict, the appellate court will review the record to verify that the jury was properly instructed on each contested element, and that the record shows sufficient evidence for the jury's findings. On an appeal from a dismissal or judgment against the plaintiff without trial, the court will review de novo whether the court below properly found that the plaintiff could not prove any or all of his or her case. See also ( edit ) Carelessness Criminal negligence Gross negligence Intentionality Malpractice Medical negligence Mens rea Neglect Negligence in English Law Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Negligence'' . Oxford Living Dictionaries . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 24 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Negligence'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Meriam Webster . Retrieved 12 June 2011 . Jump up ^ Feinman, Jay (2010). Law 101 . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-539513-6 . Jump up ^ Deakin, Tort Law, 218 Jump up ^ Boehm, Theodore R. (2003). `` A Tangled Webb - Reexamining the Role of Duty in Indiana Negligence Actions'' . Indiana Law Review . 37 (1) . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Owen, David G. (Summer 2007). `` The Five Elements of Negligence'' . Hofstra Law Review . 35 (4): 1671 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Quill, Eoin (2014). Torts In Ireland . Dublin 12: Gill & Macmillan. p. 19. Jump up ^ Donoghue v Stevenson (1932) AC 532 Jump up ^ Grant v Australian Knitting Mills (1935) UKPC 62 , (1936) AC 85; (1935) UKPCHCA 1 , (1935) 54 CLR 49 (21 October 1935), Privy Council (on appeal from Australia). Jump up ^ `` Example of the Development of the Law of Negligence'' (PDF) . law.uwa.edu.au ... ^ Jump up to: Tame v State of New South Wales; Annetts v Australian Stations Pty Ltd (2002) HCA 35 , (2002) 211 CLR 317, High Court (Australia). ^ Jump up to: Jaensch v Coffey (1984) HCA 52 , (1984) 155 CLR 549, High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Civil Liability Act 2002 (NSW) s 32 . Jump up ^ Wicks v State Rail Authority of New South Wales; Sheehan v State Rail Authority of New South Wales (2010) HCA 22 , (2010) 241 CLR 60, High Court (Australia); see also Koehler v Cerebos (Australia) Ltd (2005) HCA 15 , (2005) 222 CLR 44, High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Wyong Shire Council v Shirt (1980) HCA 12 , (1980) 146 CLR 40 (1 May 1980), High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Doubleday v Kelly (2005) NSWCA 151 , Court of Appeal (NSW, Australia); see also Drinkwater v Howart (2006) NSWCA 222 , Court of Appeal (NSW, Australia). Jump up ^ McHale v Watson (1966) HCA 13 (7 March 1966), High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Civil Liability Act 2003 (Qld) s 21 . Jump up ^ Bolton v. Stone , (1951) A.C. 850 see also Roads and Traffic Authority of NSW v Dederer (2007) HCA 42 , High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Roe v Minister of Health (1954) 2 AER 131; see also Glasgow Corporation v Muir (1943) 2 AER 44. Jump up ^ Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). 2006 Oct; 19(4): 417-- 418. PMC 1618741 . ' Malice/gross negligence' by Russell G. Thornton, JD. (1) Jump up ^ Tubemakers of Australia Ltd v Fernandez (1976) 10 ALR 303; (1976) 50 ALJR 720 LawCite records . Jump up ^ Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Moubarak; Adeels Palace Pty Ltd v Bou Najem (2009) HCA 48 , High Court (Australia); Strong v Woolworths (2012) HCA 5 , (2012) 246 CLR 182, High Court (Australia); ^ Jump up to: March v Stramare (E & MH) Pty Ltd (1991) HCA 12 , (1991) 171 CLR 506, High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Wallace v Kam (2013) HCA 19 , High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ Civil Liability Act 2005 (NSW) s 5d (2). Jump up ^ Ultramares Corp. v. Touche (1931) 255 N.Y. 170, 174 N.E. 441 Jump up ^ Palsgraf v. Long Island Rail Road Co. (1928) 162 N.E. 99 Jump up ^ Interestingly, the plaintiff's physical injuries were minor and more likely caused by a stampede of travelers on the platform rather than the concussion of the exploding fireworks. These details have not, however, stopped the case from becoming the source of extensive debate in American tort law. Jump up ^ She could have sued the man or the conductor himself, but they did not have as much money as the company. Often, in litigation, where two defendants are equally liable but one is more able to satisfy a judgment, he will be the preferred defendant and is referred to as the `` deep pocket.'' Jump up ^ Overseas Tankship (UK) Ltd v The Miller Steamship Co (Wagon Mound No. 2) (1966) UKPC 10 , (1967) AC 617; (1967) 2 All ER 709 (25 May 1966), Privy Council (on appeal from NSW). ^ Jump up to: Kavanagh v Akhtar (1998) NSWSC 779 , Supreme Court (NSW, Australia). Jump up ^ Imbree v McNeilly (2008) HCA 40 , High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ See, eg, Sharman v Evans (1977) HCA 8 , (1977) 138 CLR 563, High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ See Dillon v. Legg , 68 Cal. 2d 728 (1968) and Molien v. Kaiser Foundation Hospitals , 27 Cal. 3d 916 (1980). Jump up ^ Blyth v Birmingham Waterworks Co (1856) Ex Ch 781 Jump up ^ Todorovic v Waller (1981) HCA 72 , (1981) 150 CLR 402, High Court (Australia). Jump up ^ State of NSW v Riley (2003) NSWCA 208 , Court of Appeal (NSW, Australia). Jump up ^ Larson, Aaron (21 December 2016). `` Negligence and Tort Law'' . ExpertLaw . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Healey, Paul D. (1995). `` Chicken Little at the Reference Desk: The Myth of Librarian Liability'' . Law Library Journal . 87 : 515 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Currie, David P. (Autumn 1977). `` Thoughts on Directed Verdicts and Summary Judgments'' . The University of Chicago Law Review . 45 (1): 72-- 79 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: McLauchlan, William P. (June 1977). `` An Empirical Study of the Federal Summary Judgment Rule'' . The Journal of Legal Studies . 6 (2): 427-- 459 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Hofer, Ronald R. (1990). `` Standards of Review - Looking beyond the Labels'' . Marquette Law Review . 74 . Retrieved 22 September 2017 . References ( edit ) Deakin, Simon; Angus Johnston; Basil Markesinis (2003). Markesinis and Deakin's Tort Law . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-925711-6 . 789018279(0009)AB001 Kujinga, Benjamin (2009). `` REASONABLE CARE AND SKILL -- THE MODERN SCOPE OF THE AUDITOR'S DUTY'' . GAA Accounting . Tomasic, Roman; Bottomley, Stephen; McQueen, Rob (2002). `` Audits and Auditors'' . Corporations Law in Australia . Federation Press. External links ( edit ) Britannica 1911 's account of negligence: an interesting historical read, preceding the era of Buick Motor and Donoghue v. Stevenson . 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what are the official colors of the navy

From 1852 until 1962 ( although in practice rarely worn after the middle of World War II ) , enlisted sailors were issued a round , flat blue wool hat with a ribbon around the band similar to that worn by the Royal Navy . The `` Donald Duck '' was worn with the Service Dress Blue uniform on more formal occasions in lieu of the white `` Dixie cup . '' The ribbon carried the name of the wearer 's ship or station embroidered in gold until 1941 , when this was replaced with a generic `` U.S. Navy '' as a wartime security measure .

Uniforms of the United States Navy - wikipedia Uniforms of the United States Navy 1917 recruiting poster for the United States Navy, featuring a woman wearing the most widely recognized uniform, the enlisted dress blues by Howard Chandler Christy . The uniforms of the United States Navy include dress uniforms, daily service uniforms, working uniforms, and uniforms for special situations, which have varied throughout the history of the navy. For simplicity in this article, Officers refers to both commissioned officers and warrant officers . Contents 1 Dress uniforms 1.1 Service dress 1.1.1 Officers and chief petty officers 1.1.1.1 Service Dress Blue 1.1.1.2 Service Dress White 1.1.2 Junior enlisted sailors 1.2 Full dress 1.3 Dinner dress 2 Service uniforms 2.1 Officers and chief petty officers 2.1.1 Service Khaki 2.1.2 Summer White Service 2.2 Junior enlisted 2.2.1 Navy Service Uniform 3 Working uniforms 3.1 Navy Working Uniform 3.2 Shipboard Working Uniform 4 Coats 5 Special uniform situations 5.1 Navy personnel attached to Marine Corps units 5.2 Other wear of combat utilities 5.3 Naval aviation personnel 5.3.1 Flight deck 5.4 USS Constitution 5.5 U.S. Naval Academy 6 Obsolete uniforms 6.1 Aviation Working Khaki 6.2 Service Dress Khaki 6.3 Service Dress Blue Yankee 6.4 Winter Blue 6.5 Working Khaki 6.6 Aviation Working Green 6.7 Tropical Uniforms 6.8 Summer White/Blue (`` Salt and Pepper'' ) 6.9 Service Dress Gray 6.10 CPO Whites 6.11 Dungarees 6.12 Utilities 6.13 Enlisted Undress Blues 6.14 Enlisted Dress Whites (prewar) 6.15 The `` Flat Hat'' 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Dress uniforms ( edit ) The United States Navy has three categories of dress uniforms, from least to most formal: service, full, and dinner dress. Service Dress ( edit ) Service dress uniforms are worn for official functions not rising to the level of full or dinner dress. They are also commonly worn when traveling in official capacity, or when reporting to a command. The civilian equivalent is a business suit. They are seasonal, with the white uniform worn in summer and the blue in winter. Service Dress Blue may be worn year round for travel only. Ribbons are worn over the left breast pocket in all variations of the service dress uniform. The All-Weather Coat, Overcoat, or Reefer may be worn with service dress uniforms in cold or inclement weather. Officers and Chief Petty officers ( edit ) Service Dress blue ( edit ) A navy officer wearing Service Dress Blues, inspects enlisted sailors in their service dress blue `` crackerjacks'' in February 2008. A female U.S. Navy officer in a Service Dress Blue uniform. A female chief petty officer wearing the unisex combination cover that was introduced in 2016 and is due to replace the discrete female versions by October 2018. The Service Dress Blue (SDB) uniform consists of a navy blue suit coat and trousers (or the optional skirt for women) that are nearly black in color, a white shirt, and a four-in-hand necktie for men or a neck tab for women. The material is generally wool or a wool blend, depending on the vendor. The men's jacket is double breasted with six gold-colored buttons, and the women's jacket has a single row of four gold-colored buttons. Rank insignia is the gold sleeve stripes for commissioned officers, while rating badges and service stripes are worn on the left sleeve by Chief Petty Officers (CPOs). The prescribed headgear is the white combination cap , although a navy blue garrison cap is optional, unless stated otherwise by the prescribing authority in some situations when the jacket is not worn. Beginning in 2016, the Navy began phasing out the female combination cap and now prescribes a cover similar to the male version for female officers and CPOs, though the prior female versions are authorized for wear until October 2018. Commissioned and warrant officers wear a cap badge of the American shield and eagle in silver upon gold crossed anchors; CPOs wear a single fouled anchor. The combination cover's chinstrap is gold for commissioned and warrant officers, narrower gold for midshipmen, and black for CPOs. Female officers and chief petty officers wear beltless slacks with the SDB, although since January 2017, belted slacks can be worn as an alternative. Service Dress white ( edit ) Rear Admiral James Stockdale in full dress white uniform While both styles share the same 100% Polyester CNT fabric (formerly cotton), The Service Dress White uniform has been different for the men's and women's variations. Men wear a high stand-collared white tunic, with shoulder boards for officers or the metal anchor collar devices for CPOs, white trousers, and white shoes. This uniform is informally called `` chokers'' due to the standing collar. The material, formerly cotton, today is a weave of polyester known as `` Certified Navy Twill'' . Women wear a uniform similar to the Service Dress Blue but with a white coat and skirt or trousers. The white combination cap is the prescribed headgear. A noticeable difference between the male uniforms and the female uniforms is the placement of the women officer's rank insignia lacing on the sleeves (in the same manner as on the blue uniform) and the placement of CPO rank insignia (the fouled anchor with USN monogram and five-pointed cocked `` line'' stars) on the lapels of the jacket. However, the Navy has announced female uniform changes to resemble the men's uniforms, and that female officers and CPOs will start wearing stand-collared tunics like males in early 2017 and they will completely replace the old-style uniform in January 2020. Junior enlisted sailors ( edit ) Service Dress Blues for male junior enlisted personnel are based on the standard Navy jumper in navy blue, colloquially referred to as `` crackerjacks'' because of the Navy-uniformed figure that adorns the Cracker Jack snack box. They consist of navy blue wool jumper with three rows of white stripes on the collar and cuffs. There are two white stars, one at each corner of the collar. A traditional white hat or `` Dixie cup'' is also worn, as well as black leather shoes. A black silk or synthetic fiber neckerchief, rolled diagonally, is worn around the neck, under the collar, with the ends tied in a square knot in the center of the chest. The trousers for the dress blue uniform are flared as `` bell bottoms'' . These trousers have a broad-fall, opening with thirteen buttons (which, contrary to popular belief, do not represent the original Thirteen Colonies of the United States). The female junior enlisted sailors' Service Dress Blue, introduced in the 1970s, is similar to the CPO/Officer service dress blues, with the exception that silver-colored buttons, rather than gold, are on the jacket. This uniform is being phased out and will be replaced by a female-cut variant of the `` crackerjacks'' with the transition beginning in October 2016 and to be completed by January 2020. Until 2016, the Service Dress Whites, for both sexes, consist of white straight-leg or bell-bottom trousers with a fly front (or optional skirt for women), black leather shoes, a white jumper with plain navy collar, the black neckerchief worn in the same fashion as with the Service Dress Blues, and the white Dixie cup cap for males and combination cover with a silver eagle emblem and the letters `` USN'' for females. The Service Dress White jumper is actually derived from the former Undress White, with its wide cuff-less sleeves and no piping. However, beginning in October 2015, The Service Dress White blouses will be changed to feature navy blue piping on cuffed sleeves, stars and navy blue piping on the navy collar, and a yoke, making it a ' photo-negative' of the Service Dress Blue jumper. Ribbons are worn with these uniforms over the top left pocket opening, along with warfare insignia. If these uniforms are to be assigned as the Uniform of the Day, a Plan of the Day/Plan of the Week will state either `` Service Dress White'' or `` Service Dress Blue.'' Either the all-weather Coat or peacoat may be worn with this uniform in cold or inclement weather. The color of the enlisted rank insignia and service stripes for the Service Dress Blues is either gold or red based upon the U.S. Navy Good Conduct Variation . The colors on the Service Dress Whites are always black. In May 2012, the Navy announced upcoming changes to the Service Dress Blues and Service Dress Whites, adding side zippers to both uniform blouses, and a zipper will also be added to Service Dress Blue trousers. Women will no longer wear the chiefs' and officers' style uniforms and combination covers, and will wear a women's -cut variation of the jumper style uniforms with White hats, `` dixie cups'' , like the men. This new uniform roll-out began in 2016 and will be completed by 2021. The U.S. Navy announced in 2014 that female sailors have been testing out a female-cut version of the male combination covers. Soon thereafter, it was announced by the U.S. Navy that the female-cut `` bucket-styled'' combination covers will be replaced completely by newer ones more resembling the already extant male versions, to maintain a more unisex appearance across all sailors. The new covers will completely replace the female versions for chief petty officers and commissioned officers by the end of October 2018; their replacement was originally scheduled for the end of October 2016 but was extended by another two years. The enlisted female covers were replaced in October 2016 for dress whites as scheduled, but remain authorized and mandatory for the four-button enlisted service dress blue uniform until that uniform is retired at the end of December 2019. Full Dress ( edit ) A navy captain's `` Full Dress Blue Uniform'' with full-sized medals, white gloves and sword. Officers wearing Full Dress Whites worn at a Change of Command Ceremony in October 2009. Enlisted Full Dress Whites worn at a Change of Command Ceremony in 2009. This is the older-style version that is due to be replaced in 2021; it lacks the black piping on the cuffs. Full Dress uniforms are worn for ceremonies such as changes of command, retirements, commissionings and decommissionings, funerals, weddings, or when otherwise appropriate. Full Dress is similar to Service Dress except that instead of ribbons, full-size medals are worn above the left breast pocket, with ribbons worn on the opposite side for decorations without corresponding medals. Swords or cutlasses are authorized for wear by officers and Chief Petty Officers, and may be required for Lt. Commander and above. For the U.S. Navy Ceremonial Guard in Washington, D.C., the enlisted (E6 and below) Full Dress uniforms are further modified with the wearing of a white pistol belt , ascot , and dress aiguilette (the latter two are white for winter and navy blue for summer), and white canvas leggings . Other honor guards are only authorized leggings and white pistol belt. Dinner Dress ( edit ) See also: Mess dress The dinner dress uniforms of the United States Navy are the most formal and have the most variations. For officers, there are Dinner Dress Blue and Dinner Dress White, Dinner Dress Blue Jacket and Dinner Dress White Jacket, and Formal Dress. Although trousers are authorized, women frequently wear the appropriate color skirt. Dinner Dress Blue and White are identical to their Service Dress versions, but worn with miniature medals and badges with no ribbons. Dinner Dress Blue is additionally worn with a dress shirt and black bow tie. These variants are commonly worn by many junior officers and enlisted personnel as substitutes for the more formal Dinner Dress Jacket variant which is only prescribable for Lieutenant Commander and above and optional for Lieutenant and below. The Dinner Dress Blue/White Jacket uniforms feature a short jacket with three buttons on either side, worn open with a black bow tie and cummerbund (women substitute a neck tab for the bow tie). Male officers show rank stripes on the sleeves of the jacket for the blue version and on shoulder boards for the white version, while women officers only wear sleeve stripes. This uniform is equivalent to black tie in usage. The Formal Dress variation is the most formal, and is identical to the Dinner Dress Blue Jacket uniform but worn with a white waistcoat with gold buttons in place of the cummerbund, a white bow tie, and matching mother-of-pearl studs and cuff links. Though rarely used, men can also substitute a tailcoat for the standard dinner dress jacket with this uniform. The female version is substantially the same as Dinner Dress Blue Jacket, but substitutes the mother-of-pearl studs and cuff links for gold. This uniform is equivalent to white tie in usage. Additionally, this uniform is only prescribed for chiefs and officers. Headgear is not required for dinner dress uniforms unless an outer jacket is worn. Those holding the rank of Lieutenant and below have the option of using the Dinner Dress uniform when Dinner Dress Jacket is prescribed. The enlisted sailors who are Chief Petty Officer and above wear a uniform similar to the officers, but with rank insignia and service stripes on the left sleeve. While enlisted who are Petty Officer First Class and below have optional Dinner Dress Jacket uniforms similar to the officers and chiefs, they may also wear their Dinner Dress uniform, which is the traditional Service Dress `` sailor suit'' , with miniature medals instead of ribbons. Service uniforms ( edit ) Service uniforms are the U.S. Navy's daily wear uniforms, and exist in several variations. They are intended for use in office environments, in positions that interact with the public, and in watch situations. Skirts are authorized for women in all service uniforms. Officers and Chief Petty officers ( edit ) Service khaki ( edit ) U.S. Navy chief petty officers wearing the Service Khaki uniforms with the soon-to-be discontinued female `` bucket-styled'' combination covers in September 2006. The Navy first authorized a khaki uniform in 1913 as a practical garment for early naval aviators; they were given permission to wear Marine Corps khaki uniforms with naval insignia, when flying or working on aircraft. Khakis were authorized aboard submarines in 1931 and as a working uniform on all ships ten years later. The Service Khaki uniform today is reserved for commissioned officers (grades O-1 through O-10), chief warrant officers (current grades W-2 through W-5; W-1 is not in use) and chief petty officers (grades E-7 through E-9). It is a khaki button-up shirt and trousers, worn with a gold belt buckle. The shirt features two front flap pockets and a pointed collar. Ribbons are worn above the left pocket of the shirt, with the warfare insignia above them. A nametag may be worn above the right pocket, and rank insignia is worn on the collar. The regulations for ribbons state the highest three awards, or all ribbons can be worn at once. There are two kinds of headgear authorized: a khaki combination cap is standard, but a khaki garrison cover is also authorized. Currently black and brown oxford shoes are authorized for all officers and CPOs. However, tradition and social pressure tend to restrict the wearing of brown shoes to members of the aviation community. Females are authorized to wear the same over-blouse as junior enlisted sailors. Summer white Service ( edit ) The Summer White Service uniform (formerly known as Tropical White Long; nicknamed the `` milkman '' and `` Good Humor '' ) consists of a short-sleeved white button-up shirt worn open-collared, white trousers and belt, and white dress shoes. Authorized headwear is the combination cap. Officers wear shoulder boards with this uniform, while chiefs wear metal collar insignia. The women's shirt for all ranks has shoulder straps, but carry nothing except for shoulder boards worn by officers. Like Service Khakis, Summer Whites are available in several materials (poly/cotton and Certified Navy Twill). When assigned as the Uniform of the Day, a Plan of the Day/Plan of the week will state `` Summer White.'' Either the All-Weather Coat, Blue jacket, or Peacoat may be worn with this uniform. While once authorized for junior enlisted, it is now restricted to officers and chiefs. Members E-6 and below previously wore a short-sleeved Summer White uniform with rate insignia on the left sleeve, but the uniform was discontinued by the Navy in December 2010. Junior enlisted ( edit ) The Navy Service Uniform. Navy Service uniform ( edit ) The U.S. Navy underwent a comprehensive review of every uniform from 2004 through 2007, intending to replace the different working uniform for all hands and the seasonal service uniforms with a single year-round service uniform for personnel E-1 through E-6. Accordingly, the Navy Service Uniform has replaced the Winter Blue Uniform and Summer White Uniform (both discussed below), which were phased out on 31 December 2010 when the rollout of the New Service Uniform was completed. Enlisted personnel now have a single Service Uniform. Navy Junior ROTC units also received this new uniform, where, unlike in the U.S. Navy proper, it is worn by both cadet officers and enlisted cadets. The Navy Service Uniform is a year-round service uniform to withstand day-to-day classroom and office-like environments where the service uniform is typically worn. It consists of a short-sleeve khaki shirt for males and a khaki weskit-style blouse for females, made from a wash and wear 75% polyester, 25% wool blend, with permanent military creases, black trousers for males with beltless slacks for females and optional beltless skirt, and a black unisex garrison cap. Silver anodized-metal rank insignia is worn on shirt/blouse collars and cap. The service uniform also includes a black relaxed-fit Eisenhower-style jacket with a knit stand-up collar and epaulets, on which petty officers wear large, silver anodized-metal rate insignia. Those entitled to wear gold chevrons continue to wear gold chevrons on the large metal rate insignia on the jacket. Working uniforms ( edit ) Working uniforms are described by the navy as being worn when other uniforms may become unduly soiled or are otherwise inappropriate for the task at hand. These are worn at sea and in industrial environments ashore. In July 2010, the Navy Working Uniform and coveralls became the only authorized working uniforms. V-neck sweaters were authorized with coveralls until 2015. Navy working uniform ( edit ) Main article: Navy Working Uniform A female officer wearing the NWU Type III in AOR-2. A male navy officer wearing the NWU Type I; the uniform is due to be retired in 2019. A digitized rendition of a swatch of AOR-2, the camouflage pattern used on the NWU Type III. A digitized rendition of a swatch of AOR-1, the camouflage pattern used on the NWU Type II. The Navy Working Uniform (NWU) is a utility uniform with multiple pockets on the shirt and trousers. Three versions of the uniform exist, each with a multi-color digital camouflage print pattern similar to those introduced by other services. Type I is predominantly blue with some gray for the majority of sailors. It was originally developed for shipboard use, but proved unsuitable for shipboard environments and is due to be discontinued in 2019. Type II is a desert digital pattern currently restricted to SEALs and other sailors such as Seabees assigned to Naval Special Warfare Units when in desert environments. Type III is a woodland digital pattern for sailors in shore commands and riverine units. The camouflage patterns are similar to the MARPAT Marine Corps Combat Utility Uniform worn by U.S. Marines . The colors of the NWU Type I, according to the U.S. Navy, were intended to reflect the navy's heritage and connection to seaborne operations, while hiding wear and stains, something unavoidable with the utilities and working khakis used previously. The colors were chosen to match the most commonly used paint colors aboard ship, extending the lifetime of the uniform on long deployments where uniforms often come into contact with freshly painted surfaces. An anchor , USS Constitution , and eagle (ACE) emblem is embroidered on the left breast pocket on all Type I NWUs. Accessories include a navy blue cotton T-shirt, an eight-point utility cover , and a web belt with closed buckle. The uniform is worn with rank insignia on both collar points and on the front panel of the utility cover, with sew-on name and `` U.S. NAVY'' tapes, also on the new digital background pattern, having gold-colored lettering for officers, CPOs and midshipmen. All ranks below CPO wear silver-lettered name tapes. The NWU Type I was phased into service beginning in January 2009. The Type II and III patterns are overall darker than their respective MARPAT progenitors, modified with different color shades and a vertically-aligned pixel pattern for the woodland version (compared to the horizontal alignment of woodland MARPAT). The additional patterns addressed the fact that the blue and grey Type I pattern was not meant for a tactical environment. Rank insignia is embroidered and worn on a tab in the center of the torso, name and `` U.S. Navy'' taps are embroidered in brown (Type II) or black (Type III). Backlash from Marines, including an objection from Commandant Conway , led to restrictions when wear regulations were released in 2010. The Type II is restricted for wear to Naval Special Warfare personnel, while Type III was restricted to Navy ground units until late 2016. The ACE emblem is omitted from the NWU Type II and NWU Type III. The uniforms are primarily composed of a 50/50 nylon and cotton blend, which eliminates the need for a `` starch and press'' appearance and reduces the possibility of snags and tears from sharp objects (thus making the garment last longer). However this blend combines high flammability with the strength to hold onto the sailor's body while burning. In August 2016 the U.S. Navy announced that it is eliminating the NWU Type I in favor of the Type III which will completely replace it by 1 October 2019 for wear as the standard working uniform ashore for all Navy personnel. Type III will begin being issued to new navy recruits in October 2017. The Type II will remain restricted to wear by Naval Special Warfare sailors when in desert environments. The Navy's goal of developing a single working uniform for wear aboard ship and ashore and by all ranks and rates which the NWU Type I was supposed to fulfill was never realized by the Type I. Soon after its introduction it was found to be unsuitable for shipboard wear because of its lack of flame resistance and so was banned from wear aboard ship (except for when in port) thus making it essentially a uniform to be worn while ashore only. As a uniform for wear ashore only, a pattern designed to conceal stains aboard ships is not nearly as effective at concealment as a pattern designed to conceal people on land, thus the IIIs are used ashore. The Navy continues to work to develop a new shipboard working uniform. While Navy uniforms traditionally have featured an indication of rank on the cover, the Type III uniforms have been designated to replace the rank insignia with the Anchor, Constitution, and Eagle (ACE) insignia per guidance that `` The design of the eight-point utility cap is scheduled for a design change that will replace the rank device with the ACE logo'' All-weather garments include a unisex pullover sweater, a fleece jacket, and a parka, all of which are available in matching camouflage patterns. Beginning in 2016 the Navy had planned to also issue a lightweight version of the NWU Type I more suitable to hot environments. Black safety boots, identical to those worn by United States Coast Guard personnel with their Operational Dress Uniform , are worn with the NWU Type I. Brown or tan boots can be authorized for wear with the Type II and III, though black is the standard color for sailors located in the contiguous United States. Boots come in two versions: black smooth leather boots, and black suede no-shine boots for optional wear while assigned to non-shipboard commands. Shipboard working uniform ( edit ) A navy seaman wearing flame-resistant `` FRV'' coveralls in 2015. A navy quartermaster in 2014 wearing poly/cotton coveralls. The poly/cotton coveralls have largely been replaced by the flame-resistant variant, though it is still authorized for wear by the navy. The U.S. Navy issued a new model coverall for use as a shipboard working uniform beginning in early 2014. The new flame resistant variant (FRV) coverall is used aboard all ships. It has largely replaced for shipboard use polyester cotton blend coveralls that provided inadequate fire protection and the NWU Type I for the same reason. The all cotton FRVs are dark blue in color compared to the older coveralls, which are lighter. They use rectangular velcro-backed nametags similar to those worn on flight crew suits, rather than the nametapes of the previous coverall. U.S. Fleet Forces Command (FFC) continues a multi-phase wear test of improved flame resistant variant (IFRV) working uniform components for shipboard wear. FFC most recently conducted in-depth focus groups with fleet sailors aimed at refining the design of the IFRV coverall. The IFRV coverall was approved for issue on 17 January 2017. Additional feedback from the focus groups, subsequently validated by a senior level working group, resulted in the preliminary design of a more professional looking two-piece utility shipboard uniform that can be worn both at sea and operational support jobs ashore. Wear tests of the prototype two-piece variants are expected to occur in 2017. Coats ( edit ) All enlisted sailors may wear the navy blue pea coat with a rate insignia for petty officer third class and up on the left sleeve, a navy blue `` All Weather Coat'' with rate insignia worn on the collar, or a navy blue Working Uniform Jacket with rate insignia worn on the collar. Officers and Chiefs may wear the calf-length wool `` bridge coat'' or waist-length reefer , with gold buttons and rank insignia worn on the epaulettes , or the all-weather coat, with rank insignia also worn on the shoulder or collar, depending on rank. All sailors are authorized to wear the `` Eisenhower'' jacket with short-sleeved service uniforms with appropriate rank devices on the shoulder epaulets. The `` Eisenhower'' jacket is a waist length, black jacket with knit cuffs, and is named for its association with the famous general and president. The khaki windbreaker , previously authorized only with the service khaki uniform, was retired on 30 September 2016. Naval Aviators, Naval Flight Officers, Naval Flight Surgeons, Naval Aviation Physiologists, and Naval Aircrewmen are authorized to wear G-1 seal-brown goatskin-leather flight jackets, with warfare insignia listed on a name tag (rank optional) over the left breast pocket, either permanently stitched to the leather or attached with a Velcro hook-and-loop fastener. These jackets were previously adorned with various `` mission patches,'' which indicate places the wearer has served. Today, patches on the G-1 are limited to a maximum of three in addition to the nametag, i.e., a unit insignia on the right breast, an aircraft type insignia on the right sleeve and an aircraft type insignia or embroidered U.S. flag on the left sleeve. Also, the Navy issues foul-weather or cold-weather jackets as appropriate for the environment, which are generally olive or Navy blue in color. These jackets are considered `` Organizational Clothing'' . They do not belong to the sailor, and are not allowed for wear off of the ship unless working in the near vicinity of the ship. Special uniform situations ( edit ) Navy personnel attached to Marine Corps units ( edit ) See also: Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps § Wear by Navy personnel Corpsman wearing the Marine Corps Service Uniform in 2007. As the Marines do not have medical personnel and chaplains, the Navy provides them. The officers and enlisted include doctors , physician assistants , dentists , nurses , hospital corpsmen , chaplains , religious program specialists , and Naval Gunfire Liaison Officers . There are also specialized ratings that will be attached to Marine commands such as Navy Divers for example. Because of this relationship, these personnel are authorized to wear U.S. Marine Corps utility (desert/woodland) uniforms with Navy rank insignia replacing the Marine insignia for enlisted personnel (Navy and Marine officer rank insignia are identical) and with a `` U.S. Navy'' patch replacing the `` U.S. Marines'' one. They wear the 8-point utility cover , but it lacks the Marine Corps emblem. Additionally, Navy personnel attached to Marine units can elect to wear Marine service uniforms, with Navy insignia. Those opting to wear Marine Corps service uniforms must meet Marine Corps grooming and physical appearance standards, which are more stringent than Navy standards. This does not apply to the MARPAT uniforms, as this uniform is required for wear in the field when attached to Marine units, regardless of adherence to Marine Corps grooming standards. Navy personnel are not authorized to wear the Marine Corps Dress Blue Uniform; instead Navy Dress Blue and White uniforms are worn. Other wear of Combat utilities ( edit ) Navy Rank and Markings on Army ACU In addition to Marine Corps detachments, combat utilities are also worn by Navy SEAL teams, along with SWCC crews who conduct clandestine maritime operations including supporting SEAL platoons and SOF cells. The Combat Utility Uniform (CUU) is authorized for those in the Explosive Ordnance Disposal (EOD) and Fleet Diver communities. Combat utilities are also authorized for those attached to the Naval Construction Force (NCF) ( Seabee ), Navy's Expeditionary Logistics Group, or the Navy's Expeditionary Combat Command (NECC). Also, Navy personnel assigned to some joint headquarters units, like Central Command in Qatar and Iraq , wear Desert Utility Uniforms (DUU). Navy personnel such as Individual Augmentees , Combat Camera Groups, Detainee OPS, and some in the special warfare community have been wearing the Army's ACU ( Army Combat Uniform ) when working closely with or attached to Army commands. Naval Aviation personnel ( edit ) Pilots, Naval Flight Officers, and Naval Aircrewmen are authorized to wear green or desert flight suits (made of nomex for fire protection), with rank insignia for officers stitched on the shoulders, and a name tag/warfare insignia on the left breast pocket. Either a Command/Navy ballcap or a Khaki Garrison Cap (for Commissioned Officers and CPOs) are worn with this uniform. Green flight suits are the standard wear; however, wing commanders may authorize desert flight suits for personnel located in hot climates. As of 2012, flight suits may now be worn off base in the same manner as the Navy Working Uniform. Coveralls are authorized to be worn with either the all-weather coat or utility jacket (Petty Officers only). Flight deck ( edit ) Flightdeck personnel on board an aircraft carrier wearing different colored jerseys, denoting a specific function. (U.S. Navy) See also: Flight deck crew Due to the extreme noise on the flight deck of an aircraft carrier, personnel handling the aircraft have specific-colored flight deck jerseys which by sight describes that person's function and is also the basis for referring to these personnel as `` Skittles '' . Due to the inevitable wear, lubricant stains, and short service life, flight deck personnel often wear a variety of trousers (NWUs, khakis, etc.) with the jerseys on deck.: Purple: Aviation Fuel Handlers Blue: Plane Handlers, Tractor Drivers, Elevator Operators Yellow: Flight Deck Officers and Plane Directors Green: Operations Personnel, Catapult and Arresting Gear Personnel, Ground Support Equipment Maintenance Personnel, Squadron Maintenance Personnel , Cargo handling personnel, Hook runners, Landing Signalmen Enlisted (LSE), and Photographers White: Safety Observers, Squadron Final Checkers (F/C), Landing Signal Officers (LSO), Corpsmen , LOX Handlers, Air Transfer Officers, Combat Cargo (CC) and visitors Red: Ordnance Handlers, EOD Personnel, Crash and Salvage Crews Brown: Plane Captains (Crew Chiefs and Mechanics) USS Constitution ( edit ) Officers and crew of USS Constitution The ship USS Constitution is the oldest commissioned ship in the U.S. Navy, the only one of the six original United States frigates still in existence. Constitution is presented to the public as the ship appeared during the War of 1812 , and personnel stationed aboard Constitution still wear uniforms according to regulations posted in 1813. These uniforms are worn on ceremonial occasions, such as the annual turn-around cruise in Boston every Independence Day . U.S. Naval Academy ( edit ) USNA Midshipmen in parade dress Midshipmen at the United States Naval Academy , in addition to regular Navy uniforms, also wear parade dress of traditional 19th-century military cut, waist-length tunics with stand collars and double rows of gold buttons. Obsolete uniforms ( edit ) Aviation working khaki ( edit ) Navy Uniform Regulations Change No. 11 issued 22 June 1917 authorized naval aviators to wear a summer service flying uniform of Marine Corps khaki of the same pattern as the officers' service dress white uniform tunic and trousers. It was to be worn with high, laced tan leather shoes only `` when on immediate and active duty with aircraft'' , and might be worn under similarly colored moleskin or khaki canvas coveralls as a `` working dress'' uniform. Naval aviators typically flew patrol bombers from shore bases until the first United States aircraft carrier USS Langley was commissioned on 20 March 1922. Differing uniforms afloat precipitated a 13 October 1922 Bureau of Navigation letter: `` Uniforms for aviation will be the same as for other naval officers, doing away with the green and khaki, which may be worn until June 1, 1923, but only at air stations.'' Khaki aviation uniforms of a somewhat different pattern were reinstated on 8 April 1925. Service Dress khaki ( edit ) Two naval officers showcase the now-discontinued service dress khaki uniform in September 2007. During World War II , a single-breasted heavy cotton twill jacket with shoulder boards was worn with cotton twill trousers over a long-sleeved cotton shirt with a black necktie as `` Service Dress Khaki'' , allowing cleaning in shipboard laundry facilities. Later on, through the Vietnam War , the trousers and jacket were often made of light wool or wool-blend fabric as routine access to dry-cleaning facilities became available. The uniform was dropped in 1975 by then- Chief of Naval Operations , Admiral Elmo Zumwalt , in order to reduce the number of items in the officer's seabag. A revived version of the uniform was announced in 2006 on a test basis. It was authorized for wear by commissioned officers and CPOs during the summer months and in tropical climates. Some commentators, including the periodical Navy Times , spoke of this uniform as having a `` throwback'' look. The uniform reintroduced a khaki service coat worn with a black necktie and shoulder boards. The prescribed headgear was a combination cap with khaki cover, or optionally a khaki garrison cap. It was intended to provide a more practical alternative to the Service Dress Whites and a more formal alternative to the Service Khakis. This uniform was frequently worn in public by then- CNO and subsequently Joint Chiefs Chairman Admiral Mike Mullen ; on 1 May 2011, Mullen was seen wearing this uniform in the iconic photograph in the White House Situation Room during the Navy SEAL raid on Osama bin Laden's compound . In October 2012, cost considerations led to the cancellation of the full-scale reintroduction of the uniform, and the uniform was dropped from the Navy. Service Dress blue Yankee ( edit ) The rarely seen Service Dress Blue Yankee uniform replaced the dark trousers and black shoes of Service Dress Blue with white trousers and shoes from the white uniform. Prescribed for officers. Winter blue ( edit ) The Winter Blue uniform was authorized for all ranks. Due to its near-black color, it was called the `` Johnny Cash '' uniform (a reference to the song/album Man in Black by the singer of the same name) It was a long sleeve black button-up shirt and black belt and trousers (optional skirt for females), with the headgear either the combination cover (all E-7 and above, female E-6s and below) or white Dixie Cup (male E-6s and below). Garrison caps were an optional secondary headgear, allowed to be worn for all ranks. As a service uniform, ribbons and badges were worn, and officers and Chief Petty Officers wore metal collar insignia, while enlisted E-6 and below wore just the rating badge on the left arm. All men wore ties, females necktabs, with an optional silver clip for Petty Officers First Class and below, others a gold clip. Working khaki ( edit ) The Working Khaki uniform was worn by Officers and Chief Petty Officers, primarily aboard ship or in selected working areas at bases ashore. Originally it was simply the Service Dress Khaki uniform worn without the coat and tie. Similar to, but less formal than, the Service Khaki, it consisted of a short or long-sleeve khaki uniform shirt, with warfare insignia and badges (i.e. command pins, nametags, etc., but no ribbons) worn on the top of the left pocket, and pin-on metal rank devices located on the collar. It also came with a set of khaki trousers, a khaki belt with a gold belt buckle, a command or `` U.S. Navy'' ballcap (garrison cap optional), and black or brown low quarter shoes, black or brown boots, or black leather safety shoes. It was often referred to as the `` Wash Khaki'' uniform, because it was a 100% cotton uniform that could be laundered but required pressing, differentiating it from the Summer Khaki made of Certified Navy Twill (CNT) or a poly-wool blend that is considered acceptable for wear ashore and off base, but which requires dry-cleaning. At the beginning of January 2011, the working khakis were replaced by the Navy Working Uniform, although the Navy Junior ROTC still uses them. Aviation working green ( edit ) A winter working green uniform for commissioned officers and Chief Petty Officers in the Naval Aviation community was authorized on 7 September 1917 in conjunction with adoption of the naval aviator wings breast insignia. The initial uniform pattern was the same as the officers' service dress white uniform tunic and trousers. Like the summer khaki uniform, it was to be worn with high, laced tan leather shoes. Like the aviation khaki uniform, the green uniform was temporarily banished during the early years of United States aircraft carrier operations from 1922 until a modified design was reauthorized in 1925. The final version, discontinued in January 2011, was somewhat similar to the Navy's revived Service Dress Khaki uniform in cut and design and bore additional similarities to the Marine Corps' Service Dress `` Alpha'' green uniform. It consisted of a green wool coat and green wool trousers with bronze buttons and a long-sleeve khaki shirt with black tie. Rank insignia consisted of black embroidery on sleeves in a style similar to the gold sleeve braid for officers, or rating marks and service `` hash'' marks for Chief Petty Officers, on Service Dress Blue uniforms. Metal rank insignia was worn concurrently on the collar points of the khaki shirt by line officers and CPOs. For staff corps officers, rank insignia was worn on the right collar point and staff corps insignia on the left collar point (typically Medical Corps for Naval Flight Surgeons, etc.) of the shirt. Warfare insignia and, if applicable, Command at Sea and/or Command Ashore insignia, were worn on the jacket and optionally on the shirt. Command nametags were also optional on both the blouse and/or shirt. Brown shoes were typically worn, although this transitioned to black between 1975 and 1986 when brown shoes were discontinued. Following the reinstatement of brown shoes in 1986, brown shoes again became the most common footwear. Authorized headgear included a combination cover in green, or a green garrison cover. During World War II and the Korean War, ribbons were also authorized with this uniform, making it a de facto `` service uniform'' or `` liberty uniform,'' authorized for wear off base. But by the early 1960s, it had become limited to that of a `` working uniform'' for use on base or aboard ship only. It was infrequently worn, primarily due its expense and its 100% wool fabric that typically made it unsuitable outside of the winter months; in the working environments where AWGs were authorized, aviators typically found working khakis or flight suits more convenient. The AWG uniform was formally phased out on 1 January 2011. The Navy Working Uniform took its place. Tropical uniforms ( edit ) The rarely seen Tropical White Uniform (also referred to as Tropical White Short) was similar to the Summer White Service uniform, except white knee shorts and knee socks were worn. It was colloquially known as the `` Captain Steubing'' uniform, after the character on The Love Boat TV show. Exceptionally rarely worn, though authorized with this uniform, was a pith helmet , with a Naval Officer's insignia at the front, above the brim. Tropical working uniforms existed, but were variations on the working khaki and utility uniforms. Knee shorts and black knee socks are worn, along with short sleeved button-up shirts. Summer white/blue (`` salt and pepper'' ) ( edit ) Initially worn by E-6 and below beginning in the mid-1970s with the temporary phaseout (until 1982) of the traditional `` crackerjack'' uniforms for E-6 and below, it was later expanded to include chief petty officers and commissioned officers. Best known by the nickname `` salt and peppers,'' the uniform consisted of a summer white shirt and winter blue (e.g. black) trousers for males and summer white blouse and winter blue trousers or winter blue skirt for females. Headgear consisted of a combination cover (e.g., coinciding with the mid-1970s/pre-1982 period when use of the `` crackerjack'' uniform and `` Dixie Cup'' headgear was suspended for male E-6 and below) and black shoes. Although naval personnel still retained all the components that made up this uniform, its use was discontinued in 1983. Though the U.S. Navy proper discontinued the uniform in 1983, Navy Junior ROTC units continued to wear it for decades after, until they themselves finally discontinued their usage in June 2010. Service Dress gray ( edit ) Captain Allan McCann wearing the Service Dress Gray uniform This short-lived uniform for officers and CPOs was only authorized from 1943-- 49, but was a common sight on the East Coast and in the Atlantic/European Theater during World War II. It was identical in cut and material to the Service Dress Khaki uniform but medium gray in color with black buttons, worn with a matching gray shirt and garrison or combination cover. Officers' shoulder boards were likewise gray, with stars/corps insignia and rank stripes in black. `` Working grays'' were the same uniform worn without the jacket and tie. The gray uniform was introduced by then-Chief of Naval Operations Ernest King , who thought khaki was more appropriate to land forces; Admiral Nimitz disliked it and discouraged its wear in the Pacific Fleet. CPO Whites ( edit ) From 1893 until 1975, Chief Petty Officers wore a Service Dress White uniform consisting of white cotton trousers and double-breasted reefer jacket with black necktie. Rating badges and service stripes in black were worn on the left sleeve. This uniform was also worn by members of Navy bands regardless of rank. Officer-pattern whites were authorized for CPOs in 1981. Dungarees ( edit ) Dungarees, World War II Dungarees were the junior enlisted (E1-E6) working uniform worn from 1913 through the 1990s; through World War II dungarees with a garrison or combination cover were also worn by CPOs engaged in dirty jobs. Unlike later working uniforms, dungarees were not allowed to be worn outside of military installations; service members were allowed to wear the uniform to and from the installation in a vehicle, but were not authorized to make any stops between while in the dungarees. In fact, until World War II dungarees could only be worn in port in ships' interior spaces, below the main deck or inside gun turrets. Dungarees consisted of a short or long-sleeve blue chambray shirt, white T-shirt, and bell-bottom denim jeans (the jeans in question had heptagonal `` patch'' pockets sewn on the front of the pant-legs rather than the traditional `` slash'' pockets often seen on civilian-worn jeans). Head gear was the white `` dixie cup '' cover for men and an early form of the black garrison cap or a black beret for women; after graduation from boot camp , the command ball cap was optional (and in practice more common). Starting in 1995, the white hat was no longer authorized for wear with dungarees, and the command (or Navy) ballcap became the predominant cover. During cold weather a black watch cap was allowed. The sailor's last name was stenciled in white on the pants just above the back pocket on the right side. The name was also placed in black on the shirt just above the right breast pocket, usually stenciled on. Names could also be reinforced with embroidered thread of the appropriate color on both the pants and shirt. Rate badges (for petty officers) and warfare devices were iron-on . The rate badges consisted of an all-black eagle (nicknamed a `` crow'' ) and chevrons, omitted the rating device found on other enlisted uniforms' rate badges. Low black leather boots called `` boondockers'' were issued with the dungaree uniform, however, sailors were allowed to wear black leather jump boots . Flight deck personnel were issued a type of taller cap-toe boot similar in design to jump boots known colloquially as `` wing walkers'' . These types of boots had zig-zag patterned out-soles to avoid gathering FOD (Foreign Object Debris) between the ridges that could litter the flight deck and cause potential damage to aircraft. `` Dealer/Chelsea '' style ankle boots (known colloquially as Lox boots ) with elastic-sides were issued to personnel working with Liquid oxygen for easier removal in case the boots would freeze upon contact. Utilities ( edit ) A navy corpsman in 1999 wearing the `` utility'' uniform. A navy sailor wearing the `` utility'' uniform in 2009. The enlisted utilities uniform was worn by junior enlisted sailors, from paygrades E-1 to E-6, from the mid-1990s until 2010, when they were phased out in favor of the NWU . Utilities consisted of dark blue chino cloth trousers with a polyester-- cotton blend shirt, and were considered an updated version of the dungarees uniform. Utilities were meant to be worn in a working environment but were authorized to be worn outside military installations, unlike coveralls. Usually sailors wore the command ball cap with this uniform, although a black watch cap was allowed in cold weather; the white `` dixie cup'' hat was worn for special ceremonies such as the dignified transfer of a decedent. Cloth name tapes were worn similar to that used on utility uniforms of the other services. In 1995 a tape with the words `` U.S. NAVY'' began being included above the left breast pocket with embroidered enlisted warfare insignia authorized above it, and an embroidered rating badge. The footwear for this uniform was full black, round-toed boots (referred to as boondockers), preferably with steel toes. The blue utility jacket was authorized in climates not cold enough as to warrant wearing the black All-Weather Coat. Enlisted Undress Blues ( edit ) Prior to the introduction of the Winter Blue/Winter Working Blue uniform, personnel E-6 and below in office and classroom environments were authorized to wear the Undress Blue uniform; this broadly resembled the Dress Blue `` crackerjack'' uniform but carried no piping or stars, and the sleeves were wide and cuffless like those of the current Dress Whites. Before 1941 this was the standard working uniform for all `` above-deck'' duties since dungarees were not permitted anywhere the public might see them. Ribbons and neckerchief were not worn and the uniform was not authorized for liberty. Enlisted Dress Whites (prewar) ( edit ) Until 1941, the summer and tropical equivalent to the Dress Blue `` crackerjacks'' was a white cotton jumper uniform with blue tar flap and cuffs, adorned with white piping and stars like the blue uniform. This uniform was discontinued `` for the duration'' and was never reinstated; instead the Undress Whites with the addition of ribbons and neckerchief became the summer dress uniform for sailors. The `` flat hat'' ( edit ) U.S. Navy sailor James R. Ward wearing the Flat Hat. From 1852 until 1962 (although in practice rarely worn after the middle of World War II), enlisted sailors were issued a round, flat blue wool hat with a ribbon around the band similar to that worn by the Royal Navy. The `` Donald Duck'' was worn with the Service Dress Blue uniform on more formal occasions in lieu of the white `` Dixie cup.'' The ribbon carried the name of the wearer's ship or station embroidered in gold until 1941, when this was replaced with a generic `` U.S. Navy'' as a wartime security measure. See also ( edit ) Badges of the United States Navy United States Navy officer rank insignia List of United States Navy staff corps (insignia) List of United States Navy ratings United States Navy enlisted rate insignia List of camouflage patterns#North America N-Z Uniforms of the United States Military Uniforms of the United States Marine Corps References ( edit ) Jump up ^ All ranks of warrant officer currently in use, CWO-2 through CWO-5, are Commissioned Warrant Officers and therefore technically commissioned officers. The noncommissioned warrant officer rank WO-1 is not presently in use. ^ Jump up to: Faram, Mark D. (October 9, 2015). `` Sweeping uniform changes emphasize gender neutrality'' . Navy Times . Jump up ^ The prescribed chinstrap for a Warrant Officer W-1 is narrow like a midshipman's and the cap badge is a pair of crossed anchors, but that rank is currently not in use. Jump up ^ Burke, R.P. (January 2017). `` NAVADMIN 015/17'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 3 April 2017 . Effective immediately and until further notice, optional wear of male E7 and above SDB trousers is authorized with the female SDB uniform. The manner of wear of male trousers is per current uniform policy. Jump up ^ Office of the Chief of Naval Operations (31 July 1972). `` Women's New Dress Blues Aren't Blue'' . OPNAV Information Bulletin . Notes of Interest. Washington, D.C. 20350: Navy Department . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . The Navy has announced a new Service Dress Blue uniform for enlisted women to be effective when current uniform stocks are depleted. The uniform was developed to be compatible with men's new enlisted uniform. The uniform features changes in color, material and insignia, but retains the present style. The new uniform will be black rather than the present Navy blue, and will be made from a new 10-ounce polyester/wool tropical blend material rather than the present 12-ounce serge. Collar devices (embroidered anchor and propellor) will be eliminated so that the uniform will match the plain collar style of the men's uniform. The women's new uniform will feature pewter buttons and a new pewter hat device, also like the men's , which displays the letters, `` U.S.N.'' , over an eagle. Jump up ^ Worthington, Rogers (5 July 1986). `` =Saluting A Return To Navy Tradition: To Rebellion And Back In A Decade'' . Chicago Tribune . Illinois . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Chief of Naval Personnel Public Affairs Office (9 October 2015). `` Navy Announces Rollout and Wear Dates for Upcoming Uniform Changes'' . All Hands . United States Department of the Navy . Retrieved 23 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` White and blue crackerjacks moving forward'' . Navy Times . 20 April 2015. Jump up ^ Naval Personnel Public Affairs (18 May 2012). `` Navy Announces New Uniform Components, Regulations'' . Department of the Navy. Jump up ^ Navy Personnel Command (March 2014). `` @USNPeople Uniform Newsgram'' (PDF) . Navy Uniform Matters Office . United States Department of the Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2015 . Retrieved 6 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Navy Personnel Command (December 2012). `` Breast Insignias and Identification Badges on the Navy Working Uniforms (Type I, II and III)'' (PDF) . Navy Uniform Matters Office . United States Department of the Navy. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 May 2013 . Retrieved 25 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Burke, R.P. (January 2017). `` NAVADMIN 015/17'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 29 March 2017 . Female Dress Covers. The deadline for mandatory wear of the alternate and unisex Combination Covers for female officers and chief petty officers (CPO) as directed by reference (b) is extended from 31 October 2016 to 31 October 2018. The enlisted White Hat remains mandatory for wear with jumper style uniforms only. The enlisted E1-E6 female combination cover is required for wear with the four button coat SDB uniform until 31 December 2019. Female Sailors ( sic ) E1-E6 may optionally wear the enlisted White Hat or female Combination Cover with maternity uniforms until 31 December 2019 to coincide with the termination wear date of the female E1-E6 four button SDB uniform. Female officer/CPO female combination covers are no longer available for purchase at the NEX Uniform Centers. Female E1-E6 Combination Cover availability is very limited through the NEX Uniform Call Center at 1-800-368-4088. Jump up ^ Bacon, Lance M. (28 December 2014). `` 2015 outlook: 4 new uniforms coming'' . Navy Times . Retrieved 24 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Uniform Changes Include CPO Cutlass, Ball Caps (press release), United States Navy , 2 April 2010, navy.mil Jump up ^ `` History of US Navy Uniforms (1776-1981)'' . The Navy Department Library. 15 June 2006. Archived from the original on 3 July 2006 . Retrieved 3 July 2006 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ United States Navy Uniform Regulations NAVPERS 15665 . Accessed 10 February 2015. Jump up ^ Navy Personnel Command Uniform Components , Navy Uniform Regulations. Updated April 2010. Jump up ^ https://web.archive.org/web/20180818200407/https://www.public.navy.mil/bupers-npc/support/uniforms/uniformregulations/Documents/15%20December%202015%20Summary%20of%20Changes.pdf Jump up ^ `` Military Photos: The New Navy Work Uniform'' . Strategy Page . StrategyWorld. 4 May 2006 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . The color pattern of the NWU (navy blue, deck gray, haze gray and black) Jump up ^ `` Navy Uniform Frequently Asked Questions'' . New-Navy-Uniform.com . Archived from the original on 10 May 2010 . Retrieved 19 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Faram, Mark D (30 October 2008). `` Blue cammies coming soon'' . Army Times Publishing Company. Archived from the original on 5 November 2009 . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ McCullough, Amy (20 January 2010). `` Your thoughts: Navy may try Corps-like camo'' . Marine Corps Times. Archived from the original on 12 June 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Working Uniform (NWU) Concepts Frequently Asked Questions'' . Task Force Uniform Public Affairs . United States Navy. 13 January 2005 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NAVADMIN 374/09: Navy Working Uniform Type II and III'' . Chief of Naval Operations . CDR Salamander. 4 January 2010 . Retrieved 6 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Sailor Outcry over Desert Camo Denial'' . Navy Times staff . Marine Corps Times. 22 February 2010. access-date= requires url= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Why Is the Marine Corps Fighting With the Navy Over a Camouflage Pattern?'' . The Atlantic . 17 January 2013 . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NWU under fire: Report raises concerns'' . Retrieved 4 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Navy Announces Elimination of NWU Type I'' . 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` The U.S. military is dumping the dumbest uniform ever'' . 5 August 2016. Archived from the original on 5 August 2016. Jump up ^ `` NAVADMIN 17214'' . Retrieved 12 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Foutch, Michael (2 March 2006). `` New Navy Working Uniform and Service Uniform Concepts Approved'' . Navy News Staff . Retrieved 5 November 2009 . Jump up ^ US Fleet Forces Public Affairs. `` Flame-Resistant Coveralls Coming to the Fleet Soon'' . US Fleet Forces Command. Jump up ^ `` Navy uniform policy: 14 changes start now'' . Navy Times . 7 September 2015. Jump up ^ `` USS Carney Tests Improved Flame-Resistant Variant Coveralls'' . 7 August 2016. Archived from the original on 7 August 2016. Jump up ^ http://homeport.seacadets.org/download/attachments/78839812/NSCC+Navy+Working+Uniform+Transition.pdf?version=1&modificationDate=1471103237000 Jump up ^ `` Navy - Soldier Systems Daily'' . soldiersystems.net . Jump up ^ The Chief of Naval Operations and Commandant of the Marine Corps are heads of separate branches -- the connections between the Navy and Marines include that they report to the Secretary of the Navy and they share common legal institutions like Naval Criminal Investigative Service and the Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals . Jump up ^ `` Chapter 2 -- Grooming Standards'' , U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations , United States Navy , archived from the original on 13 April 2009 Jump up ^ http://www.public.navy.mil/IA/Documents/NAV10116.txt Jump up ^ `` Rainbow Wardrobe'' . U.S. Navy Office of Information . Retrieved 2007-05-16 . Jump up ^ Chivers, C.J. (25 January 2012), `` Potent Sting Is Prepared in the Belly of a Warship'' , The New York Times , nyt.com , retrieved 26 January 2012 , A version of this article appeared in print on January 26, 2012, on page A6 of the New York edition with the headline: Potent Sting Is Prepared In the Belly Of a Warship. Jump up ^ `` Captain and Crew'' . Naval History. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. ^ Jump up to: Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969). Naval Aviation in World War I. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. pp. 9 & 74. Jump up ^ Courtney Kube (17 July 2008). `` New Navy uniform goes retro'' . MSNBC Digital Network. Archived from the original on 21 July 2008. Jump up ^ Faram, Mark D (6 July 2007). `` Wear tests scheduled for the fall'' . Navy Times . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . The Navy will begin wear tests this fall for three proposed new uniforms: a `` throwback'' service dress khaki uniform, along with crackerjacks that feature more sailor-friendly fabrics and a tailored fit, Navy Times has learned. Jump up ^ `` Navy Announces Service Dress Khaki Cancellation'' . Military.com. 23 October 2012 . Retrieved 10 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NAVADMIN 314/12'' . 19 October 2012 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Service Dress Blue Yankee for male Archived 23 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine . ( archived version ) and for female ( archived version ) officers Jump up ^ Faram, Mark D (28 March 2005). `` New duds for everyone?'' . Navy Times . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . They include service khakis, clearly the most used of the trio; summer whites, featuring white pants and shirts and shoulder boards for officers; and the less-visible winter blues, commonly known as the `` Johnny Cash'' uniform. Jump up ^ Van Avery, Chris (4 October 2004). `` The good, bad and ugly of proposed uniforms'' . Navy Times . Army Times Publishing Company . Retrieved 16 October 2009 . Combining a short- or long-sleeved white shirt with the blue trousers already in sailors' seabags eliminates the trouble of keeping summer white trousers white and Johnny Cash shirts unburned by a temperamental iron. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations, Male Enlisted Winter Blue Uniform'' . 6 October 2006. Archived from the original on 6 October 2006. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations, Female Enlisted Winter Blue Uniform'' . 20 May 2007. Archived from the original on 20 May 2007. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Van Wyen, Adrian O. (1969). Naval Aviation in World War I. Washington, D.C.: Chief of Naval Operations. pp. 33 & 74. Jump up ^ `` On This Date in Naval Aviation History: Aviation Greens Make A Comeback'' . Naval History Blog. 8 April 2010. Jump up ^ Navy Junior ROTC Cadet Field Manual (PDF) (8th ed.). Naval Education and Training Command. June 2010. Archived from the original on 31 March 2017 . Retrieved 31 March 2017 . CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ Not to be confused with Marine `` dungarees,'' the Corps' term for their green cotton twill fatigue uniform) Further reading ( edit ) U.S. Navy Uniform Regulations, Summary of Changes (March 2017) Navy Clothing & Textile Update Presented to Joint Advance Planning Brief for Industry (October 2015) U.S. Navy uniform regulations, 2006 U.S. Navy uniform regulations, 1998 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Uniforms of the United States Navy . 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where does the name iron maiden come from

Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group , Smiler . Harris attributes the band 's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas , the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device . After months of rehearsal , Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976 , before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point , Stratford .

Iron Maiden - Wikipedia Iron Maiden Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the band. For the supposed torture device, see Iron maiden . For other uses, see Iron Maiden (disambiguation) . Iron Maiden Top: Steve Harris (L), Dave Murray (R) Middle: Adrian Smith (L), Bruce Dickinson (R) Bottom: Nicko McBrain (L), Janick Gers (R) Background information Origin Leyton , London, England Genres Heavy metal Years active 1975-- present Labels EMI Parlophone Universal Sanctuary Columbia Portrait BMG CMC Epic Capitol Harvest Associated acts The Entire Population of Hackney Gogmagog Praying Mantis Samson Trust Urchin Website ironmaiden.com Members Steve Harris Dave Murray Adrian Smith Bruce Dickinson Nicko McBrain Janick Gers Iron Maiden are an English heavy metal band formed in Leyton , East London, in 1975 by bassist and primary songwriter Steve Harris . The band's discography has grown to thirty-eight albums, including sixteen studio albums, twelve live albums, four EPs , and seven compilations . Pioneers of the new wave of British heavy metal , Iron Maiden achieved initial success during the early 1980s. After several line-up changes, the band went on to release a series of UK and US platinum and gold albums, including 1982's The Number of the Beast , 1983's Piece of Mind , 1984's Powerslave , 1985's live release Live After Death , 1986's Somewhere in Time and 1988's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son . Since the return of lead vocalist Bruce Dickinson and guitarist Adrian Smith in 1999, the band have undergone a resurgence in popularity, with their 2010 studio offering, The Final Frontier , peaking at No. 1 in 28 countries and receiving widespread critical acclaim. Their sixteenth studio album, The Book of Souls , was released on 4 September 2015 to similar success. Despite little radio or television support, Iron Maiden are considered one of the most successful heavy metal bands in history, with The Sunday Times reporting in 2017 that the band have sold over 100 million copies of their albums worldwide. The band won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002. As of October 2013, the band have played over 2000 live shows throughout their career. For over 35 years the band have been supported by their famous mascot, `` Eddie '' , who has appeared on almost all of their album and single covers, as well as in their live shows. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Early years (1975-- 1978) 1.2 Record contract and early releases (1978-- 1981) 1.3 Success (1981-- 1985) 1.4 Experimentation (1986-- 1989) 1.5 Upheaval (1989-- 1994) 1.6 Blaze Bayley era, The X Factor and Virtual XI (1994-- 1999) 1.7 Return of Dickinson and Smith, Brave New World (1999-- 2002) 1.8 Dance of Death and A Matter of Life and Death (2003-- 2007) 1.9 Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and Flight 666 (2007-- 2009) 1.10 The Final Frontier and Maiden England World Tour (2010-- 2014) 1.11 The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast (2015-- present) 2 Image and legacy 2.1 Influence on other artists 2.2 Appearance in media 2.3 Claims of Satanic references 2.4 Ed Force One 3 Musical style and influences 4 Accolades 5 Band members 6 Discography 7 Concert tours 8 See also 9 Notes 9.1 Citations 10 References 11 External links History ( edit ) Early years (1975-- 1978) ( edit ) The Cart and Horses Pub, located in Maryland Point, Stratford, was where Iron Maiden played some of their first shows in 1976. Iron Maiden were formed on Christmas Day in 1975 by bassist Steve Harris shortly after he left his previous group, Smiler. Harris attributes the band's name to a film adaptation of The Man in the Iron Mask from the novel by Alexandre Dumas , the title of which reminded him of the iron maiden torture device . After months of rehearsal, Iron Maiden made their debut at St. Nicks Hall in Poplar on 1 May 1976, before taking up a semi-residency at the Cart and Horses Pub in Maryland Point, Stratford. The original line-up did not last very long, however, with vocalist Paul Day being the first casualty as, according to Harris, he lacked `` energy or charisma on stage'' . He was replaced by Dennis Wilcock, a Kiss fan who used make-up and fake blood during live performances. Wilcock's friend Dave Murray was invited to join, to the dismay of the band's guitarists Dave Sullivan and Terry Rance. Their frustration led Harris to temporarily disband Iron Maiden in 1976, though the group reformed soon after with Murray as the sole guitarist. Steve Harris and Dave Murray remain the band's longest-standing members and have performed on all of their releases. Dave Murray and Steve Harris in 2008. Harris and Murray are the only members to have performed on all of the band's albums. Iron Maiden recruited yet another guitarist in 1977, Bob Sawyer, who was sacked for embarrassing the band on stage by pretending to play guitar with his teeth. Tension ensued again, causing a rift between Murray and Wilcock, who convinced Harris to fire Murray, as well as original drummer Ron Matthews. A new line-up was put together, including future Cutting Crew member Tony Moore on keyboards, Terry Wapram on guitar, and drummer Barry Purkis (better known today as Thunderstick). A bad performance at the Bridgehouse, a pub located in Canning Town, in November 1977 was the line-up's first and only concert and led to Purkis being replaced by Doug Sampson . At the same time, Moore was asked to leave as Harris decided that keyboards did not suit the band's sound. A few months later, Dennis Wilcock decided that he had had enough with the group and left to form his own band, V1, and Dave Murray was immediately reinstated. As he preferred to be the band's sole guitarist, Wapram disapproved of Murray's return and was also dismissed. Steve Harris, Dave Murray and Doug Sampson spent the summer and autumn of 1978 rehearsing while they searched for a singer to complete the band's new line-up. A chance meeting at the Red Lion pub in Leytonstone in November 1978 evolved into a successful audition for vocalist Paul Di'Anno . Steve Harris has stated, `` There's sort of a quality in Paul's voice, a raspiness in his voice, or whatever you want to call it, that just gave it this great edge.'' At this time, Murray would typically act as their sole guitarist, with Harris commenting, `` Davey was so good he could do a lot of it on his own. The plan was always to get a second guitarist in, but finding one that could match Davey was really difficult.'' Record contract and early releases (1978-- 1981) ( edit ) Main articles: The Soundhouse Tapes , Iron Maiden (album) , and Killers (Iron Maiden album) On New Year's Eve 1978, Iron Maiden recorded a demo, consisting of four songs, at Spaceward Studios in Cambridge. Hoping the recording would help them secure more gigs, the band presented a copy to Neal Kay , then managing a heavy metal club called `` Bandwagon Heavy Metal Soundhouse'' , located in Kingsbury Circle, northwest London. Upon hearing the tape, Kay began playing the demo regularly at the Bandwagon, and one of the songs, `` Prowler'' , eventually went to No. 1 in the Soundhouse charts, which were published weekly in Sounds magazine. A copy was also acquired by Rod Smallwood , who soon became the band's manager, and, as Iron Maiden's popularity increased, they released the demo on their own record label as The Soundhouse Tapes , named after the club. Featuring only three tracks (one song, `` Strange World'' , was excluded as the band were unsatisfied with its production) all five thousand copies were sold out within weeks. In December 1979, the band secured a major record deal with EMI and asked Dave Murray's childhood friend Adrian Smith of Urchin to join the group as their second guitarist. Smith declined as he was busy with his own band, Urchin , so Iron Maiden hired guitarist Dennis Stratton instead. Shortly afterwards, Doug Sampson left due to health issues and was replaced by ex-Samson drummer Clive Burr at Stratton's suggestion on 26 December. Iron Maiden's first appearance on an album was on the Metal for Muthas compilation (released on 15 February 1980) with two early versions of `` Sanctuary '' and `` Wrathchild'' . The release led to an ensuing tour which featured several other bands linked with the new wave of British heavy metal . Paul Di'Anno and Steve Harris supporting Judas Priest on their British Steel Tour, 1980 Iron Maiden's eponymous 1980 release, Iron Maiden , debuted at No. 4 in the UK Albums Chart . In addition to the title track (a live version of which would be one of the first music videos aired on MTV ), the album includes other early favourites such as `` Running Free '' , `` Transylvania'' , `` Phantom of the Opera'' , and `` Sanctuary '' -- which was not on the original UK release but appeared on the US version and subsequent remasters. The band set out on a headline tour of the UK , before opening for Kiss on their 1980 Unmasked Tour 's European leg as well as supporting Judas Priest on select dates . Iron Maiden also appeared, to much acclaim, at the Reading Festival 1980. They were second to top of the bill on the Saturday, with UFO headlining. After the Kiss tour, Dennis Stratton was dismissed from the band as a result of creative and personal differences, and was replaced by Adrian Smith in October 1980. In 1981, Iron Maiden released their second album, entitled Killers . Containing many tracks written prior to their debut release, only two new songs were written for the record: `` Prodigal Son'' and `` Murders in the Rue Morgue'' (the latter's title was taken from the short story by Edgar Allan Poe ). Unsatisfied with the production on their debut album, the band hired veteran producer Martin Birch , who would go on to work for Iron Maiden until his retirement in 1992. The record was followed by the band's first world tour , which included their debut performance in the United States, opening for Judas Priest at The Aladdin Casino , Las Vegas. Success (1981-- 1985) ( edit ) Main articles: The Number of the Beast (album) , Piece of Mind , Powerslave , and Live After Death By 1981, Paul Di'Anno was demonstrating increasingly self-destructive behaviour, particularly through his drug usage, about which Di'Anno comments, `` it wasn't just that I was snorting a bit of coke, though; I was just going for it non-stop, 24 hours a day, every day ... the band had commitments piling up that went on for months, years, and I just couldn't see my way to the end of it. I knew I'd never last the whole tour. It was too much.'' With his performances suffering, Di'Anno was immediately dismissed following the Killer World Tour, at which point the band had already selected his replacement. After a meeting with Rod Smallwood at the Reading Festival , Bruce Dickinson , previously of Samson , auditioned for Iron Maiden in September 1981 and was immediately hired. The following month, Dickinson went out on the road with the band on a small headlining tour in Italy, as well as a one-off show at the Rainbow Theatre in the UK. For the last show, and in anticipation of their forthcoming album, the band played `` Children of the Damned'' and `` 22 Acacia Avenue'' , introducing fans to the sound towards which they were progressing. In 1982, Iron Maiden released The Number of the Beast , an album which gave the band their first UK Albums Chart No. 1 record and additionally became a Top Ten hit in many other countries. At the time, Dickinson was in the midst of legal difficulties with Samson's management and was not permitted to add his name to any of the songwriting credits, although he still made what he described as a `` moral contribution'' to `` Children of the Damned'' , `` The Prisoner'' and `` Run to the Hills '' . For the second time the band embarked on a world tour, dubbed The Beast on the Road , during which they visited North America, Japan, Australia and Europe, including a headline appearance at the Reading Festival. A new and hugely successful chapter in Iron Maiden's future was cemented; in 2010 The New York Times reported that the album had sold over 14 million copies worldwide. The Beast on the Road's US leg proved controversial when an American conservative political lobbying group claimed Iron Maiden were Satanic because of the new album's title track, to the point where a group of Christian activists destroyed Iron Maiden records as a protest against the band. In recent years, Dickinson has stated that the band treated this as `` silliness'' , and that the demonstrations in fact gave them `` loads of publicity'' . Nicko McBrain has been Iron Maiden's drummer since 1982 In December 1982, drummer Clive Burr was fired from the band and replaced by Nicko McBrain , previously of French band Trust . Although Harris states that his dismissal took place because his live performances were affected by offstage activities, Burr objected to this and claimed that he was unfairly ousted from the band. Soon afterwards, the band journeyed for the first time to The Bahamas to record the first of three consecutive albums at Compass Point Studios . In 1983, they released Piece of Mind , which reached the No. 3 spot in the UK, and was the band's debut in the North American charts, reaching No. 70 on the Billboard 200 . Piece of Mind includes the successful singles `` The Trooper '' and `` Flight of Icarus '' , the latter of which being particularly notable as one of the band's few songs to gain substantial airplay in the US. Soon after the success of Piece of Mind and its supporting tour , the band released Powerslave on 9 September 1984. The album featured fan favourites `` 2 Minutes to Midnight '' , `` Aces High '' , and `` Rime of The Ancient Mariner'' , the latter based on Samuel Taylor Coleridge 's poem of the same name and running over 13 minutes long. The tour following the album, dubbed the World Slavery Tour , was the band's largest to date and consisted of 193 shows in 28 countries over 13 months, playing to an estimated 3,500,000 people. Many shows were played back-to-back in the same city, such as in Long Beach, California, where the band played four consecutive concerts. It was here where the majority of their subsequent live release, Live After Death , was recorded, which became a critical and commercial success, peaking at No. 4 in the UK. Iron Maiden also made their debut appearance in South America, where they co-headlined (with Queen ) the Rock in Rio festival to an estimated crowd of 300,000. The tour was physically gruelling for the band, who demanded six months off when it ended (although this was later reduced to four months). This was the first substantial break in the group's history, including the cancellation of a proposed supporting tour for the new live album, with Bruce Dickinson threatening to quit unless the tour ended. Experimentation (1986-- 1989) ( edit ) Main articles: Somewhere in Time (Iron Maiden album) and Seventh Son of a Seventh Son Returning from their time off, the band adopted a different style for their 1986 studio album, entitled Somewhere in Time , featuring, for the first time in the band's history, synthesised bass and guitars to add textures and layers to the sound. The release charted well across the world, particularly with the single `` Wasted Years '' , but notably included no writing credits from lead singer Bruce Dickinson , whose material was rejected by the rest of the band. While Dickinson was focused on his own music, guitarist Adrian Smith, who typically collaborated with the vocalist, was `` left to (his) own devices'' and began writing songs on his own, coming up with `` Wasted Years'' , `` Sea of Madness'' , and `` Stranger in a Strange Land '' , the last of which would be the album's second single. The experimentation evident on Somewhere in Time continued on their next album, entitled Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , which was released in 1988. A concept album , based on the 1987 novel Seventh Son by Orson Scott Card , this would be the band's first record to include keyboards, performed by Harris and Smith, as opposed to guitar synthesisers on the previous release. After his contributions were not used for Somewhere in Time , Dickinson's enthusiasm was renewed as his ideas were accepted for this album. Another popular release, it became Iron Maiden's second album to hit No. 1 in the UK charts, although it only achieved a Gold certification in the US, in contrast to its four predecessors. During the following tour , the band headlined the Monsters of Rock festival at Donington Park for the first time on 20 August 1988, playing to the largest crowd in the festival's history (107,000). Also included on the bill were Kiss , David Lee Roth , Megadeth , Guns N' Roses and Helloween . The festival was marred, however, by the deaths of two fans in a crowd-surge during the aforementioned Guns N' Roses performance; the following year's festival was cancelled as a result. The tour concluded with several headline shows in the UK in November and December 1988, with the concerts at the NEC Arena , Birmingham recorded for a live video, entitled Maiden England . Throughout the tour, Harris' bass technician, Michael Kenney, provided live keyboards. Kenney has acted as the band's live keyboard player ever since, also performing on the band's four following albums before Harris took over as the group's sole studio keyboardist from 2000's Brave New World . Upheaval (1989-- 1994) ( edit ) Main articles: No Prayer for the Dying and Fear of the Dark (Iron Maiden album) During another break in 1989, guitarist Adrian Smith released a solo album with his band ASAP , entitled Silver and Gold , and vocalist Bruce Dickinson began work on a solo album with former Gillan guitarist Janick Gers , releasing Tattooed Millionaire in 1990, followed by a tour. At the same time, to mark the band's ten-year recording anniversary, Iron Maiden released The First Ten Years , a series of ten CDs and double 12-inch singles . Between 24 February and 28 April 1990, the individual parts were released one-by-one, each containing two of Iron Maiden's singles, including the original B-sides. Soon afterwards, Iron Maiden regrouped to work on a new studio record. During the pre-production stages, Adrian Smith left the band due to differences with Steve Harris regarding the direction the band should be taking, disagreeing with the `` stripped down'' style that they were leaning towards. Janick Gers, having worked on Dickinson's solo project, was chosen to replace Smith and became the band's first new member in seven years. The album, No Prayer for the Dying , was released in October 1990 and contained `` Bring Your Daughter... to the Slaughter '' , the band's first (and to date, only) UK Singles Chart No. 1, originally recorded by Dickinson's solo outfit for the soundtrack to A Nightmare on Elm Street 5: The Dream Child . After another tour and some more time off, the band recorded their next studio release, Fear of the Dark , which was released in 1992 and included the stand-out title track , which is now a regular fixture in the band's concert setlists. Achieving their third No. 1 in the UK albums chart, the disc also featured the No. 2 single `` Be Quick or Be Dead '' and the No. 21 single `` From Here to Eternity '' . The album featured the first songwriting by Gers, and no collaboration at all between Harris and Dickinson on songs. The extensive worldwide tour that followed included their first ever Latin American leg (after a single concert during the World Slavery Tour), and headlining the Monsters of Rock festivals in seven European countries. Iron Maiden's second performance at Donington Park , to an audience of 68,500 (the attendance was capped after the incident in 1988), was filmed for the audio and video release, Live at Donington , and featured a guest appearance by Adrian Smith, who joined the band to perform `` Running Free'' . In 1993, Bruce Dickinson left the band to further pursue his solo career, but agreed to remain for a farewell tour and two live albums (later re-released in one package ). The first, A Real Live One , featured songs from 1986 to 1992, and was released in March 1993. The second, A Real Dead One , featured songs from 1980 to 1984, and was released after Dickinson had left the band. The tour did not go well, however, with Steve Harris claiming that Dickinson would only perform properly for high-profile shows and that at several concerts he would only mumble into the microphone. Dickinson denies the charge that he was under-performing, stating that it was impossible to `` make like Mr Happy Face if the vibe wasn't right'' , saying that news of his exit from the band had prevented any chance of a good atmosphere during the tour. He played his farewell show with Iron Maiden on 28 August 1993, which was filmed, broadcast by the BBC and released on video under the name Raising Hell . Blaze Bayley era, the X Factor and Virtual XI (1994-- 1999) ( edit ) Main articles: The X Factor (album) and Virtual XI In 1994, the band listened to hundreds of tapes sent in by vocalists before convincing Blaze Bayley , formerly of the band Wolfsbane who had supported Iron Maiden in 1990, to audition for them. Harris' preferred choice from the outset, Bayley had a different vocal style from his predecessor, which ultimately received a mixed reception among fans. After a two-year hiatus (as well as a three-year hiatus from studio releases -- a record for the band at the time) Iron Maiden returned in 1995. Releasing The X Factor , the band had their lowest chart position since 1981 for an album in the UK (debuting at No. 8), although it would go on to win Album of the Year awards in France and Germany. The record included the 11-minute epic `` Sign of the Cross'' , the band's longest song since `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' , as well as the singles, `` Man on the Edge '' , based on the film Falling Down , and `` Lord of the Flies '' , based on the novel of the same name . The release is notable for its `` dark'' tone, inspired by Steve Harris' divorce. The band toured for the rest of 1995 and 1996, playing for the first time in Israel and South Africa, before stopping to release Best of the Beast . The band's first compilation, it included a new single, `` Virus '' , whose lyrics attack the critics who had recently written off the band. Iron Maiden returned to the studio to record Virtual XI , released in 1998. The album's chart scores were the band's lowest to date, including the UK where it peaked at No. 16 failing to score one million worldwide sales for the first time in Iron Maiden's history. At the same time, Steve Harris assisted in remastering the band's entire discography, up to and including Live at Donington (which was given a mainstream release for the first time). Bayley's tenure in Iron Maiden ended in January 1999 when he was asked to leave during a band meeting. The dismissal took place due to issues Bayley had experienced with his voice during the Virtual XI World Tour , although Janick Gers has since stated that this was partly the band's fault for forcing him to perform songs which were beyond his natural register. Return of Dickinson and Smith, Brave new World (1999-- 2002) ( edit ) Main articles: Ed Hunter and Brave New World (Iron Maiden album) Adrian Smith (left) re-joined Iron Maiden in 1999, resulting in a three guitar line-up. While the group were considering a replacement for Bayley, Rod Smallwood convinced Steve Harris to invite Bruce Dickinson back into the band. Although Harris admits that he `` wasn't really into it'' at first, he then thought, `` ' Well, if the change happens, who should we get?' The thing is, we know Bruce and we know what he's capable of, and you think, ' Well, better the devil you know.' I mean, we got on well professionally for, like, eleven years, and so ... after I thought about it, I didn't really have a problem with it.'' The band entered into talks with Dickinson, who agreed to rejoin during a meeting in Brighton in January 1999, along with guitarist Adrian Smith, who was telephoned a few hours later. With Gers, Smith's replacement, remaining, Iron Maiden now had a three-guitar line-up and embarked on a hugely successful reunion tour. Dubbed The Ed Hunter Tour , it tied in with the band's newly released greatest hits collection, Ed Hunter , whose track listing was decided by a poll on the group's website, and also contained a computer game of the same name starring the band's mascot . One of Dickinson's primary concerns on rejoining the group `` was whether we would in fact be making a real state-of-the-art record and not just a comeback album,'' which eventually took the form of 2000's Brave New World . Having disliked the results from Harris' personal studio, Barnyard Studios located on his property in Essex, which had been used for the last four Iron Maiden studio albums, the band recorded the new release at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris in November 1999 with producer Kevin Shirley . Thematic influences continued with `` The Wicker Man '' -- based on the 1973 British cult film of the same name -- and `` Brave New World'' -- title taken from the Aldous Huxley novel of the same name . The album furthered the more progressive and melodic sound present in some earlier recordings, with elaborate song structures and keyboard orchestration. The world tour that followed consisted of well over 100 dates and culminated on 19 January 2001 in a show at the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, where Iron Maiden played to an audience of around 250,000. While the performance was being produced for a CD and DVD release in March 2002, under the name Rock in Rio , the band took a year out from touring, during which they played three consecutive shows at Brixton Academy in aid of former drummer Clive Burr , who had recently announced that he had been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis . The band performed two further concerts for Burr's MS Trust Fund charity in 2005, and 2007, before his death in 2013. Dance of Death and a Matter of Life and Death (2003-- 2007) ( edit ) Main articles: Dance of Death (album) and A Matter of Life and Death (album) Following their Give Me Ed... ' Til I'm Dead Tour in the summer of 2003, Iron Maiden released Dance of Death , their thirteenth studio album, which was met by worldwide critical and commercial success. Produced by Kevin Shirley, now the band's regular producer, many critics also felt that this release matched up to their earlier efforts, such as Killers , Piece of Mind and The Number of the Beast . As usual, historical and literary references were present, with `` Montségur '' in particular being about the Cathar stronghold conquered in 1244, and `` Paschendale'' relating to the significant battle which took place during The First World War . During the following tour , the band's performance at Westfalenhalle , in Dortmund, Germany, was recorded and released in August 2005 as a live album and DVD, entitled Death on the Road . In 2005, the band announced the Eddie Rips Up the World Tour which, tying in with their 2004 DVD entitled The History of Iron Maiden -- Part 1: The Early Days , only featured material from their first four albums. As part of this celebration of their earlier years, `` The Number of the Beast'' single was re-released and went straight to No. 3 in the UK Chart. The tour included many headlining stadium and festival dates, including a performance at Ullevi Stadium in Sweden to an audience of almost 60,000. This concert was also broadcast live on satellite television all over Europe to approximately 60 million viewers. Following this run of European shows, the band co-headlined the US festival tour, Ozzfest , with Black Sabbath , their final performance at which earned international press coverage after their show was sabotaged by singer Ozzy Osbourne 's family, who took offence to Dickinson's remarks against reality-TV. The band completed the tour by headlining the Reading and Leeds Festivals on the 26-- 28 August, and the RDS Stadium in Ireland on 31 August. For the second time, the band played a charity show for The Clive Burr MS Trust Fund, this time taking place at the Hammersmith Apollo . The same year, the band were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk in Sunset Boulevard , Los Angeles. Vocalist Bruce Dickinson during A Matter of Life and Death World Tour. Throughout the tour's first leg, the band played the A Matter of Life and Death album in its entirety. At the end of 2005, Iron Maiden began work on A Matter of Life and Death , their fourteenth studio effort, released in autumn 2006. While not a concept album, war and religion are recurring themes in the lyrics, as well as in the cover artwork. The release was a critical and commercial success, earning the band their first top ten in the Billboard 200 and receiving the Album of the Year award at the 2006 Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards . A supporting tour followed, during which they played the album in its entirety; response to this was mixed. The second part of the `` A Matter of Life and Death'' tour, which took place in 2007, was dubbed `` A Matter of the Beast'' to celebrate the 25th anniversary of The Number of the Beast album, and included appearances at several major festivals worldwide. The tour opened in the Middle East with the band's first performance in Dubai at the Dubai Desert Rock Festival , after which they played to over 30,000 people at the Bangalore Palace Grounds, marking the first concert by any major heavy metal band in the Indian sub-continent. The band went on to play a string of European dates, including an appearance at Download Festival , their fourth headline performance at Donington Park , to approximately 80,000 people. On 24 June they ended the tour with a performance at London's Brixton Academy in aid of The Clive Burr MS Trust fund. Somewhere Back in time World tour and Flight 666 (2007-- 2009) ( edit ) Main articles: Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and Iron Maiden: Flight 666 On 5 September 2007, the band announced their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour , which tied in with the DVD release of their Live After Death album. The setlist for the tour consisted of successes from the 1980s, with a specific emphasis on the Powerslave era for set design. The first part of the tour, commencing in Mumbai, India on 1 February 2008, consisted of 24 concerts in 21 cities, travelling nearly 50,000 miles in the band's own chartered aeroplane, named `` Ed Force One'' . They played their first ever concerts in Costa Rica and Colombia and their first shows in Australia and Puerto Rico since 1992. Iron Maiden performing in Toronto during the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 2008. The stage set largely emulated that of the World Slavery Tour 1984-- 85. The tour led to the release of a new compilation album, entitled Somewhere Back in Time , which included a selection of tracks from their 1980 eponymous debut to 1988's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , as well as several live versions from Live After Death . The Somewhere Back in Time World Tour continued with two further legs in the US and Europe in the summer of 2008, during which the band used a more expansive stage-set, including further elements of the original Live After Death show. With the sole UK concert taking place at Twickenham Stadium , this would be the first time the band would headline a stadium in their own country. The three 2008 legs of the tour were remarkably successful; it was the second highest grossing tour of the year for a British artist. The last part of the tour took place in February and March 2009, with the band, once again, using `` Ed Force One'' . The final leg included the band's first ever appearances in Peru and Ecuador, as well as their return to Venezuela and New Zealand after 17 years. The band also played another show in India (their third in the country within a span of 2 years) at the Rock in India festival to a crowd of 20,000. At their concert in São Paulo on 15 March, Dickinson announced on stage that it was the largest non-festival show of their career, with an overall attendance of 63,000 people. The final leg ended in Florida on 2 April after which the band took a break. Overall, the tour reportedly had an attendance of over two million people worldwide over both years. At the 2009 BRIT Awards , Iron Maiden won the award for best British live act. Voted for by the public, the band reportedly won by a landslide. On 20 January 2009, the band announced that they were to release a full-length documentary film in select cinemas on 21 April 2009. Entitled Iron Maiden: Flight 666 , it was filmed during the first part of the Somewhere Back in Time World Tour between February and March 2008. Flight 666 was co-produced by Banger Productions and was distributed in cinemas by Arts Alliance Media and EMI , with D&E Entertainment sub-distributing in the US. The film went on to have a Blu-ray, DVD and CD release in May and June, topping the music DVD charts in 22 countries. The Final Frontier and Maiden England World tour (2010-- 2014) ( edit ) Main articles: The Final Frontier , The Final Frontier World Tour , En Vivo! (Iron Maiden album) , and Maiden England World Tour Following announcements that the band had begun composition of new material and booked studio time in early 2010 with Kevin Shirley producing, The Final Frontier was announced on 4 March. The album, the band's fifteenth, was released on 16 August, garnering critical acclaim and the band's greatest commercial success in their history, reaching No. 1 in twenty-eight countries worldwide. Although Steve Harris had been quoted in the past as claiming that the band would only produce fifteen studio releases, band members have since confirmed that there will be at least one further record. The album's supporting tour saw the band perform 98 shows across the globe to an estimated audience of over 2 million, including their first visits to Singapore, Indonesia and South Korea, before concluding in London on 6 August 2011. As the tour's 2010 leg preceded The Final Frontier 's release, the band made `` El Dorado '' available as a free download on 8 June, which would go on to win the award for Best Metal Performance at the 2011 Grammy Awards on 13 February 2011. It is the band's first win following two previous Grammy nominations (`` Fear of the Dark '' in 1994 and `` The Wicker Man '' in 2001). On 15 March, a new compilation to accompany 2009's Somewhere Back in Time was announced. Entitled From Fear to Eternity , the original release date was set at 23 May but was later pushed back to 6 June. The double disc set covers the period 1990-- 2010 (the band's most recent eight studio albums), and, as on Somewhere Back in Time , live versions with Bruce Dickinson were included in place of original recordings which featured other vocalists, in this case Blaze Bayley . In a press release regarding From Fear to Eternity , band manager Rod Smallwood revealed that Iron Maiden will release a new concert video to DVD in 2011, filmed in Santiago, Chile and Buenos Aires, Argentina during The Final Frontier World Tour. On 17 January 2012, the band announced that the new release, entitled En Vivo! , based on footage from the Chile concert, will be made available worldwide on CD, LP, DVD and Blu-ray on 26 March, except the United States and Canada (where it was released on 27 March). In addition to the concert footage, the video release includes an 88-minute tour documentary, entitled Behind The Beast, containing interviews with the band and their crew. In December 2012, one song from the release (`` Blood Brothers'' ) was nominated for a Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance at the 2013 Grammy Awards . On 15 February 2012, the band announced the Maiden England World Tour 2012-- 14, which was based around the video of the same name . The tour commenced in North America in the summer of 2012 and was followed by further dates in 2013 and 2014, which included the band's record-breaking fifth headline performance at Donington Park , their first show at the newly built national stadium in Stockholm, a return to the Rock in Rio festival in Brazil, and their debut appearance in Paraguay. In August 2012, Steve Harris stated that the Maiden England video would be re-issued in 2013, with a release date later set for 25 March 2013 in DVD, CD and LP formats under the title Maiden England ' 88 . On 11 November 2011, Universal Music Group agreed to acqure Iron Maiden's longtime label EMI for £ 1.2 billion. Universal completed the deal in September 2012, but was required to divest certain record labels to other parties. On 7 February 2013, Iron Maiden's catalogue was transferred to EMI's Parlophone , which Warner Music Group acquired for £ 487 million. One week later, Universal sold Sanctuary Records (Iron Maiden's label in the United States) to BMG Rights Management for £ 40 million. The Book of Souls and Legacy of the Beast (2015-- present) ( edit ) Main articles: The Book of Souls , The Book of Souls World Tour , and Legacy of the Beast World Tour Following confirmation from the group that 2010's The Final Frontier would not be their last album, Bruce Dickinson revealed plans for a sixteenth studio record in July 2013, with a potential release date in 2015. In February 2015, drummer Nicko McBrain revealed that a new album had been completed, although the release has been put on hold while Dickinson recovers from treatment for a cancerous tumour found on his tongue. On 15 May, after Dickinson had been given the all-clear, manager Rod Smallwood confirmed that the album would be released in 2015, although the band will not tour until 2016 to allow Dickinson to recuperate. On 18 June 2015, the band's website announced its title, The Book of Souls , and confirmed a release date of 4 September 2015. A critical and commercial success, it received positive reviews and became the band's fifth UK No. 1 album. Smith, Harris, Murray and Gers performing in 2017. The new record was recorded at Guillaume Tell Studios, Paris, which they had previously used for 2000's Brave New World , with regular producer Kevin Shirley in late summer 2014. With a total time of 92 minutes, it is the group's first double studio album. In addition, the release's closing song, `` Empire of the Clouds '' , penned by Dickinson, surpassed `` Rime of the Ancient Mariner'' (from 1984's Powerslave ) as Iron Maiden's longest song, at 18 minutes in length. A music video for the song `` Speed of Light '' was issued on 14 August. In February 2016, the band embarked on The Book of Souls World Tour , which saw them play concerts in 35 countries in North and South America, Asia, Australasia, Africa and Europe, including their first ever performances in China, El Salvador and Lithuania. As with 2008-09's Somewhere Back in Time World Tour and 2010-11's The Final Frontier World Tour, the group travelled in a customised aeroplane, flown by Dickinson and nicknamed `` Ed Force One'' , although this time they used a Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet. The band completed the tour in 2017 with further European and North American shows. On 20 September 2017, The Book of Souls: Live Chapter was announced. Recorded throughout The Book of Souls World Tour, it was released on 17 November 2017. In the summer of 2016, the group launched a mobile game , Iron Maiden: Legacy of the Beast . Inspired by the game's title, the band will undertake the Legacy of the Beast World Tour from 2018 to 2019, commencing with European shows in 2018. Image and Legacy ( edit ) Iron Maiden were ranked No. 24 in VH1 's `` 100 Greatest Artists of Hard Rock'' , No. 4 in MTV 's `` Top 10 Greatest Heavy Metal Bands of All Time'' and No. 3 in VH1 Classic 's `` Top 20 Metal Bands'' . The band also won the Ivor Novello Award for international achievement in 2002 and were inducted into the Hollywood RockWalk whilst touring in the US in 2005. Iron Maiden frequently use the slogan `` Up the Irons'' in their disc liner notes, and the phrase can also be seen on several T-shirts officially licensed by the band. It is a paraphrase of `` Up the Hammers'' , the phrase which refers to the London football club, West Ham United , of which founder Steve Harris is a fan. Iron Maiden's mascot , Eddie , is a perennial fixture in the band's science fiction and horror-influenced album cover art, as well as in live shows. Originally a papier-mâché mask incorporated in their backdrop which would squirt fake blood during their live shows, the name would be transferred to the character featured in the band's debut album cover, created by Derek Riggs . Eddie was painted exclusively by Riggs until 1992, at which point the band began using artwork from numerous other artists as well, including Melvyn Grant . Eddie is also featured in the band's first-person shooter video game, Ed Hunter , as well as their mobile role-playing game , Iron Maiden: Legacy of the Beast , in addition to numerous T-shirts, posters and other band-related merchandise. In 2008, he was awarded the `` Icon Award'' at the Metal Hammer Golden Gods, while Gibson.com describes him as `` the most recognisable metal icon in the world and one of the most versatile too'' . Iron Maiden's distinct logo has adorned all of the band's releases since their debut, 1979's The Soundhouse Tapes EP. The typeface originates with Vic Fair's poster design for the 1976 science fiction film, The Man Who Fell to Earth , also used by Gordon Giltrap , although Steve Harris claims that he designed it himself, using his abilities as an architectural draughtsman. Influence on other artists ( edit ) According to Guitar World , Iron Maiden's music has `` influenced generations of newer metal acts, from legends like Metallica to current stars like Avenged Sevenfold ,'' with Metallica drummer Lars Ulrich commenting that he has `` always had an incredible amount of respect and admiration for them.'' Kerry King of Slayer has stated that `` they meant so much to (him) in their early days'' and Scott Ian of Anthrax said that `` they had a major impact on (his) life.'' M. Shadows of Avenged Sevenfold states that Iron Maiden `` are by far the best live band in the world and their music is timeless'' , while Trivium singer Matt Heafy comments that `` without Iron Maiden, Trivium surely wouldn't exist'' . Slipknot frontman Corey Taylor says that `` Steve Harris does more with four fingers than I've ever seen anybody do. And Bruce Dickinson? Dude! To me, he was the quintessential old-school heavy metal singer. He could hit notes that were just sick, and he was a great showman. Everything made me a fan. And there wasn't a dude that I hung out with that wasn't trying to draw Eddie on their schoolbooks'' , while their music also helped Jesper Strömblad of In Flames to pioneer the melodic death metal genre, stating that he had wanted to combine death metal with Iron Maiden's melodic guitar sounds. Other heavy metal artists who cite the band as an influence include Chris Jericho , lead singer of Fozzy , Cam Pipes , lead vocalist of 3 Inches of Blood , Vitaly Dubinin, bassist of Aria , and Mikael Åkerfeldt , guitarist and lead vocalist of Opeth . Both current and former Dream Theater members John Petrucci , John Myung and Mike Portnoy have stated that Iron Maiden were one of their biggest influences when their band first formed. Appearance in media ( edit ) The band's name has been mentioned prominently in several songs, such as the singles `` Teenage Dirtbag '' by Wheatus , `` Back to the 80's '' by Danish dance-pop band Aqua. and `` Fat Lip '' by Sum 41 . Iron Maiden have also been referenced in Weezer 's `` Heart Songs'' (from their 2008 self-titled `` Red '' album), Blues Traveler 's `` Psycho Joe'' (from 1997's Straight on till Morning ), and NOFX 's `` Eddie, Bruce and Paul'' (from their 2009 album Coaster ), which Sputnikmusic describes as `` a humorous retelling of Paul DiAnno's departure'' . In 2008, Kerrang! released an album, entitled Maiden Heaven: A Tribute to Iron Maiden , composed of Iron Maiden cover songs played by artists such as Metallica, Machine Head , Dream Theater , Trivium, Coheed and Cambria , Avenged Sevenfold, and others who were influenced by Iron Maiden throughout their careers. In 2010, Maiden uniteD , an acoustic tribute band consisting of members of Ayreon , Threshold and Within Temptation , released Mind the Acoustic Pieces , a re-interpretation of the entire Piece of Mind album. Many other Iron Maiden cover albums exist (each featuring various artists), including piano, electro, string quartet and hip-hop tributes. Iron Maiden songs have been featured in the soundtracks of several video games, including Carmageddon 2 , Grand Theft Auto: Vice City , Grand Theft Auto: Episodes from Liberty City , Grand Theft Auto IV: The Lost and Damned , Tony Hawk's Pro Skater 4 , SSX on Tour and Madden NFL 10 . Their music also appears in the Guitar Hero and Rock Band series of rhythmic video games . Iron Maiden songs have also appeared in films, such as Phenomena (entitled Creepers in the US), and Murder by Numbers ; while MTV's animated duo Beavis and Butt-head have commented favourably on the band several times. Transformers author Bill Forster is an avowed Iron Maiden fan and made several Iron Maiden references, including song lyrics and the phrase `` Up the Irons'' in his books, including The Ark series and The AllSpark Almanac series. Claims of Satanic references ( edit ) In 1982, the band released one of their most popular, controversial and acclaimed albums, The Number of the Beast . The artwork and title track led to Christian groups in the United States branding the band as Satanists , encouraging people to destroy copies of the release. The band's manager, Rod Smallwood, later commented that Christians initially burnt the records, but later decided to destroy them with hammers through fear of breathing in the melting vinyl's fumes. The protests were not restricted to the US, with Christian organisations preventing Iron Maiden from performing in Chile in 1992. Contrary to the accusations, the band have always denied the notion that they are Satanists, with lead vocalist, Bruce Dickinson, doing so on-stage in the Live After Death concert video. Steve Harris has since commented that, `` It was mad. They completely got the wrong end of the stick. They obviously hadn't read the lyrics. They just wanted to believe all that rubbish about us being Satanists.'' Harris has also stated that `` The Number of the Beast '' song was inspired by a nightmare he had after watching Damien: Omen II , and also influenced by Robert Burns ' Tam o' Shanter . Furthermore, the band's drummer, Nicko McBrain , has been a born again Christian since 1999. Ed Force one ( edit ) Iron Maiden's Boeing 747-400, Ed Force One, as used during The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016. For their Somewhere Back in Time World Tour in 2008 and 2009, Iron Maiden commissioned an Astraeus Airlines Boeing 757 as transport. The aeroplane was converted into a combi configuration, which enabled it to carry the band, their crew and stage production, thereby allowing the group to perform in countries which were previously deemed unreachable logistically. It was also repainted with a special Iron Maiden livery, which the airline decided to retain after receiving positive feedback from customers. The aircraft, named `` Ed Force One'' after a competition on the band's website, was flown by Dickinson, as he was also a commercial airline pilot for Astraeus, and plays a major role in the award-winning documentary, Iron Maiden: Flight 666 , which was released in cinemas in 42 countries in April 2009. A different aeroplane (registered G-STRX) was used for The Final Frontier World Tour in 2011 with altered livery, adopting the artwork of The Final Frontier album, and features heavily in the 2012 documentary `` Behind the Beast '' . For The Book of Souls World Tour in 2016, the band upgraded to an ex-Air France Boeing 747-400 jumbo jet, supplied by Air Atlanta Icelandic (registered TF-AAK) and customised by Volga-Dnepr Gulf , which allows for more space without the aircraft having to undergo a significant conversion to carry their equipment. Musical style and influences ( edit ) `` Run to the Hills'' (1982) `` Run to the Hills'' ( The Number of the Beast ) demonstrates the band's trademark `` gallop'' riff style. `` Caught Somewhere in Time'' (1986) `` Caught Somewhere in Time'' ( Somewhere in Time ). The band's use of harmonised guitars and usage of `` gallop'' rhythm remains unchanged as synthesisers are added. `` Brave New World'' (2000) `` Brave New World'' ( Brave New World ) demonstrates the band's increased use of progressive elements in the latter half of their career. Problems playing these files? See media help . Steve Harris, Iron Maiden's bassist and primary songwriter, has stated that his influences include Black Sabbath , Deep Purple , Led Zeppelin , Uriah Heep , Pink Floyd , Genesis , Yes , Jethro Tull , Thin Lizzy , UFO and Wishbone Ash . In 2010 Harris stated, `` I think if anyone wants to understand Maiden's early thing, in particular the harmony guitars, all they have to do is listen to Wishbone Ash's Argus album. Thin Lizzy too, but not as much. And then we wanted to have a bit of a prog thing thrown in as well, because I was really into bands like Genesis and Jethro Tull. So you combine all that with the heavy riffs and the speed, and you've got it.'' In 2004, Harris explained that the band's `` heaviness'' was inspired by `` Black Sabbath and Deep Purple with a bit of Zeppelin thrown in.'' On top of this, Harris developed his own playing style, which guitarist Janick Gers describes as `` more like a rhythm guitar,'' cited as responsible for the band's galloping style, heard in such songs as `` The Trooper '' and `` Run to the Hills.'' The band's guitarists, Dave Murray, Adrian Smith and Janick Gers, each have their own individual influences and playing style. Dave Murray is known for his legato technique which, he claims, `` evolved naturally. I'd heard Jimi Hendrix using legato when I was growing up, and I liked that style of playing.'' Stating that he `` was inspired by blues rock rather than metal,'' Adrian Smith was influenced by Johnny Winter and Pat Travers , leading to him becoming a `` melodic player.'' Janick Gers, on the other hand, prefers a more improvised style, largely inspired by Ritchie Blackmore , which he claims is in contrast to Smith's `` rhythmic'' sound. Singer Bruce Dickinson, who typically works in collaboration with guitarist Adrian Smith, has an operatic vocal style, inspired by Arthur Brown , Peter Hammill , Ian Anderson and Ian Gillan , and is often considered to be one of the best heavy metal vocalists of all time. Although Nicko McBrain has only received one writing credit, on the Dance of Death album, Harris often relies on him while developing songs. Adrian Smith commented, `` Steve loves playing with him. (They) used to work for hours going over these bass and drum patterns.'' Throughout their career, the band's style has remained largely unchanged, in spite of the addition of guitar synthesisers on 1986's Somewhere in Time , keyboards on 1988's Seventh Son of a Seventh Son , and an attempt to return to the `` stripped down'' production of their earlier material on 1990's No Prayer for the Dying . In recent years, however, the band have begun using more progressive elements in their songs, which Steve Harris describes as not progressive `` in the modern sense, but like Dream Theater , more in a 70s way'' . According to Harris, Seventh Son of a Seventh Son was the band's first album which was `` more progressive'' , while they would only return to this style from 1995's The X Factor , which he states is `` like an extension of Seventh Son ..., in the sense of the progressive element to it'' . The development contrasts with the band's raw sounding earlier material, which AllMusic states was `` clearly drawing from elements of punk rock'' , although Harris firmly denies this. Accolades ( edit ) Main article: List of awards and nominations received by Iron Maiden Bandit Rock Awards : 2011: Best International Live Act 2015: Best International Live Act 2016: Best International Album -- The Book of Souls Brit Awards : 2009: Best British Live Act Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards : 2006: Album of the Year -- A Matter of Life and Death 2006: VIP Award -- Rod Smallwood , Iron Maiden 2009: Band of the Year 2015: Album of the Year -- The Book of Souls Echo Music Prize : 2016: Rock Alternative/International Emma-gaala : 2004: The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist 2006: The audience vote for Best Foreign Artist Grammy Awards : 2011: Grammy Award for Best Metal Performance -- `` El Dorado '' Hollywood's RockWalk : 2005: RockWalk of Fame Inductee Ivor Novello Awards : 2002: International Achievement Juno Awards : 2010: Juno Award for Music DVD of the Year -- Iron Maiden: Flight 666 (Sam Dunn and Scott McFadyen) Kerrang! Awards : 2005: Kerrang! Hall of Fame 2013: Kerrang! Inspiration 2016: Kerrang! Legend Metal Hammer Golden Gods Awards : 2004: Best UK Act 2008: Best UK Band 2008: Icon Award -- Eddie 2009: Golden Gods Award 2009: Best UK Band 2011: Best UK Band 2012: Best Event -- Iron Maiden's UK Tour 2014: Best UK Band 2016: Best Album -- The Book of Souls 2017: Best Game - Iron Maiden: Legacy of the Beast Metal Storm Awards : 2006: Best Heavy Metal Album -- A Matter of Life and Death 2009: Best DVD -- Iron Maiden: Flight 666' 2010: Best Video -- `` The Final Frontier '' Silver Clef Award : 2004: Special Achievement Award 2015: O2 Silver Clef Award 2015 Rockbjörnen : 2011: Best Hard Rock Live Act SXSW Film Festival : 2009: 24 Beats Per Second -- Iron Maiden: Flight 666 Band members ( edit ) For more details on this topic, see List of Iron Maiden band members . Current members Steve Harris -- bass, backing vocals (1975-- present) , keyboards (1988, 1998-- present) Dave Murray -- guitars (1976-- 1977, 1978-- present) Adrian Smith -- guitars, backing vocals (1980-- 1990, 1999-- present) , keyboards (1988) Bruce Dickinson -- lead vocals (1981-- 1993, 1999-- present) , piano (2015) Nicko McBrain -- drums, percussion (1982-- present) Janick Gers -- guitars (1990-- present) Touring musicians Michael Kenney -- keyboards (1988-- present) Former members Doug Sampson -- drums, percussion (1977-- 1979) Paul Di'Anno -- lead vocals (1978-- 1981) Dennis Stratton -- guitars, backing vocals (1979-- 1980) Clive Burr -- drums, percussion (1979-- 1982) Blaze Bayley -- lead vocals (1994-- 1999) Discography ( edit ) Main article: Iron Maiden discography Studio albums Iron Maiden (1980) Killers (1981) The Number of the Beast (1982) Piece of Mind (1983) Powerslave (1984) Somewhere in Time (1986) Seventh Son of a Seventh Son (1988) No Prayer for the Dying (1990) Fear of the Dark (1992) The X Factor (1995) Virtual XI (1998) Brave New World (2000) Dance of Death (2003) A Matter of Life and Death (2006) The Final Frontier (2010) The Book of Souls (2015) Concert tours ( edit ) Main article: List of Iron Maiden concert tours Duration Concert tour Lineups Dates Vocals Bass Guitars Drums Feb 1980 Metal for Muthas Tour P. Di'Anno S. Harris D. Murray D. Stratton N/A C. Burr 11 Apr -- Dec 1980 Iron Maiden Tour 101 Feb -- Dec 1981 Killer World Tour A. Smith 118 Feb -- Dec 1982 The Beast on the Road B. Dickinson 184 May -- Dec 1983 World Piece Tour N. McBrain 139 Aug 1984 -- Jul 1985 World Slavery Tour 187 Sep 1986 -- May 1987 Somewhere on Tour 151 Apr -- Dec 1988 Seventh Tour of a Seventh Tour 98 Sep 1990 -- Sep 1991 No Prayer on the Road J. Gers 106 Jun -- Nov 1992 Fear of the Dark Tour 65 Mar -- Aug 1993 Real Live Tour 45 Sep 1995 -- Sep 1996 The X Factour B. Bayley 128 Apr -- Dec 1998 Virtual XI World Tour 81 Jul -- Oct 1999 The Ed Hunter Tour B. Dickinson A. Smith 28 Jun 2000 -- Jan 2001 Brave New World Tour 81 May -- Aug 2003 Give Me Ed... ' Til I'm Dead Tour 55 Oct 2003 -- Feb 2004 Dance of Death World Tour 52 May -- Sep 2005 Eddie Rips Up the World Tour 42 Oct 2006 -- Jun 2007 A Matter of Life and Death Tour 57 Feb 2008 -- Apr 2009 Somewhere Back in Time World Tour 90 Jun 2010 -- Aug 2011 The Final Frontier World Tour 98 Jun 2012 -- Jul 2014 Maiden England World Tour 100 Feb 2016 -- Jul 2017 The Book of Souls World Tour 117 May -- Aug 2018 Legacy of the Beast World Tour 37* * Further dates to be confirmed See also ( edit ) Heavy metal portal Iron Maiden portal Book: Iron Maiden List of artists who reached number one on the UK Singles Chart List of new wave of British heavy metal bands List of bands and artists from England List of songs recorded by Iron Maiden List of Iron Maiden tribute albums The Iron Maidens Notes ( edit ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Phillips & Cogan 2009 , p. 117. Jump up ^ Green 2010 . Jump up ^ Smith 2009 . Jump up ^ Thring 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson 2017 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 29; Bushell & Halfin 1985 , p. 9. Jump up ^ Barton 1979 . ^ Jump up to: EMI 2004 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 29. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 32. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 33. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 44. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 46. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 23. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 48. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 50. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 52. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 54. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 53. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 64. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 66. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 67. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , pp. 104-- 105. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 83. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 103. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 102. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 104-105. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 108. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , pp. 163-- 164. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 121. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 123. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 137. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 139; Saulnier 2012 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 143. Jump up ^ Roland 2013 . Jump up ^ Hinchcliffe 1999 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 183. Jump up ^ Brannigan . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 145. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 181. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 300. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 251. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 194. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 219. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 218. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 217. Jump up ^ Dome 2014 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 227. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 228. Jump up ^ Shooman 2007 , p. 82. Jump up ^ Pfanner 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Young(1) . ^ Jump up to: Eagle Vision 2001 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 233. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , pp. 232-- 233. Jump up ^ Marlow 2011 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 246. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 247. Jump up ^ Billboard . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 245. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 253. Jump up ^ Stenning 2006 , p. 102. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 257. ^ Jump up to: EMI 2008 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 258. Jump up ^ Stenning 2006 , p. 104. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 255. Jump up ^ Huey(3) . ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 260. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 261. ^ Jump up to: Popoff & 2005(d) . ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 265. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 263. Jump up ^ RIAA . ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 269. Jump up ^ UK Rock Festivals . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 272. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 266; Johnson 1988 . Jump up ^ Gennet 2010 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 273. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 281. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 285. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 283. ^ Jump up to: Prato . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 282. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 289. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 291. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 293. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 296. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 297. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 298. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 301. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 302. Jump up ^ Stagno & 2006(b) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 313. ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 311. Jump up ^ Paterson 2009 , p. 44. Jump up ^ Popoff & 2005(b) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 314. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 316. Jump up ^ Sverigetopplistan . Jump up ^ Official Charts Company 1998 . Jump up ^ Stagno & 2006(a) . Jump up ^ Saulnier 2010 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 324. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 321. Jump up ^ Brave Words & Bloody Knuckles 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 328. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 329. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 330. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 331. Jump up ^ Adams . ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 341. Jump up ^ Berelian 2000 . ^ Jump up to: Wall 2004 , p. 342. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 353; Shooman 2007 , p. 176; Sanctuary 2002 ; Martins 2002 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 357. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 361. ^ Jump up to: Blabbermouth.net 2005c . ^ Jump up to: Blabbermouth.net 2007c . Jump up ^ BBC News 2013 . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 368. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 369. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 373. Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 375. Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2005a . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2005b . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004d . Jump up ^ Official Charts Company 2005 . Jump up ^ Metal Underground 2004 . 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Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004c . Jump up ^ Popoff & 2005(c) . Jump up ^ Fender . Jump up ^ Huey(2) . Jump up ^ Lawson . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010(a) . Jump up ^ McIver & 2010(c) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 277. Jump up ^ McIver & 2010(b) . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 244. Jump up ^ Dmme.net . Jump up ^ Rosen 2011 ; HearYa.com 2006 ; Blabbermouth.net 2009a ; Blabbermouth.net 2009b . Jump up ^ Ling 2005b . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 241. Jump up ^ Dome 2006a ; Dome 2006b . Jump up ^ Dome 2006b . Jump up ^ Wall 2004 , p. 264. Jump up ^ Huey(1) . Jump up ^ VH1 2011 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2011b . Jump up ^ Bandit Rock 2015 . Jump up ^ Bandit Rock 2016 . Jump up ^ Barton 2009 . Jump up ^ BBC News 2015 . Jump up ^ Fulker 2016 . ^ Jump up to: YLE . Jump up ^ Gill 2011 . Jump up ^ Juno Awards 2010 . Jump up ^ Jones 2005 . Jump up ^ Anderson 2013 . Jump up ^ Walker 2016 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004a . ^ Jump up to: Bezer 2009e . Jump up ^ Metal Storm 2011 . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2012b . Jump up ^ Kielty 2014 . Jump up ^ Newsbeat 2016 . Jump up ^ Munro 2017a . Jump up ^ Metal Storm (1) . Jump up ^ Metal Storm (2) . Jump up ^ Metal Storm (3) . Jump up ^ Blabbermouth.net 2004b . Jump up ^ Cooper 2015 . Jump up ^ Wejbro 2011 . Jump up ^ Bezer 2009c . References ( edit ) Adams, Bret. `` Iron Maiden: Ed Hunter '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved 16 February 2014 . Alderslade, Merlin (15 February 2012). `` Maiden announce US tour'' . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 3 December 2013 . Retrieved 15 February 2012 . Alderslade, Merlin (6 December 2012). `` Iron Maiden, Megadeth, Marilyn Manson, Lamb of God Among Grammy Nominees'' . Metal Hammer . Archived from the original on 9 June 2013 . Retrieved 6 December 2012 . `` Metalo milžinai `` Iron Maiden'' pirmą kartą atvyksta į Lietuvą Skaitykite daugiau: Metalo milžinai `` Iron Maiden'' pirmą kartą atvyksta į Lietuvą `` . Alfa.lt (in Lithuanian). 2 November 2015 . 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Williams, Scott (31 August 2005). `` Iron Maiden Reading 2005 Review'' . EFestivals.com . Retrieved 11 October 2006 . `` Emman historia'' (in Finnish). YLE . Retrieved 4 September 2011 . Young, Simon. `` Raising Hell'' . Kerrang! Legends (2): 32. Young, Simon. `` Iron Men'' . Kerrang! Legends (2): 90-- 93. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: Iron Maiden Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron Maiden . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ed Force One . 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charlie and madeline ashby young and the restless

Jill and Colin briefly separated in 2017 after he emptied her personal bank account .

The Young and the Restless characters (2010) - wikipedia The Young and the Restless characters (2010) Jump to: navigation , search The Young and the Restless is an American television soap opera. It was first broadcast on March 26, 1973, and airs on CBS . The following is a list of characters that first appeared in 2010, by order of appearance. All characters were introduced to the series by its head writer that year, Maria Arena Bell . Doppelgänger Sarah Smythe first appeared in April. June saw the arrival of Meggie McClaine , Spencer Walsh and twin characters, Charles and Matilda Ashby , born on-screen. Vance Abrams and Sofia Dupre debuted in July, followed by Blake Joseph 's stint beginning in October. Colin Atkinson made his debut in December. Contents ( hide ) 1 Sarah Smythe 2 Meggie McClaine 3 Sofia Dupre 4 Charlie Ashby 5 Mattie Ashby 6 Spencer Walsh 7 Vance Abrams 8 Blake Joseph 9 Colin Atkinson 10 References Sarah Smythe ( edit ) Sarah Smythe The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Tracey E. Bregman First appearance April 9, 2010 Last appearance June 4, 2010 Introduced by Maria Arena Bell Classification Former, recurring Profile Other names Lauren Fenmore Baldwin ( show ) Family Mother Molly Carter Sisters Sheila Carter Nephews Ryder Callahan Nieces Daisy Carter Mary Carter Warwick Diana Carter Sarah Smythe first appeared on April 19, 2010, portrayed by Tracey E. Bregman , who also portrays Lauren Baldwin , of whom Sarah is a doppelgänger . Sarah is the sister of Sheila Carter , Lauren's longtime nemesis. The character's creation was first announced in early April 2010. In an interview with TV Guide Magazine actress Tracey E. Bregman stated `` I think it'd be too easy to kill Lauren. Sarah really wants Lauren to suffer because Sarah has suffered so much. In Sarah's mind, Sheila was murdered in cold blood by Lauren. Also, Sarah had to raise Sheila's children because Sheila was always so obsessed with Lauren that she wasn't around to raise her kids properly.'' Bregman also noted that Sarah was `` setting up this revenge'' and was as powerful as Sheila. Sarah mysteriously arrived in town with her niece, Daisy , and her nephew, Ryder , to torture Lauren Fenmore months before revealing her face, to avenge her sister's death. Daisy, Ryder and Sarah kidnapped Lauren and locked her in a cage. When Sarah revealed herself to Lauren, she was revealed to have had plastic surgery to look exactly like Lauren, who thought Sarah was really Sheila. Sarah wanted revenge on Lauren for killing Sheila. Sarah planned to take over Lauren's life with her husband Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) and her young son Fenmore, but it wasn't so easy because Michael and Fenmore was suspisious. While Sarah was in Genoa City posing as Lauren, Michael sent her to therapist Dr. Emily Peterson (who was really Patty Williams ). During their first session, Sarah saw right away that `` Emily'' was really Patty and became reacquainted with her by reminding her they previously met as they were friends in a South American plastic surgery office when Patty had cosmetic surgery to look like Emily. The two then conspired to help each other in continuing their deceitful impersonations of Emily and Lauren. When Ryder turned on Sarah and let Lauren free, Sarah chased Lauren into a house of mirrors and Sarah, who was about to shoot Phyllis Newman who was also there,when Shelia was shot and killed by Lauren, leading Daisy and Ryder to escape and evade custody. In June 2017, Sheila Carter reappeared in Los Angeles, revealing herself to Quinn Fuller . Meggie McClaine ( edit ) Meggie McClaine The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Sean Young Duration 2010-- 11 First appearance June 8, 2010 Last appearance March 4, 2011 Introduced by Maria Arena Bell Classification Former, recurring Profile Occupation Con artist Former assistant to Nikki Newman Barmaid Home Genoa City jail ( show ) Family Husband Francis Murphy (1986-- 87) Victor Newman (2010) Meggie McClaine first appeared on June 8, 2010, portrayed by actress, Sean Young . Her casting was announced by multiple sources in April 2010. On her casting and getting the role, Young said: `` Getting the chance to work with my dear friend Eric Braeden , one of the true gentlemen in entertainment, was certainly a deciding factor for me as well as wanting to get back to work after taking a few years off to raise my kids.'' Young had previously worked with Braeden ( Victor Newman ) in a film The Man Who Came Back . When introduced, Meggie is described as `` a feisty barmaid who is involved in a mystery with Victor Newman.'' Young also described her character as being `` Spunky!'' . In the same interview, Young stated that her character was `` Kindhearted'' however the character proved ultimately opposite. In an interview with TV Guide Magazine , Young said `` Meggie's not very sophisticated. She wears an apron and a plaid shirt. She breaks up a bar brawl. She reminds me of Joan Blondell in that old TV series Here Come the Brides. I just sort of walk onto a set that way. `` Sultry'' was their description. (Laughs) I just call it me.'' Initially a guest role only appearing for a 5-episode stint, Young returned to The Young and the Restless in July 2010, and Entertainment Weekly reported that she would stay until August, however her storyline ended in October 2010. She returned in February 2011, with brief appearances until March 2011, with the character still being jailed at the time. Sean Young ( pictured ) played the scheming con-artist, Meggie. Meggie McClaine was a Canadian barmaid whom Victor Newman met while searching for his invidious son, Adam Newman , who faked his own death. Meggie helped Victor by handling a few customers at the bar that Victor needed information from. He promised Meggie that if she ever needed something that she could come to him as a repayment for her services to him. She tried to flirt with Victor, but he made it clear that he already had a special lady in his life, Nikki Newman , and he left Ottawa . Meggie picked up on Victor's offer only a few weeks later when she appeared on his doorstep and told him that she had to flee. As a well-known business tycoon, Victor did a background check on Meggie, but he did not find anything that would lead him to believe that she was using him. Meggie began to work for Victor's fiancée , Nikki, as an assistant to her charity work, and she also became the right hand for planning the couple's wedding. When Meggie found out that Nikki was an alcoholic and has been sober for over a decade, she used this information to her advantage. She began to spike Nikki's drinks with vodka. When Meggie got an assignment to bring a check from Victor to Katherine Chancellor , she met an old acquaintance in Katherine's husband, Patrick Murphy . Murphy planned to warn Nikki and Victor about her, but he suffered a heart attack in front of Meggie because she prevented him from taking his pills on time. Meggie watched with glee as Murphy gave into his heart attack. Murphy found himself in the hospital in recovery, not able to say anything about what happened to him. Meggie was revealed to be Murphy's ex-daughter-in-law, and she presumably killed Murphy's son. To continue her plan, Meggie found help in bartender, Deacon Sharpe , who was an alcoholic himself. He became Nikki's drinking buddy for a short while. With Victor and Nikki's wedding coming up, Meggie arranged for Nikki to be found drunk in Deacon's bed, and she was consequently shipped off to rehab. Meggie used her time wisely in order to get closer to Victor so that she could become the next Mrs. Victor Newman. Like her previous husbands, Meggie most likely intended to kill Victor for his money after marrying him. Unfortunately, no one noticed how alarmed Murphy got whenever Meggie came near him, and no one noticed how dangerous she truly was. In November 2010, Meggie drugged Victor, and she finally tricked Victor into marrying her. When they arrived back at the Newman Ranch, Meggie gave Victor heart medication, trying to kill him. Victor woke up, demanding to know why she was rushing their relationship. Meggie was then exposed as a black widow, with Victor knowing about her devilish plan. With the arrival of Murphy and the police, Meggie was arrested for her crimes, just as Victor found out that Meggie was responsible for Nikki's relapse into alcoholism. Meggie currently resides in jail. Sofia Dupre ( edit ) Sofia Dupre The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Julia Pace Mitchell Duration 2010-- 12 First appearance July 20, 2010 Last appearance October 9, 2012 Introduced by Maria Arena Bell Classification Former, regular Profile Other names Sofia Winters Occupation Chief Financial Officer at Tucker McCall Unlimited Home Genoa City ( show ) Family Father Moses Dupre Husband Malcolm Winters (2011) Neil Winters (2011-- 12) Sons Moses Winters Sofia Dupre first appeared on July 20, 2010, portrayed by actress Julia Pace Mitchell . Sofia is Mitchell's first major role, despite having previous roles but only as guests on various television shows. When the character arrived, she was described as `` the feisty former right-hand woman to billionaire Tucker McCall and fiancée of Malcolm Winters. She is also introduced as a `` Savvy business woman'' and a generally `` no-nonsense person'' During an interview, Mitchell said she was a big fan of the show. Of her character, Mitchell that `` she's actually been changing just in the seven months that she's been on the air. I hate to use the word `` bossy,'' but I definitely think that she's bossy. She's a big boss.'' Mitchell said that Sofia runs things in her `` relationship and in her business life'' . In September 2012, it was announced that Mitchell had been taken off her contract and bumped to a recurring status ; however, she was not seen again after October 9, 2012. Sofia arrives in Genoa City working on business for Tucker McCall . Sofia meets with Katherine Chancellor and Neil Winters in Tucker's place. The meeting leads to a confrontation between Sofia and Neil. Later, Sofia is revealed to be the fiancée of Neil's brother, Malcolm Winters . Neil is unhappy about this, which causes friction between him, Sofia, and Malcolm. Despite tensions there, Sofia has positive relations with the rest of the Winters family. She became aware of, and involved with, the problem Cane Ashby had been having with the men from Australia. While furious with him at first, she later decides to help him. Tucker finds out about her and Cane's cover up of some bad reports supposedly done by a new contractor named Blake that Cane claimed had a good reputation in business. In reality, Blake is one of the Australian men after Cane, and has been blackmailing him the whole time. This turns ugly and Tucker fires both Cane and Sofia. Malcolm is furious that Sofia did not tell him any of this, since Cane is married to his legal niece, and biological daughter, Lily . He breaks their engagement, within a few weeks of their scheduled Valentine's Day wedding. Shortly thereafter, Cane is murdered. The entire Barber/Winters family comes together to support Lily and her twin babies with Cane, Charlie and Matilda . Impressed with how Sofia has taken great pains to support Lily, and with Sofia estranged from Malcolm, Neil allows his deep-seated attraction to Sofia to surface. The two have sex, just before Malcolm decides to repair his fractured relationship with Sofia. As Malcolm and Sofia repair their relationship, Neil seems worried over the relationship and confronts Sofia about it. She claims that she loves Malcolm and wants to be with him. Sofia and Malcolm married. During the honeymoon, Sofia learns that she is pregnant. While Malcolm is thrilled, Sofia wonders to herself if Neil is the baby's father. The baby -- named Moses after her father, is born, and DNA testing reveals that Neil is the father. Malcolm leaves Genoa City and promptly divorces Sofia, who moves in with Neil when she and Moses are discharged from the hospital. A month later, Sofia and Neil agree to get married, for the baby's sake. However, Sofia struggles to connect with Neil and fears he doesn't truly love her, especially when he continuously flirts with Harmony Hamilton . When Neil and Harmony kiss, Neil admits to Sofia that he has feelings for her. Heartbroken, Sofia attempts to work on her marriage but nothing comes of it, and they announce they are divorcing. Afterward, Sofia tells Moses that they should start packing as nothing will be keeping them in Genoa City after the divorce. Sofia was offered a job in New York. After telling to Neil about the prospect of moving there with Moses, he warned her that she would not be taking Moses with her and threatened to file for sole custody. Charlie Ashby ( edit ) Charlie Ashby The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Parker Rose Curry (2010-- 12) Aidan Clark (2013-- 16) Brandin Stennis (2016-- 17) Noah Alexander Gerry (2017-- ) Duration 2010-- First appearance June 25, 2010 Created by Maria Arena Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner Introduced by Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2007) Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina (2017) Classification Present, regular Profile Other names Charles Ethan Ashby Occupation Student Home Genoa City , Wisconsin ( show ) Family Family Winters Father Cane Ashby Mother Lily Winters Sisters Mattie Ashby Half-brothers Sam Ashby Grandfathers Malcolm Winters Colin Atkinson Neil Winters (legal) Grandmothers Drucilla Winters Genevieve Atkinson Uncles Devon Hamilton (adoptive) Caleb Atkinson Neil Winters Malcolm Winter (legal) Aunts Samantha Atkinson First cousins Nate Hastings Charlie Ashby is the son of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters . He was first portrayed as an infant by Parker Rose Curry, from 2010 to 2012, followed by Aidan Clark from 2013 to 2016, Brandin Stennis from 2016 to 2017 and Noah Alexander Gerry in 2017. He was born along with his twin sister, Matilda Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28 weeks, and the twins were delivered. Mac then left Genoa City to be with JT Hellstrom , and Cane was thought to be killed, leaving Lily alone to raise the babies. Charlie and his sister, Mattie, were kidnapped by their grandfather, Colin Atkinson , in his attempt to take them back to Australia and mold them into model grandchildren that would be useful in his schemes in the mob. In a turn of events, Cane was found to be alive, while his twin brother, Caleb, was actually killed. The twins almost died in an explosion as Cane fought off his father in order to save his children. After the twins were both in safe hands, Lily was shocked that her husband lied to her and vowed that she wouldn't let Cane be a part of their children's lives anymore. Lily later filed for divorce from Cane, who decided to move back to Australia because he had no reason to stay in Genoa City since Lily didn't love him anymore. While at the airport, Lily arrived with the twins, and the family reunited again in an embrace. Lily then allowed Cane to see the babies for supervised and scheduled visits, much to the dismay of Neil Winters and Daniel Romalotti . After Lily learned that Cane was keeping secrets from her because he was working with law enforcement to take down his father, Colin, she forgave him for being so standoffish, and the couple reunited with their children. Mattie Ashby ( edit ) Mattie Ashby The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Jordan Lemnah (2010-- 12) McKenna Roberts (2013-- 17) Lexie Stevenson (2017-- ) Duration 2010-- First appearance June 25, 2010 Created by Maria Arena Bell , Hogan Sheffer and Scott Hamner Introduced by Maria Arena Bell and Paul Rauch (2007) Mal Young and Sally Sussman Morina (2017) Classification Present, regular Profile Other names Matilda Colleen Ashby Occupation Student Home Genoa City , Wisconsin ( show ) Family Family Winters Father Cane Ashby Mother Lily Winters Brothers Charlie Ashby Half-brothers Sam Ashby Grandfathers Malcolm Winters Colin Atkinson Neil Winters (legal) Grandmothers Drucilla Winters Genevieve Atkinson Uncles Devon Hamilton (adoptive) Caleb Atkinson Neil Winters Malcolm Winters (legal) Aunts Samantha Atkinson First cousins Nate Hastings Mattie Ashby , is the daughter of Cane Ashby and Lily Winters . Jordan Lemnah first portrayed the role as an infant, followed by McKenna Roberts, who took over in 2013 until 2017, then Lexi Stevenson in 2017. She was born along with her twin brother, Charlie Ashby. Lily was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. Her uterus was taken out during a surgery to remove the cancer, but the doctor was able to harvest two of her eggs. Lily and Cane decided to start a family and pursued surrogacy options. Mackenzie Browning agreed to act as their surrogate and became pregnant. Mac went into labor at 28 weeks, and the twins were delivered. Mac then left Genoa City to be with J.T. Hellstrom , and Cane was thought to be killed, leaving Lily alone to raise the babies. Mattie and her brother, Charlie, were kidnapped by their grandfather, Colin Atkinson , in his attempt to take them back to Australia and mold them into model grandchildren that would be useful in his schemes in the mob. In a turn of events, Cane was found to be alive, while his twin brother, Caleb, was actually killed. The twins almost died in an explosion as Cane fought off his father in order to save his children. After the twins were both in safe hands, Lily was shocked that her husband lied to her and vowed that she wouldn't let Cane be a part of their children's lives anymore. Lily later filed for divorce from Cane, who decided to move back to Australia because he had no reason to stay in Genoa City since Lily didn't love him anymore. While at the airport, Lily arrived with the twins, and the family reunited again in an embrace. Lily then allowed Cane to see the babies for supervised and scheduled visits, much to the dismay of Neil Winters and Daniel Romalotti . After Lily learned that Cane was keeping secrets from her because he was working with law enforcement to take down his father, Colin, she forgave him for being so standoffish, and the couple reunited with their children. Spencer Walsh ( edit ) Spencer Walsh appeared from June 2010 to May 9, 2012, portrayed by Evan Parke . He is the former District Attorney in Genoa City . He had handled cases including Sharon Newman , Victor Newman and been involved in the Diane Jenkins Murder Case , which he had been involved with most recently. He has also handled legal issues with Chance Chancellor . In May 2012, it was revealed that Walsh had resigned from his post as District Attorney, with Michael Baldwin ( Christian LeBlanc ) taking over. Vance Abrams ( edit ) Vance Abrams The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by John Sloman (2010) Eric Roberts (2010-- 11) Duration 2010-- 11 First appearance July 12, 2010 Last appearance April 11, 2011 Introduced by Maria Arena Bell Classification Former, recurring Profile Occupation Attorney Vance Abrams first appeared on July 12, 2010, initially played by John Sloman, days later the role was recast with Eric Roberts , brother of renowned actress Julia Roberts and father of teen star Emma Roberts . Roberts remained in the role from July 23, 2010, until April 11, 2011, and hasn't been seen since. Casting was announced on June 17, 2010, by TV Guide among other sources. Before appearing, his storyline was revealed to involve the scandalous and scheming Adam Wilson (Michael Muhney), who escaped from prison and then faked his own death -- -- and Vance would represent him in court. His character's appearance was initially to span just over August. In 2010, Adam Newman and his new wife, Skye hired Vance due to charges (from his own family) that Adam was facing. Vance committed himself viciously to the case. Vance suggested that they expose Sharon Newman (Adam's true love at the time), however Adam refused to. Adam ended up winning in court. Since the Adam Newman case, Vance turned his attention to the young Abby Newman , who was being pressured by her uncle, Jack Abbott , to file a lawsuit against her father, Victor, for mishandling her trust fund. Vance offered his services to a reluctant Abby, but she ultimately agreed. Later on, Abby's sister, Victoria Newman Abbott joined the lawsuit and seemingly hijacked the case away from Abby. Regardless, Vance sparred off with Victor's longtime attorney, Michael Baldwin , regarding the operations of Newman Enterprises and the trust funds of Victoria and Abby. Adam Newman ended up testifying for Victor in his trial to suggest while he was CEO of Newman Enterprises, he forged trust documents. Thus, Victor had no idea of what was real or not. However, Neil Winters disproved Adam's testimony, and each of the three Newman children won $500 million each. Nicholas Newman joined his sisters in their lawsuit against their father upon finding out that Victor was lying about his involvement with Skye Newman . Around the same time, Skye disappeared and Adam, who was back in a romance with Sharon Newman , was accused of her murder. With little money left, Sharon offered to pay for his legal fees and brought in Vance and his new legal partner, Leslie Michaelson . When Adam testified for Victor against his siblings wishes, Leslie was shocked to see Adam, but he learned that apart of this deal, Victor pledged to come forward to the DA regarding his involvement in Sharon's case and would win a trust of his own. After some detective work by Sharon, Adam's charges were dropped, but as a result of her work, she was now accused of murder. In Hawaii, Sharon found Skye, but after an argument, Skye fell to her death in a volcano. It was soon discovered by Adam, Jack, and Phyllis Summers that Victor set Skye up in Hawaii and he was in Hawaii when Sharon was there to make sure no one learned the truth. In Sharon's trial, despite the testimony of Victor, and Vance's sharp legal tactics, Sharon was found guilty. Adam feared that this would happen, so he secretly arranged for her to escape afterward. Upon escaping, she was car-jacked and presumed to be dead after the carjackers got into a serious accident. Vance was not involved in any legal cases after Sharon's murder trial. When Sharon was found alive in New Mexico and brought back to Genoa City for sentencing, Victor hired a new lawyer, Avery Bailey Clark , to help get Sharon out of prison. Blake Joseph ( edit ) Blake Joseph The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Paul Leyden Duration 2010-- 11 First appearance October 6, 2010 Last appearance February 2, 2011 Introduced by Maria Arena Bell Classification Former, recurring Profile Occupation Worked for Colin Atkinson Blake Joseph first appeared October 6, 2010, harassing Cane Ashby and his family. He was portrayed by Australian actor Paul Leyden , who as well known for a role on As the World Turns he also had guest roles in Home and Away and BeastMasters . Casting for the role was announced on September 6, 2010. It was also speculated (which came true) that his storyline would be about Cane ( Daniel Goddard )'s `` Australian Adventure'' . Blake came to town from Australia and was watching Cane's family. He disguised himself as a police officer when Cane took his wife Lily to the cottage to hide out. Blake told Cane the organization back in Australia wanted five million dollars from him in payback. When Cane devised a plan to extort the money from McCall Unlimited, Blake began posing as a consultant named James Collier to enable the scam. He has tried to insinuate himself into Lily's good graces. Blake was revealed to be Colin (Cane's father)'s henchmen. Blake ended up shooting Caleb who he believed was Cane at the time. Colin Atkinson ( edit ) Colin Atkinson The Young and the Restless character Portrayed by Tristan Rogers Duration 2010-- 12, 2014-- First appearance December 8, 2010 Introduced by Maria Arena Bell Classification Present, recurring Profile Occupation Crime boss , businessman Home Chancellor Estate, 12 Foothill Road, Genoa City , Wisconsin ( show ) Family Wife Genevieve Atkinson (divorced) Jill Abbott (2011, 2014-- ) Sons Cane Ashby Caleb Atkinson Daughters Samantha Atkinson Grandsons Charlie Ashby Sam Ashby Granddaughters Matilda Ashby Colin Atkinson first appeared on December 8, 2010, as the estranged biological father of Cane Ashby , portrayed by Tristan Rogers who previously was well known for his role as Robert Scorpio on General Hospital . TV Guide announced Rogers' casting on October 25, 2010. Prior to his appearance, he was described as `` a mysterious and charming stranger named Colin who comes to Genoa City with a dark secret and a threatening agenda'' . He began taping with The Young and the Restless on October 27. His storyline was equally to `` charm his way into Jill Abbott 's heart.'' By September 2011, it was announced that Rogers would be leaving The Young and the Restless . Of his exit, Rogers said he had nothing but positive things to say and that it was a great experience. He also said that the exit came as a shock to him. In March 2012, it was announced that Rogers was to make a recurring return, however only made one appearance on May 8, 2012. In November 2013, it was announced that Rogers would be making another return to the role. He returned on February 5, 2014. On January 5, 2015, Rogers revealed he re-signed to the series for another year. However, in August 2015, Rogers was demoted back to recurring status. Colin arrived in Genoa City after being released from prison in Australia . He consulted with Blake Joseph, who has been keeping an eye on Cane. Colin became acquainted with Cane's adoptive mother Jill Abbott and she gave him information about Cane, without knowing who he truly was. Cane and Colin met after years, and both refused to tell anybody else (including Cane's wife, Lily Winters ) about their connection. Colin wanted Cane to get involved with the family crime organization in Australia gain, or he would reveal Cane's `` troubling'' past. It is revealed Cane had a sister, Samantha, who died years ago. Jill and Colin have sex and later fall deeply in love (despite Colin using her) and as they wed Cane is shot by Blake (while rushing to the church to stop the wedding) and `` died'' . Colin actually was deeply saddened, as he didn't want Cane to be killed but just manipulated and he comforted Jill too. Cane's divorce appears to Lily, however it was later revealed that the `` ghost'' was Cane's twin brother Caleb. Once again, this storyline was reversed, and it was revealed the ghost was in fact Cane, alive and the person that was shot was Caleb. During this storyline, Colin's estranged wife, Genevieve returned to Genoa City, wanting revenge on Colin. He later falls off the balcony at Genevieve's mansion, and was sent to hospital, and later arrested for his crimes. He was released and determined to get Jill back and divorced Genevieve after it was revealed they were still legally married. However, Jill constantly rejected him. Colin had sex with Genevieve for comfort, and Genevieve told Jill about this, putting an end to any sort of reunion between Jill and Colin. Genevieve however moved on with no problem, with businessman Jack Abbott . Colin was also locked in Genevieve's wine cellar, and this led Jill to believe that he was overseas with Genevieve. The combination to get out of the cellar was the date that they (Genevieve and Colin) had first consummated their relationship with lovemaking. For a long time, Cane had been working with Ronan Malloy to expose Colin, as Cane thought Colin was setting up a scheme to kill Genevieve and even Gloria Abbott Bardwell . He set up a fake phone call to get Gloria to Genevieve's house, however, due to a family crisis, Gloria had to cancel. Cane's ex-wife Lily soon calls Genevieve and asks her if she can come over to her house to talk. However, when Lily arrives, an explosion, caused and set up by Colin, occurs. Cane rushes Lily out of the burning house, thus saving her life. Genevieve, who wasn't home at the time, gets a call from firefighters moments later. During this entire time, Colin was with Jill in his suite at the Genoa City Athletic Club , while Jill had handcuffed him to the bed, trying to get the truth out of him. Jill, eventually realizes that he can't be trusted and calls Ronan, who arrests him. Meanwhile, Genevieve rushes to the hospital to check on her housekeeper Myrna (who had never been seen, only mentioned), who was in the house at the time of the explosion. Colin is sentenced to time in prison, deported and jailed in Australia. In May 2012, Genevieve received a phone call from Colin in which he stated he had been released from jail and was somewhere comfy and cozy in the world. In February 2014, Jill is abruptly kidnapped from the Chancellor Mansion grounds. It is revealed that Colin kidnapped her as he is facing deportation and he needs her to marry him again for him to stay in the country. She refuses, but he alludes that he knows the truth behind the mystery of a music box Katherine left to Jill before she died. As a result, Jill marries Colin again and they return to Genoa City, where Jill lies to her loved ones by saying she fell in love with Colin all over again and remarried him. He shortly returned in September 2016, and found out that Jill knew about Phyllis and Billy 's affair. He offered Jack Abbott to reveal something a secret about his wife for $1 million. Jack firstly refuses the offer but eventually comes back to Colin with a bag of cash to discover the truth. Jill and Colin briefly separated in 2017 after he emptied her personal bank account. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Y&R's Tracey E. Bregman on her doppleganger storyline!'' . Michael Fairman. 12 April 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Waldman, Allison. `` Sean Young Joins ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . Hufflepost TV . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Sean Young Speaks Out'' . Sony . Archived from the original on April 1, 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Young on her upcoming stint as `` Sultry'' Maggie on Y&R !`` . Michael Fairman. 11 May 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sean Young Returning for More Young and the Restless'' . TV Guide . 2 June 2010 . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Julia Pace Mitchell Other Roles'' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Morales, Wilson. `` Who's That Girl?: Julia Pace Mitchell Shines With Hearty ' Young & Restless' Role'' . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless: Show Guide: Cast Bio: Julia Pace Mitchell'' . Sony . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless: Show Guide: Character Bio: Sofia Dupre'' . Sony . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (2012-09-13). `` Julia Pace Mitchell Bumped to Recurring at Young and Restless'' . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ Fairman, Michael (2012-09-13). `` Julia Pace Mitchell Put On Recurring Status With The Young and the Restless!'' . Michael Fairman On-Air On-Soaps . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Dan J. (2012-09-15). `` Julia Pace Mitchell dropped to recurring'' . SoapCentral . Retrieved November 10, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cast Bios: Julia Pace Mitchell'' . CBS . Retrieved 2010-07-21 . Jump up ^ `` Parker Curry Biography & Filmography'' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . External link in publisher= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Jordon Lemnah Biography & Filmography'' . Star Kidz . Retrieved 14 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Y&R Hot Off The Net'' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Update for March 1, 2011'' . Sony . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Stanhope, Kate (17 June 2010). `` Eric Roberts Joining the Cast of The Young and the Restless'' . TV Guide . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Rice, Lynette (17 June 2011). `` ' The Young and the Restless' lures Eric Roberts'' . Inside TV . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` About Y&R About the Actors Paul Leyden'' . Soap Central . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Waldman, Allison (26 September 2010). `` Soap Casting News: Paul Leyden Joins ' The Young and Restless' ... and More'' . Huffpost TV . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Logan, Michael (25 October 2010). `` Exclusive: Tristan Rogers Joins The Young and the Restless'' . TV Guide . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The Young and the Restless: Show Guide: Cast Bio: Tristan Rogers'' . Sony . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Bowe, Jillian (12 September 2011). `` Tristan Rogers: `` Seems Colin is Leaving GC '' `` . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 10 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Hughes, Adam (27 September 2011). `` Tristan Rogers Leaving ' The Young and the Restless ' '' . Yahoo!. Retrieved 10 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Will Rogers Be Back?'' . CBS Soaps In Depth. 27 September 2011 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Is Back'' . CBS Soaps In Depth. 2012-03-29 . Retrieved March 29, 2012 . Jump up ^ Giddens, Jamey (November 13, 2013). `` BREAKING NEWS: Tristan Rogers Returning to The Young and the Restless as Colin Atkinson!'' . Zap2it ( Tribune Media Services ) . Retrieved November 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Ron Carlivati Confirms Tristan Rogers's GH Exit'' . Soap Opera Digest ( American Media, Inc. ). November 14, 2013 . Retrieved November 14, 2013 . Jump up ^ Simms, Richard . (January 5, 2015). `` Rogers Re-Ups At Y&R !'' . CBS Soaps In Depth . United States : soapsindepth.com. Bauer Media Group . Retrieved January 5, 2015 . The Young and the Restless Cast Present cast members Past cast members Crew William J. Bell Lee Phillip Bell Mal Young Families Newman Abbott Chancellor Barber/Winters Related articles Genoa City Storylines The Bold and the Beautiful Victor and Nikki Nick and Sharon J.T. and Colleen Daniel and Lily Devon and Hilary `` Nadia's Theme '' ( hide ) The Young and the Restless characters Present and future characters Ashley Abbott Billy Abbott Jack Abbott Jill Abbott John Abbott Johnny Abbott Traci Abbott Cane Ashby Charlie Ashby Mattie Ashby Sam Ashby Lily Winters Colin Atkinson Fenmore Baldwin Michael Baldwin Gloria Abbott Bardwell Jeffrey Bardwell Christine Blair Mariah Copeland Hilary Curtis Lauren Fenmore Kevin Fisher Scotty Grainger Devon Hamilton J.T. 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who won the world series last year in 2017

2017 World Series Team ( Wins ) Manager ( s ) Season Houston Astros ( 4 ) A.J. Hinch 101 -- 61 (. 623 ) Los Angeles Dodgers ( 3 ) Dave Roberts 104 -- 58 (. 642 ) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer ( Houston ) Umpires Phil Cuzzi ( Games 1 -- 2 ) , Gerry Davis ( crew chief ) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner ( Games 3 -- 7 ) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4 -- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4 -- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci ( Fox ) Rolando Nichols , Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta ( Fox Deportes ) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez ( MLB International ) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 ( HOU -- English ) FM 94.1 HD3 ( HOU -- Spanish ) AM 570 LA Sports ( LAD -- English ) Univision America 1020 ( LAD -- Spanish ) Radio Korea 1540 ( LAD -- Korean ) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone ( ESPN ) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera , and Orlando Hernández ( ESPN Deportes ) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks ( HOU -- English ) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero ( HOU -- Spanish ) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday ( LAD -- English ) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín ( LAD -- Spanish ) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim ( LAD -- Korean ) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series 2018 →

2017 World Series - wikipedia 2017 World Series For other uses, see 2017 World Series (disambiguation) . 2017 World Series Team (Wins) Manager(s) Season Houston Astros (4) A.J. Hinch 101-- 61 (.623) Los Angeles Dodgers (3) Dave Roberts 104-- 58 (.642) Dates October 24 -- November 1 MVP George Springer (Houston) Umpires Phil Cuzzi (Games 1-- 2) , Gerry Davis (crew chief) , Laz Díaz , Dan Iassogna , Bill Miller , Paul Nauert , Mark Wegner (Games 3-- 7) ALCS Houston Astros defeated New York Yankees , 4-- 3 NLCS Los Angeles Dodgers defeated Chicago Cubs , 4-- 1 Broadcast Television Fox Fox Deportes MLB International TV announcers Joe Buck , John Smoltz , Ken Rosenthal , and Tom Verducci (Fox) Rolando Nichols, Carlos Álvarez , Edgar Gonzalez , and Jaime Motta (Fox Deportes) Matt Vasgersian and Buck Martinez (MLB International) Radio ESPN Radio ESPN Deportes Radio Sportstalk 790 (HOU -- English) FM 94.1 HD3 (HOU -- Spanish) AM 570 LA Sports (LAD -- English) Univision America 1020 (LAD -- Spanish) Radio Korea 1540 (LAD -- Korean) Radio announcers Dan Shulman and Aaron Boone (ESPN) Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández (ESPN Deportes) Robert Ford and Steve Sparks (HOU -- English) Alex Treviño and Francisco Romero (HOU -- Spanish) Charley Steiner and Rick Monday (LAD -- English) Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín (LAD -- Spanish) Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim (LAD -- Korean) World Series Program ← 2016 World Series 2018 → The 2017 World Series was the championship series of Major League Baseball 's (MLB) 2017 season . The 113th edition of the World Series, it was played between October 24 and November 1. The series was a best-of-seven playoff between the National League (NL) champion Los Angeles Dodgers and the American League (AL) champion Houston Astros . It was sponsored by the Internet television service YouTube TV and officially known as the World Series presented by YouTube TV . The Astros defeated the Dodgers, four games to three, to win their first World Series in franchise history, also becoming the first team from Texas to do so. It was the first time since 2002 when two consecutive World Series went to seven games. Both teams set a World Series record with a combined total of 25 home runs throughout the entire series, including a team record 15 home runs by the Astros, and hit a combined total of eight home runs in Game 2 to set the single game World Series mark. Houston outfielder George Springer was named as the World Series Most Valuable Player (MVP) after hitting five home runs in the series to tie a World Series record with Reggie Jackson in 1977 and Chase Utley in 2009 . This was the first World Series in which home-field advantage was decided by the regular season record of the two pennant winners. From 1903 to 2002, home-field advantage had been determined by coin flips and by alternating between the AL and NL. From 2003 to 2016, it was determined by results from that season's All-Star Game , when it was awarded to the team from the winning league. The Dodgers earned home-field advantage over the Astros. The series was played in a 2-- 3-- 2 format, with the Dodgers hosting Games 1, 2, 6, and 7; and the Astros hosting Games 3, 4, and 5. Contents 1 Background 1.1 Los Angeles Dodgers 1.2 Houston Astros 2 Summary 3 Pre-game ceremonies 4 Game summaries 4.1 Game 1 4.2 Game 2 4.3 Game 3 4.4 Game 4 4.5 Game 5 4.6 Game 6 4.7 Game 7 4.8 Composite line score 5 Broadcasting 5.1 Television 5.1.1 Ratings 5.2 Radio 6 Sponsorship 7 Impact and aftermath 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Background ( edit ) This was the first World Series matchup, and second postseason meeting overall, between the Astros and Dodgers. Los Angeles defeated Houston in the 1981 National League Division Series in five games en route to its World Series championship that year. The teams also met in the 1980 National League West tie-breaker game . This was the first Fall Classic since 1970 , and the eighth overall, in which both participants had 100 or more wins during the regular season. The two teams did not meet in interleague play during the regular season . Los Angeles Dodgers ( edit ) Main article: 2017 Los Angeles Dodgers season The Dodgers held a 91-- 36 record through August 25. They won their fifth consecutive National League West title and home field advantage throughout the playoffs. In the postseason, the Dodgers swept the Arizona Diamondbacks in the National League Division Series and defeated the defending World Series champion Chicago Cubs in the previous year's rematch of the National League Championship Series in five games. This was the first appearance in the Fall Classic for the Dodgers since 1988, the tenth since the franchise moved from Brooklyn to Los Angeles in 1958, and the 19th overall. Entering the 2017 World Series, the Dodgers bullpen had thrown 23 consecutive scoreless innings, a postseason record for a bullpen. Additionally, by outscoring the Arizona Diamondbacks and Chicago Cubs by a combined 48-- 19 margin, the Dodgers entered the World Series with the third-best run differential of any pennant winner since the playoff structure was expanded in 1995. All-Star shortstop Corey Seager , who was out for the entire National League Championship Series with a back injury, was included on the Dodgers' World Series roster. Manager Dave Roberts became first manager of Asian heritage ever in the World Series, as well as the fourth African-American manager. Houston Astros ( edit ) Main article: 2017 Houston Astros season The Astros wore a patch during the 2017 World Series in support of Hurricane Harvey victims in Houston With a 101-- 61 regular season record, the team won its first American League West title, and their first division title since 2001. In the American League Division Series , they defeated the Boston Red Sox in four games and then defeated the New York Yankees in the American League Championship Series (ALCS) in seven games. This was their second World Series appearance and first since 2005 , when they were swept in four games by the Chicago White Sox . They became the first team in history to make it to the World Series as members of both the National League and the American League. The city of Houston in August 2017 suffered record flooding from Hurricane Harvey . The team began to wear patches which had the logo of the team with the word `` Strong'' on the bottom of the patch, as well as promoting the hashtag Houston Strong . Manager A.J. Hinch has stated in an interview that the team wasn't just playing for a title, but to help boost moral support for the city. On August 31, just seconds before the midnight deadline, the Astros traded for Detroit Tigers pitcher Justin Verlander . Following the trade, including the regular season and postseason to this point, Verlander had posted a 9-- 0 win-loss record with a 1.23 earned run average . He was named the ALCS MVP . Summary ( edit ) Houston won the series, 4-- 3. Game Date Score Location Time Attendance October 24 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 2:28 54,253 October 25 Houston Astros -- 7, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6 (11) Dodger Stadium 4:19 54,293 October 27 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3, Houston Astros -- 5 Minute Maid Park 3:46 43,282 October 28 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 6, Houston Astros -- 2 Minute Maid Park 3:06 43,322 5 October 29 Los Angeles Dodgers -- 12, Houston Astros -- 13 (10) Minute Maid Park 5:17 43,300 6 October 31 Houston Astros -- 1, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 3 Dodger Stadium 3:22 54,128 7 November 1 Houston Astros -- 5, Los Angeles Dodgers -- 1 Dodger Stadium 3:37 54,124 Pre-game ceremonies ( edit ) A F-16 Fighting Falcon flies past Dodger Stadium during the pre-game ceremonial flyover before Game 2. Game 1 : The ceremonial first pitch was thrown out by members of former Dodger Jackie Robinson 's family, including his widow Rachel . The game marked the 45th anniversary of Robinson's death, and the 2017 season was the 70th anniversary of his breaking of the baseball color line . Keith Williams Jr., a gospel singer, performed `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' , the national anthem . Game 2 : Fernando Valenzuela threw out the ceremonial first pitch to Steve Yeager ; both were introduced by retired Dodgers broadcaster Vin Scully . Country music 's Brad Paisley performed the national anthem. Game 3 : Houston Texans defensive end J.J. Watt , who had raised $37 million for Hurricane Harvey victims, threw out the first pitch. The ball was given to him by Astros' Hall of Famer Craig Biggio . The national anthem was performed by Texas Air National Guard Master Sergeant Promise Harris. Game 4 : Hailey Dawson , a seven-year-old girl from Nevada, threw out the ceremonial first pitch using a 3D printed hand. The national anthem was performed by the Houston Police Department Quartet. Game 5 : Former President of the United States George W. Bush threw out the ceremonial first pitch. His father, former President George H.W. Bush handed him the ball. Justin Verlander caught the pitch. Country singer Clay Walker performed the national anthem. Game 6 : Orel Hershiser and Tommy Lasorda , celebrating the Dodgers' 1988 World Series title, each threw out the ceremonial first pitch. Los Angeles Police Department (LAPD) officer Rosalind Curry performed the national anthem. Game 7 : The LAPD Quartet sang the National Anthem. The first pitch was thrown out by Sandy Koufax . Rick Monday , Steve Garvey and Don Newcombe participated as well. Game summaries ( edit ) Game 1 ( edit ) Clayton Kershaw pitched seven innings with 11 strikeouts in winning Game 1. October 24, 2017, 5:11 pm ( PDT ) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California , 103 ° F (39 ° C), clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 6 0 WP : Clayton Kershaw (1-- 0) LP : Dallas Keuchel (0-- 1) Sv : Kenley Jansen (1) Home runs : HOU: Alex Bregman (1) LAD: Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1) Attendance: 54,253 The temperature at the start of the game was 103 ° F (39 ° C), which made this the hottest World Series game ever recorded. Clayton Kershaw started Game 1 for the Dodgers, while Dallas Keuchel started for the Astros. Chris Taylor hit a home run for the Dodgers on Keuchel's first pitch of the game. It was the third home run to leadoff a game in Dodgers postseason history (following Davey Lopes in 1978 World Series and Carl Crawford in 2013 NLDS ). Alex Bregman hit a tying home run for the Astros in the fourth inning. In the sixth inning, Justin Turner hit a go-ahead two-run home run for the Dodgers. Turner tied Duke Snider for most career runs batted in (RBIs) in Dodgers postseason history with 26. Kershaw struck out 11 in seven innings pitched with no walks and only three hits allowed while Keuchel allowed three runs on six hits in ​ 6 ⁄ innings. Brandon Morrow pitched a scoreless eighth and Kenley Jansen earned the save . The two-hour, 28-minute game was the shortest World Series contest since Game 4 in 1992 . Game 2 ( edit ) George Springer drove in the game-winning run in Game 2. October 25, 2017, 5:17 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 93 ° F (34 ° C), clear Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 14 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 5 0 WP : Chris Devenski (1-- 0) LP : Brandon McCarthy (0-- 1) Home runs : HOU: Marwin González (1), José Altuve (1), Carlos Correa (1), George Springer (1) LAD: Joc Pederson (1), Corey Seager (1), Yasiel Puig (1), Charlie Culberson (1) Attendance: 54,293 The starting pitchers for Game 2 were Rich Hill for the Dodgers and Justin Verlander for the Astros. The Astros scored first when Bregman drove in Josh Reddick with a hit in the third inning. Hill struck out seven in four innings but was replaced by Kenta Maeda in the fifth. Joc Pederson tied the game with a home run in the bottom of the fifth inning, and the Dodgers took the lead when Corey Seager hit a two-run home run in the bottom of the sixth inning. Verlander allowed two hits, both home runs, in his six innings pitched. Carlos Correa drove in the Astros' second run of the game on a single in the eighth, ending the Dodgers bullpen's streak of 28 consecutive scoreless innings in the postseason. Marwin González hit a home run off Jansen in the ninth to tie the game. This was only Jansen's second blown save all season and snapped his streak of converting his first 12 postseason save opportunities, a major league record. The game went into extra innings . José Altuve and Correa hit home runs off Josh Fields in the tenth inning to put the Astros in the lead. In the bottom of the inning, Yasiel Puig hit a home run off of Ken Giles and Enrique Hernández drove in Logan Forsythe to tie the game, with the latter being the Dodgers' first run that was not driven in by a home run. In the next inning, George Springer hit a two-run home run for the Astros off of Brandon McCarthy to retake the lead. In the bottom of the 11th inning, Charlie Culberson homered off of Chris Devenski , who later struck out Puig to end the game. This was the first ever World Series game in which a team hit home runs in the ninth, tenth and eleventh inning. The teams set a new record for combined home runs in a single World Series game with eight and this was the first time in MLB history, regular season or postseason, that five home runs were hit in extra innings. The Astros won their first World Series game in franchise history as they had been swept in their previous appearance in 2005 . Game 3 ( edit ) Lance McCullers Jr. earned the win in Game 3. October 27, 2017, 7:21 pm ( CDT ) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas , 65 ° F (18 ° C), roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 12 0 WP : Lance McCullers Jr. (1-- 0) LP : Yu Darvish (0-- 1) Sv : Brad Peacock (1) Home runs : LAD: None HOU: Yuli Gurriel (1) Attendance: 43,282 The starting pitchers for Game 3 were Yu Darvish for the Dodgers and Lance McCullers Jr. for the Astros. The Astros scored four runs in the bottom of the second inning on a home run by Yuli Gurriel and RBIs by González , Brian McCann , and Bregman. Darvish left the game after ​ 1 ⁄ innings, which was the shortest outing of his career. The Dodgers scored one run in the top of the third inning as Seager grounded into a double play after McCullers loaded the bases with three consecutive walks. The Astros added another run in the fifth on an RBI single by Evan Gattis and the Dodgers added two in the sixth on an RBI groundout by Puig and a wild pitch . McCullers wound up pitching 5​ ⁄ innings and allowed three runs on four hits. Brad Peacock replaced McCullers, completing the final ​ 3 ⁄ innings with no hits allowed and four strikeouts to earn his first major league save. It was the longest hitless World Series relief outing since Ron Taylor 's four innings in Game 4 of the 1964 Series , and tied Ken Clay for the longest hitless postseason save, first accomplished in the 1978 ALCS . Gurriel made a racially insensitive gesture in the dugout after his home run. He stretched the sides of his eyes and mouthing the Spanish word chinito , which translates to `` little Chinese Boy'' ; Darvish is from Japan. Gurriel apologized, and said that anyone from Asia is called a chino in Cuba, although he acknowledged knowing that the term was offensive in Japan from having played there. As a result, Rob Manfred , the Commissioner of Baseball , suspended Gurriel for the first five games of the 2018 MLB season without pay, but allowed him to continue playing in the World Series. Game 4 ( edit ) Joc Pederson hit a three-run home run in Game 4. October 28, 2017, 7:20 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 67 ° F (19 ° C), roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 6 7 0 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 WP : Tony Watson (1-- 0) LP : Ken Giles (0-- 1) Home runs : LAD: Joc Pederson (2) HOU: George Springer (2), Alex Bregman (2) Attendance: 43,322 The starting pitchers for Game 4 were Alex Wood for the Dodgers and Charlie Morton for the Astros. Springer homered off Wood in the bottom of the sixth for the first run of the ballgame. It was the only hit Wood allowed in ​ 5 ⁄ innings pitched in the game. Forsythe drove in Cody Bellinger to tie the game in the top of the seventh. Morton struck out seven and only allowed three hits and one run in 6​ ⁄ innings. Bellinger then drove in the go-ahead run with a double in the top of the ninth off of Giles and the Dodgers added four more runs on a sacrifice fly by Austin Barnes and a three-run homer by Pederson. Bregman hit a home run off of Jansen in the bottom of the ninth inning, but the Dodgers won the game to even up the series. The Astros had two hits in the game; both were home runs. This was the first game in World Series history where both starting pitchers allowed four or fewer baserunners. After Game 4, both teams' pitching coaches , Rick Honeycutt for the Dodgers and Brent Strom for the Astros, commented on how the baseball being used for the World Series is slicker than the baseball used during the regular season. Pitchers on both teams noted that this difference has made it more difficult for them to throw their sliders . Game 5 ( edit ) Alex Bregman drove in the game-winning run in Game 5. October 29, 2017, 7:21 pm (CDT) at Minute Maid Park in Houston, Texas, 69 ° F (21 ° C), roof closed Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 12 14 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 13 14 WP : Joe Musgrove (1-- 0) LP : Kenley Jansen (0-- 1) Home runs : LAD: Cody Bellinger (1), Yasiel Puig (2) HOU: Yuli Gurriel (2), José Altuve (2), George Springer (3), Carlos Correa (2), Brian McCann (1) Attendance: 43,300 Kershaw and Keuchel started Game 5, in a rematch of the opening game of the series. Forsythe singled in two runs off of Keuchel in the first inning to put the Dodgers up early. A third run scored on a throwing error by Gurriel. Barnes singled in the fourth to score Forsythe. Keuchel pitched ​ 3 ⁄ innings for the Astros, allowing five hits and four runs (three earned). The Astros scored their first run with an RBI double by Correa in the bottom of the fourth inning, followed by a three-run home run by Gurriel to tie the game. Bellinger hit a three-run home run off of Collin McHugh in the top of the fifth to put the Dodgers back on top only for Altuve to hit his own three-run home run in the bottom of the inning off Maeda to tie it back up. Kershaw pitched 4​ ⁄ innings and allowed six runs on four hits and three walks. A triple by Bellinger on a line drive that Springer missed on a dive in the seventh inning off of Peacock scored Hernández from first base. In the bottom of the seventh inning, Springer hit a home run off the first pitch he saw off of Morrow, who was pitching for the third consecutive day, to tie the game. Bregman scored on a double by Altuve to put the Astros ahead for the first time in the game, and then Correa hit a two-run home run to extend the lead. Seager doubled in a run in the top of the eighth inning, but McCann hit a home run in the bottom of the inning. That was the 21st home run of the series, tying the record set in the 2002 World Series . Puig broke the record with a two-run home run in the top of the ninth inning. Down to their last strike, Chris Taylor drove in Barnes to tie the game with a single. In the tenth inning, McCann was hit by a pitch to put him on base with two outs. Subsequently, Springer walked on five pitches to move McCann to second base. McCann was then replaced by pinch runner Derek Fisher . On the next pitch, Bregman singled in Fisher for the winning run. The Astros became only the second team to come back twice from three runs down in a World Series game, the other was the Toronto Blue Jays in the 15-- 14 win during Game 4 of the 1993 World Series . The six game tying home runs in the series to this point is the most for any World Series on record. This World Series set a new record for most players to hit a home run (14 to date in the World Series). With the teams combining to score 25 runs throughout the game, this was the highest scoring World Series game since the Florida Marlins defeated the Cleveland Indians 14-- 11 in Game 3 of the 1997 World Series . Game 5 lasted five hours and seventeen minutes, making it the second longest World Series game in history by time. Game 6 ( edit ) Kenley Jansen recorded a two-inning save in Game 6. October 31, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 67 ° F (19 ° C), overcast Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 X 5 0 WP : Tony Watson (2-- 0) LP : Justin Verlander (0-- 1) Sv : Kenley Jansen (2) Home runs : HOU: George Springer (4) LAD: Joc Pederson (3) Attendance: 54,128 Game 6 featured the same starting pitchers as the second game: Verlander and Hill. Springer hit a home run off of Hill in the top of the third for the first run of the night. It was Springer's fourth homer of the series, tied for third all-time in a single series and joining Gene Tenace , in 1972 , as the only players with four game-tying or go-ahead home runs in a World Series. Springer also joined Hank Bauer in the 1958 World Series and Barry Bonds in the 2002 World Series with four home runs in a series. The Astros loaded the bases in the fifth inning, but did not score. Hill pitched ​ 4 ⁄ innings, struck out five and allowed four hits and one run. In the sixth inning, Taylor tied the game with an RBI double and Seager hit a sacrifice fly to give the Dodgers the lead. Verlander pitched six innings with nine strikeouts and only three hits allowed. Pederson hit a home run in the bottom of the seventh inning and Jansen pitched two scoreless innings for the save. Pederson tied a World Series record with his fifth consecutive game with an extra base hit. Andre Ethier , who appeared in the game as a pinch hitter, set a new Dodgers franchise record with his 50th career postseason game. Game 7 ( edit ) George Springer hit his fifth home run in Game 7, tying the World Series record. November 1, 2017, 5:21 pm (PDT) at Dodger Stadium in Los Angeles, California, 69 ° F (21 ° C), partly cloudy Team 5 6 7 8 9 Houston 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 5 5 0 Los Angeles 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 6 WP : Charlie Morton (1-- 0) LP : Yu Darvish (0-- 2) Home runs : HOU: George Springer (5) LAD: None Attendance: 54,124 This was the first World Series Game 7 to be played at Dodger Stadium (and the first postseason Game 7 at the stadium since the 1988 NLCS , and the Dodgers' first World Series Game 7 since 1965 ). It was also the first time since the 1931 World Series that a Game 7 occurred in a Series with both teams having won at least 100 games during the season. This was the first time since the 2001 World Series and 2002 World Series that back-to-back Fall Classics had a Game 7. The starting pitchers for this game were the same as in the third game: McCullers and Darvish. Springer doubled to open the game and scored the first run on an error by Bellinger, which allowed Bregman to reach second base. Bregman stole third base and scored on an Altuve groundout. McCann scored the next inning on a groundout hit by the pitcher McCullers. Springer hit a two-run home run, his fifth of the series, tying Reggie Jackson and Chase Utley for most home runs in a single World Series and setting a new record with 29 total bases in any postseason series. As in Game 3, Darvish lasted only ​ 1 ⁄ innings (tying the shortest outing of his career) and became the third pitcher with two starts of less than two innings in a World Series, and the first since Art Ditmar in the 1960 World Series. Morrow relieved Darvish and in the process became only the second pitcher to pitch in all seven games of a single World Series, joining Darold Knowles in the 1973 World Series. McCullers lasted only 2​ ⁄ innings himself; he allowed three hits and hit a World Series record four batters. This was the first Game 7 in World Series history where neither starting pitcher got past the third inning. The Dodgers failed to score a run and left eight men on base through five innings. Ethier, pinch hitting, scored Pederson on a single in the sixth inning for the Dodgers' only run. They only had one hit in 13 chances with runners in scoring position in the game. Kershaw pitched four scoreless innings of relief in the game, and in the process, he broke Orel Hershiser 's Dodgers postseason record with his 33rd strikeout. Morton pitched four innings of relief to earn the win, as Corey Seager grounded out to José Altuve , who threw to Yuli Gurriel to end the game, with the Astros winning their first championship in franchise history, and ending their 56-year drought. Springer won the World Series MVP Award . After Game 7, the trophy presention, usually taking place in the locker room whenever the visiting team clinches the series, took place on the losing team's field for the first time ever before a small crowd of mostly Astros fans that remained as most Dodgers fans left the stadium. Correa proposed to his girlfriend, 2016 Miss Texas USA winner Daniella Rodríguez , on live television during a postgame interview conducted by Rosenthal. She accepted. Composite line score ( edit ) 2017 World Series (4-- 3) : Houston Astros beat Los Angeles Dodgers . Team 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Houston Astros 7 5 34 56 Los Angeles Dodgers 0 9 8 34 47 Home runs : HOU: George Springer (5), José Altuve (2), Alex Bregman (2), Carlos Correa (2), Yuli Gurriel (2), Marwin González (1), Brian McCann (1) LAD: Joc Pederson (3), Yasiel Puig (2), Cody Bellinger (1), Charlie Culberson (1), Corey Seager (1), Chris Taylor (1), Justin Turner (1) Total attendance: 346,702 Average attendance: 49,529 Winning player's share: $438,901.57. Losing player's share: $259,722.14. Broadcasting ( edit ) Television ( edit ) Fox broadcast the series in the United States , with Joe Buck serving as the play-by-play announcer, along with John Smoltz as color commentator and Ken Rosenthal and Tom Verducci as field reporters. For Fox Deportes , Rolando Nichols provided play-by-play while Carlos Álvarez and Edgar Gonzalez provided color commentary. Kevin Burkhardt hosted the pregame shows, joined by analysts Keith Hernandez , David Ortiz , Alex Rodriguez , and Frank Thomas . Outside the United States, MLB International televised the series, with Matt Vasgersian on play-by-play and Buck Martinez doing color commentary. Ratings ( edit ) Downtown Houston skyline during the 2017 World Series Further information: World Series television ratings According to Nielsen ratings , this series was the third highest rated since 2005, trailing only the 2009 World Series and the 2016 World Series . For the second straight year, a World Series game, Game 5, beat out NBC Sunday Night Football in ratings. Game Ratings (households) Share (households) U.S. audience (in millions) Ref 8.7 15 14.97 9.2 18 15.48 8.8 17 15.68 8.7 17 15.40 5 10.5 21 18.94 6 12.6 23 22.23 7 15.8 28 28.24 Radio ( edit ) ESPN Radio broadcast the series nationally in English, with Dan Shulman providing the play-by-play and Aaron Boone serving as color analyst. Tim Kurkjian and Buster Olney served as reporters for the network, while Marc Kestecher hosted the pre-game and post-game coverage along with analyst Chris Singleton . The ESPN Radio coverage was carried on affiliated stations throughout the United States and Canada, as well as online at ESPN.com and via the ESPN mobile app. Spanish-language coverage was provided by ESPN Deportes Radio , with Eduardo Ortega , Renato Bermúdez , José Francisco Rivera, and Orlando Hernández announcing. Locally, both teams' flagship radio stations broadcast the series with their regular announcers. Sportstalk 790 aired the English-language broadcast for the Houston area, with Robert Ford and Steve Sparks calling the games. In Los Angeles, AM 570 LA Sports aired the English-language broadcast, with Charley Steiner and Rick Monday announcing. In Spanish, Univision America 1020 carried the broadcast, with Jaime Jarrín and Jorge Jarrín on the call. In Korean, Radio Korea 1540 aired the series, with Richard Choi and Chong Ho Yim in the booth. Sponsorship ( edit ) For the first time, MLB sold presenting sponsorships to all of its postseason series; the internet television service YouTube TV is the first-ever presenting sponsor of the World Series. The series is officially known as the 2017 World Series Presented by YouTube TV . This sponsorship includes logo branding in-stadium and on official digital properties, as well as commercial inventory during Fox's telecasts of the games. Impact and aftermath ( edit ) The Astros earned $30,420,155.57 from postseason pool money to split among team personnel; each share was worth $438,901.57. The Dodgers received $20,280,103.72, with shares of $259,722.14 The sportsbooks in Nevada lost $11.4 million in November 2017, a record for baseball-related betting. The city of Houston held a parade for the Astros on November 3, 2017, which Mayor Sylvester Turner proclaimed was `` Houston Astros' Day'' . An estimated 750,000 to one million attended the parade. Springer and Altuve appeared on the cover of Sports Illustrated 's November 13, 2017, issue, with Altuve holding the Commissioner's Trophy and Springer holding a copy of a Sports Illustrated from 2014 that predicted the Astros would win the 2017 World Series. See also ( edit ) Baseball portal Los Angeles portal Houston portal 2017 Korean Series 2017 Japan Series Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Except 1904 and 1994, when the World Series was not held Jump up ^ The Astros moved to the American League West from the National League Central before the 2013 season . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Macklin, Oliver (October 24, 2017). `` Davis named chief of World Series ump crew'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Spangler, Todd (October 4, 2017). `` YouTube TV Swings for 2017 World Series Hits in MLB Pact'' . Variety . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV ^ Jump up to: Kramer, Daniel (October 13, 2017). `` Overview of World Series home-field advantage'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . We are just a week away from the World Series presented by YouTube TV Jump up ^ `` Astros, Dodgers complete record-setting World Series'' . ESPN. November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Castrovince, Anthony (November 1, 2017). `` Springer swats his way to MVP honors'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield, David (November 2, 2017). `` George Springer wins World Series MVP, ties record with five homers'' . ESPN . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Nightengale, Bob (August 11, 2014). `` 1994 strike most embarrassing moment in MLB history'' . USA Today . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Kelly, Matt (October 25, 2017). `` The meaning of home-field advantage: For the first time in World Series history, Game 1 belongs to the team with the best record'' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Perry, Dayn (October 20, 2017). `` Who has home-field advantage in the World Series? The Dodgers, and here's why: The process for determining home-field advantage in the World Series is different in 2017'' . CBS Sports . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Whicker, Mark (October 22, 2017). `` Whicker: Dodgers, Houston Astros try to rekindle their 80s rivalry'' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Posnanski, Joe (October 24, 2017). `` Dodgers, Astros renew rivalry in World Series'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly, Matt; Randhawa, Manny (October 22, 2017). `` Astros-Dodgers joins 100-win Series history'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (October 23, 2017). `` Astros vs. Dodgers is the first World Series between 100-win teams in 47 years'' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (October 21, 2017). `` Dodgers vs. Astros 2017 World Series snapshot'' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (August 22, 2017). `` ' Best team ever?' Dodgers make Sports Illustrated cover'' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schoenfield, David (July 6, 2017). `` Real or not? Best Dodgers team ever, Yankees in trouble'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter, Kevin (September 22, 2017). `` Dodgers clinch fifth consecutive NL West title with 4-2 victory over Giants'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Muskat, Carrie; Gurnick, Ken (October 19, 2017). `` Hollywood & Vines: LA wins NLCS at Wrigley!'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoornstra, J.P. (October 23, 2017). `` The Dodgers in the World Series: a brief history'' . Orange County Register . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh, Whitney (October 20, 2017). `` Dodgers bullpen sets record for consecutive scoreless innings in a postseason'' . SB Nation . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Paine, Neil (October 20, 2017). `` The Dodgers Dominated Like Few Pennant Winners In Recent History'' . FiveThirtyEight . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Baer, Bill (October 23, 2017). `` Corey Seager will be included on Dodgers' World Series roster'' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker, Rhiannon (October 11, 2017). `` Dave Roberts can join Cito Gaston as the only black managers to win World Series'' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 27, 2017. ^ Jump up to: Axisa, Mike (September 17, 2017). `` Houston Astros clinch first AL West title, first division title overall since 2001: The Astros have their first division title since moving to the AL in 2013'' . CBS Sports . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Woo, Jeremy. `` McCullers throws 24 straight curves, sends Astros to series'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ McIlvoy, Randy (October 23, 2017). `` A look back: Astros 2005 World Series run'' . KPRC-TV . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series: Four facts that make the Astros-Dodgers clash historic'' . USA Today . October 22, 2017 . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Pingue, Frank (October 23, 2017). `` Astros give Houston boost during Hurricane Harvey recovery'' . Reuters . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dart, Tom (October 28, 2017). `` World Series unites Houston as road to hurricane recovery winds on'' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter, Kevin (October 28, 2017). `` Astros playing for more than a title in hurricane-ravaged Houston'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tigers deal Justin Verlander to Astros in last-minute deadline stunner'' . USA TODAY . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Baxter, Kevin (October 25, 2017). `` Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2: A look at the pitching matchup between Rich Hill and Justin Verlander'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kelly, Matt (October 21, 2017). `` Verlander named ALCS MVP after superb starts'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Houston vs. Los Angeles, Game 1'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Houston vs. Los Angeles, Game 2'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 3'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Los Angeles vs. Houston , Game 4'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Los Angeles vs. Houston, Game 5'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Houston vs. Los Angeles, Game 6'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Boxscore: Houston vs. Los Angeles, Game 7'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh, Whitney (October 24, 2017). `` Jackie Robinson's family threw out the first pitch for Game 1 of the World Series'' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Walker, Rhiannon (October 25, 2017). `` Jackie Robinson's family tosses first pitch as Dodgers take Game 1 of World Series'' . The Undefeated . Archived from the original on October 29, 2017. Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017: Gospel Singer Keith Williams Jr. Sings National Anthem at Game 1'' . Billboard . October 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Rollins, Khadrice (October 25, 2017). `` Watch: Vin Scully brings Dodgers legends for 1st pitch'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Markazi, Arash (October 25, 2017). `` Beloved Scully delights Dodgers fans at Game 2'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Iasimone, Ashley (October 25, 2017). `` World Series 2017: Brad Paisley Performs the National Anthem at Game 2'' . Billboard . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart, Brian (@brianmctaggart) (October 26, 2017). `` On Friday, Texans DL JJ Watt will throw out ceremonial first pitch and Hall of Famer Craig Biggio will deliver the game ball'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Houston Texans' J.J. Watt tosses first pitch at Game 3'' . ESPN. October 27, 2017 . Retrieved October 27, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Barron, David (October 27, 2017). `` National anthem lineup set for World Series games at MMP'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 7-year-old with 3-D printed hand to throw out World Series first pitch'' . CBS News. October 27, 2017 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Game 4 first pitch tossed by young girl with prosthetic hand'' . ESPN. October 28, 2017 . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Spain, Kevin (October 26, 2017). `` World Series: George Bush will throw out first pitch for Game 5 in Houston'' . USA Today . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh, Whitney (October 31, 2017). `` Dodger greats Tommy Lasorda and Orel Hershisher throw out ceremonial first pitch for Game 6'' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schiff, Mark. `` 2017 World Series National Anthem singers'' . AXS . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntosh, Whitney (November 1, 2017). `` Sandy Koufax, Don Newcombe, Rick Monday, and Steve Garvey all showed up for Game 7's ceremonial first pitch'' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Jacobo, Julia (October 25, 2017). `` 103-degree heat shatters World Series record'' . ABC News . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Varela, Ashley (October 22, 2017). `` World Series Game 1 will feature Dallas Keuchel vs. Clayton Kershaw'' . NBC Sports . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (October 24, 2017). `` Chris Taylor leads off the World Series with a home run'' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 1: Houston Astros 1-- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . October 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Doolittle, Bradford (October 24, 2017). `` Kershaw aces Astros, rewrites October reputation in Dodgers' Game 1 win'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken; McTaggart, Brian (October 24, 2017). `` Red hot! Turner HR backs Kershaw Gm. 1 gem'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 24, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Hoffman, Benjamin; Waldstein, David (October 25, 2017). `` World Series 2017: Dodgers vs. Astros Game 2 Live Updates'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken (October 26, 2017). `` Resilient Dodgers putting loss behind them'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Marchand, Andrew (October 25, 2017). `` Astros' stars stage stunning comeback to even World Series'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Astros, Dodgers make World Series history with record 8 home runs in Game 2'' . ESPN. October 26, 2017 . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice, Richard (October 26, 2017). `` Astros, Dodgers author a classic Fall Classic thriller'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken; McTaggart, Brian (October 25, 2017). `` Astros even Series with late HRs in G2 thriller'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017: Astros rally to beat Dodgers in dramatic Game 2 -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . October 25, 2017 . Retrieved October 26, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Hoffman, Benjamin; Waldstein, David (October 27, 2017). `` World Series 2017: Dodgers vs. Astros: Game 3 Live Updates'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Yu Darvish has shortest outing of career in first World Series start; Astros top Dodgers 5-3 in Game 3'' . The Dallas Morning News . Associated Press. October 27, 2017 . Retrieved January 25, 2018 . Jump up ^ Lauber, Scott (October 27, 2017). `` Astros rock Darvish, power their way to 2-- 1 lead over Dodgers'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 3: Los Angeles Dodgers 3-- 5 Houston Astros -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . October 28, 2017 . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart, Brian; Gurnick, Ken (October 28, 2017). `` Astros use 1-- 2 punch to take 2-- 1 WS lead'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Justice, Richard (October 28, 2017). `` Peacock's relief performance a Series classic: Astros righty delivers 3 2/3 hitless, scoreless innings for first career save'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Hernandez, Dylan (October 27, 2017). `` Some look askew at Yuli Gurriel's dugout squint'' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Waldstein, David (October 28, 2017). `` Astros' Yuli Gurriel Apologizes After a Racist Gesture Aimed at Yu Darvish'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Lauber, Scott. `` MLB mulls discipline after Yuli Gurriel's insensitive gesture'' . ESPN. Archived from the original on October 28, 2017. Jump up ^ Castrovince, Anthony (October 28, 2017). `` Gurriel suspended for first 5 games in 2018'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber, Scott (October 28, 2017). `` Yuli Gurriel won't be suspended for any World Series games, MLB rules'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Rajan, Greg (October 27, 2017). `` World Series Game 4 pitching foes come from Braves stock'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 4: Los Angeles Dodgers 6-- 2 Houston Astros -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . October 29, 2017 . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken; McTaggart, Brian (October 28, 2017). `` Dodgers break Astros' home spell, even Series'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Verducci, Tom (October 29, 2017). `` Historic World Series Home Run Rate may be Result of Slicker Baseballs'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Randhawa, Manny (October 29, 2017). `` The top Cy Young duels in World Series history'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffman, Benjamin; Waldstein, David (October 29, 2017). `` World Series 2017: Dodgers vs. Astros Game 5 Live Updates'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 5: Los Angeles Dodgers 12-- 13 Houston Astros -- as it happened!'' . The Guardian . October 30, 2017 . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lauber, Scott (October 29, 2017). `` Astros win thrilling Game 5 in walk-off fashion to take World Series lead'' . ESPN . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Axisa, Mike (October 29, 2017). `` Dodgers-Astros Game 5: What to know about maybe the best World Series game ever'' . CBS Sports . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart, Brian; Gurnick, Ken (October 30, 2017). `` Can't make this up! Astros earn insane W'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved October 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most Runs in a World Series Game, Combined'' . ESPN. Associates Press. October 23, 2011 . Retrieved October 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series: 11 crazy facts from Astros' insane Game 5 win vs. Dodgers'' . Usatoday.com. October 30, 2017 . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Boswell, Thomas (October 30, 2017). `` Perspective Game 5 of the 2017 World Series was not the best ever. But it was an instant classic'' . Washington Post . ISSN 0190-8286 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Hoffman, Benjamin; Waldstein, David (October 31, 2017). `` World Series 2017: Dodgers vs Astros Game 6: Live Updates'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2017 . Jump up ^ ESPN Stats & Info (@ESPNStatsInfo) (October 31, 2017). `` George Springer joins Gene Tenace (1972) as the only players to hit 4 game-tying or go-ahead home runs in a #WorldSeries'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ High Heat Stats (@HighHeatStats) (November 1, 2017). `` Players to homer in 4 games of a single World Series: Hank Bauer 1958, won series Barry Bonds 2002, lost series GEORGE SPRINGER 2017, ?'' (Tweet) -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 6: Houston Astros 1-- 3 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened'' . The Guardian . October 31, 2017 . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken and Brian McTaggart (November 1, 2017). `` LA solves JV! Dodgers find O to set up WS G7'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (November 1, 2017). `` Joc Pederson ties World Series extra-base hit record'' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gurnick, Ken (November 1, 2017). `` LA as confident as can be with G7 at home'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers, Astros push their wonderful World Series to Game 7'' . Fox Sports. November 1, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Normandin, Marc (November 1, 2017). `` Astros-Dodgers World Series heads to decisive Game 7'' . SBNation.com . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ McTaggart, Brian; Gurnick, Ken (November 1, 2017). `` Houston Strongest! Astros rule the World'' . Major League Baseball . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Hoffman, Benjamin; Waldstein, David (November 1, 2017). `` World Series 2017: Astros vs. Dodgers Game 7 Live Updates'' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` World Series 2017 Game 7: Houston Astros 5-1 Los Angeles Dodgers -- as it happened!'' . The Guardian . November 2, 2017 . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (November 1, 2017). `` Clayton Kershaw sets Dodgers postseason strikeout record'' . SB Nation . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stevenson, Stefan (November 2, 2017). `` Carlos Correa caps World Series with live, post-game proposal to girlfriend'' . Fort Worth Star-Telegram . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Stephen, Eric (October 21, 2017). `` World Series schedule 2017: Dodgers vs. Astros'' . SB Nation . Retrieved October 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hoffarth, Tom (October 28, 2017). `` Hoffarth on the media: Fox Deportes' Nichols fills important role in 2017 Serie Mundial'' . Daily News . Orange County Register . Retrieved February 11, 2018 . Jump up ^ Kolur, Nihal (October 24, 2017). `` What Channel is the World Series?'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Lucia, Joe (October 24, 2017). `` Your 2017 World Series announcing schedule'' . Awful Announcing . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 World Series draws third-highest viewership since 2005'' . Awful Announcing . November 3, 2017 . Retrieved November 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Deitsch, Richard (October 30, 2017). `` Game 5 of the World Series Beats Sunday Night Football in TV Ratings'' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved November 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (October 25, 2017). `` World Series Game 1 Second-Most Watched Since 2010'' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 25, 2017). `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.24.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (October 27, 2017). `` World Series Game 2 Third-Most Watched in a Decade'' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 26, 2017). `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.25.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (October 28, 2017). `` World Series Posts Second-Best Game 3 Audience Since 2005'' . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 30, 2017). `` Top 150 Friday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.27.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (October 29, 2017). `` World Series Scores Second-Best Saturday Audience Since 2004'' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 31, 2017). `` Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.28.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (October 31, 2017). `` World Series Third-Best in Decade Entering Game 6'' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (October 31, 2017). `` Top 150 Sunday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.29.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (November 1, 2017). `` Astros-Dodgers Game 6 Among Top World Series Games Since 2004'' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf, Mitch (November 1, 2017). `` Top 150 Tuesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 10.31.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Paulsen (November 2, 2017). `` Over 28 Million For World Series Game 7'' . Sports Media Watch . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitch Metcalf (November 2, 2017). `` Top 150 Wednesday Cable Originals & Network Finals: 11.1.2017'' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved November 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ Skarka, Michael (October 23, 2017). `` ESPN Radio to Provide Comprehensive Coverage of the 113th World Series'' . ESPN MediaZone . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dodgers vs. Astros: Your ' 17 World Series TV Schedule'' . LATF . October 24, 2017 . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton, Terry. `` MLB close to selling first World Series presenting sponsorship'' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lefton, Terry; Ourand, John. `` YouTube TV Digital Pay Service Signs On To Be First World Series Presenting Sponsor'' . Sports Business Journal . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Axisa, Mike (November 27, 2017). `` 2017 MLB postseason shares: Astros to split record $30.42 million'' . CBSSports.com . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Houston Astros' title results in $11.4 million baseball loss for Las Vegas sportsbooks in November'' . Espn.com. December 28, 2017 . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ McTaggart, Brian. `` Houston pays tribute to Astros with parade'' . MLB.com . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Young, Matt (November 7, 2017). `` Astros' Jose Altuve, George Springer make Sports Illustrated cover'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved February 10, 2018 . External links ( edit ) 2017 World Series at Baseball Reference 2017 Major League Baseball postseason Part of the 2017 Major League Baseball season World Series American League Championship Series National League Championship Series American League Division Series National League Division Series American League Wild Card Game National League Wild Card Game American League teams Boston Red Sox Cleveland Indians Houston Astros Minnesota Twins New York Yankees National League teams Arizona Diamondbacks Chicago Cubs Colorado Rockies Los Angeles Dodgers Washington Nationals World Series Series not held in 1904 because the NL champions refused to participate, or in 1994 due to a players' strike . 1900s-- 1910s 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920s-- 1930s 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940s-- 1950s 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960s-- 1970s 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980s-- 1990s 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000s-- 2010s 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Related Pre-World Series champions Dauvray Cup Temple Cup Chronicle-Telegraph Cup World Series champions Most Valuable Players Starting pitchers Babe Ruth Award Commissioner's Trophy World Series ring Appearances Streaks Droughts Series (by franchise) Broadcasters TV ratings ALCS NLCS ALDS NLDS ALWC NLWC Game 7 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake Book:World Series Category:World Series Fox Major League Baseball Related programs The Cheap Seats ( 2010 -- 2011 ) MLB Whiparound Major League Baseball Game of the Week Thursday Night Baseball ( 1997 -- 2001 ) This Week in Baseball ( 2000 -- 2011 ) Related articles DirecTV N3D FoxBox FoxTrax Scooter Television contracts ( cable ) MLB Network World Series television ratings National coverage Fox (1996-- present) FS1 (2014-- present) FS2 (2014-- present) Fox Deportes (2012-- present) Fox Family Channel (2001) Fox Sports Net (1997-- 1999) FX (1997) FSN affiliates Arizona ( Arizona Diamondbacks ) Detroit ( Detroit Tigers ) Florida ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) Kansas City ( Kansas City Royals ) Midwest ( St. Louis Cardinals ) North ( Minnesota Twins ) Ohio ( Cincinnati Reds ) San Diego ( San Diego Padres ) South ( Atlanta Braves ) Southeast ( Atlanta Braves ) Southwest ( Texas Rangers ) West ( Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim ) Wisconsin ( Milwaukee Brewers ) Sun ( Miami Marlins & Tampa Bay Rays ) SportsTime Ohio ( Cleveland Indians ) YES Network ( New York Yankees ) Former FSN affiliates Bay Area ( Oakland Athletics & San Francisco Giants ; 1998-- 2007 ) Chicago ( Chicago Cubs & Chicago White Sox , 1998-- 2006 ) Houston ( Houston Astros , 2009 - 2012 ) New York ( New York Mets , 1998 -- 2005 ) Rocky Mountain ( Colorado Rockies , 1997 - 2010 ) Fox/MyTV O&O Stations New York City: WNYW 5 (Yankees, 1999 -- 2001 ), WWOR 9 (N.Y. 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where was pirates of the caribbean dead man tells no tale filmed

On January 15 , 2014 , directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However , a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations . According to Australian film industry sources , on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million . This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2 , 2014 , stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland , Australia , being the largest production to ever shoot in the country . Village Roadshow Studios and Whitsundays were officially confirmed as filming locations . On January 1 , 2015 , The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15 - year - old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit , which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull , a single - masted ghost ship . Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film .

Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales - wikipedia Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Jump to: navigation , search Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Theatrical release poster Directed by Joachim Rønning Espen Sandberg Produced by Jerry Bruckheimer Screenplay by Jeff Nathanson Story by Jeff Nathanson Terry Rossio Based on Characters by Ted Elliott Terry Rossio Stuart Beattie Jay Wolpert Pirates of the Caribbean by Walt Disney Starring Johnny Depp Javier Bardem Brenton Thwaites Kaya Scodelario Kevin McNally Geoffrey Rush Music by Geoff Zanelli Cinematography Paul Cameron Edited by Roger Barton Leigh Folsom Boyd Production company Walt Disney Pictures Jerry Bruckheimer Films Distributed by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures Release date May 11, 2017 ( 2017-05-11 ) ( Shanghai ) May 26, 2017 ( 2017-05-26 ) (United States) Running time 129 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $230 million or $320 million Box office $794.8 million Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (released outside the US as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge ) is a 2017 American swashbuckler fantasy film . It is the fifth installment in the Pirates of the Caribbean film series and the sequel to On Stranger Tides (2011). The film is directed by Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg from a script by Jeff Nathanson , with Jerry Bruckheimer serving again as producer. Johnny Depp , Kevin McNally and Geoffrey Rush reprise their roles as Jack Sparrow , Joshamee Gibbs and Hector Barbossa , respectively, while Javier Bardem , Brenton Thwaites and Kaya Scodelario join the cast as Armando Salazar , Henry Turner and Carina Smyth . The film also features the returns of Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley as Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann , following their absence from the previous film. The filmmakers cited the series' first installment, The Curse of the Black Pearl (2003), as inspiration for the script and tone of the film. Pre-production for the film started shortly before On Stranger Tides was released in early 2011, with Terry Rossio writing a script for the film. In early 2013, Jeff Nathanson was hired to write a new script, with Depp being involved in Nathanson's writing process. Initially planned for a 2015 release, the film was delayed to 2016 and then to 2017, due to script and budget issues, before being released in May 26, 2017, after 6 years of Development Hell . Principal photography started in Australia in February 2015, after the Australian government offered Disney $20 million in tax incentives , and ended in July 2015. Dead Men Tell No Tales was released in conventional, Disney Digital 3-D , RealD 3D and IMAX 3D formats on May 26, 2017, ten years and one day after the release of At World's End (2007). The film received mixed reviews, with praise for the performances, especially that of Bardem, visuals, music and shorter running time, and criticism for the convoluted and complicated plot; some critics considered the film an improvement over the recent sequel. The film grossed $794 million worldwide, the second-lowest gross of the series but the ninth highest-grossing film of 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Post-production 4 Release 4.1 Marketing 4.2 Home media 4.3 Hacking incident 5 Reception 5.1 Box office 5.1.1 North America 5.1.2 Outside North America 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 Sequel 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links Plot Henry Turner , the twelve-year-old son of Will Turner , boards his cursed father's ship, the Flying Dutchman , informing his father that the mythical Trident of Poseidon can break his curse , and of his intent to recruit Captain Jack Sparrow for help. Will, however, believes that the trident can't be found and orders Henry to leave. Will and the Dutchman then disappear back into the sea, but Henry still vows to find Jack Sparrow and the Trident. Nine years later, Henry is a sailor in the British Royal Navy , but is locked up for attempting mutiny when his ship sails for the supernatural Devil's Triangle . The ship comes across a shipwreck, the Silent Mary , and are attacked by its ghostly crew led by Captain Salazar . Salazar and his crew kill everyone aboard except Henry. Salazar, seeing a wanted poster of Jack, allows Henry to live so he can deliver a message to Jack that he is coming for him. In Saint Martin , a young astronomer and horologist named Carina Smyth is sentenced to death for alleged witchcraft but escapes custody. She briefly crosses paths with Jack, who with his crew tries to steal a bank vault, but accidentally drags the entire bank with them and loses the fortune before crashing the building at the town's exit and escaping. Jack's crew ends up abandoning him, even Gibbs, who has lost faith in Jack after years of Jack and his crew experiencing nothing but bad luck. Depressed, Jack trades his magical compass for a drink. However, this betrayal of the compass frees Salazar and his crew from the Devil's Triangle. Carina learns Henry is looking for the Trident's location and offers to help him using a diary left by her unknown father. Carina and Jack are both captured and face execution, but are saved by Henry and Jack's crew, setting sail on the Dying Gull . Carina deciphers that the stars will lead to an island where the Trident is hidden. Meanwhile, Captain Barbossa hears from his pirate crew that the revived Captain Salazar is killing several pirates at sea, and learns from a sea witch named Shansa of the Trident, which could possibly lead him to a new `` treasure'' . Barbossa and his crew set off to find the Trident themselves, until Salazar and his crew appear and destroy Barbossa's fleet, but Barbossa manages to talk his way out of being killed by offering to help him find Jack, to which Salazar agrees. He tells Barbossa that long ago he worked for the Spanish Navy hunting down pirates. However, a young Jack tricked him into sailing into the Devil's Triangle, cursing his crew. Salazar pursues the Dying Gull , forcing Jack, Henry, and Carina to flee to an island while fighting off Salazar's cursed sharks, discovering that Salazar's crew cannot go on land. After saving Jack from a forced marriage, Barbossa allies himself with Jack and provides him his compass, obtained from Shansa. He uses the Sword of Triton to restore the miniaturized Black Pearl , trapped in a bottle by Blackbeard , to its original size. They all continue their journey to the Trident's island, with Barbossa taking command of the Pearl once more. During the voyage, Jack and Barbossa realize Carina is the latter's long-lost daughter. Barbossa tells Jack that he had left her at an orphanage with his diary so she could live a better life. Approaching the Trident's island, the Pearl evades a British Navy warship, which is destroyed by the Silent Mary before the Pearl runs aground on the island. Jack, Barbossa, and Carina use the island's magic to open a path to the Trident's spot on the ocean floor, parting the ocean. Salazar captures Henry and possesses his body, chasing Jack and the others across the ocean floor and seizes the Trident, freeing Henry. Henry shatters the Trident, breaking all curses upon the sea and restoring Salazar's crew to life. However, the divided sea begins to collapse in on itself. The Pearl drops its anchor to lift them to safety, but Salazar pursues them, still hell-bent on killing Jack. Carina realizes that Barbossa is her father when she spots a tattoo on his arm identical to the diary's cover. Barbossa sacrifices himself to kill Salazar, allowing the others to escape alive. Some time later, Henry and Carina reach Port Royal, where Will appears, free from the Dutchman . His wife, Elizabeth , appears moments later and the Turner family reunites. Jack watches from the Pearl in disgust before sailing away into the horizon. In a post-credits scene, Will and Elizabeth are asleep when their bedroom is entered by the shadow of an apparently resurrected Davy Jones . Will wakes up and assumes it was a nightmare, but a small puddle filled with barnacles under the bed implies otherwise. Cast Johnny Depp as Captain Jack Sparrow : The eccentric but noble pirate captain of the Black Pearl on the hunt for the Trident of Poseidon , which bestows control over the seas. In the film, according to director Joachim Rønning , Jack has `` lost his mojo; he can't even be on the water'' . Rønning stated that Sparrow's role in the film mirrors his role in the original: `` it was important to go back to the same dynamic that the first film had where Jack is not the main character. I wanted a story about real people, real characters -- and then Jack Sparrow comes in and crashes the party every now and then'' , and called Depp `` a comedic genius, he has a comedic timing that I've never seen in anyone'' . The film goes into the backstory of Sparrow, with the young Sparrow portrayed by Anthony De La Torre , whose face was replaced by a CGI replica of Depp as he looked in 21 Jump Street and What's Eating Gilbert Grape . Co-director Rønning believed de-aging Depp was tricky in terms of `` trying to give him a backstory and still honour the mythology of the franchise'' . Javier Bardem as Captain Armando Salazar : A powerful and maniacal undead pirate hunter of the Spanish Navy who was trapped in the Devil's Triangle . After escaping, he seeks the Trident of Poseidon to wipe out all piracy and exact revenge on his old enemy, Captain Jack Sparrow. Bardem set out to imbue the character with `` a rage based on dented pride'' , comparing the character to `` a wounded bull'' , owing to his spectacular fall from grace, going from a high ranking commander of a Spanish fleet to being betrayed and trapped in hell by Sparrow, who Bardem says is the reason for Salazar `` holding that revenge in his body for eternity'' . It took three hours a day to apply the make-up to Bardem's face, with Bardem referring to the process as having `` cold chicken breasts'' glued to his face. Geoffrey Rush as Captain Hector Barbossa : The one-legged pirate captain of the Queen Anne's Revenge , former captain of the Black Pearl , and Captain Jack's former rival-turned-ally. In the film, Barbossa has become extremely wealthy since the previous film, with Rush referring to him as a `` corporate pirate'' , having amassed a fleet of ships under his command and encrusted his peg-leg with jewels. Brenton Thwaites as Henry Turner : The son of Will Turner and Elizabeth Swann-Turner, who tries to reconnect with his father. He struggles to break a curse that is preventing him from doing so. The directors were keen to draft a new protagonist relationship, different to the two relationships explored in On Stranger Tides , with Henry and Carina, stating that `` in the middle of a big action scene, you need to be able to lean on the characters and find the heart of that story, and channel the characters' vulnerability'' . Rønning noted that identity is a major theme in the film and to Henry and Carina's story arc: `` they are on a similar quest and find common ground in looking for who they are'' . Lewis McGowan portrays a young Henry. Kaya Scodelario as Carina Smyth (née Barbossa) : A headstrong, altruistic astronomer . Scodelario explained the character's motivation and role saying, `` she is an academic, she's fighting for the right to study at university because women couldn't at that time. So she's on her own journey-- looking for the trident of Poseidon-- and she has a diary with clues.'' She discussed the difference between Carina and Elizabeth Swann , believing that she was not just a carbon copy of that character. For the directors, it was important to `` modernise it with Henry and Carina, Kaya, especially brought that with her. She's a modern woman.'' Scodelario worked with Nathanson to ensure the character was unique to the series and prevent her from being a `` Mary Sue archetype'' , saying that `` she's got her flaws...that's such an important thing to include when building a character, especially female characters, who often fall into two camps; they are either pretty and perfectly put together or completely insane. Carina has definitely got a little bit of both.'' Kevin McNally as Joshamee Gibbs : Captain Jack's loyal friend and First Mate. Golshifteh Farahani as Shansa: a sea-witch and ally of Captain Barbossa. David Wenham as Lieutenant John Scarfield: the second antagonist of the film and a British Royal Navy officer, who commands the HMS Essex . Stephen Graham as Scrum : a member of Jack Sparrow's crew and former member of Blackbeard 's crew. Martin Klebba as Marty : A member of Jack Sparrow's crew. Giles New and Angus Barnett as Murtogg and Mullroy : Former Royal Marines turned pirates, who serve as Barbossa's right-hand men on board the Queen Anne's Revenge . Orlando Bloom as Captain William `` Will'' Turner Jr. : a blacksmith-turned-pirate, who was transformed into the Captain of the Flying Dutchman at the end of At World's End . Speaking about his possible return to the franchise, Bloom stated that he would love to portray a character outside of his usual role types as a good-looking hero: `` Of course, I'm Davy Jones now, so I'm down the bottom of the ocean. It might be kind of fun to do something where I'm rumbling ' round the bottom of the ocean, because I won't look anything like me. ( Gestures to his face ) Get all gnarly.'' Additionally, Keira Knightley briefly appears at the end and reprises her role in the film series as Elizabeth Swann , Will Turner's wife, and Henry's mother. Adam Brown , Danny Kirrane , and Delroy Atkinson appear as members of Jack's crew. In the prison scene, Paul McCartney appears briefly as Jack's paternal uncle, Uncle Jack. Alexander Scheer plays a young Captain Edward Teague in a flashback sequence, while Keith Richards ' likeness (as Jack's father) was also used. A silhouette of Davy Jones , one of the series' former villains, was seen in the post-credits scene, but actor Bill Nighy wasn't credited for this appearance. Pablo and Chiquita reprised their role as Jack the Monkey. Production Development Top to bottom: Johnny Depp , Geoffrey Rush , Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley , who reprise their roles from the previous films as Jack Sparrow , Hector Barbossa , Will Turner , and Elizabeth Swann , respectively. Bloom and Knightley return to the series after not appearing in 2011's On Stranger Tides . Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides in 2011, the cast and crew of the fourth film were told to set aside time in the near future, as Walt Disney Pictures intended to shoot a fifth and sixth film back-to-back (like the first two sequels). However, it was later stated that only a fifth film was in the works. On January 11, 2013, Jeff Nathanson signed on to write the script for the film. Rob Marshall , the director of the last film, was believed for return to direct, but he declined after he chose to direct Into the Woods (2014) and The Thin Man (both projects for Disney and starring Johnny Depp ). After Marshall passed on the project, many directors were rumored to direct the film, like Tim Burton , Sam Raimi , Shawn Levy , Chris Weitz , Alfonso Cuarón and Gore Verbinski (who directed the first three films). On May 9, 2013, it was reported that Fredrik Bond, Rupert Sanders , and the Norwegian film duo Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg were considered to direct the fifth film. Finally, on May 29, 2013, Rønning and Sandberg were selected to direct. This decision was based both on their Academy Award -nominated high sea film Kon-Tiki , as well as their ability to work with a limited budget. Geoffrey Rush argued that the pair brought `` a kind of Euro sensibility to traditional Hollywood franchise thinking'' . While Orlando Bloom believed that they'd `` recaptured the simplicity and charm'' , calling the film `` fantastic, really entertaining'' . On August 22, 2013, Rønning and Sandberg revealed that the title of the fifth film would be Dead Men Tell No Tales . They also confirmed that they were working on the film, speaking highly of Jeff Nathanson's `` funny and touching'' script and that they are inspired by the first film, The Curse of the Black Pearl , stating that the original is `` scary, it's funny, and most of all it's a comedy, but with great heart, and that structure and the dynamics between the characters was something I really wanted to try and reinvent'' . On the pair's decision to direct the film, Rønning believed that `` it was all there in this script already, and for me, it was just a matter of adding scenes that carry the tradition of Gore Verbinski, bring the emotional core and big action set pieces'' , with Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton also being in the director's mind when crafting the tone of the film. The pair also wanted to include two things new to the series: `` it needs to have heart; I really believe this to be the most emotional Pirates yet'' , argued Rønning , as well as exploring the roots of Jack Sparrow. Kaya Scodelario felt that the film `` will have much more of the feel of the first film, the producers want to take it back to the beginning again. They wanted it to have this epic journey, and for it to make sense, and for it to tie things up, and also lead to new storylines.'' However, after Disney's The Lone Ranger lost the studio $190 million in 2013-- a film also starring Depp in a similarly eccentric role-- Disney questioned the bankability of Depp and thus the franchise, so the film was reconsidered and not actually green-lit as of early 2014. Another problem, along with the lack of success Depp experienced outside of the Pirates franchise were script problems, as Walt Disney Studios chairman Alan Horn stated: `` We haven't seen a screenplay yet that I've been able to sign off on. There are a lot of variables that affect the final outcome once it leaves the studio lot, so we are very careful.'' Due to these problems, the film's production was delayed, and it moved from a 2015 release aspired by Disney in 2013 to a likely release in 2016. Producer Jerry Bruckheimer revealed that script as well as budget issues were behind the delay, and that Jeff Nathanson was at work on a second attempt based on a well-received outline, stating: `` It's all a factor. We want a script that everyone's signed off on and a budget that everyone's signed off on.'' After the script was accepted and the film was finally officially green-lit by Disney in July 2014, the release date moved to July 7, 2017. Many of the crew members for the film were new to the franchise, replacing members that had served on the previous four films. Apart from directors Rønning and Sandberg and writer Nathanson, a new director of photography, Paul Cameron replaced Dariusz Wolski , production designer Nigel Phelps, visual effects supervisor Gary Brozenich , special effects supervisor Dan Oliver, supervising stunt coordinator R.A. Rondell, stunt coordinators Thomas Robinson Harper and Kyle Gardiner, makeup and hair designer Peter Swords King , executive producers Joe Caracciolo Jr. and Brigham Taylor replacing Mike Stenson, film editors Joel Cox , Gary D. Roach and Roger Barton and composer Geoff Zanelli taking over from composer of the primary themes for the series, Hans Zimmer . Costume designer Penny Rose returned after providing the costumes for all four previous films, along with executive producer Chad Oman. Speaking to IGN while promoting The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies , Orlando Bloom indicated that the film might serve as a soft reboot for the franchise, saying: `` Basically, they want to reboot the whole franchise, I think, and do something with me and the relationship with my son.'' Writing By 2011, shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , Terry Rossio was writing a script for a fifth film without his partner Ted Elliott . Rossio's draft was ultimately rejected. `` My version of Dead Men Tell No Tales was set aside because it featured a female villain,'' recalled Rossio, `` and Johnny Depp was worried that would be redundant to Dark Shadows , which also featured a female villain.'' In January 2013, Disney hired Jeff Nathanson to work on a script. That September, producer Bruckheimer said, `` We have an outline everyone loves but the script is not done,'' explaining that the release would be postponed beyond summer 2015. On April 13, 2014, Depp said Bruckheimer and Disney had invited him in to collaborate with the writer Jeff Nathanson, noting: Everyone involved wants the script to be right and perfect. So we have gone on to do other things (in the meantime). We are still going to do the film together. I enjoy them immensely. They are super talented. They have a great sense of humor. I think they have a really fun approach to what we are going to do with the next Pirates . Very happily and proudly, I have welcomed taking part in the story and working directly with the screenwriter (Jeff Nathanson)-- he and I. It's working out really well that way. So I have high hopes for Pirates 5 because if that's really the last one, which it probably is, I feel that we owe it to the audience who went and saw the films so many times. We'll do it right and end it on a high note. Casting Speaking at the On Stranger Tides press launch in Cannes , Depp said he would play the role for as long as it is popular with the public. In August 2012 news surfaced that Johnny Depp signed on officially for the fifth film, earning A$ 90 million to reprise his role. As with the fourth film, Depp was also involved in scripting and planning Dead Men Tell No Tales . Geoffrey Rush had commented on returning as Hector Barbossa in the fifth installment, saying `` If they keep shapeshifting this character, absolutely'' as well as implying he may return as the villain. He also said that Barbossa's megalomania `` could explode in horrific ways'' . In December 2014, Rush confirmed his return for the fifth installment, where Barbossa and Jack were `` at the heart of it and there's a whole new set of story lines'' . In late 2011, about four years after choosing not to return for the fourth installment, Orlando Bloom stated that he would like to return for the fifth film if he was offered. On May 11, 2011, Naomie Harris expressed her desire to return as Tia Dalma if they called her. Several weeks after Disney officially green-lit the film, Bloom stated that there were `` discussions'' about his return to the franchise in September 2014. Bloom further commented in December 2014, that while he was not sure whether he would return, there were talks. He also indicated that Disney could do a soft reboot with the franchise and focus on Will Turner and his son. After months of speculation and after filming wrapped up, Bloom's participation was confirmed at Disney D23 on August 15, 2015. On December 2, 2013, it was reported that Christoph Waltz was in talks to appear as the film's main antagonist, but he finally declined. Australian actor Brenton Thwaites entered talks for the role of Henry in late November 2014, after Disney chose him over Taron Egerton , George MacKay , Mitchell Hope , Ansel Elgort and Sam Keeley . In mid-January 2015, he stated that he was to travel to Australia for the film in February, disclosing that his role was indeed that of Will Turner's son, struggling to break a curse to meet his father. The shortlist of actresses for the female lead consisted of Gabriella Wilde , Kaya Scodelario , Alexandra Dowling , Jenna Thiam and Lucy Boynton . On January 24, Jerry Bruckheimer announced via Twitter that Scodelario had won the role. In July, her character was revealed to be called Carina. In earlier drafts of the script the name Carina Smyth appeared as Barbossa's daughter and was a love interest of Sparrow's and was an astronomer accused of being a witch. Scodelario confirmed that the character was an astronomer and that `` she's a totally different character'' to Keira Knightley 's Elizabeth Swann , and also confirmed that Smyth will be Henry's love interest instead of Jack's . By October 2014, Javier Bardem , husband of Penélope Cruz (who portrayed Angelica in the fourth installment), was in early talks to appear as the antagonist of the film. His role was eventually confirmed to be that of Armando Salazar, who in early scripts was referred as Captain John Brand. However, during an interview with Collider in 2012, Penélope Cruz stated that she would most likely not reprise her role as Angelica Teach. Kevin McNally confirmed his return as Joshamee Gibbs via Twitter in late January. Shortly after on location pre-production opened in Australia , Disney issued a casting call to local agents for actors from all age- and experience levels to apply for roles and as extras in the upcoming film, with casting also open in the US. Adam Brown , Delroy Atkinson, Danny Kirrane were revealed as cast members shortly before filming. Martin Klebba confirmed his return as Marty via Twitter days before filming began. On February 17, 2015, Stephen Graham revealed that he will reprise his role as Scrum. On September 24, 2015, a YouTube video was uploaded stating that Giles New and Angus Barnett would reprise their roles as Murtogg and Mullroy. Director Joachim Rønning 's two children appear in the film as extras. Also, Keith Richards expressed interest in reprising his role as Captain Teague. Additionally, Greg Ellis expressed interest in reprising his role as Theodore Groves, despite his character's apparent death in the previous film , saying the possibility that Groves survived. Apart from this declaration, reports that a deceased Navy officer will star in the film, had sparked many rumors regarding the possibility of the return of James Norrington (portrayed again by Jack Davenport ), who died in the third film . Both Lee Arenberg and Mackenzie Crook commented on the possibility of returning as Pintel and Ragetti . Arenberg confirmed in several interviews that, despite wanting to return to the fourth film, he hoped to reprise his role as Pintel. In an interview on November 7, 2014, Crook confirmed that he had received a call of availability from Disney for the film, although stated that he was uncertain about whether he wanted to reprise his role. Crook declined to reprise his role ultimately, in order to focus on his television series Detectorists . He said he felt `` pangs of nostalgia'' when the cast and crew filmed the film without him. Furthermore, shortly before filming started, Arenberg announced on Twitter that he would not reprise his role as well, despite having been interested in doing so. In early 2017, there were rumors that Keira Knightley was back to the franchise for a cameo scene despite Knightley saying in 2011 that she wasn't coming back to any future films. On April 18, 2017, the international trailer was released, confirming Knightley's participation. Filming Depp on set in Queensland in June 2015 On January 15, 2014, directors Joachim Rønning and Espen Sandberg confirmed that shooting would take place in Puerto Rico and New Orleans and Bruckheimer had previously mentioned that there might be a sequence in Louisiana . However, a spokesman for the Australian Arts Minister George Brandis confirmed that the fifth installment was set to shoot exclusively in Australia after the government agreed to repurpose $20 million of tax incentives originally intended for the remake of 20,000 Leagues Under the Sea , thus edging out Mexico and South Africa as filming locations. According to Australian film industry sources, on location pre-production started in late September 2014 and its cost is around $250 million. This was officially confirmed by Disney and the Queensland Arts Minister on October 2, 2014, stating that filming will take place exclusively in Queensland, Australia, being the largest production to ever shoot in the country. Village Roadshow Studios and Whitsundays were officially confirmed as filming locations. On January 1, 2015, The Rainbow Gypsy , a 15-year-old replica of an 1897 Scottish bawley , sailed into the Gold Coast to start the extensive refit, which will include a new bowsprit and reconfigured decks and cabins in order to become the Dying Gull, a single-masted ghost ship. Its captain and owner Kit Woodward was a rigger on the film. Filming commenced on February 17, 2015. Ship scenes were filmed in front of a giant outdoor greenscreen in Helensvale , while a film set in the form of a village was built in Maudsland . Given the greenscreens were so tall they blocked sunlight, containers with inflatable bluescreens mounted on top were added to the set to allow for light to creep in. While an initial draft of the script featured six ships, the end product had 11 vessels, meaning that to cut costs, most of them were not full sets, but partial constructs later enhanced by computer graphics, at times built atop an hydraulic rig to mimic the movement of seafaring while still on land. The camera crew also made extensive use of drones to capture immersive views on sea without resorting to aerial footage or cranes. Filming moved to Doug Jennings Park on The Spit from March 30 to June 15, 2015 for water bound scenes. However, due to extreme sea sickness among the cast and crew due to `` big swells'' at The Spit, filming moved to Raby Bay for calmer waters. Scenes were shot at Byron Bay on June 1. Locals made up more than 75 percent of the 850-plus crew then working on the film. After much speculation about whether Orlando Bloom would return, Bloom arrived at the Gold Coast in late May to reprise his role as Will Turner. Scenes featuring a skeleton of a sperm whale that had been constructed were shot at Hastings Point from June 21 to 23. A number of issues and controversies set back the film during its production. The biosecurity laws in Australia posed problems regarding the capuchin monkeys that portray Hector Barbossa's pet monkey Jack , as the animals are regarded as a category 1 pest and require strict requirements and a 30-day quarantine. Further controversy surrounding the use of the monkeys erupted from animal rights activist groups, who urged the Federal Environment Minister Greg Hunt to reject the application to fly two capuchin monkeys from California to Australia, arguing that the trip would `` harm the monkeys' health, that movie performances are unnatural for wild creatures and that the appearance of monkeys in films encourages the illegal wildlife trade'' . One of the monkeys caused further disruption when it wandered off set at Movie World and bit a make up artist on another production on the ear. Crew and cast members were forced to cover the camera lenses on all mobile phones with duct tape to prevent the film from being pirated before its release. To prevent fans from interfering with the production, secret filming locations used the production name of `` Herschel'' to hide the fact it was the fifth Pirates of the Caribbean film. Following the attempt of an armed man trying to bypass security, the already tight security was increased. On March 10, 2015, Depp was injured off set and had to be flown back to the United States for surgery. Due to his absence, filming stalled completely and 200 crew members were forced to stand down for two weeks as they had done all they had been able to without Depp. Filming was set to resume `` on or about April 20'' and Depp returned to set on April 21. In June, Kaya Scodelario was injured on set along with a stuntman. Most of the cast and crew had finished on the July 8, 2015, and a wrap party was held on July 11. Filming then moved to the Whitsundays for the final shots to be filmed. On July 21, 2015, Joachim Rønning announced via Instagram that filming has wrapped after a 95-day shoot. After nearly a year in post production, reshoots and additional photography was conducted in Vancouver , Canada from March 24 to April 13, 2016 under the production title `` Herschel Additional Photography'' . The entire film was filmed in IMAX for an expanded 1.9:1 aspect ratio, giving IMAX screenings of the film 26% more picture on the screen. Music Main article: Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) For the first time in the series since Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl (which he co-wrote with Klaus Badelt ), Hans Zimmer is not composing the music for the film. Instead, one of his protégés , Geoff Zanelli , who worked on all previous four installments in the franchise, is the main composer for the film. Zanelli said of taking over from Zimmer as composer for the series, `` What Hans did for the Pirates movies redefined the sound of the entire genre, it has been very fulfilling to work alongside him and (producer) Jerry (Bruckheimer) on the past four films. Dead Men Tell No Tales enlarges the Pirates universe with many new, unique elements, and I'm building a distinctive sound for this film that springboards off of many years of collaborating in the Pirates world.'' The film's soundtrack was released on May 26, 2017. Post-production Work on the film concluded on April 19, 2017. Eight companies handled the film's 2,000 visual effects shots, with 150 of them consisting only of computer graphics. The primary vendor was Moving Picture Company , from which hails the film's overall effects supervisor Gary Brozenich. Among MPC's work was Salazar's pirates, whose on-set footage filmed against a blue screen was mostly replaced by CGI given all have missing parts of their body as well as floating hair and clothing, with Brozenich stating that was kept of the original actors was `` their run, gait and faces.'' To provide reference for the floating parts, that was meant to resemble a perpetual drowning state, a stuntman in full costume and wig dove into a swimming pool, and was filmed underwater by both a GoPro and a Canon 5D doing various actions.'' Atomic Fiction handled the scenes of St. Martin, turning the few blocks of buildings built on set onto more than 600 CG buildings surrounded by a jungle environment environment combining references from both the Caribbean and Thailand, and enhancing through CGI both the guillotine on which Jack Sparrow is nearly executed and the bank from the heist scene, that was meant to look as if it was dragging through the ground instead of driving on top of it. Along with sea footage filmed in both the Australian sets and Key West, Florida , there was extensive usage of water simulations, with the artists basing on the Beaufort scale to ensure the sea and wind was realistic. Release Dead Men Tell No Tales had its world premiere at the Shanghai Disney Resort on May 11, 2017. In several countries, the film was released as Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge , including English-speaking countries. It was released at cinemas in Italy and Norway on May 24. The film was released in the United States, Canada, and China on May 26. It is the first Hollywood feature to be released in the United States for the new panorama-like ScreenX format; it played in two locations in the U.S.-- CGV Buena Park and CGV Cinemas -- both in Los Angeles , California . Additionally, it played in 81 screens at select theaters in Korea, China, Thailand, Vietnam, Turkey and Indonesia. The film also played in 4D on 373 4DX screens worldwide. It is Disney's third wide release of the year following Beauty and the Beast and Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 . Marketing A robust marketing effort helped promote Dead Men Tell No Tales . The film was first showcased at the Disney D23 Expo 2015 where Depp appeared in costume as Jack Sparrow and the film's logo was revealed with Orlando Bloom confirmed to be starring in the film. Elizabeth Rudnick has been self-confirmed to novelize the film, as well as describing the film as bringing back `` sensibility'' plus bringing back Jack Sparrow in `` all of his swaggering glory'' . Another book is set to be released by Disney, a tie-in prequel expanding the backstory of the character of Carina Smyth, titled Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales -- The Brightest Star in the North . The film was also showcased at the Walt Disney Content Showcase in Africa in 2016 where concept art, story details and on set images were previewed. The first teaser trailer was released on October 2, 2016, during Fear the Walking Dead and showcased Armando Salazar hunting for Jack Sparrow who doesn't appear in the trailer except only his image on a wanted poster. On January 27, 2017, Disney uploaded an eight-second motion poster to their official Instagram account for the release of a TV spot of the film during Super Bowl LI . Disney then released a 30-second television teaser at Super Bowl LI, with an extended version released online set to Johnny Cash 's `` Ain't No Grave '' . The trailer was considered to be the `` big'' trailer of the event and was the most viewed trailer of all the films advertised at the halftime show. A new teaser poster was also released with the trailer. Both teasers received a highly positive reaction from audiences. The official trailer was released on March 2, 2017. Another trailer was released on March 25, 2017. The first 30-second TV spot was released on March 31, 2017. On April 21, at Disney Parks and on the four Disney cruise ships, Disney previewed a sneak peek of the film. With the release of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 on April 28, 2017 in the UK, Disney premiered a 5-minute extended sequence of the film in front of the Marvel film. Home media Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales was released on digital download by Walt Disney Studios Home Entertainment on September 19, 2017, and on Blu-ray , Ultra HD Blu-ray and DVD on October 3, 2017. In its first week to sale were the top home media release. The Blu-ray version accounted for 78% of the sales. Meanwhile, the home video release of the new `` Pirates'' sequel helped bring previous films in the franchise back into the Blu-ray top 25, with 2011's On Stranger Tides at No. 12, 2007's At World's End at No. 19, and 2006's Dead Man's Chest at No. 20. The original film, 2003's Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl , landed at No. 23. Hacking incident In May 2017, the film was allegedly stolen by a group of piracy hackers, who demanded a large sum of money from Disney in order for them not to distribute the unreleased film. The company refused to do so and worked with the FBI in order to get the identity of the group. Also, Disney CEO Bob Iger reported that hackers did not steal their movie. Reception Box Office Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales grossed $172.6 million in the United States and Canada and $622.2 million in other territories for a worldwide total of $794.8 million, against a production budget of $230 million. The film had a worldwide opening of $271.4 million from 55 markets, with $24 million coming from 1,088 IMAX screens. The film's six-day opening gross pushed the franchise gross past the $4 billion mark. Despite being the lowest-grossing film of the series in the US by nearly $70 million, the film became the highest-grossing entry of the Pirates franchise internationally when going by modern foreign-exchange rates, passing On Stranger Tides , which grossed $593.4 million at current rates. Despite weak US totals, Deadline.com noted the film should turn a net profit of around $280 million after factoring together all expenses and revenues. North America In April 2017, early projections had the film grossing $115 million over its four-day Memorial Day opening weekend. In early May, projections were adjusted to $90-- 100 million, which was again lowered down to $80-- 85 million, with a chance of hitting $100 million, by the week of its release. It was released in 4,276 theaters, of which over 3,100 were 3D, including 400 IMAX locations, over 500 Premium Large Format locations, 170 D-Box locations, 10 4D auditoriums and three venues featuring the ScreenX three-screen format. It opened Friday, May 26, 2017, and earned $23.4 million on its opening day, including $5.5 million it made from Thursday night previews. Its opening day was the lowest of the franchise. In total, it grossed $63 million over three days, and $78.5 million over four (Friday-- Monday), finishing first at the box office ahead of Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 and fellow newcomer Baywatch . On a three-day basis, the film did 31% less than On Stranger Tides did over its first three days in 2011, after adjusting for inflation, and on a four-day basis, it was down 34% from At World's End and overall is the second-smallest debut of the franchise after the first film. Despite the film registering the highest test score in the series' history, the opening came in well below initial expectations, which was attributed to various reasons, such as Johnny Depp 's diminishing returns and his depreciating public image amid his personal problems, the wave of negative reviews from critics (mainly on Rotten Tomatoes ), franchise fatigue and the problem of Memorial Day weekend failing to attract considerable moviegoers in the past years. However, although the film's opening was below predictions, it wasn't considered a fatal failure and was better than Disney had for its last few Memorial Day releases ( Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time , Tomorrowland and Alice Through the Looking Glass ). Studio executives said they were pleased with the movie's opening, both in the US and abroad. Its opening further helped Disney push past $1 billion in the US to record the second-fastest time a studio has reached the mark in the US, second only to Disney's own record from 2016 when the studio surpassed $1 billion in early May. After dropping by 73% on its second Friday, the worst Friday-to-Friday drop in the series, the film fell by a total of 65% in its second weekend, also the worst of the series, grossing $22.1 million. As a result, it finished in third place, after newcomers Wonder Woman ($103.3 million) and Captain Underpants: The First Epic Movie ($23.9 million). It made $10.7 million in its third weekend, $9 million in its fourth and $5.2 million in its fifth, respectively, finishing 4th, 6th and 7th at the box office. Outside North America Internationally, where it is marketed as Salazar's Revenge in many countries, the film was released day-and-date with its North American debut in 54 markets (91% of its total marketplace, except Japan, where it debuted on July 1). Preliminary reports had the film opening to $150-- 175 million, but possibly overperforming depending on major markets, most notably China. While its Chinese run benefited from the Dragon Boat Festival -- a lucrative moviegoing period-- from May 28-- 30 as well as from International Children's Day (June 1), the 2017 Manchester Arena bombing had a deteriorating effect on certain European markets, and eased moviegoing admissions across the continent over the film's opening weekend. From Wednesday to Friday, it registered an opening of $208.8 million. Around $14 million of that came from IMAX screenings, the second-biggest international IMAX opening in May only after Captain America: Civil War . Similar to its US plunge, it earned $73.8 million in its second weekend, thus, falling in second place behind Wonder Woman . It recorded the biggest opening day of the year in several markets including Germany ($3.6 million), Austria, France ($2.3 million), Finland, Sweden, Belgium, Thailand ($400,000), Indonesia, Malaysia and the Netherlands ($900,000, also the second-biggest Disney bow, behind Star Wars: The Force Awakens ), while Russia opened with $4 million, the fifth-biggest ever. In terms of opening, Russia posted the biggest opening of all time with $18.4 million ($18.6 million including previews) while South Korea ($11.5 million), France ($9.1 million), Germany ($8.3 million), Mexico ($6.9 million), the UK ($6.1 million), Brazil ($5.6 million), Italy ($5.5 million), Australia ($4.4 million), Spain ($4.4 million), Indonesia ($4 million), Taiwan ($3.6 million), India ($3 million) and Argentina ($3 million) recorded the top openings. In China, where the film had its global premiere, it earned $21.3 million on its opening day, the fourth-biggest Disney opening day in the country. It had an 87% marketshare and had already surpassed the entire earnings of Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End . Earning a total of $67.9 million, it registered the third-highest three-day for any Disney title, only behind Captain America: Civil War and Avengers: Age of Ultron and a much higher opening than the U.S. The film did extremely well in IMAX, earning $9 million from 401 screens from Friday to early Monday bookings. The robust opening has been attributed to the Dragon Boat Festival, as well as Depp's star power, the ubiquity of the franchise, the impact of the Shanghai Disneyland Park , which opened last year and good word of mouth -- it has a score of 7.5/10 on reviews aggregator Douban , and 8.7/10 on top mobile ticketing platform Weying. The final market for the film to be released in was Japan (July 1), where it opened at Number 1, achieving the highest-grossing opening for a Western film of the year, earning $9.25 million over the July 1-- 2 weekend. It remained at the number 1 spot at the box office for three weeks. The biggest earning markets so far are China ($172.3 million), followed by Japan ($59.5 million), Russia and the CIS ($40.7 million), where is the second-highest-grossing film ever, behind only Avatar , Germany ($31 million), France ($28.7 million) and U.K. ($25.1 million). The film is the highest-grossing of the series internationally by modern-foreign exchange rates. Critical response Dead Men Tell No Tales received mixed reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes , the film has an approval rating of 30% based on 234 reviews, with an average rating of 4.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, `` Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales proves that neither a change in directors nor an undead Javier Bardem is enough to drain this sinking franchise's murky bilge.'' On Metacritic , the film has a weighted average score of 39 out of 100, based on 45 critics, indicating `` generally unfavorable reviews'' . Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of `` A-- '' on an A+ to F scale. Mike Ryan of Uproxx criticized the convoluted plot and overabundance of characters, writing: `` Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Man Tell No Tales is practically incoherent. I've been trying to wrap my head around the ' plot,' but it's been futile. I've asked literally eight other people who saw this movie to answer a couple specific questions and no one has been able to do it.'' Writing for Rolling Stone , Peter Travers called the film `` bloated, boring, repetitive and draining'' and gave it one star out of four, saying, `` Abandon ship, audiences. Paying cash money to see Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales is the equivalent of walking the plank.'' Ignatiy Vishnevetsky of The A.V. Club wrote that the film returns `` to the basic formula of the first three Pirates films directed by Gore Verbinski, in which Johnny Depp's louche and campy Jack Sparrow played second banana to an insipid love story...the two romantic leads (...) succeed only in making the shortest movie in the series seem just as long as the rest.'' A.O. Scott of The New York Times said of the film, `` Its pleasures are so meager, its delight in its own inventions so forced and false, that it becomes almost the perfect opposite of entertainment.'' Michael O'Sullivan of The Washington Post remarked that the film was `` loud, overstimulating and hard to take in all in one sitting'' , comparing it to a `` vacation that you'll need a vacation from.'' Mick LaSalle of San Francisco Chronicle found the film to be `` a jumble of half-baked impulses'' , with the film's directors `` trying to pump air and passion into a stinking corpse of a franchise.'' Richard Roeper of Chicago Sun-Times gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying: `` Dead Men works well enough as a stand-alone, swashbuckling comedic spectacle, thanks to the terrific performances, some ingenious practical effects, impressive CGI and a steady diet of PG-13 dialogue peppered with not particularly sophisticated but (I have to admit) fairly funny sexual innuendo.'' Pete Hammond of Deadline.com praised the film, calling it `` the most entertaining installment,'' giving credit to Directors Rønning and Sandberg for creating a `` rollicking good time'' . He praised the visual effects, particularly Salazar and his crew, arguing that it should be in line to receive an Academy Award for Visual Effects . He also gave high praise to Bardem for being able to create such a `` fully dimensional villain'' under the layers of make-up and CGI, as well as Depp for keeping the film and franchise going. Leah Greenblatt of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a ' B' , praising the fun nature of the film as well as its visuals, calling it `` gorgeously detailed swashbuckling nonsense,'' but wished that the script had taken more risks instead of following the formula used in previous films. Ashley Esqueda of CNET gave the film a positive review, arguing it brought the franchise back to what made its first two installments so fun, and praised Depp's performance as `` delightful as ever.'' Brian Truitt of USA Today gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, saying `` What was once a past-its-prime franchise seems to have found new life.'' Mark Hughes of Forbes opined `` Dead Men Tell No Tales isn't as good as the first three films, but it's better than the fourth film'' , adding `` it has mostly good performances, and a couple of great ones. It has fantastic visual effects, lots of humor that works, a lighthearted feel and sense of fun, and many terrific action set pieces to make your eyeballs pop out.'' Accolades See also: List of accolades received by the Pirates of the Caribbean franchise The film was nominated for six Teen Choice Awards : Choice Action Movie Choice Action Movie Actor for both Johnny Depp and Brenton Thwaites Choice Movie Liplock for Orlando Bloom and Keira Knightley Choice Action Movie Actress for Kaya Scodelario Choice Movie Villain for Javier Bardem Choice Summer Movie. Sequel Shortly before the release of On Stranger Tides , it was reported that Disney was planning to shoot the fifth and the sixth films back-to-back, although it was later revealed that only the fifth film was in development. On March 4, 2017, director Joachim Rønning stated that Dead Men was only the beginning of the final adventure, implying that it would not be the last film of the franchise and that a sixth film could be realized. The post-credit scene of Dead Men shows Will Turner, Elizabeth Swann, and Davy Jones , implying that Will and Elizabeth will be main characters again and Davy Jones would be the main antagonist in a sixth film. In September 2017, producer Jerry Bruckheimer indicated that another Pirates sequel is still possible if Dead Men Tell No Tales does well in its home release. In October 2017, Kaya Scodelario said that she was contracted to return for a sixth film. Shortly after, it was announced that Rønning is being eyed to direct the film. See also De-aging in film Notes Jump up ^ Two of the sources for the $320 million budget characterize this figure as `` alleged'' or `` allegedly'' . References ^ Jump up to: Vejvoda, Jim (February 17, 2015). `` Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales Begins Production'' . IGN. Archived from the original on February 18, 2015 . Retrieved February 17, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Brzeski, Patrick (April 25, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5' to World Premiere at Shanghai Disneyland'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 26, 2017 . Retrieved April 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge '' . British Board of Film Classification . Archived from the original on May 21, 2017 . Retrieved April 29, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)'' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved December 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Seth Kelley (May 28, 2017). `` Box Office: ' Pirates of the Caribbean' Hooks No. 1, ' Baywatch' Belly Flops'' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28, 2017 . Retrieved December 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.sfchronicle.com/movies/article/To-your-inner-middle-schooler-2017-summer-movies-11118365.php Jump up ^ http://www.stuff.co.nz/entertainment/film/92621770/first-look-paul-mccartney-in-pirates-of-the-caribbean-dead-men-tell-no-tales Jump up ^ https://www.cinemablend.com/news/1655029/how-much-pirates-of-the-caribbean-5-could-make-opening-weekend Jump up ^ https://consequenceofsound.net/2017/03/its-still-a-pirates-of-the-caribbean-life-in-the-full-trailer-for-dead-men-tell-no-tales-watch/ Jump up ^ `` Johnny Depp absent from first Pirates of the Caribbean: Salazar's Revenge teaser trailer'' . Yahoo! Movies UK. Archived from the original on October 4, 2016. ^ Jump up to: Sullivan, Kevin (August 22, 2013). `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean 5′ Directors Tease ' Dead Men' Sequel'' . MTV . Archived from the original on November 9, 2013 . 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Jump up ^ Seth Kelley (May 28, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean' Sails Toward $300 Million Opening Weekend Worldwide'' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28, 2017 . Retrieved May 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Nancy Tartaglione (May 26, 2017). `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Says Ahoy To $34.5M In Offshore Start -- International Box Office'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26, 2017 . Retrieved May 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (June 4, 2017). `` ' Wonder Woman' Powers $122.5M Offshore, $223M Global In Debut -- International Box Office'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 4, 2017 . Retrieved June 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dave McNary (May 26, 2017). `` Box Office: ' Pirates of the Caribbean' Sets Sail With $40 Million Worldwide'' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 26, 2017 . Retrieved May 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Sonia Kil (May 28, 2017). `` Korea Box Office: ' Pirates' Rules Weekend, ' President' Lands in Second'' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28, 2017 . Retrieved May 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Don Groves (May 29, 2017). `` ' Dangal' Overtakes ' Baahubali 2' While Sachin Tendulkar Biopic Wins The Duel With ' Pirates 5 ' '' . Forbes . Retrieved May 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Nancy Tartaglione (May 27, 2017). `` ' Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Says Ahoy To $86.5M -- Int'l Box Office Update'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 26, 2017 . Retrieved May 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Brzeski (May 28, 2017). `` China Box Office: ' Pirates 5' Sails Off With $67.8M in Treasure'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 29, 2017 . Retrieved May 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Patrick Frater (May 28, 2017). `` China Box Office: ' Pirates' Sails Off With $66 Million Opening'' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 28, 2017 . Retrieved May 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schilling, Mark (July 3, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Opens at No. 1 in Japan'' . Variety. Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Jul 16, 2017 at 7:06pm UTC'' . Instagram . Jump up ^ Seth Kelley (June 4, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Crosses $500 Million at Global Box Office'' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 4, 2017 . Retrieved June 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Instagram post by Joachim Rønning Aug 2, 2017 at 8:20am UTC'' . Instagram . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales (2017)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales reviews'' . Metacritic . Retrieved June 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CinemaScore'' . cinemascore.com . Jump up ^ Ryan, Mike (May 22, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean 5' : A Confusing Revival'' . UPROXX . Jump up ^ Travers, Peter (May 23, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Review: Abandon Ship!'' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on May 27, 2017 . Retrieved May 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Vishnevetsky, Ignatiy (May 23, 2017). `` Pirates Of The Caribbean slogs out to sea for the fifth time in Dead Men Tell No Tales'' . The A.V. Club . Archived from the original on June 3, 2017 . Retrieved June 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Scott, A.O. (May 25, 2017). `` Review: ' Dead Men Tell No Tales.' Not Very Well, Anyway'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 29, 2017 . Retrieved May 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Sullivan , Michael (May 25, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' : Long, Loud and Overstimulating'' . The Washington Post . Archived from the original on May 28, 2017 . Retrieved May 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ LaSalle, Mick (May 25, 2017). `` The New ' Pirates' : Some Dead Things Can't Be Resurrected'' . San Francisco Chronicle . Archived from the original on May 28, 2017 . Retrieved May 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Roeper, Richard (May 23, 2017). `` Smartly there! Latest ' Pirates of the Caribbean' picks up the pace'' . Chicago Sun-Times . Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (May 24, 2017). `` ' The Pirates Of The Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Review: Johnny Depp And A Couple Of Oscar Winners Help Keep This Fun Ride Afloat'' . Deadline . Jump up ^ Greenblatt, Leah (May 22, 2017). `` ' Pirates of the Caribbean: Dead Men Tell No Tales' Is Gorgeously Detailed Swashbuckling Nonsense'' . EW.com . Jump up ^ Esqueda, Ashley (May 22, 2017). `` ' Pirates 5' review: This time around, dead men tell good tales'' . CNET . Jump up ^ Truitt, Brian (May 22, 2017). `` Review: Johnny Depp's ' Pirates of the Caribbean' rights ship with ' Dead Men ' '' . USA TODAY . Jump up ^ Hughes, Mark (May 25, 2017). `` Review: ' Pirates Of The Caribbean' Comes Close To What You Want'' . Forbes . Jump up ^ Lupo, Marc (August 13, 2017). `` Teen Choice Awards 2017: All the Nominees and Winners'' . US Weekly . Retrieved September 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` EXCLUSIVE: Disney will set sail for ' Pirates of the Caribbean' 5 & 6 back-to-back'' . December 3, 2010. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pirates 5 May Not Be Captain Jack's Final Adventure'' . March 4, 2017. Archived from the original on March 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 5 Post-Credits Scene Explained'' . May 26, 2017. Archived from the original on May 27, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Pirates of the Caribbean 6 May Depend On Pirates 5 Home Release'' . ScreenRant . September 4, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Kaya Scodelario Contracted To Return for Pirates of the Caribbean 6'' . ScreenRant . October 2, 2017. Jump up ^ `` Joachim Rønning to Direct Angelina Jolie in Maleficent 2'' . Comingsoon.net. October 3, 2017. He is also being eyed to helm a potential sixth Pirates movie. 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seals buds class 234 where are they now

Ryan Zinke -- Retired Navy Commander and former team member of DEVGRU , elected to at - large U.S. House seat from Montana . Nominated by President Donald J. Trump to serve as Secretary of the Interior . Graduated BUD / S class 136 in 1986 .

List of United States Navy SEALs - wikipedia List of United States Navy SEALs Notable current and former members of the United States Navy SEALs and Underwater Demolition Teams Naval Special Warfare Command official seal This is a list of notable current and former members of United States Naval Special Warfare Command 's Navy SEALs and Underwater Demolition Teams . Founded in 1962, the SEALs are the U.S. Navy 's principal special operations force . The name `` SEALs'' represents the environments in which they operate: Sea , Air and Land . Navy SEALs are trained and have been deployed in a wide variety of missions, including direct action , special reconnaissance , unconventional warfare , foreign internal defense , hostage rescue , counter-terrorism , and other missions. Contents 1 List 2 See also 3 References 4 External links List Matthew `` Axe'' Axelson -- Navy Cross. KIA during Operation Red Wings. BUD/S Class 237. Kristin Beck -- Former DEVGRU member. After retiring Beck came out as a transgender woman in 2013, changed her name to Kristen and authored Warrior Princess. Matt Bissonnette -- Former DEVGRU (Red Squadron) and Team 5 member. Authored No Easy Day He was on the Osama bin Laden raid, and fired shots into the terrorist's body as bin Laden died. Graduated BUD/S class 226. Roy Boehm -- WWII veteran of Coral Sea , Bougainville , Truk , Green Island , Emeru, Saipan , Tinian and Guam . First commanding officer of SEAL Team 2 (1962), considered godfather of all SEALs. Class 13 EC. Rudy Boesch -- Founding member of SEAL Team 2 in 1962 & Vietnam veteran. He was a competitor in the TV reality shows Survivor and Survivor: All-Stars , and host of the reality series Combat Missions . Former `` Bullfrog'' or longest-serving active-duty SEAL member. BUD/S Class 6 EC. Matt Bracken -- BUDS class 105, Seal officer, served in Beirut. Author of `` Enemies Foreign and Domestic'' series and conservative political commentator who has published or been interviewed on InfoWars, Instapundit, and other right of center sites. Clell W. Breining -- Former Force Master Chief of Naval Special Warfare . Thomas L. Brown II -- Former commander of Special Operations Command South and former commander of Naval Special Warfare Group ONE. Phil H. Bucklew -- First commanding officer, Naval Operations Support Group 1 (later renamed Naval Special Warfare Group 1), twice awarded the Navy Cross and considered the `` Father of Modern SPECWAR.'' Edward C. Byers Jr -- Medal of Honor recipient; distinguished himself by heroic gallantry as an Assault Team Member attached to a Joint Task Force in support of Operation Enduring Freedom on 8 December 2012 when he rescued an American hostage (Dr. Dilip Joseph) in a remote area beside a mountain in the Qarghah'i District of Laghman Province, Afghanistan. BUD/S Class 242. James F. Cahill -- First person to scuba dive in New England waters, founder of first retail scuba diving chain, one of the first UDT members. Albert Calland -- Retired Vice Admiral , commanding officer of SEAL Team 1 (1992-- 1995); Naval Special Warfare Development Group (1997-- 99); Naval Special Warfare Command (2002-- 04) and Deputy Director of the Central Intelligence Agency . Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1974) and BUD/S Class 82 in 1975. Christopher Cassidy -- NASA Astronaut, SEAL Platoon Commander at SEAL Team 3 & SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2. Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1993). BUD/S class 192. Dennis Chalker -- Retired Master Chief & founding member of SEAL Team 6 and Red Cell . BUD/S Class 101. Dick Couch -- Author of several books on SEALs including The Warrior Elite: Forging of SEAL Class 228 , The Finishing School , and Down Range: Navy SEALs in the War on Terrorism . Couch is a graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1967) and BUD/S class 45 (1969). Cade Courtley -- Actor, contestant on the reality series Combat Missions , and host of Spike's Surviving Disaster . BUD/S class 202. Roger Crossland -- BUD/S class 58, SEAL Team 1, UDT-12; entitled to wear the Presidential Unit Commendation ribbon for service in Vietnam; started and commanded Naval Reserve SEAL Team 2; recruited to the SEALs by Richard Marcinko ; a Naval War College graduate who has written internationally on the subject of maritime unconventional warfare including the U.S. Naval Institute Proceedings and the New York Times; author of Red Ice and The Jade Rooster , Rorke Denver -- SEAL Team 3. Former BUD/S first phase instructor. Starred in Act of Valor. Danny Dietz -- Killed during Operation Red Wings in Kunar Province, Afghanistan. BUD/S class 232. Navy Cross. Mark Divine -- BUD/S Class 170 honor man. SEAL Team 3 Platoon Commander. Author and founder SEALFIT. Glen Doherty -- Served in the Navy 9 years. Worked extensively as an independent security specialist. He was KIA in Benghazi, Libya in 2012. Co-authored the book Navy SEAL Sniper with Brandon Webb. Mark L. Donald -- Navy Cross Recipient during Operation Enduring Freedom John G. Gay -- Silver Star recipient , one of four members of DEVGRU who participated in the First Battle of Mogadishu alongside Howard E. Wasdin . In Mark Bowden 's novel, Black Hawk Down , Gay is noted to have narrowly avoided a fatal gunshot wound when his Randall combat knife deflected an AK-47 round from shattering his femur. David Goggins -- BUD/S Class 235, Top Honor Man, served on SEAL Team 5. Goggins is the only member in the U.S. Armed Forces to complete SEAL training, Ranger School and Air Force Tactical Air Controller training. Also an ultra-marathon runner, motivational speaker, and world record holder. Eric Greitens -- Governor of Missouri , Founder and Chairman of The Mission Continues , Rhodes Scholar . BUD/S class 237. Robert Harward -- Former commanding officer, SEAL Team 3 and Naval Special Warfare Group ONE. DEVGRU assault team leader and graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1979). Graduated BUD/S class 128 in 1984. Scott Helvenston -- Youngest SEAL in history to complete BUD/S; worked as private military contractor in Operation Iraqi Freedom . He was killed during an ambush in Fallujah, Iraq in March 2004. BUD/S class 122. Carl Higbie -- Former member of SEAL Team Ten Echo Platoon who led the raid capturing the Butcher of Fallujah and author of Enemies, Foreign & Domestic: A SEAL's Story and Battle on the Home Front. BUD/S class 253. Frank Hoagland -- Ohio State Senate, Senator representing 30th District served with SEAL Team 4 and DEVGRU . P. Gardner Howe, III -- Former commander of Special Operations Command Pacific , Naval Special Warfare Group THREE and Naval Special Warfare Unit THREE. Harry Humphries -- Silver Star recipient, Vietnam veteran, Hollywood actor and technical advisor for films. Class 29 EC. Larsen Jensen -- A former American freestyle swimmer and two-time Olympic medalist. Ryan Job -- SEAL Operator 2nd Class. SEAL Team 3. Died during reconstructive surgery after leaving the navy. Richard Kaiser -- A Silver Star recipient and former member of SEAL Team 2 and a DEVGRU team leader who participated in the First Battle of Mogadishu alongside Howard E. Wasdin . He is currently the Executive Director of the National Navy UDT-SEAL museum in Fort Pierce, Florida. Charles Keating IV -- Navy Cross recipient. Killed in action during an Islamic State attack in Operation Inherent Resolve . Graduated BUD/S Class 266 in 2008. Joseph D. Kernan -- Former commanding officer, SEAL Team 2, United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group and Naval Special Warfare Command . Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1977), BUD/S Class 117. Bob Kerrey -- Medal of Honor recipient; Democratic U.S. Senator from Nebraska (1989-- 2001); and president of The New School from 2001 to 2010. BUD/S class 42. Jonny Kim -- BUD/S Class 247, SEAL Team 3 Sniper; Graduate of Harvard Medical School (M.D.); NASA Astronaut Candidate; Silver Star and Bronze Star with Combat `` V'' device. Erik S. Kristensen -- Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1995), killed during rescue mission as part of Operation Red Wings . BUD/S class 233. Alexander L. Krongard -- Former commanding officer, SEAL Team 7 and Naval Special Warfare Group ONE . Former member of DEVGRU from 1990 to 1993. Graduate of the Princeton University and the Navy Officer Candidate School . Chris Kyle -- `` Deadliest marksman in American military history'' . Claimed 255 sniper kills with 160 confirmed. Formerly with SEAL Team 3. Graduated from BUD/S Class 233 in 2001. Kevin Lacz -- Former SEAL Team 3 sniper, New York Times Bestselling author of `` The Last Punisher'' and actor and technical advisor in Oscar winning Chris Kyle biopic ' American Sniper' . BUD/s Class 246. Frank J. Larkin -- Sergeant at Arms of the United States Senate and retired United States Secret Service agent Kaj Larsen -- Former SEAL lieutenant and journalist formerly of CNN , CurrentTV , and Current's Emmy -winning investigative journalism series Vanguard . BUD/S Class 237. Marc Alan Lee -- Lee was the first SEAL killed in combat during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Bronze Star with Valor, Purple Heart. BUD/S Class 251. SEAL Team 3. Brian L. Losey -- Former commander of Naval Special Warfare Command , former commander of Combined Joint Task Force -- Horn of Africa , former commander of DEVGRU from 2005 to 2007. Michael D. Lumpkin -- BUD/S class 162, retired SEAL commander. Appointed by the President as Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Special Operations/Low Intensity Conflict In April 2011. Previously he served as Senior Advisor to the Secretary at the Department of Veterans Affairs. Marcus Luttrell -- Navy Cross recipient for heroism, sole survivor of Operation Red Wings . BUD/S class 228. Richard `` Dick'' Lyon -- First Bullfrog (Longest serving active duty member of the U.S. Navy SEAL's ), also stated as BULLFROG 1. First SEAL to achieve the rank of admiral in US Navy history. Richard Machowicz , a.k.a. `` Mack'' -- Former SEAL and founder of Bukido training system and host of Discovery Channel's Futureweapons and is a co-host on Spike's Deadliest Warrior . BUD/S class 136. Joseph Maguire -- Former commanding officer, SEAL Team 2 and commanding officer at Naval Special Warfare Center . Served in UDT 21 , SEAL Team 2, SEAL Delivery Vehicle Team 2 & United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group . BUD/S class 93 Richard Marcinko -- Served two combat tours in Vietnam before serving as commanding officer of SEAL Team TWO (1974-- 1976). First commanding officer of United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group from Oct 1980 to July 1983 and Red Cell from 1984 to 1986; and co-author of New York Times bestseller Rogue Warrior . BUD/S class 26. Donald L. McFaul -- Killed in action during Operation Just Cause and posthumously awarded the Navy Cross for heroism. BUD/S class 95. William H. McRaven -- Former commanding officer of SEAL Team 3 and commander of the Joint Special Operations Command . Former commander of U.S. Special Operations Command . Michael A. Monsoor -- Posthumous Medal of Honor recipient for jumping on an enemy hand grenade during a firefight in Iraq to save fellow SEALs. BUD/S class 250 in 2004. Scott P. Moore -- Former commanding officer of SEAL Team 2 and United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group from 2007 to 2009. Graduate of the United States Air Force Academy (Class of 1983). Graduated from BUD/S Class 126 in January 1984. Faauuga Muagututia -- A competitor for American Samoa at the 1994 Winter Olympics in the bobsleigh . Michael P. Murphy -- Medal of Honor recipient, exposed himself to fire while calling in support during Operation Red Wings in Operation Enduring Freedom . BUD/S class 236. Thomas R. Norris -- Vietnam veteran, Medal of Honor recipient and retired FBI agent. BUD/S class 45. Founding member of FBI Hostage Rescue Team in 1983. Eric T. Olson -- Veteran of The First Battle of Mogadishu , Silver Star recipient, commanding officer of United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group from 1994 to 1997. Former commander, Naval Special Warfare Command . First SEAL to achieve the rank of vice admiral and four-star admiral ; the first Navy officer to command U.S. Special Operations Command . Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1973). BUD/S class 76. Robert O'Neill -- Allegedly fired the fatal shots into Osama bin Laden during Operation Neptune Spear in 2011 with DEVGRU . Also participated in the rescue of Captain Richard Phillips during the Maersk Alabama hijacking as well as the rescue of Marcus Luttrell during Operation Red Wings . Later a motivational speaker and author of ' The Operator' . BUD/S Class 208. William Owens -- SEAL operator. Graduated BUD/S Class 239. Killed in action during the Yakla raid in Yemen. Matthew Paradise -- enlisted in 1985, was assigned to SEAL Team Two after graduating BUD/S. Became an officer, F/A-18 pilot and ultimately captain of the aircraft carrier USS Carl Vinson . Shane E. Patton -- Died while conducting combat operations, when the MH-47 helicopter he was aboard on a rescue operation was shot down and crashed in Kunar Province. Petty Officer 2nd Class. Bronze Star with Combat `` V'' for Valor, Purple Heart. William H. Payne -- New Mexico State Senator, SEAL Team 1 -- Deputy Commander Naval Special Warfare Command, Coronado, Calif. and Deputy/Director of Operations, Center for Special Operations, U.S. Special Operations Command, MacDill Air Force Base, Fla. Drafted the SEAL Cold Weather Operations Manual -- Rear Adm... -- BUD/S Class 89 Charles `` Chuck'' Pfarrer -- SEAL Team 4 and DEVGRU operator from 1984 to 1987; screenwriter with credits including The Jackal , Darkman , Red Planet , Virus , Hard Target , Navy SEALs ; and author of the New York Times bestseller SEAL Target Geronimo: Inside The Mission to Kill Osama Bin Laden , Warrior Soul: The Memoir of a Navy SEAL and the reality-thriller Killing Che . BUD/S class 114 in 1981. Erik Prince -- Founder, former CEO, and current Chairman of the Board of Xe, formerly known as Blackwater, a private military contractor. BUD/S class 188. Sean A. Pybus -- Retired Vice Admiral and commanding officer, Naval Special Warfare Command from 2011-- 2013. Served as commander, Special Operations Command Pacific from 2009-- 2011. Graduated from BUD/S training Class 105 in 1979. Neil C. Roberts , a.k.a. `` Fifi'' -- First Navy SEAL killed during Operation Anaconda in 2002. BUD/S class 184. Theodore Roosevelt IV -- Vietnam-era UDT and great-grandson of President Theodore Roosevelt , BUD/s class 36. Craig Sawyer , a.k.a. `` Sawman'' -- Grew up near Houston, TX and served in the United States Marine Corps . He transitioned to the Navy to pursue special operations career as a SEAL. He served at SEAL Team 1 and sniper at DEVGRU . BUD/S class 149. William M. Shepherd -- First SEAL in Space, first American commander of the International Space Station . BUD/S class 64. Don Shipley -- Former SEAL, retired in 2003. Served in SEAL Teams 1 and 2. Former BUD/S and NSW Demolitions instructor. Graduated BUD/S class 131 in 1984. Britt K. Slabinski -- Medal of Honor recipient for actions in Afghanistan (upgraded in 2018 from previous Navy Cross award). Former member of DEVGRU from 1994 to 2008 and former command master chief of Naval Special Warfare Group 2. and Navy Cross recipient for heroism during Operation Anaconda in 2002. BUD/S class 164 in 1990. Raymond Smith -- Retired Rear Admiral , retired in 2001. Served as Deputy Commander of United States Special Operations Command . Former commanding officer of CO SEAL Delivery Team 1 and director of Basic Underwater Demolition/SEAL (BUD/S) training from 1981-- 83. Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1967). Graduated BUD/S in 1970 and served as a Platoon commander during Vietnam War . Steven Studdard -- Former Command Master Chief (CMDCM) of Naval Special Warfare Group TWO , former member of DEVGRU and former Force Master Chief of Naval Special Warfare. BUD/S class 137 in 1986. Tim Szymanski -- Former commanding officer of SEAL Team 2 and Naval Special Warfare Group 2. Former troop, squadron commander, operations officer and deputy commanding officer of DEVGRU . Graduate of the US Naval Academy (Class of 1985). BUD/S Class 161 in 1989. Currently slated to lead the Naval Special Warfare Command in summer 2016. Scott Taylor -- U.S. Representative for Virginia's 2nd congressional district Michael E. Thornton -- Medal of Honor recipient from the Vietnam War , founding member of DEVGRU . Mike Troy -- Two-time Olympic gold medalist and former world record-holder. Received Silver Star in Vietnam. Perry F. Van Hooser -- Former commanding officer, DEVGRU . Graduate of the Virginia Military Institute in 1971 and former United States Marine Corps officer. Lost his lower leg from an injury in a parachuting accident. Jesse Ventura -- BUD/S class 58, served on UDT-12 and Reserve SEAL Team 1. Former pro wrestler, governor of Minnesota . Howard E. Wasdin -- Author of SEAL Team Six: Memoirs of an Elite Navy Sniper and former member of DEVGRU. BUD/S Class 143. Brandon Webb -- Former Navy SEAL, member of Team 3 and SEAL Sniper Head Instructor. BUD/S class 215. Chad Williams -- Member of NSW 2004-2010, trained with Scott Helvenston prior to enlisting, served on SEAL Teams One & Seven. Following retirement from the navy, he authored SEAL of God and became a Christian motivational speaker and guest commentator on news channels. Jocko Willink -- Received the Silver Star and Bronze Star for his actions in the Iraq War. Willink was commander of SEAL Team 3 's Task Unit Bruiser during the 2006 Battle of Ramadi . Author of the book Extreme Ownership along with fellow SEAL, Leif Babin. Hosts a weekly podcast, The Jocko Podcast, with friend and fellow Brazilian jiu-jitsu practitioner, Echo Charles. Founded the leadership consulting company, Echelon Front, with Babin. BUD/S Class 177. Edward G. Winters, III -- Retired Rear Admiral and former commanding officer of United States Naval Special Warfare Development Group (2003-- 2005) and Naval Special Warfare Command (2008-- 2011). Graduated BUD/S Class 112 in May 1981. Brandon Wolff -- Former American mixed martial artist. Graduated BUD/S Class 222. Ryan Zinke -- Retired Navy Commander and former team member of DEVGRU , elected to at-large U.S. House seat from Montana. Nominated by President Donald J. Trump to serve as Secretary of the Interior. Graduated BUD/S class 136 in 1986. See also List of Delta Force members References Jump up ^ Buchanan, Susy. `` Former Navy SEAL Matthew Bracken Publishes Book Touting Aztlan Conspiracy Theory'' . splcenter.org . Southern Poverty Law Center . Retrieved 2 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Memorial Plaque Unveiled'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 6 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Senior Chief Special Warfare Operator (Seal) Edward C. Byers JR., USN'' . navy.mil . Retrieved 26 Oct 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Proceedings Magazine -- April 2004 Vol. 130/4/1,214, U.S. Naval Institute'' . Usni.org. 24 October 1911 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ R.L. Crossland. Red Ice (9780595150137): Roger Crossland: Books . Amazon.com. ASIN 0595150136 . CS1 maint: ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ Marlantes, Karl. Jade Rooster (Dreadnaughts and Bluejackets) (9781440116216): R.L. Crossland: Books . Amazon.com. ASIN 1440116210 . CS1 maint: ASIN uses ISBN ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Focus: From Navy SEAL to entrepreneur'' . sandiegouniontribune.com. 24 June 2016 . Retrieved 29 July 2018 . Jump up ^ SOFREP Mark Divine Jump up ^ InspiredInsider Mark Divine Jump up ^ https://valor.militarytimes.com/hero/55655 Jump up ^ http://inquirer.philly.com/packages/somalia/who.asp Jump up ^ `` Speaker David Goggins, Book David Goggins, US Navy SEAL -- Robinson Speakers Bureau'' . Robinsonspeakers.com . Jump up ^ `` Worker Killed In Fallujah Laid To Rest In Florida -- Jacksonville News Story -- WJXT Jacksonville'' . News4jax.com. 13 April 2004. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011 . Retrieved 19 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` SEAL Operator 2nd Class Ryan Job's obituary'' . facebook.com . Retrieved 19 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` R. Kaiser'' . Jump up ^ https://www.historyanswers.co.uk/history-of-war/interview-with-a-navy-seal/ Jump up ^ `` Rear Admiral Alexander L. Krongard'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ Frank J. Larkin -- United States Senate Jump up ^ `` USN Bio:Moore'' . Navy.mil . Retrieved September 18, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Seal On Ice: Samoan Bobsled Leader Earns Respect'' . The Seattle Times . Associated Press. February 13, 1994 . Retrieved May 25, 2016 . Jump up ^ Matthew Paradise Jump up ^ `` USN Bio: Pybus'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 15 Jan 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` USN `` Don't Ask/Don't tell presentation'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 19 March 2015 . Jump up ^ Bahmanyar, Mir (2006-09-26). Shadow Warriors: A History of the US Army Rangers . Osprey Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84603-142-7 . Jump up ^ `` USSOCOM honors Navy SEALs'' . United States Navy . Retrieved 15 September 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Navy identifies SEAL killed in accident'' . hamptonroads.com . 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where did the currie cup get its name

The Currie Cup is one of the oldest rugby competitions , with the first games played in 1889 but it was only in 1892 that it became officially known as the Currie Cup . The competition had its humble beginnings as an inter-province competition in 1884 , but when the South African Rugby Board was founded in 1889 it decided to organize a national competition that would involve representative teams from all the major unions . The original participating unions were Western Province , Griqualand West , Transvaal and Eastern Province . The first tournament was held in Kimberley and was won by Western Province . For a prize they received a silver cup donated by the South African Rugby Board , now displayed at the SA Rugby Museum in Cape Town . The story of how the Currie Cup came to be comes from the first overseas rugby team to tour South Africa in 1891 , The British Isles , who carried with them a particularly precious bit of cargo . Among the bags , boots and balls was a golden cup given to them by Sir Donald Currie , owner of Union - Castle Lines , the shipping company that transported them to the southern tip of Africa . Sir Donald was clear with his instructions -- hand this trophy over to the team in South Africa that gives you the best game ; and after a spirited display where the unbeaten British Lions narrowly won 3 - 0 , Griqualand West became the first ever holders of the Currie Cup . They then handed the trophy over to the South African rugby board and it became the floating trophy for the Currie Cup competition . The inaugural Currie Cup tournament was thus held in 1892 with Western Province earning the honour of holding it aloft as the first official winners .

Currie Cup - Wikipedia Currie Cup Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Currie Cup Current season or competition: : 2017 Currie Cup Premier Division Sport Rugby union football Instituted 1891 Inaugural season 1892 Number of teams Premier Division: 7 First Division: 8 Country South Africa and Namibia Holders Western Province (2017) Broadcast partner SuperSport , Setanta Sports Asia , Fox Sports Related competition Rugby Challenge For the cricket competition originally known as the Currie Cup, see Sunfoil Series . The Currie Cup tournament is South Africa 's premier domestic rugby union competition, played each winter and spring (June to October), featuring teams representing either entire provinces or substantial regions within provinces. Although it is the premier domestic competition, South African teams also compete in the international Super Rugby competition as well as the Pro14 . Steeped in history and tradition, the Currie Cup dates back to 1891. The tournament is regarded as the cornerstone of South Africa's rugby heritage, and the coveted gold trophy remains the most prestigious prize in South African domestic rugby. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Teams 3 Champions and Finals 4 Overall winners 5 Records and statistics 6 Broadcasting rights 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Currie Cup is one of the oldest rugby competitions , with the first games played in 1889 but it was only in 1892 that it became officially known as the Currie Cup. The competition had its humble beginnings as an inter-province competition in 1884, but when the South African Rugby Board was founded in 1889 it decided to organize a national competition that would involve representative teams from all the major unions. The original participating unions were Western Province , Griqualand West , Transvaal and Eastern Province . The first tournament was held in Kimberley and was won by Western Province . For a prize they received a silver cup donated by the South African Rugby Board, now displayed at the SA Rugby Museum in Cape Town . The story of how the Currie Cup came to be comes from the first overseas rugby team to tour South Africa in 1891, The British Isles, who carried with them a particularly precious bit of cargo. Among the bags, boots and balls was a golden cup given to them by Sir Donald Currie , owner of Union-Castle Lines , the shipping company that transported them to the southern tip of Africa. Sir Donald was clear with his instructions -- hand this trophy over to the team in South Africa that gives you the best game; and after a spirited display where the unbeaten British Lions narrowly won 3-0, Griqualand West became the first ever holders of the Currie Cup. They then handed the trophy over to the South African rugby board and it became the floating trophy for the Currie Cup competition. The inaugural Currie Cup tournament was thus held in 1892 with Western Province earning the honour of holding it aloft as the first official winners. The competition missed a few years here and there for reasons such as war and the like, but in 1968 it became a fully fledged annual showpiece. Western Province dominated the competition's early years, and by 1920 the team from Cape Town had already secured the trophy 10 times. Only Griqualand West could halt the rampant WP side and win the trophy in 1899 and 1911. In 1922 the Transvaal won the competition for the first time, however Western Province would continue to dominate the Currie Cup throughout the 1920s and 1930s, winning the trophy a further 4 times and sharing it twice with Border . In 1939 the trophy returned to Johannesburg for only the second time after Transvaal defeated Western Province in Cape Town. This was the first time WP had lost a final at their home ground Newlands . The Currie Cup went into hiatus during the Second World War but resumed in 1946 when Northern Transvaal claimed their first ever trophy by beating Western Province 11-9 in the final at Loftus Versfeld in Pretoria. The late 1940s and early 1950s were dominated by Transvaal who would win the trophy in 1950 and 1952, however in 1954 the Currie Cup would finally return south following Western Province's narrow 11-8 victory over Northern Transvaal in the final at Newlands in Cape Town. At the end of the 1980s, South African rugby supporters were treated to two of the most memorable Currie Cup finals. In 1989 winger Carel du Plessis scored a last-minute try as WP managed to draw with Northern Transvaal 16-all, Riaan Gouws missed the conversion which would have given WP its 6th title of the decade a feat which has never been achieved. The following year the Blue Bulls slipped up, though, and Natal sneaked home 18-12, inspired by fly-half Joel Stransky . The 1990s saw further improvement by Natal and the rise of Francois Pienaar 's Transvaal. Since the age of professionalism in rugby union in the early 1990s, the Currie Cup has become much more competitive with no team able to carve out an era of dominance like that of WP in the early years or Northern Transvaal in the 1970s and 1980s. All five of the so-called ' big unions' have won the Currie Cup on at least one occasion in the last 20 years; the Golden Lions (formerly Transvaal) have won the trophy 3 times in 1999, 2011 and 2015; Western Province have won the trophy on six occasions in 1997, 2000, 2001, 2012, 2014, and 2017; the Blue Bulls (formerly Northern Transvaal) have wom the trophy 5 times in 1998, 2002, 2003, 2004 and 2009; the Free State Cheetahs have won the trophy 3 times in 2005, 2007 and 2016 and the Sharks have won the trophy 3 times in 2008, 2010 and 2013. In 2006 the trophy was shared by the Free State Cheetahs and Blue Bulls following their 28-28 all draw in a tense final in Bloemfontein. Whilst these days the competition lags behind Super Rugby and The Rugby Championship (previously the Tri-Nations) in the order of importance, the Currie Cup still holds a special place amongst South African rugby supporters and players, with the trophy very much still the holy grail of the South African domestic rugby scene. The Currie Cup trophy Teams ( edit ) Map of South Africa displaying the borders of the 14 teams in the Currie Cup From 1996 to 2015, the following 14 provincial unions participated in the Currie Cup: Currie Cup teams Team Home base Region Blue Bulls Pretoria The Pretoria metropolitan area and the entire Limpopo province Boland Cavaliers Wellington Northern and central districts of the Western Cape province Border Bulldogs East London Eastern districts of the Eastern Cape province Eastern Province Kings Port Elizabeth Western districts of the Eastern Cape province Falcons Kempton Park The East Rand and other municipalities to the east and south of Johannesburg in Gauteng province Free State Cheetahs Bloemfontein Central and western districts of the Free State province Golden Lions Johannesburg Johannesburg and the West Rand Griffons Welkom Northern and eastern districts of the Free State province Griquas Kimberley The entire Northern Cape province Leopards Potchefstroom The entire North West province Pumas Nelspruit The entire Mpumalanga province Sharks Durban The entire KwaZulu-Natal province SWD Eagles George Eastern districts of the Western Cape province Western Province Cape Town Cape Town metropolitan area From 2016 , the Currie Cup added Welwitschias , a team from Namibia. Champions and finals ( edit ) Between 1892 and 1920, the competition was held as a centralised tournament, with the team with the best record crowned as the winner. Between 1922 and 1936 (as well as in three tournaments between 1957 and 1966), the winner was the team with the best record following a round-robin competition. In all the other seasons, a final was played to determine the champion. Currie Cup Champions and Finals Results Season Champions Runner-Up Final Result Final Venue 1892 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1894 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1895 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1897 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1898 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1899 Griqualand West N/A N/A N/A 1904 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1906 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1908 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1911 Griqualand West N/A N/A N/A 1914 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1920 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1922 Transvaal N/A N/A N/A 1925 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1927 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1929 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1932 Border & Western Province (shared) N/A N/A N/A 1934 Border & Western Province (shared) N/A N/A N/A 1936 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1939 Transvaal Western Province 17-- 6 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1946 Northern Transvaal Western Province 11-- 9 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1947 Western Province Transvaal 16-- 12 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1950 Transvaal Western Province 22-- 11 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 1952 Transvaal Boland 11-- 9 Wellington 1954 Western Province Northern Transvaal 11-- 8 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1956 Northern Transvaal Natal 9-- 8 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 1957-- 1959 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1964 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1966 Western Province N/A N/A N/A 1968 Northern Transvaal Transvaal 16-- 3 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1969 Northern Transvaal Western Province 28-- 13 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1970 Griqualand West Northern Transvaal 11-- 9 De Beers, Kimberley 1971 Northern Transvaal & Transvaal (shared) N/A 14-- 14 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 1972 Transvaal Eastern Transvaal 25-- 19 Pam Brink Stadium , Springs 1973 Northern Transvaal Free State 30-- 22 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Northern Transvaal Transvaal 17-- 15 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Northern Transvaal Free State 12-- 6 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 1976 Free State Western Province 33-- 16 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 1977 Northern Transvaal Free State 27-- 12 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1978 Northern Transvaal Free State 13-- 9 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 1979 Northern Transvaal & Western Province (shared) N/A 15-- 15 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1980 Northern Transvaal Western Province 39-- 9 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1981 Northern Transvaal Free State 23-- 6 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1982 Western Province Northern Transvaal 24-- 7 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town Western Province Northern Transvaal 9-- 3 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1984 Western Province Natal 19-- 9 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1985 Western Province Northern Transvaal 22-- 15 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1986 Western Province Transvaal 22-- 9 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town Northern Transvaal Transvaal 24-- 18 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 1988 Northern Transvaal Western Province 19-- 18 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1989 Northern Transvaal & Western Province (shared) N/A 16-- 16 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1990 Natal Northern Transvaal 18-- 12 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1991 Northern Transvaal Transvaal 27-- 15 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1992 Natal Transvaal 14-- 13 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 1993 Transvaal Natal 21-- 15 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 1994 Transvaal Free State 56-- 33 Springbok Park , Bloemfontein 1995 Natal Western Province 25-- 17 Kings Park Stadium , Durban Sharks Golden Lions 33-- 15 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 1997 Western Province Free State Cheetahs 14-- 12 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 1998 Blue Bulls Western Province 24-- 20 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 1999 Golden Lions Sharks 32-- 9 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 2000 Western Province Sharks 25-- 15 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 2001 Western Province Sharks 29-- 24 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 2002 Blue Bulls Golden Lions 31-- 7 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 2003 Blue Bulls Sharks 40-- 19 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Blue Bulls Free State Cheetahs 42-- 33 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 2005 Free State Cheetahs Blue Bulls 29-- 25 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria 2006 Blue Bulls & Free State Cheetahs (shared) N/A 28-- 28 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 2007 Free State Cheetahs Golden Lions 20-- 18 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 2008 Sharks Blue Bulls 14-- 9 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 2009 Blue Bulls Free State Cheetahs 36-- 24 Loftus Versfeld , Pretoria Sharks Western Province 30-- 10 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 2011 Golden Lions Sharks 42-- 16 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 2012 Western Province Sharks 25-- 18 Kings Park Stadium , Durban 2013 Sharks Western Province 33-- 19 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 2014 Western Province Golden Lions 19-- 16 Newlands Stadium , Cape Town 2015 Golden Lions Western Province 32-- 24 Ellis Park Stadium , Johannesburg 2016 Free State Cheetahs Blue Bulls 36-- 16 Free State Stadium , Bloemfontein 2017 Western Province Sharks 33-- 21 Kings Park Stadium , Durban In addition to the winners above, Western Province also won the South African Rugby Board Trophy in 1889. This tournament was effectively the precursor to the Currie Cup, which started in 1892. Western Province and Transvaal did not compete. Contested over two seasons. Transvaal were renamed the Gauteng Lions; now known as Golden Lions. Orange Free State were renamed the Free State Cheetahs. Northern Transvaal were renamed the Blue Bulls. Natal were renamed the Sharks. Overall winners ( edit ) Team Number of wins Notes Most recent Western Province 34 Four shared 2017 Northern Transvaal/Blue Bulls 23 Four shared 2009 Transvaal/Gauteng Lions/Golden Lions 11 One shared 2015 Natal/Sharks 7 2013 Orange Free State/Free State Cheetahs 5 One shared 2016 Griqualand West/Griquas 1970 Border/Border Bulldogs Two shared 1934 Since the competition become established as an annual competition in 1968 (see History above). Team Number of wins Notes Most recent Northern Transvaal/Blue Bulls 21 Four shared 2009 Western Province 13 Two shared 2017 Natal/Sharks 7 2013 Transvaal/Gauteng Lions/Golden Lions 7 One shared 2015 Orange Free State/Free State Cheetahs 5 One shared 2016 Griqualand West/Griquas 1970 Records and statistics ( edit ) Most career matches Name Team/s Seasons Games Jacques Botes Pumas/Sharks 2002-- 2014 156 Helgard Müller Free State Cheetahs 1983-- 1998 142 Rudi Visagie Free State/Natal/Mpumalanga 1980-- 1996 141 Chris Badenhorst Free State Cheetahs 1987-- 1999 136 Burger Geldenhuys Blue Bulls 1977-- 1989 128 André Joubert Free State/Natal 1986-- 1999 126 Most career points 1. 1699 Naas Botha (Northern Transvaal) 1977-- 1992 2. 1412 Willem de Waal (Leopards/Free State/WP) 2002-- 2010 3. 1402 Eric Herbert (Northern Free State( Griffons )/Free State) 1986-- 2001 4. 1210 De Wet Ras (Free State/Natal) 1974-- 1986 5. 1165 André Joubert (Free State/Natal) 1986-- 1999 Most career tries 1. 74 John Daniels (Golden Lions/Boland Cavaliers) 2. 66 Breyton Paulse (Western Province) 3. 65 Chris Badenhorst (Free State) 4. 58 André Joubert (Free State/Natal) 5. 51 Gerrie Germishuys (Free State/Transvaal) 5. 51 Carel du Plessis (Western Province/Transvaal) 5. 51 Niel Burger (Western Province) 5. 51 Jan-Harm Van Wyk (Free State/Pumas) Most individual points in a season 1. 268 Johan Heunis (Northern Transvaal) 1989 2. 263 Gavin Lawless (Golden Lions) 1996 3. 252 Casper Steyn (Blue Bulls) 1999 4. 230 Kennedy Tsimba (Cheetahs) 2003 5. 228 Kennedy Tsimba (Cheetahs) 2002 Most team points in a season Sharks (792 in 1996) Most individual tries in a season 1. 21 Bjorn Basson (Griquas) 2010 2. 19 Carel Du Plessis (Western Province) 1989 2. 19 Colin Lloyd (Leopards) 2006 4. 18 Ettiene Botha (Blue Bulls) 2004 5. 16 Jan-Harm Van Wyk (Free State) 1997 6. 15 Phillip Burger (Cheetahs) 2006 Most team tries in a season Sharks (112 in 1996) Most points in match Jannie de Beer -- 46 v. Northern Free State in 1997 Most tries in a match Jacques Olivier -- 7 v SWD in 1996 Most final appearances Burger Geldenhuys 11 (Northern Transvaal-- between 1977 and 1989) Naas Botha 11 (Northern Transvaal-- between 1977 and 1991) Broadcasting rights ( edit ) SuperSport broadcasts live Currie Cup matches in South Africa. Setanta Sports Asia broadcasts live Currie Cup matches in Asia. Sky Sports broadcasts live Currie Cup matches in the United Kingdom. See also ( edit ) Rugby union in South Africa Super Rugby Super Rugby franchise areas Vodacom Cup Lion Cup Currie Cup / Central Series References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ABSA Currie Cup Records'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-07-25 . Retrieved 2009-12-18 . Jump up ^ http://www.sport24.co.za/Rugby/CurrieCup/wp-rock-sharks-to-lift-currie-cup-title-20171028 Jump up ^ `` Namibia to compete in enlarged Currie Cup'' . The Namibian. 6 August 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rugbybase wil Curriebeker-reeks nou tot 15 spanne beperk'' . Netwerk24 (in Afrikaans). 18 August 2015 . Retrieved 18 August 2015 . External links ( edit ) Latest Currie Cup News Currie Cup News from Prime Rugby Currie Cup history from Planet Rugby Currie Cup records (correct to the end of 2006) Thau, Chris (6 November 2006). `` 100 years of South African rugby: Part one'' . irb.com. Archived from the original on 8 June 2007 . Retrieved 2007-05-25 . `` History of the Currie Cup'' . sarugby.com. 2006-10-11 . Retrieved 2007-05-25 . `` Good news for Currie Cup'' . sarugby.com. 30 November 2006. Archived from the original on 17 May 2007 . Retrieved 25 May 2007 . SA Rugby - Currie Cup News Currie Cup Teams Premier Division: Blue Bulls Free State Cheetahs Golden Lions Griquas Pumas Sharks Western Province First Division: Boland Cavaliers Border Bulldogs Eastern Province Kings Falcons Griffons Leopards SWD Eagles Welwitschias Seasons Board Trophy: 1889 Amateur era: 1892 1894 1895 1897 1898 1899 1904 1906 1908 1911 1914 1920 1922 1925 1927 1929 1932 1934 1936 1939 1946 1947 1950 1952 1954 1956 1957-- 1959 1964 1966 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 Div A Div B Tphy A Tphy B 1989 Div A Div B Tphy A Tphy B 1990 Div A Div B Tphy 1991 CC CC/Ce Div A Div B Ce/Ru Div C Div D 1992 CC CC/Ce Cen A Cen B Ce/Ru Rur A/B Rur B 1993 1994 1995 Professional era: 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Top 8 Bf Cup Qual 2001 Top 8 Bf Cup Qual 2002 2003 Prem 1st 2005 Prem 1st 2006 Prem 1st 2007 Prem 1st 2008 Prem 1st 2009 Prem 1st Prem 1st 2011 Prem 1st 2012 Prem 1st 2013 Prem 1st 2014 Prem 1st Qual 2015 Prem 1st Qual 2016 Prem 1st Qual 2017 Prem 1st Rugby union in South Africa Governing body South African Rugby Union National teams Men's Springboks ' A' 7's Amateurs U-21 U-20 U-19 Schoolboys Women's Women's 7's Competitions International South Africa at the Rugby World Cup World Rugby Sevens Series South Africa Sevens World Rugby Under 20 Championship Super Rugby Provincial Currie Cup Rugby Challenge Club SARU Gold Cup Varsity Rugby Youth rugby Craven Week Defunct Vodacom Cup Related articles International players Rugby union and apartheid Springbok colours Top-level rugby union club competitions Tier 1 nations European cups European Rugby Champions Cup European Rugby Challenge Cup European Rugby Continental Shield International Anglo-Welsh Cup British and Irish Cup Pro14 Super Rugby Domestic Argentina Campeonato Argentino Nacional de Clubes Australia England Premiership Championship France Top 14 Pro D2 Ireland Italy New Zealand Mitre 10 Cup Heartland Championship Scotland South Africa Currie Cup Rugby Challenge Wales Other nations Northern Hemisphere Belgium Canada Czech Republic Denmark Finland Georgia Germany Japan Malta Malaysia Netherlands Norway Poland Portugal Regional Rugby Championship Bosnia & Herzegovina, Croatia, Hungary, Montenegro, Serbia Romania Russia Spain Sweden Ukraine United States (Defunct) Southern Hemisphere Brazil Fiji Kenya Samoa Tonga Uruguay Venezuela Southern Hemisphere provincial rugby competitions South Pacific Championship seasons 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 Super 6 season 1992 Super 10 seasons 1993 1994 1995 Super 12 seasons 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 Super 14 seasons 2006 2007 2008 2009 Super Rugby seasons 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 Australian Provincial Championship Australian Rugby Championship Australian Rugby Shield Australian National Rugby Championship New Zealand Provincial Championship Currie Cup Campeonato Argentino Ranfurly Shield Horan-Little Shield Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Currie_Cup&oldid=809075141 '' Categories : Currie Cup Rugby union competitions for provincial teams 1891 establishments in South Africa Hidden categories: CS1 Afrikaans-language sources (af) Articles needing additional references from May 2014 All articles needing additional references Use dmy dates from September 2012 Use South African English from September 2012 All Wikipedia articles written in South African English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2010 Articles needing additional references from May 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from May 2014 All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from August 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Deutsch Español Français Galego 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Српски / srpski Edit links This page was last edited on 6 November 2017, at 23:58. 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-7197650922556196637

tom's restaurant on the corner of west 112th street and broadway

Tom 's exterior has been seen on television before , in the 1978 The Bionic Woman episode `` Long Live the King '' at around the 27 minute mark of the DVD release .

Tom's Restaurant - wikipedia Tom's Restaurant Jump to: navigation , search Tom's Restaurant Tom's Restaurant in 2000 Restaurant information Street address 2880 Broadway Morningside Heights , Manhattan City New York City State New York Website www.tomsrestaurant.net Tom's Restaurant interior Tom's Restaurant is a diner located at 2880 Broadway (on the corner of West 112th Street ) in the Morningside Heights neighborhood of Manhattan in New York City . Frequented by students and faculty of nearby Columbia University , it has been owned and operated by the Greek-American family of Minas Zoulis since the 1940s. Tom's Restaurant was the locale that inspired Suzanne Vega 's 1987 song `` Tom's Diner .'' Later, its exterior was used as a stand-in for the fictional Monk's Café in the television sitcom Seinfeld , where comedian Jerry Seinfeld 's eponymous character and his friends regularly gathered to eat. The interior shown on the television show, however, looked very little like the real `` Tom's '' , as indoor scenes were filmed on a set in Los Angeles . Early Seinfeld episodes showed the entire neon sign; later, the `` Tom's '' portion was cropped out, showing only the `` RESTAURANT'' wraparound. Even though the interior and exterior have undergone minor remodeling since the show, the distinctive sign has remained the same. Tom's is featured in Kramer's Reality Tour conducted by Kenny Kramer . Senator John McCain often ate at Tom's when he visited his daughter Meghan when she was a student at Columbia. Tom's exterior has been seen on television before, in the 1978 The Bionic Woman episode `` Long Live the King'' at around the 27 minute mark of the DVD release. See also ( edit ) List of restaurants in New York City References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Tom's Restaurant'' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Vines, Richard (2008-03-13). `` Real ' Seinfeld' Restaurant Is New York Staple'' . Bloomberg.com . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 11 questions for Meghan McCain'' . Allday.Today.com. 2008-09-09 . Retrieved 4 April 2013 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tom's Restaurant . Tom's Restaurant Official Homepage Video shows Suzanne Vega talking about the Tom's Restaurant Morningside Heights: Tom's Restaurant VirtualNYC panoramic image of Tom's Restaurant Google Street View: 112th Street and Broadway Coordinates : 40° 48′ 20'' N 73° 57′ 56'' W  /  40.80556° N 73.96556° W  / 40.80556; -73.96556 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tom%27s_Restaurant&oldid=807757705 '' Categories : Coffee houses of the United States Morningside Heights, Manhattan Restaurants in Manhattan Seinfeld Talk About Wikipedia Deutsch Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2017, at 23:54. About Wikipedia

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the supreme court was originally established with six justices by which one of the following

The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel . All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts . In 2012 , Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday . Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors . Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications . Stephen Spaulding , the legal director at Common Cause , said : `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial . ''

Supreme Court of the United States - wikipedia Supreme Court of the United States Jump to: navigation , search `` SCOTUS'' redirects here. For other uses, see SCOTUS (disambiguation) . Supreme Court of the United States Established March 4, 1789 ; 228 years ago ( 1789-03-04 ) Country United States Location Washington, D.C. , U.S. Coordinates 38° 53′ 26'' N 77° 00′ 16'' W  /  38.89056° N 77.00444° W  / 38.89056; -77.00444 Coordinates : 38° 53′ 26'' N 77° 00′ 16'' W  /  38.89056° N 77.00444° W  / 38.89056; -77.00444 Composition method Presidential nomination with Senate confirmation Authorized by United States Constitution Judge term length Life tenure No. of positions 9, by statute Website www.supremecourt.gov Chief Justice of the United States Currently John Roberts Since September 29, 2005 ; 12 years ago ( 2005-09-29 ) This article is part of the series on the United States Supreme Court The Court Decisions Procedure History Court Building Current membership Chief Justice John Roberts Associate Justices Anthony Kennedy Clarence Thomas Ruth Bader Ginsburg Stephen Breyer Samuel Alito Sonia Sotomayor Elena Kagan Neil Gorsuch Retired Associate Justices John Paul Stevens Sandra Day O'Connor David Souter All members List of all justices by court by seat by time in office by education List of Chief Justices List of Associate Justices Specialty lists All nominations Unsuccessful nominations Nominations late in presidency Court demographics Justices who served in Congress Ideological leanings of justices Court functionaries Clerks Reporter of Decisions Marshal of the Court Supreme Court Police Other countries Law Portal The Supreme Court of the United States (sometimes colloquially referred to by the acronym SCOTUS ) is the highest federal court of the United States . Established pursuant to Article Three of the United States Constitution in 1789, it has ultimate (and largely discretionary ) appellate jurisdiction over all federal courts and state court cases involving issues of federal law plus original jurisdiction over a small range of cases. In the legal system of the United States , the Supreme Court is generally the final interpreter of federal law including the United States Constitution , but it may act only within the context of a case in which it has jurisdiction. The Court may decide cases having political overtones but does not have power to decide nonjusticiable political questions , and its enforcement arm is in the executive rather than judicial branch of government. According to federal statute, the Court normally consists of the Chief Justice of the United States and eight associate justices who are nominated by the President and confirmed by the Senate . Once appointed, justices have lifetime tenure unless they resign, retire, or are removed after impeachment (though no justice has ever been removed). In modern discourse, the justices are often categorized as having conservative , moderate , or liberal philosophies of law and of judicial interpretation . Each justice has one vote, and it is worth noting that while a far greater number of cases in recent history have been decided unanimously, decisions in cases of the highest profile have often come down to just one single vote, thereby exposing the justices' ideological beliefs that track with those philosophical or political categories. The Court meets in the Supreme Court Building in Washington, D.C. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Earliest beginnings to Marshall 1.2 From Taney to Taft 1.3 The New Deal era 1.4 Warren and Burger 1.5 Rehnquist and Roberts 2 Composition 2.1 Size of the Court 2.2 Appointment and confirmation 2.2.1 Recess appointments 2.3 Tenure 3 Membership 3.1 Current justices 3.2 Court demographics 3.3 Retired justices 3.4 Seniority and seating 3.5 Salary 3.6 Judicial leanings 4 Facilities 5 Jurisdiction 5.1 Justices as Circuit Justices 6 Process 6.1 Case selection 6.2 Oral argument 6.3 Supreme Court bar 6.4 Decision 6.5 Published opinions 6.5.1 Citations to published opinions 7 Institutional powers and constraints 8 Law clerks 8.1 Politicization of the Court 9 Criticism 9.1 Judicial activism 9.2 Failing to protect individual rights 9.3 Supreme Court has too much power 9.4 Courts are poor check on executive power 9.5 Federal versus state power 9.6 Secretive proceedings 9.7 Judicial interference in political disputes 9.8 Not choosing enough cases to review 9.9 Lifetime tenure 9.10 Accepting gifts 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Bibliography 12 Further reading 13 External links History ( edit ) Main article: History of the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court of the United States The ratification of the United States Constitution established the Supreme Court in 1789. Its powers are detailed in Article Three of the Constitution . The Supreme Court was the only court specifically established by the Constitution while all other federal courts were created by Congress . Congress is also responsible for conferring the title of `` justice'' to its members, who are known to scold lawyers for inaccurately referring to them as `` judge'' , even though it is the term used in the Constitution. The Court first convened on February 2, 1790, with six judges where only five of its six initial positions were filled. According to historian Fergus Bordewich, in its first session: `` (T)he Supreme Court convened for the first time at the Royal Exchange Building on Broad Street, a few steps from Federal Hall. Symbolically, the moment was pregnant with promise for the republic, this birth of a new national institution whose future power, admittedly, still existed only in the eyes and minds of just a few visionary Americans. Impressively bewigged and swathed in their robes of office, Chief Justice John Jay and three associate justices -- William Cushing of Massachusetts, James Wilson of Pennsylvania, and John Blair of Virginia -- sat augustly before a throng of spectators and waited for something to happen. Nothing did. They had no cases to consider. After a week of inactivity, they adjourned until September, and everyone went home.'' The sixth member, James Iredell , was not confirmed until May 12, 1790. Because the full Court had only six members, every decision that it made by a majority was also made by two-thirds (voting four to two). However, Congress has always allowed less than the Court's full membership to make decisions, starting with a quorum of four justices in 1789. Earliest beginnings to Marshall ( edit ) Main articles: Jay Court , Rutledge Court , Ellsworth Court , and Marshall Court Under Chief Justices Jay , Rutledge , and Ellsworth (1789-- 1801), the Court heard few cases; its first decision was West v. Barnes (1791), a case involving a procedural issue. The Court lacked a home of its own and had little prestige, a situation not helped by the highest-profile case of the era, Chisholm v. Georgia (1793), which was reversed within two years by the adoption of the Eleventh Amendment . Chief Justice Marshall The Court's power and prestige grew substantially during the Marshall Court (1801-- 35). Under Marshall, the Court established the power of judicial review over acts of Congress, including specifying itself as the supreme expositor of the Constitution ( Marbury v. Madison ) and made several important constitutional rulings giving shape and substance to the balance of power between the federal government and the states (prominently, Martin v. Hunter's Lessee , McCulloch v. Maryland and Gibbons v. Ogden ). The Marshall Court also ended the practice of each justice issuing his opinion seriatim , a remnant of British tradition, and instead issuing a single majority opinion. Also during Marshall's tenure, although beyond the Court's control, the impeachment and acquittal of Justice Samuel Chase in 1804-- 05 helped cement the principle of judicial independence . From Taney to Taft ( edit ) Main articles: Taney Court , Chase Court , Waite Court , Fuller Court , White Court , and Taft Court The Taney Court (1836-- 64) made several important rulings, such as Sheldon v. Sill , which held that while Congress may not limit the subjects the Supreme Court may hear, it may limit the jurisdiction of the lower federal courts to prevent them from hearing cases dealing with certain subjects. Nevertheless, it is primarily remembered for its ruling in Dred Scott v. Sandford , which helped precipitate the Civil War . In the Reconstruction era , the Chase , Waite , and Fuller Courts (1864-- 1910) interpreted the new Civil War amendments to the Constitution and developed the doctrine of substantive due process ( Lochner v. New York ; Adair v. United States ). Under the White and Taft Courts (1910-- 30), the Court held that the Fourteenth Amendment had incorporated some guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the states ( Gitlow v. New York ), grappled with the new antitrust statutes ( Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States ), upheld the constitutionality of military conscription ( Selective Draft Law Cases ) and brought the substantive due process doctrine to its first apogee ( Adkins v. Children's Hospital ). The New Deal era ( edit ) Main articles: Hughes Court , Stone Court , and Vinson Court During the Hughes , Stone , and Vinson Courts (1930-- 53), the Court gained its own accommodation in 1935 and changed its interpretation of the Constitution , giving a broader reading to the powers of the federal government to facilitate President Franklin Roosevelt 's New Deal (most prominently West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish , Wickard v. Filburn , United States v. Darby and United States v. Butler ). During World War II , the Court continued to favor government power, upholding the internment of Japanese citizens ( Korematsu v. United States ) and the mandatory pledge of allegiance ( Minersville School District v. Gobitis ). Nevertheless, Gobitis was soon repudiated ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette ), and the Steel Seizure Case restricted the pro-government trend. Warren and Burger ( edit ) Main articles: Warren Court and Burger Court The Warren Court (1953-- 69) dramatically expanded the force of Constitutional civil liberties . It held that segregation in public schools violates equal protection ( Brown v. Board of Education , Bolling v. Sharpe and Green v. County School Bd. ) and that traditional legislative district boundaries violated the right to vote ( Reynolds v. Sims ). It created a general right to privacy ( Griswold v. Connecticut ), limited the role of religion in public school (most prominently Engel v. Vitale and Abington School District v. Schempp ), incorporated most guarantees of the Bill of Rights against the States-- prominently Mapp v. Ohio (the exclusionary rule ) and Gideon v. Wainwright ( right to appointed counsel ), -- and required that criminal suspects be apprised of all these rights by police ( Miranda v. Arizona ). At the same time, however, the Court limited defamation suits by public figures ( New York Times v. Sullivan ) and supplied the government with an unbroken run of antitrust victories. The Burger Court (1969-- 86) marked a conservative shift. It also expanded Griswold's right to privacy to strike down abortion laws ( Roe v. Wade ), but divided deeply on affirmative action ( Regents of the University of California v. Bakke ) and campaign finance regulation ( Buckley v. Valeo ), and dithered on the death penalty , ruling first that most applications were defective ( Furman v. Georgia ), then that the death penalty itself was not unconstitutional ( Gregg v. Georgia ). Rehnquist and Roberts ( edit ) Main articles: Rehnquist Court and Roberts Court Justices of the U.S. Supreme Court in 2005 The Rehnquist Court (1986-- 2005) was noted for its revival of judicial enforcement of federalism , emphasizing the limits of the Constitution's affirmative grants of power ( United States v. Lopez ) and the force of its restrictions on those powers ( Seminole Tribe v. Florida , City of Boerne v. Flores ). It struck down single-sex state schools as a violation of equal protection ( United States v. Virginia ), laws against sodomy as violations of substantive due process ( Lawrence v. Texas ), and the line item veto ( Clinton v. New York ), but upheld school vouchers ( Zelman v. Simmons-Harris ) and reaffirmed Roe's restrictions on abortion laws ( Planned Parenthood v. Casey ). The Court's decision in Bush v. Gore , which ended the electoral recount during the presidential election of 2000 , was especially controversial. The Roberts Court (2005-- present) is regarded by some as more conservative than the Rehnquist Court. Some of its major rulings have concerned federal preemption ( Wyeth v. Levine ), civil procedure ( Twombly - Iqbal ), abortion ( Gonzales v. Carhart ), climate change ( Massachusetts v. EPA ), same-sex marriage ( United States v. Windsor and Obergefell v. Hodges ) and the Bill of Rights, notably in Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission ( First Amendment ), Heller - McDonald ( Second Amendment ) and Baze v. Rees ( Eighth Amendment ). Composition ( edit ) Size of the Court ( edit ) Article III of the United States Constitution does not specify the number of justices. The Judiciary Act of 1789 called for the appointment of six `` judges'' . Although an 1801 act would have reduced the size of the court to five members upon its next vacancy, an 1802 act promptly negated the 1801 act, legally restoring the court's size to six members before any such vacancy occurred. As the nation's boundaries grew, Congress added justices to correspond with the growing number of judicial circuits: seven in 1807 , nine in 1837 , and ten in 1863 . In 1866, at the behest of Chief Justice Chase , Congress passed an act providing that the next three justices to retire would not be replaced, which would thin the bench to seven justices by attrition. Consequently, one seat was removed in 1866 and a second in 1867. In 1869, however, the Circuit Judges Act returned the number of justices to nine, where it has since remained. President Franklin D. Roosevelt attempted to expand the Court in 1937. His proposal envisioned appointment of one additional justice for each incumbent justice who reached the age of 70 years 6 months and refused retirement, up to a maximum bench of 15 justices. The proposal was ostensibly to ease the burden of the docket on elderly judges, but the actual purpose was widely understood as an effort to `` pack'' the Court with justices who would support Roosevelt's New Deal . The plan, usually called the `` court-packing plan '' , failed in Congress. Nevertheless, the Court's balance began to shift within months when Justice van Devanter retired and was replaced by Senator Hugo Black . By the end of 1941, Roosevelt had appointed seven justices and elevated Harlan Fiske Stone to Chief Justice. Appointment and confirmation ( edit ) Main article: Appointment and confirmation to the Supreme Court of the United States The Roberts Court (April 2017 -- present). Front row (left to right): Ruth Bader Ginsburg , Anthony Kennedy , John Roberts (Chief Justice), Clarence Thomas , and Stephen Breyer . Back row (left to right): Elena Kagan , Samuel A. Alito , Sonia Sotomayor , and Neil Gorsuch . The U.S. Constitution states that the President `` shall nominate, and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Judges of the Supreme Court.'' Most presidents nominate candidates who broadly share their ideological views, although a justice's decisions may end up being contrary to a president's expectations. Because the Constitution sets no qualifications for service as a justice, a president may nominate anyone to serve, subject to Senate confirmation. In modern times, the confirmation process has attracted considerable attention from the press and advocacy groups, which lobby senators to confirm or to reject a nominee depending on whether their track record aligns with the group's views. The Senate Judiciary Committee conducts hearings and votes on whether the nomination should go to the full Senate with a positive, negative or neutral report. The committee's practice of personally interviewing nominees is relatively recent. The first nominee to appear before the committee was Harlan Fiske Stone in 1925, who sought to quell concerns about his links to Wall Street , and the modern practice of questioning began with John Marshall Harlan II in 1955. Once the committee reports out the nomination, the full Senate considers it. Rejections are relatively uncommon; the Senate has explicitly rejected twelve Supreme Court nominees, most recently Robert Bork , nominated by President Ronald Reagan in 1987. Although Senate rules do not necessarily allow a negative vote in committee to block a nomination, prior to 2017 a nomination could be blocked by filibuster once debate had begun in the full Senate. President Lyndon Johnson 's nomination of sitting Associate Justice Abe Fortas to succeed Earl Warren as Chief Justice in 1968 was the first successful filibuster of a Supreme Court nominee. It included both Republican and Democratic senators concerned with Fortas's ethics. President Donald Trump 's nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the seat vacated by Antonin Scalia was the second. Unlike the Fortas filibuster, however, only Democratic Senators voted against cloture on the Gorsuch nomination, citing his perceived conservative judicial philosophy, and the Republican majority's prior refusal to take up President Barack Obama 's nomination of Merrick Garland to fill the vacancy. This led the Republican majority to change the rules and eliminate the filibuster for Supreme Court nominations. Not every Supreme Court nominee has received a floor vote in the Senate. A president may withdraw a nomination before an actual confirmation vote occurs, typically because it is clear that the Senate will reject the nominee; this occurred most recently with the nomination of Harriet Miers in 2006. The Senate may also fail to act on a nomination, which expires at the end of the session. For example, President Dwight Eisenhower 's first nomination of John Marshall Harlan II in November 1954 was not acted on by the Senate; Eisenhower re-nominated Harlan in January 1955, and Harlan was confirmed two months later. Most recently, as previously noted, the Senate failed to act on the March 2016 nomination of Merrick Garland ; the nomination expired in January 2017, and the vacancy was later filled by President Trump 's appointment of Neil Gorsuch . Once the Senate confirms a nomination, the president must prepare and sign a commission, to which the Seal of the Department of Justice must be affixed, before the new justice can take office. The seniority of an associate justice is based on the commissioning date, not the confirmation or swearing-in date. Before 1981, the approval process of justices was usually rapid. From the Truman through Nixon administrations, justices were typically approved within one month. From the Reagan administration to the present, however, the process has taken much longer. Some believe this is because Congress sees justices as playing a more political role than in the past. According to the Congressional Research Service , the average number of days from nomination to final Senate vote since 1975 is 67 days (2.2 months), while the median is 71 days (or 2.3 months). Recess appointments ( edit ) When the Senate is in recess, a president may make temporary appointments to fill vacancies. Recess appointees hold office only until the end of the next Senate session (less than two years). The Senate must confirm the nominee for them to continue serving; of the two chief justices and eleven associate justices who have received recess appointments, only Chief Justice John Rutledge was not subsequently confirmed. No president since Dwight D. Eisenhower has made a recess appointment to the Court, and the practice has become rare and controversial even in lower federal courts. In 1960, after Eisenhower had made three such appointments, the Senate passed a `` sense of the Senate'' resolution that recess appointments to the Court should only be made in `` unusual circumstances.'' Such resolutions are not legally binding but are an expression of Congress's views in the hope of guiding executive action. The 2014 Supreme Court ruling in National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning limited the ability of the President to make recess appointments (including appointments to the Supreme Court), ruling that the Senate decides when the Senate is in session (or in recess). Justice Breyer writing for the Court, stated, `` We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business.'' This ruling allows the Senate to prevent recess appointments through the use of pro-forma sessions . Tenure ( edit ) The Constitution provides that justices `` shall hold their offices during good behavior'' (unless appointed during a Senate recess). The term `` good behavior'' is understood to mean justices may serve for the remainder of their lives, unless they are impeached and convicted by Congress, resign , or retire . Only one justice has been impeached by the House of Representatives ( Samuel Chase , March 1804), but he was acquitted in the Senate (March 1805). Moves to impeach sitting justices have occurred more recently (for example, William O. Douglas was the subject of hearings twice, in 1953 and again in 1970; and Abe Fortas resigned while hearings were being organized in 1969), but they did not reach a vote in the House. No mechanism exists for removing a justice who is permanently incapacitated by illness or injury, but unable (or unwilling) to resign. Because justices have indefinite tenure, timing of vacancies can be unpredictable. Sometimes vacancies arise in quick succession, as in the early 1970s when Lewis Franklin Powell, Jr. and William Rehnquist were nominated to replace Hugo Black and John Marshall Harlan II , who retired within a week of each other. Sometimes a great length of time passes between nominations, such as the eleven years between Stephen Breyer 's nomination in 1994 to succeed Harry Blackmun and the nomination of John Roberts in 2005 to fill the seat of Sandra Day O'Connor (though Roberts' nomination was withdrawn and resubmitted for the role of Chief Justice after Rehnquist died). Despite the variability, all but four presidents have been able to appoint at least one justice. William Henry Harrison died a month after taking office, though his successor ( John Tyler ) made an appointment during that presidential term. Likewise, Zachary Taylor died 16 months after taking office, but his successor ( Millard Fillmore ) also made a Supreme Court nomination before the end of that term. Andrew Johnson , who became president after the assassination of Abraham Lincoln , was denied the opportunity to appoint a justice by a reduction in the size of the Court . Jimmy Carter is the only person elected president to have left office after at least one full term without having the opportunity to appoint a justice. Somewhat similarly, presidents James Monroe , Franklin D. Roosevelt , and George W. Bush each served a full term without an opportunity to appoint a justice, but made appointments during their subsequent terms in office. No president who has served more than one full term has gone without at least one opportunity to make an appointment. Three presidents have appointed justices who together served more than a century. Andrew Jackson , Abraham Lincoln , and Franklin D. Roosevelt . Membership ( edit ) See also: List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States Current justices ( edit ) The court is currently filled with nine Justices. The most recent justice to join to the court was Neil Gorsuch , who was nominated by President Donald Trump on January 31, 2017, and confirmed on April 7, 2017, by the U.S. Senate. Name Birth Appointed by Senate confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day / Length of service Previous positions Succeeded Roberts, John John Roberts ( Chief Justice ) 000000001955-01-27-0000 January 27, 1955 Buffalo, New York Bush, George W. George W. Bush 78-- 22 50 7001630000000000000♠ 63 000000002005-09-29-0000 September 29, 2005 12 years, 5 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (2003-- 2005); Principal Deputy Solicitor General (1989-- 1993); Associate Counsel to the President (1982-- 1986) William Rehnquist Kennedy, Anthony Anthony Kennedy 000000001936-07-23-0000 July 23, 1936 Sacramento, California Reagan, Ronald Ronald Reagan 97-- 0 51 7001810000000000000♠ 81 000000001988-02-18-0000 February 18, 1988 30 years Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit (1975-- 1988); Private practice (1963-- 1975) Lewis Powell Thomas, Clarence Clarence Thomas 000000001948-06-23-0000 June 23, 1948 Pin Point, Georgia Bush, George H.W. George H.W. Bush 52-- 48 43 7001690000000000000♠ 69 000000001991-10-23-0000 October 23, 1991 26 years, 4 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1990-- 1991); Chairman, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (1982-- 1990); Assistant Attorney General in Missouri under State Attorney General John Danforth (1974-- 1977) Thurgood Marshall Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Ruth Bader Ginsburg 000000001933-03-15-0000 March 15, 1933 Brooklyn, New York Clinton, Bill Bill Clinton 96-- 3 60 7001840000000000000♠ 84 000000001993-08-10-0000 August 10, 1993 24 years, 6 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the D.C. Circuit (1980-- 1993); General Counsel, American Civil Liberties Union (1973-- 1980) Byron White Breyer, Stephen Stephen Breyer 000000001938-08-15-0000 August 15, 1938 San Francisco, California 87-- 9 55 7001790000000000000♠ 79 000000001994-08-03-0000 August 3, 1994 23 years, 6 months Chief Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1990-- 1994); Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the First Circuit (1980-- 1990) Harry Blackmun Alito, Samuel Samuel Alito 000000001950-04-01-0000 April 1, 1950 Trenton, New Jersey George W. Bush 58-- 42 55 7001670000000000000♠ 67 000000002006-01-31-0000 January 31, 2006 12 years, 1 month Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit (1990-- 2006); U.S. Attorney for the District of New Jersey (1987-- 1990); Deputy Assistant Attorney General (1985-- 1987); Assistant to the Solicitor General (1981-- 1985) Sandra Day O'Connor Sotomayor, Sonia Sonia Sotomayor 000000001954-06-25-0000 June 25, 1954 The Bronx, New York Obama, Barack Barack Obama 68-- 31 55 7001630000000000000♠ 63 000000002009-08-08-0000 August 8, 2009 8 years, 6 months Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (1998-- 2009); District Judge, District Court for the Southern District of New York (1992-- 1998) David Souter Kagan, Elena Elena Kagan 000000001960-04-28-0000 April 28, 1960 Manhattan, New York 63-- 37 50 7001570000000000000♠ 57 000000002010-08-07-0000 August 7, 2010 7 years, 6 months Solicitor General of the United States (2009-- 2010); Dean of Harvard Law School (2003-- 2009); Associate White House Counsel (1995-- 1999); Deputy Director of the Domestic Policy Council (1995-- 1999); John Paul Stevens Gorsuch, Neil Neil Gorsuch 000000001967-08-29-0000 August 29, 1967 Denver, Colorado Trump, Donald Donald Trump 54-- 45 49 7001500000000000000♠ 50 000000002017-04-10-0000 April 10, 2017 10 months and 19 days Circuit Judge, Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit (2006-- 2017); Principal Deputy Associate Attorney General and Acting Associate Attorney General (2005-- 2006); Antonin Scalia Court demographics ( edit ) Main article: Demographics of the Supreme Court of the United States The Court currently has six male and three female justices. Among the nine justices, there is one African-American (Justice Thomas) and one Hispanic (Justice Sotomayor). Two of the justices were born to at least one immigrant parent: Justice Alito's parents were born in Italy, and Justice Ginsburg's father was born in Russia. At least five justices are Roman Catholics and three are Jewish ; it is unclear whether Neil Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. The average age is 67 years and 4 months. Every current justice has an Ivy League background. Four justices are from the state of New York, two from California, one from New Jersey, one from Georgia, and one from Colorado. In the 19th century, every justice was a man of European descent (usually Northern European), and almost always Protestant. Concerns about diversity focused on geography, to represent all regions of the country, rather than religious, ethnic, or gender diversity. Most justices have been Protestants, including 36 Episcopalians , 19 Presbyterians , 10 Unitarians , 5 Methodists , and 3 Baptists . The first Catholic justice was Roger Taney in 1836, and 1916 saw the appointment of the first Jewish justice, Louis Brandeis . Several Catholic and Jewish justices have since been appointed, and in recent years the situation has reversed. The Court currently has at least five Catholic justices, and three Jewish justices. Racial, ethnic, and gender diversity began to increase in the late 20th century. Thurgood Marshall became the first African American justice in 1967. Sandra Day O'Connor became the first female justice in 1981. Marshall was succeeded by African-American Clarence Thomas in 1991. O'Connor was joined by Ruth Bader Ginsburg in 1993. After O'Connor's retirement Ginsburg was joined in 2009 by Sonia Sotomayor , the first Hispanic and Latina justice; and in 2010 by Elena Kagan , for a total of four female justices in the Court's history. There have been six foreign-born justices in the Court's history: James Wilson (1789-- 1798), born in Caskardy , Scotland ; James Iredell (1790-- 1799), born in Lewes , England ; William Paterson (1793-- 1806), born in County Antrim , Ireland ; David Brewer (1889-- 1910), born in Smyrna , Turkey ; George Sutherland (1922-- 1939), born in Buckinghamshire , England; and Felix Frankfurter (1939-- 1962), born in Vienna , Austria . Retired justices ( edit ) There are currently three living retired justices of the Supreme Court of the United States: John Paul Stevens , Sandra Day O'Connor and David Souter . As retired justices, they no longer participate in the work of the Supreme Court, but may be designated for temporary assignments to sit on lower federal courts, usually the United States Courts of Appeals . Such assignments are formally made by the Chief Justice , on request of the chief judge of the lower court and with the consent of the retired justice. In recent years, Justice O'Connor has sat with several Courts of Appeals around the country, and Justice Souter has frequently sat on the First Circuit , the court of which he was briefly a member before joining the Supreme Court. The status of a retired justice is analogous to that of a circuit or district court judge who has taken senior status , and eligibility of a supreme court justice to assume retired status (rather than simply resign from the bench) is governed by the same age and service criteria. In recent times, justices tend to strategically plan their decisions to leave the bench with personal, institutional, ideological, partisan and sometimes even political factors playing a role. The fear of mental decline and death often motivates justices to step down. The desire to maximize the Court's strength and legitimacy through one retirement at a time, when the Court is in recess, and during non-presidential election years suggests a concern for institutional health. Finally, especially in recent decades, many justices have timed their departure to coincide with a philosophically compatible president holding office, to ensure that a like-minded successor would be appointed. Name Date of birth Appointed by Retired under Confirmation vote Age at appointment Current age First day Date of retirement Length of tenure John Paul Stevens 000000001920-04-20-0000 April 20, 1920 Chicago , Illinois Gerald Ford Barack Obama 98-- 0 55 7001970000000000000♠ 97 December 19, 1975 June 29, 2010 (age 90) 34 years, 6 months and 10 days Sandra Day O'Connor 000000001930-03-26-0000 March 26, 1930 El Paso, Texas Ronald Reagan George W. Bush 99-- 0 51 7001870000000000000♠ 87 September 25, 1981 January 31, 2006 (age 75) 24 years, 4 months and 6 days David Souter 000000001939-09-17-0000 September 17, 1939 Melrose, Massachusetts George H.W. Bush Barack Obama 90-- 9 51 7001780000000000000♠ 78 000000001990-10-09-0000 October 9, 1990 June 29, 2009 (age 69) 18 years, 8 months and 20 days Seniority and seating ( edit ) Many of the internal operations of the Court are organized by seniority of justices; the chief justice is considered the most senior member of the court, regardless of the length of his or her service. The associate justices are then ranked by the length of their service. The interior of the United States Supreme Court During Court sessions, the justices sit according to seniority, with the Chief Justice in the center, and the Associate Justices on alternating sides, with the most senior Associate Justice on the Chief Justice's immediate right, and the most junior Associate Justice seated on the left farthest away from the Chief Justice. Therefore, the current court sits as follows from left to right, from the perspective of those facing the Court: Kagan, Alito, Ginsburg, Kennedy (most senior Associate Justice), Roberts (Chief Justice), Thomas, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Gorsuch. In the official yearly Court photograph, justices are arranged similarly, with the five most senior members sitting in the front row in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (The most recent photograph includes Ginsburg, Kennedy, Roberts, Thomas, Breyer), and the four most junior justices standing behind them, again in the same order as they would sit during Court sessions (Kagan, Alito, Sotomayor, Gorsuch). In the justices' private conferences, current practice is for them to speak and vote in order of seniority to begin with the chief justice first and end with the most junior associate justice. The most junior associate justice in these conferences is charged with any menial tasks the justices may require as they convene alone, such as answering the door of their conference room, serving beverages and transmitting orders of the court to the clerk. Justice Joseph Story served the longest as junior justice, from February 3, 1812, to September 1, 1823, for a total of 4,228 days. Justice Stephen Breyer follows very closely behind serving from August 3, 1994, to January 31, 2006, for a total of 4,199 days. Justice Elena Kagan comes in at a distant third serving from August 6, 2010, to April 10, 2017, for a total of 2439 days. Salary ( edit ) Main article: Federal judge salaries in the United States As of 2017, associate justices are paid $251,800 and the chief justice $263,300. Article III, Section 1 of the U.S. Constitution prohibits Congress from reducing the pay for incumbent justices. Once a justice meets age and service requirements , the justice may retire. Judicial pensions are based on the same formula used for federal employees, but a justice's pension, as with other federal courts judges, can never be less than their salary at the time of retirement. Judicial leanings ( edit ) See also: Ideological leanings of U.S. Supreme Court justices Although justices are nominated by the president in power, justices do not represent or receive official endorsements from political parties, as is accepted practice in the legislative and executive branches. Jurists are, however, informally categorized in legal and political circles as being judicial conservatives, moderates, or liberals. Such leanings, however, generally refer to legal outlook rather than a political or legislative one. The nominations of justices are endorsed by individual politicians in the legislative branch who vote their approval or disapproval of the nominated justice. Following the confirmation of Neil Gorsuch in 2017, the Court consists of five justices appointed by Republican presidents and four appointed by Democratic presidents. It is popularly accepted that Chief Justice Roberts and associate justices Thomas , Alito , and Gorsuch , and (appointed by Republican presidents) comprise the Court's conservative wing. Justices Ginsburg , Breyer , Sotomayor and Kagan (appointed by Democratic presidents) comprise the Court's liberal wing. Justice Kennedy (appointed by President Reagan ) is generally considered `` a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals'' , and up until Justice Scalia's death, he was often the swing vote that determined the outcome of cases divided between the conservative and liberal wings. Gorsuch had a track record as a reliably conservative judge in the 10th circuit. Tom Goldstein argued in an article in SCOTUSblog in 2010, that the popular view of the Supreme Court as sharply divided along ideological lines and each side pushing an agenda at every turn is `` in significant part a caricature designed to fit certain preconceptions.'' He pointed out that in the 2009 term, almost half the cases were decided unanimously, and only about 20% were decided by a 5-to-4 vote. Barely one in ten cases involved the narrow liberal/conservative divide (fewer if the cases where Sotomayor recused herself are not included). He also pointed to several cases that defied the popular conception of the ideological lines of the Court. Goldstein further argued that the large number of pro-criminal-defendant summary dismissals (usually cases where the justices decide that the lower courts significantly misapplied precedent and reverse the case without briefing or argument) were an illustration that the conservative justices had not been aggressively ideological. Likewise, Goldstein stated that the critique that the liberal justices are more likely to invalidate acts of Congress, show inadequate deference to the political process, and be disrespectful of precedent, also lacked merit: Thomas has most often called for overruling prior precedent (even if long standing) that he views as having been wrongly decided, and during the 2009 term Scalia and Thomas voted most often to invalidate legislation. According to statistics compiled by SCOTUSblog, in the twelve terms from 2000 to 2011, an average of 19 of the opinions on major issues (22%) were decided by a 5-- 4 vote, with an average of 70% of those split opinions decided by a Court divided along the traditionally perceived ideological lines (about 15% of all opinions issued). Over that period, the conservative bloc has been in the majority about 62% of the time that the Court has divided along ideological lines, which represents about 44% of all the 5-- 4 decisions. In the October 2010 term, the Court decided 86 cases, including 75 signed opinions and 5 summary reversals (where the Court reverses a lower court without arguments and without issuing an opinion on the case). Four were decided with unsigned opinions, two cases affirmed by an equally divided Court , and two cases were dismissed as improvidently granted. Justice Kagan recused herself from 26 of the cases due to her prior role as United States Solicitor General . Of the 80 cases, 38 (about 48%, the highest percentage since the October 2005 term) were decided unanimously (9-- 0 or 8-- 0), and 16 decisions were made by a 5-- 4 vote (about 20%, compared to 18% in the October 2009 term, and 29% in the October 2008 term). However, in fourteen of the sixteen 5-- 4 decisions, the Court divided along the traditional ideological lines (with Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor, and Kagan on the liberal side, and Roberts, Scalia, Thomas, and Alito on the conservative, and Kennedy providing the `` swing vote'' ). This represents 87% of those 16 cases, the highest rate in the past 10 years. The conservative bloc, joined by Kennedy, formed the majority in 63% of the 5-- 4 decisions, the highest cohesion rate of that bloc in the Roberts Court . In the October 2011 term, the Court decided 75 cases. Of these, 33 (44%) were decided unanimously, and 15 (20%, the same percentage as in the previous term) were decided by a vote of 5-- 4. Of the latter 15, the Court divided along the perceived ideological lines 10 times with Justice Kennedy joining the conservative justices (Roberts, Scalia, Thomas and Alito) five times and with the liberal justices (Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor and Kagan) five times. In the October 2012 term, the Court decided 78 cases. Five of them were decided in unsigned opinions . 38 out of the 78 decisions (representing 49% of the decisions) were unanimous in judgement, with 24 decisions being completely unanimous (a single opinion with every justice that participated joining it). This was the largest percentage of unanimous decisions that the Court had in ten years, since the October 2002 term (when 51% of the decisions handed down were unanimous). The Court split 5-- 4 in 23 cases (29% of the total); of these, 16 broke down along the traditionally perceived ideological lines, with Chief Justice Roberts and Justices Scalia, Thomas, and Alito on one side, Justices Ginsburg, Breyer, Sotomayor and Kagan on the other, and Justice Kennedy holding the balance. Of these 16 cases, Justice Kennedy sided with the conservatives on 10 cases, and with the liberals on 6. Three cases were decided by an interesting alignment of justices, with Chief Justice Roberts joined by Justices Kennedy, Thomas, Breyer and Alito in the majority, with Justices Scalia, Ginsburg, Sotomayor, and Kagan in the minority. The greatest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Kagan, who agreed on 72 of the 75 (96%) cases, in which both voted; the lowest agreement between justices was between Ginsburg and Alito, who agreed only on 45 out of 77 (54%) cases, in which they both participated. Justice Kennedy was in the majority of 5-- 4 decisions on 20 out of 24 (83%) cases, and in 71 of 78 (91%) cases during the term, in line with his position as the `` swing vote'' of the Court. Facilities ( edit ) The present U.S. Supreme Court building as viewed from the front From the 1860s until the 1930s, the court sat in the Old Senate Chamber of the U.S. Capitol . Main article: United States Supreme Court Building The Supreme Court first met on February 1, 1790, at the Merchants' Exchange Building in New York City . When Philadelphia became the capital, the Court met briefly in Independence Hall before settling in Old City Hall from 1791 until 1800. After the government moved to Washington, D.C., the Court occupied various spaces in the United States Capitol building until 1935, when it moved into its own purpose-built home. The four-story building was designed by Cass Gilbert in a classical style sympathetic to the surrounding buildings of the Capitol and Library of Congress , and is clad in marble. The building includes the courtroom, justices' chambers, an extensive law library , various meeting spaces, and auxiliary services including a gymnasium. The Supreme Court building is within the ambit of the Architect of the Capitol , but maintains its own police force separate from the Capitol Police . Located across First Street from the United States Capitol at One First Street NE and Maryland Avenue, the building is open to the public from 9 am to 4:30 pm weekdays but closed on weekends and holidays . Visitors may not tour the actual courtroom unaccompanied. There is a cafeteria, a gift shop, exhibits, and a half-hour informational film. When the Court is not in session, lectures about the courtroom are held hourly from 9:30 am to 3:30 pm and reservations are not necessary. When the Court is in session the public may attend oral arguments, which are held twice each morning (and sometimes afternoons) on Mondays, Tuesdays, and Wednesdays in two-week intervals from October through late April, with breaks during December and February. Visitors are seated on a first-come first-served basis. One estimate is there are about 250 seats available. The number of open seats varies from case to case; for important cases, some visitors arrive the day before and wait through the night. From mid-May until the end of June, the court releases orders and opinions beginning at 10 am, and these 15 to 30-minute sessions are open to the public on a similar basis. Supreme Court Police are available to answer questions. Jurisdiction ( edit ) Inscription on the wall of the Supreme Court Building from Marbury v. Madison , in which Chief Justice John Marshall outlined the concept of judicial review Main article: Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States Congress is authorized by Article III of the federal Constitution to regulate the Supreme Court's appellate jurisdiction. The Supreme Court has original and exclusive jurisdiction over cases between two or more states, but may decline to hear such cases. It also possesses original, but not exclusive, jurisdiction to hear `` all actions or proceedings to which ambassadors, other public ministers, consuls, or vice consuls of foreign states are parties; all controversies between the United States and a State; and all actions or proceedings by a State against the citizens of another State or against aliens.'' In 1906, the Court asserted its original jurisdiction to prosecute individuals for contempt of court in United States v. Shipp . The resulting proceeding remains the only contempt proceeding and only criminal trial in the Court's history. The contempt proceeding arose from the lynching of Ed Johnson in Chattanooga , Tennessee the evening after Justice John Marshall Harlan granted Johnson a stay of execution to allow his lawyers to file an appeal. Johnson was removed from his jail cell by a lynch mob-- aided by the local sheriff who left the prison virtually unguarded-- and hung from a bridge, after which a deputy sheriff pinned a note on Johnson's body reading: `` To Justice Harlan. Come get your nigger now.'' The local sheriff, John Shipp, cited the Supreme Court's intervention as the rationale for the lynching. The Court appointed its deputy clerk as special master to preside over the trial in Chattanooga with closing arguments made in Washington before the Supreme Court justices, who found nine individuals guilty of contempt, sentencing three to 90 days in jail and the rest to 60 days in jail. In all other cases, however, the Court has only appellate jurisdiction, including the ability to issue writs of mandamus and writs of prohibition to lower courts. It considers cases based on its original jurisdiction very rarely; almost all cases are brought to the Supreme Court on appeal. In practice, the only original jurisdiction cases heard by the Court are disputes between two or more states. The Court's appellate jurisdiction consists of appeals from federal courts of appeal (through certiorari , certiorari before judgment , and certified questions ), the United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces (through certiorari), the Supreme Court of Puerto Rico (through certiorari), the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands (through certiorari), the District of Columbia Court of Appeals (through certiorari), and `` final judgments or decrees rendered by the highest court of a State in which a decision could be had'' (through certiorari). In the last case, an appeal may be made to the Supreme Court from a lower state court if the state's highest court declined to hear an appeal or lacks jurisdiction to hear an appeal. For example, a decision rendered by one of the Florida District Courts of Appeal can be appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court if (a) the Supreme Court of Florida declined to grant certiorari, e.g. Florida Star v. B.J.F. , or (b) the district court of appeal issued a per curiam decision simply affirming the lower court's decision without discussing the merits of the case, since the Supreme Court of Florida lacks jurisdiction to hear appeals of such decisions. The power of the Supreme Court to consider appeals from state courts, rather than just federal courts, was created by the Judiciary Act of 1789 and upheld early in the Court's history, by its rulings in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee (1816) and Cohens v. Virginia (1821). The Supreme Court is the only federal court that has jurisdiction over direct appeals from state court decisions, although there are several devices that permit so-called `` collateral review'' of state cases. It has to be noted that this `` collateral review'' often only applies to individuals on death row and not through the regular judicial system. Since Article Three of the United States Constitution stipulates that federal courts may only entertain `` cases'' or `` controversies'' , the Supreme Court cannot decide cases that are moot and it does not render advisory opinions , as the supreme courts of some states may do. For example, in DeFunis v. Odegaard , 416 U.S. 312 (1974), the Court dismissed a lawsuit challenging the constitutionality of a law school affirmative action policy because the plaintiff student had graduated since he began the lawsuit, and a decision from the Court on his claim would not be able to redress any injury he had suffered. However, the Court recognizes some circumstances where it is appropriate to hear a case that is seemingly moot. If an issue is `` capable of repetition yet evading review'' , the Court will address it even though the party before the Court would not himself be made whole by a favorable result. In Roe v. Wade , 410 U.S. 113 (1973), and other abortion cases, the Court addresses the merits of claims pressed by pregnant women seeking abortions even if they are no longer pregnant because it takes longer than the typical human gestation period to appeal a case through the lower courts to the Supreme Court. Another mootness exception is voluntary cessation of unlawful conduct, in which the Court considers the probability of recurrence and plaintiff's need for relief. Justices as circuit justices ( edit ) The United States is divided into thirteen circuit courts of appeals , each of which is assigned a `` circuit justice'' from the Supreme Court. Although this concept has been in continuous existence throughout the history of the republic, its meaning has changed through time. Under the Judiciary Act of 1789 , each justice was required to `` ride circuit'' , or to travel within the assigned circuit and consider cases alongside local judges. This practice encountered opposition from many justices, who cited the difficulty of travel. Moreover, there was a potential for a conflict of interest on the Court if a justice had previously decided the same case while riding circuit. Circuit riding was abolished in 1891. Today, the circuit justice for each circuit is responsible for dealing with certain types of applications that, under the Court's rules, may be addressed by a single justice. These include applications for emergency stays (including stays of execution in death-penalty cases) and injunctions pursuant to the All Writs Act arising from cases within that circuit, as well as routine requests such as requests for extensions of time. In the past, circuit justices also sometimes ruled on motions for bail in criminal cases, writs of habeas corpus , and applications for writs of error granting permission to appeal. Ordinarily, a justice will resolve such an application by simply endorsing it `` granted'' or `` denied'' or entering a standard form of order. However, the justice may elect to write an opinion-- referred to as an in-chambers opinion -- in such matters if he or she wishes. A circuit justice may sit as a judge on the Court of Appeals of that circuit, but over the past hundred years, this has rarely occurred. A circuit justice sitting with the Court of Appeals has seniority over the chief judge of the circuit. The chief justice has traditionally been assigned to the District of Columbia Circuit, the Fourth Circuit (which includes Maryland and Virginia, the states surrounding the District of Columbia), and since it was established, the Federal Circuit . Each associate justice is assigned to one or two judicial circuits. As of June 27, 2017, the allotment of the justices among the circuits is: Circuit Justice District of Columbia Circuit Chief Justice Roberts First Circuit Justice Breyer Second Circuit Justice Ginsburg Third Circuit Justice Alito Fourth Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Fifth Circuit Justice Alito Sixth Circuit Justice Kagan Seventh Circuit Justice Kagan Eighth Circuit Justice Gorsuch Ninth Circuit Justice Kennedy Tenth Circuit Justice Sotomayor Eleventh Circuit Justice Thomas Federal Circuit Chief Justice Roberts Four of the current justices are assigned to circuits on which they previously sat as circuit judges: Chief Justice Roberts (D.C. Circuit), Justice Breyer (First Circuit), Justice Alito (Third Circuit), and Justice Kennedy (Ninth Circuit). Process ( edit ) Main article: Procedures of the Supreme Court of the United States A term of the Supreme Court commences on the first Monday of each October, and continues until June or early July of the following year. Each term consists of alternating periods of around two weeks known as `` sittings'' and `` recesses.'' Justices hear cases and deliver rulings during sittings; they discuss cases and write opinions during recesses. Case selection ( edit ) Nearly all cases come before the court by way of petitions for writs of certiorari , commonly referred to as `` cert'' . The Court may review any case in the federal courts of appeals `` by writ of certiorari granted upon the petition of any party to any civil or criminal case.'' Court may only review `` final judgments rendered by the highest court of a state in which a decision could be had'' if those judgments involve a question of federal statutory or constitutional law. The party that appealed to the Court is the petitioner and the non-mover is the respondent . All case names before the Court are styled petitioner v. respondent , regardless of which party initiated the lawsuit in the trial court. For example, criminal prosecutions are brought in the name of the state and against an individual, as in State of Arizona v. Ernesto Miranda . If the defendant is convicted, and his conviction then is affirmed on appeal in the state supreme court , when he petitions for cert the name of the case becomes Miranda v. Arizona . There are situations where the Court has original jurisdiction, such as when two states have a dispute against each other, or when there is a dispute between the United States and a state. In such instances, a case is filed with the Supreme Court directly. Examples of such cases include United States v. Texas , a case to determine whether a parcel of land belonged to the United States or to Texas, and Virginia v. Tennessee , a case turning on whether an incorrectly drawn boundary between two states can be changed by a state court, and whether the setting of the correct boundary requires Congressional approval. Although it has not happened since 1794 in the case of Georgia v. Brailsford , parties in an action at law in which the Supreme Court has original jurisdiction may request that a jury determine issues of fact. Two other original jurisdiction cases involve colonial era borders and rights under navigable waters in New Jersey v. Delaware , and water rights between riparian states upstream of navigable waters in Kansas v. Colorado . A cert petition is voted on at a session of the court called a conference . A conference is a private meeting of the nine Justices by themselves; the public and the Justices' clerks are excluded. The rule of four permits four of the nine justices to grant a writ of certiorari. If it is granted, the case proceeds to the briefing stage; otherwise, the case ends. Except in death penalty cases and other cases in which the Court orders briefing from the respondent, the respondent may, but is not required to, file a response to the cert petition. The court grants a petition for cert only for `` compelling reasons'' , spelled out in the court's Rule 10. Such reasons include: Resolving a conflict in the interpretation of a federal law or a provision of the federal Constitution Correcting an egregious departure from the accepted and usual course of judicial proceedings Resolving an important question of federal law, or to expressly review a decision of a lower court that conflicts directly with a previous decision of the Court. When a conflict of interpretations arises from differing interpretations of the same law or constitutional provision issued by different federal circuit courts of appeals, lawyers call this situation a `` circuit split.'' If the court votes to deny a cert petition, as it does in the vast majority of such petitions that come before it, it does so typically without comment. A denial of a cert petition is not a judgment on the merits of a case, and the decision of the lower court stands as the final ruling in the case. To manage the high volume of cert petitions received by the Court each year (of the more than 7,000 petitions the Court receives each year, it will usually request briefing and hear oral argument in 100 or fewer), the Court employs an internal case management tool known as the `` cert pool .'' Currently, all justices except for Justices Alito and Gorsuch participate in the cert pool. Oral argument ( edit ) When the Court grants a cert petition, the case is set for oral argument. Both parties will file briefs on the merits of the case, as distinct from the reasons they may have argued for granting or denying the cert petition. With the consent of the parties or approval of the Court, amici curiae , or `` friends of the court'' , may also file briefs. The Court holds two-week oral argument sessions each month from October through April. Each side has thirty minutes to present its argument (the Court may choose to give more time, though this is rare), and during that time, the Justices may interrupt the advocate and ask questions. The petitioner gives the first presentation, and may reserve some time to rebut the respondent's arguments after the respondent has concluded. Amici curiae may also present oral argument on behalf of one party if that party agrees. The Court advises counsel to assume that the Justices are familiar with and have read the briefs filed in a case. Supreme Court Bar ( edit ) In order to plead before the court, an attorney must first be admitted to the court's bar. Approximately 4,000 lawyers join the bar each year. The bar contains an estimated 230,000 members. In reality, pleading is limited to several hundred attorneys. The rest join for a one-time fee of $200, earning the court about $750,000 annually. Attorneys can be admitted as either individuals or as groups. The group admission is held before the current justices of the Supreme Court, wherein the Chief Justice approves a motion to admit the new attorneys. Lawyers commonly apply for the cosmetic value of a certificate to display in their office or on their resume. They also receive access to better seating if they wish to attend an oral argument. Members of the Supreme Court Bar are also granted access to the collections of the Supreme Court Library. Decision ( edit ) At the conclusion of oral argument, the case is submitted for decision. Cases are decided by majority vote of the Justices. It is the Court's practice to issue decisions in all cases argued in a particular Term by the end of that Term. Within that Term, however, the Court is under no obligation to release a decision within any set time after oral argument. At the conclusion of oral argument, the Justices retire to another conference at which the preliminary votes are tallied, and the most senior Justice in the majority assigns the initial draft of the Court's opinion to a Justice on his or her side. Drafts of the Court's opinion, as well as any concurring or dissenting opinions , circulate among the Justices until the Court is prepared to announce the judgment in a particular case. Since recording devices are banned inside the courtroom of the United States Supreme Court Building , the delivery of the decision to the media is done via paper copies and is known as the Running of the Interns . It is possible that, through recusals or vacancies, the Court divides evenly on a case. If that occurs, then the decision of the court below is affirmed, but does not establish binding precedent. In effect, it results in a return to the status quo ante . For a case to be heard, there must be a quorum of at least six justices. If a quorum is not available to hear a case and a majority of qualified justices believes that the case cannot be heard and determined in the next term, then the judgment of the court below is affirmed as if the Court had been evenly divided. For cases brought to the Supreme Court by direct appeal from a United States District Court, the Chief Justice may order the case remanded to the appropriate U.S. Court of Appeals for a final decision there. This has only occurred once in U.S. history, in the case of United States v. Alcoa (1945). Published opinions ( edit ) The Court's opinions are published in three stages. First, a slip opinion is made available on the Court's web site and through other outlets. Next, several opinions and lists of the court's orders are bound together in paperback form, called a preliminary print of United States Reports , the official series of books in which the final version of the Court's opinions appears. About a year after the preliminary prints are issued, a final bound volume of U.S. Reports is issued. The individual volumes of U.S. Reports are numbered so that users may cite this set of reports-- or a competing version published by another commercial legal publisher but containing parallel citations-- to allow those who read their pleadings and other briefs to find the cases quickly and easily. As of the beginning of October 2016 term , there are: 564 final bound volumes of U.S. Reports , covering cases through the end of October 2010 term, which ended on September 28, 2011. 16 volumes' worth of opinions available in slip opinion form (volumes 565-- 580) As of March 2012 , the U.S. Reports have published a total of 30,161 Supreme Court opinions, covering the decisions handed down from February 1790 to March 2012. This figure does not reflect the number of cases the Court has taken up, as several cases can be addressed by a single opinion (see, for example, Parents v. Seattle , where Meredith v. Jefferson County Board of Education was also decided in the same opinion; by a similar logic, Miranda v. Arizona actually decided not only Miranda but also three other cases: Vignera v. New York , Westover v. United States , and California v. Stewart ). A more unusual example is The Telephone Cases , which comprise a single set of interlinked opinions that take up the entire 126th volume of the U.S. Reports . Opinions are also collected and published in two unofficial, parallel reporters: Supreme Court Reporter , published by West (now a part of Thomson Reuters ), and United States Supreme Court Reports, Lawyers' Edition (simply known as Lawyers' Edition ), published by LexisNexis . In court documents, legal periodicals and other legal media, case citations generally contain cites from each of the three reporters; for example, citation to Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission is presented as Citizens United v. Federal Election Com'n , 585 U.S. 50, 130 S. Ct. 876, 175 L. Ed. 2d 753 (2010), with `` S. Ct.'' representing the Supreme Court Reporter , and `` L. Ed.'' representing the Lawyers' Edition . Citations to published opinions ( edit ) Main article: Case citation § Supreme Court of the United States Lawyers use an abbreviated format to cite cases, in the form `` vol U.S. page , pin ( year )'' , where vol is the volume number, page is the page number on which the opinion begins, and year is the year in which the case was decided. Optionally, pin is used to `` pinpoint'' to a specific page number within the opinion. For instance, the citation for Roe v. Wade is 410 U.S. 113 (1973), which means the case was decided in 1973 and appears on page 113 of volume 410 of U.S. Reports . For opinions or orders that have not yet been published in the preliminary print, the volume and page numbers may be replaced with `` ___'' . Institutional powers and constraints ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is part of a series on the Politics of the United States of America Federal Government (show) Constitution of the United States Law Taxation Legislature (show) United States Congress House of Representatives Speaker Paul Ryan (R) Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy (R) Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D) Congressional districts United States Senate President Mike Pence (R) President Pro Tempore Orrin Hatch (R) President Pro Tempore Emeritus Patrick Leahy (D) Majority Leader Mitch McConnell (R) Minority Leader Chuck Schumer (D) Executive (show) President of the United States Donald Trump (R) Vice President of the United States Mike Pence (R) Cabinet Federal agencies Executive Office Judiciary (show) Supreme Court of the United States Chief Justice John Roberts Kennedy Thomas Ginsburg Breyer Alito Sotomayor Kagan Gorsuch Courts of Appeals District Courts ( list ) Other tribunals Elections (show) Presidential elections Midterm elections Off-year elections Political parties (show) Democratic Republican Third parties Federalism (show) State Government Governors Legislatures ( List ) State courts Local government Other countries Atlas The Federal court system and the judicial authority to interpret the Constitution received little attention in the debates over the drafting and ratification of the Constitution. The power of judicial review , in fact, is nowhere mentioned in it. Over the ensuing years, the question of whether the power of judicial review was even intended by the drafters of the Constitution was quickly frustrated by the lack of evidence bearing on the question either way. Nevertheless, the power of judiciary to overturn laws and executive actions it determines are unlawful or unconstitutional is a well-established precedent. Many of the Founding Fathers accepted the notion of judicial review; in Federalist No. 78 , Alexander Hamilton wrote: `` A Constitution is, in fact, and must be regarded by the judges, as a fundamental law. It therefore belongs to them to ascertain its meaning, as well as the meaning of any particular act proceeding from the legislative body. If there should happen to be an irreconcilable variance between the two, that which has the superior obligation and validity ought, of course, to be preferred; or, in other words, the Constitution ought to be preferred to the statute.'' The Supreme Court firmly established its power to declare laws unconstitutional in Marbury v. Madison (1803), consummating the American system of checks and balances . In explaining the power of judicial review, Chief Justice John Marshall stated that the authority to interpret the law was the particular province of the courts, part of the duty of the judicial department to say what the law is. His contention was not that the Court had privileged insight into constitutional requirements, but that it was the constitutional duty of the judiciary, as well as the other branches of government, to read and obey the dictates of the Constitution. Since the founding of the republic, there has been a tension between the practice of judicial review and the democratic ideals of egalitarianism, self-government, self-determination and freedom of conscience. At one pole are those who view the Federal Judiciary and especially the Supreme Court as being `` the most separated and least checked of all branches of government.'' Indeed, federal judges and justices on the Supreme Court are not required to stand for election by virtue of their tenure `` during good behavior'' , and their pay may `` not be diminished'' while they hold their position ( Section 1 of Article Three ). Though subject to the process of impeachment, only one Justice has ever been impeached and no Supreme Court Justice has been removed from office. At the other pole are those who view the judiciary as the least dangerous branch, with little ability to resist the exhortations of the other branches of government. The Supreme Court, it is noted, cannot directly enforce its rulings; instead, it relies on respect for the Constitution and for the law for adherence to its judgments. One notable instance of nonacquiescence came in 1832, when the state of Georgia ignored the Supreme Court's decision in Worcester v. Georgia . President Andrew Jackson , who sided with the Georgia courts, is supposed to have remarked, `` John Marshall has made his decision; now let him enforce it!'' ; however, this alleged quotation has been disputed. Some state governments in the South also resisted the desegregation of public schools after the 1954 judgment Brown v. Board of Education . More recently, many feared that President Nixon would refuse to comply with the Court's order in United States v. Nixon (1974) to surrender the Watergate tapes . Nixon, however, ultimately complied with the Supreme Court's ruling. Supreme Court decisions can be (and have been) purposefully overturned by constitutional amendment, which has happened on five occasions: Chisholm v. Georgia (1793) -- overturned by the Eleventh Amendment (1795) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857) -- overturned by the Thirteenth Amendment (1865) and the Fourteenth Amendment (1868) Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co. (1895) -- overturned by the Sixteenth Amendment (1913) Minor v. Happersett (1875) -- overturned by the Nineteenth Amendment (1920) Oregon v. Mitchell (1970) -- overturned by the Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) When the Court rules on matters involving the interpretation of laws rather than of the Constitution, simple legislative action can reverse the decisions (for example, in 2009 Congress passed the Lilly Ledbetter act , superseding the limitations given in Ledbetter v. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co. in 2007). Also, the Supreme Court is not immune from political and institutional consideration: lower federal courts and state courts sometimes resist doctrinal innovations, as do law enforcement officials. In addition, the other two branches can restrain the Court through other mechanisms. Congress can increase the number of justices, giving the President power to influence future decisions by appointments (as in Roosevelt's Court Packing Plan discussed above). Congress can pass legislation that restricts the jurisdiction of the Supreme Court and other federal courts over certain topics and cases: this is suggested by language in Section 2 of Article Three, where the appellate jurisdiction is granted `` with such Exceptions, and under such Regulations as the Congress shall make.'' The Court sanctioned such congressional action in the Reconstruction case ex parte McCardle (1869), though it rejected Congress' power to dictate how particular cases must be decided in United States v. Klein (1871). On the other hand, through its power of judicial review, the Supreme Court has defined the scope and nature of the powers and separation between the legislative and executive branches of the federal government; for example, in United States v. Curtiss-Wright Export Corp. (1936), Dames & Moore v. Regan (1981), and notably in Goldwater v. Carter (1979), (where it effectively gave the Presidency the power to terminate ratified treaties without the consent of Congress or the Senate). The Court's decisions can also impose limitations on the scope of Executive authority, as in Humphrey's Executor v. United States (1935), the Steel Seizure Case (1952), and United States v. Nixon (1974). Law clerks ( edit ) See also: Law clerk and List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States Each Supreme Court justice hires several law Clerks to review petitions for writ of certiorari , research them, prepare bench memorandums , and draft opinions . Associate justices are allowed four clerks. The chief justice is allowed five clerks, but Chief Justice Rehnquist hired only three per year, and Chief Justice Roberts usually hires only four. Generally, law clerks serve a term of one to two years. The first law clerk was hired by Associate Justice Horace Gray in 1882. Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr. and Louis Brandeis were the first Supreme Court justices to use recent law school graduates as clerks, rather than hiring a `` stenographer-secretary'' . Most law clerks are recent law school graduates. The first female clerk was Lucile Lomen , hired in 1944 by Justice William O. Douglas . The first African-American, William T. Coleman, Jr. , was hired in 1948 by Justice Felix Frankfurter . A disproportionately large number of law clerks have obtained law degrees from elite law schools, especially Harvard, Yale, the University of Chicago, Columbia, and Stanford. From 1882 to 1940, 62% of law clerks were graduates of Harvard Law School. Those chosen to be Supreme Court law clerks usually have graduated in the top of their law school class and were often an editor of the law review or a member of the moot court board. By the mid-1970s, clerking previously for a judge in a federal court of appeals had also become a prerequisite to clerking for a Supreme Court justice. Seven Supreme Court justices previously clerked for other justices: Byron White for Frederick M. Vinson , John Paul Stevens for Wiley Rutledge , William Rehnquist for Robert H. Jackson , Stephen Breyer for Arthur Goldberg , John Roberts for William Rehnquist , Elena Kagan for Thurgood Marshall and Neil Gorsuch for both Byron White and Anthony Kennedy . Gorsuch is the first justice to serve alongside a justice for whom he or she clerked. Several current Supreme Court justices have also clerked in the federal courts of appeals: John Roberts for Judge Henry Friendly of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit , Justice Samuel Alito for Judge Leonard I. Garth of the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , Elena Kagan for Judge Abner J. Mikva of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit , and Neil Gorsuch for Judge David B. Sentelle of the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia . Politicization of the Court ( edit ) Clerks hired by each of the justices of the Supreme Court are often given considerable leeway in the opinions they draft. `` Supreme Court clerkship appeared to be a nonpartisan institution from the 1940s into the 1980s'' , according to a study published in 2009 by the law review of Vanderbilt University Law School. `` As law has moved closer to mere politics, political affiliations have naturally and predictably become proxies for the different political agendas that have been pressed in and through the courts'' , former federal court of appeals judge J. Michael Luttig said. David J. Garrow , professor of history at the University of Cambridge , stated that the Court had thus begun to mirror the political branches of government. `` We are getting a composition of the clerk workforce that is getting to be like the House of Representatives'' , Professor Garrow said. `` Each side is putting forward only ideological purists.'' According to the Vanderbilt Law Review study, this politicized hiring trend reinforces the impression that the Supreme Court is `` a superlegislature responding to ideological arguments rather than a legal institution responding to concerns grounded in the rule of law.'' A poll conducted in June 2012 by The New York Times and CBS News showed just 44% of Americans approve of the job the Supreme Court is doing. Three-quarters said justices' decisions are sometimes influenced by their political or personal views. Criticism ( edit ) The court has been the object of criticisms on a range of issues. Among them: Judicial activism ( edit ) The Supreme Court has been criticized for not keeping within Constitutional bounds by engaging in judicial activism , rather than merely interpreting law and exercising judicial restraint . Claims of judicial activism are not confined to any particular ideology. An often cited example of conservative judicial activism is the 1905 decision in Lochner v. New York , which has been criticized by many prominent thinkers, including Robert Bork , Justice Antonin Scalia , and Chief Justice John Roberts , and which was reversed in the 1930s. An often cited example of liberal judicial activism is Roe v. Wade (1973), which legalized abortion in part on the basis of the `` right to privacy'' inferred from the Fourteenth Amendment , a reasoning that some critics argued was circuitous. Legal scholars, justices, and presidential candidates have criticized the Roe decision. The progressive Brown v. Board of Education decision has been criticized by conservatives such as Patrick Buchanan and former presidential contender Barry Goldwater . More recently, Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission was criticized for expanding upon the precedent in First National Bank of Boston v. Bellotti (1978) that the First Amendment applies to corporations. Lincoln warned, referring to the Dred Scott decision, that if government policy became `` irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court...the people will have ceased to be their own rulers.'' Former justice Thurgood Marshall justified judicial activism with these words: `` You do what you think is right and let the law catch up.'' During different historical periods, the Court has leaned in different directions. Critics from both sides complain that activist-judges abandon the Constitution and substitute their own views instead. Critics include writers such as Andrew Napolitano , Phyllis Schlafly , Mark R. Levin , Mark I. Sutherland, and James MacGregor Burns . Past presidents from both parties have attacked judicial activism, including Franklin D. Roosevelt , Richard Nixon, and Ronald Reagan. Failed Supreme Court nominee Robert Bork wrote: `` What judges have wrought is a coup d'état , -- slow-moving and genteel, but a coup d'état nonetheless.'' Senator Al Franken quipped that when politicians talk about judicial activism, `` their definition of an activist judge is one who votes differently than they would like.'' One law professor claimed in a 1978 article that the Supreme Court is in some respects `` certainly a legislative body.'' Failing to protect individual rights ( edit ) Court decisions have been criticized for failing to protect individual rights: the Dred Scott (1857) decision upheld slavery; Plessy v Ferguson (1896) upheld segregation under the doctrine of separate but equal ; Kelo v. City of New London (2005) was criticized by prominent politicians, including New Jersey governor Jon Corzine , as undermining property rights. Some critics suggest the 2009 bench with a conservative majority has `` become increasingly hostile to voters'' by siding with Indiana's voter identification laws which tend to `` disenfranchise large numbers of people without driver's licenses, especially poor and minority voters'' , according to one report. Senator Al Franken criticized the Court for `` eroding individual rights.'' However, others argue that the Court is too protective of some individual rights, particularly those of people accused of crimes or in detention. For example, Chief Justice Warren Burger was an outspoken critic of the exclusionary rule, and Justice Scalia criticized the Court's decision in Boumediene v. Bush for being too protective of the rights of Guantanamo detainees, on the grounds that habeas corpus was `` limited'' to sovereign territory. Supreme Court has too much power ( edit ) This criticism is related to complaints about judicial activism. George Will wrote that the Court has an `` increasingly central role in American governance.'' It was criticized for intervening in bankruptcy proceedings regarding ailing carmaker Chrysler Corporation in 2009. A reporter wrote that `` Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg 's intervention in the Chrysler bankruptcy'' left open the `` possibility of further judicial review'' but argued overall that the intervention was a proper use of Supreme Court power to check the executive branch. Warren E. Burger, before becoming Chief Justice , argued that since the Supreme Court has such `` unreviewable power'' it is likely to `` self-indulge itself'' and unlikely to `` engage in dispassionate analysis'' . Larry Sabato wrote `` excessive authority has accrued to the federal courts, especially the Supreme Court.'' Courts are poor check on executive power ( edit ) British constitutional scholar Adam Tomkins sees flaws in the American system of having courts (and specifically the Supreme Court) act as checks on the Executive and Legislative branches; he argues that because the courts must wait, sometimes for years, for cases to navigate their way through the system, their ability to restrain other branches is severely weakened. In contrast, the Federal Constitutional Court of Germany for example, can directly declare a law unconstitutional upon request. Federal versus state power ( edit ) There has been debate throughout American history about the boundary between federal and state power. While Framers such as James Madison and Alexander Hamilton argued in The Federalist Papers that their then-proposed Constitution would not infringe on the power of state governments, others argue that expansive federal power is good and consistent with the Framers' wishes. The Tenth Amendment to the United States Constitution explicitly grants `` powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.'' The Supreme Court has been criticized for giving the federal government too much power to interfere with state authority. One criticism is that it has allowed the federal government to misuse the Commerce Clause by upholding regulations and legislation which have little to do with interstate commerce, but that were enacted under the guise of regulating interstate commerce; and by voiding state legislation for allegedly interfering with interstate commerce. For example, the Commerce Clause was used by the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals to uphold the Endangered Species Act, thus protecting six endemic species of insect near Austin, Texas, despite the fact that the insects had no commercial value and did not travel across state lines; the Supreme Court let that ruling stand without comment in 2005. Chief Justice John Marshall asserted Congress's power over interstate commerce was `` complete in itself, may be exercised to its utmost extent, and acknowledges no limitations, other than are prescribed in the Constitution.'' Justice Alito said congressional authority under the Commerce Clause is `` quite broad.'' Modern day theorist Robert B. Reich suggests debate over the Commerce Clause continues today. Advocates of states' rights such as constitutional scholar Kevin Gutzman have also criticized the Court, saying it has misused the Fourteenth Amendment to undermine state authority. Justice Brandeis , in arguing for allowing the states to operate without federal interference, suggested that states should be laboratories of democracy . One critic wrote `` the great majority of Supreme Court rulings of unconstitutionality involve state, not federal, law.'' However, others see the Fourteenth Amendment as a positive force that extends `` protection of those rights and guarantees to the state level.'' Secretive proceedings ( edit ) The Court has been criticized for keeping its deliberations hidden from public view. According to a review of Jeffrey Toobin 's expose The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court ; `` Its inner workings are difficult for reporters to cover, like a closed ' cartel' , only revealing itself through ' public events and printed releases, with nothing about its inner workings.' The reviewer writes: `` few (reporters) dig deeply into court affairs. It all works very neatly; the only ones hurt are the American people, who know little about nine individuals with enormous power over their lives.'' Larry Sabato complains about the Court's `` insularity.'' A Fairleigh Dickinson University poll conducted in 2010 found that 61% of American voters agreed that televising Court hearings would `` be good for democracy'' , and 50% of voters stated they would watch Court proceedings if they were televised. In recent years, many justices have appeared on television, written books and made public statements to journalists. In a 2009 interview on C-SPAN , journalists Joan Biskupic (of USA Today ) and Lyle Denniston (of SCOTUSblog ) argued that the Court is a `` very open'' institution with only the justices' private conferences inaccessible to others. In October 2010, the Court began the practice of posting on its website recordings and transcripts of oral arguments on the Friday after they occur. Judicial interference in political disputes ( edit ) Some Court decisions have been criticized for injecting the Court into the political arena, and deciding questions that are the purview of the other two branches of government. The Bush v. Gore decision, in which the Supreme Court intervened in the 2000 presidential election and effectively chose George W. Bush over Al Gore , has been criticized extensively, particularly by liberals . Another example are Court decisions on apportionment and re-districting : in Baker v. Carr , the court decided it could rule on apportionment questions; Justice Frankfurter in a `` scathing dissent'' argued against the court wading into so-called political questions . Not choosing enough cases to review ( edit ) Senator Arlen Specter said the Court should `` decide more cases'' . On the other hand, although Justice Scalia acknowledged in a 2009 interview that the number of cases that the Court hears now is smaller today than when he first joined the Supreme Court, he also stated that he has not changed his standards for deciding whether to review a case, nor does he believe his colleagues have changed their standards. He attributed the high volume of cases in the late 1980s, at least in part, to an earlier flurry of new federal legislation that was making its way through the courts. Lifetime tenure ( edit ) Critic Larry Sabato wrote: `` The insularity of lifetime tenure, combined with the appointments of relatively young attorneys who give long service on the bench, produces senior judges representing the views of past generations better than views of the current day.'' Sanford Levinson has been critical of justices who stayed in office despite medical deterioration based on longevity. James MacGregor Burns stated lifelong tenure has `` produced a critical time lag, with the Supreme Court institutionally almost always behind the times.'' Proposals to solve these problems include term limits for justices, as proposed by Levinson and Sabato as well as a mandatory retirement age proposed by Richard Epstein , among others. However, others suggest lifetime tenure brings substantial benefits, such as impartiality and freedom from political pressure. Alexander Hamilton in Federalist 78 wrote `` nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office.'' Accepting gifts ( edit ) The 21st century has seen increased scrutiny of justices accepting expensive gifts and travel. All of the members of the Roberts Court have accepted travel or gifts. In 2012, Justice Sonia Sotomayor received $1.9 million in advances from her publisher Knopf Doubleday. Justice Scalia and others took dozens of expensive trips to exotic locations paid for by private donors. Private events sponsored by partisan groups that are attended by both the justices and those who have an interest in their decisions have raised concerns about access and inappropriate communications. Stephen Spaulding, the legal director at Common Cause , said: `` There are fair questions raised by some of these trips about their commitment to being impartial.'' See also ( edit ) Supreme Court of the United States portal Government of the United States portal Law portal Donald Trump Supreme Court candidates Federal judicial appointment history List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by court composition by seat by time in office List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States List of law schools attended by United States Supreme Court Justices List of United States Chief Justices by time in office Lists of United States Supreme Court cases Oyez Project Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States Segal-- Cover score Unsuccessful nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States Landmark Supreme Court decisions (selection) Marbury v. Madison (1803, judicial review) McCulloch v. Maryland (1819, implied powers) Gibbons v. Ogden (1824, interstate commerce) Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857, slavery) Plessy v. Ferguson (1896, separate but equal treatment of races) Brown v. Board of Education (1954, school segregation of races) Engel v. Vitale (1962, state-sponsored prayers in public schools ) Abington School District v. Schempp (1963, Bible readings and recitation of the Lord's prayer in U.S. public schools) Gideon v. Wainwright (1963, right to an attorney) Griswold v. Connecticut (1965, privacy in marriage ) Miranda v. Arizona (1966, rights of those detained by police) In re Gault (1967, rights of juvenile suspects) Loving v. Virginia (1967, interracial marriage) Lemon v. Kurtzman (1971, religious activities in public schools) New York Times Co. v. United States (1971, freedom of the press) Eisenstadt v. Baird (1972, privacy for unmarried people) Roe v. Wade (1973, abortion) Miller v. California (1973, obscenity) United States v. Nixon (1974, executive privilege) Buckley v. Valeo (1976, campaign finance) Bowers v. Hardwick (1986, sodomy) Bush v. Gore (2000, presidential election) Lawrence v. Texas (2003, sodomy, privacy) District of Columbia v. Heller (2008, gun rights) Citizens United v. FEC (2010, campaign finance) United States v. Windsor (2013, same-sex marriage) Shelby County v. Holder (2013, voting rights) Obergefell v. Hodges (2015, same-sex marriage) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lawson, Gary; Seidman, Guy (2001). `` When Did the Constitution Become Law?'' . Notre Dame Law Review . 77 : 1-- 37. Jump up ^ Safire, William, `` On language: POTUS and FLOTUS,'' New York Times, October 12, 1997 . Retrieved August 27, 2013. Jump up ^ `` The Court as an Institution -- Supreme Court of the United States'' . www.supremecourt.gov . Retrieved February 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson, Barnabas. Almanac of the Federal Judiciary , p. 25 (Aspen Law & Business, 1988). Jump up ^ `` A Brief Overview of the Supreme Court'' (PDF) . United States Supreme Court . Retrieved December 31, 2009 . Jump up ^ Bordewich, Fergus (2016). The First Congress: How James Madison, George Washington, and a Group of Extraordinary Men Invented the Government . Simon & Schuster. p. 195. ISBN 1451691939 . Jump up ^ Shugerman, Jed. `` A Six-Three Rule: Reviving Consensus and Deference on the Supreme Court'' , Georgia Law Review , Vol. 37, p. 893 (2002-- 03). Jump up ^ Irons, Peter. A People's History of the Supreme Court , p. 101 (Penguin 2006). Jump up ^ Ashmore, Anne (August 2006). `` Dates of Supreme Court decisions and arguments, United States Reports volumes 2-- 107 (1791-- 82)'' (PDF) . Library, Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved April 26, 2009 . Jump up ^ Scott Douglas Gerber (editor) (1998). `` Seriatim: The Supreme Court Before John Marshall'' . New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-3114-7 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . (page 3) Finally many scholars cite the absence of a separate Supreme Court building as evidence that the early Court lacked prestige. CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ Manning, John F. (2004). `` The Eleventh Amendment and the Reading of Precise Constitutional Texts'' . Yale Law Journal . 113 (8): 1663-- 1750. doi : 10.2307/4135780 . Jump up ^ Epps, Garrett (October 24, 2004). `` Don't Do It, Justices'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The court's prestige has been hard-won. In the early 1800s, Chief Justice John Marshall made the court respected Jump up ^ The Supreme Court had first used the power of judicial review in the case Ware v. Hylton , (1796), wherein it overturned a state law that conflicted with a treaty between the United States and Great Britain. Jump up ^ Rosen, Jeffrey (July 5, 2009). `` Black Robe Politics'' (book review of Packing the Court by James MacGregor Burns) . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . From the beginning, Burns continues, the Court has established its `` supremacy'' over the president and Congress because of Chief Justice John Marshall's `` brilliant political coup'' in Marbury v. Madison (1803): asserting a power to strike down unconstitutional laws. Jump up ^ `` The People's Vote: 100 Documents that Shaped America -- Marbury v. Madison (1803)'' . U.S. News & World Report . 2003. Archived from the original on September 20, 2003 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . With his decision in Marbury v. Madison, Chief Justice John Marshall established the principle of judicial review, an important addition to the system of `` checks and balances'' created to prevent any one branch of the Federal Government from becoming too powerful...A Law repugnant to the Constitution is void. Jump up ^ Sloan, Cliff; McKean, David (February 21, 2009). `` Why Marbury V. Madison Still Matters'' . Newsweek . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . More than 200 years after the high court ruled, the decision in that landmark case continues to resonate. Jump up ^ `` The Constitution In Law: Its Phases Construed by the Federal Supreme Court'' (PDF) . The New York Times . February 27, 1893 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The decision ... in Martin vs. Hunter's Lessee is the authority on which lawyers and Judges have rested the doctrine that where there is in question, in the highest court of a State, and decided adversely to the validity of a State statute... such claim is reviewable by the Supreme Court ... Jump up ^ Justices Ginsburg, Stevens, Souter, Breyer (December 13, 2000). `` Dissenting opinions in Bush v. Gore'' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Rarely has this Court rejected outright an interpretation of state law by a state high court ... The Virginia court refused to obey this Court's Fairfax's Devisee mandate to enter judgment for the British subject's successor in interest. That refusal led to the Court's pathmarking decision in Martin v. Hunter's Lessee, 1 Wheat. 304 (1816). CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to: `` Decisions of the Supreme Court -- Historic Decrees Issued in One Hundred an Eleven Years'' (PDF) . The New York Times . February 3, 1901 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Very important also was the decision in Martin vs. Hunter's lessee, in which the court asserted its authority to overrule, within certain limits, the decisions of the highest State courts. ^ Jump up to: `` The Supreme Quiz'' . The Washington Post . October 2, 2000. Archived from the original on May 30, 2012 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . According to the Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States, Marshall's most important innovation was to persuade the other justices to stop seriatim opinions -- each issuing one -- so that the court could speak in a single voice. Since the mid-1940s, however, there's been a significant increase in individual `` concurring'' and `` dissenting'' opinions. Jump up ^ Slater, Dan (April 18, 2008). `` Justice Stevens on the Death Penalty: A Promise of Fairness Unfulfilled'' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The first Chief Justice, John Marshall set out to do away with seriatim opinions-- a practice originating in England in which each appellate judge writes an opinion in ruling on a single case. (You may have read old tort cases in law school with such opinions). Marshall sought to do away with this practice to help build the Court into a coequal branch. Jump up ^ Suddath, Claire (December 19, 2008). `` A Brief History Of Impeachment'' . Time . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Congress tried the process again in 1804, when it voted to impeach Supreme Court Justice Samuel Chase on charges of bad conduct. As a judge, Chase was overzealous and notoriously unfair ... But Chase never committed a crime -- he was just incredibly bad at his job. The Senate acquitted him on every count. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (April 10, 1996). `` Rehnquist Joins Fray on Rulings, Defending Judicial Independence'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . the 1805 Senate trial of Justice Samuel Chase, who had been impeached by the House of Representatives ... This decision by the Senate was enormously important in securing the kind of judicial independence contemplated by Article III'' of the Constitution, Chief Justice Rehnquist said Jump up ^ Edward Keynes; with Randall K. Miller (1989). `` The Court vs. Congress: Prayer, Busing, and Abortion'' . Duke University Press . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . (page 115)... Grier maintained that Congress has plenary power to limit the federal courts' jurisdiction. Jump up ^ Ifill, Sherrilyn A. (May 27, 2009). `` Sotomayor's Great Legal Mind Long Ago Defeated Race, Gender Nonsense'' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . But his decision in Dred Scott v. Sandford doomed thousands of black slaves and freedmen to a stateless existence within the United States until the passage of the 14th Amendment. Justice Taney's coldly self-fulfilling statement in Dred Scott, that blacks had `` no rights which the white man (was) bound to respect'' , has ensured his place in history-- not as a brilliant jurist, but as among the most insensitive Jump up ^ Irons, Peter (2006). A People's History of the Supreme Court: The Men and Women Whose Cases and Decisions Have Shaped Our Constitution . United States: Penguin Books. pp. 176-- 177. ISBN 0-14-303738-2 . The rhetorical battle that followed the Dred Scott decision, as we know, later erupted into the gunfire and bloodshed of the Civil War (p.176)... his opinion (Taney's ) touched off an explosive reaction on both sides of the slavery issue... (p.177) Jump up ^ `` Liberty of Contract?'' . Exploring Constitutional Conflicts. October 31, 2009. Archived from the original on November 22, 2009 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The term `` substantive due process'' is often used to describe the approach first used in Lochner-- the finding of liberties not explicitly protected by the text of the Constitution to be impliedly protected by the liberty clause of the Fourteenth Amendment. In the 1960s, long after the Court repudiated its Lochner line of cases, substantive due process became the basis for protecting personal rights such as the right of privacy, the right to maintain intimate family relationships. Jump up ^ `` Adair v. United States 208 U.S. 161'' . Cornell University Law School. 1908 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . No. 293 Argued: October 29, 30, 1907 --- Decided: January 27, 1908 Jump up ^ Bodenhamer, David J.; James W. Ely (1993). The Bill of Rights in modern America . Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana University Press. p. 245. ISBN 978-0-253-35159-3. ... of what eventually became the ' incorporation doctrine,' by which various federal Bill of Rights guarantees were held to be implicit in the Fourteenth Amendment due process or equal protection. Jump up ^ White, Edward Douglass . `` Opinion for the Court, Arver v. U.S. 245 U.S. 366'' . Finally, as we are unable to conceive upon what theory the exaction by government from the citizen of the performance of his supreme and noble duty of contributing to the defense of the rights and honor of the nation, as the result of a war declared by the great representative body of the people, can be said to be the imposition of involuntary servitude in violation of the prohibitions of the Thirteenth Amendment, we are constrained to the conclusion that the contention to that effect is refuted by its mere statement. Jump up ^ Siegan, Bernard H. (1987). The Supreme Court's Constitution . Transaction Publishers. p. 146. ISBN 978-0-88738-671-8 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . In the 1923 case of Adkins v. Children's Hospital, the court invalidated a classification based on gender as inconsistent with the substantive due process requirements of the fifth amendment. At issue was congressional legislation providing for the fixing of minimum wages for women and minors in the District of Columbia. (p.146) Jump up ^ Biskupic, Joan (March 29, 2005). `` Supreme Court gets makeover'' . USA Today . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The building is getting its first renovation since its completion in 1935. Jump up ^ Justice Roberts (September 21, 2005). `` Responses of Judge John G. Roberts, Jr. to the Written Questions of Senator Joseph R. Biden'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . I agree that West Coast Hotel Co. v. Parrish correctly overruled Adkins. Lochner era cases -- Adkins in particular -- evince an expansive view of the judicial role inconsistent with what I believe to be the appropriately more limited vision of the Framers. Jump up ^ Lipsky, Seth (October 22, 2009). `` All the News That's Fit to Subsidize'' . Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . He was a farmer in Ohio ... during the 1930s, when subsidies were brought in for farmers. With subsidies came restrictions on how much wheat one could grow-- even, Filburn learned in a landmark Supreme Court case, Wickard v. Filburn (1942), wheat grown on his modest farm. Jump up ^ Cohen, Adam (December 14, 2004). `` What's New in the Legal World? A Growing Campaign to Undo the New Deal'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Some prominent states' rights conservatives were asking the court to overturn Wickard v. Filburn, a landmark ruling that laid out an expansive view of Congress's power to legislate in the public interest. Supporters of states' rights have always blamed Wickard ... for paving the way for strong federal action... Jump up ^ United Press International (September 25, 1971). `` Justice Black Dies at 85; Served on Court 34 Years'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Justice Black developed his controversial theory, first stated in a lengthy, scholarly dissent in 1947, that the due process clause applied the first eight amendments of the Bill of Rights to the states. Jump up ^ `` 100 Documents that Shaped America Brown v. Board of Education (1954)'' . U.S. News & World Report . May 17, 1954. Archived from the original on November 6, 2009 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . On May 17, 1954, U.S. Supreme Court Justice Earl Warren delivered the unanimous ruling in the landmark civil rights case Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas. State-sanctioned segregation of public schools was a violation of the 14th amendment and was therefore unconstitutional. This historic decision marked the end of the `` separate but equal'' ... and served as a catalyst for the expanding civil rights movement... Jump up ^ `` Essay: In defense of privacy'' . Time . July 15, 1966 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The biggest legal milestone in this field was last year's Supreme Court decision in Griswold v. Connecticut, which overthrew the state's law against the use of contraceptives as an invasion of marital privacy, and for the first time declared the `` right of privacy'' to be derived from the Constitution itself. Jump up ^ Gibbs, Nancy (December 9, 1991). `` America's Holy War'' . Time . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . In the landmark 1962 case Engel v. Vitale, the high court threw out a brief nondenominational prayer composed by state officials that was recommended for use in New York State schools. `` It is no part of the business of government'' , ruled the court, `` to compose official prayers for any group of the American people to recite.'' Jump up ^ Mattox, William R., Jr; Trinko, Katrina (August 17, 2009). `` Teach the Bible? Of course'' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 20, 2009 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Public schools need not proselytize -- indeed, must not -- in teaching students about the Good Book ... In Abington School District v. Schempp, decided in 1963, the Supreme Court stated that `` study of the Bible or of religion, when presented objectively as part of a secular program of education'' , was permissible under the First Amendment. Jump up ^ `` The Law: The Retroactivity Riddle'' . Time Magazine . June 18, 1965 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Last week, in a 7 to 2 decision, the court refused for the first time to give retroactive effect to a great Bill of Rights decision-- Mapp v. Ohio (1961). Jump up ^ `` The Supreme Court: Now Comes the Sixth Amendment'' . Time . April 16, 1965 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Sixth Amendment's right to counsel (Gideon v. Wainwright in 1963). ... the court said flatly in 1904: ' The Sixth Amendment does not apply to proceedings in state criminal courts.'' But in the light of Gideon ... ruled Black, statements ' generally declaring that the Sixth Amendment does not apply to states can no longer be regarded as law.' Jump up ^ `` Guilt and Mr. Meese'' . The New York Times . January 31, 1987 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . 1966 Miranda v. Arizona decision. That's the famous decision that made confessions inadmissible as evidence unless an accused person has been warned by police of the right to silence and to a lawyer, and waived it. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on June 21, 2017 . Retrieved February 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ Earl M. Maltz, The Coming of the Nixon Court: The 1972 Term and the Transformation of Constitutional Law (University Press of Kansas; 2016) Jump up ^ O'Connor , Karen (January 22, 2009). `` Roe v. Wade: On Anniversary, Abortion Is out of the Spotlight'' . U.S. News & World Report . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The shocker, however, came in 1973, when the Court, by a vote of 7 to 2, relied on Griswold's basic underpinnings to rule that a Texas law prohibiting abortions in most situations was unconstitutional, invalidating the laws of most states. Relying on a woman's right to privacy... Jump up ^ `` Bakke Wins, Quotas Lose'' . Time . July 10, 1978 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Split almost exactly down the middle, the Supreme Court last week offered a Solomonic compromise. It said that rigid quotas based solely on race were forbidden, but it also said that race might legitimately be an element in judging students for admission to universities. It thus approved the principle of ' affirmative action' ... Jump up ^ `` Time to Rethink Buckley v. Valeo'' . The New York Times . November 12, 1998 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 ... Buckley v. Valeo. The nation's political system has suffered ever since from that decision, which held that mandatory limits on campaign spending unconstitutionally limit free speech. The decision did much to promote the explosive growth of campaign contributions from special interests and to enhance the advantage incumbents enjoy over underfunded challengers. ^ Jump up to: Staff writer (June 29, 1972). `` Supreme Court Justice Rehnquist's Key Decisions'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Furman v. Georgia ... Rehnquist dissents from the Supreme Court conclusion that many state laws on capital punishment are capricious and arbitrary and therefore unconstitutional. Jump up ^ History of the Court, in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (eds) The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press , 1992, ISBN 0-19-505835-6 Jump up ^ `` A Supreme Revelation'' . The Wall Street Journal . April 19, 2008 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Thirty-two years ago, Justice John Paul Stevens sided with the majority in a famous `` never mind'' ruling by the Supreme Court. Gregg v. Georgia, in 1976, overturned Furman v. Georgia, which had declared the death penalty unconstitutional only four years earlier. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (January 8, 2009). `` The Chief Justice on the Spot'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The federalism issue at the core of the new case grows out of a series of cases from 1997 to 2003 in which the Rehnquist court applied a new level of scrutiny to Congressional action enforcing the guarantees of the Reconstruction amendments. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (September 4, 2005). `` William H. Rehnquist, Chief Justice of Supreme Court, Is Dead at 80'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . United States v. Lopez in 1995 raised the stakes in the debate over federal authority even higher. The decision declared unconstitutional a Federal law, the Gun Free School Zones Act of 1990, that made it a federal crime to carry a gun within 1,000 feet of a school. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (June 12, 2005). `` The Rehnquist Court and Its Imperiled States' Rights Legacy'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Intrastate activity that was not essentially economic was beyond Congress's reach under the Commerce Clause, Chief Justice Rehnquist wrote for the 5-to-4 majority in United States v. Morrison. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (March 22, 2005). `` Inmates Who Follow Satanism and Wicca Find Unlikely Ally'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . His (Rehnquist's ) reference was to a landmark 1997 decision, City of Boerne v. Flores, in which the court ruled that the predecessor to the current law, the Religious Freedom Restoration Act, exceeded Congress's authority and was unconstitutional as applied to the states. Jump up ^ Amar, Vikram David (July 27, 2005). `` Casing John Roberts'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . SEMINOLE TRIBE v. FLORIDA (1996) In this seemingly technical 11th Amendment dispute about whether states can be sued in federal courts, Justice O'Connor joined four others to override Congress's will and protect state prerogatives, even though the text of the Constitution contradicts this result. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (April 1, 1999). `` Justices Seem Ready to Tilt More Toward States in Federalism'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The argument in this case, Alden v. Maine, No. 98-436, proceeded on several levels simultaneously. On the surface ... On a deeper level, the argument was a continuation of the Court's struggle over an even more basic issue: the Government's substantive authority over the states. Jump up ^ Lindenberger, Michael A. `` The Court's Gay Rights Legacy'' . Time . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The decision in the Lawrence v. Texas case overturned convictions against two Houston men, whom police had arrested after busting into their home and finding them engaged in sex. And for the first time in their lives, thousands of gay men and women who lived in states where sodomy had been illegal were free to be gay without being criminals. Jump up ^ Justice Sotomayor (July 16, 2009). `` Retire the ' Ginsburg rule' -- The ' Roe' recital'' . USA Today . Archived from the original on August 22, 2009 . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . The court's decision in Planned Parenthood v. Casey reaffirmed the court holding of Roe. That is the precedent of the court and settled, in terms of the holding of the court. Jump up ^ Kamiya, Gary (July 4, 2001). `` Against the Law'' . Salon . Retrieved November 21, 2012 ... the remedy was far more harmful than the problem. By stopping the recount, the high court clearly denied many thousands of voters who cast legal votes, as defined by established Florida law, their constitutional right to have their votes counted. ... It cannot be a legitimate use of law to disenfranchise legal voters when recourse is available. ... Jump up ^ Krauthammer, Charles (December 18, 2000). `` The Winner in Bush v. Gore?'' . Time . Retrieved October 31, 2009 . Re-enter the Rehnquist court. Amid the chaos, somebody had to play Daddy. ... the Supreme Court eschewed subtlety this time and bluntly stopped the Florida Supreme Court in its tracks-- and stayed its willfulness. By, mind you, ... Jump up ^ Babington, Charles; Baker, Peter (September 30, 2005). `` Roberts Confirmed as 17th Chief Justice'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2009 . John Glover Roberts Jr. was sworn in yesterday as the 17th chief justice of the United States, enabling President Bush to put his stamp on the Supreme Court for decades to come, even as he prepares to name a second nominee to the nine-member court. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (July 1, 2007). `` In Steps Big and Small, Supreme Court Moved Right'' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1, 2009 . It was the Supreme Court that conservatives had long yearned for and that liberals feared ... This was a more conservative court, sometimes muscularly so, sometimes more tentatively, its majority sometimes differing on methodology but agreeing on the outcome in cases big and small. Jump up ^ Savage, Charlie (July 14, 2009). `` Respecting Precedent, or Settled Law, Unless It's Not Settled'' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1, 2009 . Gonzales v. Carhart -- in which the Supreme Court narrowly upheld a federal ban on the late-term abortion procedure opponents call `` partial birth abortion'' -- to be settled law. Jump up ^ `` A Bad Day for Democracy'' . The Christian Science Monitor . Retrieved January 22, 2010 . Jump up ^ Barnes, Robert (October 1, 2009). `` Justices to Decide if State Gun Laws Violate Rights'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved November 1, 2009 . The landmark 2008 decision to strike down the District of Columbia's ban on handgun possession was the first time the court had said the amendment grants an individual right to own a gun for self-defense. But the 5 to 4 opinion in District of Columbia v. Heller... Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (April 18, 2008). `` Justice Stevens Renounces Capital Punishment'' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1, 2009 . His renunciation of capital punishment in the lethal injection case, Baze v. Rees, was likewise low key and undramatic. Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (June 26, 2008). `` Supreme Court Rejects Death Penalty for Child Rape'' . The New York Times . Retrieved November 1, 2009 . The death penalty is unconstitutional as a punishment for the rape of a child, a sharply divided Supreme Court ruled Wednesday ... The 5-to-4 decision overturned death penalty laws in Louisiana and five other states. Jump up ^ Federal Judiciary Act (1789) , National Archives and Records Administration , retrieved 2017-09-12 Jump up ^ 16 Stat. 44 Jump up ^ Mintz, S. (2007). `` The New Deal in Decline'' . Digital History . University of Houston. Archived from the original on May 5, 2008 . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . Jump up ^ Hodak, George (2007). `` February 5, 1937: FDR Unveils Court Packing Plan'' . ABAjournal.com . American Bar Association . Retrieved January 29, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Justices, Number of'' , in Hall, Ely Jr., Grossman, and Wiecek (editors), The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States. Oxford University Press 1992, ISBN 0-19-505835-6 Jump up ^ See Article Two of the United States Constitution . Jump up ^ `` United States Senate. `` Nominations '' `` . Jump up ^ Jim Brunner (March 24, 2017). `` Sen. Patty Murray will oppose Neil Gorsuch for Supreme Court'' . The Seattle Times . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . In a statement Friday morning, Murray cited Republicans' refusal to confirm or even seriously consider President Obama's nomination of Judge Merrick Garland, a similarly well-qualified jurist -- and went on to lambaste President Trump's conduct in his first few months in office. (...) And Murray added she's `` deeply troubled'' by Gorsuch's `` extreme conservative perspective on women's health,'' citing his `` inability'' to state a clear position on Roe v. Wade, the landmark abortion-legalization decision, and his comments about the `` Hobby Lobby'' decision allowing employers to refuse to provide birth-control coverage. Jump up ^ McCaskill, Claire (March 31, 2017). `` Gorsuch: Good for corporations, bad for working people'' . Medium . Retrieved April 9, 2017 . I cannot support Judge Gorsuch because a study of his opinions reveal a rigid ideology that always puts the little guy under the boot of corporations. He is evasive, but his body of work isn't . Whether it is a freezing truck driver or an autistic child, he has shown a stunning lack of humanity. And he has been an activist -- for example, writing a dissent on a case that had been settled, in what appears to be an attempt to audition for his current nomination. Jump up ^ Matt Flegenheimer (April 6, 2017). `` Senate Republicans Deploy ' Nuclear Option' to Clear Path for Gorsuch'' . The New York Times. After Democrats held together Thursday morning and filibustered President Trump's nominee, Republicans voted to lower the threshold for advancing Supreme Court nominations from 60 votes to a simple majority. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Senate: Supreme Court Nominations, Present-1789'' . United States Senate . Retrieved April 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ See 5 U.S.C. § 2902 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 4 . If two justices are commissioned on the same date, then the oldest one has precedence. Jump up ^ Balkin, Jack M. `` The passionate intensity of the confirmation process'' . Jurist. Archived from the original on December 18, 2007 . Retrieved February 13, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` The Stakes Of The 2016 Election Just Got Much, Much Higher'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved February 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ McMillion, Barry J. (October 19, 2015). `` Supreme Court Appointment Process: Senate Debate and Confirmation Vote'' (PDF) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved February 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). `` Appendix Two'' . Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press. pp. 965-- 971. ISBN 0-19-505835-6 . Jump up ^ See, e.g., Evans v. Stephens, 387 F.3d 1220 (11th Cir. 2004), which concerned the recess appointment of William Pryor . Concurring in denial of certiorari, Justice Stevens observed that the case involved `` the first such appointment of an Article III judge in nearly a half century'' 544 U.S. 942 (2005) (Stevens, J., concurring in denial of cert) (internal quotation marks deleted). ^ Jump up to: Fisher, Louis (September 5, 2001). `` Recess Appointments of Federal Judges'' (PDF) . CRSN Report for Congress . Congressional Research Service. The Library of Congress. RL31112: 16 . Retrieved August 6, 2010 . Resolved , That it is the sense of the Senate that the making of recess appointments to the Supreme Court of the United States may not be wholly consistent with the best interests of the Supreme Court, the nominee who may be involved, the litigants before the Court, nor indeed the people of the United States, and that such appointments, therefore, should not be made except under unusual circumstances and for the purpose of preventing or ending a demonstrable breakdown in the administration of the Court's business. Jump up ^ The resolution passed by a vote of 48 to 37, mainly along party lines; Democrats supported the resolution 48-- 4, and Republicans opposed it 33-- 0. Jump up ^ `` National Relations Board v. Noel Canning et al'' (PDF) . pp. 34, 35. In the opinion for the Court, Breyer states `` In our view, however, the pro forma sessions count as sessions, not as periods of recess. We hold that, for purposes of the Recess Appointments Clause, the Senate is in session when it says it is, provided that, under its own rules, it retains the capacity to transact Senate business. The Senate met that standard here.'' Later, the opinion states: `` For these reasons, we conclude that we must give great weight to the Senate's own determination of when it is and when it is not in session. But our deference to the Senate cannot be absolute. When the Senate is without the capacity to act, under its own rules, it is not in session even if it so declares.'' Jump up ^ `` Obama Won't Appoint Scalia Replacement While Senate Is Out This Week'' . NPR . Retrieved January 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` How the Federal Courts Are Organized: Can a federal judge be fired?'' . Federal Judicial Center . fjc.gov. Archived from the original on September 15, 2012 . Retrieved March 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` History of the Federal Judiciary: Impeachments of Federal Judges'' . Federal Judicial Center fjc.gov . Retrieved March 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ Appel, Jacob M. (August 22, 2009). `` Anticipating the Incapacitated Justice'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved August 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Ali, Ambreen (June 16, 2010). `` How Presidents Influence the Court'' . Congress.org . Archived from the original on June 18, 2010 . Retrieved June 16, 2010 . Jump up ^ Walthr, Matthew (April 21, 2014). `` Sam Alito: A Civil Man'' . The American Spectator . Retrieved June 15, 2017 -- via The ANNOTICO Reports. Jump up ^ DeMarco, Megan (February 14, 2008). `` Growing up Italian in Jersey: Alito reflects on ethnic heritage'' . The Times . Trenton, New Jersey . Retrieved June 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Halberstam, Malvina (March 1, 2009). `` Ruth Bader Ginsburg'' . Jewish Women: A Comprehensive Historical Encyclopedia . Jewish Women's Archive . Retrieved June 15, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Neil Gorsuch was raised Catholic, but attends an Episcopalian church. It is unclear if he considers himself a Catholic or a Protestant. Burke, Daniel (March 22, 2017). `` What is Neil Gorsuch's religion? It's complicated'' . CNN . Springer said she doesn't know whether Gorsuch considers himself a Catholic or an Episcopalian. `` I have no evidence that Judge Gorsuch considers himself an Episcopalian, and likewise no evidence that he does not.'' Gorsuch's younger brother, J.J., said he too has `` no idea how he would fill out a form. He was raised in the Catholic Church and confirmed in the Catholic Church as an adolescent, but he has been attending Episcopal services for the past 15 or so years.'' Jump up ^ Baker, Peter (August 7, 2010). `` Kagan Is Sworn in as the Fourth Woman, and 112th Justice, on the Supreme Court'' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 8, 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Sherman, Is Supreme Court in need of regional diversity? (May 1, 2010). Jump up ^ O'Brien , David M. (2003). Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics (6th ed.). W.W. Norton & Company. p. 46. ISBN 0-393-93218-4 . Jump up ^ `` Religion of the Supreme Court'' . adherents.com. January 31, 2006 . Retrieved July 9, 2010 . Jump up ^ Segal, Jeffrey A.; Spaeth, Harold J. (2002). The Supreme Court and the Attitudinal Model Revisited . Cambridge Univ. Press. p. 183. ISBN 0-521-78971-0 . Jump up ^ Schumacher, Alvin. `` Roger B. Taney'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . He was the first Roman Catholic to serve on the Supreme Court. ^ Jump up to: `` Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)'' . Supreme Court of the United States. Archived from the original on March 20, 2017 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ de Vogue, Ariane (October 22, 2016). `` Clarence Thomas' Supreme Court legacy'' . CNN . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Four Justices'' . Smithsonian Institution . Archived from the original on August 20, 2016 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ David N. Atkinson, Leaving the Bench (University Press of Kansas 1999) ISBN 0-7006-0946-6 Jump up ^ Greenhouse, Linda (September 9, 2010). `` An Invisible Chief Justice'' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 9, 2010 . Had (O'Connor ) anticipated that the chief justice would not serve out the next Supreme Court term, she told me after his death, she would have delayed her own retirement for a year rather than burden the court with two simultaneous vacancies. (...) Her reason for leaving was that her husband, suffering from Alzheimer's disease, needed her care at home. Jump up ^ Ward, Artemus (2003). Deciding to Leave: The Politics of Retirement from the United States Supreme Court . SUNY Press. p. 358. ISBN 978-0-7914-5651-4 . One byproduct of the increased (retirement benefit) provisions (in 1954), however has been a dramatic rise in the number of justices engaging in succession politics by trying to time their departures to coincide with a compatible president. The most recent departures have been partisan, some more blatantly than others, and have bolstered arguments to reform the process. A second byproduct has been an increase in justices staying on the Court past their ability to adequately contribute. (1) p. 9 Jump up ^ Stolzenberg, Ross M.; Lindgren, James (May 2010). `` Retirement and Death in Office of U.S. Supreme Court Justices'' . Demography. 47 (2): 269-- 298. doi : 10.1353/dem.0.0100 . PMC 3000028 . PMID 20608097 . If the incumbent president is of the same party as the president who nominated the justice to the Court, and if the incumbent president is in the first two years of a four-year presidential term, then the justice has odds of resignation that are about 2.6 times higher than when these two conditions are not met. Jump up ^ See for example Sandra Day O'Connor :How the first woman on the Supreme Court became its most influential justice , by Joan Biskupic , Harper Collins, 2005, p. 105. Also Rookie on the Bench: The Role of the Junior Justice by Clare Cushman, Journal of Supreme Court History 32 no. 3 (2008), pp. 282-- 296. Jump up ^ `` Breyer Just Missed Record as Junior Justice'' . Retrieved January 11, 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Judicial Compensation'' . United States Courts . Retrieved May 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lane, Charles (January 31, 2006). `` Kennedy Seen as The Next Justice In Court's Middle '' . The Washington Post . If, as many expect, Alito forms a four-vote conservative bloc with Chief Justice John G. Roberts Jr. and Justices Antonin Scalia and Clarence Thomas, that would leave Justice Anthony M. Kennedy -- a conservative who has occasionally voted with liberals on gay rights, the death penalty and abortion -- as the court's least predictable member. Jump up ^ Toobin, Jeffrey (2007). The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court . Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-51640-1 . Jump up ^ `` End-of-Term Statistical Analysis -- October Term 2011'' (PDF) . Supreme Court of the United States Blog (SCOTUSblog). June 30, 2012. Justice Kennedy is, for the fourth consecutive Term, the Justice most likely to appear in the majority. Jump up ^ See also SCOTUSblog's Stat Pack: Bhatia, Kedar (June 30, 2012). `` Final October Term 2011 Stat Pack and Summary Memo'' . Jump up ^ Mears, Bill (March 20, 2017). `` Take a look through Neil Gorsuch's judicial record'' . Fox News . A Fox News analysis of that record -- including some 3,000 rulings he has been involved with -- reveals a solid, predictable conservative philosophy, something President Trump surely was attuned to when he nominated him to fill the open ninth seat. The record in many ways mirrors the late Justice Antonin Scalia's approach to constitutional and statutory interpretation. Jump up ^ Goldstein, Tom (June 30, 2010). `` Everything you read about the Supreme Court is wrong (except here, maybe)'' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved July 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ Among the examples mentioned by Goldstein for the 2009 term were: Dolan v. United States , which interpreted judges' prerogatives broadly, typically a `` conservative'' result. The majority consisted of the five junior Justices: Thomas, Ginsburg, Breyer, Alito, and Sotomayor. Magwood v. Patterson , which expanded habeas corpus petitions, a `` liberal'' result, in an opinion by Thomas, joined by Stevens, Scalia, Breyer, and Sotomayor. Shady Grove Orthopedic Associates v. Allstate Insurance Co. , which yielded a pro-plaintiff result in an opinion by Scalia joined by Roberts, Stevens, Thomas, and Sotomayor. Goldstein notes that in the 2009 term, the justice most consistently pro-government was Alito, and not the commonly perceived `` arch-conservatives'' Scalia and Thomas. ^ Jump up to: `` October 2011 Term, Five to Four Decisions'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 30, 2012 . Retrieved July 2, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Final October 2010 Stat Pack available'' . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` End of Term statistical analysis -- October 2010'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. July 1, 2011 . Retrieved July 2, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Cases by Vote Split'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement -- Highs and Lows'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Justice agreement'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Frequency in the majority'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Five-to-Four cases'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2011 . Retrieved June 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` October 2011 term, Cases by votes split'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 30, 2012 . Retrieved July 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` October 22011 term, Strength of the Majority'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 30, 2012 . Retrieved July 2, 2012 . Jump up ^ Bhatia, Kedar (June 29, 2013). `` October Term 2012 summary memo'' . SCOTUSblog . Retrieved June 29, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Final October Term 2012 Stat Pack'' (PDF) . SCOTUSblog. June 27, 2013 . Retrieved June 27, 2013 . ^ Jump up to: `` Plan Your Trip (quote:) `` In mid-May, after the oral argument portion of the Term has concluded, the Court takes the Bench Mondays at 10AM for the release of orders and opinions. '' `` . US Senator John McCain. October 24, 2009 . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Visiting the Court'' . Supreme Court of the United States. March 18, 2010 . Retrieved March 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Visiting-Capitol-Hill'' . docstoc. October 24, 2009. Archived from the original on August 21, 2016 . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works'' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . October 24, 2009 . Retrieved January 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251(a) Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (March 21, 2016). `` Supreme Court Declines to Hear Challenge to Colorado's Marijuana Laws'' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1251(b) Jump up ^ United States v. Shipp , 203 U.S. 563 (Supreme Court of the United States 1906). ^ Jump up to: Curriden, Mark (June 2, 2009). `` A Supreme Case of Contempt'' . ABA Journal . American Bar Association . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . On May 28, (U.S. Attorney General William) Moody did something unprecedented, then and now. He filed a petition charging Sheriff Shipp, six deputies and 19 leaders of the lynch mob with contempt of the Supreme Court. The justices unanimously approved the petition and agreed to retain original jurisdiction in the matter... May 24, 1909, stands out in the annals of the U.S. Supreme Court. On that day, the court announced a verdict after holding the first and only criminal trial in its history. ^ Jump up to: Hindley, Meredith (November 2014). `` Chattanooga versus the Supreme Court: The Strange Case of Ed Johnson'' . Humanities . National Endowment for the Humanities. 35 (6) . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . United States v. Shipp stands out in the history of the Supreme Court as an anomaly. It remains the only time the Court has conducted a criminal trial. Jump up ^ Linder, Douglas. `` United States v. Shipp (U.S. Supreme Court, 1909)'' . Famous Trials . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1259 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1258 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1260 ^ Jump up to: 28 U.S.C. § 1257 Jump up ^ Brannock, Steven; Weinzierl, Sarah (2003). `` Confronting a PCA: Finding a Path Around a Brick Wall'' (PDF) . Stetson Law Review . XXXII: 368-- 369, 387-- 390 . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Teague v. Lane, 489 U.S. 288, 306 (1989) Jump up ^ Gutman, Jeffrey. `` Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys: 3.3 Mootness'' . Federal Practice Manual for Legal Aid Attorneys . Sargent Shriver National Center on Poverty Law . Retrieved April 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Allotment Order dated June 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1254 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1257 ; see also Adequate and independent state grounds Jump up ^ James, Robert A. (1998). `` Instructions in Supreme Court Jury Trials'' (PDF) . The Green Bag . 2d. 1 (4): 378 . Retrieved February 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1872 See Georgia v. Brailsford , 3 U.S. 1 (1794), in which the Court conducted a jury trial. Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony (October 21, 2005). `` Roberts Dips Toe Into Cert Pool'' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31, 2007 . Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony (July 4, 2006). `` Justice Alito Joins Cert Pool Party'' . Legal Times . Retrieved October 31, 2007 . Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (September 25, 2008). `` A Second Justice Opts Out of a Longtime Custom: The ' Cert. Pool ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 17, 2008 . Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (May 1, 2017). `` Gorsuch, in sign of independence, is out of Supreme Court's clerical pool'' . The New York Times . Retrieved May 2, 2017 . Jump up ^ For example, the arguments on the constitutionality of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act took place over three days and lasted over six hours, covering several issues; the arguments for Bush v. Gore were 90 minutes long; oral arguments in United States v. Nixon lasted three hours; and the Pentagon papers case was given a two-hour argument. Christy, Andrew (November 15, 2011). `` ' Obamacare' will rank among the longest Supreme Court arguments ever'' . NPR . Retrieved March 31, 2011 . The longest modern-day oral arguments were in the case of California v. Arizona , in which oral arguments lasted over sixteen hours over four days in 1962. Bobic, Igor (March 26, 2012). `` Oral arguments on health reform longest in 45 years'' . Talking Points Memo . Retrieved January 31, 2014 . Jump up ^ Glazer, Eric M.; Zachary, Michael (February 1997). `` Joining the Bar of the U.S. Supreme Court'' . Volume LXXI, No. 2 . Florida Bar Journal. p. 63 . Retrieved February 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Gresko, Jessica (March 24, 2013). `` For lawyers, the Supreme Court bar is vanity trip'' . Florida Today . Melbourne, Florida . pp. 2A. Archived from the original on March 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` How The Court Works; Library Support'' . The Supreme Court Historical Society . Retrieved February 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ See generally , Tushnet, Mark, ed. (2008) I Dissent: Great Opposing Opinions in Landmark Supreme Court Cases , Malaysia: Beacon Press, pp. 256, ISBN 978-0-8070-0036-6 Jump up ^ Kessler, Robert. `` Why Aren't Cameras Allowed at the Supreme Court Again?'' . The Atlantic . Retrieved March 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ Johnson, Benny. `` The 2016 Running of the Interns'' . Independent Journal Review . Retrieved March 24, 2017 . Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 1 Jump up ^ 28 U.S.C. § 2109 Jump up ^ Pepall, Lynne; Richards, Daniel L.; Norman, George (1999). Industrial Organization: Contemporary Theory and Practice . Cincinnati: South-Western College Publishing. pp. 11-- 12. Jump up ^ `` Cases adjudged in the Supreme Court at October Term, 2010'' (PDF) . United States Reports . Washington D.C.: Reporter of Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States . 564 . October 2016 . Retrieved May 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sliplists'' . Supreme Court of the United States . Retrieved May 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Supreme Court Research Guide'' . law.georgetown.edu . Georgetown Law Library . Retrieved August 22, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` How to Cite Cases: U.S. Supreme Court Decisions'' . lib.guides.umd.edu . University of Maryland University Libraries . Retrieved August 22, 2012 . ^ Jump up to: Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005). Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch . New York City: Oxford University Press. pp. 117-- 118. ISBN 978-0-19-530917-1 . Jump up ^ Mendelson, Wallace (1992). `` Separation of Powers'' . In Hall, Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press. p. 775. ISBN 0-19-505835-6 . Jump up ^ The American Conflict by Horace Greeley (1873), p. 106; also in The Life of Andrew Jackson (2001) by Robert Vincent Remini Jump up ^ Vile, John R. (1992). `` Court curbing'' . In Hall, Kermit L. The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . Oxford University Press. p. 202. ISBN 0-19-505835-6 . ^ Jump up to: Peppers, Todd C. (2006). Courtiers of the Marble Palace: The Rise and Influence of the Supreme Court Law Clerk . Stanford University Press. pp. 195, 1, 20, 22, and 22-- 24 respectively. ISBN 978-0-8047-5382-1 . Jump up ^ Weiden, David; Ward, Artemus (2006). Sorcerers' Apprentices: 100 Years of Law Clerks at the United States Supreme Court . NYU Press. ISBN 978-0-8147-9404-3 . Jump up ^ Chace, James (2007). Acheson: The Secretary of State Who Created the American World . New York City: Simon & Schuster (published 1998). p. 44. ISBN 978-0-684-80843-7 . Jump up ^ List of law clerks of the Supreme Court of the United States ^ Jump up to: Liptak, Adam (September 7, 2010). `` Polarization of Supreme Court Is Reflected in Justices' Clerks'' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ William E. Nelson; Harvey Rishikof; I. Scott Messinger; Michael Jo (November 2009). `` The Liberal Tradition of the Supreme Court Clerkship: Its Rise, Fall, and Reincarnation?'' (PDF) . Vanderbilt Law Review . p. 1749. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 27, 2010 . Retrieved September 7, 2010 . Jump up ^ Liptak and Kopicki, The New York Times , June 7, 2012 Approval Rating for Justices Hits Just 44% in New Poll ^ Jump up to: See for example `` Judicial activism'' in The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States , edited by Kermit Hall; article written by Gary McDowell Jump up ^ Root, Damon W. (September 21, 2009). `` Lochner and Liberty'' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Bernstein, David. Only One Place of Redress: African Americans, Labor Regulations, and the Courts from Reconstruction to the New Deal , p. 100 (Duke University Press, 2001): `` The Court also directly overturned Lochner by adding that it is no ' longer open to question that it is within the legislative power to fix maximum hours.' '' Jump up ^ Dorf, Michael and Morrison, Trevor. Constitutional Law , p. 18 (Oxford University Press, 2010). Jump up ^ Patrick, John. The Supreme Court of the United States: A Student Companion , p. 362 (Oxford University Press, 2006). Jump up ^ Steinfels, Peter (May 22, 2005). `` ' A Church That Can and Cannot Change' : Dogma'' . The New York Times: Books . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage, David G. (October 23, 2008). `` Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?'' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23, 2008 . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . a lack of judicial authority to enter an inherently political question that had previously been left to the states Jump up ^ Lewis, Neil A. (September 19, 2002). `` Judicial Nominee Says His Views Will Not Sway Him on the Bench'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . he has written scathingly of Roe v. Wade Jump up ^ `` Election Guide 2008: The Issues: Abortion'' . The New York Times . 2008 . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Buchanan, Pat (July 6, 2005). `` The judges war: an issue of power'' . Townhall.com . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . The Brown decision of 1954, desegregating the schools of 17 states and the District of Columbia, awakened the nation to the court's new claim to power. Jump up ^ Clymer, Adam (May 29, 1998). `` Barry Goldwater, Conservative and Individualist, Dies at 89'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Stone, Geoffrey R. (March 26, 2012). `` Citizens United and conservative judicial activism'' (PDF) . University of Illinois Law Review . University of Illinois. 2012 (2): 485-- 500. Jump up ^ Lincoln, Abraham (March 4, 1861). `` First Inaugural Address'' . National Center . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . At the same time, the candid citizen must confess that if the policy of the Government upon vital questions affecting the whole people is to be irrevocably fixed by decisions of the Supreme Court, the instant they are made in ordinary litigation between parties in personal actions the people will have ceased to be their own rulers, having to that extent practically resigned their Government into the hands of that eminent tribunal. Jump up ^ Will, George F. (May 27, 2009). `` Identity Justice: Obama's Conventional Choice'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Thurgood Marshall quote taken from the Stanford Law Review, summer 1992 Jump up ^ Irons, Peter. A People's History of the Supreme Court . London: Penguin, 1999. ISBN 0-670-87006-4 Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (January 31, 2009). `` To Nudge, Shift or Shove the Supreme Court Left'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Every judge who's been appointed to the court since Lewis Powell...in 1971...has been more conservative than his or her predecessor Jump up ^ Babington, Charles (April 5, 2005). `` Senator Links Violence to ' Political' Decisions'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Liptak, Adam (February 2, 2006). `` A Court Remade in the Reagan Era's Image'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Savage, David G. (July 13, 2008). `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Andrew P. Napolitano (February 17, 2005). `` No Defense'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Edsall, Thomas B.; Fletcher, Michael A. (September 5, 2005). `` Again, Right Voices Concern About Gonzales'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Lane, Charles (March 20, 2005). `` Conservative's Book on Supreme Court Is a Bestseller'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Mark I. Sutherland; Dave Meyer; William J. Federer; Alan Keyes; Ed Meese; Phyllis Schlafly; Howard Phillips; Alan E. Sears; Ben DuPre; Rev. Rick Scarborough; David C. Gibbs III; Mathew D. Staver; Don Feder; Herbert W. Titus (2005). Judicial Tyranny: The New Kings of America . St. Louis, Missouri: Amerisearch Inc. p. 242. ISBN 0-9753455-6-7 . ^ Jump up to: Kakutani, Michiko (July 6, 2009). `` Appointees Who Really Govern America'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . Jump up ^ Emily Bazelon (July 6, 2009). `` The Supreme Court on Trial: James MacGregor Burns takes aim at the bench'' . Slate . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . Jump up ^ Special keynote address by President Ronald Reagan, November 1988, at the second annual lawyers convention of the Federalist Society , Washington, D.C. Jump up ^ Stuart Taylor Jr. (October 15, 1987). `` Reagan Points to a Critic, Who Points Out It Isn't So'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Kelley Beaucar Vlahos (September 11, 2003). `` Judge Bork: Judicial Activism Is Going Global'' . Fox News . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . What judges have wrought is a coup d'état -- slow moving and genteel, but a coup d'état nonetheless. ^ Jump up to: Naftali Bendavid (July 13, 2009). `` Franken: ' An Incredible Honor to Be Here ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Hazard, Geoffrey C. Jr. (1978-- 79). `` Supreme Court as a Legislature'' . 64 . Cornell L. Rev.: 1. Archived from the original on April 29, 2011. Jump up ^ William Safire (April 24, 2005). `` Dog Whistle'' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage (October 23, 2008). `` Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?'' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23, 2008 . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Laura Mansnerus (October 16, 2005). `` Diminished Eminence In a Changed Domain'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Ronald Smothers (October 16, 2005). `` In Long Branch, No Olive Branches'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Adam Cohen (January 15, 2008). `` Editorial Observer -- A Supreme Court Reversal: Abandoning the Rights of Voters'' . New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ David G. Savage (July 13, 2008). `` Supreme Court finds history is a matter of opinions'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved October 30, 2009 . This suggests that the right of habeas corpus was not limited to English subjects ... protects people who are captured ... at Guantanamo ... Wrong, Justice Antonin Scalia wrote in dissent. He said English history showed that the writ of habeas corpus was limited to sovereign English territory Jump up ^ George F. Will (May 27, 2009). `` Identity Justice: Obama's Conventional Choice'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . ^ Jump up to: James Taranto (June 9, 2009). `` Speaking Ruth to Power'' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved October 22, 2009 . Jump up ^ Woodward, Bob; Scott Armstrong (1979). The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court . United States of America: Simon & Schuster. p. 541. ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9 . A court which is final and unreviewable needs more careful scrutiny than any other ^ Jump up to: Larry Sabato (September 26, 2007). `` It's Time to Reshape the Constitution and Make America a Fairer Country'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Christopher Moore (November 1, 2008). `` Our Canadian Republic -- Do we display too much deference to authority ... or not enough?'' . Literary Review of Canada . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Tomkins, Adam (2002). `` In Defence of the Political Constitution'' . United Kingdom: 22 Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 157. Bush v. Gore Jump up ^ Madison, James (1789). `` The Federalist Papers/No. 45 The Alleged Danger From the Powers of the Union to the State Governments Considered'' . Wikisource . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . the States will retain, under the proposed Constitution, a very extensive portion of active sovereignty Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton (aka Publius) (1789). `` Federalist No. 28'' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . Power being almost always the rival of power; the General Government will at all times stand ready to check the usurpations of the state government; and these will have the same disposition toward the General Government. Jump up ^ Madison, James (January 25, 1788). `` The Federalist '' . Independent Journal (44 (quote: 8th para)) . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . seems well calculated at once to secure to the States a reasonable discretion in providing for the conveniency of their imports and exports, and to the United States a reasonable check against the abuse of this discretion. Jump up ^ Madison, James (February 16, 1788). `` The Federalist No. 56 (quote: 6th para)'' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . In every State there have been made, and must continue to be made, regulations on this subject which will, in many cases, leave little more to be done by the federal legislature, than to review the different laws, and reduce them in one general act. Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton (December 14, 1787). `` The Federalist No. 22 (quote: 4th para)'' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . The interfering and unneighborly regulations of some States, contrary to the true spirit of the Union, have, in different instances, given just cause of umbrage and complaint to others, and it is to be feared that examples of this nature, if not restrained by a national control, would be multiplied and extended till they became not less serious sources of animosity and discord than injurious impediments to the intercourse between the different parts of the Confederacy. Jump up ^ Madison, James (January 22, 1788). `` The Federalist Papers '' . New York Packet . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . The regulation of commerce with the Indian tribes is very properly unfettered from two limitations in the articles of Confederation, which render the provision obscure and contradictory. The power is there restrained to Indians, not members of any of the States, and is not to violate or infringe the legislative right of any State within its own limits. Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar (1998). `` The Bill of Rights -- Creation and Reconstruction'' . The New York Times: Books . Retrieved October 24, 2009 . many lawyers embrace a tradition that views state governments as the quintessential threat to individual and minority rights, and federal officials-- especially federal courts-- as the special guardians of those rights. Jump up ^ Scott Gold (June 14, 2005). `` Justices Swat Down Texans' Effort to Weaken Species Protection Law'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved March 24, 2012 . Purcell filed a $60-million lawsuit against the U.S. government in 1999, arguing that cave bugs could not be regulated through the commerce clause because they had no commercial value and did not cross state lines. ' I'm disappointed,' Purcell said. ^ Jump up to: Robert B. Reich (September 13, 1987). `` The Commerce Clause; The Expanding Economic Vista'' . New York Times Magazine . Retrieved October 27, 2009 . Jump up ^ FDCH e-Media (January 10, 2006). `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 30, 2009 . I don't think there's any question at this point in our history that Congress' power under the commerce clause is quite broad, and I think that reflects a number of things, including the way in which our economy and our society has developed and all of the foreign and interstate activity that takes place -- Samuel Alito Jump up ^ Cohen, Adam (December 7, 2003). `` Editorial Observer; Brandeis's Views on States' Rights, and Ice-Making, Have New Relevance'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 30, 2009 . But Brandeis's dissent contains one of the most famous formulations in American law: that the states should be free to serve as laboratories of democracy Jump up ^ Graglia, Lino (July 19, 2005). `` Altering 14th Amendment would curb court's activist tendencies'' . University of Texas School of Law. Archived from the original on December 4, 2010 . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ Hornberger, Jacob C. (October 30, 2009). `` Freedom and the Fourteenth Amendment'' . The Future of Freedom Foundation . Retrieved October 30, 2009 . Fourteenth Amendment. Some argue that it is detrimental to the cause of freedom because it expands the power of the federal government. Others contend that the amendment expands the ambit of individual liberty. I fall among those who believe that the Fourteenth Amendment has been a positive force for freedom. Jump up ^ James Vicini (April 24, 2008). `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling'' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . The nine-member Supreme Court conducts its deliberations in secret and the justices traditionally won't discuss pending cases in public ^ Jump up to: Margolick, David (September 23, 2007). `` Meet the Supremes'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Beat reporters and academics initially denounced the court's involvement in that case, its hastiness to enter the political thicket and the half-baked and strained decision that resulted. Jump up ^ `` Public Says Televising Court Is Good for Democracy'' . PublicMind.fdu.edu . March 9, 2010 . Retrieved December 14, 2010 . Jump up ^ Mauro, Tony (March 9, 2010). `` Poll Shows Public Support for Cameras at the High Court'' . The National Law Journal . Retrieved December 18, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: `` C-SPAN Supreme Court Week'' . CSPAN. October 4, 2009 . Retrieved October 25, 2009 . Jump up ^ James Vicini (April 24, 2008). `` Justice Scalia defends Bush v. Gore ruling'' . Reuters . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Scalia was interviewed for the CBS News show `` 60 Minutes Jump up ^ David G. Savage (October 23, 2008). `` Roe vs. Wade? Bush vs. Gore? What are the worst Supreme Court decisions?'' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on October 23, 2008 . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . UC Berkeley law professor Goodwin Liu described the decision as ' utterly lacking in any legal principle'' and added that the court was `` remarkably unashamed to say so explicitly.' Jump up ^ McConnell, Michael W. (June 1, 2001). `` Two-and-a-Half Cheers for Bush v Gore'' . University of Chicago Law Review . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions (Senator Kohl) (July 14, 2009). `` Key Excerpt: Sotomayor on Bush v. Gore'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Many critics saw the Bush v. Gore decision as an example of the judiciary improperly injecting itself into a political dispute'' Jump up ^ Adam Cohen (Opinion section) (March 21, 2004). `` Justice Rehnquist Writes on Hayes vs. Tilden, With His Mind on Bush v. Gore'' . The New York Times . Archived from the original on May 11, 2011 . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . The Bush v. Gore majority, made up of Mr. Rehnquist and his fellow conservatives, interpreted the equal protection clause in a sweeping way they had not before, and have not since. And they stated that the interpretation was ' limited to the present circumstances,' words that suggest a raw exercise of power, not legal analysis. Jump up ^ Kevin McNamara (letter to the editor) (June 3, 2009). `` Letters -- Supreme Court Activism?'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 23, 2009 . Jump up ^ CQ Transcriptions (January 13, 2006). `` U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee Hearing on Judge Samuel Alito's Nomination to the Supreme Court'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved October 28, 2009 ... Baker v. Carr, the reapportionment case. We heard Justice Frankfurter who delivered a scathing dissent in that... Jump up ^ Linda Greenhouse (September 10, 2007). `` New Focus on the Effects of Life Tenure'' . The New York Times . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Jump up ^ Levinson, Sanford (February 9, 2009). `` Supreme court prognosis -- Ruth Bader Ginsburg's surgery for pancreatic cancer highlights why US supreme court justices shouldn't serve life terms'' . The Guardian . Manchester . Retrieved October 10, 2009 . Jump up ^ See also Arthur D. Hellman, `` Reining in the Supreme Court: Are Term Limits the Answer?'' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds., Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006), p. 291. Jump up ^ Richard Epstein , `` Mandatory Retirement for Supreme Court Justices'' , in Roger C. Cramton and Paul D. Carrington, eds., Reforming the Court: Term Limits for Supreme Court Justices ( Carolina Academic Press , 2006), p. 415. Jump up ^ Brian Opeskin, Models of Judicial Tenure: Reconsidering Life Limits, Age Limits and Term Limits for Judges , Oxford J Legal Studies 2015 35: 627-- 663. Jump up ^ Alexander Hamilton (June 14, 1788). `` The Federalist No. 78'' . Independent Journal . Retrieved October 28, 2009 . and that as nothing can contribute so much to its firmness and independence as permanency in office, this quality may therefore be justly regarded as an indispensable ingredient in its constitution, and, in a great measure, as the citadel of the public justice and the public security. Jump up ^ O'Brien , Reity (June 20, 2014). `` Justice Obscured: Supreme court justices earn quarter-million in cash on the side'' . Center for Public Integrity . ^ Jump up to: Lipton, Eric (February 26, 2016). `` Scalia Took Dozens of Trips Funded by Private Sponsors'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ Berman, Mark; Markon, Jerry (February 17, 2016). `` Why Justice Scalia was staying for free at a Texas resort'' . The Washington Post . Bibliography ( edit ) Encyclopedia of the Supreme Court of the United States , 5 vols., Detroit (etc.) : Macmillan Reference USA, 2008 The Rules of the Supreme Court of the United States (2013 ed.) (PDF). Biskupic, Joan and Elder Witt. (1997). Congressional Quarterly 's Guide to the U.S. Supreme Court. Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly . ISBN 1-56802-130-5 Hall, Kermit L., ed. (1992). The Oxford Companion to the Supreme Court of the United States . New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505835-6 . Hall, Kermit L.; McGuire, Kevin T., eds. (2005). Institutions of American Democracy: The Judicial Branch . New York, New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-530917-1 . Harvard Law Review Assn., (2000). The Bluebook: A Uniform System of Citation , 17th ed. (18th ed., 2005. ISBN 978-600-01-4329-9 ) Irons , Peter. (1999). A People's History of the Supreme Court . New York: Viking Press . ISBN 0-670-87006-4 . Rehnquist , William. (1987). The Supreme Court. New York: Alfred A. Knopf . ISBN 0-375-40943-2 . Skifos, Catherine Hetos. (1976). `` The Supreme Court Gets a Home'' , Supreme Court Historical Society 1976 Yearbook. (in 1990, renamed The Journal of Supreme Court History (ISSN 1059-4329)) Warren , Charles. (1924). The Supreme Court in United States History. (3 volumes). Boston: Little, Brown and Co. Woodward, Bob and Armstrong, Scott . The Brethren: Inside the Supreme Court (1979). ISBN 978-0-7432-7402-9 . Supreme Court Historical Society. `` The Court Building'' (PDF) . Retrieved February 13, 2008 . Further reading ( edit ) Abraham, Henry J. (1992). Justices and Presidents: A Political History of Appointments to the Supreme Court (1st ed.). New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-506557-3 . Beard , Charles A. (1912). The Supreme Court and the Constitution. New York: Macmillan Company. Reprinted Dover Publications , 2006. ISBN 0-486-44779-0 . Corley, Pamela C.; Steigerwalt, Amy; Ward, Artemus. (2013). The Puzzle of Unanimity: Consensus on the United States Supreme Court . Stanford University Press. ISBN 978-0-8047-8472-6 . Cushman, Barry. (1998). Rethinking the New Deal Court . Oxford University Press. Cushman, Clare (2001). The Supreme Court Justices: Illustrated Biographies, 1789-- 1995 (2nd ed.). (Supreme Court Historical Society, Congressional Quarterly Books). ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3 . Frank, John P. (1995). Friedman, Leon; Israel, Fred L., eds. The Justices of the United States Supreme Court: Their Lives and Major Opinions . Chelsea House Publishers. ISBN 978-1-56802-126-3 . Garner, Bryan A. (2004). Black's Law Dictionary . Deluxe 8th ed. Thomson West . ISBN 0-314-15199-0 . Greenburg, Jan Crawford , Jan. (2007). Supreme Conflict: The Inside Story of the Struggle for Control for the United States Supreme Court. New York: Penguin Press . ISBN 978-1-59420-101-1 . Martin, Fenton S.; Goehlert, Robert U. (1990). The U.S. Supreme Court: A Bibliography . Washington, D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Books. ISBN 0-87187-554-3 . McCloskey, Robert G. (2005). The American Supreme Court. 4th ed. Chicago: University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0-226-55682-4 . O'Brien , David M. (2008). Storm Center: The Supreme Court in American Politics (8th ed.). New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 0-393-93218-4 . Spaeth, Harold J. (1979). Supreme Court Policy Making: Explanation and Prediction (3rd ed.). New York: W.H.Freeman & Co Ltd. ISBN 978-0-7167-1012-7 . Toobin , Jeffrey. The Nine: Inside the Secret World of the Supreme Court. Doubleday , 2007. ISBN 0-385-51640-1 . Urofsky, Melvin and Finkelman, Paul . (2001). A March of Liberty: A Constitutional History of the United States . 2 vols. New York: Oxford University Press . ISBN 0-19-512637-8 & ISBN 0-19-512635-1 . Urofsky, Melvin I. (1994). The Supreme Court Justices: A Biographical Dictionary . New York: Garland Publishing. p. 590. ISBN 0-8153-1176-1 . Supreme Court Historical Society . `` The Court Building'' (PDF) . Retrieved February 13, 2008 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Supreme Court of the United States . 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what is the function of mitochondrion in a plant cell

Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm in diameter but vary considerably in size and structure . Unless specifically stained , they are not visible . In addition to supplying cellular energy , mitochondria are involved in other tasks , such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes . Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases , including mitochondrial disorders , cardiac dysfunction , heart failure and autism .

Mitochondrion - wikipedia Mitochondrion Jump to: navigation , search Two mitochondria from mammalian lung tissue displaying their matrix and membranes as shown by electron microscopy Cell biology Components of a typical animal cell: Nucleolus Nucleus Ribosome (little dots) Vesicle Rough endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus (or `` Golgi body'' ) Cytoskeleton Smooth endoplasmic reticulum Mitochondrion Vacuole Cytosol (fluid that contains organelles , comprising the cytoplasm ) Lysosome Centrosome Cell membrane Components of a typical mitochondrion 1 Outer membrane 1.1 Porin 2 Intermembrane space 2.1 Intracristal space 2.2 Peripheral space 3 Lamella 3.1 Inner membrane 3.11 Inner boundary membrane 3.12 Cristal membrane 3.2 Matrix 3.3 Cristæ 4 Mitochondrial DNA 5 Matrix granule 6 Ribosome 7 ATP synthase The mitochondrion (plural mitochondria ) is a double membrane -bound organelle found in all eukaryotic organisms. Some cells in some multicellular organisms may however lack them (for example, mature mammalian red blood cells ). A number of unicellular organisms, such as microsporidia , parabasalids , and diplomonads , have also reduced or transformed their mitochondria into other structures. To date, only one eukaryote, Monocercomonoides , is known to have completely lost its mitochondria. The word mitochondrion comes from the Greek μίτος , mitos , `` thread'' , and χονδρίον , chondrion , `` granule'' or `` grain-like'' . Mitochondria generate most of the cell's supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), used as a source of chemical energy . Mitochondria are commonly between 0.75 and 3 μm in diameter but vary considerably in size and structure. Unless specifically stained , they are not visible. In addition to supplying cellular energy, mitochondria are involved in other tasks, such as signaling , cellular differentiation , and cell death , as well as maintaining control of the cell cycle and cell growth . Mitochondrial biogenesis is in turn temporally coordinated with these cellular processes. Mitochondria have been implicated in several human diseases, including mitochondrial disorders , cardiac dysfunction, heart failure and autism. The number of mitochondria in a cell can vary widely by organism , tissue , and cell type. For instance, red blood cells have no mitochondria, whereas liver cells can have more than 2000. The organelle is composed of compartments that carry out specialized functions. These compartments or regions include the outer membrane, the intermembrane space , the inner membrane , and the cristae and matrix . Although most of a cell's DNA is contained in the cell nucleus , the mitochondrion has its own independent genome that shows substantial similarity to bacterial genomes . Mitochondrial proteins (proteins transcribed from mitochondrial DNA ) vary depending on the tissue and the species. In humans, 615 distinct types of protein have been identified from cardiac mitochondria, whereas in rats , 940 proteins have been reported. The mitochondrial proteome is thought to be dynamically regulated. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Origin and evolution 3 Structure 3.1 Outer membrane 3.2 Intermembrane space 3.3 Inner membrane 3.3.1 Cristae 3.4 Matrix 3.5 Mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) 3.5.1 Phospholipid transfer 3.5.2 Calcium signaling 3.5.3 Molecular basis for tethering 3.5.4 Perspective 4 Organization and distribution 5 Function 5.1 Energy conversion 5.1.1 Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle 5.1.2 NADH and FADH : the electron transport chain 5.1.3 Heat production 5.2 Storage of calcium ions 5.3 Additional functions 6 Cellular proliferation regulation 7 Genome 7.1 Alternative genetic code 7.2 Evolution and diversity 7.3 Replication and inheritance 8 Population genetic studies 9 Dysfunction and disease 9.1 Mitochondrial diseases 9.2 Possible relationships to aging 10 In popular culture 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History The first observations of intracellular structures that probably represented mitochondria were published in the 1840s. Richard Altmann , in 1890, established them as cell organelles and called them `` bioblasts'' . The term `` mitochondria'' was coined by Carl Benda in 1898. Leonor Michaelis discovered that Janus green can be used as a supravital stain for mitochondria in 1900. In 1904, Friedrich Meves , made the first recorded observation of mitochondria in plants in cells of the white waterlily, Nymphaea alba and in 1908, along with Claudius Regaud , suggested that they contain proteins and lipids. Benjamin F. Kingsbury, in 1912, first related them with cell respiration, but almost exclusively based on morphological observations. In 1913, particles from extracts of guinea-pig liver were linked to respiration by Otto Heinrich Warburg , which he called `` grana'' . Warburg and Heinrich Otto Wieland , who had also postulated a similar particle mechanism, disagreed on the chemical nature of the respiration. It was not until 1925, when David Keilin discovered cytochromes , that the respiratory chain was described. In 1939, experiments using minced muscle cells demonstrated that cellular respiration using one oxygen atom can form two adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules, and, in 1941, the concept of the phosphate bonds of ATP being a form of energy in cellular metabolism was developed by Fritz Albert Lipmann . In the following years, the mechanism behind cellular respiration was further elaborated, although its link to the mitochondria was not known. The introduction of tissue fractionation by Albert Claude allowed mitochondria to be isolated from other cell fractions and biochemical analysis to be conducted on them alone. In 1946, he concluded that cytochrome oxidase and other enzymes responsible for the respiratory chain were isolated to the mitchondria. Eugene Kennedy and Albert Lehninger discovered in 1948 that mitochondria are the site of oxidative phosphorylation in eukaryotes. Over time, the fractionation method was further developed, improving the quality of the mitochondria isolated, and other elements of cell respiration were determined to occur in the mitochondria. The first high-resolution electron micrographs appeared in 1952, replacing the Janus Green stains as the preferred way of visualising the mitochondria. This led to a more detailed analysis of the structure of the mitochondria, including confirmation that they were surrounded by a membrane. It also showed a second membrane inside the mitochondria that folded up in ridges dividing up the inner chamber and that the size and shape of the mitochondria varied from cell to cell. The popular term `` powerhouse of the cell'' was coined by Philip Siekevitz in 1957. In 1967, it was discovered that mitochondria contained ribosomes . In 1968, methods were developed for mapping the mitochondrial genes, with the genetic and physical map of yeast mitochondrial DNA being completed in 1976. Origin and evolution Main article: Endosymbiotic theory There are two hypotheses about the origin of mitochondria: endosymbiotic and autogenous . The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests that mitochondria were originally prokaryotic cells, capable of implementing oxidative mechanisms that were not possible for eukaryotic cells; they became endosymbionts living inside the eukaryote. In the autogenous hypothesis, mitochondria were born by splitting off a portion of DNA from the nucleus of the eukaryotic cell at the time of divergence with the prokaryotes; this DNA portion would have been enclosed by membranes, which could not be crossed by proteins. Since mitochondria have many features in common with bacteria , the endosymbiotic hypothesis is more widely accepted. A mitochondrion contains DNA , which is organized as several copies of a single, usually circular, chromosome. This mitochondrial chromosome contains genes for redox proteins, such as those of the respiratory chain. The CoRR hypothesis proposes that this co-location is required for redox regulation. The mitochondrial genome codes for some RNAs of ribosomes , and the 22 tRNAs necessary for the translation of messenger RNAs into protein. The circular structure is also found in prokaryotes. The proto-mitochondrion was probably closely related to the Rickettsia . However, the exact relationship of the ancestor of mitochondria to the alphaproteobacteria and whether the mitochondrion was formed at the same time or after the nucleus, remains controversial. A recent study by researchers of the University of Hawaii at Manoa and the Oregon State University indicates that the SAR11 clade of bacteria shares a relatively recent common ancestor with the mitochondria existing in most eukaryotic cells. Schematic phylogeny of Alphaproteobacteria , according to Ferla et al. (2013) Magnetococcidae Magnetococcales Magnetococcaceae Magnetococcus marinus Caulobacteridae Rhodospirillales , Sphingomonadales , Rhodobacteraceae , Rhizobiales , etc . Holosporales Rickettsidae Pelagibacterales Pelagibacteraceae Pelagibacter subgroups Ib, II, IIIa, IIIb, IV and V Proto-mitochondria Anaplasmataceae Ehrlichia Anaplasma Wolbachia Neorickettsia Midichloriaceae Midichloria Rickettsiaceae Rickettsia Robust 16S + 23S phylogeny of Rickettsidae from Ferla et al. The ribosomes coded for by the mitochondrial DNA are similar to those from bacteria in size and structure. They closely resemble the bacterial 70S ribosome and not the 80S cytoplasmic ribosomes, which are coded for by nuclear DNA. The endosymbiotic relationship of mitochondria with their host cells was popularized by Lynn Margulis . The endosymbiotic hypothesis suggests that mitochondria descended from bacteria that somehow survived endocytosis by another cell, and became incorporated into the cytoplasm . The ability of these bacteria to conduct respiration in host cells that had relied on glycolysis and fermentation would have provided a considerable evolutionary advantage. This symbiotic relationship probably developed 1.7 to 2 billion years ago. A few groups of unicellular eukaryotes have only vestigial mitochondria or derived structures: the microsporidians , metamonads , and archamoebae . These groups appear as the most primitive eukaryotes on phylogenetic trees constructed using rRNA information, which once suggested that they appeared before the origin of mitochondria. However, this is now known to be an artifact of long-branch attraction -- they are derived groups and retain genes or organelles derived from mitochondria (e.g., mitosomes and hydrogenosomes ). Monocercomonoides appear to have lost their mitochondria completely and at least some of the mitochondrial functions seem to be carried out by cytoplasmic proteins now . Structure 1 Outer membrane 1.1 Porins 2 Intermembrane space 2.1 Intracristal space 2.2 Peripheral space 3 Lamellæ 3.1 Inner membrane 3.11 Inner boundary membrane 3.12 Cristal membrane 3.2 Matrix 3.3 Cristæ 4 Mitochondrial DNA 5 Matix granule 6 Ribosome 7 ATP synthase Edit Source image Mitochondrion ultrastructure (interactive diagram) A mitochondrion has a double membrane; the inner one contains its chemiosmotic apparatus and has deep grooves which increase its surface area. While commonly depicted as an `` orange sausage with a blob inside of it'' (like it is here), mitochondria can take many shapes and their intermembrane space is quite thin. A mitochondrion contains outer and inner membranes composed of phospholipid bilayers and proteins . The two membranes have different properties. Because of this double-membraned organization, there are five distinct parts to a mitochondrion. They are: the outer mitochondrial membrane, the intermembrane space (the space between the outer and inner membranes), the inner mitochondrial membrane, the cristae space (formed by infoldings of the inner membrane), and the matrix (space within the inner membrane). Mitochondria stripped of their outer membrane are called mitoplasts . Outer membrane The outer mitochondrial membrane , which encloses the entire organelle, is 60 to 75 angstroms (Å ) thick. It has a protein-to-phospholipid ratio similar to that of the eukaryotic plasma membrane (about 1:1 by weight). It contains large numbers of integral membrane proteins called porins . These porins form channels that allow molecules of 5000 daltons or less in molecular weight to freely diffuse from one side of the membrane to the other. Larger proteins can enter the mitochondrion if a signaling sequence at their N-terminus binds to a large multisubunit protein called translocase of the outer membrane, which then actively moves them across the membrane. Mitochondrial pro-proteins are imported through specialised translocation complexes. The outer membrane also contains enzymes involved in such diverse activities as the elongation of fatty acids , oxidation of epinephrine , and the degradation of tryptophan . These enzymes include monoamine oxidase , rotenone -insensitive NADH-cytochrome c-reductase, kynurenine hydroxylase and fatty acid Co-A ligase . Disruption of the outer membrane permits proteins in the intermembrane space to leak into the cytosol, leading to certain cell death. The mitochondrial outer membrane can associate with the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membrane, in a structure called MAM (mitochondria-associated ER-membrane). This is important in the ER-mitochondria calcium signaling and is involved in the transfer of lipids between the ER and mitochondria. Outside the outer membrane there are small (diameter: 60Å ) particles named sub-units of Parson. Intermembrane space The intermembrane space is the space between the outer membrane and the inner membrane. It is also known as perimitochondrial space. Because the outer membrane is freely permeable to small molecules, the concentrations of small molecules, such as ions and sugars, in the intermembrane space is the same as in the cytosol . However, large proteins must have a specific signaling sequence to be transported across the outer membrane, so the protein composition of this space is different from the protein composition of the cytosol . One protein that is localized to the intermembrane space in this way is cytochrome c . Inner membrane Main article: Inner mitochondrial membrane The inner mitochondrial membrane contains proteins with five types of functions: Those that perform the redox reactions of oxidative phosphorylation ATP synthase , which generates ATP in the matrix Specific transport proteins that regulate metabolite passage into and out of the matrix Protein import machinery Mitochondrial fusion and fission protein It contains more than 151 different polypeptides , and has a very high protein-to-phospholipid ratio (more than 3:1 by weight, which is about 1 protein for 15 phospholipids). The inner membrane is home to around 1/5 of the total protein in a mitochondrion. In addition, the inner membrane is rich in an unusual phospholipid, cardiolipin . This phospholipid was originally discovered in cow hearts in 1942, and is usually characteristic of mitochondrial and bacterial plasma membranes. Cardiolipin contains four fatty acids rather than two, and may help to make the inner membrane impermeable. Unlike the outer membrane, the inner membrane doesn't contain porins, and is highly impermeable to all molecules. Almost all ions and molecules require special membrane transporters to enter or exit the matrix. Proteins are ferried into the matrix via the translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) complex or via Oxa1. In addition, there is a membrane potential across the inner membrane, formed by the action of the enzymes of the electron transport chain . Cristae Cross-sectional image of cristae in rat liver mitochondrion to demonstrate the likely 3D structure and relationship to the inner membrane Main article: Cristae The inner mitochondrial membrane is compartmentalized into numerous cristae , which expand the surface area of the inner mitochondrial membrane, enhancing its ability to produce ATP. For typical liver mitochondria, the area of the inner membrane is about five times as large as the outer membrane. This ratio is variable and mitochondria from cells that have a greater demand for ATP, such as muscle cells, contain even more cristae. These folds are studded with small round bodies known as F particles or oxysomes. These are not simple random folds but rather invaginations of the inner membrane, which can affect overall chemiosmotic function. One recent mathematical modeling study has suggested that the optical properties of the cristae in filamentous mitochondria may affect the generation and propagation of light within the tissue. Matrix Main article: Mitochondrial matrix The matrix is the space enclosed by the inner membrane. It contains about 2/3 of the total protein in a mitochondrion. The matrix is important in the production of ATP with the aid of the ATP synthase contained in the inner membrane. The matrix contains a highly concentrated mixture of hundreds of enzymes, special mitochondrial ribosomes , tRNA , and several copies of the mitochondrial DNA genome . Of the enzymes, the major functions include oxidation of pyruvate and fatty acids , and the citric acid cycle . Mitochondria have their own genetic material, and the machinery to manufacture their own RNAs and proteins ( see: protein biosynthesis ). A published human mitochondrial DNA sequence revealed 16,569 base pairs encoding 37 genes: 22 tRNA , 2 rRNA , and 13 peptide genes. The 13 mitochondrial peptides in humans are integrated into the inner mitochondrial membrane, along with proteins encoded by genes that reside in the host cell's nucleus . Mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) Main article: Mitochondria associated membranes (MAM) The mitochondria-associated ER membrane (MAM) is another structural element that is increasingly recognized for its critical role in cellular physiology and homeostasis . Once considered a technical snag in cell fractionation techniques, the alleged ER vesicle contaminants that invariably appeared in the mitochondrial fraction have been re-identified as membranous structures derived from the MAM-- the interface between mitochondria and the ER. Physical coupling between these two organelles had previously been observed in electron micrographs and has more recently been probed with fluorescence microscopy . Such studies estimate that at the MAM, which may comprise up to 20% of the mitochondrial outer membrane, the ER and mitochondria are separated by a mere 10-- 25 nm and held together by protein tethering complexes. Purified MAM from subcellular fractionation has been shown to be enriched in enzymes involved in phospholipid exchange, in addition to channels associated with Ca signaling. These hints of a prominent role for the MAM in the regulation of cellular lipid stores and signal transduction have been borne out, with significant implications for mitochondrial-associated cellular phenomena, as discussed below. Not only has the MAM provided insight into the mechanistic basis underlying such physiological processes as intrinsic apoptosis and the propagation of calcium signaling, but it also favors a more refined view of the mitochondria. Though often seen as static, isolated ' powerhouses' hijacked for cellular metabolism through an ancient endosymbiotic event, the evolution of the MAM underscores the extent to which mitochondria have been integrated into overall cellular physiology, with intimate physical and functional coupling to the endomembrane system. Phospholipid transfer The MAM is enriched in enzymes involved in lipid biosynthesis, such as phosphatidylserine synthase on the ER face and phosphatidylserine decarboxylase on the mitochondrial face. Because mitochondria are dynamic organelles constantly undergoing fission and fusion events, they require a constant and well-regulated supply of phospholipids for membrane integrity. But mitochondria are not only a destination for the phospholipids they finish synthesis of; rather, this organelle also plays a role in inter-organelle trafficking of the intermediates and products of phospholipid biosynthetic pathways, ceramide and cholesterol metabolism, and glycosphingolipid anabolism. Such trafficking capacity depends on the MAM, which has been shown to facilitate transfer of lipid intermediates between organelles. In contrast to the standard vesicular mechanism of lipid transfer, evidence indicates that the physical proximity of the ER and mitochondrial membranes at the MAM allows for lipid flipping between opposed bilayers. Despite this unusual and seemingly energetically unfavorable mechanism, such transport does not require ATP. Instead, in yeast, it has been shown to be dependent on a multiprotein tethering structure termed the ER-mitochondria encounter structure, or ERMES, although it remains unclear whether this structure directly mediates lipid transfer or is required to keep the membranes in sufficiently close proximity to lower the energy barrier for lipid flipping. The MAM may also be part of the secretory pathway, in addition to its role in intracellular lipid trafficking. In particular, the MAM appears to be an intermediate destination between the rough ER and the Golgi in the pathway that leads to very-low-density lipoprotein , or VLDL, assembly and secretion. The MAM thus serves as a critical metabolic and trafficking hub in lipid metabolism. Calcium signaling A critical role for the ER in calcium signaling was acknowledged before such a role for the mitochondria was widely accepted, in part because the low affinity of Ca channels localized to the outer mitochondrial membrane seemed to fly in the face of this organelle's purported responsiveness to changes in intracellular Ca flux. But the presence of the MAM resolves this apparent contradiction: the close physical association between the two organelles results in Ca microdomains at contact points that facilitate efficient Ca transmission from the ER to the mitochondria. Transmission occurs in response to so-called `` Ca puffs'' generated by spontaneous clustering and activation of IP3R , a canonical ER membrane Ca channel. The fate of these puffs-- in particular, whether they remain restricted to isolated locales or integrated into Ca waves for propagation throughout the cell-- is determined in large part by MAM dynamics. Although reuptake of Ca by the ER (concomitant with its release) modulates the intensity of the puffs, thus insulating mitochondria to a certain degree from high Ca exposure, the MAM often serves as a firewall that essentially buffers Ca puffs by acting as a sink into which free ions released into the cytosol can be funneled. This Ca tunneling occurs through the low-affinity Ca receptor VDAC1, which recently has been shown to be physically tethered to the IP3R clusters on the ER membrane and enriched at the MAM. The ability of mitochondria to serve as a Ca sink is a result of the electrochemical gradient generated during oxidative phosphorylation, which makes tunneling of the cation an exergonic process. Normally, mild calcium influx from cytosol into the mitochondrial matrix causes transient depolarization that is corrected by pumping out protons. But transmission of Ca is not unidirectional; rather, it is a two-way street. The properties of the Ca pump SERCA and the channel IP3R present on the ER membrane facilitate feedback regulation coordinated by MAM function. In particular, the clearance of Ca by the MAM allows for spatio-temporal patterning of Ca signaling because Ca alters IP3R activity in a biphasic manner. SERCA is likewise affected by mitochondrial feedback: uptake of Ca by the MAM stimulates ATP production, thus providing energy that enables SERCA to reload the ER with Ca for continued Ca efflux at the MAM. Thus, the MAM is not a passive buffer for Ca puffs; rather it helps modulate further Ca signaling through feedback loops that affect ER dynamics. Regulating ER release of Ca at the MAM is especially critical because only a certain window of Ca uptake sustains the mitochondria, and consequently the cell, at homeostasis. Sufficient intraorganelle Ca signaling is required to stimulate metabolism by activating dehydrogenase enzymes critical to flux through the citric acid cycle. However, once Ca signaling in the mitochondria passes a certain threshold, it stimulates the intrinsic pathway of apoptosis in part by collapsing the mitochondrial membrane potential required for metabolism. Studies examining the role of pro- and anti-apoptotic factors support this model; for example, the anti-apoptotic factor Bcl-2 has been shown to interact with IP3Rs to reduce Ca filling of the ER, leading to reduced efflux at the MAM and preventing collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential post-apoptotic stimuli. Given the need for such fine regulation of Ca signaling, it is perhaps unsurprising that dysregulated mitochondrial Ca has been implicated in several neurodegenerative diseases, while the catalogue of tumor suppressors includes a few that are enriched at the MAM. Molecular basis for tethering Recent advances in the identification of the tethers between the mitochondrial and ER membranes suggest that the scaffolding function of the molecular elements involved is secondary to other, non-structural functions. In yeast, ERMES, a multiprotein complex of interacting ER- and mitochondrial-resident membrane proteins, is required for lipid transfer at the MAM and exemplifies this principle. One of its components, for example, is also a constituent of the protein complex required for insertion of transmembrane beta-barrel proteins into the lipid bilayer. However, a homologue of the ERMES complex has not yet been identified in mammalian cells. Other proteins implicated in scaffolding likewise have functions independent of structural tethering at the MAM; for example, ER-resident and mitochondrial-resident mitofusins form heterocomplexes that regulate the number of inter-organelle contact sites, although mitofusins were first identified for their role in fission and fusion events between individual mitochondria. Glucose-related protein 75 (grp75) is another dual-function protein. In addition to the matrix pool of grp75, a portion serves as a chaperone that physically links the mitochondrial and ER Ca channels VDAC and IP3R for efficient Ca transmission at the MAM. Another potential tether is Sigma-1R, a non-opioid receptor whose stabilization of ER-resident IP3R may preserve communication at the MAM during the metabolic stress response. Model of the yeast multimeric tethering complex, ERMES Perspective The MAM is a critical signaling, metabolic, and trafficking hub in the cell that allows for the integration of ER and mitochondrial physiology. Coupling between these organelles is not simply structural but functional as well and critical for overall cellular physiology and homeostasis. The MAM thus offers a perspective on mitochondria that diverges from the traditional view of this organelle as a static, isolated unit appropriated for its metabolic capacity by the cell. Instead, this mitochondrial-ER interface emphasizes the integration of the mitochondria, the product of an endosymbiotic event, into diverse cellular processes. Organization and distribution Typical mitochondrial network (green) in two human cells ( HeLa cells ) Mitochondria (and related structures) are found in all eukaryotes (except one-- the Oxymonad Monocercomonoides sp.). Although commonly depicted as bean-like structures they form a highly dynamic network in the majority of cells where they constantly undergo fission and fusion . Mitochondria vary in number and location according to cell type. A single mitochondrion is often found in unicellular organisms. Conversely, numerous mitochondria are found in human liver cells, with about 1000-- 2000 mitochondria per cell, making up 1/5 of the cell volume. The population of all the mitochondria of a given cell constitutes the chondriome . The mitochondrial content of otherwise similar cells can vary substantially in size and membrane potential, with differences arising from sources including uneven partitioning at cell divisions, leading to extrinsic differences in ATP levels and downstream cellular processes. The mitochondria can be found nestled between myofibrils of muscle or wrapped around the sperm flagellum . Often, they form a complex 3D branching network inside the cell with the cytoskeleton . The association with the cytoskeleton determines mitochondrial shape, which can affect the function as well: different structures of the mitochondrial network may afford the population a variety of physical, chemical, and signalling advantages or disadvantages. Mitochondria in cells are always distributed along microtubules and the distribution of these organelles is also correlated with the endoplasmic reticulum. Recent evidence suggests that vimentin , one of the components of the cytoskeleton, is also critical to the association with the cytoskeleton. Function The most prominent roles of mitochondria are to produce the energy currency of the cell, ATP (i.e., phosphorylation of ADP ), through respiration, and to regulate cellular metabolism . The central set of reactions involved in ATP production are collectively known as the citric acid cycle , or the Krebs cycle. However, the mitochondrion has many other functions in addition to the production of ATP. Energy conversion A dominant role for the mitochondria is the production of ATP , as reflected by the large number of proteins in the inner membrane for this task. This is done by oxidizing the major products of glucose : pyruvate , and NADH , which are produced in the cytosol. This type of cellular respiration known as aerobic respiration , is dependent on the presence of oxygen . When oxygen is limited, the glycolytic products will be metabolized by anaerobic fermentation , a process that is independent of the mitochondria. The production of ATP from glucose has an approximately 13-times higher yield during aerobic respiration compared to fermentation. Recently it has been shown that plant mitochondria can produce a limited amount of ATP without oxygen by using the alternate substrate nitrite . ATP crosses out through the inner membrane with the help of a specific protein , and across the outer membrane via porins. ADP returns via the same route. Pyruvate and the citric acid cycle Main articles: Pyruvate dehydrogenase , Pyruvate carboxylase , and Citric acid cycle Pyruvate molecules produced by glycolysis are actively transported across the inner mitochondrial membrane, and into the matrix where they can either be oxidized and combined with coenzyme A to form CO , acetyl-CoA , and NADH , or they can be carboxylated (by pyruvate carboxylase ) to form oxaloacetate. This latter reaction '' fills up'' the amount of oxaloacetate in the citric acid cycle, and is therefore an anaplerotic reaction , increasing the cycle's capacity to metabolize acetyl-CoA when the tissue's energy needs (e.g. in muscle ) are suddenly increased by activity. In the citric acid cycle, all the intermediates (e.g. citrate, iso-citrate, alpha-ketoglutarate, succinate, fumarate, malate and oxaloacetate) are regenerated during each turn of the cycle. Adding more of any of these intermediates to the mitochondrion therefore means that the additional amount is retained within the cycle, increasing all the other intermediates as one is converted into the other. Hence, the addition of any one of them to the cycle has an anaplerotic effect, and its removal has a cataplerotic effect. These anaplerotic and cataplerotic reactions will, during the course of the cycle, increase or decrease the amount of oxaloacetate available to combine with acetyl-CoA to form citric acid. This in turn increases or decreases the rate of ATP production by the mitochondrion, and thus the availability of ATP to the cell. Acetyl-CoA, on the other hand, derived from pyruvate oxidation, or from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids , is the only fuel to enter the citric acid cycle. With each turn of the cycle one molecule of acetyl-CoA is consumed for every molecule of oxaloacetate present in the mitochondrial matrix, and is never regenerated. It is the oxidation of the acetate portion of acetyl-CoA that produces CO and water, with the energy thus released captured in the form of ATP. In the liver, the carboxylation of cytosolic pyruvate into intra-mitochondrial oxaloacetate is an early step in the gluconeogenic pathway, which converts lactate and de-aminated alanine into glucose, under the influence of high levels of glucagon and/or epinephrine in the blood. Here, the addition of oxaloacetate to the mitochondrion does not have a net anaplerotic effect, as another citric acid cycle intermediate (malate) is immediately removed from the mitochondrion to be converted into cytosolic oxaloacetate, which is ultimately converted into glucose, in a process that is almost the reverse of glycolysis . The enzymes of the citric acid cycle are located in the mitochondrial matrix, with the exception of succinate dehydrogenase , which is bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane as part of Complex II. The citric acid cycle oxidizes the acetyl-CoA to carbon dioxide, and, in the process, produces reduced cofactors (three molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH ) that are a source of electrons for the electron transport chain , and a molecule of GTP (that is readily converted to an ATP). NADH and FADH : the electron transport chain Main articles: Electron transport chain and Oxidative phosphorylation Electron transport chain in the mitochondrial intermembrane space The redox energy from NADH and FADH is transferred to oxygen (O ) in several steps via the electron transport chain. These energy-rich molecules are produced within the matrix via the citric acid cycle but are also produced in the cytoplasm by glycolysis . Reducing equivalents from the cytoplasm can be imported via the malate-aspartate shuttle system of antiporter proteins or feed into the electron transport chain using a glycerol phosphate shuttle . Protein complexes in the inner membrane ( NADH dehydrogenase (ubiquinone) , cytochrome c reductase , and cytochrome c oxidase ) perform the transfer and the incremental release of energy is used to pump protons (H ) into the intermembrane space. This process is efficient, but a small percentage of electrons may prematurely reduce oxygen, forming reactive oxygen species such as superoxide . This can cause oxidative stress in the mitochondria and may contribute to the decline in mitochondrial function associated with the aging process. As the proton concentration increases in the intermembrane space, a strong electrochemical gradient is established across the inner membrane. The protons can return to the matrix through the ATP synthase complex, and their potential energy is used to synthesize ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate (P ). This process is called chemiosmosis , and was first described by Peter Mitchell who was awarded the 1978 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work. Later, part of the 1997 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker for their clarification of the working mechanism of ATP synthase. Heat production Under certain conditions, protons can re-enter the mitochondrial matrix without contributing to ATP synthesis. This process is known as proton leak or mitochondrial uncoupling and is due to the facilitated diffusion of protons into the matrix. The process results in the unharnessed potential energy of the proton electrochemical gradient being released as heat. The process is mediated by a proton channel called thermogenin , or UCP1 . Thermogenin is a 33 k Da protein first discovered in 1973. Thermogenin is primarily found in brown adipose tissue , or brown fat, and is responsible for non-shivering thermogenesis. Brown adipose tissue is found in mammals, and is at its highest levels in early life and in hibernating animals. In humans, brown adipose tissue is present at birth and decreases with age. Storage of calcium ions Transmission electron micrograph of a chondrocyte , stained for calcium, showing its nucleus (N) and mitochondria (M). The concentrations of free calcium in the cell can regulate an array of reactions and is important for signal transduction in the cell. Mitochondria can transiently store calcium , a contributing process for the cell's homeostasis of calcium. In fact, their ability to rapidly take in calcium for later release makes them very good `` cytosolic buffers'' for calcium. The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the most significant storage site of calcium, and there is a significant interplay between the mitochondrion and ER with regard to calcium. The calcium is taken up into the matrix by the mitochondrial calcium uniporter on the inner mitochondrial membrane . It is primarily driven by the mitochondrial membrane potential . Release of this calcium back into the cell's interior can occur via a sodium-calcium exchange protein or via `` calcium-induced-calcium-release'' pathways. This can initiate calcium spikes or calcium waves with large changes in the membrane potential . These can activate a series of second messenger system proteins that can coordinate processes such as neurotransmitter release in nerve cells and release of hormones in endocrine cells. Ca influx to the mitochondrial matrix has recently been implicated as a mechanism to regulate respiratory bioenergetics by allowing the electrochemical potential across the membrane to transiently `` pulse'' from ΔΨ -dominated to pH-dominated, facilitating a reduction of oxidative stress . In neurons, concomitant increases in cytosolic and mitochondrial calcium act to synchronize neuronal activity with mitochondrial energy metabolism. Mitochondrial matrix calcium levels can reach the tens of micromolar levels, which is necessary for the activation of isocitrate dehydrogenase , one of the key regulatory enzymes of the Krebs cycle . Additional functions Mitochondria play a central role in many other metabolic tasks, such as: Signaling through mitochondrial reactive oxygen species Regulation of the membrane potential Apoptosis -programmed cell death Calcium signaling (including calcium-evoked apoptosis) Regulation of cellular metabolism Certain heme synthesis reactions (see also: porphyrin ) Steroid synthesis. Hormonal signaling Mitochondria are sensitive and responsive to hormones, in part by the action of mitochondrial estrogen receptors (mtERs). These receptors have been found in various tissues and cell types, including brain and heart Some mitochondrial functions are performed only in specific types of cells. For example, mitochondria in liver cells contain enzymes that allow them to detoxify ammonia , a waste product of protein metabolism. A mutation in the genes regulating any of these functions can result in mitochondrial diseases . Cellular proliferation regulation The relationship between cellular proliferation and mitochondria has been investigated using cervical cancer HeLa cells. Tumor cells require an ample amount of ATP ( Adenosine triphosphate ) in order to synthesize bioactive compounds such as lipids , proteins , and nucleotides for rapid cell proliferation. The majority of ATP in tumor cells is generated via the oxidative phosphorylation pathway (OxPhos). Interference with OxPhos have shown to cause cell cycle arrest suggesting that mitochondria play a role in cell proliferation. Mitochondrial ATP production is also vital for cell division in addition to other basic functions in the cell including the regulation of cell volume, solute concentration , and cellular architecture. ATP levels differ at various stages of the cell cycle suggesting that there is a relationship between the abundance of ATP and the cell's ability to enter a new cell cycle. ATP's role in the basic functions of the cell make the cell cycle sensitive to changes in the availability of mitochondrial derived ATP. The variation in ATP levels at different stages of the cell cycle support the hypothesis that mitochondria play an important role in cell cycle regulation. Although the specific mechanisms between mitochondria and the cell cycle regulation is not well understood, studies have shown that low energy cell cycle checkpoints monitor the energy capability before committing to another round of cell division. Genome The circular 16,569 bp human mitochondrial genome encoding 37 genes, i.e., 28 on the H-strand and 9 on the L-strand. Main article: Mitochondrial DNA Mitochondria contain their own genome, an indication that they are derived from bacteria through endosymbiosis . However, the ancestral endosymbiont genome has lost most of its genes so that the mitochondrial genome is one of the most reduced genomes across organisms. The human mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule of about 16 kilobases . It encodes 37 genes: 13 for subunits of respiratory complexes I, III, IV and V, 22 for mitochondrial tRNA (for the 20 standard amino acids, plus an extra gene for leucine and serine), and 2 for rRNA . One mitochondrion can contain two to ten copies of its DNA. As in prokaryotes, there is a very high proportion of coding DNA and an absence of repeats. Mitochondrial genes are transcribed as multigenic transcripts, which are cleaved and polyadenylated to yield mature mRNAs . Not all proteins necessary for mitochondrial function are encoded by the mitochondrial genome; most are coded by genes in the cell nucleus and the corresponding proteins are imported into the mitochondrion. The exact number of genes encoded by the nucleus and the mitochondrial genome differs between species. Most mitochondrial genomes are circular, although exceptions have been reported. In general, mitochondrial DNA lacks introns , as is the case in the human mitochondrial genome; however, introns have been observed in some eukaryotic mitochondrial DNA, such as that of yeast and protists , including Dictyostelium discoideum . Between protein-coding regions, tRNAs are present. During transcription, the tRNAs acquire their characteristic L-shape that gets recognized and cleaved by specific enzymes. Mitochondrial tRNA genes have different sequences from the nuclear tRNAs but lookalikes of mitochondrial tRNAs have been found in the nuclear chromosomes with high sequence similarity. In animals , the mitochondrial genome is typically a single circular chromosome that is approximately 16 kb long and has 37 genes. The genes, while highly conserved, may vary in location. Curiously, this pattern is not found in the human body louse ( Pediculus humanus ). Instead, this mitochondrial genome is arranged in 18 minicircular chromosomes, each of which is 3-- 4 kb long and has one to three genes. This pattern is also found in other sucking lice, but not in chewing lice. Recombination has been shown to occur between the minichromosomes. The reason for this difference is not known. Alternative genetic code While slight variations on the standard genetic code had been predicted earlier, none was discovered until 1979, when researchers studying human mitochondrial genes determined that they used an alternative code. However, the mitochondria of many other eukaryotes, including most plants, use the standard code. Many slight variants have been discovered since, including various alternative mitochondrial codes. Further, the AUA, AUC, and AUU codons are all allowable start codons. Exceptions to the standard genetic code in mitochondria Organism Codon Standard Mitochondria Mammals AGA, AGG Arginine Stop codon Invertebrates AGA, AGG Arginine Serine Fungi CUA Leucine Threonine All of the above AUA Isoleucine Methionine UGA Stop codon Tryptophan Some of these differences should be regarded as pseudo-changes in the genetic code due to the phenomenon of RNA editing , which is common in mitochondria. In higher plants, it was thought that CGG encoded for tryptophan and not arginine ; however, the codon in the processed RNA was discovered to be the UGG codon, consistent with the standard genetic code for tryptophan. Of note, the arthropod mitochondrial genetic code has undergone parallel evolution within a phylum, with some organisms uniquely translating AGG to lysine. Evolution and diversity Mitochondrial genomes have far fewer genes than the bacteria from which they are thought to be descended. Although some have been lost altogether, many have been transferred to the nucleus , such as the respiratory complex II protein subunits. This is thought to be relatively common over evolutionary time. A few organisms, such as the Cryptosporidium , actually have mitochondria that lack any DNA, presumably because all their genes have been lost or transferred. In Cryptosporidium , the mitochondria have an altered ATP generation system that renders the parasite resistant to many classical mitochondrial inhibitors such as cyanide , azide , and atovaquone . Replication and inheritance Mitochondria divide by binary fission , similar to bacterial cell division. The regulation of this division differs between eukaryotes. In many single-celled eukaryotes, their growth and division is linked to the cell cycle . For example, a single mitochondrion may divide synchronously with the nucleus. This division and segregation process must be tightly controlled so that each daughter cell receives at least one mitochondrion. In other eukaryotes (in mammals for example), mitochondria may replicate their DNA and divide mainly in response to the energy needs of the cell, rather than in phase with the cell cycle. When the energy needs of a cell are high, mitochondria grow and divide. When the energy use is low, mitochondria are destroyed or become inactive. In such examples, and in contrast to the situation in many single celled eukaryotes, mitochondria are apparently randomly distributed to the daughter cells during the division of the cytoplasm . Understanding of mitochondrial dynamics, which is described as the balance between mitochondrial fusion and fission , has revealed that functional and structural alterations in mitochondrial morphology are important factors in pathologies associated with several disease conditions. The hypothesis of mitochondrial binary fission has relied on the visualization by fluorescence microscopy and conventional transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The resolution of fluorescence microscopy(~200 nm) is insufficient to distinguish structural details, such as double mitochondrial membrane in mitochondrial division or even to distinguish individual mitochondria when several are close together. Conventional TEM has also some technical limitations in verifying mitochondrial division. Cryo-electron tomography was recently used to visualize mitochondrial division in frozen hydrated intact cells. It revealed that mitochondria divide by budding. An individual's mitochondrial genes are not inherited by the same mechanism as nuclear genes. Typically, the mitochondria are inherited from one parent only. In humans, when an egg cell is fertilized by a sperm, the egg nucleus and sperm nucleus each contribute equally to the genetic makeup of the zygote nucleus. In contrast, the mitochondria, and therefore the mitochondrial DNA, usually come from the egg only. The sperm's mitochondria enter the egg, but do not contribute genetic information to the embryo. Instead, paternal mitochondria are marked with ubiquitin to select them for later destruction inside the embryo . The egg cell contains relatively few mitochondria, but it is these mitochondria that survive and divide to populate the cells of the adult organism. Mitochondria are, therefore, in most cases inherited only from mothers, a pattern known as maternal inheritance . This mode is seen in most organisms, including the majority of animals. However, mitochondria in some species can sometimes be inherited paternally. This is the norm among certain coniferous plants, although not in pine trees and yews . For Mytilids , paternal inheritance only occurs within males of the species. It has been suggested that it occurs at a very low level in humans. There is a recent suggestion that mitochondria that shorten male lifespan stay in the system because they are inherited only through the mother. By contrast, natural selection weeds out mitochondria that reduce female survival as such mitochondria are less likely to be passed on to the next generation. Therefore, it is suggested that human females and female animals tend to live longer than males. The authors claim that this is a partial explanation. Uniparental inheritance leads to little opportunity for genetic recombination between different lineages of mitochondria, although a single mitochondrion can contain 2-- 10 copies of its DNA. For this reason, mitochondrial DNA is usually thought to reproduce by binary fission . What recombination does take place maintains genetic integrity rather than maintaining diversity. However, there are studies showing evidence of recombination in mitochondrial DNA. It is clear that the enzymes necessary for recombination are present in mammalian cells. Further, evidence suggests that animal mitochondria can undergo recombination. The data are a bit more controversial in humans, although indirect evidence of recombination exists. If recombination does not occur, the whole mitochondrial DNA sequence represents a single haplotype , which makes it useful for studying the evolutionary history of populations. Entities undergoing uniparental inheritance and with little to no recombination may be expected to be subject to Muller's ratchet , the inexorable accumulation of deleterious mutations until functionality is lost. Animal populations of mitochondria avoid this buildup through a developmental process known as the mtDNA bottleneck . The bottleneck exploits stochastic processes in the cell to increase in the cell-to-cell variability in mutant load as an organism develops: a single egg cell with some proportion of mutant mtDNA thus produces an embryo where different cells have different mutant loads. Cell-level selection may then act to remove those cells with more mutant mtDNA, leading to a stabilisation or reduction in mutant load between generations. The mechanism underlying the bottleneck is debated, with a recent mathematical and experimental metastudy providing evidence for a combination of random partitioning of mtDNAs at cell divisions and random turnover of mtDNA molecules within the cell. Population genetic studies Main article: Human mitochondrial genetics The near-absence of genetic recombination in mitochondrial DNA makes it a useful source of information for scientists involved in population genetics and evolutionary biology . Because all the mitochondrial DNA is inherited as a single unit, or haplotype , the relationships between mitochondrial DNA from different individuals can be represented as a gene tree . Patterns in these gene trees can be used to infer the evolutionary history of populations. The classic example of this is in human evolutionary genetics , where the molecular clock can be used to provide a recent date for mitochondrial Eve . This is often interpreted as strong support for a recent modern human expansion out of Africa . Another human example is the sequencing of mitochondrial DNA from Neanderthal bones. The relatively large evolutionary distance between the mitochondrial DNA sequences of Neanderthals and living humans has been interpreted as evidence for the lack of interbreeding between Neanderthals and anatomically modern humans. However, mitochondrial DNA reflects only the history of the females in a population and so may not represent the history of the population as a whole. This can be partially overcome by the use of paternal genetic sequences, such as the non-recombining region of the Y-chromosome . In a broader sense, only studies that also include nuclear DNA can provide a comprehensive evolutionary history of a population. Recent measurements of the molecular clock for mitochondrial DNA reported a value of 1 mutation every 7884 years dating back to the most recent common ancestor of humans and apes, which is consistent with estimates of mutation rates of autosomal DNA (10 per base per generation ). Dysfunction and disease Mitochondrial diseases Main article: Mitochondrial disease Damage and subsequent dysfunction in mitochondria is an important factor in a range of human diseases due to their influence in cell metabolism. Mitochondrial disorders often present themselves as neurological disorders, including autism . They can also manifest as myopathy , diabetes , multiple endocrinopathy , and a variety of other systemic disorders. Diseases caused by mutation in the mtDNA include Kearns-Sayre syndrome , MELAS syndrome and Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy . In the vast majority of cases, these diseases are transmitted by a female to her children, as the zygote derives its mitochondria and hence its mtDNA from the ovum. Diseases such as Kearns-Sayre syndrome , Pearson syndrome , and progressive external ophthalmoplegia are thought to be due to large-scale mtDNA rearrangements, whereas other diseases such as MELAS syndrome , Leber's hereditary optic neuropathy , myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF), and others are due to point mutations in mtDNA. In other diseases, defects in nuclear genes lead to dysfunction of mitochondrial proteins. This is the case in Friedreich's ataxia , hereditary spastic paraplegia , and Wilson's disease . These diseases are inherited in a dominance relationship , as applies to most other genetic diseases. A variety of disorders can be caused by nuclear mutations of oxidative phosphorylation enzymes, such as coenzyme Q10 deficiency and Barth syndrome . Environmental influences may interact with hereditary predispositions and cause mitochondrial disease. For example, there may be a link between pesticide exposure and the later onset of Parkinson's disease . Other pathologies with etiology involving mitochondrial dysfunction include schizophrenia , bipolar disorder , dementia , Alzheimer's disease , Parkinson's disease, epilepsy , stroke , cardiovascular disease , chronic fatigue syndrome , retinitis pigmentosa , and diabetes mellitus . Mitochondria-mediated oxidative stress plays a role in cardiomyopathy in Type 2 diabetics. Increased fatty acid delivery to the heart increases fatty acid uptake by cardiomyocytes, resulting in increased fatty acid oxidation in these cells. This process increases the reducing equivalents available to the electron transport chain of the mitochondria, ultimately increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. ROS increases uncoupling proteins (UCPs) and potentiate proton leakage through the adenine nucleotide translocator (ANT), the combination of which uncouples the mitochondria. Uncoupling then increases oxygen consumption by the mitochondria, compounding the increase in fatty acid oxidation. This creates a vicious cycle of uncoupling; furthermore, even though oxygen consumption increases, ATP synthesis does not increase proportionally because the mitochondria is uncoupled. Less ATP availability ultimately results in an energy deficit presenting as reduced cardiac efficiency and contractile dysfunction. To compound the problem, impaired sarcoplasmic reticulum calcium release and reduced mitochondrial reuptake limits peak cytosolic levels of the important signaling ion during muscle contraction. The decreased intra-mitochondrial calcium concentration increases dehydrogenase activation and ATP synthesis. So in addition to lower ATP synthesis due to fatty acid oxidation, ATP synthesis is impaired by poor calcium signaling as well, causing cardiac problems for diabetics. Possible relationships to aging Given the role of mitochondria as the cell's powerhouse, there may be some leakage of the high-energy electrons in the respiratory chain to form reactive oxygen species . This was thought to result in significant oxidative stress in the mitochondria with high mutation rates of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). Hypothesized links between aging and oxidative stress are not new and were proposed in 1956, which was later refined into the mitochondrial free radical theory of aging . A vicious cycle was thought to occur, as oxidative stress leads to mitochondrial DNA mutations, which can lead to enzymatic abnormalities and further oxidative stress. A number of changes can occur to mitochondria during the aging process. Tissues from elderly patients show a decrease in enzymatic activity of the proteins of the respiratory chain. However, mutated mtDNA can only be found in about 0.2% of very old cells. Large deletions in the mitochondrial genome have been hypothesized to lead to high levels of oxidative stress and neuronal death in Parkinson's disease . In popular culture The science fiction novels A Wind in the Door and Parasite Eve include fictional depictions of mitochondria as major plot elements. Madeleine L'Engle 's 1973 science fantasy novel A Wind in the Door prominently features the mitochondria of main character Charles Wallace Murry , as being inhabited by creatures known as the farandolae . The novel also features other characters travelling inside one of Murry's mitochondria. The 1995 horror fiction novel Parasite Eve by Hideaki Sena depicts mitochondria as having some consciousness and mind control abilities, attempting to use these to overtake eukaryotes as the dominant life form. This text was adapted into an eponymous film , video game , and video game sequel all involving a similar premise. In the Star Wars franchise, microorganisms referred to as `` midi-chlorians'' give some characters the ability to sense and use the Force . George Lucas , director of the 1999 film Star Wars: Episode I -- The Phantom Menace , in which midi-chlorians were introduced, described them as `` a loose depiction of mitochondria'' . The non-fictional Midichloria genus of bacteria was later named after the midi-chlorians of Star Wars . As a result of the mitochondrion's prominence in modern science education , the phrase `` mitochondria is (sic) the powerhouse of the cell'' became a popular Internet meme . The meme is used to imply that secondary education places an insufficient focus on life skills , compared to academic knowledge such as the role of the mitochondrion, which has been considered comparatively impractical. 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The Eagle Online . Retrieved June 19, 2016 . General This article incorporates public domain material from the NCBI document `` Science Primer'' . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Mitochondrion . Mitodb.com -- The mitochondrial disease database. Mitochondria Atlas at University of Mainz Mitochondria Research Portal at mitochondrial.net Mitochondria: Architecture dictates function at cytochemistry.net Mitochondria links at University of Alabama MIP Mitochondrial Physiology Society 3D structures of proteins from inner mitochondrial membrane at University of Michigan 3D structures of proteins associated with outer mitochondrial membrane at University of Michigan Mitochondrial Protein Partnership at University of Wisconsin MitoMiner -- A mitochondrial proteomics database at MRC Mitochondrial Biology Unit Mitochondrion -- Cell Centered Database Mitochondrion Reconstructed by Electron Tomography at San Diego State University Video Clip of Rat-liver Mitochondrion from Cryo-electron Tomography Structures of the cell / organelles ( TH H1.00.01.2-3 ) Endomembrane system Cell membrane Nucleus Nucleolus Endoplasmic reticulum Golgi apparatus Parenthesome Autophagosome Vesicles Exosome Lysosome Endosome Phagosome Vacuole Acrosome Cytoplasmic granules Melanosome Microbody Glyoxysome Peroxisome Weibel-- Palade body Cytoskeleton Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules Prokaryotic cytoskeleton MTOCs Centrosome Centriole Basal body Spindle pole body Myofibril Endosymbionts Mitochondrion Plastids Chloroplast Chromoplast Gerontoplast Leucoplast Amyloplast Elaioplast Proteinoplast Tannosome Other internal RNA Ribosome Spliceosome Vault Cytoplasm Proteasome External Undulipodium Cilium Flagellum Axoneme Radial spoke Extracellular matrix Cell wall Mitochondrial proteins Outer membrane fatty acid degradation Carnitine palmitoyltransferase I Long-chain-fatty-acid-- CoA ligase tryptophan metabolism Kynureninase monoamine neurotransmitter metabolism Monoamine oxidase Intermembrane space Adenylate kinase Creatine kinase Inner membrane oxidative phosphorylation Coenzyme Q -- cytochrome c reductase Cytochrome c NADH dehydrogenase Succinate dehydrogenase pyrimidine metabolism Dihydroorotate dehydrogenase mitochondrial shuttle Malate-aspartate shuttle Glycerol phosphate shuttle other Glutamate aspartate transporter Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase ATP synthase Carnitine palmitoyltransferase II Uncoupling protein Matrix citric acid cycle Citrate synthase Aconitase Isocitrate dehydrogenase Oxoglutarate dehydrogenase complex Succinyl coenzyme A synthetase Fumarase Malate dehydrogenase anaplerotic reactions Aspartate transaminase Glutamate dehydrogenase Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex urea cycle Carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I Ornithine transcarbamylase N-Acetylglutamate synthase alcohol metabolism ALDH2 PMPCB Other/to be sorted steroidogenesis Cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme Steroid 11-beta-hydroxylase Aldosterone synthase Frataxin Mitochondrial membrane transport protein Mitochondrial permeability transition pore Mitochondrial carrier Mitochondrial DNA Complex I MT-ND1 MT-ND2 MT-ND3 MT-ND4 MT-ND4L MT-ND5 MT-ND6 Complex III MT-CYB Complex IV MT-CO1 MT-CO2 MT-CO3 ATP synthase MT-ATP6 MT-ATP8 tRNA MT-TA MT-TC MT-TD MT-TE MT-TF MT-TG MT-TH MT-TI MT-TK MT-TL1 MT-TL2 MT-TM MT-TN MT-TP MT-TQ MT-TR MT-TS1 MT-TS2 MT-TT MT-TV MT-TW MT-TY see also mitochondrial diseases LCCN : sh85086280 GND : 4124939-2 BNF : cb12175492v (data) NDL : 00567726 BNE : XX535796 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mitochondrion&oldid=813879727 '' Categories : Mitochondria Cellular respiration Endosymbiotic events Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Uses authors parameter CS1 maint: Uses editors parameter Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Wikipedia semi-protected pages Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Articles containing Greek-language text All articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases Articles with specifically marked weasel-worded phrases from January 2016 Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the United States National Library of Medicine Good articles Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers 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when was the last time the olympics were held in usa

Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA

United States at the Olympics - wikipedia United States at the Olympics Jump to: navigation , search United States at the Olympics Flag of the United States IOC code USA Medals Gold 1,127 Silver 905 Bronze 795 Total 2,827 Summer appearances 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter appearances 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Other related appearances 1906 Intercalated Games The United States of America has sent athletes to every celebration of the modern Olympic Games except the 1980 Summer Olympics , during which it led a boycott . The United States Olympic Committee (USOC) is the National Olympic Committee for the United States. U.S. athletes have won a total of 2,522 medals (1,022 of them gold) at the Summer Olympic Games , the most of any nation, and another 305 at the Winter Olympic Games , the second most behind Norway . The U.S. has topped the gold medal count (as the medals are listed on the IOC website, and internationally by tradition) at seventeen Summer Olympics, the most of any nation, and one Winter Olympics. The U.S. holds the record both for the most gold and overall medals won in a single Summer Olympics. Contents ( hide ) 1 Hosted Games 2 Medal tables 2.1 Medals by Summer Games 2.2 Medals by Winter Games 2.3 Medals by summer sport 2.4 Medals by winter sport 3 Flagbearers 4 Amateurism and professionalism 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Hosted Games ( edit ) The United States has hosted the Games on eight occasions, more than any other nation, and is planning to host the ninth: Games Host city Dates Nations Participants Events 1904 Summer Olympics St. Louis , Missouri 1 July -- 23 November 12 651 91 1932 Winter Olympics Lake Placid , New York 7 -- 15 February 17 252 14 1932 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 30 July -- 14 August 37 1,332 117 1960 Winter Olympics Squaw Valley , California 2 -- 20 February 30 665 27 1980 Winter Olympics Lake Placid, New York 13 -- 24 February 37 1,072 38 1984 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 28 July -- 12 August 140 6,829 221 1996 Summer Olympics Atlanta , Georgia 19 July -- 4 August 197 10,318 271 2002 Winter Olympics Salt Lake City , Utah 8 -- 24 February 77 2,399 78 2028 Summer Olympics Los Angeles , California 21 July - 6 August TBA TBA TBA Medal tables ( edit ) See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count Red border color indicates host nation status. Medals by Summer Games ( edit ) See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count § Summer Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1896 Athens 14 11 7 20 1900 Paris 75 19 14 14 47 1904 St. Louis 526 78 82 79 239 1908 London 122 23 12 12 47 1912 Stockholm 174 25 19 19 63 1920 Antwerp 288 41 27 27 95 1924 Paris 299 45 27 27 99 1928 Amsterdam 280 22 18 16 56 1932 Los Angeles 474 41 32 30 103 1936 Berlin 359 24 20 12 56 1948 London 300 38 27 19 84 1952 Helsinki 286 40 19 17 76 1956 Melbourne 297 32 25 17 74 1960 Rome 292 34 21 16 71 1964 Tokyo 346 36 26 28 90 1968 Mexico City 357 45 28 34 107 1972 Munich 400 33 31 30 94 1976 Montreal 396 34 35 25 94 1980 Moscow Did not participate 1984 Los Angeles 522 83 61 30 174 1988 Seoul 527 36 31 27 94 1992 Barcelona 545 37 34 37 108 1996 Atlanta 646 44 32 25 101 2000 Sydney 586 37 24 32 93 2004 Athens 613 36 39 26 101 2008 Beijing 596 36 39 37 112 2012 London 530 46 28 29 103 2016 Rio de Janeiro 554 46 37 38 121 2020 Tokyo Future event 2024 Paris Future event 2028 Los Angeles Future event Total 1022 795 705 2522 Medals by Winter Games ( edit ) See also: All-time Olympic Games medal count § Winter Olympics Games Athletes Gold Silver Bronze Total Gold medals Overall medals 1924 Chamonix 24 5 1928 St. Moritz 24 6 1932 Lake Placid 64 6 12 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen 55 0 8 6 1948 St. Moritz 69 9 1952 Oslo 65 6 11 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo 67 7 6 5 1960 Squaw Valley 79 10 1964 Innsbruck 89 7 8 8 1968 Grenoble 95 5 7 9 8 1972 Sapporo 103 8 5 6 1976 Innsbruck 106 10 1980 Lake Placid 101 6 12 1984 Sarajevo 107 0 8 1988 Calgary 118 6 9 9 1992 Albertville 147 5 11 5 6 1994 Lillehammer 147 6 5 13 5 5 1998 Nagano 186 6 13 5 6 2002 Salt Lake City 202 10 13 11 34 2006 Turin 211 9 9 7 25 2010 Vancouver 216 9 15 13 37 2014 Sochi 230 9 7 12 28 2018 Pyeongchang 242 9 8 6 23 2022 Beijing Future event Total 105 110 90 305 Medals by Summer sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Athletics 337 260 207 802 Swimming 246 172 135 553 Wrestling 54 43 35 132 Shooting 54 29 27 110 Boxing 50 24 40 114 Diving 49 44 45 138 Gymnastics 37 42 35 114 Rowing 33 32 24 89 Basketball 23 28 Tennis 21 6 12 39 Sailing 19 23 18 60 Cycling 16 21 20 57 5 Weightlifting 16 16 12 44 Archery 14 11 9 34 Equestrian 11 21 20 52 Beach volleyball 6 10 Canoeing 5 5 6 16 15 Synchronized swimming 5 9 Football 7 Golf 5 11 Volleyball 10 Softball 0 Fencing 9 14 25 14 Water polo 5 11 5 Judo 8 14 15 Taekwondo 5 9 Rugby union 0 0 Roque Tug of war Baseball 0 Triathlon 0 7 Jeu de paume 0 0 Modern pentathlon 0 6 9 12 Polo 0 Lacrosse 0 0 Field hockey 0 0 12 Total* 1022 794 704 2520 Updated on October 1, 2017 * This table does not include two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Medals by Winter sport ( edit ) Leading in that sport Sport Gold Silver Bronze Total Rank Speed skating 29 22 17 68 Alpine skiing 17 20 10 47 Figure skating 15 16 20 51 Snowboarding 14 7 10 31 Freestyle skiing 9 9 7 25 Bobsleigh 7 8 10 25 Ice hockey 11 17 Short track speed skating 7 9 20 Skeleton 8 Nordic combined 0 9 Cross country skiing 0 19 Curling 0 8 Luge 0 6 9 Ski jumping 0 0 15 Total* 105 111 91 307 Updated on March 10, 2018 * This table includes two medals -- one silver awarded in the ice hockey and one bronze awarded in the figure skating events at the 1920 Summer Olympics . Flagbearers ( edit ) See also: List of flag bearers for the United States at the Olympics Summer Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1908 London Ralph Rose Athletics 1912 Stockholm George Bonhag Athletics 1920 Antwerp Pat McDonald Athletics 1924 Paris Pat McDonald Athletics 1928 Amsterdam Bud Houser Athletics 1932 Los Angeles Morgan Taylor Athletics 1936 Berlin Al Jochim Gymnastics 1948 London Ralph Craig Sailing 1952 Helsinki Norman Armitage Fencing 1956 Melbourne Norman Armitage Fencing 1960 Rome Rafer Johnson Athletics 1964 Tokyo Parry O'Brien Athletics 1968 Mexico City Janice Romary Fencing 1972 Munich Olga Fikotova Connolly Athletics 1976 Montreal Gary Hall, Sr. Swimming 1980 Moscow USA did not participate 1984 Los Angeles Ed Burke Athletics 1988 Seoul Evelyn Ashford Athletics 1992 Barcelona Francie Larrieu Smith Athletics 1996 Atlanta Bruce Baumgartner Wrestling 2000 Sydney Cliff Meidl Canoeing 2004 Athens Dawn Staley Basketball 2008 Beijing Lopez Lomong Athletics 2012 London Mariel Zagunis Fencing 2016 Rio de Janeiro Michael Phelps Swimming Winter Olympics Games Athlete Sport 1924 Chamonix Clarence Abel Ice hockey 1928 St. Moritz Godfrey Dewey Cross Country Skiing (team manager) 1932 Lake Placid Billy Fiske Bobsleigh 1936 Garmisch-Partenkirchen Rolf Monsen Cross Country Skiing 1948 St. Moritz Jack Heaton Skeleton & Bobsleigh 1952 Oslo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1956 Cortina d'Ampezzo Jim Bickford Bobsleigh 1960 Squaw Valley Don McDermott Speed skating 1964 Innsbruck Bill Disney Speed skating 1968 Grenoble Terry McDermott Speed skating 1972 Sapporo Dianne Holum Speed skating 1976 Innsbruck Cindy Nelson Alpine skiing 1980 Lake Placid Scott Hamilton Figure skating 1984 Sarajevo Frank Masley Luge 1988 Calgary Lyle Nelson Biathlon 1992 Albertville Bill Koch Cross Country Skiing 1994 Lillehammer Cammy Myler Luge 1998 Nagano Eric Flaim Speed Skating 2002 Salt Lake City Amy Peterson Short track 2006 Turin Chris Witty Speed skating 2010 Vancouver Mark Grimmette Luge 2014 Sochi Todd Lodwick Nordic combined 2018 Pyeongchang Erin Hamlin Luge Amateurism and professionalism ( edit ) The exclusion of professionals caused several controversies throughout the history of the modern Olympics. The 1912 Olympic pentathlon and decathlon champion Jim Thorpe was stripped of his medals when it was discovered that he had played semi-professional baseball before the Olympics. His medals were posthumously restored by the IOC in 1983 on compassionate grounds. The advent of the state-sponsored `` full-time amateur athlete'' of the Eastern Bloc countries eroded the ideology of the pure amateur , as it put the self-financed amateurs of the Western countries at a disadvantage. The Soviet Union entered teams of athletes who were all nominally students, soldiers, or working in a profession, but all of whom were in reality paid by the state to train on a full-time basis. As a result, the Olympics has shifted away from pure amateurism , as envisioned by Pierre de Coubertin , to allowing participation of professional athletes . See also ( edit ) United States at the Paralympics List of United States Olympic medalists References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Warren Wofford was the flagbearer in the ( Equestrian ) parade in Stockholm for the Olympics Equestrian Sports Association events held there because a quarantine imposed on horses prevented equestrian events from taking place in Australia Jump up ^ The first female flagbearer for the United States at the Olympics Jump up ^ `` Jim Thorpe Biography'' . Biography.com . Retrieved 9 February 2009 . Jump up ^ http://blogs.bu.edu/guidedhistory/russia-and-its-empires/tyler-benson/ Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf Jump up ^ https://www.cia.gov/library/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP80-00810A005600130009-0.pdf External links ( edit ) `` United States of America'' . International Olympic Committee. `` Results and Medalists -- United States'' . Olympic.org . International Olympic Committee. `` Olympic Medal Winners'' . International Olympic Committee. `` United States'' . Sports-Reference.com. United States at the Olympics Summer Olympic Games 1896 1900 1904 1908 1912 1920 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 2000 2008 2012 2016 Winter Olympic Games 1924 1928 1932 1936 1948 1952 1956 1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1994 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 Intercalated Games 1906 The United States hosted the 1904 , 1932 , 1984 , 1996 , and 2028 Summer Olympics , as well as the 1932 , 1960 , 1980 , and 2002 Winter Olympics . The United States did not participate in 1980 due to a boycott . 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what is the name of the famous book written by charles darwin

Darwin was a prolific writer . Even without publication of his works on evolution , he would have had a considerable reputation as the author of The Voyage of the Beagle , as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of coral atolls , and as a biologist who had published the definitive work on barnacles . While On the Origin of Species dominates perceptions of his work , The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals had considerable impact , and his books on plants including The Power of Movement in Plants were innovative studies of great importance , as was his final work on The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms .

Charles Darwin - wikipedia Charles Darwin Jump to: navigation , search For other people named Charles Darwin, see Charles Darwin (disambiguation) . Charles Darwin FRS FRGS FLS FZS Darwin, c. 1854 when he was working towards publication of On the Origin of Species Charles Robert Darwin ( 1809-02-12 ) 12 February 1809 The Mount , Shrewsbury , Shropshire, England 19 April 1882 ( 1882-04-19 ) (aged 73) Down House , Downe , Kent, England Known for The Voyage of the Beagle On the Origin of Species Spouse(s) Emma Wedgwood ( m. 1839) Children 10 Awards FRS (1839) Royal Medal (1853) Wollaston Medal (1859) Copley Medal (1864) Doctor of Laws (Honorary), Cambridge (1877) Scientific career Fields Natural history , geology Institutions Tertiary education: University of Edinburgh Medical School (medicine, no degree) Christ's College , Cambridge Bachelor of Arts (1831) Master of Arts (1836) Professional institution: Geological Society of London Academic advisors John Stevens Henslow Adam Sedgwick Influences Charles Lyell Alexander von Humboldt John Herschel Thomas Malthus Influenced Hooker , Huxley , Romanes , Haeckel , Lubbock Signature Charles Robert Darwin , FRS FRGS FLS FZS ( / ˈdɑːrwɪn / ; 12 February 1809 -- 19 April 1882) was an English naturalist , geologist and biologist , best known for his contributions to the science of evolution . He established that all species of life have descended over time from common ancestors and, in a joint publication with Alfred Russel Wallace , introduced his scientific theory that this branching pattern of evolution resulted from a process that he called natural selection , in which the struggle for existence has a similar effect to the artificial selection involved in selective breeding . Darwin published his theory of evolution with compelling evidence in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species , overcoming scientific rejection of earlier concepts of transmutation of species . By the 1870s, the scientific community and much of the general public had accepted evolution as a fact . However, many favoured competing explanations and it was not until the emergence of the modern evolutionary synthesis from the 1930s to the 1950s that a broad consensus developed in which natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution. Darwin's scientific discovery is the unifying theory of the life sciences , explaining the diversity of life . Darwin's early interest in nature led him to neglect his medical education at the University of Edinburgh ; instead, he helped to investigate marine invertebrates . Studies at the University of Cambridge ( Christ's College ) encouraged his passion for natural science . His five-year voyage on HMS Beagle established him as an eminent geologist whose observations and theories supported Charles Lyell 's uniformitarian ideas, and publication of his journal of the voyage made him famous as a popular author. Puzzled by the geographical distribution of wildlife and fossils he collected on the voyage, Darwin began detailed investigations, and in 1838 conceived his theory of natural selection. Although he discussed his ideas with several naturalists, he needed time for extensive research and his geological work had priority. He was writing up his theory in 1858 when Alfred Russel Wallace sent him an essay that described the same idea, prompting immediate joint publication of both of their theories . Darwin's work established evolutionary descent with modification as the dominant scientific explanation of diversification in nature. In 1871 he examined human evolution and sexual selection in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex , followed by The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals (1872). His research on plants was published in a series of books, and in his final book, The Formation of Vegetable Mould, through the Actions of Worms (1881), he examined earthworms and their effect on soil. Darwin has been described as one of the most influential figures in human history, and he was honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey . Contents ( hide ) 1 Biography 1.1 Early life and education 1.2 Survey voyage on HMS Beagle 1.3 Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory 1.4 Overwork, illness, and marriage 1.4.1 Malthus and natural selection 1.5 Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research 1.6 Publication of the theory of natural selection 1.7 Responses to publication 1.8 Descent of Man , sexual selection, and botany 1.9 Death and funeral 2 Legacy 2.1 Commemoration 3 Children 4 Views and opinions 4.1 Religious views 4.2 Human society 5 Evolutionary social movements 6 Works 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 References 11 External links Biography Early life and education See also: Charles Darwin's education and Darwin-Wedgwood family Charles Robert Darwin was born in Shrewsbury , Shropshire, on 12 February 1809, at his family's home, The Mount . He was the fifth of six children of wealthy society doctor and financier Robert Darwin and Susannah Darwin ( née Wedgwood). He was the grandson of two prominent abolitionists : Erasmus Darwin on his father's side, and Josiah Wedgwood on his mother's side. Painting of seven-year-old Charles Darwin in 1816. Both families were largely Unitarian , though the Wedgwoods were adopting Anglicanism . Robert Darwin, himself quietly a freethinker , had baby Charles baptised in November 1809 in the Anglican St Chad's Church, Shrewsbury , but Charles and his siblings attended the Unitarian chapel with their mother. The eight-year-old Charles already had a taste for natural history and collecting when he joined the day school run by its preacher in 1817. That July, his mother died. From September 1818, he joined his older brother Erasmus attending the nearby Anglican Shrewsbury School as a boarder . Darwin spent the summer of 1825 as an apprentice doctor, helping his father treat the poor of Shropshire, before going to the University of Edinburgh Medical School (at the time the best medical school in the UK) with his brother Erasmus in October 1825. Darwin found lectures dull and surgery distressing, so he neglected his studies. He learned taxidermy in around 40 daily hour-long sessions from John Edmonstone , a freed black slave who had accompanied Charles Waterton in the South American rainforest . In Darwin's second year at the university he joined the Plinian Society , a student natural-history group featuring lively debates in which radical democratic students with materialistic views challenged orthodox religious concepts of science. He assisted Robert Edmond Grant 's investigations of the anatomy and life cycle of marine invertebrates in the Firth of Forth , and on 27 March 1827 presented at the Plinian his own discovery that black spores found in oyster shells were the eggs of a skate leech . One day, Grant praised Lamarck 's evolutionary ideas . Darwin was astonished by Grant's audacity, but had recently read similar ideas in his grandfather Erasmus' journals. Darwin was rather bored by Robert Jameson 's natural-history course, which covered geology -- including the debate between Neptunism and Plutonism . He learned the classification of plants, and assisted with work on the collections of the University Museum , one of the largest museums in Europe at the time. Darwin's neglect of medical studies annoyed his father, who shrewdly sent him to Christ's College, Cambridge , to study for a Bachelor of Arts degree as the first step towards becoming an Anglican country parson . As Darwin was unqualified for the Tripos , he joined the ordinary degree course in January 1828. He preferred riding and shooting to studying. His cousin William Darwin Fox introduced him to the popular craze for beetle collecting; Darwin pursued this zealously, getting some of his finds published in James Francis Stephens ' Illustrations of British entomology . He became a close friend and follower of botany professor John Stevens Henslow and met other leading parson-naturalists who saw scientific work as religious natural theology , becoming known to these dons as `` the man who walks with Henslow'' . When his own exams drew near, Darwin focused on his studies and was delighted by the language and logic of William Paley 's Evidences of Christianity (1794). In his final examination in January 1831 Darwin did well, coming tenth out of 178 candidates for the ordinary degree. Darwin had to stay at Cambridge until June 1831. He studied Paley's Natural Theology or Evidences of the Existence and Attributes of the Deity (first published in 1802), which made an argument for divine design in nature , explaining adaptation as God acting through laws of nature . He read John Herschel 's new book, Preliminary Discourse on the Study of Natural Philosophy (1831), which described the highest aim of natural philosophy as understanding such laws through inductive reasoning based on observation, and Alexander von Humboldt 's Personal Narrative of scientific travels in 1799-- 1804. Inspired with `` a burning zeal'' to contribute, Darwin planned to visit Tenerife with some classmates after graduation to study natural history in the tropics . In preparation, he joined Adam Sedgwick 's geology course, then on 4 August travelled with him to spend a fortnight mapping strata in Wales . Survey voyage on HMS Beagle For more details on this topic, see Second voyage of HMS Beagle . The voyage of the Beagle , 1831-- 1836 After leaving Sedgwick in Wales, Darwin spent a week with student friends at Barmouth , then returned home on 29 August to find a letter from Henslow proposing him as a suitable (if unfinished) naturalist for a self-funded supernumerary place on HMS Beagle with captain Robert FitzRoy , emphasising that this was a position for a gentleman rather than `` a mere collector'' . The ship was to leave in four weeks on an expedition to chart the coastline of South America. Robert Darwin objected to his son's planned two-year voyage, regarding it as a waste of time, but was persuaded by his brother-in-law, Josiah Wedgwood II , to agree to (and fund) his son's participation. Darwin took care to remain in a private capacity to retain control over his collection, intending it for a major scientific institution. After delays, the voyage began on 27 December 1831; it lasted almost five years. As FitzRoy had intended, Darwin spent most of that time on land investigating geology and making natural history collections, while HMS Beagle surveyed and charted coasts. He kept careful notes of his observations and theoretical speculations, and at intervals during the voyage his specimens were sent to Cambridge together with letters including a copy of his journal for his family. He had some expertise in geology, beetle collecting and dissecting marine invertebrates , but in all other areas was a novice and ably collected specimens for expert appraisal. Despite suffering badly from seasickness, Darwin wrote copious notes while on board the ship. Most of his zoology notes are about marine invertebrates, starting with plankton collected in a calm spell. On their first stop ashore at St Jago in Cape Verde , Darwin found that a white band high in the volcanic rock cliffs included seashells. FitzRoy had given him the first volume of Charles Lyell 's Principles of Geology , which set out uniformitarian concepts of land slowly rising or falling over immense periods, and Darwin saw things Lyell's way, theorising and thinking of writing a book on geology. When they reached Brazil , Darwin was delighted by the tropical forest , but detested the sight of slavery , and disputed this issue with Fitzroy. The survey continued to the south in Patagonia . They stopped at Bahía Blanca , and in cliffs near Punta Alta Darwin made a major find of fossil bones of huge extinct mammals beside modern seashells, indicating recent extinction with no signs of change in climate or catastrophe. He identified the little-known Megatherium by a tooth and its association with bony armour, which had at first seemed to him to be like a giant version of the armour on local armadillos . The finds brought great interest when they reached England. On rides with gauchos into the interior to explore geology and collect more fossils, Darwin gained social, political and anthropological insights into both native and colonial people at a time of revolution, and learnt that two types of rhea had separate but overlapping territories. Further south, he saw stepped plains of shingle and seashells as raised beaches showing a series of elevations. He read Lyell's second volume and accepted its view of `` centres of creation'' of species, but his discoveries and theorising challenged Lyell's ideas of smooth continuity and of extinction of species. As HMS Beagle surveyed the coasts of South America, Darwin theorised about geology and extinction of giant mammals. Three Fuegians on board had been seized during the first Beagle voyage , then during a year in England were educated as missionaries. Darwin found them friendly and civilised, yet at Tierra del Fuego he met `` miserable, degraded savages'' , as different as wild from domesticated animals. He remained convinced that, despite this diversity, all humans were interrelated with a shared origin and potential for improvement towards civilisation. Unlike his scientist friends, he now thought there was no unbridgeable gap between humans and animals. A year on, the mission had been abandoned. The Fuegian they had named Jemmy Button lived like the other natives, had a wife, and had no wish to return to England. Darwin experienced an earthquake in Chile and saw signs that the land had just been raised, including mussel -beds stranded above high tide. High in the Andes he saw seashells, and several fossil trees that had grown on a sand beach. He theorised that as the land rose, oceanic islands sank, and coral reefs round them grew to form atolls . On the geologically new Galápagos Islands , Darwin looked for evidence attaching wildlife to an older `` centre of creation'' , and found mockingbirds allied to those in Chile but differing from island to island. He heard that slight variations in the shape of tortoise shells showed which island they came from, but failed to collect them, even after eating tortoises taken on board as food. In Australia, the marsupial rat-kangaroo and the platypus seemed so unusual that Darwin thought it was almost as though two distinct Creators had been at work. He found the Aborigines `` good-humoured & pleasant'' , and noted their depletion by European settlement. FitzRoy investigated how the atolls of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands had formed, and the survey supported Darwin's theorising. FitzRoy began writing the official Narrative of the Beagle voyages, and after reading Darwin's diary he proposed incorporating it into the account. Darwin's Journal was eventually rewritten as a separate third volume, on natural history. In Cape Town , Darwin and FitzRoy met John Herschel , who had recently written to Lyell praising his uniformitarianism as opening bold speculation on `` that mystery of mysteries, the replacement of extinct species by others'' as `` a natural in contradistinction to a miraculous process'' . When organising his notes as the ship sailed home, Darwin wrote that, if his growing suspicions about the mockingbirds, the tortoises and the Falkland Islands fox were correct, `` such facts undermine the stability of Species'' , then cautiously added `` would'' before `` undermine'' . He later wrote that such facts `` seemed to me to throw some light on the origin of species'' . Inception of Darwin's evolutionary theory For more details on this topic, see Inception of Darwin's theory . While still a young man, Charles Darwin joined the scientific elite. When the ship reached Falmouth, Cornwall , on 2 October 1836, Darwin was already a celebrity in scientific circles as in December 1835 Henslow had fostered his former pupil's reputation by giving selected naturalists a pamphlet of Darwin's geological letters. Darwin visited his home in Shrewsbury and saw relatives, then hurried to Cambridge to see Henslow, who advised him on finding naturalists available to catalogue the collections and agreed to take on the botanical specimens. Darwin's father organised investments, enabling his son to be a self-funded gentleman scientist , and an excited Darwin went round the London institutions being fêted and seeking experts to describe the collections. Zoologists had a huge backlog of work, and there was a danger of specimens just being left in storage. Charles Lyell eagerly met Darwin for the first time on 29 October and soon introduced him to the up-and-coming anatomist Richard Owen , who had the facilities of the Royal College of Surgeons to work on the fossil bones collected by Darwin. Owen's surprising results included other gigantic extinct ground sloths as well as the Megatherium , a near complete skeleton of the unknown Scelidotherium and a hippopotamus -sized rodent -like skull named Toxodon resembling a giant capybara . The armour fragments were actually from Glyptodon , a huge armadillo-like creature as Darwin had initially thought. These extinct creatures were related to living species in South America. In mid-December, Darwin took lodgings in Cambridge to organise work on his collections and rewrite his Journal . He wrote his first paper, showing that the South American landmass was slowly rising, and with Lyell's enthusiastic backing read it to the Geological Society of London on 4 January 1837. On the same day, he presented his mammal and bird specimens to the Zoological Society . The ornithologist John Gould soon announced that the Galapagos birds that Darwin had thought a mixture of blackbirds , `` gros-beaks '' and finches , were, in fact, twelve separate species of finches . On 17 February, Darwin was elected to the Council of the Geological Society, and Lyell's presidential address presented Owen's findings on Darwin's fossils, stressing geographical continuity of species as supporting his uniformitarian ideas. Early in March, Darwin moved to London to be near this work, joining Lyell's social circle of scientists and experts such as Charles Babbage , who described God as a programmer of laws. Darwin stayed with his freethinking brother Erasmus , part of this Whig circle and a close friend of the writer Harriet Martineau , who promoted Malthusianism underlying the controversial Whig Poor Law reforms to stop welfare from causing overpopulation and more poverty. As a Unitarian, she welcomed the radical implications of transmutation of species , promoted by Grant and younger surgeons influenced by Geoffroy . Transmutation was anathema to Anglicans defending social order, but reputable scientists openly discussed the subject and there was wide interest in John Herschel 's letter praising Lyell's approach as a way to find a natural cause of the origin of new species. Gould met Darwin and told him that the Galápagos mockingbirds from different islands were separate species, not just varieties, and what Darwin had thought was a `` wren '' was also in the finch group . Darwin had not labelled the finches by island, but from the notes of others on the ship, including FitzRoy, he allocated species to islands. The two rheas were also distinct species, and on 14 March Darwin announced how their distribution changed going southwards. In mid-July 1837 Darwin started his `` B'' notebook on Transmutation of Species , and on page 36 wrote `` I think'' above his first evolutionary tree . By mid-March, Darwin was speculating in his Red Notebook on the possibility that `` one species does change into another'' to explain the geographical distribution of living species such as the rheas, and extinct ones such as the strange Macrauchenia , which resembled a giant guanaco . His thoughts on lifespan, asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction developed in his `` B'' notebook around mid-July on to variation in offspring `` to adapt & alter the race to changing world'' explaining the Galápagos tortoises , mockingbirds and rheas. He sketched branching descent, then a genealogical branching of a single evolutionary tree , in which `` It is absurd to talk of one animal being higher than another'' , discarding Lamarck's independent lineages progressing to higher forms. Overwork, illness, and marriage See also: Charles Darwin's health While developing this intensive study of transmutation , Darwin became mired in more work. Still rewriting his Journal , he took on editing and publishing the expert reports on his collections, and with Henslow's help obtained a Treasury grant of £ 1,000 to sponsor this multi-volume Zoology of the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle , a sum equivalent to about £ 83,000 in 2016. He stretched the funding to include his planned books on geology, and agreed to unrealistic dates with the publisher. As the Victorian era began, Darwin pressed on with writing his Journal , and in August 1837 began correcting printer's proofs . Darwin's health suffered under the pressure. On 20 September he had `` an uncomfortable palpitation of the heart'' , so his doctors urged him to `` knock off all work'' and live in the country for a few weeks. After visiting Shrewsbury he joined his Wedgwood relatives at Maer Hall , Staffordshire, but found them too eager for tales of his travels to give him much rest. His charming, intelligent, and cultured cousin Emma Wedgwood , nine months older than Darwin, was nursing his invalid aunt. His uncle Josiah pointed out an area of ground where cinders had disappeared under loam and suggested that this might have been the work of earthworms , inspiring `` a new & important theory'' on their role in soil formation , which Darwin presented at the Geological Society on 1 November. William Whewell pushed Darwin to take on the duties of Secretary of the Geological Society. After initially declining the work, he accepted the post in March 1838. Despite the grind of writing and editing the Beagle reports, Darwin made remarkable progress on transmutation, taking every opportunity to question expert naturalists and, unconventionally, people with practical experience such as farmers and pigeon fanciers . Over time, his research drew on information from his relatives and children, the family butler, neighbours, colonists and former shipmates. He included mankind in his speculations from the outset, and on seeing an orangutan in the zoo on 28 March 1838 noted its childlike behaviour. Darwin chose to marry his cousin, Emma Wedgwood . The strain took a toll, and by June he was being laid up for days on end with stomach problems, headaches and heart symptoms. For the rest of his life, he was repeatedly incapacitated with episodes of stomach pains, vomiting, severe boils , palpitations, trembling and other symptoms, particularly during times of stress, such as attending meetings or making social visits. The cause of Darwin's illness remained unknown, and attempts at treatment had little success. On 23 June, he took a break and went `` geologising'' in Scotland. He visited Glen Roy in glorious weather to see the parallel `` roads'' cut into the hillsides at three heights. He later published his view that these were marine raised beaches , but then had to accept that they were shorelines of a proglacial lake . Fully recuperated, he returned to Shrewsbury in July. Used to jotting down daily notes on animal breeding, he scrawled rambling thoughts about career and prospects on two scraps of paper, one with columns headed `` Marry'' and `` Not Marry'' . Advantages included `` constant companion and a friend in old age ... better than a dog anyhow'' , against points such as `` less money for books'' and `` terrible loss of time.'' Having decided in favour, he discussed it with his father, then went to visit Emma on 29 July. He did not get around to proposing, but against his father's advice he mentioned his ideas on transmutation. Malthus and natural selection Continuing his research in London, Darwin's wide reading now included the sixth edition of Malthus 's An Essay on the Principle of Population , and on 28 September 1838 he noted its assertion that human `` population, when unchecked, goes on doubling itself every twenty five years, or increases in a geometrical ratio'' , a geometric progression so that population soon exceeds food supply in what is known as a Malthusian catastrophe . Darwin was well prepared to compare this to de Candolle 's `` warring of the species'' of plants and the struggle for existence among wildlife, explaining how numbers of a species kept roughly stable. As species always breed beyond available resources, favourable variations would make organisms better at surviving and passing the variations on to their offspring, while unfavourable variations would be lost. He wrote that the `` final cause of all this wedging, must be to sort out proper structure, & adapt it to changes'' , so that `` One may say there is a force like a hundred thousand wedges trying force into every kind of adapted structure into the gaps of in the economy of nature, or rather forming gaps by thrusting out weaker ones.'' This would result in the formation of new species. As he later wrote in his Autobiography : In October 1838, that is, fifteen months after I had begun my systematic enquiry, I happened to read for amusement Malthus on Population, and being well prepared to appreciate the struggle for existence which everywhere goes on from long-continued observation of the habits of animals and plants, it at once struck me that under these circumstances favourable variations would tend to be preserved, and unfavourable ones to be destroyed. The result of this would be the formation of new species. Here, then, I had at last got a theory by which to work...'' By mid December, Darwin saw a similarity between farmers picking the best stock in selective breeding , and a Malthusian Nature selecting from chance variants so that `` every part of newly acquired structure is fully practical and perfected'' , thinking this comparison `` a beautiful part of my theory'' . He later called his theory natural selection , an analogy with what he termed the artificial selection of selective breeding. On 11 November, he returned to Maer and proposed to Emma, once more telling her his ideas. She accepted, then in exchanges of loving letters she showed how she valued his openness in sharing their differences, also expressing her strong Unitarian beliefs and concerns that his honest doubts might separate them in the afterlife. While he was house-hunting in London, bouts of illness continued and Emma wrote urging him to get some rest, almost prophetically remarking `` So don't be ill any more my dear Charley till I can be with you to nurse you.'' He found what they called `` Macaw Cottage'' (because of its gaudy interiors) in Gower Street , then moved his `` museum'' in over Christmas. On 24 January 1839, Darwin was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS). On 29 January, Darwin and Emma Wedgwood were married at Maer in an Anglican ceremony arranged to suit the Unitarians, then immediately caught the train to London and their new home. Geology books, barnacles, evolutionary research For more details on this topic, see Development of Darwin's theory . Darwin in 1842 with his eldest son, William Erasmus Darwin Darwin now had the framework of his theory of natural selection `` by which to work'' , as his `` prime hobby'' . His research included extensive experimental selective breeding of plants and animals, finding evidence that species were not fixed and investigating many detailed ideas to refine and substantiate his theory. For fifteen years this work was in the background to his main occupation of writing on geology and publishing expert reports on the Beagle collections. When FitzRoy's Narrative was published in May 1839, Darwin's Journal and Remarks was such a success as the third volume that later that year it was published on its own. Early in 1842, Darwin wrote about his ideas to Charles Lyell , who noted that his ally `` denies seeing a beginning to each crop of species'' . Darwin's book The Structure and Distribution of Coral Reefs on his theory of atoll formation was published in May 1842 after more than three years of work, and he then wrote his first `` pencil sketch'' of his theory of natural selection. To escape the pressures of London, the family moved to rural Down House in September. On 11 January 1844, Darwin mentioned his theorising to the botanist Joseph Dalton Hooker , writing with melodramatic humour `` it is like confessing a murder'' . Hooker replied `` There may in my opinion have been a series of productions on different spots, & also a gradual change of species. I shall be delighted to hear how you think that this change may have taken place, as no presently conceived opinions satisfy me on the subject.'' Darwin's `` sandwalk'' at Down House was his usual `` Thinking Path'' . By July, Darwin had expanded his `` sketch'' into a 230-page `` Essay'' , to be expanded with his research results if he died prematurely. In November, the anonymously published sensational best-seller Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation brought wide interest in transmutation. Darwin scorned its amateurish geology and zoology, but carefully reviewed his own arguments. Controversy erupted, and it continued to sell well despite contemptuous dismissal by scientists. Darwin completed his third geological book in 1846. He now renewed a fascination and expertise in marine invertebrates , dating back to his student days with Grant , by dissecting and classifying the barnacles he had collected on the voyage, enjoying observing beautiful structures and thinking about comparisons with allied structures. In 1847, Hooker read the `` Essay'' and sent notes that provided Darwin with the calm critical feedback that he needed, but would not commit himself and questioned Darwin's opposition to continuing acts of creation . In an attempt to improve his chronic ill health, Darwin went in 1849 to Dr. James Gully 's Malvern spa and was surprised to find some benefit from hydrotherapy . Then, in 1851, his treasured daughter Annie fell ill, reawakening his fears that his illness might be hereditary, and after a long series of crises she died. In eight years of work on barnacles (Cirripedia), Darwin's theory helped him to find `` homologies '' showing that slightly changed body parts served different functions to meet new conditions, and in some genera he found minute males parasitic on hermaphrodites , showing an intermediate stage in evolution of distinct sexes . In 1853, it earned him the Royal Society 's Royal Medal, and it made his reputation as a biologist . In 1854 he became a Fellow of the Linnean Society of London , gaining postal access to its library. He began a major reassessment of his theory of species, and in November realised that divergence in the character of descendants could be explained by them becoming adapted to `` diversified places in the economy of nature'' . Publication of the theory of natural selection For more details on this topic, see Publication of Darwin's theory . Charles Darwin, aged 46 in 1855, by then working towards publication of his theory of natural selection . He wrote to Hooker about this portrait, `` if I really have as bad an expression, as my photograph gives me, how I can have one single friend is surprising.'' By the start of 1856, Darwin was investigating whether eggs and seeds could survive travel across seawater to spread species across oceans. Hooker increasingly doubted the traditional view that species were fixed, but their young friend Thomas Henry Huxley was firmly against the transmutation of species. Lyell was intrigued by Darwin's speculations without realising their extent. When he read a paper by Alfred Russel Wallace , `` On the Law which has Regulated the Introduction of New Species'' , he saw similarities with Darwin's thoughts and urged him to publish to establish precedence. Though Darwin saw no threat, on 14 May 1856 he began writing a short paper. Finding answers to difficult questions held him up repeatedly, and he expanded his plans to a `` big book on species'' titled Natural Selection , which was to include his `` note on Man'' . He continued his researches, obtaining information and specimens from naturalists worldwide including Wallace who was working in Borneo . In mid-1857 he added a section heading; `` Theory applied to Races of Man'' , but did not add text on this topic. On 5 September 1857, Darwin sent the American botanist Asa Gray a detailed outline of his ideas, including an abstract of Natural Selection , which omitted human origins and sexual selection . In December, Darwin received a letter from Wallace asking if the book would examine human origins. He responded that he would avoid that subject, `` so surrounded with prejudices'' , while encouraging Wallace's theorising and adding that `` I go much further than you.'' Darwin's book was only partly written when, on 18 June 1858, he received a paper from Wallace describing natural selection. Shocked that he had been `` forestalled'' , Darwin sent it on that day to Lyell, as requested by Wallace, and although Wallace had not asked for publication, Darwin suggested he would send it to any journal that Wallace chose. His family was in crisis with children in the village dying of scarlet fever , and he put matters in the hands of his friends. After some discussion, Lyell and Hooker decided on a joint presentation at the Linnean Society on 1 July of On the Tendency of Species to form Varieties; and on the Perpetuation of Varieties and Species by Natural Means of Selection . On the evening of 28 June, Darwin's baby son died of scarlet fever after almost a week of severe illness, and he was too distraught to attend. There was little immediate attention to this announcement of the theory; the president of the Linnean Society remarked in May 1859 that the year had not been marked by any revolutionary discoveries. Only one review rankled enough for Darwin to recall it later; Professor Samuel Haughton of Dublin claimed that `` all that was new in them was false, and what was true was old'' . Darwin struggled for thirteen months to produce an abstract of his `` big book'' , suffering from ill health but getting constant encouragement from his scientific friends. Lyell arranged to have it published by John Murray . On the Origin of Species proved unexpectedly popular, with the entire stock of 1,250 copies oversubscribed when it went on sale to booksellers on 22 November 1859. In the book, Darwin set out `` one long argument'' of detailed observations, inferences and consideration of anticipated objections. In making the case for common descent , he included evidence of homologies between humans and other mammals. Having outlined sexual selection , he hinted that it could explain differences between human races . He avoided explicit discussion of human origins, but implied the significance of his work with the sentence; `` Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.'' His theory is simply stated in the introduction: As many more individuals of each species are born than can possibly survive; and as, consequently, there is a frequently recurring struggle for existence, it follows that any being, if it vary however slightly in any manner profitable to itself, under the complex and sometimes varying conditions of life, will have a better chance of surviving, and thus be naturally selected . From the strong principle of inheritance, any selected variety will tend to propagate its new and modified form. At the end of the book he concluded that: There is grandeur in this view of life, with its several powers, having been originally breathed into a few forms or into one; and that, whilst this planet has gone cycling on according to the fixed law of gravity, from so simple a beginning endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful have been, and are being, evolved. The last word was the only variant of `` evolved'' in the first five editions of the book. `` Evolutionism '' at that time was associated with other concepts, most commonly with embryological development , and Darwin first used the word evolution in The Descent of Man in 1871, before adding it in 1872 to the 6th edition of The Origin of Species . Responses to publication During the Darwin family's 1868 holiday in her Isle of Wight cottage, Julia Margaret Cameron took portraits showing the bushy beard Darwin grew between 1862 and 1866. An 1871 caricature following publication of The Descent of Man was typical of many showing Darwin with an ape body, identifying him in popular culture as the leading author of evolutionary theory. For more details on this topic, see Reaction to On the Origin of Species . The book aroused international interest, with less controversy than had greeted the popular Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation . Though Darwin's illness kept him away from the public debates, he eagerly scrutinised the scientific response, commenting on press cuttings, reviews, articles, satires and caricatures, and corresponded on it with colleagues worldwide. The book did not explicitly discuss human origins, but included a number of hints about the animal ancestry of humans from which the inference could be made. The first review asked, `` If a monkey has become a man-- what may not a man become?'' and said it should be left to theologians as it was too dangerous for ordinary readers. Amongst early favourable responses, Huxley's reviews swiped at Richard Owen , leader of the scientific establishment Huxley was trying to overthrow. In April, Owen's review attacked Darwin's friends and condescendingly dismissed his ideas, angering Darwin, but Owen and others began to promote ideas of supernaturally guided evolution. Patrick Matthew drew attention to his 1831 book which had a brief appendix suggesting a concept of natural selection leading to new species, but he had not developed the idea. The Church of England 's response was mixed. Darwin's old Cambridge tutors Sedgwick and Henslow dismissed the ideas, but liberal clergymen interpreted natural selection as an instrument of God's design, with the cleric Charles Kingsley seeing it as `` just as noble a conception of Deity'' . In 1860, the publication of Essays and Reviews by seven liberal Anglican theologians diverted clerical attention from Darwin, with its ideas including higher criticism attacked by church authorities as heresy . In it, Baden Powell argued that miracles broke God's laws, so belief in them was atheistic , and praised `` Mr Darwin's masterly volume (supporting) the grand principle of the self-evolving powers of nature'' . Asa Gray discussed teleology with Darwin, who imported and distributed Gray's pamphlet on theistic evolution , Natural Selection is not inconsistent with natural theology . The most famous confrontation was at the public 1860 Oxford evolution debate during a meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science , where the Bishop of Oxford Samuel Wilberforce , though not opposed to transmutation of species , argued against Darwin's explanation and human descent from apes. Joseph Hooker argued strongly for Darwin, and Thomas Huxley 's legendary retort, that he would rather be descended from an ape than a man who misused his gifts, came to symbolise a triumph of science over religion. Even Darwin's close friends Gray, Hooker, Huxley and Lyell still expressed various reservations but gave strong support, as did many others, particularly younger naturalists. Gray and Lyell sought reconciliation with faith, while Huxley portrayed a polarisation between religion and science. He campaigned pugnaciously against the authority of the clergy in education, aiming to overturn the dominance of clergymen and aristocratic amateurs under Owen in favour of a new generation of professional scientists. Owen's claim that brain anatomy proved humans to be a separate biological order from apes was shown to be false by Huxley in a long running dispute parodied by Kingsley as the `` Great Hippocampus Question '' , and discredited Owen. Darwinism became a movement covering a wide range of evolutionary ideas. In 1863 Lyell 's Geological Evidences of the Antiquity of Man popularised prehistory, though his caution on evolution disappointed Darwin. Weeks later Huxley's Evidence as to Man's Place in Nature showed that anatomically, humans are apes, then The Naturalist on the River Amazons by Henry Walter Bates provided empirical evidence of natural selection. Lobbying brought Darwin Britain's highest scientific honour, the Royal Society 's Copley Medal , awarded on 3 November 1864. That day, Huxley held the first meeting of what became the influential `` X Club '' devoted to `` science, pure and free, untrammelled by religious dogmas'' . By the end of the decade most scientists agreed that evolution occurred, but only a minority supported Darwin's view that the chief mechanism was natural selection. The Origin of Species was translated into many languages, becoming a staple scientific text attracting thoughtful attention from all walks of life, including the `` working men'' who flocked to Huxley's lectures. Darwin's theory also resonated with various movements at the time and became a key fixture of popular culture. Cartoonists parodied animal ancestry in an old tradition of showing humans with animal traits, and in Britain these droll images served to popularise Darwin's theory in an unthreatening way. While ill in 1862 Darwin began growing a beard, and when he reappeared in public in 1866 caricatures of him as an ape helped to identify all forms of evolutionism with Darwinism. Descent of man , sexual selection, and botany By 1878, an increasingly famous Darwin had suffered years of illness. Letter from Charles Darwin to John Burdon-Sanderson See also: Orchids to Variation , Descent of Man to Emotions , and Insectivorous Plants to Worms Despite repeated bouts of illness during the last twenty-two years of his life, Darwin's work continued. Having published On the Origin of Species as an abstract of his theory, he pressed on with experiments, research, and writing of his `` big book'' . He covered human descent from earlier animals including evolution of society and of mental abilities, as well as explaining decorative beauty in wildlife and diversifying into innovative plant studies. Enquiries about insect pollination led in 1861 to novel studies of wild orchids , showing adaptation of their flowers to attract specific moths to each species and ensure cross fertilisation . In 1862 Fertilisation of Orchids gave his first detailed demonstration of the power of natural selection to explain complex ecological relationships, making testable predictions. As his health declined, he lay on his sickbed in a room filled with inventive experiments to trace the movements of climbing plants . Admiring visitors included Ernst Haeckel , a zealous proponent of Darwinismus incorporating Lamarckism and Goethe 's idealism. Wallace remained supportive, though he increasingly turned to Spiritualism . Darwin's book The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication (1868) was the first part of his planned `` big book'' , and included his unsuccessful hypothesis of pangenesis attempting to explain heredity . It sold briskly at first, despite its size, and was translated into many languages. He wrote most of a second part, on natural selection, but it remained unpublished in his lifetime. Punch 's almanac for 1882, published shortly before Darwin's death, depicts him amidst evolution from chaos to Victorian gentleman with the title Man Is But A Worm . Lyell had already popularised human prehistory, and Huxley had shown that anatomically humans are apes. With The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex published in 1871, Darwin set out evidence from numerous sources that humans are animals, showing continuity of physical and mental attributes, and presented sexual selection to explain impractical animal features such as the peacock 's plumage as well as human evolution of culture, differences between sexes, and physical and cultural racial characteristics , while emphasising that humans are all one species. His research using images was expanded in his 1872 book The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals , one of the first books to feature printed photographs, which discussed the evolution of human psychology and its continuity with the behaviour of animals . Both books proved very popular, and Darwin was impressed by the general assent with which his views had been received, remarking that `` everybody is talking about it without being shocked.'' His conclusion was `` that man with all his noble qualities, with sympathy which feels for the most debased, with benevolence which extends not only to other men but to the humblest living creature, with his god-like intellect which has penetrated into the movements and constitution of the solar system-- with all these exalted powers-- Man still bears in his bodily frame the indelible stamp of his lowly origin.'' His evolution-related experiments and investigations led to books on Orchids, Insectivorous Plants , The Effects of Cross and Self Fertilisation in the Vegetable Kingdom , different forms of flowers on plants of the same species, and The Power of Movement in Plants . His botanical work was interpreted and popularised by various writers including Grant Allen and H.G. Wells , and helped transform plant science in the late C19 and early C20. In his last book he returned to The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms . Death and funeral See also: Darwin from Insectivorous Plants to Worms Tombs of John Herschel and Charles Darwin. Westminster Abbey . In 1882 he was diagnosed with what was called `` angina pectoris '' which then meant coronary thrombosis and disease of the heart. At the time of his death, the physicians diagnosed `` anginal attacks'' , and `` heart-failure'' . Today it is speculated that Darwin was suffering from chronic Chagas disease . This speculation is based on a journal entry written by Darwin, describing he was bitten by the `` Kissing Bug '' in Mendoza, Argentina in 1835 ; and based on the constellation of clinical symptoms he exhibited, including cardiac disease which is a hallmark of chronic Chagas disease . Exhuming Darwin's body is likely necessary to definitively determine his state of infection by detecting DNA of infecting parasite, T. cruzi , that causes Chagas disease . He died at Down House on 19 April 1882. His last words were to his family, telling Emma `` I am not the least afraid of death -- Remember what a good wife you have been to me -- Tell all my children to remember how good they have been to me'' , then while she rested, he repeatedly told Henrietta and Francis `` It's almost worth while to be sick to be nursed by you'' . He had expected to be buried in St Mary's churchyard at Downe , but at the request of Darwin's colleagues, after public and parliamentary petitioning, William Spottiswoode (President of the Royal Society ) arranged for Darwin to be honoured by burial in Westminster Abbey , close to John Herschel and Isaac Newton . The funeral was held on Wednesday 26 April and was attended by thousands of people, including family, friends, scientists, philosophers and dignitaries. Legacy In 1881 Darwin was an eminent figure, still working on his contributions to evolutionary thought that had an enormous effect on many fields of science. Portrait by John Collier . By the time of his death, Darwin had convinced most scientists that evolution as descent with modification was correct, and he was regarded as a great scientist who had revolutionised ideas. In June 1909, though few at that time agreed with his view that `` natural selection has been the main but not the exclusive means of modification'' , he was honoured by more than 400 officials and scientists from across the world who met in Cambridge to commemorate his centenary and the fiftieth anniversary of On the Origin of Species . Around the beginning of the 20th century, a period that has been called `` the eclipse of Darwinism '' , scientists proposed various alternative evolutionary mechanisms, which eventually proved untenable. Ronald Fisher , an English statistician , finally united Mendelian genetics with natural selection, in the period between 1918 and his 1930 book The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection . He gave the theory a mathematical footing and brought broad scientific consensus that natural selection was the basic mechanism of evolution, thus founding the basis for population genetics and the modern evolutionary synthesis , with J.B.S. Haldane and Sewall Wright , which set the frame of reference for modern debates and refinements of the theory. Commemoration Main article: Commemoration of Charles Darwin See also: List of things named after Charles Darwin and List of taxa described by Charles Darwin During Darwin's lifetime, many geographical features were given his name. An expanse of water adjoining the Beagle Channel was named Darwin Sound by Robert FitzRoy after Darwin's prompt action, along with two or three of the men, saved them from being marooned on a nearby shore when a collapsing glacier caused a large wave that would have swept away their boats, and the nearby Mount Darwin in the Andes was named in celebration of Darwin's 25th birthday. When the Beagle was surveying Australia in 1839, Darwin's friend John Lort Stokes sighted a natural harbour which the ship's captain Wickham named Port Darwin : a nearby settlement was renamed Darwin in 1911, and it became the capital city of Australia's Northern Territory . More than 120 species and nine genera have been named after Darwin. In one example, the group of tanagers related to those Darwin found in the Galápagos Islands became popularly known as `` Darwin's finches '' in 1947, fostering inaccurate legends about their significance to his work. Darwin's work has continued to be celebrated by numerous publications and events. The Linnean Society of London has commemorated Darwin's achievements by the award of the Darwin-- Wallace Medal since 1908. Darwin Day has become an annual celebration, and in 2009 worldwide events were arranged for the bicentenary of Darwin's birth and the 150th anniversary of the publication of On the Origin of Species . Darwin has been commemorated in the UK, with his portrait printed on the reverse of £ 10 banknotes printed along with a hummingbird and HMS Beagle , issued by the Bank of England . A life-size seated statue of Darwin can be seen in the main hall of the Natural History Museum in London. Unveiling of the Darwin Statue outside the former Shrewsbury School building in 1897 A seated statue of Darwin, unveiled 1897, stands in front of Shrewsbury Library , the building that used to house Shrewsbury School , which Darwin attended as a boy. Another statue of Darwin as a young man is situated in the grounds of Christ's College, Cambridge . Darwin College , a postgraduate college at Cambridge University , is named after the Darwin family. Children Darwin's children: see also Darwin-- Wedgwood family William Erasmus Darwin (27 December 1839 -- 8 September 1914) Anne Elizabeth Darwin (2 March 1841 -- 23 April 1851) Mary Eleanor Darwin (23 September 1842 -- 16 October 1842) Henrietta Emma `` Etty'' Darwin (25 September 1843 -- 17 December 1927) George Howard Darwin (9 July 1845 -- 7 December 1912) Elizabeth `` Bessy'' Darwin (8 July 1847 -- 8 June 1926) Francis Darwin (16 August 1848 -- 19 September 1925) Leonard Darwin (15 January 1850 -- 26 March 1943) Horace Darwin (13 May 1851 -- 29 September 1928) Charles Waring Darwin (6 December 1856 -- 28 June 1858) The Darwins had ten children: two died in infancy, and Annie 's death at the age of ten had a devastating effect on her parents. Charles was a devoted father and uncommonly attentive to his children. Whenever they fell ill, he feared that they might have inherited weaknesses from inbreeding due to the close family ties he shared with his wife and cousin , Emma Wedgwood. He examined this topic in his writings, contrasting it with the advantages of crossing amongst many organisms. Despite his fears, most of the surviving children and many of their descendants went on to have distinguished careers (see Darwin-Wedgwood family ). Of his surviving children, George , Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society, distinguished as astronomer , botanist and civil engineer , respectively. All three were knighted. Another son, Leonard , went on to be a soldier, politician, economist, eugenicist and mentor of the statistician and evolutionary biologist Ronald Fisher . Views and opinions Religious views For more details on this topic, see Religious views of Charles Darwin . In 1851 Darwin was devastated when his daughter Annie died. By then his faith in Christianity had dwindled, and he had stopped going to church. Darwin's family tradition was nonconformist Unitarianism , while his father and grandfather were freethinkers , and his baptism and boarding school were Church of England . When going to Cambridge to become an Anglican clergyman, he did not doubt the literal truth of the Bible. He learned John Herschel 's science which, like William Paley 's natural theology , sought explanations in laws of nature rather than miracles and saw adaptation of species as evidence of design . On board HMS Beagle , Darwin was quite orthodox and would quote the Bible as an authority on morality . He looked for `` centres of creation'' to explain distribution, and related the antlion found near kangaroos to distinct `` periods of Creation'' . By his return, he was critical of the Bible as history , and wondered why all religions should not be equally valid. In the next few years, while intensively speculating on geology and the transmutation of species , he gave much thought to religion and openly discussed this with his wife Emma , whose beliefs also came from intensive study and questioning. The theodicy of Paley and Thomas Malthus vindicated evils such as starvation as a result of a benevolent creator's laws, which had an overall good effect. To Darwin, natural selection produced the good of adaptation but removed the need for design, and he could not see the work of an omnipotent deity in all the pain and suffering, such as the ichneumon wasp paralysing caterpillars as live food for its eggs. He still viewed organisms as perfectly adapted, and On the Origin of Species reflects theological views. Though he thought of religion as a tribal survival strategy, Darwin was reluctant to give up the idea of God as an ultimate lawgiver . He was increasingly troubled by the problem of evil . Darwin remained close friends with the vicar of Downe, John Brodie Innes , and continued to play a leading part in the parish work of the church, but from around 1849 would go for a walk on Sundays while his family attended church. He considered it `` absurd to doubt that a man might be an ardent theist and an evolutionist'' and, though reticent about his religious views, in 1879 he wrote that `` I have never been an atheist in the sense of denying the existence of a God. -- I think that generally ... an agnostic would be the most correct description of my state of mind'' . The `` Lady Hope Story '' , published in 1915, claimed that Darwin had reverted to Christianity on his sickbed. The claims were repudiated by Darwin's children and have been dismissed as false by historians. Human Society Darwin's views on social and political issues reflected his time and social position. He grew up in a family of Whig reformers who, like his uncle Josiah Wedgwood, supported electoral reform and the emancipation of slaves . Darwin was passionately opposed to slavery, while seeing no problem with the working conditions of English factory workers or servants. His taxidermy lessons in 1826 from the freed slave John Edmonstone , who he long recalled as `` a very pleasant and intelligent man'' , reinforced his belief that black people shared the same feelings, and could be as intelligent as people of other races. He took the same attitude to native people he met on the Beagle voyage. These attitudes were not unusual in Britain in the 1820s, much as it shocked visiting Americans. British society became more racist in mid century, but Darwin remained strongly against slavery, against `` ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species'' , and against ill-treatment of native people. He valued European civilisation and saw colonisation as spreading its benefits, with the sad but inevitable effect that savage peoples who did not become civilised faced extinction. Darwin's theories presented this as natural, and were cited to promote policies that went against his humanitarian principles. He thought men's eminence over women was the outcome of sexual selection, a view disputed by Antoinette Brown Blackwell in her 1875 book The Sexes Throughout Nature . Darwin was intrigued by his half-cousin Francis Galton 's argument, introduced in 1865, that statistical analysis of heredity showed that moral and mental human traits could be inherited, and principles of animal breeding could apply to humans. In The Descent of Man , Darwin noted that aiding the weak to survive and have families could lose the benefits of natural selection, but cautioned that withholding such aid would endanger the instinct of sympathy, `` the noblest part of our nature'' , and factors such as education could be more important. When Galton suggested that publishing research could encourage intermarriage within a `` caste'' of `` those who are naturally gifted'' , Darwin foresaw practical difficulties, and thought it `` the sole feasible, yet I fear utopian , plan of procedure in improving the human race'' , preferring to simply publicise the importance of inheritance and leave decisions to individuals. Francis Galton named this field of study `` eugenics '' in 1883. Evolutionary social movements Caricature from 1871 Vanity Fair Further information: Darwinism , Eugenics , and Social Darwinism Darwin's fame and popularity led to his name being associated with ideas and movements that, at times, had only an indirect relation to his writings, and sometimes went directly against his express comments. Thomas Malthus had argued that population growth beyond resources was ordained by God to get humans to work productively and show restraint in getting families, this was used in the 1830s to justify workhouses and laissez-faire economics . Evolution was by then seen as having social implications, and Herbert Spencer 's 1851 book Social Statics based ideas of human freedom and individual liberties on his Lamarckian evolutionary theory. Soon after the Origin was published in 1859, critics derided his description of a struggle for existence as a Malthusian justification for the English industrial capitalism of the time. The term Darwinism was used for the evolutionary ideas of others, including Spencer's `` survival of the fittest '' as free-market progress, and Ernst Haeckel 's polygenistic ideas of human development . Writers used natural selection to argue for various, often contradictory, ideologies such as laissez-faire dog-eat dog capitalism, colonialism and imperialism . However, Darwin's holistic view of nature included `` dependence of one being on another'' ; thus pacifists , socialists, liberal social reformers and anarchists such as Peter Kropotkin stressed the value of co-operation over struggle within a species. Darwin himself insisted that social policy should not simply be guided by concepts of struggle and selection in nature. After the 1880s, a eugenics movement developed on ideas of biological inheritance, and for scientific justification of their ideas appealed to some concepts of Darwinism. In Britain, most shared Darwin's cautious views on voluntary improvement and sought to encourage those with good traits in `` positive eugenics'' . During the `` Eclipse of Darwinism '' , a scientific foundation for eugenics was provided by Mendelian genetics . Negative eugenics to remove the `` feebleminded'' were popular in America, Canada and Australia, and eugenics in the United States introduced compulsory sterilization laws, followed by several other countries. Subsequently, Nazi eugenics brought the field into disrepute. The term `` Social Darwinism '' was used infrequently from around the 1890s, but became popular as a derogatory term in the 1940s when used by Richard Hofstadter to attack the laissez-faire conservatism of those like William Graham Sumner who opposed reform and socialism. Since then, it has been used as a term of abuse by those opposed to what they think are the moral consequences of evolution. Works For more details on this topic, see Charles Darwin bibliography . Darwin was a prolific writer. Even without publication of his works on evolution, he would have had a considerable reputation as the author of The Voyage of the Beagle , as a geologist who had published extensively on South America and had solved the puzzle of the formation of coral atolls , and as a biologist who had published the definitive work on barnacles . While On the Origin of Species dominates perceptions of his work, The Descent of Man and The Expression of the Emotions in Man and Animals had considerable impact, and his books on plants including The Power of Movement in Plants were innovative studies of great importance, as was his final work on The Formation of Vegetable Mould through the Action of Worms . See also Biology portal Creation-evolution controversy European and American voyages of scientific exploration Harriet (tortoise) History of biology History of evolutionary thought List of coupled cousins List of multiple discoveries Multiple discovery Portraits of Charles Darwin Tinamou egg Universal Darwinism Notes I. Darwin was eminent as a naturalist , geologist, biologist , and author. After working as a physician's assistant and two years as a medical student , he was educated as a clergyman; he was also trained in taxidermy . II . Robert FitzRoy was to become known after the voyage for biblical literalism , but at this time he had considerable interest in Lyell's ideas, and they met before the voyage when Lyell asked for observations to be made in South America. FitzRoy's diary during the ascent of the River Santa Cruz in Patagonia recorded his opinion that the plains were raised beaches , but on return, newly married to a very religious lady, he recanted these ideas.( Browne 1995 , pp. 186, 414) III . In the section `` Morphology'' of Chapter XIII of On the Origin of Species , Darwin commented on homologous bone patterns between humans and other mammals, writing: `` What can be more curious than that the hand of a man, formed for grasping, that of a mole for digging, the leg of the horse, the paddle of the porpoise, and the wing of the bat, should all be constructed on the same pattern, and should include the same bones, in the same relative positions?'' and in the concluding chapter: `` The framework of bones being the same in the hand of a man, wing of a bat, fin of the porpoise, and leg of the horse ... at once explain themselves on the theory of descent with slow and slight successive modifications.'' IV . In On the Origin of Species Darwin mentioned human origins in his concluding remark that `` In the distant future I see open fields for far more important researches. Psychology will be based on a new foundation, that of the necessary acquirement of each mental power and capacity by gradation. Light will be thrown on the origin of man and his history.'' In `` Chapter VI: Difficulties on Theory'' he referred to sexual selection : `` I might have adduced for this same purpose the differences between the races of man, which are so strongly marked; I may add that some little light can apparently be thrown on the origin of these differences, chiefly through sexual selection of a particular kind, but without here entering on copious details my reasoning would appear frivolous.'' In The Descent of Man of 1871, Darwin discussed the first passage: `` During many years I collected notes on the origin or descent of man, without any intention of publishing on the subject, but rather with the determination not to publish, as I thought that I should thus only add to the prejudices against my views. It seemed to me sufficient to indicate, in the first edition of my ' Origin of Species,' that by this work ' light would be thrown on the origin of man and his history;' and this implies that man must be included with other organic beings in any general conclusion respecting his manner of appearance on this earth.'' In a preface to the 1874 second edition, he added a reference to the second point: `` it has been said by several critics, that when I found that many details of structure in man could not be explained through natural selection, I invented sexual selection; I gave, however, a tolerably clear sketch of this principle in the first edition of the ' Origin of Species,' and I there stated that it was applicable to man.'' V. See, for example, WILLA volume 4, Charlotte Perkins Gilman and the Feminization of Education by Deborah M. De Simone: `` Gilman shared many basic educational ideas with the generation of thinkers who matured during the period of `` intellectual chaos'' caused by Darwin's Origin of the Species. Marked by the belief that individuals can direct human and social evolution, many progressives came to view education as the panacea for advancing social progress and for solving such problems as urbanisation, poverty, or immigration.'' VI . See, for example, the song `` A lady fair of lineage high'' from Gilbert and Sullivan 's Princess Ida , which describes the descent of man (but not woman!) from apes. VII . Darwin's belief that black people had the same essential humanity as Europeans, and had many mental similarities, was reinforced by the lessons he had from John Edmonstone in 1826. Early in the Beagle voyage, Darwin nearly lost his position on the ship when he criticised FitzRoy's defence and praise of slavery. ( Darwin 1958 , p. 74 ) He wrote home about `` how steadily the general feeling, as shown at elections, has been rising against Slavery. What a proud thing for England if she is the first European nation which utterly abolishes it! I was told before leaving England that after living in slave countries all my opinions would be altered; the only alteration I am aware of is forming a much higher estimate of the negro character.'' ( Darwin 1887 , p. 246 ) Regarding Fuegians , he `` could not have believed how wide was the difference between savage and civilized man: it is greater than between a wild and domesticated animal, inasmuch as in man there is a greater power of improvement'' , but he knew and liked civilised Fuegians like Jemmy Button : `` It seems yet wonderful to me, when I think over all his many good qualities, that he should have been of the same race, and doubtless partaken of the same character, with the miserable, degraded savages whom we first met here.'' ( Darwin 1845 , pp. 205, 207-- 208 ) In the Descent of Man , he mentioned the similarity of Fuegians' and Edmonstone's minds to Europeans' when arguing against `` ranking the so-called races of man as distinct species'' . He rejected the ill-treatment of native people, and for example wrote of massacres of Patagonian men, women, and children, `` Every one here is fully convinced that this is the most just war, because it is against barbarians. Who would believe in this age that such atrocities could be committed in a Christian civilized country?'' ( Darwin 1845 , p. 102 ) VIII . Geneticists studied human heredity as Mendelian inheritance , while eugenics movements sought to manage society, with a focus on social class in the United Kingdom, and on disability and ethnicity in the United States, leading to geneticists seeing this as impractical pseudoscience . A shift from voluntary arrangements to `` negative'' eugenics included compulsory sterilisation laws in the United States, copied by Nazi Germany as the basis for Nazi eugenics based on virulent racism and `` racial hygiene '' . ( Thurtle, Phillip (17 December 1996). `` the creation of genetic identity'' . 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Archived from the original on 22 December 2008 . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Owen, Richard (1840). Darwin, C.R. , ed. Fossil Mammalia Part 1 . The zoology of the voyage of H.M.S. Beagle. London: Smith Elder and Co. Paul, Diane B. (2003). `` Darwin, social Darwinism and eugenics'' . In Hodge, Jonathan; Radick, Gregory. The Cambridge Companion to Darwin . Cambridge University Press. pp. 214-- 239. ISBN 0-521-77730-5 . Radick, Gregory (2013). `` Darwin and Humans'' . In Ruse, Michael. The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Darwin and Evolutionary Thought . Cambridge University Press. pp. 173-- 181. Smith, Charles H. (1999). `` Alfred Russel Wallace on Spiritualism, Man, and Evolution: An Analytical Essay'' . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Sulloway, Frank J. (1982). `` Darwin and His Finches: The Evolution of a Legend'' (PDF) . Journal of the History of Biology . 15 (1): 1-- 53. doi : 10.1007/BF00132004 . Retrieved 9 December 2008 . Sweet, William (2004). `` Herbert Spencer'' . Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Wilkins, John S. (1997). `` Evolution and Philosophy: Does evolution make might right?'' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 22 November 2008 . Wilkins, John S. (2008). `` Darwin'' . In Tucker, Aviezer. A Companion to the Philosophy of History and Historiography . Blackwell Companions to Philosophy. Chichester: Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 405-- 415. ISBN 1-4051-4908-6 . van Wyhe, John (27 March 2007). `` Mind the gap: Did Darwin avoid publishing his theory for many years?'' . Notes and Records of the Royal Society . 61 (2): 177-- 205. doi : 10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171 . Retrieved 7 February 2008 . van Wyhe, John (2008). `` Charles Darwin: gentleman naturalist: A biographical sketch'' . Darwin Online . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . van Wyhe, John (2008b). Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution . London: Andre Deutsch Ltd (published 1 September 2008). ISBN 0-233-00251-0 . von Sydow, Momme (2005). `` Darwin -- A Christian Undermining Christianity? On Self-Undermining Dynamics of Ideas Between Belief and Science'' (PDF) . In Knight, David M.; Eddy, Matthew D. Science and Beliefs: From Natural Philosophy to Natural Science, 1700-- 1900 . Burlington: Ashgate. pp. 141-- 156. ISBN 0-7546-3996-7 . Retrieved 16 December 2008 . Yates, Simon (2003). `` The Lady Hope Story: A Widespread Falsehood'' . TalkOrigins Archive . Retrieved 15 December 2006 . 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Graves Edwin Guest George Gulliver James Halliwell-Phillipps Peter Hardy James Heywood John Hilton John Hogg Gilbert Wakefield Mackmurdo Samuel Roffey Maitland Henry Moseley H Alexander Ormsby William Reid Robert Rigg John Rogers George Leith Roupell William Sharpey Clement Tudway Swanston James Joseph Sylvester Charles Thorp Charles Turnor John Wesley Williams James Yates Foreign Christopher Hansteen Macedonio Melloni Adolphe Quetelet Félix Savart VIAF : 27063124 LCCN : n78095637 ISNI : 0000 0001 2125 1077 GND : 118523813 SELIBR : 231727 SUDOC : 026812304 BNF : cb11898689q (data) BIBSYS : 90066479 ULAN : 500228559 MusicBrainz : 71b891f5-92bb-42be-9c45-98b8f56a3177 NLA : 36115292 NDL : 00437248 NKC : jn19990001631 ICCU : IT\ICCU\CFIV\003045 Botanist : Darwin BNE : XX990809 RKD : 298412 SNAC : w6c82bj2 PIC : 5005 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Charles_Darwin&oldid=826620856 '' Categories : Charles Darwin 1809 births 1882 deaths 19th-century biologists 19th-century British scientists 19th-century English writers Alumni of Christ's College, Cambridge Alumni of the University of Edinburgh Biologists Biology British carcinologists Burials at Westminster Abbey Circumnavigators of the globe Coleopterists Darwin-- Wedgwood family English agnostics English Anglicans English entomologists English geologists English naturalists English sceptics English travel writers Ethologists Evolutionary biologists Fellows of the Linnean Society of London Fellows of the Royal Entomological Society Fellows of the Royal Geographical Society Fellows of the Royal Society Fellows of the Zoological Society of London Human evolution theorists Independent scientists Members of the American Philosophical Society Members of the Lincean Academy Members of the Royal Academy of Belgium Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences People educated at Shrewsbury School People from Shrewsbury Recipients of the Copley Medal Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class) Royal Medal winners Wollaston Medal winners Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Webarchive template webcite links Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from August 2011 Use dmy dates from November 2012 Featured articles Biography with signature Articles with hCards Pages using div col with deprecated parameters CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Articles with Project Gutenberg links Articles with Internet Archive links Articles with LibriVox links Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with Wikisource reference AC with 19 elements Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SBN identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Botanists with author abbreviations Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Wikiquote Wikisource Afrikaans Alemannisch አማርኛ Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti অসমীয়া Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Aymar aru Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Basa Banyumasan Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Bislama Български Boarisch Bosanski Brezhoneg Буряад Català Чӑвашла Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Estremeñu Euskara فارسی Fiji Hindi Føroyskt Français Frysk Furlan Gaeilge Gaelg Gàidhlig Galego 贛 語 ગુજરાતી गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni 客家 語 /Hak-kâ -ngî 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Ladino Лезги Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Limburgs Livvinkarjala La .lojban. 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when was the metric system introduced in australia

Metrication in Australia effectively began in 1966 with the conversion to decimal currency under the auspices of the Decimal Currency Board . The conversion of measurements -- metrication -- commenced subsequently in 1971 , under the direction of the Metric Conversion Board and actively proceeded until the Board was disbanded in 1981 .

Metrication in Australia - Wikipedia Metrication in Australia Jump to: navigation , search Metrication in Australia effectively began in 1966 with the conversion to decimal currency under the auspices of the Decimal Currency Board. The conversion of measurements-- metrication-- commenced subsequently in 1971, under the direction of the Metric Conversion Board and actively proceeded until the Board was disbanded in 1981. Before 1970, Australia mostly used the imperial system for measurement, which the Australian colonies had inherited from the United Kingdom. Between 1970 and 1988, imperial units were withdrawn from general legal use and replaced with SI metric units , facilitated through legislation and government agencies. SI units are now the sole legal units of measurement in Australia. Australia's largely successful transition to the metric system contrasts with the ongoing opposition to metrication in the United States , Canada and the United Kingdom . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Metric Conversion Board 1.2 Metrication of horse racing 1.3 Metrication of weather reporting and forecasts 1.4 Metrication of the road signs 1.5 Building and construction 2 Extent 3 Notes 4 References 5 Further reading History ( edit ) Although there was debate in Australia's first Parliament after federation to consider adopting the metric system, metric units first became legal for use in Australia in 1947 when Australia signed the Metre Convention (or Convention du Mètre ). However, Imperial `` Weights and Measures'' were most commonly used until the Commonwealth government began the metric changeover in the 1970s. In 1960, SI units were adopted as a worldwide system of measurement by international agreement at the General Conference on Weights and Measures . The metre, kilogram, second , ampere , kelvin , candela and mole were defined as base units in this system and units formed from combinations of these base units were known as `` derived units'' . SI units were subsequently adopted as the basis for Australia's measurement standards, whereby they were defined as Australia's legal units of measurement. In 1968, a Select Committee of the Australian Senate examined metric `` Weights and Measures'' and came to the unanimous conclusion that it was both practical and desirable for Australia to change to the metric system. Some of their considerations included the `` inherent advantages of the metric system'' that meant that weighing and measuring was facilitated, `` often with substantial increases in efficiency'' . Educationally, the reform would `` simplify and unify the teaching of mathematics and science, reduce errors, save teaching time and give a better understanding of basic physical principles'' . In 1968, more than 75% of Australia's exports went to metric countries, and at that time it was noted that all countries except the United States were metric or were converting to the metric system. It was also noted that because of Australia's large migrant programme, more than 10 per cent of people over 16 years of age had used the metric system before coming to Australia. They also noted that school pupils were widely familiar with the metric system because it had been taught in the schools for many years. By 1968, metrication was already well under way in Australian industry. The pharmaceutical industry had metricated in 1965 and much of the chemical and electronics industries worked in metric units-- there being no `` Imperial'' units for the latter. One of the country's major automobile manufacturers had already declared its intention to metricate before the Government announced its decision to change to the metric system. `` The change itself provided a unique opportunity to rationalise and modernise industrial practices and bring Australia's technical standard specifications into accord with those adopted internationally'' . On 12 June 1970, the Australian Metric Conversion Act passed by the Australian Parliament was given assent. This Act created the Metric Conversion Board to facilitate the conversion of measurements from imperial to metric. A timeline of major developments in this conversion process is as follows: 1971 -- the Australian wool industry converted to the metric system. 1972 -- all primary schools were teaching the metric system alone-- many had been teaching both imperial and metric and later, metric alone since Australia changed to the decimal currency system in 1966. Horse racing converted in August and air temperatures were converted in September. 1973 -- all secondary schools were now using the metric system. 1974 -- large scale conversion across industries, including packaged grains , dairy products, eggs , building , timber , paper , printing , meteorological services , postal services , communications , road transport , travel , textiles , gas , electricity , surveying , sport , water supply , mining , metallurgy , chemicals , petroleum and automotive services . Most beverages , aside from spirits, also converted to metric units by the end of the year. The conversion of road signs took place in July. There was a publicity campaign to prepare the public. 1976 -- the building and construction industry completed its change to metric measurements (within two years) by January. 1977 -- all packaged goods were labelled in metric units, and the air transport , food , energy , machine tool , electronic , electrical engineering and appliance manufacturing industries converted. 1987 -- the real estate industry, the last major industry holdout, converted to metric. 1988 -- with Western Australia finally making the change, metrication was completed, with the metric system becoming the only system of legal measurements in Australia. 2008 - restrictions of volume and masses that had previously compelled manufacturers to package products to rounded imperial sizes despite metric labelling, for example packaging a soft drink can as a rounded 13 imp fl oz but labelling it as 375 ml, were removed. Metric conversion Board ( edit ) Opposition to metrication was not widespread. The Metric Conversion Board did not proceed with education programmes as polling revealed that most people were learning units and their application independently of each other, rendering efforts to teach the systematic nature of the metric system unnecessary and possibly increasing the amount of opposition. The Board was dissolved in 1981, but the conversion to the metric system was not completed until 1988. The Board spent A$5.955 million during its 11 years of operation, and the federal government distributed $10 million to the states to support their conversion process. Between 1984 and 1988, the conversion was the responsibility of the National Standards Commission, later renamed the National Measurement Institute . in 1988. The cost of metrication for the private sector was not determined but the Prices Justification Tribunal reported that metrication was not used to justify price increases. Metrication of horse racing ( edit ) An early change was the metrication of horse racing. This was facilitated because the furlong (one eighth of a mile) is close to 200 m. Therefore, the Melbourne Cup was changed from 2 miles (3,219 m) to 3,200 m (1.988 mi), a reduction of 18.688 metres (61.312 ft) or about 0.58%. The first metric Melbourne Cup was raced in November 1972. Metrication of weather reporting and forecasts ( edit ) When the Australian Bureau of Meteorology was enlisted to introduce the metric system for weather reporting and forecasts, its public relations officer, Godfrey Wiseman, coined a series of jingles to educate the public, using the terms `` frosty fives'' , `` tingling tens'' , `` temperate twenties'' , `` thirsty thirties'' and `` fiery forties'' to describe human sensation to temperatures in degrees Celsius. This was very successful because the public soon became aware of the significance of the descriptions. As the culmination of this campaign, weather reports and forecasts in both Imperial and metric measures were only provided for one month. After that, purely metric measurements were used for temperature, wind speed, rainfall, air pressure and other meteorological phenomena. Metrication of the road signs ( edit ) An important and very visible sign of metric conversion in Australia was the change in road signs and the accompanying traffic regulations; `` M-day'' for this change was 1 July 1974. Because of careful planning, almost every road sign in Australia was converted within a month. This was achieved by installing covered metric signs alongside the imperial signs before the change and then removing the imperial sign and uncovering the metric sign during the month of conversion. While road signs could not all be changed at the same time, there was little chance of confusion as to what any speed limit sign meant during this short change-over period. This was because the previous (MPH) signs had the signage in black on white and were rectangular, in the same style as current US speed limit signs, while the (km/h) signs which replaced them had the number indicating the speed limit inside a red circle, as is done in Europe. Road distance signs were also converted during this period. To avoid confusion as to whether the distance indicated was in miles or kilometres all the new kilometre signs had affixed to them a temporary yellow plate, on which was indicated the corresponding number of miles. These temporary plates were removed after about one year. Except for bridge-clearance and flood-depth signs, dual marking was avoided. Though people opposed to metrication expressed the fear that ignorance of the meaning of metric speeds would lead to slaughter on the roads, this did not happen as most drivers under the age of 25 had been taught metric units at school and through them, their parents were familiar with metric speeds if not metric units as a whole. It was believed that public education would be the most effective way of ensuring public safety. A Panel for Publicity on Road Travel, made up of the various motoring organisations, regulatory authorities and the media, planned a campaign to publicise the change. The resulting publicity campaign cost $200,000 and the Australian Government Department of Transport paid for it. The Board also produced 2.5 million copies of a pamphlet, `` Motoring Goes Metric'' . This was distributed through post offices, police stations and motor registry offices. `` For about a year before the change, motor car manufacturers fitted dual speedometers to their vehicles and, after 1974, all new cars were fitted with metric-only speedometers. Several kinds of speedometer conversion kits were available. `` As a result of all these changes, conversion on the roads occurred without incident.'' Building and construction ( edit ) The building industry was the first major industry grouping in Australia to complete its change to metric. This was achieved within two years by January 1976 for all new buildings other than those for which design had commenced well before metrication began. The resulting savings for builders and their sub-contractors has been estimated at about 10% a year of gross turnover. In this the industry was grateful to the SAA (now Standards Australia ) for the early production of the Standard AS 1155-1974 `` Metric Units for Use in the Construction Industry'' , which specified the use of millimetres as the small unit for the metrication upgrade. In the adoption of the millimetre as the `` small'' unit of length for metrication (instead of the centimetre) the Metric Conversion Board leaned heavily on experience in the UK and within the ISO , where this decision had already been taken. This was formally stated as follows: `` The metric units for linear measurement in building and construction will be the metre (m) and the millimetre (mm), with the kilometre (km) being used where required. This will apply to all sectors of the industry, and the centimetre (cm) shall not be used. ... the centimetre should not be used in any calculation and it should never be written down'' . The logic of using the millimetre in this context was that the metric system had been so designed that there would exist a multiple or submultiple for every use. Decimal fractions would not have to be used. Since the tolerances on building components and building practice would rarely be less than one millimetre, the millimetre became the sub-unit most appropriate to this industry. Although for the most part they are ignored in everyday life, it was not possible for education in the logical construction of the metric system to ignore the metric prefixes deci, centi, hecto and deka, since the derivation of the litre is dependent upon the knowledge that it derives from the volume of a cubic decimetre, i.e. 1000 cubic centimetres. However, in Australia, the prefix `` centi'' has been limited to use with the metre (mainly by the general public not associated with the building industry)-- unlike in Europe, where the centilitre may often be encountered. Extent ( edit ) Metrication is mostly complete. Road signs solely use metric measurements, as do the speedometers and odometers in motor vehicles produced after 1974; There was no requirement for pre-1974 vehicles to have their speedometers and odometers converted to metric, so any remaining vehicles of this vintage will show miles. Privately imported vehicles, such as classic cars, also do not need to be so converted. The sale of oil and petrol is by the litre. However, vehicle tyre pressures are still commonly talked about in pounds per square inch. Fruits and vegetables are advertised, sold and weighed by the kilogram, groceries are packed and labelled in metric measures. Schooling is wholly metric. Newspaper reports are mostly in metric terms. In some cases old imperial standards were replaced with rounded metric values, as with horse racing or the size of beer glasses (rounded to the nearest 5 mL). The pre-metric names of beer glass sizes, including the pint, have been retained (although in South Australia the `` pint'' of beer is not an imperial pint, as it is elsewhere in Australia). Dressed timber is often sold in lengths such as 1.8, 2.1, 2.4, 3.0 and 3.6 metres, each multiples of 300 mm, thereby approximating foot length increments, while pipes and conduits may be specified as having diameters of 12, 19, 25 and 32 etc. mm (based on `` soft'' conversions'' of ​ ⁄ , ​ ⁄ , 1 and ​ 1 ⁄ in). In some cases goods manufactured to pre-metric standards are available, such as some bolts, nuts, screws and pipe threads and there are some instances where pre-metric measures may still be used: Mass is referred to in kilograms, and baby nappy sizes are specified in kilograms only. While some parents may still convert their baby's hospital-stated birth mass to pounds and ounces, the practice of using pre-metric units has become far less common. Height is measured and given in centimetres. In informal contexts a person's height is still sometimes stated in feet and inches. Domestic and commercial real estate is advertised in square metres or hectares but though crop yields are described in tonnes per hectare, rural land areas are sometimes still advertised in acres. . Some developers still use squares to advertise their houses. Weather reports are always in metric terms but some specialised surf reports give wave heights in feet and there are occasional references to `` the old century'' , meaning 100 ° F, when describing temperatures of 38 ° C or more. While Imperial units of measurements may sometimes be specified instead of SI units (usually, where the product originates from or is intended for an American market) apart from area measurements, the use of any measurement except in SI units is not `` legal for trade'' under current Australian legislation. Examples where non-SI units are (sometimes) specified are: Aviation, as in many other metric countries, specifies horizontal distances in nautical miles and horizontal speed in knots, but horizontal distance for visibility or clearance from clouds is in kilometres or metres, as are runway dimensions. (The pressure and temperature are also given in SI units, in hectopascals and degrees Celsius respectively). Height or altitude is always specified in feet, as this is vital for safety-- as long as one remaining country in the world does not change to metric measurements. (The error in approximating 1000 feet as 300 metres is 4.8 m/16.75 feet. This may be somewhat insignificant at low altitudes. However, the cumulative effect of this error by 30,000 feet (9.15 km) becomes quite significant (144 m/472 feet) The measurement and vertical speed (rate of climb or descent) is given in feet per minute-- for much the same reasons height is given in feet. The altitude for sky diving is routinely given in feet, which follows from the above existing Aviation `` conventions'' . (However, Scuba diving uses metric measures ) Australia uses metric paper sizes for office use and home printing. (A4 = 210 × 297 mm) However, the term dots per inch (dpi) is still used when printing images. The photo printing industry usually uses imperial sizes for photo dimensions (e.g. 4 × 6 inch rather than 10 × 15 cm). Historical writing and presentations may include pre-metric units to reflect the context of the era represented. Vehicle tyres (as in the rest of the world) mark the rim diameter in inches and the width in millimetres. A car tyre marked ' 165/70R13' has a width of 165 mm, an aspect ratio (profile) of 70% and a 13-inch rim diameter. Tyre pressures may be given in both kilopascals and `` pounds per square inch'' . TV screens and LCD monitors may be described in inches instead of or as well as centimetres, e.g., a Plasma screen may be advertised as 42 inches (106 centimetres), and a computer monitor screen may be advertised in inches. Advertising billboards are measured by feet-- because of the still pervading influence of USA practices on such activities. The illicit drug trade in Australia still often uses imperial measurements, particularly when dealing with smaller amounts closer to end user levels e.g. `` 8-ball'' an 8th of an ounce or 3.5 g; cannabis is often traded in ounces (`` oz'' ) and pounds (`` p'' ) Firearm barrel length are almost always referred by in inches, ammunition is also still measured in grain and ounces as well as grams. The cultural transmission of British and American English in Australia has also been noted to be a cause for residual use of Imperial units of measure. Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The kelvin was known as the degree Kelvin at the time. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` '' Dollar Bill'' Currency Conversion Advertisement-- 1966`` . Video . Commonwealth of Australia-- Sound and Film Archive. ^ Jump up to: `` History of Measurement in Australia'' . Australia's Measurement System . National Measurement Institute . Retrieved 16 October 2010 . Jump up ^ `` How Australia's measurement system works'' . Australia's Measurement System . National Measurement Institute . Retrieved 21 November 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Introduction of the metric system in Australia Support for the change'' . Government of Western Australia. 4 March 2010. Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 8 May 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Australia ACORN-SAT temperature fraction audit'' . web page . WA climate net. December 2009 . Retrieved 4 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Metric conversion ad-- 1974 YouTube. ^ Jump up to: `` Metrication of Australia'' . Metric usage and metrication in other countries . U.S. Metric Association. 1996-- 2009 . Retrieved 26 November 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Melbourne Cup History'' . Aussie Punter. Archived from the original on 3 June 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Wording and Verification of Forecasts'' . Federation and Meteorology . Australian Science and Technology Heritage Centre . Retrieved 2015-07-30 . Jump up ^ `` Road Metric Conversion Advertisement-- 1974'' . Video . Commonwealth of Australia-- Sound and Film Archive. Jump up ^ Kevin Wilkes (1992). `` Metrication in Australia'' . Book . Commonwealth of Australia . Retrieved 17 February 2011 A quotation from the book appears at the link provided Jump up ^ Kevin Wilkes (1992). `` Metrication in Australia'' (PDF) . Book . Commonwealth of Australia,Entire document. Jump up ^ http://www.metricationmatters.com/docs/CostOfNonMetrication.pdf Jump up ^ (Standards Association of Australia `` Metric Handbook, Metric Conversion in Building and Construction'' 1972) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2011 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2013 . Retrieved 17 February 2013 . Jump up ^ http://www.bunnings.com.au/our-range/building-hardware/timber/dressed-timber Jump up ^ admin, on 27 August 2009 (27 August 2009). `` what screw size and thread measurement do we use for hardware? the scrooz blog'' . Scrooz.com.au. Archived from the original on 22 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nuts and Bolts - Industrial Size Assortment Packs of Hi-Tensile Nuts & Bolts'' . Bolts.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pipe Thread, Tapered Screw Plug and Screw Ring Gauges'' . Prittie.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` Profiles of Health, Australia, 2011-13'' . abs.gov.au . Australian Bureau of Statistics . Retrieved 15 October 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.jennycraig.com.au/pressrelease.aspx?id=1655 Jump up ^ `` Nappies product range - Find advice on baby products at'' . Huggies.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Snugglers® Australia - Our Products'' . Snugglers.com.au. Archived from the original on 29 August 2007 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ An example where some birth masses are given in pounds and ounces. Jump up ^ Beth Price; David Tynan; Natalie Caruso; Allason McNamara; Gloria Stillman; Jill Brown (2009). MathsWorld Year 8 VELS Edition . Australia: MacMillan . p. 626 . Retrieved 5 July 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Kawasaki Sportsbike Riders Club - Australia - Online Forum View topic - ZZR 600 Seat Height Question'' . Ksrc-au.com . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ At least one Australian internet dating service uses metric units for height with the imperial measurement along side. Jump up ^ `` High hopes for big crop yields - ABC News (Australian Broadcasting Corporation)'' . Abc.net.au. 17 November 2010 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NSW'' . Aussiefarmsforsale.com. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Weather'' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ Tatnell, Paul (17 September 2010). `` Australian monster wave heralds huge surf for Sydney'' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Jump up ^ `` The 7.30 Report'' . ABC. 12 November 2009 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/F2015C00010 Schedule 6- Permissible units of measurement Jump up ^ `` Skydive Jump The Beach Mission Beach Queensland Australia Freefall Tandem Solo Courses'' . Jumpthebeach.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Parachutes Australia'' . Parachutes Australia . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Litres, metres and bar - Diving with the metric system in Australia ex HMAS Canberra Reef'' . Hmascanberra.com.au . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ IMS. `` Sydney Australia Ph: 1300 556 744 Paper & Envelope Sizes'' . Network Printing . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Label Printers - Products - QL Label Printers - Brother ® Australia'' . Brother.com.au. Archived from the original on 21 August 2011 . Retrieved 2 August 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bridgestone (Australia) Tyre pressure tips'' . web page . Bridgestone Australia Corporate. 2007 . Retrieved 4 June 2011 . Further reading ( edit ) Wilks, K.J (1992). Metrication in Australia: a review of the effectiveness of policies and procedures in Australia's conversion to the metric system (PDF) . Canberra: Department of Industry, Technology and Commerce, Australian Government Publishing Service. ISBN 0-644-24860-2 . `` Significant achievements and the history of measurement in Australia'' . Department of Industry, Tourism and Resources - National Measurement Institute . Archived from the original on 30 September 2009 . Retrieved 9 June 2006 . ( hide ) Metrication by country Australia Barbados Canada Chile Guatemala Hong Kong India Ireland Jamaica Japan Korea ( North ) & ( South ) New Zealand Peru Sweden United Kingdom United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Metrication_in_Australia&oldid=822518919 '' Categories : Economic history of Australia History of Australia since 1945 Metrication by country Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from September 2011 Use Australian English from September 2011 All Wikipedia articles written in Australian English All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from October 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018, at 20:59. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. 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5125355608375890439

which part of a cashew flower becomes its fruits

The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit ( sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit ) . What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear - shaped structure , a hypocarpium , that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower . Called the cashew apple , better known in Central America as marañón , it ripens into a yellow and / or red structure about 5 -- 11 cm ( 2.0 -- 4.3 in ) long . It is edible and has a strong `` sweet '' smell and a sweet taste . The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy , but the skin is fragile , making it unsuitable for transport . In Latin America , a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango , raw green pepper , and just a little hint of grapefruit - like citrus .

Cashew - wikipedia Cashew Jump to: navigation , search Cashew Ripe cashew fruit Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae Clade : Angiosperms Clade : Eudicots Clade : Rosids Order: Sapindales Family: Anacardiaceae Genus: Anacardium Species: A. occidentale Binomial name Anacardium occidentale L. The cashew tree ( Anacardium occidentale ) is a tropical evergreen tree that produces the cashew seed and the cashew apple. It can grow as high as 14 m (46 ft), but the dwarf cashew, growing up to 6 m (20 ft), has proved more profitable, with earlier maturity and higher yields. The species is originally native to northeastern Brazil. Portuguese colonists in Brazil began exporting cashew nuts as early as the 1550s. Major production of cashews occurs in Vietnam, Nigeria, India, and Ivory Coast . The cashew nut, often simply called a cashew, is widely consumed. It is eaten on its own, used in recipes, or processed into cashew cheese or cashew butter . The shell of the cashew seed yields derivatives that can be used in many applications including lubricants, waterproofing, paints, and arms production, starting in World War II. The cashew apple is a light reddish to yellow fruit, whose pulp can be processed into a sweet, astringent fruit drink or distilled into liquor. Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Habitat and growth 3 Cashew nut and shell 4 Production 5 Nutrition 5.1 Allergy 6 Cashew oil 6.1 Cashew shell oil 7 Cashew apple 7.1 Alcohol 8 Animal feed 9 Gallery 10 See also 11 References 12 Further reading 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) Mameluca woman under a fruiting cashew tree (1641-- 1644) by Albert Eckhout . National Museum of Denmark . Its English name derives from the Portuguese name for the fruit of the cashew tree cajú (Portuguese pronunciation: (kaˈʒu )), which itself is derived from the Tupian word acajú , literally meaning `` nut that produces itself'' . The generic name Anacardium , derived from Greek ἀνά (aná or above) and καρδία (kardía or heart), refers to the unusual location of the seed above the core or heart of the fruit. A mid-seventeenth century ethnographic painting by Albert Eckhout , who accompanied Dutch governor-general Johan Maurits , shows a woman under a fruiting cashew tree. Habitat and growth ( edit ) Flower of cashew tree Cashew tree The cashew tree is large and evergreen , growing to 14 m (46 ft) tall, with a short, often irregularly shaped trunk. The leaves are spirally arranged, leathery textured, elliptic to obovate, 4-- 22 cm (1.6-- 8.7 in) long and 2-- 15 cm (0.79-- 5.91 in) broad, with smooth margins. The flowers are produced in a panicle or corymb up to 26 cm (10 in) long; each flower is small, pale green at first, then turning reddish, with five slender, acute petals 7-- 15 mm (0.28-- 0.59 in) long. The largest cashew tree in the world covers an area around 7,500 m (81,000 sq ft); it is located in Natal, Rio Grande do Norte , Brazil. The fruit of the cashew tree is an accessory fruit (sometimes called a pseudocarp or false fruit). What appears to be the fruit is an oval or pear-shaped structure, a hypocarpium , that develops from the pedicel and the receptacle of the cashew flower. Called the cashew apple, better known in Central America as marañón , it ripens into a yellow and/or red structure about 5-- 11 cm (2.0-- 4.3 in) long. It is edible and has a strong `` sweet'' smell and a sweet taste. The pulp of the cashew apple is very juicy, but the skin is fragile, making it unsuitable for transport. In Latin America, a fruit drink is made from the cashew apple pulp which has a very refreshing taste and tropical flavor that can be described as having notes of mango, raw green pepper, and just a little hint of grapefruit-like citrus. The true fruit of the cashew tree is a kidney or boxing-glove shaped drupe that grows at the end of the cashew apple. The drupe develops first on the tree, and then the pedicel expands to become the cashew apple. Within the true fruit is a single seed , which is often considered a nut , in the culinary sense. The seed is surrounded by a double shell containing an allergenic phenolic resin, anacardic acid , a potent skin irritant chemically related to the better-known allergenic oil urushiol which is also a toxin found in the related poison ivy . Properly roasting cashews destroys the toxin, but it must be done outdoors as the smoke (not unlike that from burning poison ivy) contains urushiol droplets which can cause severe, sometimes life-threatening, reactions by irritating the lungs. People who are allergic to cashew (or poison ivy) urushiols may cross-react to mango or pistachio which are also in the Anacardiaceae family. Some people are allergic to cashews, but cashews are a less frequent allergen than tree nuts or peanuts . While the cashew plant is native to northeast Brazil , the Portuguese took it to Goa , India, between 1560 and 1565. From there it spread throughout Southeast Asia and eventually Africa. Cashew nut and shell ( edit ) A woman uses a machine to shell cashews in Phuket, Thailand. Cashews as a snack Culinary uses for cashew seeds in snacking and cooking are similar to those for all tree seeds called nuts. Cashew nuts are commonly used in Indian cuisine , whole for garnishing sweets or curries, or ground into a paste that forms a base of sauces for curries (e.g., korma ), or some sweets (e.g., kaju barfi ). It is also used in powdered form in the preparation of several Indian sweets and desserts. In Goan cuisine , both roasted and raw kernels are used whole for making curries and sweets. Cashew nuts are also used in Thai and Chinese cuisines , generally in whole form. In the Philippines, cashew is a known product of Antipolo , and is eaten with suman . Pampanga also has a sweet dessert called turrones de casuy , which is cashew marzipan wrapped in white wafers. In Indonesia , roasted and salted cashew nut is called kacang mete or kacang mede , while the cashew apple is called jambu monyet (translates in English to monkey rose apple). In Mozambique , bolo polana is a cake prepared using powdered cashews and mashed potatoes as the main ingredients. This dessert is popular in South Africa. In Brazil , the cashew fruit juice is popular. Brazilians prefer the fruit to the nut. In Panama , the cashew fruit is cooked with water and sugar for a prolonged time to make a sweet, brown, paste-like dessert called dulce de marañón , with marañón as a Spanish name for cashew. In the 21st century, cashew cultivation increased in several African countries to meet the demands for manufacturing cashew milk , a plant milk alternative to dairy milk . The shell of the cashew nut contains oil compounds which may cause contact dermatitis similar in severity to that of poison ivy, primarily resulting from the phenolic lipids , anacardic acid , and cardanol . Due to the possible dermatitis, cashews are typically not sold in the shell to consumers. Readily and inexpensively extracted from the waste shells, cardanol is under research for its potential applications in nanomaterials and biotechnology . Production ( edit ) Cashew Nut Production (as Kernels) - 2015 Country Production (tonnes) India 172,719 Côte d'Ivoire 171,111 Vietnam 113,059 Brazil 33,000 World 738,861 Source: Nuts and Dried Fruits, Global Statistical Review, 2015 In 2015, global production of cashew nuts (as the kernel ) was 738,861 tonnes , led by India and Côte d'Ivoire each with 23% of the world total (table). Vietnam and Brazil also had significant production of cashew kernels. In 2014, rapid growth of cashew cultivation in Côte d'Ivoire made this country the top African exporter. Fluctuations in world market prices, poor working conditions, and low pay for local harvesting have caused discontent in the cashew nut industry. The cashew tree is cultivated in the tropics between 25° N and 25° S, and is supremely adapted to hot lowland areas with a pronounced dry season, where also the mango and tamarind trees thrive. The traditional cashew tree is tall (up to 14 m) and takes three years from planting before it starts production, and eight years before economic harvests can begin. More recent breeds, such as the dwarf cashew trees, are up to 6 m tall, and start producing after the first year, with economic yields after three years. The cashew nut yields for the traditional tree are about 0.25 metric tons per hectare, in contrast to over a ton per hectare for the dwarf variety. Grafting and other modern tree management technologies are used to further improve and sustain cashew nut yields in commercial orchards. Cashew nuts being inspected after harvest Nutrition ( edit ) Cashews, raw Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 553 kcal (2,310 kJ) Carbohydrates 30.19 g Starch 0.74 g Sugars lactose 5.91 g 0.00 g Dietary fiber 3.3 g Fat 43.85 g Saturated 7.783 g Monounsaturated 23.797 g Polyunsaturated 7.845 g Protein 18.22 g Vitamins Vitamin A 0 IU Thiamine (B1 ) (37%) 0.423 mg Riboflavin (B2 ) (5%) 0.058 mg Niacin (B3 ) (7%) 1.062 mg Pantothenic acid (B5 ) (17%) 0.86 mg Vitamin B6 (32%) 0.417 mg Folate (B9 ) (6%) 25 μg Vitamin B12 (0%) 0 μg Vitamin C (1%) 0.5 mg Vitamin D (0%) 0 μg Vitamin E (6%) 0.90 mg Vitamin K (32%) 34.1 μg Minerals Calcium (4%) 37 mg Copper (110%) 2.2 mg Iron (51%) 6.68 mg Magnesium (82%) 292 mg Manganese (79%) 1.66 mg Phosphorus (85%) 593 mg Potassium (14%) 660 mg Selenium (28%) 19.9 μg Sodium (1%) 12 mg Zinc (61%) 5.78 mg Other constituents Water 5.20 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database In a 100-gram serving, raw cashews provide 553 Calories , 67% of the Daily Value (DV) in total fats, 36% DV of protein , 13% DV of dietary fiber and 11% DV of carbohydrates (table). Cashews are rich sources (> 19% DV) of dietary minerals , including particularly copper, manganese , phosphorus , and magnesium (79-110% DV), and of thiamin , vitamin B and vitamin K (32-37% DV) (table). Iron, potassium , zinc , and selenium are present in significant content (14-61% DV) (table). Cashews (100 grams, raw) contain 113 milligrams (1.74 gr) of beta-sitosterol . Allergy ( edit ) For some 6% of people, cashews can lead to complications or allergic reactions which may be life-threatening. These allergies are triggered by the proteins found in tree nuts, and cooking often does not remove or change these proteins. Reactions to cashew and tree nuts can also occur as a consequence of hidden nut ingredients or traces of nuts that may inadvertently be introduced during food processing, handling, or manufacturing, particularly in Europe. Cashew oil ( edit ) Cashew oil is a dark yellow oil for cooking or salad dressing pressed from cashew nuts (typically broken chunks created during processing). This may be produced from a single cold pressing. Cashew shell oil ( edit ) See also: Urushiol Cashew nutshell liquid (CNSL) or cashew shell oil ( CAS registry number 8007-24-7) is a natural resin with a yellowish sheen found in the honeycomb structure of the cashew nutshell , and is a byproduct of processing cashew nuts. It is a raw material of multiple uses in developing drugs, antioxidants, fungicides, and biomaterials . It is used in tropical folk medicine and for anti termite treatment of timber. Its composition varies depending on how it is processed. Cold, solvent-extracted CNSL is mostly composed of anacardic acids (70%), cardol (18%) and cardanol (5%). Heating CNSL decarboxylates the anacardic acids, producing a technical grade of CNSL that is rich in cardanol. Distillation of this material gives distilled, technical CNSL containing 78% cardanol and 8% cardol (cardol has one more hydroxyl group than cardanol). This process also reduces the degree of thermal polymerization of the unsaturated alkyl-phenols present in CNSL. Anacardic acid is also used in the chemical industry for the production of cardanol, which is used for resins, coatings, and frictional materials. These substances are skin allergens, like the oils of poison ivy, and present danger during manual cashew processing. This natural oil phenol has been found to have interesting chemical structural features which enable a range of chemical modifications to create a wide spectrum of biobased monomers capitalizing on the chemically versatile construct, containing three different functional groups : the aromatic ring , the hydroxyl group , and the double bonds in the flanking alkyl chain. These can be split into key groups, used as polyols , which have recently seen a dramatic increase in demand for their biobased origin and key chemical attributes such as high reactivity, range of functionalities, reduction in blowing agents, and naturally occurring fire retardant properties in the field of ridged polyurethanes aided by their inherent phenolic structure and larger number of reactive units per unit mass. CNSL may be used as a resin for carbon composite products. CNSL-based Novolac is another versatile industrial monomer deriving from cardanol typically used as a reticulating agent for epoxy matrices in composite applications providing good thermal and mechanical properties to the final composite material. Cashew apple ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The cashew apple, also called cashew fruit, is the fleshy part of the cashew fruit attached to the cashew nut. The top end of the cashew apple is attached to the stem that comes off the tree. The bottom end of the cashew apple attaches to the cashew nut, which is encased in a shell. In botanical terms, the cashew apple is an accessory fruit that grows on the cashew seed (which is the nut). The cashew apple can be eaten fresh, cooked in curries, or fermented into vinegar, as well as an alcoholic drink. It is also used to make preserves, chutneys, and jams in some countries such as India and Brazil. In many countries, particularly in South America, the cashew apple is used to flavor drinks, both alcoholic and nonalcoholic. Cashew nuts are more widely traded than cashew apples, because the apple, unlike the nut, is easily bruised and has very limited shelf life. Cashew apple juice, however, may be used for manufacturing blended juices. Cashew apples have a sweet but astringent taste traced to the waxy layer on the skin that contains a chemical, urushiol , which can cause minor skin irritation to areas that have had contact with it. In cultures that consume cashew apples, this astringency is sometimes removed by steaming the fruit for five minutes before washing it in cold water; alternatively, boiling the fruit in salt water for five minutes or soaking it in gelatin solution also reduces the astringency. Alcohol ( edit ) In Goa , the cashew apple is mashed and the juice extracted and kept for fermentation for a few days. Fermented juice then undergoes a double distillation process. The resulting beverage is called feni or fenny . Feni is about 40-- 42% alcohol. The single-distilled version is called urrac , which is about 15% alcohol. In the southern region of Mtwara , Tanzania , the cashew apple ( bibo in Swahili ) is dried and saved. Later, it is reconstituted with water and fermented, then distilled to make a strong liquor often referred to by the generic name, gongo . In Mozambique, cashew farmers commonly make a strong liquor from the cashew apple. It is known under various names in the local languages of Mozambique (muchekele in Emakua spoken in the North, xicadju in Changana spoken in the South). In contrast to the above-mentioned Feni of Goa, the cashew liquor made in Mozambique does not involve the extraction of the juice from the cashew apples. Following harvest and the removal of the nuts, the apples are spread on the ground under trees and courtyards and allowed to lose water and ferment. The shrivelled fruits are then used for distillation. According to one source, an alcohol had been distilled in the early 20th century from the juice of the fruit, and was manufactured in the West Indies . Animal feed ( edit ) Discarded cashew nuts unfit for human consumption, alongside the residues of oil extraction from cashew kernels, can be used to feed livestock. Animals can also eat the leaves of cashew trees. Gallery ( edit ) Young cashew fruits Cashew sprouts are eaten raw or cooked Distilling cashew apple liquor or `` muchekele'' in Mozambique Shriveled, fermented cashew apples ready for distillation, Mozambique ' Anacardium occidentale' , from Koehler's ' Medicinal-Plants' (1887) See also ( edit ) Cajuína Cashew pie List of culinary nuts Semecarpus anacardium (the Oriental Anacardium) is a native of India and is closely related to the cashew. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Morton, Julia F (1987). `` Cashew apple, Anacardium occidentale L'' . Fruits of warm climates, Julia F. Morton . Center for New Crops and Plant Products, Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Purdue University, W. Lafayette, IN. pp. 239-- 240. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2 . Jump up ^ Carolyn Jostock, `` Cashew Industry'' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 2, p. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. Jump up ^ `` Major Food And Agricultural Commodities And Producers -- Countries By Commodity'' . United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, Statistics Division. 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Jostock, `` Cashew Industry'' , p. 5. Jump up ^ Varghese, T.; Pundir, Y. (1964). `` Anatomy of the pseudocarp in Anacardium occidentale L'' . Proceedings: Plant Sciences . 59 (5): 252-- 258. Jump up ^ Rosen, T.; Fordice, D.B. (April 1994). `` Cashew Nut Dermatitis'' . Southern Medical Journal . 87 (4): 543-- 546. doi : 10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026 . PMID 8153790 . Jump up ^ Phillippa Cheifitz (2009). South Africa Eats . Jump up ^ Jostock, `` Cashew Industry'' p. 5. Jump up ^ Osborn M (26 August 2015). `` Access to Market Data and Supply Chain Visibility offer Economic Boost to Ghana Cashew Farmers'' . Consumer Goods Technology . Retrieved 11 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Rosen T.; Fordice, D.B. (1994). `` Cashew nut dermatitis'' . South Med J. 87 (4): 543-- 46. doi : 10.1097/00007611-199404000-00026 . PMID 8153790 . Jump up ^ `` Why Cashews Aren't Sold In The Shell'' . Moment of Science, Indiana Public Media. September 6, 2013. ^ Jump up to: Hamad F.B. ; Mubofu E.B. (2015). `` Potential biological applications of bio-based anacardic acids and their derivatives'' . Int J Mol Sci. 16 (4): 8569-- 90. doi : 10.3390/ijms16048569 . PMC 4425097 . PMID 25894225 . Jump up ^ `` Nuts & Dried Fruits Global Statistical Review 2015 / 2016, p22'' (PDF) . International Nut and Dried Fruit Council. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 May 2017 . Retrieved 26 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Bavier, Joe (29 October 2014). `` War-scarred Ivory Coast aims to conquer the world of cashews'' . Reuters . Retrieved 9 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzania riots over cashew nut payments'' . BBC. 24 April 2013 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Lamble L. (2 November 2013). `` Cashew nut workers suffer ' appalling' conditions as global slump dents profits'' . The Guardian . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Wilson B. (4 May 2015). `` ' Blood cashews' : the toxic truth about your favourite nut'' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 6 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cultivating Cashew Nuts'' . ARC-Institute for Tropical and Subtropical Crops, South Africa . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` Full Report (All Nutrients): 12087, Nuts, cashew nuts, raw, database version SR 27'' . Agricultural Research Service -- United States Department of Agriculture. 2015 . Retrieved 6 August 2015 . ^ Jump up to: McWilliam V.; Koplin J.; Lodge C.; Tang M.; Dharmage S.; Allen K. (2015). `` The prevalence of tree nut allergy: a systematic review'' . Curr Allergy Asthma Rep. 15 (9): 555. doi : 10.1007/s11882-015-0555-8 . PMID 26233427 . ^ Jump up to: `` Cashew Allergies'' . Informall Database -- funded by European Union. 2010. Archived from the original on 29 October 2010. Jump up ^ `` Food Allergies -- INFOSAN'' (PDF) . World Health Organization. 2006. Jump up ^ `` Cashew Oil'' . Smart Kitchen . Retrieved February 15, 2015 . ^ Jump up to: `` World Agriculture and the Environment'' , by Jason W. Clay, p. 268 ^ Jump up to: Alexander H. Tullo (September 8, 2008). `` A Nutty Chemical'' . Chemical and Engineering News . 86 (36): 26-- 27. doi : 10.1021/cen-v086n033.p026 . ^ Jump up to: `` Exposure and Use Data for Cashew Nut Shell Liquid'' (PDF) . United States Environmental Protection Agency . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-05-12 . Retrieved 2012-01-12 . Jump up ^ Ferri, Enrico (22 May 2011). `` Bioresins Derived from Cashew Nutshell Oil'' . MaterialsToday . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Strom, Stephanie (2014-08-08). `` Cashew Juice, the Apple of Pepsi's Eye'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2015-11-24 . Jump up ^ Azam-Ali and Judge (2004). Small-scale cashew nut processing (PDF) . FAO, United Nations. Jump up ^ Percival, Robert (1803). An Account of the Island of Ceylon: Its History, Geography, Natural History, with the Manners and Customs of its various Inhabitants . London: C. & R. Baldwin. Jump up ^ Heuzé V., Tran G., Hassoun P., Bastianelli D., Lebas F., 2017. Cashew (Anacardium occidentale) nuts and by-products. Feedipedia, a programme by INRA, CIRAD, AFZ and FAO. https://www.feedipedia.org/node/56 Further reading ( edit ) Jostock, Carolyn. `` Cashew Industry'' in Encyclopedia of Latin American History and Culture , vol. 2, p. 5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons 1996. Olaya, Clara Inés . `` Cajú / Marañon / Merey/Acaiu/Cashew Nut'' , in Americas 42, no. 3 (1990), 52-- 53. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Anacardium occidentale . Handbook of Energy Crops -- Anacardium occidentale L. Nuts True , or botanical nuts Acorn Beech American beech European beech Breadnut Candlenut Chestnut Sweet chestnut Hazelnut American hazel Beaked hazel European hazel Filbert Asian hazel Johnstone River almond Kola nut Kurrajong Malabar chestnut Mongongo Palm nut Karuka Planted karuka Wild karuka Red bopple nut Yellow walnut Drupes Almond Australian cashew nut Betel nut Borneo tallow nut Breadfruit Cashew Chilean hazel Coconut Durian Gabon nut Hickory Mockernut hickory Pecan Shagbark hickory Shellbark hickory Irvingia gabonensis Jack nut Panda oleosa Pekea nut Pili nut Pistachio Walnut Black walnut Butternut English walnut Heartnut Gymnosperms Cycad Burrawang nut Ginkgo nut Araucaria spp. Bunya nut Monkey-puzzle nut Pine nut Chilgoza pine Colorado pinyon Korean pine Mexican pinyon Single-leaf pinyon Stone pine Angiosperms Brazil nut Macadamia Macadamia nut Queensland macadamia nut Paradise nut Peanut Peanut tree Soybean Edible fats and oils Fats Pork fats Bacon fat Fatback Lardo Salo Salt pork Szalonna Lard Lardon Pork belly Pancetta Tocino Speck Beef / mutton fats Dripping Suet Tallow Tail fat Dairy fats Butter Clarified butter Ghee Niter kibbeh Smen Poultry fats Chicken fat Duck fat Schmaltz Other animal fats Blubber Muktuk Vegetable fats Cocoa butter Margarine Shea butter Vegetable shortening Oils Fish oils Cod liver oil Shark liver oil Vegetable oils Major oils Coconut oil Corn oil Cottonseed oil Olive oil Palm oil palm kernel oil Peanut oil Rapeseed oil Canola oil and Colza oil ( toxic oil syndrome ) Safflower oil Soybean oil Sunflower oil Nut oils Almond oil Argan oil Cashew oil Hazelnut oil Macadamia oil Marula oil Mongongo nut oil Pecan oil Pine nut oil Pistachio oil Walnut oil Fruit and seed oils Ambadi seed oil Avocado oil Castor oil Grape seed oil Hemp oil Linseed oil (flaxseed oil) Mustard oil Olive oil Perilla oil Poppyseed oil Pumpkin seed oil Rice bran oil Sesame oil Tea seed oil Watermelon seed oil See also List of vegetable oils Cooking oil Essential oil Taxon identifiers Wd : Q34007 APDB: 5652 EoL : 582263 EPPO : ANAOC FloraBase : 44542 FoC : 200012676 GBIF : 5421368 GRIN : 3060 iNaturalist : 122988 IPNI : 69191-1 ITIS : 28793 NCBI : 171929 Plant List : kew-2635912 PLANTS : ANOC Tropicos : 1300006 GND : 4240091-0 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cashew&oldid=828326731 '' Categories : Anacardium Crops originating from Brazil Crops originating from South America Cashew Edible nuts and seeds Flora of the Cerrado Medicinal plants of South America Nut oils Plants described in 1753 Resins Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus Trees of Brazil Trees of Colombia Trees of French Guiana Trees of Guyana Trees of Suriname Trees of Venezuela Tropical agriculture Hidden categories: Articles with ' species' microformats Articles needing additional references from April 2013 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Afrikaans Asturianu Avañe'ẽ Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা भोजपुरी Bikol Central Български Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch ދިވެހިބަސް Diné bizaad Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego ગુજરાતી 한국어 हिन्दी Hornjoserbsce Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Kapampangan ქართული कॉशुर / کٲشُر Қазақша Kiswahili Коми Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кырык мары Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Lingála Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk ଓଡ଼ିଆ ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Перем Коми Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский संस्कृतम् සිංහල Simple English Српски / srpski Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย ತುಳು Türkçe Удмурт Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 吴语 粵語 中文 77 more Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018, at 22:24. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. AboutWikipedia

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where does the last name howell come from

Howell is a surname ( family name or last name ) originating from Wales . It is not a particularly common name among those of Welsh ancestry , as it is an Anglicized form of the Welsh name Hywel . It originates in a dynasty of kings in Wales and Brittany in the 9th and 10th century , and three Welsh royal houses of that time onwards . The Tudor Royal house of England was also descended from them . See also : Powell ( surname ) , and Welsh surnames .

Howell (name) - wikipedia Howell (name) Jump to: navigation , search Howell Language (s) Welsh Origin Region of origin Wales Meaning `` The Sun'' ; `` high, exalted'' Other names Variant(s) Hoel , Howel , Hugh , Hywel Footnotes: Frequency Comparisons: Howell is a surname (family name or last name) originating from Wales . It is not a particularly common name among those of Welsh ancestry, as it is an Anglicized form of the Welsh name Hywel . It originates in a dynasty of kings in Wales and Brittany in the 9th and 10th century, and three Welsh royal houses of that time onwards. The Tudor Royal house of England was also descended from them. See also: Powell (surname) , and Welsh surnames . The name Howell may refer to many people: Contents ( hide ) 6 F 7 G 8 H 9 I 10 J 11 K 12 L 13 M 14 N 15 P 16 R 17 S 18 T 19 V 20 W 21 Y 22 Z 23 King of Wales 24 Others named Howell 25 Fictional characters 26 Legendary King of Brittany 27 References 28 See also Ada Verdun Howell (1902-- 1981), Australian author and poet Albert Howell , Canadian comedian and poet Albert Howell (cricketer) (1898-- 1958), English cricketer Algie Howell (born 1938), American Democratic politician Alice Howell (1886-- 1961), American silent movie actress Anthony Howell (actor) (born 1971), British TV actor Anthony Howell (performance artist) (born 1945), British performance artist Arlene Howell (born 1935), American TV actress Arthur Holmes Howell (1872-- 1940), American zoologist Bailey Howell (born 1937), American basketball player Benny Howell (born 1988), English cricketer Becket (or Beckett) K. Howell , American Naval Officer Benjamin Franklin Howell (1844-- 1933), American Republican politician Benjamin Hunting Howell (1875-- unknown), American rower Beryl A. Howell (born 1956), American judge Bill Howell (American football) (1905-- 1981), American football player Bill Howell (cricketer) (1869-- 1940), Australian cricketer Blue Howell , American football player C. Thomas Howell (born 1966), American actor Carla Howell (born 1955), American Libertarian politician Cedric Howell (1896-- 1919), Australian fighter pilot Charles Howell (MP) (1905-- 1974), British Labour politician and member of Parliament Charles Howell III (born 1979), American golfer Charles Andrew Howell III (born 1930), American businessman Charles Augustus Howell (1840-- 1890), British-Portuguese art dealer Charles Henry Howell (c. 1824-- 1905), British architect Charles R. Howell (1904-- 1973), American politician and member of the House of Representatives Charmaine Howell (born 1975), Jamaican athlete Christopher Howell (born c. 1946), American poet Christopher Howell (cricketer) (born 1977), English cricketer Clarence Howell (1881-- 1936), American chess master Clark Howell (1863-- 1936), American newspaper man and politician Clement Howell (1935-- 1987), Turks and Caicos politician Colin Howell (born 1959), Northern Irish murderer Daedalus Howell (born 1972), American writer Daniel Howell (born 1991), British vlogger and BBC Radio 1 presenter David Howell, Baron Howell of Guildford (born 1936), British Conservative politician David Howell (British Army officer) , British barrister and officer David Howell (chess player) (born 1990), British chess grandmaster David Howell (dean) (1831-- 1903), British clergyman David Howell (footballer) (born 1958), English footballer David Howell (golfer) (born 1975), English golfer David Howell (jurist) (1747-- 1824), American jurist David Howell (rugby league) (born 1983), Australian rugby league player Dean Howell (born 1980), English footballer Deborah Howell (1941-- 2010), American journalist Delles Howell (born 1948), American football player Denis Howell (1923-- 1998), British Labour politician Denise Howell (born c. 1965), American lawyer and blogger Dixie Howell (1912-- 1971), American football player Dixie Howell (baseball catcher) (1920-- 1990), American baseball player Dixie Howell (baseball pitcher) (1920-- 1960), American baseball player Dorothy Howell (1898-- 1982), British composer and pianist Edward Howell (disambiguation) Elias Howell (1792-- 1844), American politician Evan Howell (1839-- 1905), American politician, early telegraph operator and officer in the Confederate Army Frances Schumann Howell (1905-- 1994), American artist Francis Howell (1625-- 1679), Principal of Jesus College, Oxford Francis Clark Howell (1925-- 2007), American anthropologist Gareth Howell (born 1981), Welsh racing driver Gary Howell (born 1966), American politician George Evan Howell (1905-- 1980), American Republican politician George Howell (entrepreneur) (born 1945), American entrepreneur George Howell (Pennsylvania) (1859-- 1913), American Republican politician George Howell (trade unionist) (1833-- 1911), British politician and trade unionist George Howell (VC) (1893-- 1964), Australian soldier George Howell Kidder (1925-- 2009), American lawyer Gerran Howell (born 1991), Welsh actor Gillian Howell (1927-- 2000), British architect Graham Howell (born 1951), English footballer Gwynne Howell (born 1938), British opera singer Hannah Howell (born 1950), American romance novelist Harry Howell (1876-- 1956), American baseball player Harry Howell (cricketer) (1890-- 1932), English cricketer and footballer Harry Howell (born 1932), Canadian ice hockey player Henry Howell (1920-- 1997), American Democratic politician Henry Howell (Mormon) (1828-- 1896), British-American settler Horatio Stockton Howell (1820-- 1963), American chaplain Ian Howell (born 1958), South African cricketer and umpire J ( edit ) Jack Howell (baseball) (born 1961), American baseball player Jack Howell (footballer) (1924-- 1994), Australian rules football player Jack Howell (swimmer) (1899-- unknown), American swimmer Jack P. Howell (1895-- unknown), Australian rules football player James Howell (disambiguation) for people named James Howell Jamie Howell (born 1977), English footballer Janet Howell (born 1944), American Democratic politician Jay Howell (born 1955), American baseball player Jennifer Howell , Canadian-American voice actor Jeremiah B. Howell (1771-- 1822), U.S. Senator from Rhode Island Jim Lee Howell (1914-- 1995), American football player Joe Howell , American songwriter John Howell (American football) (born 1978), American football player John Howell (American football halfback) (1915-- unknown), American football player John Howell (politician) (born 1955), British Conservative politician John Adams Howell (1840-- 1918), American naval officer John Cummings Howell (1819-- 1892), American naval officer John H. Howell , American officer John McDade Howell (born 1922), American professor John Thomas Howell (1903-- 1994), American botanist John White Howell (1857-- 1937), American electrical engineer Joseph Howell (1857-- 1918), American Republican politician Joshua B. Howell (1806-- 1864), American officer J.P. Howell (born 1983), American baseball player Kaitlin Howell (born 1989), Canadian actress Kathleen Howell , American engineer Ken Howell (born 1960), American baseball player Lane Howell (born 1941), American football player Larry Howell , American mechanical engineer Laura Howell , British comic book artist Leonard Howell (1898-- 1981), Jamaican religious figure, founder of Rastafari movement Leonard Howell (footballer) (1848-- 1895), English footballer Lis Howell (born 1951), British journalist Llorne Howell (born 1972), New Zealand cricketer Luke Howell (born 1994), Australian film actor Margaret Howell (born 1946), British fashion designer Mark Howell (born 1952), American musician Markus Howell (born 1975), Canadian football player Mary Howell (1932-- 1998), American physician and psychologist Matilda Howell (1859-- 1938), American archer Max Howell (1921-- 2012), Australian rules footballer Max Howell (educator) (1927-- 2014), Australian educator and rugby union player Mike Howell (born 1943), former American footballer Myfanwy Howell , Welsh broadcaster Nancy R. Howell (born c. 1955), American educator Nathaniel W. Howell (1770-- 1851), American Federalist politician Neville Howell , Australian rower Nick Howell (born 1986), American football player Pat Howell (born 1957), American football player Pat Howell (baseball) (born 1968), American baseball player Paul Howell (1951-- 2008), British politician Peg Leg Howell (1888-- 1966), American blues singer and guitarist Peter Howell (musician) (born c. 1948), British musician and composer Peter Howell (actor) (1919-- 2015), British actor Peter Howell (historian) (born 1941), British historian Raby Howell (1869-- 1937), British footballer Ralph Howell (1923-- 2008), British Conservative politician Red Howell (1909-- 1950), American baseball player Richard Howell (1754-- 1802), American politician; governor of New Jersey from 1794 to 1802 Richard Howell (basketball) (born 1990), American basketball player Richard Howell (comics) , American comic book creator Richard Howell (cricketer) (born 1982), English cricketer Richard Howell (swimmer) (1903-- 1967), American swimmer Rob Howell , British costume and set designer Robert B. Howell (1864-- 1933), American Republican politician Rod Howell (born 1975), American dancer Roger Howell, Jr. (1936-- 1989), American professor Roland Howell (1892-- 1973), American baseball player Ron Howell (1935-- 1992), Canadian football player Ron Howell (footballer) (born 1949), English footballer Roy Howell (born 1953), American baseball player Russ Howell , American skateboarder Scott Howell (disambiguation) Thomas Howell (bishop) (1588-- 1650), British clergyman Thomas Howell (poet) , British poet Thomas Bayly Howell (1767-- 1815), English lawyer and writer who lent his name to Howell's State Trials Thomas J. Howell (botanist) (1842-- 1912), American botanist Tommy Howell , rugby league footballer of the 1890s and 1900s V ( edit ) Valma Howell (1896-- 1979), Australian artist Varina Howell (1826-- 1906), First Lady of the Confederate States of America; wife of CSA President Jefferson Davis Verdun Howell (born 1936), Australian rules footballer David Koresh (born Vernon Howell) (1959-- 1993), American leader of Branch Davidians religious sect Walter Howell (born 1929), Australian rower Wayne Howell (1921-- 1993), American voice-over announcer William Howell (rugby player) (1863-- unknown), Welsh rugby union player William Henry Howell (1860-- 1945), American physiologist William J. Howell (born 1943), American Republican politician William R. Howell , American businessman William Roe Howell (1846-- 1890), American photographer William Thompson Howell (1810-- 1870), American jurist and politician W. Nathaniel Howell (born 1939), U.S. Ambassador to Kuwait, 1987-- 1991 Y ( edit ) Yvonne Howell (1905-- 2010), American actress Z ( edit ) Zach Howell , American student politician King of Wales ( edit ) Howell the Good (ca. 880?-- 950) Others named Howell ( edit ) Samuel Howell Ashbridge (1848-- 1906), American Republican politician John Howell Collier (1900-- 1974), American general Harrison Howell Dodge (1852-- 1937), American curator The Edge (real name David Howell Evans) (born 1961), British-Irish musician J. Howell Flournoy (1891-- 1966), American sheriff Patricia Gibson-Howell (born 1966), British actress Richard Howell Gleaves (1819-- 1907), American politician Rees Howell Gronow (1794-- 1865), British soldier Robert Howell Hall (1921-- 1995), American judge John Howell Morrison (composer) (born 1956), American composer William Howell Pegram (1846-- 1928), American chemist David Howell Petraeus (born 1952), American general & CIA director Walter Rice Howell Powell (1819-- 1889), British politician Luis Howell-Rivero , Cuban biologist Dorothy Howell Rodham (born 1919), American political matriarch Frank Howell Seay (born 1938), American judge Cedric Howell Swanton (1899-- 1970), Australian psychiatrist William Howell Arthur Thomas (1895-- 1979), Canadian Progressive Conservative politician Crawford Howell Toy (1836-- 1919), American scholar Anderson Howell Walters (1862-- 1927), American Republican politician Howell Appling, Jr. (1919-- 2002), American businessman and Republican politician Howell Binkley , American lighting designer Howell Cheney (1870-- 1957), American businessman Howell Cobb (1815-- 1868), American political figure Howell Cobb (born 1772) (1772-- 1818), American politician Howell Cobb (judge) (1922-- 2005), American judge Howell Davies (1851-- 1932), British Liberal politician Howell Davies (rugby) , Welsh rugby player Howell Davis (c. 1690-- 1719), British pirate Howell de Francis , Welsh rugby league player Howell M. Estes II (1914-- 2007), American general Howell M. Estes III (born 1941), American general Howell M. Forgy , USN chaplain Howell Glynne (1906-- 1969), British opera singer Howell Arthur Gwynne (1865-- 1950), British newspaper editor Howell Hansel (1860-- 1917), American film director Howell Harris (academic) , British history professor Howell Heflin (1921-- 2005), American Democratic politician Howell Hollis , American golf coach Howell Edmunds Jackson (1832-- 1895), American jurist and politician Howell Jones (1882-- 1908), Welsh rugby union player Howell Lewis (1888-- 1971), Welsh rugby union player Howell Elvet Lewis (1860-- 1953), Welsh poet and hymn-writer Howell W. Melton (born 1923), American judge Howell W. Melton Jr. (born 1951), American lawyer Howell Oakdeane Morrison (1888-- 1984), American musician Howell Peacock (1889-- 1962), American basketball coach Howell Peregrine (1938-- 2007), British mathematician Howell Raines (born 1943), former Executive Editor of the New York Times Howell Tong (born 1944), Hong Kong statistician Howell Arthur John Witt (1920-- 1998), Australian clergyman Fictional characters ( edit ) Brutus `` Brutal'' Howell, prison guard played by David Morse in The Green Mile Claire Howell , prison guard played by Kristin Rohde on TV's Oz Thurston Howell, III , millionaire played by Jim Backus on TV's Gilligan's Island Lovey Howell , wife of Thurston, played by Natalie Schafer on Gilligan's Island Elliot Howell III, fictional Hindenburg passenger credited to Colby Chester in the eponymous film Howell Jenkins, an alter ego of Wizard Howl in the fantasy trilogy Howl's Moving Castle Carl Howell, a dentist in the TV series Glee , played by John Stamos Legendary King of Brittany ( edit ) Hoel , whose name is sometimes spelled as Howel References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Howell Surname Meaning and Distribution'' . forebears.co.uk. Retrieved 21 January 2014 See also ( edit ) Howell (disambiguation) Howells (disambiguation) Name list This page or section lists people that share the same given name or the same family name . If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change that link to point directly to the intended article. Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howell_(name)&oldid=840543952 '' Categories : Given names Surnames English-language surnames Welsh-language surnames Anglicised Welsh-language surnames Hidden categories: Articles with short description All set index articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân -lâm -gú Edit links This page was last edited on 10 May 2018, at 15:47. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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when was how much land does a man need written

`` How Much Land Does a Man Require ? '' ( Russian : Много ли человеку земли нужно ? , Mnoga li cheloveku zemli nuzhna ? ) is an 1886 short story by Leo Tolstoy about a man who , in his lust for land , forfeits everything .

How Much land Does a Man Need? - Wikipedia How Much land Does a Man Need? Jump to: navigation , search `` How Much Land Does a Man Need?'' Leo Tolstoy by Mikhail Nesterov , 1906 Author Leo Tolstoy Original title `` Много ли человеку земли нужно ?'' Country Russia Language Russian Genre(s) Short story Publication date 1886 `` How Much Land Does a Man Require? '' ( Russian : Много ли человеку земли нужно ?, Mnoga li cheloveku zemli nuzhna? ) is an 1886 short story by Leo Tolstoy about a man who, in his lust for land, forfeits everything. Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 2 Cultural influence 3 References 4 External links Synopsis ( edit ) The protagonist of the story is a peasant named Pahom, who overhears his wife and sister-in-law argue over the merits of town and peasant farm life. He thinks to himself `` if I had plenty of land, I shouldn't fear the Devil himself!'' . Unbeknownst to him, Satan is present sitting behind the stove and listening. Satan abruptly accepts his challenge and also tells that he would give Pahom more land and then snatch everything from him. A short time later, a landlady in the village decides to sell her estate, and the peasants of the village buy as much of that land as they can. Pahom himself purchases some land, and by working on the extra land is able to repay his debts and live a more comfortable life. However, Pahom then becomes very possessive of his land, and this causes arguments with his neighbors. `` Threats to burn his building began to be uttered.'' Later, he moves to a larger area of land at another Commune . Here, he can grow even more crops and amass a small fortune, but he has to grow the crops on rented land, which irritates him. Finally, after buying and selling a lot of fertile and good land, he is introduced to the Bashkirs , and is told that they are simple-minded people who own a huge amount of land. Pahom goes to them to buy as much of their land for as low a price as he can negotiate. Their offer is very unusual: for a sum of one thousand rubles , Pahom can walk around as large an area as he wants, starting at daybreak, marking his route with a spade along the way. If he returns to his starting point by sunset that day, all the land his route encloses will be his, but if he does not reach his starting point, he will lose his money and receive no land. He is delighted, as he believes that he can cover a great distance and has chanced upon the bargain of a lifetime. That night, Pakhom experiences a surreal dream in which he sees himself lying dead by the feet of the Devil, who is laughing. He stays out as late as possible, marking out land until just before the sun sets. Toward the end, he realizes he is far from the starting point and runs back as fast as he can to the waiting Bashkirs. He finally arrives at the starting point just as the sun sets. The Bashkirs cheer his good fortune, but exhausted from the run, Pahom drops dead. His servant buries him in an ordinary grave only six feet long, thus ironically answering the question posed in the title of the story. Cultural influence ( edit ) Late in life, James Joyce wrote to his daughter that it is `` the greatest story that the literature of the world knows'' ; Ludwig Wittgenstein was another well-known admirer. Motifs from the short story are used in the 1969 West German film Scarabea: How Much Land Does a Man Need? directed by Hans-Jürgen Syberberg . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Donna Tussing Orwin. The Cambridge Companion to Tolstoy . Cambridge University Press, 2002. ISBN 0-521-52000-2 . Page 209. Jump up ^ Stuart G Shanker, David Kilfoyle. Ludwig Wittgenstein . Routledge, 2002. ISBN 0-415-14918-5 . Page 339. Jump up ^ `` Scarabea - Wieviel Erde braucht der Mensch?'' . Filmportal.de (in German). German Film Institute . Retrieved 2013-03-31 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article: How Much Land Does a Man Need? What Men Live By and Other Tales at Project Gutenberg - a collection including How Much Land Does a Man Need? Leo Tolstoy Bibliography Novels and novellas Childhood (1852) Boyhood (1854) Youth (1856) Family Happiness (1859) The Cossacks (1863) War and Peace (1869) Anna Karenina (1878) The Death of Ivan Ilyich (1886) The Kreutzer Sonata (1889) Resurrection (1899) The Forged Coupon (1911) Hadji Murat (1912) Short stories `` The Raid '' (1852) `` The Snowstorm '' (1856) `` Albert '' (1858) `` Three Deaths '' (1859) `` God Sees the Truth, But Waits '' (1872) `` The Prisoner of the Caucasus '' (1872) `` What Men Live By '' (1881) `` Quench the Spark '' (1885) `` Where Love Is, God Is '' (1885) `` Ivan the Fool '' (1885) `` Wisdom of Children '' (1885) `` The Three Hermits '' (1886) `` Promoting a Devil '' (1886) `` How Much Land Does a Man Need? '' (1886) `` The Grain '' (1886) `` Repentance '' (1886) `` Croesus and Fate '' (1886) `` Kholstomer '' (1886) `` A Lost Opportunity '' (1889) `` Master and Man '' (1895) `` Too Dear! '' (1897) `` Father Sergius '' (1898) `` Work, Death, and Sickness '' (1903) `` Three Questions '' (1903) `` Alyosha the Pot '' (1905) `` The Devil '' (1911) Plays The Power of Darkness (1886) The Light Shines in the Darkness (1890) The Fruits of Enlightenment (1891) The Living Corpse (1900) Non-fiction A Confession (1882) What Is to Be Done? (1886) The Kingdom of God Is Within You (1894) What Is Art? (1897) `` A Letter to a Hindu '' (1908) A Calendar of Wisdom (1910) Family Sophia (wife) Alexandra (daughter) Ilya (son) Lev Lvovich (son) Tatyana (daughter) Life and legacy Yasnaya Polyana Tolstoyan movement Christian anarchism Departure of a Grand Old Man (1912 film) The Last Station (1990 novel 2009 film) Related The Triumph of the Farmer or Industry and Parasitism (1888) Vladimir Chertkov Global human population Major topics Biocapacity Optimum population Overpopulation Malthusian catastrophe Population Population ethics Population momentum Sustainable development Women's reproductive rights Zero population growth Biological and related topics Family planning Pledge two or fewer Human population planning One-child policy Two-child policy Population biology Population decline Population density Physiological density Population dynamics Population growth Population model Population pyramid Projections of population growth Human impact on the environment Deforestation Desalination Desertification Environmental impact of agriculture of aviation of biodiesel of concrete of electricity generation of the energy industry of fishing of irrigation of mining of off-roading of oil shale industry of palm oil of paper of the petroleum industry of reservoirs of shipping of war Industrialisation Land degradation Land reclamation Overconsumption Pollution Quarrying Urbanization Loss of green belts Urban sprawl Waste Water scarcity Overdrafting Population ecology Carrying capacity Deep ecology Earth's energy budget Food security Habitat destruction I = P × A × T Malthusian growth model Overshoot (population) World energy consumption World energy resources World3 model Literature A Modest Proposal Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind, Peopling of Countries, etc. An Essay on the Principle of Population `` How Much Land Does a Man Need? '' Operating Manual for Spaceship Earth Population Control: Real Costs, Illusory Benefits The Limits to Growth The Population Bomb The Skeptical Environmentalist The Ultimate Resource Publications Population and Environment Population and Development Review Lists Population and housing censuses by country Metropolitan areas by population Population milestone babies Events and organizations 7 Billion Actions International Conference on Population and Development Population Action International Population Connection Population Matters Population Research Institute United Nations Population Fund Voluntary Human Extinction Movement World Population Day World Population Foundation Related topics Classic Maya collapse Fertility and intelligence Green Revolution Holocene extinction Migration Commons Human overpopulation Human activities with impact on the environment Human migration Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=How_Much_Land_Does_a_Man_Need%3F&oldid=804235361 '' Categories : 1886 short stories Bashkortostan Parables Short stories by Leo Tolstoy Hidden categories: CS1 German-language sources (de) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with Project Gutenberg links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikisource Deutsch Euskara Français हिन्दी Italiano ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Română Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 7 October 2017, at 17:14. 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the following is a fusion reaction 2 h 2 plus o 2 becomes 2 h 2 o

Both the pep and p-p reactions can be seen as two different Feynman representations of the same basic interaction , where the electron passes to the right side of the reaction as a positron . This is represented in the figure of proton -- proton and electron - capture chain reactions in a star , available at the NDM'06 web site .

Proton-- proton chain reaction - wikipedia Proton-- proton chain reaction `` pp 1'' redirects here. For other uses, see Pp1 . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2009) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The proton-- proton branch I chain reaction dominates in stars the size of the Sun or smaller The proton-- proton chain reaction is one of two known sets of nuclear fusion reactions by which stars convert hydrogen to helium . It dominates in stars with masses less than or equal to that of the Sun 's , whereas the CNO cycle , the other known reaction, is suggested by theoretical models to dominate in stars with masses greater than about 1.3 times that of the Sun's . In general, proton-- proton fusion can occur only if the kinetic energy (i.e. temperature ) of the protons is high enough to overcome their mutual electrostatic or Coulomb repulsion . In the Sun, deuterium -producing events are rare. Diprotons are the much more common result of proton-- proton reactions within the star, and diprotons almost immediately decay back into two protons. Since the conversion of hydrogen to helium is slow, the complete conversion of the hydrogen in the core of the Sun is calculated to take more than ten billion years. Although often called the `` proton-proton chain reaction'' , it is not a chain reaction in the normal sense of the word (at least not Branch I -- in Branches II and III helium, which is the product, also serves as a catalyst). It does not produce particles that go on to induce the reaction to continue (such as neutrons given off during fission ). In fact, the rate is self-limiting because the heat produced tends toward reducing the density. It is however a chain (like a decay chain ) and a reaction, or more accurately a branched chain of reactions starting with two protons coming together and yielding deuterium. Contents 1 History of the theory 2 The proton-- proton chain reaction 2.1 The P-P I branch 2.2 The P-P II branch 2.3 The P-P III branch 2.4 The P-P IV (Hep) branch 2.5 Energy release 3 The PEP reaction 4 See also 5 References History of the theory ( edit ) The theory that proton-- proton reactions are the basic principle by which the Sun and other stars burn was advocated by Arthur Eddington in the 1920s. At the time, the temperature of the Sun was considered to be too low to overcome the Coulomb barrier . After the development of quantum mechanics , it was discovered that tunneling of the wavefunctions of the protons through the repulsive barrier allows for fusion at a lower temperature than the classical prediction. Even so, it was unclear how proton-- proton fusion might proceed, because the most obvious product, helium-2 ( diproton ), is unstable and almost instantly dissociates back into two protons. In 1939, Hans Bethe proposed that one of the protons could decay by beta emission into a neutron via the weak interaction during the brief moment of fusion, making deuterium a vital product in the chain. This idea was part of the body of work in stellar nucleosynthesis for which Bethe won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1967. The proton-- proton chain reaction ( edit ) The first step involves the fusion of two nuclei ( protons ) into deuterium , releasing a positron and a neutrino as one proton changes into a neutron . It is a two-stage process; first, two protons fuse to form a diproton : H + → He followed by the beta-plus decay of the diproton to deuterium: He → + + ν with the overall formula: H + → + + ν + 6986672914124540000♠ 0.42 MeV This second step is extremely slow because the positron emission of the diproton to deuterium is extremely rare (the vast majority of the time, the diproton decays back into two hydrogen-1 unbound protons through proton emission ). This is because the emission of the positron is brought about by the weak nuclear force , which is immensely weaker than the strong nuclear force and the electromagnetic force . The half-life of a proton in the core of the Sun before it is involved in a successful proton-- proton fusion is estimated to be about one billion years, even at the extreme pressures and temperatures found there. The positron emitted by the decay by beta emission usually annihilates immediately with an electron . Their mass-energies plus their kinetic energy is carried off by two gamma rays ( photons ) with the mass-energy of 511 keV (thousand electron-volts ) apiece. + → 2 γ + 6987163422001674000♠ 1.02 MeV After it is formed, the deuterium produced in the first stage can fuse with another proton to produce the light isotope of helium , He : + → He + γ + 6987879594891363000♠ 5.49 MeV This process, mediated by the strong nuclear force rather than the weak force, is extremely fast by comparison to the first step. It is estimated that, under the conditions in the Sun's core, each newly created deuterium nucleus exists for only about four seconds before it is converted to He-3. In the Sun, each helium-3 nucleus produced in these reactions exists for only about 400 years before it is converted into helium-4. Once the helium-3 has been produced, there are four possible paths to generate He . In p-p I, helium-4 is produced by fusing two helium-3 nuclei; the p-p II and p-p III branches fuse He with pre-existing He to form beryllium -7, which undergoes further reactions to produce two helium-4 nuclei. In the Sun, He synthesis via branch p-p I occurs with a frequency of 83.30 percent, p-p II with 16.68 percent, and p-p III with 0.02 percent. There is also the extremely rare p-p IV branch. Other even-rarer reactions may occur. The rate of these reactions is very low due to very small cross-sections, or because the number of reacting particles is so low that any reactions that might happen are statistically insignificant. This is partly why no mass-5 or mass-8 elements are seen. While the reactions that would produce them, such as a proton + helium-4 producing lithium-5, or two helium-4 nuclei coming together to form beryllium-8, may actually happen, these elements are not detected because there are no stable isotopes of atomic masses 5 or 8; the resulting products immediately decay into their initial reactants. The overall reaction is: 4p → He + 2e + 2ν The P-P I branch ( edit ) He + He → He + 2 + 6988206039896228199♠ 12.86 MeV The complete p-p I chain reaction releases a net energy of 6988428293818504840♠ 26.732 MeV . Two percent of this energy is lost to the neutrinos that are produced. The p-p I branch is dominant at temperatures of 10 to 7007140000000000000♠ 14 MK . Below 7007100000000000000♠ 10 MK , the P-P chain does not produce much He . The p-p II branch ( edit ) Proton-- proton II chain reaction See also: lithium burning He + He → Be + γ Be + → Li + ν + 6987137947395530700♠ 0.861 MeV / 6986613633594520999♠ 0.383 MeV Li + → 2 He The P-P II branch is dominant at temperatures of 14 to 7007230000000000000♠ 23 MK . Note that the energies in the equation above are not the energy released by the reaction. Rather, they are the energies of the neutrinos that are produced by the reaction. 90 percent of the neutrinos produced in the reaction of Be to Li carry an energy of 6987137947395530700♠ 0.861 MeV , while the remaining 10 percent carry 6986613633594520999♠ 0.383 MeV . The difference is whether the lithium-7 produced is in the ground state or an excited ( metastable ) state, respectively. The p-p III branch ( edit ) Proton-- proton III chain reaction He + He → Be + γ Be + → + γ → Be + + ν Be → 2 He The P-P III chain is dominant if the temperature exceeds 7007230000000000000♠ 23 MK . The p-p III chain is not a major source of energy in the Sun (only 0.11 percent), but it was very important in the solar neutrino problem because it generates very high energy neutrinos (up to 6988225266014072200♠ 14.06 MeV ). The p-p IV (hep) branch ( edit ) This reaction is predicted theoretically, but it has never been observed due to its rarity (about 6993300000000000000♠ 0.3 ppm in the Sun). In this reaction, helium-3 captures a proton directly to give helium-4, with an even higher possible neutrino energy (up to 18.8 MeV). He + → He + + ν + 6988301209179556000♠ 18.8 MeV Energy release ( edit ) Comparing the mass of the final helium-4 atom with the masses of the four protons reveals that 0.7 percent of the mass of the original protons has been lost. This mass has been converted into energy, in the form of gamma rays and neutrinos released during each of the individual reactions. The total energy yield of one whole chain is 6988428261774975100♠ 26.73 MeV . Energy released as gamma rays will interact with electrons and protons and heat the interior of the Sun. Also kinetic energy of fusion products (e.g. of the two protons and the He from the p-p I reaction) increases the temperature of plasma in the Sun. This heating supports the Sun and prevents it from collapsing under its own weight. Neutrinos do not interact significantly with matter and therefore do not help support the Sun against gravitational collapse. Their energy is lost: the neutrinos in the p-p I, p-p II, and p-p III chains carry away 2.0%, 4.0%, and 28.3% of the energy in those reactions, respectively. The pep reaction ( edit ) Proton-- proton and electron-capture chain reactions in a star Deuterium can also be produced by the rare pep (proton-- electron-- proton) reaction ( electron capture ): H + + → + ν In the Sun, the frequency ratio of the pep reaction versus the p-p reaction is 1:400. However, the neutrinos released by the pep reaction are far more energetic: while neutrinos produced in the first step of the p-p reaction range in energy up to 6986672914124540000♠ 0.42 MeV , the pep reaction produces sharp-energy-line neutrinos of 6987230713414127999♠ 1.44 MeV . Detection of solar neutrinos from this reaction were reported by the Borexino collaboration in 2012. Both the pep and p-p reactions can be seen as two different Feynman representations of the same basic interaction, where the electron passes to the right side of the reaction as a positron. This is represented in the figure of proton-- proton and electron-capture chain reactions in a star, available at the NDM'06 web site. See also ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Proton-proton chain reaction . Triple-alpha process CNO cycle References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Proton-Proton Chain'' . Astronomy 162: Stars, Galaxies, and Cosmology . Archived from the original on 2016-06-20 . Retrieved 2018-07-30 . Jump up ^ Salaris, Maurizio; Cassisi, Santi (2005). Evolution of Stars and Stellar Populations . John Wiley and Sons . pp. 119-- 121. ISBN 0-470-09220-3 . Jump up ^ Ishfaq Ahmad , The Nucleus , 1 : 42, 59, (1971), The Proton type-nuclear fission reaction. Jump up ^ Kenneth S. Krane, Introductory Nuclear Physics , Wiley, 1987, p. 537. Jump up ^ Hans A. Bethe, Physical Review 55 :103, 434 (1939); cited in Donald D. Clayton, Principles of Stellar Evolution and Nucleosynthesis , The University of Chicago Press, 1983, p. 366. Jump up ^ This time and the two other times above come from: Byrne, J. Neutrons, Nuclei, and Matter , Dover Publications, Mineola, NY, 2011, ISBN 0486482383 , p 8. Jump up ^ Adelberger, Eric G.; et al. (12 April 2011). `` Solar fusion cross sections. II. The pp chain and CNO cycles'' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 83 (1): 201. arXiv : 1004.2318 . Bibcode : 2011RvMP...83..195A . doi : 10.1103/RevModPhys.83.195 . Jump up ^ LeBlanc, Francis. An Introduction to Stellar Astrophysics . Jump up ^ Burbidge, E.; Burbidge, G.; Fowler, William; Hoyle, F. (1 October 1957). `` Synthesis of the Elements in Stars'' . Reviews of Modern Physics. 29 (4): 547-- 650. Bibcode : 1957RvMP...29..547B . doi : 10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547 . This value excludes the 2% neutrino energy loss. Jump up ^ Claus E. Rolfs and William S. Rodney, Cauldrons in the Cosmos , The University of Chicago Press, 1988, p. 354. Jump up ^ Bellini, G.; et al. (2 February 2012). `` First Evidence of pep Solar Neutrinos by Direct Detection in Borexino'' . Physical Review Letters. 108 (5): 051302. arXiv : 1110.3230 . Bibcode : 2012PhRvL.108e1302B . doi : 10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.051302 . PMID 22400925 . Jump up ^ Int'l Conference on Neutrino and Dark Matter, Thursday 07 Sept 2006, http://indico.lal.in2p3.fr/getFile.py/access?contribId=s16t1&sessionId=s16&resId=1&materialId=0&confId=a05162 Session 14. Nuclear processes Radioactive decay Alpha decay Beta decay Gamma radiation Cluster decay Double beta decay Double electron capture Internal conversion Isomeric transition Neutron emission Positron emission Proton emission Spontaneous fission Stellar nucleosynthesis Deuterium fusion Lithium burning pp-chain CNO cycle α process Triple-α C burning Ne burning O burning Si burning R-process S-process P-process Rp-process Other processes Photodisintegration Photofission Capture Electron capture Neutron capture Exchange (n-p) reaction Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Proton-- proton_chain_reaction&oldid =856939128 '' Categories : Proton Nuclear fusion Stellar physics Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from September 2009 All articles needing additional references Pages using old Template:SimpleNuclide link syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2008 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Slovenčina Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 27 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018, at 14:19 (UTC) . 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where are insect eggs most commonly found on a body

Eggs of various parasites ( mainly nematodes ) from wild primates

Egg - wikipedia Egg This is the latest accepted revision , reviewed on 26 November 2017 . Jump to: navigation , search This article is about biological eggs. For eggs as food, see Egg as food . For other uses, see Egg (disambiguation) . Eggs of various birds , a reptile , various cartilaginous fish , a cuttlefish and various butterflies and moths . (Click on image for key) Diagram of a chicken egg in its 9th day. Membranes: allantois, chorion, amnion, and vitellus/ yolk. An egg is the organic vessel containing the zygote in which an animal embryo develops until it can survive on its own; at which point the animal hatches. An egg results from fertilization of an ovum . Most arthropods , vertebrates , and mollusks lay eggs, although some, such as scorpions and most mammals , do not. Reptile eggs, bird eggs , and monotreme eggs are laid out of water, and are surrounded by a protective shell , either flexible or inflexible. Eggs laid on land or in nests are usually kept within a warm and favorable temperature range while the embryo grows. When the embryo is adequately developed it hatches, i.e. breaks out of the egg's shell. Some embryos have a temporary egg tooth they use to crack, pip, or break the eggshell or covering. The largest recorded egg is from a whale shark , and was 30 cm × 14 cm × 9 cm (11.8 in × 5.5 in × 3.5 in) in size. Whale shark eggs typically hatch within the mother. At 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) and up to 17.8 cm × 14 cm (7.0 in × 5.5 in), the ostrich egg is the largest egg of any living bird, though the extinct elephant bird and some dinosaurs laid larger eggs. The bee hummingbird produces the smallest known bird egg, which weighs half of a gram (around 0.02 oz). Some eggs laid by reptiles and most fish, amphibians, insects and other invertebrates can be even smaller. Reproductive structures similar to the egg in other kingdoms are termed `` spores ,'' or in spermatophytes `` seeds ,'' or in gametophytes `` egg cells'' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Eggs of different animal groups 1.1 Fish and amphibian eggs 1.2 Bird eggs 1.2.1 Colors 1.2.2 Shell 1.2.3 Shape 1.2.4 Predation 1.2.5 Various examples 1.3 Amniote eggs and embryos 1.4 Mammalian eggs 1.5 Invertebrate eggs 2 Evolution and structure 3 Scientific classifications 3.1 Egg size and yolk 3.1.1 Microlecithal 3.1.2 Mesolecithal 3.1.3 Macrolecithal 3.2 Egg-laying reproduction 4 Human use 4.1 Food 4.1.1 Eggs and Kashrut 4.2 Vaccine manufacture 4.3 Culture 5 Collecting 6 Gallery 7 See also 8 References Eggs of different animal groups Further information: egg cell Several major groups of animals typically have readily distinguishable eggs. Overview of eggs from various animals Class Types of eggs Development Jawless fish Mesolecithal eggs, especially large in hagfish Larval stage in lampreys , direct development in hagfish. Cartilaginous fish Macrolecithal eggs with egg capsule Direct development, vivipary in some species Bony fish Macrolecithal eggs, small to medium size, large eggs in the coelacanth Larval stage, ovovivipary in some species. Amphibians Medium-sized mesolecithal eggs in all species. Tadpole stage, direct development in some species. Reptiles Large macrolecithal eggs, develop independent of water. Direct development, some ovoviviparious Birds Large to very large macrolecithal eggs in all species, develop independent of water. The young more or less fully developed, no distinct larval stage. Mammals Macrolecithal eggs in monotremes and marsupials , extreme microlecithal eggs in placental mammals . Young little developed with indistinct larval stage in monotremes and marsupials, direct development in placentals. Fish and amphibian eggs See also: Ichthyoplankton and Spawn (biology) Salmon eggs in different stages of development. In some only a few cells grow on top of the yolk , in the lower right the blood vessels surround the yolk and in the upper left the black eyes are visible. Diagram of a fish egg: A. vitelline membrane B. chorion C. yolk D. oil globule E. perivitelline space F. embryo Salmon fry hatching. The larva has grown around the remains of the yolk and the remains of the soft, transparent egg are discarded. The most common reproductive strategy for fish is known as oviparity , in which the female lays undeveloped eggs that are externally fertilized by a male. Typically large numbers of eggs are laid at one time (an adult female cod can produce 4-- 6 million eggs in one spawning) and the eggs are then left to develop without parental care. When the larvae hatch from the egg, they often carry the remains of the yolk in a yolk sac which continues to nourish the larvae for a few days as they learn how to swim. Once the yolk is consumed, there is a critical point after which they must learn how to hunt and feed or they will die. A few fish, notably the rays and most sharks use ovoviviparity in which the eggs are fertilized and develop internally. However the larvae still grow inside the egg consuming the egg's yolk and without any direct nourishment from the mother. The mother then gives birth to relatively mature young. In certain instances, the physically most developed offspring will devour its smaller siblings for further nutrition while still within the mother's body. This is known as intrauterine cannibalism . In certain scenarios, some fish such as the hammerhead shark and reef shark are viviparous , with the egg being fertilized and developed internally, but with the mother also providing direct nourishment. The eggs of fish and amphibians are jellylike. Cartilagenous fish (sharks, skates, rays, chimaeras) eggs are fertilized internally and exhibit a wide variety of both internal and external embryonic development. Most fish species spawn eggs that are fertilized externally, typically with the male inseminating the eggs after the female lays them. These eggs do not have a shell and would dry out in the air. Even air-breathing amphibians lay their eggs in water, or in protective foam as with the Coast foam-nest treefrog, Chiromantis xerampelina . Bird eggs Main article: bird egg Bird eggs are laid by females and incubated for a time that varies according to the species; a single young hatches from each egg. Average clutch sizes range from one (as in condors ) to about 17 (the grey partridge ). Some birds lay eggs even when not fertilized (e.g. hens ); it is not uncommon for pet owners to find their lone bird nesting on a clutch of unfertilized eggs, which are sometimes called wind-eggs. Colors Guillemot eggs The default color of vertebrate eggs is the white of the calcium carbonate from which the shells are made, but some birds, mainly passerines , produce colored eggs. The pigment biliverdin and its zinc chelate give a green or blue ground color, and protoporphyrin produces reds and browns as a ground color or as spotting. Non-passerines typically have white eggs, except in some ground-nesting groups such as the Charadriiformes , sandgrouse and nightjars , where camouflage is necessary, and some parasitic cuckoos which have to match the passerine host's egg. Most passerines, in contrast, lay colored eggs, even if there is no need of cryptic colors. However some have suggested that the protoporphyrin markings on passerine eggs actually act to reduce brittleness by acting as a solid state lubricant. If there is insufficient calcium available in the local soil, the egg shell may be thin, especially in a circle around the broad end. Protoporphyrin speckling compensates for this, and increases inversely to the amount of calcium in the soil. For the same reason, later eggs in a clutch are more spotted than early ones as the female's store of calcium is depleted. The color of individual eggs is also genetically influenced, and appears to be inherited through the mother only, suggesting that the gene responsible for pigmentation is on the sex determining W chromosome (female birds are WZ, males ZZ). It used to be thought that color was applied to the shell immediately before laying, but this research shows that coloration is an integral part of the development of the shell, with the same protein responsible for depositing calcium carbonate, or protoporphyrins when there is a lack of that mineral. In species such as the common guillemot , which nest in large groups, each female's eggs have very different markings, making it easier for females to identify their own eggs on the crowded cliff ledges on which they breed. Shell Bird eggshells are diverse. For example: cormorant eggs are rough and chalky tinamou eggs are shiny duck eggs are oily and waterproof cassowary eggs are heavily pitted Tiny pores in bird eggshells allow the embryo to breathe. The domestic hen 's egg has around 7000 pores. Shape Most bird eggs have an oval shape , with one end rounded and the other more pointed. This shape results from the egg being forced through the oviduct . Muscles contract the oviduct behind the egg, pushing it forward. The egg's wall is still shapeable, and the pointed end develops at the back. Long, pointy eggs are an incidental consequence of having a streamlined body typical of birds with strong flying abilities; flight narrows the oviduct, which changes the type of egg a bird can lay. Cliff-nesting birds often have highly conical eggs. They are less likely to roll off, tending instead to roll around in a tight circle; this trait is likely to have arisen due to evolution via natural selection. In contrast, many hole-nesting birds have nearly spherical eggs. Predation Many animals feed on eggs. For example, principal predators of the black oystercatcher 's eggs include raccoons , skunks , mink , river and sea otters , gulls , crows and foxes . The stoat ( Mustela erminea ) and long-tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) steal ducks' eggs. Snakes of the genera Dasypeltis and Elachistodon specialize in eating eggs. Brood parasitism occurs in birds when one species lays its eggs in the nest of another. In some cases, the host's eggs are removed or eaten by the female, or expelled by her chick. Brood parasites include the cowbirds and many Old World cuckoos . Various examples An average whooping crane egg is 102 mm (4.0 in) long and weighs 208 g (7.3 oz) Eurasian oystercatcher eggs camouflaged in the nest Egg of a senegal parrot , a bird that nests in tree holes, on a 1 cm (0.39 in) grid Eggs of ostrich , emu , kiwi and chicken Finch egg next to American dime Eggs of duck , goose , guineafowl and chicken Eggs of ostrich , cassowary , chicken , flamingo , pigeon and blackbird Egg of an emu Amniote eggs and embryos Turtle eggs in a nest dug by a female common snapping turtle ( Chelydra serpentina ) Like amphibians, amniotes are air-breathing vertebrates , but they have complex eggs or embryos , including an amniotic membrane . Amniotes include reptiles (including dinosaurs and their descendants, birds) and mammals. Reptile eggs are often rubbery and are always initially white. They are able to survive in the air. Often the sex of the developing embryo is determined by the temperature of the surroundings, with cooler temperatures favouring males. Not all reptiles lay eggs; some are viviparous (`` live birth'' ). Dinosaurs laid eggs, some of which have been preserved as petrified fossils. Among mammals, early extinct species laid eggs, as do platypuses and echidnas (spiny anteaters). Platypuses and two genera of echidna are Australian monotremes . Marsupial and placental mammals do not lay eggs, but their unborn young do have the complex tissues that identify amniotes. Mammalian eggs The eggs of the egg-laying mammals (the platypus and the echidnas ) are macrolecithal eggs very much like those of reptiles . The eggs of marsupials are likewise macrolecithal, but rather small, and develop inside the body of the female, but do not form a placenta . The young are born at a very early stage, and can be classified as a `` larva '' in the biological sense. In placental mammals , the egg itself is void of yolk, but develops an umbilical cord from structures that in reptiles would form the yolk sac. Receiving nutrients from the mother, the fetus completes the development while inside the uterus. Invertebrate eggs Nudibranch Orange-peel doris Acanthodoris lutea in tide pool laying eggs Eggs are common among invertebrates , including insects , spiders , mollusks , and crustaceans . Evolution and structure All sexually reproducing life, including both plants and animals, produces gametes . The male gamete cell, sperm , is usually motile whereas the female gamete cell, the ovum , is generally larger and sessile . The male and female gametes combine to produce the zygote cell. In multicellular organisms the zygote subsequently divides in an organised manner into smaller more specialised cells, so that this new individual develops into an embryo . In most animals the embryo is the sessile initial stage of the individual life cycle, and is followed by the emergence (that is, the hatching) of a motile stage. The zygote or the ovum itself or the sessile organic vessel containing the developing embryo may be called the egg. A recent proposal suggests that the phylotypic animal body plans originated in cell aggregates before the existence of an egg stage of development . Eggs, in this view, were later evolutionary innovations , selected for their role in ensuring genetic uniformity among the cells of incipient multicellular organisms. Scientific classifications Scientists often classify animal reproduction according to the degree of development that occurs before the new individuals are expelled from the adult body, and by the yolk which the egg provides to nourish the embryo. Egg size and yolk Vertebrate eggs can be classified by the relative amount of yolk . Simple eggs with little yolk are called microlecithal , medium-sized eggs with some yolk are called mesolecithal , and large eggs with a large concentrated yolk are called macrolecithal . This classification of eggs is based on the eggs of chordates , though the basic principle extends to the whole animal kingdom . Microlecithal Microlecithal eggs from the roundworm Toxocara Microlecithal eggs from the flatworm Paragonimus westermani Small eggs with little yolk are called microlecithal. The yolk is evenly distributed, so the cleavage of the egg cell cuts through and divides the egg into cells of fairly similar sizes. In sponges and cnidarians the dividing eggs develop directly into a simple larva, rather like a morula with cilia . In cnidarians, this stage is called the planula , and either develops directly into the adult animals or forms new adult individuals through a process of budding . Microlecithal eggs require minimal yolk mass. Such eggs are found in flatworms , roundworms , annelids , bivalves , echinoderms , the lancelet and in most marine arthropods . In anatomically simple animals, such as cnidarians and flatworms, the fetal development can be quite short, and even microlecithal eggs can undergo direct development. These small eggs can be produced in large numbers. In animals with high egg mortality, microlecithal eggs are the norm, as in bivalves and marine arthropods. However, the latter are more complex anatomically than e.g. flatworms, and the small microlecithal eggs do not allow full development. Instead, the eggs hatch into larvae , which may be markedly different from the adult animal. In placental mammals, where the embryo is nourished by the mother throughout the whole fetal period, the egg is reduced in size to essentially a naked egg cell. Mesolecithal Frogspawn is mesolecithal. Mesolecithal eggs have comparatively more yolk than the microlecithal eggs. The yolk is concentrated in one part of the egg (the vegetal pole ), with the cell nucleus and most of the cytoplasm in the other (the animal pole ). The cell cleavage is uneven, and mainly concentrated in the cytoplasma-rich animal pole. The larger yolk content of the mesolecithal eggs allows for a longer fetal development. Comparatively anatomically simple animals will be able to go through the full development and leave the egg in a form reminiscent of the adult animal. This is the situation found in hagfish and some snails . Animals with smaller size eggs or more advanced anatomy will still have a distinct larval stage, though the larva will be basically similar to the adult animal, as in lampreys , coelacanth and the salamanders . Macrolecithal A baby tortoise begins to emerge `` fully developed'' from its macrolecithal egg. Eggs with a large yolk are called macrolecithal. The eggs are usually few in number, and the embryos have enough food to go through full fetal development in most groups. Macrolecithal eggs are only found in selected representatives of two groups: Cephalopods and vertebrates . Macrolecithal eggs go through a different type of development than other eggs. Due to the large size of the yolk, the cell division can not split up the yolk mass. The fetus instead develops as a plate-like structure on top of the yolk mass, and only envelopes it at a later stage. A portion of the yolk mass is still present as an external or semi-external yolk sac at hatching in many groups. This form of fetal development is common in bony fish , even though their eggs can be quite small. Despite their macrolecithal structure, the small size of the eggs does not allow for direct development, and the eggs hatch to a larval stage (`` fry'' ). In terrestrial animals with macrolecithal eggs, the large volume to surface ratio necessitates structures to aid in transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide, and for storage of waste products so that the embryo does not suffocate or get poisoned from its own waste while inside the egg, see amniote . In addition to bony fish and cephalopods, macrolecithal eggs are found in cartilaginous fish , reptiles , birds and monotreme mammals. The eggs of the coelacanths can reach a size of 9 cm in diameter, and the young go through full development while in the uterus , living on the copious yolk. Egg-laying reproduction Animals are commonly classified by their manner of reproduction, at the most general level distinguishing egg-laying (Latin. oviparous ) from live-bearing (Latin. viviparous ). These classifications are divided into more detail according to the development that occurs before the offspring are expelled from the adult's body. Traditionally: Ovuliparity means the female spawns unfertilized eggs (ova), which must then be externally fertilised. Ovuliparity is typical of bony fish , anurans , echinoderms, bivalves and cnidarians. Most aquatic organisms are ovuliparous. The term is derived from the diminiutive meaning `` little egg'' . Oviparity is where fertilisation occurs internally and so the eggs laid by the female are zygotes (or newly developing embryos), often with important outer tissues added (for example, in a chicken egg, no part outside of the yolk originates with the zygote). Oviparity is typical of birds, reptiles, some cartilaginous fish and most arthropods. Terrestrial organisms are typically oviparous, with egg-casings that resist evaporation of moisture. Ovo-viviparity is where the zygote is retained in the adult's body but there are no trophic (feeding) interactions. That is, the embryo still obtains all of its nutrients from inside the egg. Most live-bearing fish, amphibians or reptiles are actually ovoviviparous. Examples include the reptile Anguis fragilis , the sea horse (where zygotes are retained in the male's ventral `` marsupium'' ), and the frogs Rhinoderma darwinii (where the eggs develop in the vocal sac) and Rheobatrachus (where the eggs develop in the stomach). Histotrophic viviparity means embryos develop in the female's oviducts but obtain nutrients by consuming other ova, zygotes or sibling embryos ( oophagy or adelphophagy ). This intra-uterine cannibalism occurs in some sharks and in the black salamander Salamandra atra . Marsupials excrete a `` uterine milk'' supplementing the nourishment from the yolk sak. Hemotrophic viviparity is where nutrients are provided from the female's blood through a designated organ. This most commonly occurs through a placenta , found in most mammals . Similar structures are found in some sharks and in the lizard Pseudomoia pagenstecheri . In some hylid frogs , the embryo is fed by the mother through specialized gills . The term hemotropic derives from the Latin for blood-feeding, contrasted with histotrophic for tissue-feeding. Human use Food Main article: Egg (food) Eggs laid by many different species, including birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish, have probably been eaten by mankind for millennia. Popular choices for egg consumption are chicken, duck, roe, and caviar, but by a wide margin the egg most often humanly consumed is the chicken egg, typically unfertilized. Eggs and Kashrut See also: Kashrut § Pareve foods , and Kosher foods § Eggs According to the Kashrut , that is the set of Jewish dietary laws , kosher food may be consumed according to halakha (Jewish law). Kosher meat and milk (or derivatives) cannot be mixed ( Deuteronomy 14:21 ) or stored together. Eggs are considered pareve (neither meat nor dairy) despite being an animal product and can be mixed with either milk or kosher meat. Mayonnaise , for instance, is usually marked `` pareve'' despite by definition containing egg. Vaccine manufacture Many vaccines for infectious diseases are produced in fertile chicken eggs. The basis of this technology was the discovery in 1931 by Alice Miles Woodruff and Ernest William Goodpasture at Vanderbilt University that the rickettsia and viruses that cause a variety of diseases will grow in chicken embryos. This enabled the development of vaccines against influenza , chicken pox , smallpox , yellow fever , typhus , Rocky mountain spotted fever and other diseases. Culture A popular Easter tradition in some parts of the world is the decoration of hard-boiled eggs (usually by dyeing, but often by spray-painting). Adults often hide the eggs for children to find, an activity known as an Easter egg hunt. A similar tradition of egg painting exists in areas of the world influenced by the culture of Persia. Before the spring equinox in the Persian New Year tradition (called Norouz), each family member decorates a hard-boiled egg and sets them together in a bowl. The tradition of a dancing egg is held during the feast of Corpus Christi in Barcelona and other Catalan cities since the 16th century. It consists of an emptied egg, positioned over the water jet from a fountain, which starts turning without falling. Although a food item, eggs are sometimes thrown at houses, cars, or people. This act, known commonly as `` egging'' in the various English-speaking countries, is a minor form of vandalism and, therefore, usually a criminal offense and is capable of damaging property (egg whites can degrade certain types of vehicle paint) as well as causing serious eye injury. On Halloween, for example, trick or treaters have been known to throw eggs (and sometimes flour) at property or people from whom they received nothing. Eggs are also often thrown in protests, as they are inexpensive and nonlethal, yet very messy when broken. Collecting This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (June 2017) Eggs have sometimes been collected as curiosities or for museums. Egg collecting has had a serious effect on populations of some species and is now illegal in many countries such as the United Kingdom. Gallery Insect eggs, in this case those of the Emperor gum moth , are often laid on the underside of leaves. Fish eggs, such as these herring eggs are often transparent and fertilized after laying. Skates and some sharks have a uniquely shaped egg case called a mermaid's purse . A Testudo hermanni emerging fully developed from a reptilian egg. A Schistosoma mekongi egg. Eggs of Huffmanela hamo , a nematode parasite in a fish Eggs of various parasites (mainly nematodes ) from wild primates See also List of egg topics Animal shell Bird egg Butterfly eggs Egg (food) Egg yolk and Egg white Eggshell Fossil egg Haugh unit Oology Ovary Ovulation Oviparous Trophic egg References Jump up ^ `` Whale Shark -- Cartilaginous Fish'' . SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment. Archived from the original on 2014-06-09 . Retrieved 2014-06-26 . Jump up ^ D.R. Khanna (1 January 2005). Biology of Birds . Discovery Publishing House. p. 130. ISBN 978-81-7141-933-3 . Archived from the original on 10 May 2016. ^ Jump up to: Hildebrand, M. & Gonslow, G. (2001): Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. 5th edition. John Wiley & Sons, Inc . New York City ^ Jump up to: Gorbman, A. (June 1997). `` Hagfish development'' . Zoological Journal . 14 (3): 375-- 390. doi : 10.2108/zsj.14.375 . Jump up ^ Hardisty, M.W. , and Potter, I.C. (1971). The Biology of Lampreys 1st ed. (Academic Press Inc.). Jump up ^ Leonard J.V. Compagno (1984). Sharks of the World: An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. ISBN 92-5-104543-7 . OCLC 156157504. ^ Jump up to: Romer, A.S. & Parsons, T.S. (1985): The Vertebrate Body. (6th ed.) Saunders, Philadelphia. Jump up ^ Peter Scott: Livebearing Fishes, p. 13. Tetra Press 1997. ISBN 1-56465-193-2 ^ Jump up to: Stewart J.R. (1997): Morphology and evolution of the egg of oviparous amniotes . In: S. Sumida and K. Martin (ed.) Amniote Origins-Completing the Transition to Land (1): 291-- 326. London: Academic Press. Jump up ^ Solomon, S.E. (1987). Egg shell pigmentation. In Egg Quality : Current Problems and Recent Advances (eds R.G. Wells & C.G. Belyarin). Butterworths, London, pp. 147-- 157. Jump up ^ Gosler, Andrew G.; James P. Higham; S. James Reynolds (2005). `` Why are birds' eggs speckled?'' . Ecology Letters. 8 : 1105-- 1113. doi : 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00816.x . Jump up ^ Vermont educational site Archived 2016-11-23 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Young, Ed (22 June 2017). `` Why Are Bird Eggs Egg-Shaped? An Eggsplainer'' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on 24 June 2017 . Retrieved 23 June 2017 . Jump up ^ Colbert, H.E & Morales, M. (1991): Evolution of the Vertebrates -- A History of Backboned Animals Through Time. 4. utgave. John Wiely & sons inc, New York City . 470 pages ISBN 0-471-85074-8 Jump up ^ Newman, S.A. (2011). `` Animal egg as evolutionary innovation: a solution to the ' embryonic hourglass' puzzle'' . Journal of Experimental Zoology (Molecular and Developmental Evolution) . 316 : 467-- 483. doi : 10.1002/jez.b.21417 . Jump up ^ Reitzel, A.M.; Sullivan, J.C; Finnery, J.R (2006). `` Qualitative shift to indirect development in the parasitic sea anemone Edwardsiella lineata '' . Integrative and Comparative Biology . 46 (6): 827-- 837. doi : 10.1093/icb/icl032 . PMID 21672788 . Archived from the original on 2016-08-08. ^ Jump up to: Barns, R.D. (1968): Invertebrate Zoology. W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia. 743 pages Jump up ^ Nixon, M. & Messenger, J.B (eds) (1977): The Biology of Cephalopods. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, pp 38-- 615 Jump up ^ Fricke, H.W. & Frahm, J. (1992): Evidence for lecithotrophic viviparity in the living coelacanth. Naturwissenschaften no 79: pp 476-- 479 Jump up ^ Thierry Lodé 2001. Les stratégies de reproduction des animaux (reproduction strategies in animal kingdom). Eds Dunod Sciences, Paris Jump up ^ USA, David O. Norris, Ph.D., Professor Emeritus, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado at Boulder, Colorado, USA, James A. Carr, Ph.D., faculty director, Joint Admission Medical Program, Department of Biological Sciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, (2013). Vertebrate endocrinology (Fifth ed.). p. 349. ISBN 0123948150 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Hamlett, William C. (1989). `` Evolution and morphogenesis of the placenta in sharks'' . Journal of Experimental Zoology. 252 (S2): 35-- 52. doi : 10.1002/jez.1402520406 . Archived from the original on 24 May 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Jerez, Adriana; Ramírez -Pinilla, Martha Patricia (November 2003). `` Morphogenesis of extraembryonic membranes and placentation inMabuya mabouya (Squamata, Scincidae)'' . Journal of Morphology. 258 (2): 158-- 178. doi : 10.1002/jmor.10138 . Archived from the original on 15 July 2015 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Gorbman, edited by Peter K.T. Pang, Martin P. Schreibman ; consulting editor, Aubrey (1986). Vertebrate endocrinology : fundamentals and biomedical implications . Orlando: Academic Press. p. 237. ISBN 0125449011 . Archived from the original on 1 November 2017 . Retrieved 25 November 2014 . CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary'' . Etymonline.com. Archived from the original on 2014-05-14 . Retrieved 2013-07-27 . Jump up ^ Jewish Virtual Library Archived 2013-01-17 at the Wayback Machine . Kashrut: Jewish Dietary Laws Jump up ^ L'ou com balla Archived 2016-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. , Barcelona Cathedral. Jump up ^ `` Egg collecting'' . Royal Society for Protection of Birds . Retrieved 26 November 2017 . Wikiquote has quotations related to: Eggs Wikimedia Commons has media related to Egg . Eggs List of egg topics Types Bird Fish and amphibian Monotreme Fossil record Cephalopod Fish Reptile ( dinosaur ) Pathology Biology Embryo Ichthyoplankton Ootheca Oviparity Spawn Zygote Components Yolk White Shell As food List of egg dishes Boiled Coddled Custard desserts Deviled Eggs Benedict Fried Omelette Poached Pickled Roe Scotch Scrambled Smoked Soufflé Tea egg Trophic egg In culture Easter egg Egging Fabergé egg Humpty Dumpty Oomancy Ovo vegetarianism Yoshi Category Commons Birds ( class : Aves) Anatomy Bird anatomy Flight Eggs Feathers Plumage Beak Vision Dactyly Preen gland Behaviour Singing Intelligence Migration Sexual selection Lek mating Seabird breeding Incubation Brood parasites Nesting Hybrids Evolution Origin of birds Origin of flight Evolution of birds Darwin's finches Seabirds Fossil birds Archaeopteryx Omnivoropterygiformes Confuciusornithiformes Enantiornithes Chaoyangiiformes Patagopterygiformes Ambiortiformes Songlingornithiformes Apsaraviformes Gansuiformes Ichthyornithiformes Hesperornithes Lithornithiformes Dinornithiformes Aepyornithiformes Gastornithiformes Human interaction Ringing Ornithology Bird collections Birdwatching Bird feeding Conservation Aviculture Waterfowl hunting Cockfighting Pigeon racing Falconry Pheasantry Egg collecting Ornithomancy Lists Families and orders Genera Glossary of bird terms List by population Lists by region Recently extinct birds Late Quaternary prehistoric birds Sibley-- Ahlquist taxonomy Historical & Fictional Neornithes Palaeognathae Struthioniformes (ostriches) Rheiformes (rheas) Tinamiformes (tinamous) Apterygiformes (kiwis) Casuariiformes (emus and cassowaries) Neognathae Galloanserae ( fowls ) Anseriformes ( waterfowls ) Anatidae Anatinae Anserinae swans true geese Aythyinae Dendrocygninae Merginae Oxyurinae Plectropterinae Stictonettinae Tadorninae Thalassorninae Anhimidae Anhima Chauna Anseranatidae Anatalavis Anseranas Galliformes ( landfowls - gamebirds ) Cracidae Cracinae Oreophasinae Penelopinae Megapodidae Aepypodius Alectura Eulipoa Leipoa Macrocephalon Megapodius Talegalla Numididae Acryllium Agelastes Guttera Numida Odontophoridae Callipepla Colinus Cyrtonyx Dactylortyx Dendrortyx Odontophorus Oreortyx Philortyx Rhynchortyx Phasianidae Meleagridinae Perdicinae Phasianinae (pheasants and relatives) Tetraoninae Neoaves Columbea Columbimorphae Columbiformes (doves and pigeons) Mesitornithiformes (mesites) Pteroclidiformes (sandgrouses) Mirandornithes Phoenicopteriformes (flamingos) Podicipediformes (grebes) Passerea Otidimorphae Cuculiformes (cuckoos) Musophagiformes (turacos) Otidiformes (bustards) Strisores Caprimulgiformes (nightjars and relatives) Steatornithiformes Podargiformes Apodiformes (swifts and hummingbirds) Opisthocomiformes Opisthocomiformes (hoatzin) Cursorimorphae Charadriiformes (gulls and relatives) Gruiformes (cranes and relatives) Phaethontimorphae Phaethontiformes (tropicbirds) Eurypygiformes (kagu and sunbittern) Aequornithes Gaviiformes (loons or divers) Sphenisciformes (penguins) Procellariiformes (albatrosses and petrels) Ciconiiformes (storks) Suliformes (cormorants and relatives) Pelecaniformes (pelicans and relatives) Australaves Cariamiformes (seriemas and relatives) Falconiformes (falcons and relatives) Psittaciformes (parrots) Passeriformes (perching birds) Afroaves Cathartiformes (New World vultures and condors) Accipitriformes (eagles and hawks) Strigiformes (owls) Coliiformes (mousebirds) Trogoniformes (trogons and quetzals) Leptosomatiformes (cuckoo roller) Bucerotiformes (hornbills and hoopoes) Coraciiformes (kingfishers and rollers) Piciformes (woodpeckers and relatives) Category Portal Outline GND : 4013700-4 NDL : 00572633 Animals portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egg&oldid=812214845 '' Categories : Eggs Animal reproductive system Oology Bird breeding Aviculture Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links CS1 maint: Extra text: authors list Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from June 2017 Articles to be expanded from June 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Afrikaans Alemannisch Ænglisc Aragonés Armãneashti Asturianu Atikamekw Aymar aru বাংলা Bahasa Banjar Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Bikol Central Български Boarisch Bosanski Català Чӑвашла Čeština ChiShona Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Эрзянь Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Iñupiak Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Ligure Lingála Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Мокшень Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाल भाषा 日本 語 Napulitano Norsk Norsk nynorsk Nouormand Олык марий ଓଡ଼ିଆ Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Перем Коми Picard Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto Tiếng Việt Winaray ייִדיש 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 November 2017, at 17:50. 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what are the time zones of the usa

The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii -- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone

Time in the United States - wikipedia Time in the United States Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Time in the United States , by law, is divided into nine standard time zones covering the states and its possessions, with most of the United States observing daylight saving time (DST) for approximately the spring, summer, and fall months. The time zone boundaries and DST observance are regulated by the Department of Transportation . Official and highly precise timekeeping services (clocks) are provided by two federal agencies: the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) (an agency of the Department of Commerce ); and its military counterpart, the United States Naval Observatory (USNO). The clocks run by these services are kept synchronized with each other as well as with those of other international timekeeping organizations. It is the combination of the time zone and daylight saving rules, along with the timekeeping services, which determines the legal civil time for any U.S. location at any moment. Map of U.S. time zones between April 2, 2006, and March 11, 2007. The current situation is different only in that several Indiana counties are now in the eastern time zone instead of the central time zone. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 From GMT to UTC 2 United States time zones 2.1 Standard time and daylight saving time 2.2 Zones used in the contiguous U.S. 2.3 Zones used in states beyond the contiguous U.S. 2.4 Zones outside the states 2.5 Minor Outlying Islands 2.6 Antarctic research stations 3 Boundaries between the zones 3.1 Eastern/Central boundary 3.2 Central/Mountain boundary 3.3 Mountain/Pacific boundary 4 Daylight saving time 5 Time representation 6 See also 7 References 8 External links History ( edit ) Prior to the adoption of four standard time zones for the continental United States, many towns and cities set clocks based on sunsets and sunrises at their locations and by observing the Sun's zenith at noon (mean solar time). Dawn and dusk occur at different times but time differences between distant locations were barely noticeable prior to the 19th century because of long travel times and the lack of long-distance instant communications prior to the development of the telegraph. The use of local solar time became increasingly awkward as railways and telecommunications improved. American railroads maintained many different time zones during the late 1800s. Each train station set its own clock making it difficult to coordinate train schedules and confusing passengers. Time calculation became a serious problem for people travelling by train (sometimes hundreds of miles in a day), according to the Library of Congress. Every city in the United States used a different time standard so there were more than 300 local sun times to choose from. Time zones were therefore a compromise, relaxing the complex geographic dependence while still allowing local time to be approximate with mean solar time. Railroad managers tried to address the problem by establishing 100 railroad time zones, but this was only a partial solution to the problem. Operators of the new railroad lines needed a new time plan that would offer a uniform train schedule for departures and arrivals. Four standard time zones for the continental United States were introduced at noon on November 18, 1883, when the telegraph lines transmitted time signals to all major cities. In October 1884, the International Meridian Conference at Washington DC adopted a proposal which stated that the prime meridian for longitude and timekeeping should be one that passes through the centre of the transit instrument at the Greenwich Observatory in the United Kingdom (UK). The conference therefore established the Greenwich Meridian as the prime meridian and Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) as the world's time standard. The US time-zone system grew from this, in which all zones referred back to GMT on the prime meridian. From GMT to UTC ( edit ) GMT was superseded as the international civil time standard by Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) in 1960, when the International Radio Consultative Committee formalized the concept of Coordinated Universal Time, abbreviated as UTC. It is, within about 1 second, mean solar time at 0° . It does not observe daylight saving time. It is one of several closely related successors to Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). For most purposes, UTC is considered interchangeable with GMT, but GMT is no longer precisely defined by the scientific community. United States time zones ( edit ) Standard time zones in the United States are currently defined at the federal level by law 15 USC § 260. The federal law also establishes the transition dates and times at which daylight saving time occurs, if observed. It is ultimately the authority of the Secretary of Transportation , in coordination with the states, to determine which regions will observe which of the standard time zones and if they will observe daylight saving time. As of August 9, 2007, the standard time zones are defined in terms of hourly offsets from UTC . Prior to this they were based upon the mean solar time at several meridians 15° apart west of Greenwich ( GMT ). Only the full-time zone names listed below are official; abbreviations are by common use conventions, and duplicated elsewhere in the world for different time zones. The United States uses nine standard time zones. As defined by US law they are: The Atlantic standard time zone The Eastern standard time zone The Central standard time zone The Mountain standard time zone The Pacific standard time zone The Alaska standard time zone The Hawaii-- Aleutian standard time zone The Samoa standard time zone The Chamorro standard time zone View the standard time zone boundaries here . Standard time and daylight saving time ( edit ) Time Zone Standard Time Daylight Time States in Zone Hawaii-- Aleutian Time Zone HST ( UTC− 10:00 ) HDT ( UTC− 09:00 ) Alaska , Hawaii (no DST) Alaska Time Zone AKST ( UTC− 09:00 ) AKDT ( UTC− 08:00 ) Alaska Pacific Time Zone PST ( UTC− 08:00 ) PDT ( UTC− 07:00 ) California , Washington , Oregon , Nevada , Idaho Mountain Time Zone MST ( UTC− 07:00 ) MDT ( UTC− 06:00 ) Arizona (no DST outside of Navajo Nation ), Colorado , Idaho , Kansas , Montana , Nebraska , New Mexico , North Dakota , Oregon , South Dakota , Utah , Wyoming Central Time Zone CST ( UTC− 06:00 ) CDT ( UTC− 05:00 ) Alabama , Arkansas , Florida , Illinois , Indiana , Iowa , Kansas , Kentucky , Louisiana , Michigan , Minnesota , Mississippi , Missouri , Nebraska , North Dakota , Oklahoma , South Dakota , Tennessee , Texas , Wisconsin Eastern Time Zone EST ( UTC− 05:00 ) EDT ( UTC− 04:00 ) Connecticut , Florida , District of Columbia , Delaware , Georgia , Indiana , Kentucky , Maine , Massachusetts , Michigan , New Hampshire , New Jersey , New York , North Carolina , Ohio , Pennsylvania , Rhode Island , South Carolina , Tennessee , Vermont , Maryland , Virginia , West Virginia Zones used in the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) From east to west, the times zones of the contiguous United States are: The Eastern standard time zone : (Zone R), which comprises roughly the states on the Atlantic coast and the eastern two thirds of the Ohio Valley . The Central standard time zone : (Zone S), which comprises roughly the Gulf Coast , Mississippi Valley , and Great Plains . The Mountain standard time zone : (Zone T), which comprises roughly the states and portions of states that include the Rocky Mountains . The Pacific standard time zone : (Zone U), which comprises roughly the states on the Pacific coast , plus Nevada and the Idaho panhandle . Zones used in States beyond the contiguous U.S. ( edit ) The Alaska standard time zone : (AKST; UTC− 09:00 ; Zone V), which comprises most of the state of Alaska . The Hawaii-Aleutian standard time zone : (or unofficially Hawaii Standard Time: HST) (HAST; UTC− 10:00 ; zone W), which includes Hawaii and most of the length of the Aleutian Islands chain (west of 169° 30′ W). Zones outside the States ( edit ) The Atlantic standard time zone : (AST; UTC− 04:00 ; Zone Q), which comprises Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands . The Samoa standard time zone (SST; UTC− 11:00 ; Zone X), which comprises American Samoa . The Chamorro standard time zone : (ChST; UTC+10:00 ; Zone K), which comprises Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands . Minor outlying Islands ( edit ) Some United States Minor Outlying Islands are outside the time zones defined by 15 U.S.C. § 260 and exist in waters defined by Nautical time . In practice, military crews may simply use Zulu time ( UTC± 00:00 ) when on these islands. Baker Island and Howland Island are in UTC− 12 , while Wake Island is in UTC+12:00 . Because they exist on opposite sides of the International Date Line , it can, for example, be noon Thursday on Baker and Howland islands while simultaneously being noon Friday on Wake Island. Other outlying islands include Jarvis Island , Midway Atoll , Palmyra Atoll , and Kingman Reef ( UTC− 11:00 ); Johnston Atoll ( UTC− 10:00 ); and Navassa Island , Bajo Nuevo Bank , and Serranilla Bank ( UTC− 05:00 ). Antarctic research stations ( edit ) See also: Time in Antarctica In Antarctica, the US research facility Palmer Station is in UTC− 03:00 , while McMurdo Station and Amundsen-- Scott South Pole Station use UTC+12:00 in order to coordinate with their main supply base in New Zealand . Boundaries between the zones ( edit ) (Described from north to south along each boundary.) Eastern/Central boundary ( edit ) Marker showing the border of Wayne County, Kentucky , and the Eastern Time Zone Time in Indiana : red areas belong to the Central Time Zone. roughly follows the border between Wisconsin (to the south and west) and the Upper Peninsula of Michigan (to the north and east); the Upper Peninsula counties that border Wisconsin (namely Gogebic , Iron , Dickinson , and Menominee counties) observe CT, all other counties in the U.P. observe ET follows Lake Michigan divides a small portion of Northwestern Indiana near Chicago from the rest of the state follows the border between Illinois (west) and Indiana (east) divides a small portion of Southwestern Indiana from the rest of the state divides Kentucky in half roughly along a line that is west of Louisville, Kentucky running from northwest to southeast. divides the region legally defined as East Tennessee , except for four counties adjoining Middle Tennessee , from the rest of Tennessee . follows the border between Alabama (west) and Georgia (east), although Phenix City, Alabama and some nearby towns unofficially observe Eastern Time. divides the Florida Panhandle along the Apalachicola River and Intracoastal Waterway just west of Tallahassee, Florida . Central/Mountain boundary ( edit ) divides the southwest portion of North Dakota from the rest of the state divides South Dakota roughly in half divides the western third of Nebraska from the rest of the state divides a very small portion of extreme western Kansas bordering Colorado ( Greeley , Hamilton , Sherman , and Wallace counties) from the rest of the state (three other counties which border Colorado -- Cheyenne , Morton , and Stanton counties-- observe CST) follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Oklahoma (east) (although the zone legally begins at the Oklahoma-- New Mexico state line, Kenton in extreme northwestern Cimarron County, Oklahoma unofficially observes MST) follows the border between New Mexico (west) and Texas (east) divides El Paso County , Hudspeth County , and a portion of northwestern Culberson County that includes eastern Guadalupe Mountains National Park from the rest of Texas Mountain/Pacific boundary ( edit ) follows the border between northern Idaho (to the west) and northwestern Montana (to the east) turns west at 45° 33.46′ N 114° 33.89′ W  /  45.55767° N 114.56483° W  / 45.55767; -114.56483 (just south of Nez Perce Pass), and follows the Idaho County line to the Salmon River follows the Salmon River west to the town of Riggins , where the Salmon River turns north. This puts almost all of northern Idaho in the Pacific time zone, except for the small loop described next. turns north and follows the Salmon River to the Snake River at the Oregon border (at 45° 51.3′ N 116° 47.5′ W  /  45.8550° N 116.7917° W  / 45.8550; -116.7917 ). Interestingly, this loop to the north creates a curious situation where one can enter a more-westerly time zone by traveling east over one of the bridges across this portion of the Salmon River. turns south and follows the Snake River between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) to the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon turns west and follows the northern border of Malheur County, Oregon to its western border, where it turns south follows the western border of Malheur County to latitude 42.45° (42° 27′ N), where it turns east, and returns to the Oregon/Idaho border turns south and follows the border between Oregon (west) and Idaho (east) turns east and follows the border between Idaho (north) and Nevada (south) along the 42nd parallel north to longitude 114.041726 W. turns south and follows the border between Nevada (west) and Utah (east), except for following the west city limit line of West Wendover dividing it from the rest of Nevada , and putting it in the mountain time zone. Jackpot, Nevada , just south of the 42nd parallel and some 25 miles (40 km) west of the time zone south turn, also observes Mountain Time, on an unofficial basis. follows the border between Nevada (west) and Arizona (east) follows the border between California (west) and Arizona (east), mostly defined by the Colorado river, to the border between the U.S. and Mexico. Daylight saving time ( edit ) Main article: Daylight saving time in the United States The Energy Policy Act of 2005 extended daylight saving time (DST) for an additional month beginning in 2007. The start of DST now occurs on the second Sunday in March and ends on the first Sunday in November. Clocks will be set ahead one hour at 2 a.m. on the following start dates and set back one hour at 2 a.m. on these ending dates: Year Start date Ending date 2006 April 2 October 29 2007 March 11 November 4 2008 March 9 November 2 2009 March 8 November 1 March 14 November 7 2011 March 13 November 6 2012 March 11 November 4 2013 March 10 November 3 2014 March 9 November 2 2015 March 8 November 1 2016 March 13 November 6 2017 March 12 November 5 2018 March 11 November 4 2019 March 10 November 3 2020 March 8 November 1 In response to the Uniform Time Act of 1966, each state of the US has officially chosen to apply one of two rules over its entire territory: Most use the standard time for their zone (or zones, where a state is divided between two zones), except for using daylight saving time during the summer months. Originally this ran from the last Sunday in April until the last Sunday in October. Two subsequent amendments, in 1986 and 2005, have shifted these days so that daylight saving time now runs from the second Sunday in March until the first Sunday in November. Arizona time zones Arizona and Hawaii use standard time throughout the year. However: The Navajo Nation observes DST throughout its entire territory, including the portion that lies in Arizona. But the Hopi Nation , which is entirely surrounded by the Navajo Nation and is entirely in Arizona, does not observe DST. (See map inset right.) In 2005, Indiana passed legislation which took effect on April 2, 2006, that placed the entire state on daylight saving time (see Time in Indiana ). Before then, Indiana officially used standard time year-round, with the following exceptions: The portions of Indiana that were on Central Time observed daylight saving time. Also, some Indiana counties near Cincinnati and Louisville were on Eastern Time, but did (unofficially) observe DST. Time representation ( edit ) Further information: Date and time notation in the United States and Speaking clock § United States There exist more than one hundred clock towers in the United States; see Category:Clock towers in the United States . See also ( edit ) History of time in the United States List of time zones by U.S. state Daylight saving time in the United States Lists of time zones Effects of time on North American broadcasting Date and time notation in the United States East Coast bias References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Why Do We Have Time Zones?'' . Jump up ^ What is Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) http://wwp.greenwichmeantime.com/info/gmt.htm Jump up ^ Bernard Guinot, `` Solar time, legal time, time in use'' Metrologica , August 2011 (volume 48, issue 4), pages 181-- 185. Jump up ^ 15 USC § 260 . Jump up ^ `` 15 U.S. Code Subchapter IX - STANDARD TIME'' . Jump up ^ Pupblic Law 110-- 69 -- America COMPETES Act (August 9, 2007). Sec. 3013) Jump up ^ Standard Time Zone Boundaries 49CFR71 External links ( edit ) Official website U.S. Navy time zone page North American Time Zone border data and images CFR's Title 40 - Protection of Environment (also at wikisource:Code of Federal Regulations/Title 49/Subtitle A/Part 71 ) Standard Time Law 15USC260-267 (also at wikisource:United States Code/Title 15/Chapter 6/Subchapter IX ) ( hide ) Time in the Americas North America South America Sovereign states Antigua and Barbuda Argentina Bahamas Barbados Belize Bolivia Brazil Canada Chile Colombia Costa Rica Cuba Dominica Dominican Republic Ecuador El Salvador Grenada Guatemala Guyana Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Nicaragua Panama Paraguay Peru Saint Kitts and Nevis Saint Lucia Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Suriname Trinidad and Tobago United States Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Anguilla Aruba Bermuda Bonaire British Virgin Islands Cayman Islands Curaçao Falkland Islands French Guiana Greenland Guadeloupe Martinique Montserrat Puerto Rico Saint Barthélemy Saint Martin Saint Pierre and Miquelon Saba Sint Eustatius Sint Maarten South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Turks and Caicos Islands US Virgin Islands ( hide ) Time in the United States States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district Washington, D.C. Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Time_in_the_United_States&oldid=833871181 '' Categories : Time in the United States Geography of the United States Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from March 2013 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia অসমীয়া বাংলা Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Frysk Bahasa Indonesia Русский Українська اردو 中文 4 more Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018, at 20:20. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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what is the difference between android and robot

In the 2009 film Surrogates , people purchase remote - controlled humanoid robots through which they interact with society .

Android (robot) - wikipedia Android (robot) Jump to: navigation , search `` Mechanoid'' redirects here. For other meanings, see Mechanoid (disambiguation) . For other uses, see Android . An android is a humanoid robot or synthetic organism designed to look and act like a human , especially one with a body having a flesh-like resemblance. Historically, androids remained completely within the domain of science fiction where they are frequently seen in film and television. Only recently have advancements in robot technology allowed the design of functional and realistic humanoid robots . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Projects 2.1 Japan 2.2 Singapore 2.3 South Korea 2.4 United States 3 Use in fiction 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Etymology ( edit ) The word was coined from the Greek root ἀνδρ -, `` man'' (male, as opposed to anthrop- , human being) and the suffix -oid , `` having the form or likeness of'' . While the term `` android'' is used in reference to human-looking robots in general, a robot with a female appearance can also be referred to as a `` gynoid'' . The Oxford English Dictionary traces the earliest use (as `` Androides'' ) to Ephraim Chambers ' Cyclopaedia , in reference to an automaton that St. Albertus Magnus allegedly created. The term `` android'' appears in US patents as early as 1863 in reference to miniature human-like toy automatons. The term android was used in a more modern sense by the French author Auguste Villiers de l'Isle -Adam in his work Tomorrow's Eve (1886). This story features an artificial humanlike robot named Hadaly. As said by the officer in the story, `` In this age of Realien advancement, who knows what goes on in the mind of those responsible for these mechanical dolls.'' The term made an impact into English pulp science fiction starting from Jack Williamson 's The Cometeers (1936) and the distinction between mechanical robots and fleshy androids was popularized by Edmond Hamilton 's Captain Future (1940-- 1944). Although Karel Čapek 's robots in R.U.R. (Rossum's Universal Robots) (1921)-- the play that introduced the word robot to the world-- were organic artificial humans, the word `` robot'' has come to primarily refer to mechanical humans, animals, and other beings. The term `` android'' can mean either one of these, while a cyborg (`` cybernetic organism'' or `` bionic man'' ) would be a creature that is a combination of organic and mechanical parts. The term `` droid '' , popularized by George Lucas in the original Star Wars film and now used widely within science fiction, originated as an abridgment of `` android'' , but has been used by Lucas and others to mean any robot, including distinctly non-human form machines like R2-D2 . The word `` android'' was used in Star Trek: The Original Series episode `` What Are Little Girls Made Of? '' The abbreviation `` andy'' , coined as a pejorative by writer Philip K. Dick in his novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , has seen some further usage, such as within the TV series Total Recall 2070 . Authors have used the term android in more diverse ways than robot or cyborg . In some fictional works, the difference between a robot and android is only their appearance, with androids being made to look like humans on the outside but with robot-like internal mechanics. In other stories, authors have used the word `` android'' to mean a wholly organic, yet artificial, creation. Other fictional depictions of androids fall somewhere in between. Eric G. Wilson, who defines androids as a `` synthetic human being'' , distinguishes between three types of androids, based on their body's composition: the mummy type - where androids are made of `` dead things'' or `` stiff, inanimate, natural material'' , such as mummies, puppets, dolls and statues the golem type - androids made from flexible, possibly organic material, including golems and homunculi the automaton type - androids which are a mix of dead and living parts, including automatons and robots Although human morphology is not necessarily the ideal form for working robots, the fascination in developing robots that can mimic it can be found historically in the assimilation of two concepts: simulacra (devices that exhibit likeness) and automata (devices that have independence). Projects ( edit ) Several projects aiming to create androids that look, and, to a certain degree, speak or act like a human being have been launched or are underway. Japan ( edit ) DER 01, a Japanese actroid Japanese robotics have been leading the field since the 1970s. Waseda University initiated the WABOT project in 1967, and in 1972 completed the WABOT-1, the first android, a full-scale humanoid intelligent robot. Its limb control system allowed it to walk with the lower limbs, and to grip and transport objects with hands, using tactile sensors. Its vision system allowed it to measure distances and directions to objects using external receptors, artificial eyes and ears. And its conversation system allowed it to communicate with a person in Japanese, with an artificial mouth. In 1984, WABOT-2 was revealed, and made a number of improvements. It was capable of playing the organ. Wabot-2 had 10 fingers and two feet, and was able to read a score of music. It was also able to accompany a person. In 1986, Honda began its humanoid research and development program, to create humanoid robots capable of interacting successfully with humans. The Intelligent Robotics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Ishiguro at Osaka University , and Kokoro Co., Ltd. have demonstrated the Actroid at Expo 2005 in Aichi Prefecture , Japan and released the Telenoid R1 in 2010. In 2006, Kokoro Co. developed a new DER 2 android. The height of the human body part of DER2 is 165 cm. There are 47 mobile points. DER2 can not only change its expression but also move its hands and feet and twist its body. The `` air servosystem'' which Kokoro Co. developed originally is used for the actuator. As a result of having an actuator controlled precisely with air pressure via a servosystem, the movement is very fluid and there is very little noise. DER2 realized a slimmer body than that of the former version by using a smaller cylinder. Outwardly DER2 has a more beautiful proportion. Compared to the previous model, DER2 has thinner arms and a wider repertoire of expressions. Once programmed, it is able to choreograph its motions and gestures with its voice. The Intelligent Mechatronics Lab, directed by Hiroshi Kobayashi at the Tokyo University of Science , has developed an android head called Saya , which was exhibited at Robodex 2002 in Yokohama , Japan. There are several other initiatives around the world involving humanoid research and development at this time, which will hopefully introduce a broader spectrum of realized technology in the near future. Now Saya is working at the Science University of Tokyo as a guide. The Waseda University (Japan) and NTT Docomo's manufacturers have succeeded in creating a shape-shifting robot WD-2 . It is capable of changing its face. At first, the creators decided the positions of the necessary points to express the outline, eyes, nose, and so on of a certain person. The robot expresses its face by moving all points to the decided positions, they say. The first version of the robot was first developed back in 2003. After that, a year later, they made a couple of major improvements to the design. The robot features an elastic mask made from the average head dummy. It uses a driving system with a 3DOF unit. The WD-2 robot can change its facial features by activating specific facial points on a mask, with each point possessing three degrees of freedom . This one has 17 facial points, for a total of 56 degrees of freedom. As for the materials they used, the WD-2's mask is fabricated with a highly elastic material called Septom, with bits of steel wool mixed in for added strength. Other technical features reveal a shaft driven behind the mask at the desired facial point, driven by a DC motor with a simple pulley and a slide screw. Apparently, the researchers can also modify the shape of the mask based on actual human faces. To `` copy'' a face, they need only a 3D scanner to determine the locations of an individual's 17 facial points. After that, they are then driven into position using a laptop and 56 motor control boards. In addition, the researchers also mention that the shifting robot can even display an individual's hair style and skin color if a photo of their face is projected onto the 3D Mask. Singapore ( edit ) Prof Nadia Thalmann, a Nanyang Technological University scientist, directed efforts of the Institute for Media Innovation along with the School of Computer Engineering in the development of a social robot, Nadine. Nadine is powered by software similar to Apple's Siri or Microsoft's Cortana . Nadine may become a personal assistant in offices and homes in future, or she may become a companion for the young and the elderly. Assoc Prof Gerald Seet from the School of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering and the BeingThere Centre led a three-year R&D development in tele-presence robotics, creating EDGAR. A remote user can control EDGAR with the user's face and expressions displayed on the robot's face in real time. The robot also mimics their upper body movements. South Korea ( edit ) EveR-2 , the first android that has the ability to sing KITECH researched and developed EveR-1 , an android interpersonal communications model capable of emulating human emotional expression via facial `` musculature'' and capable of rudimentary conversation, having a vocabulary of around 400 words. She is 160 cm tall and weighs 50 kg , matching the average figure of a Korean woman in her twenties. EveR-1's name derives from the Biblical Eve , plus the letter r for robot . EveR-1's advanced computing processing power enables speech recognition and vocal synthesis, at the same time processing lip synchronization and visual recognition by 90-degree micro-CCD cameras with face recognition technology . An independent microchip inside her artificial brain handles gesture expression, body coordination, and emotion expression. Her whole body is made of highly advanced synthetic jelly silicon and with 60 artificial joints in her face, neck, and lower body; she is able to demonstrate realistic facial expressions and sing while simultaneously dancing. In South Korea, the Ministry of Information and Communication has an ambitious plan to put a robot in every household by 2020. Several robot cities have been planned for the country: the first will be built in 2016 at a cost of 500 billion won (440 million USD), of which 50 billion is direct government investment. The new robot city will feature research and development centers for manufacturers and part suppliers, as well as exhibition halls and a stadium for robot competitions. The country's new Robotics Ethics Charter will establish ground rules and laws for human interaction with robots in the future, setting standards for robotics users and manufacturers, as well as guidelines on ethical standards to be programmed into robots to prevent human abuse of robots and vice versa. United states ( edit ) Walt Disney and a staff of Imagineers created Great Moments with Mr. Lincoln that debuted at the 1964 New York World's Fair . Hanson Robotics, Inc. , of Texas and KAIST produced an android portrait of Albert Einstein , using Hanson's facial android technology mounted on KAIST's life-size walking bipedal robot body. This Einstein android, also called `` Albert Hubo '' , thus represents the first full-body walking android in history (see video at ). Hanson Robotics, the FedEx Institute of Technology, and the University of Texas at Arlington also developed the android portrait of sci-fi author Philip K. Dick (creator of Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? , the basis for the film Blade Runner ), with full conversational capabilities that incorporated thousands of pages of the author's works. In 2005, the PKD android won a first place artificial intelligence award from AAAI . Use in fiction ( edit ) See also: List of fictional robots and androids Androids are a staple of science fiction . Isaac Asimov pioneered the fictionalization of the science of robotics and artificial intelligence , notably in his 1950s series I, Robot . One thing common to most fictional androids is that the real-life technological challenges associated with creating thoroughly human-like robots-- such as the creation of strong artificial intelligence -- are assumed to have been solved. Fictional androids are often depicted as mentally and physically equal or superior to humans-- moving, thinking and speaking as fluidly as them. The tension between the nonhuman substance and the human appearance-- or even human ambitions-- of androids is the dramatic impetus behind most of their fictional depictions. Some android heroes seek, like Pinocchio , to become human, as in the films Bicentennial Man , Hollywood , Enthiran and A.I. Artificial Intelligence , or Data in Star Trek: The Next Generation . Others, as in the film Westworld , rebel against abuse by careless humans. Android hunter Deckard in Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? and its film adaptation Blade Runner discovers that his targets are, in some ways, more human than he is. Android stories, therefore, are not essentially stories `` about'' androids; they are stories about the human condition and what it means to be human. One aspect of writing about the meaning of humanity is to use discrimination against androids as a mechanism for exploring racism in society, as in Blade Runner . Perhaps the clearest example of this is John Brunner's 1968 novel Into the Slave Nebula , where the blue-skinned android slaves are explicitly shown to be fully human. More recently, the androids Bishop and Annalee Call in the films Aliens and Alien Resurrection are used as vehicles for exploring how humans deal with the presence of an `` Other '' . Female androids, or `` gynoids '' , are often seen in science fiction, and can be viewed as a continuation of the long tradition of men attempting to create the stereotypical `` perfect woman'' . Examples include the Greek myth of Pygmalion and the female robot Maria in Fritz Lang 's Metropolis . Some gynoids, like Pris in Blade Runner , are designed as sex-objects, with the intent of `` pleasing men's violent sexual desires,'' or as submissive, servile companions, such as in The Stepford Wives . Fiction about gynoids has therefore been described as reinforcing `` essentialist ideas of femininity'' , although others have suggested that the treatment of androids is a way of exploring racism and misogyny in society. The 2015 Japanese film Sayonara , starring Geminoid F , was promoted as `` the first movie to feature an android performing opposite a human actor'' . In the 2009 film Surrogates , people purchase remote-controlled humanoid robots through which they interact with society. See also ( edit ) Robotics portal Agalmatophilia Android science Audio-Animatronics Automaton ASIMO Cylon Domestic robot Gynoid HUBO Humanoid robot Justin (robot) MAHRU Neurorobotics RealDoll REEM-B Replicant Robot fetishism RoboTurk Synthoid The Turk Three Laws of Robotics TOPIO Transhumanism Uncanny valley Kryten References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Van Riper, A. Bowdoin (2002). Science in popular culture: a reference guide . Westport: Greenwood Press . p. 10. ISBN 0-313-31822-0 . ^ Jump up to: Jeff Prucher (7 May 2007). Brave new words: the Oxford dictionary of science fiction . Oxford University Press. pp. 6-- 7. ISBN 978-0-19-530567-8 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Brian M. Stableford (2006). Science fact and science fiction: an encyclopedia . CRC Press. pp. 22-- 23. ISBN 978-0-415-97460-8 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Eric G. Wilson (10 August 2006). The melancholy android: on the psychology of sacred machines . SUNY Press. pp. 27-- 28. ISBN 978-0-7914-6846-3 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Ishiguro, Hiroshi. `` Android science.'' , Cognitive Science Society , Osaka, 2005. Retrieved on 3 October 2013. Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary , Draft Revision, December 2008 Jump up ^ OED at `` android'' citing Ephraim Chambers, Cyclopædia ; or, a universal dictionary of arts and sciences. 1728. Jump up ^ `` U.S. Patent and Trademark Office, Patent# 40891, Toy Automation '' . Google Patents . Retrieved 7 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Levin, Drew S. (exec. prod.) (23 February 1999). `` Rough Whimper of Insanity'' . Total Recall 2070 . Season 1. Episode 7. Toronto . 2:10 minutes in. Channel Zero . CHCH-TV . Archived from the original on 5 February 2010. Jump up ^ Robotics and Mechatronics: Proceedings of the 4th IFToMM International Symposium on Robotics and Mechatronics , page 66 Jump up ^ http://www.humanoid.waseda.ac.jp/booklet/kato_2-j.html ^ Jump up to: `` Historical Android Projects'' . androidworld.com . Jump up ^ Robots: From Science Fiction to Technological Revolution , page 130 Jump up ^ Handbook of Digital Human Modeling: Research for Applied Ergonomics and Human Factors Engineering , Chapter 3, pages 1-2 Jump up ^ `` 2history'' . Archived from the original on 12 October 2007 . Retrieved 31 August 2007 . Jump up ^ `` P3'' . Honda Worldwide . Retrieved 1 September 2007 . Jump up ^ `` NTU scientists unveil social and telepresence robots'' . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` A Robot in Every Home by 2020, South Korea Says'' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` South Korea set to build `` Robot Land '' `` . Engadget . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Robot Code of Ethics to Prevent Android Abuse, Protect Humans'' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 28 October 2010 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pavilions & Attractions - Illinois - Page Two'' . Retrieved 23 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Einstein Video Jump up ^ FedEx Institute of Technology :: FedEx Institute of Technology :: University of Memphis Jump up ^ About the Philip K Dick Android Jump up ^ Jonathan Barra, Roger Caille; et al. `` The Android Generation'' . West Coast Midnight Run/Citadel Consulting Group LLC . Retrieved 9 February 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Van Riper, op.cit., p. 11. Jump up ^ Dinello, Daniel (2005). Technophobia!: Science Fiction Visions of Posthuman Technology . University of Texas Press . p. 76 . Retrieved 22 November 2011 . Jump up ^ D'Ammassa , Don (2005). Encyclopedia of Science Fiction . Facts on File. p. 58. ISBN 978-0-8160-5924-9 . Jump up ^ Nishime, LeiLani (Winter 2005). `` The Mulatto Cyborg: Imagining a Multiracial Future'' (PDF) . Cinema Journal . University of Texas Press . 44 (2): 34-- 49. doi : 10.1353/cj.2005.0011 . Retrieved 10 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Melzer, Patricia (2006). Alien Constructions: Science Fiction and Feminist Thought . University of Texas Press . p. 202. ISBN 978-0-292-71307-9 . Jump up ^ Melzer, p. 204 Jump up ^ Grebowicz, Margret; L. Timmel Duchamp; Nicola Griffith; Terry Bisson (2007). SciFi in the mind's eye: reading science through science fiction . Open Court. p. xviii. ISBN 978-0-8126-9630-1 . Jump up ^ Dinello, op. cit., p 77. Jump up ^ James Hadfield (October 24, 2015). `` Tokyo: ' Sayonara' Filmmakers Debate Future of Robot Actors'' . variety.com . Retrieved November 9, 2015 . Jump up ^ Gross, Doug. `` Scientists say movie androids not as far-fetched as they seem - CNN.com'' . CNN . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Androids to bring ' Surrogates' closer to reality?'' . CNET . Retrieved 9 April 2017 . Further reading ( edit ) Kerman, Judith B. (1991). Retrofitting Blade Runner: Issues in Ridley Scott's Blade Runner and Philip K. Dick's Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? Bowling Green, OH: Bowling Green State University Popular Press. ISBN 0-87972-509-5 . Perkowitz, Sidney (2004). Digital People: From Bionic Humans to Androids . Joseph Henry Press. ISBN 0-309-09619-7 . Shelde, Per (1993). Androids, Humanoids, and Other Science Fiction Monsters: Science and Soul in Science Fiction Films . New York: New York University Press. ISBN 0-8147-7930-1 . Ishiguro, Hiroshi. `` Android science.'' Cognitive Science Society. 2005. Glaser, Horst Albert and Rossbach, Sabine: The Artificial Human, Frankfurt/M., Bern, New York 2011 `` The Artificial Human'' TechCast Article Series, Jason Rupinski and Richard Mix, `` Public Attitudes to Androids: Robot Gender, Tasks, & Pricing'' An-droid, `` Similar to the Android name'' Carpenter, J. (2009). Why send the Terminator to do R2D2s job?: Designing androids as rhetorical phenomena. Proceedings of HCI 2009: Beyond Gray Droids: Domestic Robot Design for the 21st Century. Cambridge, UK. Sept. 1. Telotte, J.P. Replications: A Robotic History of the Science Fiction Film. University of Illinois Press, 1995. External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAndroid (robot) at Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons ( hide ) Androids and gynoids Gynoids Actroid EveR HRP-4C Meinü robot Repliee Q1Expo (Hiroshi Ishiguro) Male (androids) Ibn Sina Robot Geminoid (Hiroshi Ishiguro) Babies and children iCub See also Fictional robots and androids Fictional gynoids Android science Humanoids Cyborgs Humanoid robots Legged Mini ASRA C1 Bioloid Choromet Coco Evolta FemiSapien RoboSapien Robosapien v2 Ropid RS Media HOAP JO-ZERO KHR-1 Kirobo & Mirata KT-X Manav Nao PALRO PERSIA PINO PLEN QRIO Robovie-PC RX SIGMO Small / medium Archie ASIMO Athlete Robot AR-600 E-nuvo Flame GuRoo HUBO iCub J4 Lara Murata Boy and Murata Girl REEM Toyota Partner Robot Xianxingzhe Human-sized Atlas ATOM-7xp Dr. Motor E series Eric George HRP-4 IsaacRobot Johnnie Kiyomori Kobian Leonardo's robot Manny MAHRU / AHRA Musa P series PETMAN Robot Man of Szeged SAM10 SURALP Surena TOPIO Wabian Wabot WASUBOT WHL-11 Big Elektro Land Walker Wheeled GuRoo EMIEW Enon Hadaly-2 i-SOBOT Justin Nexi Pepper RI-MAN ROBINA Sanbot Seropi TOPIO Dio TWENDY-ONE Wakamaru With tracks BEAR Upper torso Domo Gakutensoku Geoff Peterson Greenman Junior LUDWIG Robonaut Saika Simon Sota Telenoid R1 See also Androids Cyborgs Robot fetishism Mobile robots and uncrewed vehicles Ground Walking Humanoid ( list ) Android ( list ) Hexapod ( list ) Other Unmanned ground vehicle (UGV) Automated guided vehicle (AGV) Unmanned ground combat vehicle (UGCV) Driverless car Automatic train operation (ATO) ( list ) Aerial Unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) Unmanned aircraft system Aerobot Helicam List of unmanned aerial vehicle applications Unmanned combat air vehicle (UCAV) Unmanned Aircraft Ornithopter Underwater Unmanned underwater vehicle (UUV) Autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) Intervention AUV (I-AUV) Remotely operated underwater vehicle (ROUV) Underwater glider Surface Unmanned surface vehicle (USV) Space Unmanned space vehicle (USV) Robotic spacecraft ( list ) Robotic telescope Space probe Unmanned resupply spacecraft ( list ) Other Domestic Military Rescue Medical Disability Agricultural BEAM robotics Microbotics Nanorobotics See also Uncrewed vehicle Robotics Robot locomotion Autonomous robot Autonomous logistics Radio-controlled model Remote control vehicle Remote control animal Categories Radio control Unmanned vehicles Robotics Main articles Outline Glossary Index History Future Geography Hall of Fame Ethics Laws AI competitions Types Anthropomorphic Humanoid Android Cyborg Claytronics Animatronic Industrial Articulated arm Domestic Entertainment Juggling Military Medical Service Disability Agricultural Food service Retailing BEAM robotics Soft robotics Uncrewed vehicle Classifications Aerial vehicle Ground vehicle Mobile robot navigation Microbotics Nanorobotics Robotic spacecraft Space probe Swarm Underwater Locomotion Tracks Walking Hexapod Climbing Self-balancing unicycle Research Evolutionary Kits Simulator Suite Open-source Software Adaptable Developmental Paradigms Ubiquitous Related Technological unemployment Fictional robots Portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Android_(robot)&oldid=825646391 '' Categories : Android (robot) Japanese inventions South Korean inventions Osaka University research Science fiction themes Human-- machine interaction Robots Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from June 2013 Pages using div col without cols and colwidth parameters Pages using Columns-list with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân -lâm -gú Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Kreyòl ayisyen Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Livvinkarjala Magyar Македонски Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 15:47. 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6241464510915041887

what do you call a group of gophers

Gopher is a character in the Disney cartoon adaptations of the children 's book Winnie - the - Pooh .

Gopher - wikipedia Gopher Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the rodent. For other uses, see Gopher (disambiguation) . Pocket gophers Temporal range: Chadronian-- Recent PreЄ Є Pg Botta's pocket gopher ( Thomomys bottae ) Scientific classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Superfamily: Geomyoidea Family: Geomyidae Bonaparte , 1845 Genera Cratogeomys Geomys Orthogeomys Pappogeomys Thomomys Zygogeomys Pocket gophers , commonly referred to as gophers , are burrowing rodents of the family Geomyidae. There are about 35 species, all endemic to North and Central America. They are commonly known for their extensive tunneling activities. The name `` pocket gopher'' on its own may be used to refer to any of a number of genera within the family . These are the `` true'' gophers, but several ground squirrels in the distantly related family Sciuridae are often called gophers, as well. The origin of the word `` gopher'' is uncertain. French gaufre , meaning waffle , has been suggested, on account of the gopher's tunnels resembling the honeycomb -like pattern of holes in a waffle. Another suggestion is that the word is of Muskogean origin. A typical pocket gopher. Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Behavior 2 Control 3 Classification 4 In popular culture 5 See also 6 References 7 External links Description ( edit ) Gophers weigh around 0.5 lb (230 g), and are about 6-- 8 in (150-- 200 mm) in body length, with a tail 1-- 2 in (25-- 51 mm) long. A few species reach weights approaching 1 kg (2.2 lb). Within any species, the males are larger than the females and can be nearly double their weight. Average lifespans are one to three years. The maximum lifespan for the pocket gopher is about five years. Some gophers, such as those in the genus Geomys , have lifespans that have been documented as up to seven years in the wild. Most gophers have brown fur that often closely matches the color of the soil in which they live. Their most characteristic features are their large cheek pouches, from which the word `` pocket'' in their name derives. These pouches are fur-lined, can be turned inside out, and extend from the side of the mouth well back onto the shoulders. Gophers have small eyes and a short, hairy tail, which they use to feel around tunnels when they walk backwards. Pocket gophers have often been found to carry external parasites . Common predators of the gopher include weasels , snakes , and hawks . Behavior ( edit ) All pocket gophers create a network of tunnel systems that provide protection and a means of collecting food. They are larder hoarders , and their cheek pouches are used for transporting food back to their burrows. Gophers can collect large hoards. Unlike ground squirrels , gophers do not live in large communities and seldom find themselves above ground. Tunnel entrances can be identified by small piles of loose soil covering the opening. Burrows are in many areas where the soil is softer and easily tunneled. Gophers often visit vegetable gardens, lawns, or farms, as gophers like moist soil (see Soil biomantle ). This has led to their frequent treatment as pests . Gophers eat plant roots, shrubs, and other vegetables such as carrots, lettuce, radishes, and any other vegetables with juice. Some species are considered agricultural pests. The resulting destruction of plant life then leaves the area a stretch of denuded soil. At the same time, the soil disturbance created by turning it over can lead to the early establishment of Ecological succession in Communities of r-selected and other Ruderal plant species . The stashing and subsequent decomposition of plant material in the gophers' larder can produce deep fertilization of the soil. Pocket gophers are solitary outside of the breeding season , aggressively maintaining territories that vary in size depending on the resources available. Males and females may share some burrows and nesting chambers if their territories border each other, but in general, each pocket gopher inhabits its own individual tunnel system. Although they attempt to flee when threatened, they may attack other animals, including cats and humans, and can inflict serious bites with their long, sharp teeth. Depending on the species and local conditions, pocket gophers may have a specific annual breeding season, or may breed repeatedly through the year. Each litter typically consists of two to five young, although this may be much higher in some species. The young are born blind and helpless, and are weaned around 40 days old. Control ( edit ) Geomys and Thomomys species are classed as `` prohibited new organisms'' under New Zealand's Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 1996 , preventing them from being imported into the country. Classification ( edit ) Much debate exists among taxonomists about which races of pocket gophers should be recognized as full species, and the following list cannot be regarded as definitive. Family Geomyidae Genus Cratogeomys ; some authors treat this genus as a subgenus of Pappogeomys . Yellow-faced pocket gopher ( Cratogeomys castanops ) Oriental Basin pocket gopher ( C. fulvescens ) Smoky pocket gopher ( C. fumosus ) Goldman's pocket gopher ( C. goldmani ) Merriam's pocket gopher ( C. merriami ) Genus Geomys - eastern pocket gophers; principally live in the southwestern United States, east of the Sierra Nevada mountains Desert pocket gopher Geomys arenarius Attwater's pocket gopher ( G. attwateri ) Baird's pocket gopher ( G. breviceps ) Plains pocket gopher ( G. bursarius ) Knox Jones's pocket gopher ( G. knoxjonesi ) Texas pocket gopher ( Geomys personatus ) Southeastern pocket gopher ( Geomys pinetis ) Central Texas pocket gopher ( Geomys texensis ) Tropical pocket gopher ( Geomys tropicalis ) Genus Orthogeomys - giant pocket gophers or taltuzas; live in Mexico, Central America, and Colombia Chiriqui pocket gopher ( Orthogeomys cavator ) Cherrie's pocket gopher ( O. cherriei ) Oaxacan pocket gopher ( O. cuniculus ) Darien pocket gopher ( O. dariensis ) Giant pocket gopher ( O. grandis ) Variable pocket gopher ( O. heterodus ) Hispid pocket gopher ( O. hispidus ) Big pocket gopher ( O. lanius ) Nicaraguan pocket gopher ( O. matagalpae ) Thaeler's pocket gopher ( O. thaeleri ) Underwood's pocket gopher ( O. underwoodi ) Genus Pappogeomys ; live in Mexico Alcorn's pocket gopher ( P. alcorni ) Buller's pocket gopher ( P. bulleri ) Genus Thomomys - western pocket gophers; widely distributed in North America, extending into the northwestern US, Canada, and the southeastern US. Botta's pocket gopher ( T. bottae ) Camas pocket gopher ( T. bulbivorus ) Wyoming pocket gopher ( T. clusius ) Idaho pocket gopher ( T. idahoensis ) Mazama pocket gopher ( T. mazama ) Mountain pocket gopher ( T. monticola ) Northern pocket gopher ( T. talpoides ) Townsend's pocket gopher ( T. townsendii ) Southern pocket gopher ( T. umbrinus ) Genus Zygogeomys Michoacan pocket gopher or tuza ( Zygogeomys trichopus ) Some sources also list a genus Hypogeomys , with one species, but this genus name is normally used for the Malagasy giant rat , which belongs to the family Nesomyidae . In popular culture ( edit ) Minnesota is nicknamed the `` Gopher State'' , and the University of Minnesota 's athletics teams are collectively known as the Golden Gophers , led by mascot Goldy Gopher . Internet Gopher protocol was created at the University of Minnesota . Gainer the Gopher is the mascot of the Saskatchewan Roughriders in the Canadian Football League. A gopher also plays a key role in the film Caddyshack . The mascot of the Go programming language is the Go Gopher. Gordon the Gopher is an English puppet gopher which appeared on Children's BBC (CBBC) between 1985 and 1987. Gophers! was a British children's programme that ran on Channel 4 between 1988 and 1990. Gopher is a character in the Disney cartoon adaptations of the children's book Winnie-the-Pooh . See also ( edit ) Mammals portal Naked mole rat References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Eduardo Jiménez -Hidalgo; Rosalía Guerrero-Arenas; Krister T. Smith (2017). `` Gregorymys veloxikua , The Oldest Pocket Gopher (Rodentia: Geomyidae), and The Early Diversification of Geomyoidea'' . Journal of Mammalian Evolution. in press. doi : 10.1007/s10914-017-9383-z . Jump up ^ `` ODFW, Oregon Wildlife Species: Gophers'' . Dfw.state.or.us. 2014-08-25 . Retrieved 2017-05-27 . Jump up ^ `` Outwit Critters:'' . Retrieved 16 January 2014 . There are 35 species of gophers living in both North and Central America. Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2017-04-04 . Retrieved 2017-04-03 . Jump up ^ `` American Heritage Dictionary Entry: gopher'' . Ahdictionary.com . Retrieved 2017-05-27 . Jump up ^ Macdonald, David W., ed. (2006). The Encyclopedia of Mammals . Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-920608-2 . ^ Jump up to: Hygnstrom, Scott E. (2010). Prevention and Control of Wildlife Damage . DIANE Publishing Inc. p. B-- 21. ISBN 1-4379-3688-1 . Jump up ^ Whisson, Delsey. Small Grain Production Pt 8: Pest Management -- Vertebrates . UCANR Publications. p. 5. ISBN 1-60107-411-5 . Jump up ^ `` Pocket Gophers'' . National Wildlife Federation . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gopher'' . A-Z Animals . Retrieved 19 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Pocket Gopher FAQs:'' . Retrieved 2 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Patton, James (1984). Macdonald, D., ed. The Encyclopedia of Mammals . New York: Facts on File. pp. 628-- 631. ISBN 0-87196-871-1 . Jump up ^ Hazardous Substances and New Organisms Act 2003 - Schedule 2 Prohibited new organisms , New Zealand Government , retrieved 26 January 2012 Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2012-11-09 . Retrieved 2010-09-17 . Jump up ^ Martin, Scott (25 March 2007). `` The Book of Caddyshack: Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About the Greatest Movie Ever Made'' . Taylor Trade Publishing -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` The Go Gopher - The Go Blog'' . Jump up ^ `` Archive - The CBBC Broom Cupboard - 25 Years of live Children's BBC presentation'' . BBC . Retrieved 2017-05-27 . Jump up ^ TV, Guardian (6 August 2015). `` Gordon's alive! Phillip Schofield's puppet sidekick is back'' . The Guardian . External links ( edit ) Geomyidae (Pocket gophers) . Article on the Animal Diversity Web site `` Gopher '' . The American Cyclopædia. 1879. Extant species of family Geomyidae (Pocket gophers) Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Suborder: Castorimorpha Superfamily: Geomyoidea Cratogeomys Yellow-faced pocket gopher ( C. castanops ) Oriental Basin pocket gopher ( C. fulvescens ) Smoky pocket gopher ( C. fumosus ) Merriam's pocket gopher ( C. merriami ) Perote pocket gopher ( C. perotensis ) Flat-headed pocket gopher ( C. planiceps ) Geomys (Eastern pocket gophers) Desert pocket gopher ( G. arenarius ) Attwater's pocket gopher ( G. attwateri ) Baird's pocket gopher ( G. breviceps ) Plains pocket gopher ( G. bursarius ) Knox Jones's pocket gopher ( G. knoxjonesi ) Texas pocket gopher ( G. personatus ) Southeastern pocket gopher ( G. pinetis ) Central Texas pocket gopher ( G. texensis ) Tropical pocket gopher ( G. tropicalis ) Orthogeomys Chiriqui pocket gopher ( O. cavator ) Cherrie's pocket gopher ( O. cherriei ) Oaxacan pocket gopher ( O. cuniculus ) Darien pocket gopher ( O. dariensis ) Giant pocket gopher ( O. grandis ) Variable pocket gopher ( O. heterodus ) Hispid pocket gopher ( O. hispidus ) Big pocket gopher ( O. lanius ) Nicaraguan pocket gopher ( O. matagalpae ) Thaeler's pocket gopher ( O. thaeleri ) Underwood's pocket gopher ( O. underwoodi ) Pappogeomys Alcorn's pocket gopher ( P. alcorni ) Buller's pocket gopher ( P. bulleri ) Thomomys (Smooth-toothed pocket gophers) Subgenus Megascapheus Botta's pocket gopher ( T. bottae ) Camas pocket gopher ( T. bulbivorus ) Townsend's pocket gopher ( T. townsendii ) Southern pocket gopher ( T. umbrinus ) Subgenus Thomomys Wyoming pocket gopher ( T. clusius ) Idaho pocket gopher ( T. idahoensis ) Mazama pocket gopher ( T. mazama ) Mountain pocket gopher ( T. monticola ) Northern pocket gopher ( T. talpoides ) Zygogeomys Michoacan pocket gopher ( Z. trichopus ) Extant families in order Rodentia Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Infraclass: Eutheria Superorder: Euarchontoglires Sciuromorpha (`` Squirrel-like'' ) Aplodontiidae (Mountain beaver) Gliridae (Dormice) Sciuridae (Squirrels, chipmunks, marmots, susliks and prairie dogs) Castorimorpha (`` Beaver-like'' ) Castoroidea Castoridae (Beavers) Geomyoidea Geomyidae (Pocket gophers) Heteromyidae (Kangaroo rats and mice, pocket mice) Myomorpha (`` Mouse-like'' ) Dipodoidea Dipodidae (Jerboas, jumping mice and birch mice) Muroidea Platacanthomyidae (Oriental dormice) Spalacidae (Zokors, bamboo rats, mole rats, blind mole rats) Calomyscidae (Mouse-like hamsters) Nesomyidae (Malagasy rats and relatives) Cricetidae (Hamsters and relatives) Muridae (House mouse and relatives) Anomaluromorpha (`` Anomalure-like'' ) Anomaluridae (Anomalures) Pedetidae (Springhares) Hystricomorpha (`` Porcupine-like'' ) Ctenodactylidae (Gundis) Diatomyidae (Laotian rock rat) Hystricidae (Old World porcupines) Phiomorpha Bathyergidae (Blesmols) Petromuridae (Dassie rat) Thryonomyidae (Cane rats) Caviomorpha (New World hystricognaths) Erethizontidae (New World porcupines) Caviidae (Cavies) Cuniculidae (Pacas) Dasyproctidae (Agoutis and acouchis) Dinomyidae (Pacarana) Capromyidae (Hutias) Ctenomyidae (Tuco-tucos) Echimyidae (Spiny rats and coypus) Octodontidae (Degus and relatives) Abrocomidae (Chinchilla rats) Chinchillidae (Chinchillas and viscachas) Taxon identifiers Wd : Q756901 ADW : Geomyidae EoL : 8692 EPPO : 1GEMYF Fossilworks : 41651 GBIF : 9437 IRMNG: 104890 ITIS : 180213 MSW : 12800001 NCBI : 10010 uBio: 110178 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gopher&oldid=842945326 '' Categories : Pocket gophers Mammals of North America Rodents of Central America Mammals of Canada Mammals of Mexico Mammals of the United States Agricultural pests Fauna of the Western United States Fauna of the California chaparral and woodlands Grasslands of Mexico Grasslands of the United States Great Plains Rodents by common name Extant Eocene first appearances Hidden categories: Articles with ' species' microformats Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from The American Cyclopaedia with a Wikisource reference Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies تۆرکجه বাংলা Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Eesti Español فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Italiano עברית Кыргызча Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Occitan Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 中文 26 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 May 2018, at 19:12. 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-9174127785021821868

what is the scientific name of vitamin b3

A vitamin is an organic molecule ( or related set of molecules ) which is an essential micronutrient -- that is , a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism but can not synthesize , either at all or in sufficient quantities , and therefore must obtain through its diet . The term vitamin does not include the three other essential nutrients : essential mineral ( nutrient ) s , essential fatty acids , and essential amino acids . Some substances can be synthesized by a certain organism , but not by another : that substance is not a vitamin in the first instance , but it is in the second . Most vitamins are not single molecules , but groups of related molecules called vitamers . Vitamins are classified by their biological / chemical activity , not their structure . The thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism are : vitamin A ( retinols and carotenoids ) , vitamin B ( thiamine ) , vitamin B ( riboflavin ) , vitamin B ( niacin ) , vitamin B ( pantothenic acid ) , vitamin B ( pyridoxine ) , vitamin B ( biotin ) , vitamin B ( folic acid or folate ) , vitamin B ( cobalamins ) , vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ) , vitamin D ( calciferols ) , vitamin E ( tocopherols and tocotrienols ) , and vitamin K ( quinones ) .

Vitamin - wikipedia Vitamin For other uses, see Vitamin (disambiguation) . Vitamin Drug class A bottle of B-complex vitamin pills Pronunciation UK : / ˈvɪtəmɪn , ˈvaɪ -/ US : / ˈvaɪtəmɪn / In Wikidata A vitamin is an organic molecule (or related set of molecules) which is an essential micronutrient -- that is, a substance which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism but cannot synthesize, either at all or in sufficient quantities, and therefore must obtain through its diet . The term vitamin does not include the three other essential nutrients : essential mineral (nutrient)s , essential fatty acids , and essential amino acids . Some substances can be synthesized by a certain organism, but not by another: that substance is not a vitamin in the first instance, but it is in the second. Most vitamins are not single molecules, but groups of related molecules called vitamers . Vitamins are classified by their biological/chemical activity, not their structure. The thirteen vitamins required by human metabolism are: vitamin A ( retinols and carotenoids ), vitamin B ( thiamine ), vitamin B ( riboflavin ), vitamin B ( niacin ), vitamin B ( pantothenic acid ), vitamin B ( pyridoxine ), vitamin B ( biotin ), vitamin B ( folic acid or folate ), vitamin B ( cobalamins ), vitamin C ( ascorbic acid ), vitamin D ( calciferols ), vitamin E ( tocopherols and tocotrienols ), and vitamin K ( quinones ). Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions. Some forms of vitamin A function as regulators of cell and tissue growth and differentiation. The B complex vitamins function as enzyme cofactors ( coenzymes ) or the precursors for them. Vitamin D has a hormone-like function as a regulator of mineral metabolism, and is anti-proliferative . Vitamin E (and sometimes vitamin C ), functions as an antioxidant . Both deficient and excess intake of a vitamin can potentially cause clinically significant illness; although excess intake of a water-soluble vitamin is least likely to do so. All vitamins were discovered (identified) between 1913 and 1948. Before 1935, the only source of vitamins for humans was from food. Since food sources and availability inevitably fluctuated, so did the amount of vitamins ingested: sometimes with resulting vitamin deficiency. Then commercially produced tablets of yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C became available. This was followed in the 1950s by the mass production, and promotion, of vitamin supplements , including multivitamins , to prevent vitamin deficiencies in the general population, but is thought to be of little value in healthy people. The addition of vitamins to staple foods ( food fortification ) has prevented folic acid and vitamin B vitamin deficiencies. The oral administration of certain vitamins during pregnancy prevents both maternal and fetal vitamin deficiencies. The term vitamin is derived from the word vitamine , coined in 1912 by biochemist Casimir Funk , who isolated a complex of micronutrients essential to life, all of which he presumed to be amines. When this presumption was later determined not to be true, the `` e'' was dropped from the name. Contents 1 List 2 Sources 3 Classification by solubility 4 Biochemical functions 5 Effects 5.1 On fetal growth and childhood development 5.2 On adult health maintenance 5.3 Of cooking 6 Deficient intake 7 Excess intake 7.1 Symptoms 7.2 Toxic levels 7.3 Incidence 8 Supplements 8.1 Commercial production 8.2 Governmental regulation 9 Naming 10 Promotion 11 Anti-vitamins 12 History 13 Etymology 14 See also 15 References 16 External links List ( edit ) Vitamin generic descriptor name Vitamer chemical name(s) (list not complete) Solubility United States Recommended dietary allowances (male/female, age 19-- 70) Deficiency disease Upper Intake Level (UL/day) Overdose syndrome/symptoms Food sources Vitamin A Retinol , retinal , and four carotenoids including beta carotene Fat 900 μg /700 μg Night blindness , hyperkeratosis , and keratomalacia 3,000 μg Hypervitaminosis A Liver, orange, ripe yellow fruits, leafy vegetables, carrots, pumpkin, squash, spinach, fish, soy milk, milk Vitamin B Thiamine Water 1.2 mg/1.1 mg Beriberi , Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome N/D Drowsiness and muscle relaxation Pork, oatmeal, brown rice, vegetables, potatoes, liver, eggs Vitamin B Riboflavin Water 1.3 mg/1.1 mg Ariboflavinosis , glossitis , angular stomatitis N/D Dairy products, bananas, popcorn, green beans, asparagus Vitamin B Niacin , niacinamide , Nicotinamide riboside Water 16 mg/14 mg Pellagra 35 mg Liver damage (doses > 2g/day) and other problems Meat, fish, eggs, many vegetables, mushrooms, tree nuts Vitamin B Pantothenic acid Water 5 mg/5 mg Paresthesia N/D Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn. Meat, broccoli, avocados Vitamin B Pyridoxine , pyridoxamine , pyridoxal Water 1.3-- 1.7 mg/1.2-- 1.5 mg Anemia peripheral neuropathy 100 mg Impairment of proprioception , nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day) Meat, vegetables, tree nuts, bananas Vitamin B Biotin Water AI: 30 μg /30 μg Dermatitis , enteritis N/D Raw egg yolk, liver, peanuts, leafy green vegetables Vitamin B Folates Water 400 μg /400 μg Megaloblastic anemia and deficiency during pregnancy is associated with birth defects , such as neural tube defects 1,000 μg May mask symptoms of vitamin B deficiency; other effects . Leafy vegetables, pasta, bread, cereal, liver Vitamin B Cyanocobalamin , hydroxocobalamin , methylcobalamin , adenosylcobalamin Water 2.4 μg /2.4 μg Pernicious anemia N/D None proven Meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk Vitamin C Ascorbic acid Water 90 mg/75 mg Scurvy 2,000 mg None known Many fruits and vegetables, liver Vitamin D Cholecalciferol (D3), Ergocalciferol (D2) Fat 15 μg /15 μg Rickets and osteomalacia males and females 15 μg / > 70 years 20 μg Hypervitaminosis D Lichen, eggs, liver, certain fish species such as sardines , certain mushroom species such as shiitake Vitamin E Tocopherols , tocotrienols Fat 15 mg/15 mg Deficiency is very rare; sterility in males and miscarriage in females, mild hemolytic anemia in newborn infants 1,000 mg Possible increased incidence of congestive heart failure. Many fruits and vegetables, nuts and seeds Vitamin K Phylloquinone , menaquinones Fat AI: 110 μg /120 μg Bleeding diathesis N/D Decreased anticoagulation effect of warfarin . Leafy green vegetables such as spinach; egg yolks; liver Sources ( edit ) For the most part, vitamins are obtained from the diet, but some are acquired by other means: for example, microorganisms in the gut flora produce vitamin K and biotin; and one form of vitamin D is synthesized in skin cells when they are exposed to a certain wavelength of ultraviolet light present in sunlight . Humans can produce some vitamins from precursors they consume: for example, vitamin A is synthesized from beta carotene ; and niacin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan . Classification by solubility ( edit ) Vitamins are classified as either water -soluble or fat-soluble . In humans there are 13 vitamins: 4 fat-soluble (A, D, E, and K) and 9 water-soluble (8 B vitamins and vitamin C). Water-soluble vitamins dissolve easily in water and, in general, are readily excreted from the body, to the degree that urinary output is a strong predictor of vitamin consumption. Because they are not as readily stored, more consistent intake is important. Fat-soluble vitamins are absorbed through the intestinal tract with the help of lipids (fats). Because they are more likely to accumulate in the body, they are more likely to lead to hypervitaminosis than are water-soluble vitamins. Fat-soluble vitamin regulation is of particular significance in cystic fibrosis . Biochemical functions ( edit ) Each vitamin is typically used in multiple reactions, and therefore most have multiple functions. Effects ( edit ) On fetal growth and childhood development ( edit ) Vitamins are essential for the normal growth and development of a multicellular organism. Using the genetic blueprint inherited from its parents, a fetus begins to develop from the nutrients it absorbs. It requires certain vitamins and minerals to be present at certain times. These nutrients facilitate the chemical reactions that produce among other things, skin , bone , and muscle . If there is serious deficiency in one or more of these nutrients, a child may develop a deficiency disease. Even minor deficiencies may cause permanent damage. On adult health maintenance ( edit ) Once growth and development are completed, vitamins remain essential nutrients for the healthy maintenance of the cells, tissues, and organs that make up a multicellular organism; they also enable a multicellular life form to efficiently use chemical energy provided by food it eats, and to help process the proteins, carbohydrates, and fats required for cellular respiration . Of cooking ( edit ) The USDA has conducted extensive studies on the percentage losses of various nutrients from different food types and cooking methods. Some vitamins may become more `` bio-available'' -- that is, usable by the body -- when foods are cooked. The table below shows whether various vitamins are susceptible to loss from heat-- such as heat from boiling, steaming, frying, etc. The effect of cutting vegetables can be seen from exposure to air and light. Water-soluble vitamins such as B and C dissolve into the water when a vegetable is boiled, and are then lost when the water is discarded. Vitamin Soluble in Water Stable to Air Exposure Stable to Light Exposure Stable to Heat Exposure Vitamin A no partially partially relatively stable Vitamin C very unstable yes yes yes Vitamin D no no no no Vitamin E no yes yes no Vitamin K no no yes no Thiamine (B ) highly no ? > 100 ° C Riboflavin (B ) slightly no in solution no Niacin (B ) yes no no no Pantothenic Acid (B ) quite stable ? no yes Vitamin B yes ? yes ? Biotin (B ) somewhat ? ? no Folic Acid (B ) yes ? when dry at high temp Vitamin B yes ? yes no Deficient intake ( edit ) Humans must consume vitamins periodically but with differing schedules, to avoid deficiency . The body's stores for different vitamins vary widely; vitamins A, D, and B are stored in significant amounts, mainly in the liver , and an adult's diet may be deficient in vitamins A and D for many months and B in some cases for years, before developing a deficiency condition. However, vitamin B (niacin and niacinamide) is not stored in significant amounts, so stores may last only a couple of weeks. For vitamin C, the first symptoms of scurvy in experimental studies of complete vitamin C deprivation in humans have varied widely, from a month to more than six months, depending on previous dietary history that determined body stores. Deficiencies of vitamins are classified as either primary or secondary. A primary deficiency occurs when an organism does not get enough of the vitamin in its food. A secondary deficiency may be due to an underlying disorder that prevents or limits the absorption or use of the vitamin, due to a `` lifestyle factor'' , such as smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, or the use of medications that interfere with the absorption or use of the vitamin. People who eat a varied diet are unlikely to develop a severe primary vitamin deficiency. In contrast, restrictive diets have the potential to cause prolonged vitamin deficits, which may result in often painful and potentially deadly diseases . Well-known human vitamin deficiencies involve thiamine ( beriberi ), niacin ( pellagra ), vitamin C ( scurvy ), and vitamin D ( rickets ). In much of the developed world, such deficiencies are rare; this is due to (1) an adequate supply of food and (2) the addition of vitamins and minerals to common foods ( fortification ). In addition to these classical vitamin deficiency diseases, some evidence has also suggested links between vitamin deficiency and a number of different disorders. Excess intake ( edit ) Symptoms ( edit ) Some vitamins have documented side effects that tend to be more severe with a larger dosage. Acute symptoms can include nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. Toxic levels ( edit ) In the United States, the Institute of Medicine of the National Academies has established Tolerable upper intake levels (ULs) for those vitamins which have documented side effects at high intakes. In the European Union the European Food Safety Authority has also set ULs. ULs from the two organizations do not always match. Incidence ( edit ) The likelihood of consuming too much of any vitamin from food is remote, but overdosing ( vitamin poisoning ) from vitamin supplementation does occur. In 2014, overdose exposure to all formulations of vitamins and multi-vitamin/mineral formulations was reported by 68,058 individuals to the American Association of Poison Control Centers with 73% of these exposures in children under the age of five. Supplements ( edit ) Calcium combined with vitamin D (as calciferol) supplement tablets with fillers. In those who are otherwise healthy, there is little evidence that supplements have any benefits with respect to cancer or heart disease . Vitamin A and E supplements not only provide no health benefits for generally healthy individuals, but they may increase mortality, though the two large studies that support this conclusion included smokers for whom it was already known that beta-carotene supplements can be harmful. Other findings suggest that vitamin E toxicity is limited to only a specific form when taken in excess. The European Union and other countries of Europe have regulations that define limits of vitamin (and mineral) dosages for their safe use as dietary supplements. Most vitamins that are sold as dietary supplements are not supposed to exceed a maximum daily dosage referred to as the tolerable upper intake level (UL). Vitamin products above these regulatory limits are not considered supplements and should be registered as prescription or non-prescription ( over-the-counter drugs ) due to their potential side effects. The European Union, United States, Japan and some other countries each set ULs. Dietary supplements often contain vitamins, but may also include other ingredients, such as minerals, herbs, and botanicals. Scientific evidence supports the benefits of dietary supplements for persons with certain health conditions. In some cases, vitamin supplements may have unwanted effects, especially if taken before surgery, with other dietary supplements or medicines, or if the person taking them has certain health conditions. They may also contain levels of vitamins many times higher, and in different forms, than one may ingest through food. Commercial production ( edit ) Until the mid-1930s, when the first commercial yeast-extract vitamin B complex and semi-synthetic vitamin C supplement tablets were sold, vitamins were obtained solely through the diet . Vitamins have been produced as inexpensive supplements since the 1950s. Governmental regulation ( edit ) Most countries place dietary supplements in a special category under the general umbrella of foods , not drugs. As a result, the manufacturer, and not the government, has the responsibility of ensuring that its dietary supplement products are safe before they are marketed. Regulation of supplements varies widely by country. In the United States , a dietary supplement is defined under the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994. There is no FDA approval process for dietary supplements, and no requirement that manufacturers prove the safety or efficacy of supplements introduced before 1994. The Food and Drug Administration must rely on its Adverse Event Reporting System to monitor adverse events that occur with supplements. In 2007, the US Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) Title 21, part III took effect, regulating Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs) in the manufacturing, packaging, labeling, or holding operations for dietary supplements. Even though product registration is not required, these regulations mandate production and quality control standards (including testing for identity, purity and adulterations) for dietary supplements. In the European Union, the Food Supplements Directive requires that only those supplements that have been proven safe can be sold without a prescription. For most vitamins, pharmacopoeial standards have been established. In the United States, the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) sets standards for the most commonly used vitamins and preparations thereof. Likewise, monographs of the European Pharmacopoeia (Ph.Eur.) regulate aspects of identity and purity for vitamins on the European market. Naming ( edit ) Nomenclature of reclassified vitamins Previous name Chemical name Reason for name change Vitamin B Adenine DNA metabolite; synthesized in body Vitamin B Adenylic acid DNA metabolite; synthesized in body Vitamin B Carnitine Synthesized in body Vitamin F Essential fatty acids Needed in large quantities (does not fit the definition of a vitamin). Vitamin G Riboflavin Reclassified as Vitamin B Vitamin H Biotin Reclassified as Vitamin B Vitamin J Catechol , Flavin Catechol nonessential; flavin reclassified as Vitamin B Vitamin L Anthranilic acid Non essential Vitamin L Adenylthiomethylpentose RNA metabolite; synthesized in body Vitamin M Folic acid Reclassified as Vitamin B Vitamin P Flavonoids No longer classified as a vitamin Vitamin PP Niacin Reclassified as Vitamin B Vitamin S Salicylic acid Proposed inclusion of salicylate as an essential micronutrient Vitamin U S-Methylmethionine Protein metabolite; synthesized in body The reason that the set of vitamins skips directly from E to K is that the vitamins corresponding to letters F-- J were either reclassified over time, discarded as false leads, or renamed because of their relationship to vitamin B, which became a complex of vitamins. The German-speaking scientists who isolated and described vitamin K (in addition to naming it as such) did so because the vitamin is intimately involved in the coagulation of blood following wounding (from the German word Koagulation ). At the time, most (but not all) of the letters from F through to J were already designated, so the use of the letter K was considered quite reasonable. The table nomenclature of reclassified vitamins lists chemicals that had previously been classified as vitamins, as well as the earlier names of vitamins that later became part of the B-complex. There are other missing B vitamins which were reclassified or determined not to be vitamins. For example, B is folic acid and five of the folates are in the range B through B , forms of other vitamins already discovered, not required as a nutrient by the entire population (like B , PABA for internal use ), biologically inactive, toxic, or with unclassifiable effects in humans, or not generally recognised as vitamins by science, such as the highest-numbered, which some naturopath practitioners call B and B. There are also nine lettered B complex vitamins (e.g. B ). There are other D vitamins now recognised as other substances, which some sources of the same type number up to D . The controversial cancer treatment laetrile was at one point lettered as vitamin B. There appears to be no consensus on any vitamins Q, R, T, V, W, X, Y or Z, nor are there substances officially designated as Vitamins N or I, although the latter may have been another form of one of the other vitamins or a known and named nutrient of another type. Promotion ( edit ) Once discovered, vitamins were actively promoted in articles and advertisements in McCall's , Good Housekeeping , and other media outlets. Marketers enthusiastically promoted cod-liver oil , a source of Vitamin D, as `` bottled sunshine'' , and bananas as a `` natural vitality food'' . They promoted foods such as yeast cakes, a source of B vitamins, on the basis of scientifically-determined nutritional value, rather than taste or appearance. World War II researchers focused on the need to ensure adequate nutrition, especially in processed foods . Robert W. Yoder is credited with first using the term vitamania , in 1942, to describe the appeal of relying on nutritional supplements rather than on obtaining vitamins from a varied diet of foods. The continuing preoccupation with a healthy lifestyle has led to an obsessive consumption of additives the beneficial effects of which are questionable. Anti-vitamins ( edit ) Main article: Antinutrient Anti-vitamins are chemical compounds that inhibit the absorption or actions of vitamins. For example, avidin is a protein in raw egg whites that inhibits the absorption of biotin ; it is deactivated by cooking. Pyrithiamine, a synthetic compound, has a molecular structure similar to thiamine, vitamin B , and inhibits the enzymes that use thiamine. History ( edit ) The discovery dates of the vitamins and their sources Year of discovery Vitamin Food source 1913 Vitamin A (Retinol) Cod liver oil 1910 Vitamin B (Thiamine) Rice bran 1920 Vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) Citrus , most fresh foods 1920 Vitamin D (Calciferol) Cod liver oil 1920 Vitamin B (Riboflavin) Meat , dairy products , eggs 1922 Vitamin E (Tocopherol) Wheat germ oil , unrefined vegetable oils 1929 Vitamin K ( Phylloquinone ) Leaf vegetables 1931 Vitamin B (Pantothenic acid) Meat, whole grains , in many foods 1931 Vitamin B (Biotin) Meat, dairy products, Eggs 1934 Vitamin B (Pyridoxine) Meat, dairy products 1936 Vitamin B (Niacin) Meat, grains 1941 Vitamin B (Folic acid) Leaf vegetables 1948 Vitamin B (Cobalamins) Meat, organs ( Liver ), Eggs The value of eating certain foods to maintain health was recognized long before vitamins were identified. The ancient Egyptians knew that feeding liver to a person may help with night blindness , an illness now known to be caused by a vitamin A deficiency. The advancement of ocean voyages during the Renaissance resulted in prolonged periods without access to fresh fruits and vegetables, and made illnesses from vitamin deficiency common among ships' crews. In 1747, the Scottish surgeon James Lind discovered that citrus foods helped prevent scurvy , a particularly deadly disease in which collagen is not properly formed, causing poor wound healing, bleeding of the gums , severe pain, and death. In 1753, Lind published his Treatise on the Scurvy , which recommended using lemons and limes to avoid scurvy , which was adopted by the British Royal Navy . This led to the nickname limey for British sailors. Lind's discovery, however, was not widely accepted by individuals in the Royal Navy's Arctic expeditions in the 19th century, where it was widely believed that scurvy could be prevented by practicing good hygiene , regular exercise, and maintaining the morale of the crew while on board, rather than by a diet of fresh food. As a result, Arctic expeditions continued to be plagued by scurvy and other deficiency diseases . In the early 20th century, when Robert Falcon Scott made his two expeditions to the Antarctic , the prevailing medical theory at the time was that scurvy was caused by `` tainted'' canned food . During the late 18th and early 19th centuries, the use of deprivation studies allowed scientists to isolate and identify a number of vitamins. Lipid from fish oil was used to cure rickets in rats , and the fat-soluble nutrient was called `` antirachitic A'' . Thus, the first `` vitamin'' bioactivity ever isolated, which cured rickets, was initially called `` vitamin A'' ; however, the bioactivity of this compound is now called vitamin D. In 1881, Russian medical doctor Nikolai I. Lunin ( ru ) studied the effects of scurvy at the University of Tartu . He fed mice an artificial mixture of all the separate constituents of milk known at that time, namely the proteins , fats , carbohydrates , and salts . The mice that received only the individual constituents died, while the mice fed by milk itself developed normally. He made a conclusion that `` a natural food such as milk must therefore contain, besides these known principal ingredients, small quantities of unknown substances essential to life.'' However, his conclusions were rejected by his advisor, Gustav von Bunge , even after other students reproduced his results. A similar result by Cornelius Pekelharing appeared in a Dutch medical journal in 1905, but it was not widely reported. In East Asia , where polished white rice was the common staple food of the middle class, beriberi resulting from lack of vitamin B was endemic . In 1884, Takaki Kanehiro , a British-trained medical doctor of the Imperial Japanese Navy , observed that beriberi was endemic among low-ranking crew who often ate nothing but rice, but not among officers who consumed a Western-style diet. With the support of the Japanese navy, he experimented using crews of two battleships ; one crew was fed only white rice, while the other was fed a diet of meat, fish, barley, rice, and beans. The group that ate only white rice documented 161 crew members with beriberi and 25 deaths, while the latter group had only 14 cases of beriberi and no deaths. This convinced Takaki and the Japanese Navy that diet was the cause of beriberi, but they mistakenly believed that sufficient amounts of protein prevented it. That diseases could result from some dietary deficiencies was further investigated by Christiaan Eijkman , who in 1897 discovered that feeding unpolished rice instead of the polished variety to chickens helped to prevent beriberi in the chickens. The following year, Frederick Hopkins postulated that some foods contained `` accessory factors'' -- in addition to proteins, carbohydrates, fats etc. -- that are necessary for the functions of the human body. Hopkins and Eijkman were awarded the Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine in 1929 for their discoveries. Jack Drummond 's single paragraph paper in 1920 which provided structure and nomenclature used today for vitamins In 1910, the first vitamin complex was isolated by Japanese scientist Umetaro Suzuki , who succeeded in extracting a water-soluble complex of micronutrients from rice bran and named it aberic acid (later Orizanin ). He published this discovery in a Japanese scientific journal. When the article was translated into German, the translation failed to state that it was a newly discovered nutrient, a claim made in the original Japanese article, and hence his discovery failed to gain publicity. In 1912 Polish-born biochemist Casimir Funk , working in London, isolated the same complex of micronutrients and proposed the complex be named `` vitamine'' . It was later to be known as vitamin B (niacin), though he described it as `` anti-beri-beri-factor'' (which would today be called thiamine or vitamin B ). Funk proposed the hypothesis that other diseases, such as rickets, pellagra, coeliac disease, and scurvy could also be cured by vitamins. Max Nierenstein a friend and reader of Biochemistry at Bristol University reportedly suggested the `` vitamine'' name (from `` vital amine'' ). The name soon became synonymous with Hopkins' `` accessory factors'' , and, by the time it was shown that not all vitamins are amines , the word was already ubiquitous. In 1920, Jack Cecil Drummond proposed that the final `` e'' be dropped to deemphasize the `` amine'' reference, after researchers began to suspect that not all `` vitamines'' (in particular, vitamin A ) have an amine component. In 1930, Paul Karrer elucidated the correct structure for beta-carotene , the main precursor of vitamin A, and identified other carotenoids . Karrer and Norman Haworth confirmed Albert Szent-Györgyi 's discovery of ascorbic acid and made significant contributions to the chemistry of flavins , which led to the identification of lactoflavin . For their investigations on carotenoids, flavins and vitamins A and B , they both received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1937. In 1931, Albert Szent-Györgyi and a fellow researcher Joseph Svirbely suspected that `` hexuronic acid'' was actually vitamin C , and gave a sample to Charles Glen King , who proved its anti-scorbutic activity in his long-established guinea pig scorbutic assay. In 1937, Szent-Györgyi was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery. In 1943, Edward Adelbert Doisy and Henrik Dam were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery of vitamin K and its chemical structure. In 1967, George Wald was awarded the Nobel Prize (along with Ragnar Granit and Haldan Keffer Hartline ) for his discovery that vitamin A could participate directly in a physiological process. In 1938, Richard Kuhn was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on carotenoids and vitamins, specifically B and B . Etymology ( edit ) The term vitamin was derived from `` vitamine'' , a compound word coined in 1912 by the Polish biochemist Casimir Funk when working at the Lister Institute of Preventive Medicine . The name is from vital and amine , meaning amine of life, because it was suggested in 1912 that the organic micronutrient food factors that prevent beriberi and perhaps other similar dietary-deficiency diseases might be chemical amines. This was true of thiamine , but after it was found that other such micronutrients were not amines the word was shortened to vitamin in English. See also ( edit ) Food portal Provitamin References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones, Daniel (2011). Roach, Peter ; Setter, Jane ; Esling, John , eds. Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary (18th ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-052-115255-6 . Jump up ^ Maton, Anthea; Jean Hopkins; Charles William McLaughlin; Susan Johnson; Maryanna Quon Warner; David LaHart; Jill D. Wright (1993). Human Biology and Health . Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, USA: Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-981176-1 . OCLC 32308337 . ^ Jump up to: Bender, David A. (2003). Nutritional biochemistry of the vitamins . Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80388-5 . ^ Jump up to: Fortmann, SP; Burda, BU; Senger, CA; Lin, JS; Whitlock, EP (12 Nov 2013). `` Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: An Updated Systematic Evidence Review for the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force'' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 159 (12): 824-- 34. doi : 10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00729 . PMID 24217421 . Jump up ^ Jr, Gerald F. Combs (2007-10-30). The Vitamins . Elsevier. ISBN 9780080561301 . ^ Jump up to: Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins . The National Academies, 2001. ^ Jump up to: `` Vitamin A: Fact Sheet for Health Professionals'' . National Institute of Health : Office of Dietary Supplements. 5 June 2013 . Retrieved 2013-08-03 . Jump up ^ `` Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins'' . The National Academies. 2001. Archived from the original on 17 August 2013 . Retrieved 3 August 2013 . Amount not determinable due to lack of data of adverse effects. Source of intake should be from food only to prevent high levels of intake. Jump up ^ `` Thiamin, vitamin B1: MedlinePlus Supplements'' . U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health . Jump up ^ Hardman, J.G.; et al., eds. (2001). Goodman and Gilman's Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (10th ed.). p. 992. ISBN 0071354697 . Jump up ^ Plain type indicates Adequate Intakes (A/I). `` The AI is believed to cover the needs of all individuals, but a lack of data prevent being able to specify with confidence the percentage of individuals covered by this intake'' (see Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins Archived 17 August 2013 at WebCite . The National Academies, 2001). Jump up ^ `` Pantothenic acid, dexpanthenol: MedlinePlus Supplements'' . MedlinePlus . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B6 . Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (15 September 2011). Retrieved on 2013-08-03. Jump up ^ Vitamin and Mineral Supplement Fact Sheets Vitamin B12 . Dietary-supplements.info.nih.gov (24 June 2011). Retrieved on 2013-08-03. Jump up ^ Value represents suggested intake without adequate sunlight exposure (see Dietary Reference Intakes: Vitamins Archived 17 August 2013 at WebCite . The National Academies, 2001). ^ Jump up to: The Merck Manual: Nutritional Disorders: Vitamin Introduction Please select specific vitamins from the list at the top of the page. Jump up ^ Gaby, Alan R. (2005). `` Does vitamin E cause congestive heart failure? (Literature Review & Commentary)'' . Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients . Jump up ^ Rohde LE; de Assis MC; Rabelo ER (2007). `` Dietary vitamin K intake and anticoagulation in elderly patients'' . Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care . 10 (1): 1-- 5. doi : 10.1097/MCO.0b013e328011c46c . PMID 17143047 . Jump up ^ Fukuwatari T; Shibata K (2008). `` Urinary water-soluble vitamins and their metabolite contents as nutritional markers for evaluating vitamin intakes among young Japanese women'' . J. Nutr. Sci. Vitaminol. 54 (3): 223-- 9. doi : 10.3177/jnsv.54.223 . PMID 18635909 . Jump up ^ Bellows, L. & Moore, R. `` Water-Soluble Vitamins'' . Colorado State University . Retrieved 7 December 2008 . Jump up ^ Maqbool A; Stallings VA (2008). `` Update on fat-soluble vitamins in cystic fibrosis'' . Curr Opin Pulm Med. 14 (6): 574-- 81. doi : 10.1097/MCP.0b013e3283136787 . PMID 18812835 . Jump up ^ Kutsky, R.J. (1973). Handbook of Vitamins and Hormones. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, ISBN 0-442-24549-1 Jump up ^ Gavrilov, Leonid A. (10 February 2003) Pieces of the Puzzle: Aging Research Today and Tomorrow . fightaging.org Jump up ^ `` USDA Table of Nutrient Retention Factors, Release 6'' (PDF) . USDA . USDA. Dec 2007. Jump up ^ Comparison of Vitamin Levels in Raw Foods vs. Cooked Foods . Beyondveg.com. Retrieved on 3 August 2013. Jump up ^ Effects of Cooking on Vitamins (Table) . Beyondveg.com. Retrieved on 3 August 2013. Jump up ^ Pemberton, J. (2006). `` Medical experiments carried out in Sheffield on conscientious objectors to military service during the 1939-- 45 war'' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 35 (3): 556-- 8. doi : 10.1093/ije/dyl020 . PMID 16510534 . ^ Jump up to: Wendt, Diane (2015). `` Packed full of questions: Who benefits from dietary supplements?'' . Distillations Magazine . 1 (3): 41-- 45 . Retrieved 22 March 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Price, Catherine (2015). Vitamania: Our obsessive quest for nutritional perfection . Penguin Press. ISBN 978-1594205040 . Jump up ^ Lakhan, SE; Vieira, KF (2008). `` Nutritional therapies for mental disorders'' . Nutrition journal . 7 : 2. doi : 10.1186/1475-2891-7-2 . PMC 2248201 . PMID 18208598 . Jump up ^ Boy, E.; Mannar, V.; Pandav, C.; de Benoist, B.; Viteri, F.; Fontaine, O.; Hotz, C. (2009). `` Achievements, challenges, and promising new approaches in vitamin and mineral deficiency control'' . Nutr Rev. 67 (Suppl 1): S24-- 30. doi : 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2009.00155.x . PMID 19453674 . Jump up ^ Institute of Medicine. Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybdenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, and Zinc. National Academy Press, Washington, DC, 2001. Jump up ^ Tolerable Upper Intake Levels For Vitamins And Minerals (PDF) , European Food Safety Authority, 2006 Jump up ^ 2014 Annual Report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers' National Poison Data System (NPDS): 32nd Annual Report (PDF) ^ Jump up to: Moyer, VA (25 Feb 2014). `` Vitamin, Mineral, and Multivitamin Supplements for the Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease and Cancer: U.S. Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation Statement'' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 160 (8): 558-- 64. doi : 10.7326/M14-0198 . PMID 24566474 . Jump up ^ Bjelakovic, Goran; Nikolova, D; Gluud, LL; Simonetti, RG; Gluud, C (2007). `` Mortality in Randomized Trials of Antioxidant Supplements for Primary and Secondary Prevention: Systematic Review and Meta-analysis'' . JAMA. 297 (8): 842-- 57. doi : 10.1001/jama.297.8.842 . PMID 17327526 . Jump up ^ Sen, Chandan K.; Khanna, Savita; Roy, Sashwati (2006). `` Tocotrienols: Vitamin E beyond tocopherols'' . Life Sciences . 78 (18): 2088-- 98. doi : 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.12.001 . PMC 1790869 . PMID 16458936 . Jump up ^ S. Getman (March 2011). EU Regulations on food supplements, health foods, herbal medicines . US Commercial Service. Retrieved February 2014. Jump up ^ Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft. Bundesrecht 817.022.104. Verordnung des EDI über Speziallebensmittel vom 23. Nov. 2005 Art. 22 Nahrungsergänzungsmittel. (in German) ^ Jump up to: Use and Safety of Dietary Supplements NIH office of Dietary Supplements. Jump up ^ Higdon, Jane (2011) Vitamin E recommendations at Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center Jump up ^ Legislation . Fda.gov (15 September 2009). Retrieved on 2010-11-12. Jump up ^ `` Adverse Event Reporting System (AERS)'' . FDA . 20 August 2009 . Retrieved 2010-11-12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Food and Drug Administration. CFR -- Code of Federal Regulations Title 21 . Retrieved 16 February 2014. Jump up ^ not EUR-Lex -- 32002L0046 -- EN . Eur-lex.europa.eu. Retrieved on 12 November 2010. ^ Jump up to: Bennett, David. Every Vitamin Page . All Vitamins and Pseudo-Vitamins. ^ Jump up to: Davidson, Michael W. (2004) Anthranilic Acid (Vitamin L) Florida State University . Retrieved 20-02-07. Jump up ^ Abbasi, Kamran (2003). `` Rapid Responses to: Aspirin protects women at risk of pre-eclampsia without causing bleeding'' . British Medical Journal . 327 (7424): 7424. doi : 10.1136/bmj.327.7424.0-h . PMC 261797 . Jump up ^ Vitamins and minerals -- names and facts . pubquizhelp.34sp.com ^ Jump up to: B Vitamins . NeuroSoup (2013-04-15). Retrieved on 2015-11-30. Jump up ^ Vitamins: What Vitamins Do I Need? . Medical News Today. Retrieved on 2015-11-30. Jump up ^ Price C (Fall 2015). `` The healing power of compressed yeast'' . Distillations Magazine . 1 (3): 17-- 23 . Retrieved 20 March 2018 . Jump up ^ Roth KS (1981). `` Biotin in clinical medicine-- a review'' . Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 34 (9): 1967-- 74. PMID 6116428 . Jump up ^ Rindi G; Perri V (1961). `` Uptake of pyrithiamine by tissue of rats'' . Biochem. J. 80 (1): 214-- 6. PMC 1243973 . PMID 13741739 . Jump up ^ McDowell, Lee Russell (2012). Vitamins in Animal Nutrition: Comparative Aspects to Human Nutrition . Elsevier. p. 398. ISBN 9780323139045 . ^ Jump up to: Jack Challem (1997). `` The Past, Present and Future of Vitamins'' Jump up ^ Jacob, RA (1996). `` Three eras of vitamin C discovery'' . Subcell Biochem. Subcellular Biochemistry. 25 : 1-- 16. doi : 10.1007/978-1-4613-0325-1_1 . ISBN 978-1-4613-7998-0 . PMID 8821966 . Jump up ^ Bellis, Mary. Production Methods The History of the Vitamins . Retrieved 1 February 2005. ^ Jump up to: 1929 Nobel lecture . Nobelprize.org. Retrieved on 3 August 2013. ^ Jump up to: Gratzer, Walter (2006). `` 9. The quarry run to earth'' . Terrors of the table: the curious history of nutrition . Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199205639 . Retrieved 5 November 2015 . ^ Jump up to: Rosenfeld, L. (1997). `` Vitamine-- vitamin. The early years of discovery'' . Clin Chem. 43 (4): 680-- 5. PMID 9105273 . ^ Jump up to: Carpenter, Kenneth (22 June 2004). `` The Nobel Prize and the Discovery of Vitamins'' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 5 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Suzuki, U.; Shimamura, T. (1911). `` Active constituent of rice grits preventing bird polyneuritis'' . Tokyo Kagaku Kaishi. 32 : 4-- 7; 144-- 146; 335-- 358. Jump up ^ Combs, Gerald (2008). The vitamins: fundamental aspects in nutrition and health . ISBN 9780121834937 . Jump up ^ Funk, C. and Dubin, H.E. (1922). The Vitamines . Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins Company. Jump up ^ `` Paul Karrer-Biographical'' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1938'' . Nobelprize.org . Retrieved 5 July 2018 . Jump up ^ Iłowiecki , Maciej (1981). Dzieje nauki polskiej . Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Interpress. p. 177. ISBN 83-223-1876-6 . External links ( edit ) Wikisource has the text of the 1922 Encyclopædia Britannica article Vitamine . USDA RDA chart in PDF format Health Canada Dietary Reference Intakes Reference Chart for Vitamins NIH Office of Dietary Supplements: Fact Sheets Vitamins ( A11 ) Fat soluble α -Carotene β -Carotene Retinol Tretinoin Ergosterol Ergocalciferol 7-Dehydrocholesterol Previtamin D Cholecalciferol 25-hydroxycholecalciferol Calcitriol (1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol) Calcitroic acid Dihydroergocalciferol D analogues Alfacalcidol Dihydrotachysterol Calcipotriol Tacalcitol Paricalcitol Tocopherol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocotrienol Alpha Beta Gamma Delta Tocofersolan Naphthoquinone Phylloquinone (K ) Menaquinones (K ) Menadione (K ) ‡ Menadiol (K ) Water soluble Thiamine B analogues Acefurtiamine Allithiamine Fursultiamine Octotiamine Prosultiamine Sulbutiamine Riboflavin Niacin Nicotinamide Pantothenic acid Dexpanthenol Pantethine Pyridoxine , Pyridoxal phosphate Pyridoxamine Pyritinol Biotin Folic acid Dihydrofolic acid Folinic acid Levomefolic acid Adenosylcobalamin Cyanocobalamin Hydroxocobalamin Methylcobalamin Choline Ascorbic acid Dehydroascorbic acid Combinations Multivitamins WHO-EM Withdrawn from market Clinical trials : Phase III Never to phase III Food chemistry Additives Carbohydrates Coloring Enzymes Essential fatty acids Flavors Fortification Lipids `` Minerals'' (Chemical elements) Proteins Vitamins Water Malnutrition or nutrition disorders ( E40-- E68 , 260-- 269 ) Malnutrition Protein-energy malnutrition Kwashiorkor Marasmus Catabolysis Vitamin deficiency B vitamins B : Beriberi / Wernicke-- Korsakoff syndrome ( Wernicke's encephalopathy Korsakoff's syndrome ) B : Riboflavin deficiency B : Pellagra ( Niacin deficiency) B : Pyridoxine deficiency B : Biotin deficiency B : Folate deficiency B : Vitamin B deficiency Other vitamins A: Vitamin A deficiency / Bitot's spots C: Scurvy D: Vitamin D deficiency / Rickets / Osteomalacia E: Vitamin E deficiency K: Vitamin K deficiency Mineral deficiency Sodium Potassium Magnesium Calcium Iron Zinc Manganese Copper Iodine Chromium Molybdenum Selenium ( Keshan disease ) Overnutrition Overweight Obesity Childhood obesity Obesity hypoventilation syndrome Abdominal obesity Vitamin poisoning Hypervitaminosis A Hypervitaminosis D Hypervitaminosis E Mineral overload see inborn errors of metal metabolism , toxicity Dietary supplements Types Amino acids Bodybuilding supplement Energy drink Energy bar Fatty acids Herbal supplements Minerals Prebiotics Probiotics ( Lactobacillus Bifidobacterium ) Protein bar Vitamins Vitamins and chemical elements (`` minerals'' ) Retinol (Vitamin A) B vitamins : Thiamine (B ) Riboflavin (B ) Niacin (B ) Pantothenic acid (B ) Pyridoxine (B ) Biotin (B ) Folic acid (B ) Cyanocobalamin (B ) Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) Ergocalciferol and Cholecalciferol (Vitamin D) Tocopherol (Vitamin E) Naphthoquinone (Vitamin K) Calcium Choline Chromium Cobalt Copper Fluorine Iodine Iron Magnesium Manganese Molybdenum Phosphorus Potassium Selenium Sodium Sulfur Zinc Other common ingredients AAKG β -hydroxy β -methylbutyrate Carnitine Chondroitin sulfate Cod liver oil Copper gluconate Creatine / Creatine supplements Dietary fiber Echinacea Elemental calcium Ephedra Fish oil Folic acid Ginseng Glucosamine Glutamine Grape seed extract Guarana Iron supplements Japanese Honeysuckle Krill oil Lingzhi Linseed oil Lipoic acid Milk thistle Melatonin Red yeast rice Royal jelly Saw palmetto Spirulina St John's wort Taurine Wheatgrass Wolfberry Yohimbine Zinc gluconate Related articles Codex Alimentarius Enzyte Hadacol Herbal tea Nutraceutical Multivitamin Nutrition GND : 4063635-5 LCCN : sh85144006 NDL : 00560693 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vitamin&oldid=854593473 '' Categories : Essential nutrients Nutrition Vitamins Hidden categories: Webarchive template webcite links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links Use dmy dates from November 2014 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which of the following is not a characteristic of windows server core

... and possibly many other

Server Core - wikipedia Server Core hide This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (April 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article may be too technical for most readers to understand . Please help improve it to make it understandable to non-experts , without removing the technical details. (April 2015) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Default user interface for Server Core, with Windows Explorer removed. Server Core is a minimalistic Microsoft Windows Server installation option, debuted in Windows Server 2008 . Server Core provides a server environment with functionality scaled back to core server features, and because of limited features, it has reduced servicing and management requirements, attack surface, disk and memory usage. Andrew Mason, a program manager on the Windows Server team, noted that a primary motivation for producing a Server Core variant of Windows Server 2008 was to reduce the attack surface of the operating system, and that about 70% of the security vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows from the prior five years would not have affected Server Core. Most notably, no Windows Explorer shell is installed. All configuration and maintenance is done entirely through command-line interface windows, or by connecting to the machine remotely using Microsoft Management Console (MMC), remote server administration tools, and PowerShell . Contents 1 Configuration levels 2 History 2.1 Windows Server 2008 2.2 Windows Server 2008 R2 2.3 Windows Server 2012 2.4 Windows Server 2012 R2 2.5 Windows Server 2016 3 Supported GUI programs 3.1 Windows Server 2016 3.1.1 Some graphical programs supported in Core version 3.1.2 Other working programs with GUI 4 See also 5 References 6 Further reading 7 External links Configuration levels ( edit ) As Server Core implementations matured, it has evolved from an installation option to a configuration level. Server Core is less looked down as a stripped version, instead the full GUI version is being thought of having a rarely needed client layer on top of the server layer Configuration levels in order of increasing complexity for Windows server installations Install type Nano Server Server Core Minimal Server Interface Server with a GUI or `` Full Server'' Desktop Experience Availability Server 2016 Server 2008-- Server 2012-- 2012 R2 -- 2012 R2 Server 2008-- In newer Windows versions there is more granularity in configuration levels: History ( edit ) Windows Server 2008 ( edit ) Further information: Windows Server 2008 § Server Core Windows Server 2008 was the first Windows Server with the Server Core option (in all editions, except IA-64 ). Though no Windows Explorer shell is installed, Notepad and some control panel applets, such as Regional Settings, are available. Server Core on Windows Server 2008 does not include the .NET Framework , Internet Explorer , Windows PowerShell or many other features not related to core server features. A Server Core machine can be configured for several basic roles: Active Directory Domain Services , Active Directory Application Mode (ADAM), DNS Server , DHCP server , file server , print server , Windows Media Server , IIS 7 web server and Hyper-V virtual server. Server Core can also be used to create a cluster with high availability using failover clustering or network load balancing . As Server Core is not a different version of Windows Server 2008, but simply an installation option, it has the same file versions and default configurations as the full server version. In Windows Server 2008 and 2008 R2, if a server was installed as Server Core, it cannot be changed to the full GUI version and vice versa. To make administration of a Server Core machine easier, a Windows script called `` scregedit.wsf'' was included to make basic changes like turning Automatic Updates on or off, turning Remote Desktop on or off and change page file settings. Windows Server 2008 R2 ( edit ) In Windows Server 2008 R2 , Server Core includes a subset of the .NET Framework, so that some applications (including ASP.NET web sites and Windows PowerShell 2.0) can be used. Having .NET support, it is also the first Server Core version where Microsoft SQL Server can be installed (a supported scenario only with SQL Server 2012+). Server Manager has become remoteable. New roles had been enabled to run on Server Core, including Active Directory Certificate Services and the File Server Resource Manager component of the File Services role. WoW64 is available by default, but can be disabled. In addition to the DISM command, a new command line Server Configuration tool (Sconfig.cmd) has arrived to configure and manage several common aspects of Server Core installations. Server Manager can be used to remotely administer a Server Core machine. Windows Server 2012 ( edit ) Unlike its predecessors, Windows Server 2012 can switch between `` Server Core'' and server with a DE installation option without reinstallation. Server Core is now the default configuration level. There is also a new installation option, `` minimal server interface'' that allows some GUI elements such as MMC and Server Manager to run, but without the normal desktop, shell or default programs like File Explorer . The `` minimal server interface'' is in fact a server role (Server-Gui-Mgmt-Infra) , the full GUI version contains the Server-Gui-Shell role as well. Some new roles are available, like Windows Server Update Services (WSUS), Active Directory Rights Management Server , and Routing and Remote Access Server , and many new features as well. Windows Server 2012 R2 ( edit ) In Windows Server 2012 R2 , Windows Defender is available in a Server Core installation, and is installed and enabled by default. Windows Server 2016 ( edit ) Windows Server 2016 has a minimal footprint installation option (smaller than Server Core) called Nano Server, optimized for Windows Server Containers and Hyper-V Containers, as well as other cloud-optimized scenarios. Microsoft removed the GUI stack, WoW64 and Windows Installer . There is no local logon or Remote Desktop support. On installation, Server 2016 offers two options: Windows Server 2016 (which is Server Core) and Windows Server 2016 Desktop Experience. Switching between these versions, as is available in Server 2012, is not supported (the possibility was removed in Technical Preview 3). Supported GUI programs ( edit ) Windows Server 2016 ( edit ) Some graphical programs supported in Core version ( edit ) Subset of Control Panel control.exe intl.cpl - Region control.exe timedate.cpl - Date and Time regedit.exe - Registry Editor notepad.exe - Notepad cmd.exe - Command prompt msinfo32.exe - System Information msiexec.exe - Windows Installer taskmgr.exe - Task Manager powershell.exe - Windows PowerShell subset of Explorer function - all what can be done from File - Open dialog like File Copy, Paste, Rename, Delete, make new Folder Disk properties including tools on dialog like Error check Other working programs with GUI ( edit ) adexplorer.exe - Sysinternals Active Directory Explorer procexp.exe - Sysinternal Process Explorer procmon.exe - Sysinternal Process Monitor tcpview.exe - Sysinternal TCPview vmmap.exe - Sysinternal VMMap rammap.exe - Sysinternal RamMap 1.50 portqueryui.exe - Microsoft PortQueryUI Version 1.0 ... and possibly many other See also ( edit ) MinWin References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Microsoft Developer Network: What Is Server Core? ^ Jump up to: Petri IT Knowledgebase: Understanding Windows Server 2008 Server Core Jump up ^ `` Iain McDonald and Andrew Mason show off the new Windows Server OS'' . Channel 9 . Microsoft. May 24, 2006 . Retrieved 2008-11-01 . 18:55 ^ Jump up to: WindowsITPro: Windows Server 2012 Installation Options ^ Jump up to: `` Our Server Journey'' . Channel 9 . Microsoft. Feb 4, 2015 . Retrieved 2015-04-10 . 29:20 . Jump up ^ TechNet: Desktop Experience Feature Jump up ^ `` About Windows Server Installation Options'' . Microsoft . Retrieved 2016-07-06 . This option is only available on Windows Server 2012 and Windows Server 2012 R2. Jump up ^ `` Installation Options for Windows Server 2016 Technical Preview'' . Microsoft. 2015-11-19 . Retrieved 2016-07-06 . The `` Minimal Server Interface'' and `` Server with a GUI'' modes present in Windows Server 2012 R2 are not available in this release. Jump up ^ Windows IT Pro: Scregedit Streamlines Server Core Jump up ^ SQL Coffee: How to Install SQL Server 2012 on Windows Server Core Jump up ^ Network Worls: Server Core 2008 -- SQL Server not supported Jump up ^ 4SysOps: Uninstall Windows 32-bit on Windows 64-bit (WoW64) on Windows Server 2008 R2 Server Core Jump up ^ TechNet: Configuring a Server Core installation of Windows Server 2008 R2 with Sconfig.cmd Jump up ^ Bisson, Simon (September 14, 2011). `` Windows 8 Server Developer Preview'' . ZDNet . CBS Interactive . Retrieved January 1, 2012 . Jump up ^ TechNet: Install Server Roles and Features on a Server Core Server Jump up ^ `` What's Changed in Security Technologies in Windows 8.1'' . Jump up ^ Windows Server Blog: Microsoft Announces Nano Server for Modern Apps and Cloud Jump up ^ Server & Cloud Blog: Microsoft Announces New Container Technologies for the Next Generation Cloud Archived 2015-04-11 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Windows Server Blog: Windows Server 2016 Installation Option Changes Further reading ( edit ) Mitch Tulloch, Windows Server Core Team at Microsoft (2008). Windows Server 2008 Server Core Administrator's Pocket Consultant . Microsoft Press . ISBN 9780735626263 John Paul Mueller (2008). Administering Windows Server 2008 Server Core . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470238400 External links ( edit ) Microsoft Developer Network: What Is Server Core? Microsoft Developer Network: Server Core for Windows Server 2012 R2 and Windows Server 2012 Michael Pietroforte: Nano Server -- Goodbye Windows Server? hide Microsoft Windows components Management tools App Installer Command Prompt Control Panel Applets Device Manager Disk Cleanup Disk Defragmenter Driver Verifier Event Viewer IExpress Management Console Netsh Performance Monitor Recovery Console Resource Monitor Settings Sysprep System Configuration System File Checker System Information System Policy Editor System Restore Task Manager Windows Error Reporting Windows Ink Windows Installer PowerShell Windows Update Windows Insider WinRE WMI Apps Alarms & Clock Calculator Calendar Camera Character Map Cortana Edge Fax and Scan Feedback Hub File Manager Get Help Groove Music Magnifier Mail Messaging Maps Media Player Movies & TV Mobility Center Money News Narrator Notepad OneDrive OneNote Paint Paint 3D People Phone Companion Photos Quick Assist Snipping Tool Speech Recognition Skype Sports Sticky Notes View 3D Store Tips Voice Recorder Wallet Weather Windows To Go Windows Story Remix WordPad Xbox Shell Action Center Aero AutoPlay AutoRun ClearType Explorer Search Indexing Service IFilter Saved search Namespace Special folder Start menu Taskbar Task View Windows Spotlight Windows XP visual styles Services Service Control Manager BITS CLFS Multimedia Class Scheduler Shadow Copy Task Scheduler Error Reporting Wireless Zero Configuration File systems CDFS DFS exFAT IFS FAT NTFS Hard link Junction point Mount Point Reparse point Symbolic link TxF EFS ReFS UDF Server Domains Active Directory DNS Group Policy Roaming user profiles Folder redirection Distributed Transaction Coordinator MSMQ Windows Media Services Rights Management Services IIS Remote Desktop Services WSUS SharePoint Network Access Protection PWS DFS Replication Remote Differential Compression Print Services for UNIX Remote Installation Services Windows Deployment Services System Resource Manager Hyper-V Server Core Architecture Architecture of Windows NT Startup process NT Vista CSRSS Desktop Window Manager Portable Executable EXE DLL Enhanced Write Filter Graphics Device Interface hal.dll I/O request packet Imaging Format Kernel Transaction Manager Library files Logical Disk Manager LSASS MinWin NTLDR Ntoskrnl.exe Object Manager Open XML Paper Specification Registry Resource Protection Security Account Manager Server Message Block Shadow Copy SMSS System Idle Process USER WHEA Win32 console Winlogon WinUSB Security Security and Maintenance BitLocker Data Execution Prevention Family Safety Kernel Patch Protection Mandatory Integrity Control Protected Media Path User Account Control User Interface Privilege Isolation Windows Defender Windows Firewall Compatibility COMMAND.COM Virtual DOS machine Windows on Windows WoW64 Windows Subsystem for Linux API Active Scripting WSH VBScript JScript COM ActiveX ActiveX Document COM Structured storage DCOM OLE OLE Automation Transaction Server DirectX .NET Framework Universal Windows Platform Windows Mixed Reality Windows Runtime WinUSB Games Solitaire Collection Discontinued Games 3D Pinball Chess Titans FreeCell Hearts InkBall Hold ' Em Purble Place Reversi Spider Solitaire Solitaire Tinker Apps ActiveMovie Anytime Upgrade Address Book Backup and Restore Cardfile CardSpace Contacts Desktop Gadgets Diagnostics DriveSpace DVD Maker Easy Transfer Fax Food & Drink Help and Support Center Health & Fitness HyperTerminal Internet Explorer Journal Media Center Meeting Space Messaging Messenger Mobile Device Center Movie Maker MSN Dial-up NetMeeting NTBackup Outlook Express Travel Photo Gallery Photo Viewer Program Manager Steps Recorder WinHelp Write Others ScanDisk File Protection Media Control Interface Next-Generation Secure Computing Base POSIX subsystem Interix Video for Windows Windows SideShow Windows Services for UNIX Windows System Assessment Tool WinFS Spun off to Microsoft Store DVD Player Hover! Mahjong Minesweeper Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Server_Core&oldid=840781199 '' Categories : Windows Server Windows administration Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles lacking in-text citations from April 2015 All articles lacking in-text citations Wikipedia articles that are too technical from April 2015 All articles that are too technical Articles needing expert attention from April 2015 All articles needing expert attention Articles with multiple maintenance issues All accuracy disputes Articles with disputed statements from May 2015 Talk Search Contents About Wikipedia Magyar 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018, at 03:29 (UTC) . About Wikipedia

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when was the liberal party of canada formed

The Liberals are descended from the mid-19th century Reformers who agitated for responsible government throughout British North America . These included George Brown , Robert Baldwin , William Lyon Mackenzie and the Clear Grits in Upper Canada , Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia , and the Patriotes and Rouges in Lower Canada led by figures such as Louis - Joseph Papineau . The Clear Grits and Parti rouge sometimes functioned as a united bloc in the legislature of the Province of Canada beginning in 1854 , and a united Liberal Party combining both English and French Canadian members was formed in 1861 .

History of the Liberal party of Canada - wikipedia History of the Liberal party of Canada This article covers the history of the Liberal Party of Canada . Contents 1 Party systems model 2 19th century 2.1 Origins 2.2 Confederation 2.2.1 Provinces 2.3 Laurier era 3 20th century 3.1 Loss of power 3.2 Canadian sovereignty 3.3 Liberals and the social safety net 3.4 Trudeau era 3.5 The post-Trudeau party in opposition 3.6 The party under Chrétien 4 Into the 21st century 4.1 Martin succeeds Chrétien 4.2 In Opposition and 2006 convention 4.3 Majority under Trudeau 5 Leaders of the Liberal Party since 1867 6 Presidents of the Liberal Party since 1932 7 Election results 8 Further reading 9 References Party systems model ( edit ) According to recent scholarship there have been four party systems in Canada at the federal level since Confederation, each with its own distinctive pattern of social support, patronage relationships, leadership styles, and electoral strategies. Steve Patten identifies four party systems in Canada's political history The first party system emerged from pre-Confederation colonial politics, had its `` heyday'' from 1896 to 1911 and lasted until the Conscription Crisis of 1917 , and was characterized by local patronage administered by the two largest parties, the Liberals and the Conservatives . The second system emerged following the First World War, and had its heyday from 1935 and 1957, was characterized by regionalism and saw the emergence of several protest parties, such as the Progressives , the Social Credit Party , and the Co-operative Commonwealth Federation . The third system emerged in 1963 and had its heyday from 1968 to 1983 and began to unravel thereafter. The two largest parties were challenged by a strong third party, the New Democratic Party . Campaigns during this era became more national in scope due to the electronic media , and involved a greater focus on leadership. The dominant policy of the era was Keynesian economics. The fourth party system has involved the rise of the Reform Party , the Bloc Québécois , and the merger of the Canadian Alliance with the Progressive Conservatives . It saw most parties move to one-member-one-vote leadership contests, and a major reform to campaign finance laws in 2004. The fourth party system has been characterized by market-oriented policies that abandoned Keynesian policies, but maintained the welfare state. Clarkson (2005) shows how the Liberal Party had dominated all the party systems, using different approaches. It began with a `` clientelistic approach'' under Sir Wilfrid Laurier , which evolved into a `` brokerage'' system of the 1920s, 1930s and 1940s under William Lyon Mackenzie King . The 1950s saw the emergence of a `` pan-Canadian system'' , which lasted until the 1990s. The 1993 election -- categorized by Clarkson as an electoral `` earthquake'' which `` fragmented'' the party system, saw the emergence of regional politics within a four party-system, whereby various groups championed regional issues and concerns. Clarkson concludes that the inherent bias built into the first-past-the-post system, had chiefly benefited the Liberals. 19th century ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) See also: Rebellions of 1837 The Liberals are descended from the mid-19th century Reformers who agitated for responsible government throughout British North America . These included George Brown , Robert Baldwin , William Lyon Mackenzie and the Clear Grits in Upper Canada , Joseph Howe in Nova Scotia , and the Patriotes and Rouges in Lower Canada led by figures such as Louis-Joseph Papineau . The Clear Grits and Parti rouge sometimes functioned as a united bloc in the legislature of the Province of Canada beginning in 1854 , and a united Liberal Party combining both English and French Canadian members was formed in 1861 . Confederation ( edit ) At the time of confederation of the former British colonies of Canada (now Ontario and Quebec ), New Brunswick and Nova Scotia , the radical Liberals were marginalized by the more pragmatic Conservative coalition assembled under Sir John A. Macdonald . In the 29 years after Canadian confederation , the Liberals were consigned to opposition, with the exception of one stint in government. Alexander Mackenzie was able to lead the party to power in 1873 after the Macdonald government lost a vote of no confidence in the House of Commons because of the Pacific Scandal . Mackenzie won the 1874 election , but lost the government to Macdonald in 1878. Liberals spent the next 18 years in opposition. In dealing with labour unions, the laissez-faire Liberals under Mackenzie, George Brown and Edward Blake were anti-labour, while Conservatives under Macdonald were pro-labour in the process of making their National Policy work to raise wages (and profits) by imposing a tariff on imports. Macdonald was an important financial supporter of the labor newspaper and friend of trade-union leaders, who in turn aided his party during the election campaigns of the decade. Provinces ( edit ) In Ontario , the Liberal Party under Oliver Mowat controlled the provincial government and advocated the rights of provinces. He was in close touch with Catholic officials, and received the Irish Catholic vote. In Prince Edward Island during the 1860s the issue of confederation split the colony's Conservative Party leadership in 1864-65, but after that the central issues were sectarianism and absentee landownership. The defection of rural supporters from the Conservatives allowed the Liberals to win the 1867 provincial election. But the issue of denominational grants to schools cost the Liberals their Roman Catholic support in 1870, and resulted in a coalition government that ruled the island for 17 of the next 21 years. The Nova Scotia Liberal Party fared poorly in national elections during the 1880s and early 1890s. The national party advocated policies that would discontinue the national coal subsidy and, for all practical purposes, eliminate Catholic schools in Manitoba, policies disliked by provincial coal miners and Catholics respectively. William Stevens Fielding influenced a more moderate coal policy and defused the school issue. Thus in 1896 the provincial Liberals improved their showing in the national election. Laurier era ( edit ) Sir Wilfrid Laurier In their early history, the Liberals were the party of continentalism ( free trade with the United States), and opposition to imperialism . The Liberals also became identified with the aspirations of Quebecers as a result of the growing hostility of French-Canadians to the Conservatives . The Conservatives lost the support of Quebecers because of the perceived role of Conservative governments in the execution of Louis Riel , and their role in the Conscription crisis of 1917 . It was not until Wilfrid Laurier became leader that the Liberal Party emerged as a modern party. Laurier was able to capitalize on the Tories ' apparent alienation of French Canada by offering the Liberals as a credible alternative. Laurier was able to overcome the party's reputation for anti-clericalism that offended the still-powerful Quebec Roman Catholic Church . In English-speaking Canada, the Liberal Party's support for free trade made it popular among farmers, and helped cement the party's hold in the growing prairie provinces. Laurier led the Liberals to power in the 1896 election (in which he became the first Francophone Prime Minister), and oversaw a government that increased immigration in order to settle Western Canada . Laurier's government created the provinces of Saskatchewan and Alberta out of the North-West Territories , and promoted the development of Canadian industry. 20th century ( edit ) Loss of power ( edit ) The Liberals lost power in the 1911 election due to opposition to the party's policies on reciprocity (or free trade ), and the creation of a Canadian navy. The Conscription crisis divided the party as many Liberals in English Canada supported conscription. Many of them joined Sir Robert Borden 's Conservatives to form a Unionist government . With numerous Liberal candidates running as Unionists or Liberal-Unionists with the support of provincial Liberal parties in a number of provinces, the Laurier Liberals were reduced to a largely Quebec-based rump . The long-term impact of the Conscription crisis benefited the party as the issue only added to the animosity of French-Canadians towards the Conservatives, making that party unpopular in Quebec for decades. Canadian sovereignty ( edit ) William Lyon Mackenzie King Under Laurier, and his successor William Lyon Mackenzie King , the Liberals promoted Canadian sovereignty and greater independence from the British Empire . In Imperial Conferences held throughout the 1920s, Canadian Liberal governments often took the lead in arguing that the United Kingdom and the dominions should have equal status, and against proposals for an imperial parliament that would have subsumed Canadian independence. After the King-Byng Affair of 1926, the Liberals argued that the Governor General of Canada should no longer be appointed on the recommendation of the British government. The decisions of the Imperial Conferences were formalized in the Statute of Westminster , which was actually passed in 1931, the year after the Liberals lost power. The Liberals also promoted the idea of Canada being responsible for its own foreign and defence policy. Initially, it was Britain which determined external affairs for the dominion. In 1905, Laurier created the Department of External Affairs , and in 1909 he advised Governor General Earl Grey to appoint the first Secretary of State for External Affairs to Cabinet . It was also Laurier who first proposed the creation of a Canadian Navy in 1910. Mackenzie King recommended the appointment by Governor General Lord Byng of Vincent Massey as the first Canadian ambassador to Washington in 1926, marking the Liberal government's insistence on having direct relations with the United States , rather than having Britain act on Canada's behalf. Liberals and the social safety net ( edit ) Lester B. Pearson In the period just before and after the Second World War , the party became a champion of ' progressive social policy' . As Prime Minister for most of the time between 1921 and 1948, King introduced several measures that led to the creation of Canada's social safety net . Bowing to popular pressure, he introduced the mother's allowance, a monthly payment to all mothers with young children. He also reluctantly introduced old age pensions when J.S. Woodsworth required it in exchange for his Co-operative Commonwealth Federation party's support of King's minority government. Later, Lester B. Pearson introduced universal health care , the Canada Pension Plan , Canada Student Loans, and the Canada Assistance Plan (which provided funding for provincial welfare programs). Trudeau era ( edit ) Pierre Trudeau Under Pierre Trudeau , the mission of a progressive social policy evolved into the goal of creating a `` just society'' . The Trudeau Liberals became the champions of official bilingualism , passing the Official Languages Act , which gave the French and English languages equal status in Canada. Trudeau hoped that the promotion of bilingualism would cement Quebec's place in confederation , and counter growing calls for an independent Quebec. This policy aimed to transform Canada into a country where English and French-Canadians could live together in comfort, and could move to any part of the country without having to lose their language. While this has not occurred, official bilingualism has helped to halt the decline of the French language outside of Quebec, and has also ensured that all federal government services (as well as radio and television services provided by the government-owned Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Radio-Canada ) are available in both languages throughout the country. The Trudeau Liberals are also credited with support for official multiculturalism as a means of integrating immigrants into Canadian society without forcing them to shed their culture. As a result of this and a more sympathetic attitude by Liberals towards immigration policy, the party has built a base of support among recent immigrants and their children. The most lasting effect of the Trudeau years has been the patriation of the Canadian constitution and the creation of Canada's Charter of Rights . Trudeau Liberals support the concept of a strong, central government, and fought Quebec separatism , other forms of Quebec nationalism , and the granting of `` distinct society '' status to Quebec. Such actions, however, served as rallying cries for sovereigntists & alienated many francophone Quebecers The other primary legacy of the Trudeau years has been financial. Net federal debt in fiscal 1968, just before Trudeau became Prime Minister, was about $18-billion, or 26 per cent of gross domestic product; by his final year in office, it had ballooned to $206-billion-- at 46 per cent of GDP, nearly twice as large relative to the economy. From the fiscal years 1976 to 1985 the government ran not only an overall deficit, but an operating deficit. The overall deficit throughout the latter phase never fell below 3 per cent of GDP; it averaged 5.6 percent. In the final year of Liberal rule, 1984-- 85, total spending exceeded revenues by more than 50 percent. The deficit that year, at $38.5 billion, was equal to nearly 9 per cent of GDP. Interest payments alone were now enough to consume nearly one-third of all revenues dollar. With interest costs compounding at a rate of 13 percent per year, the debt doubled every three or four years. The post-trudeau party in opposition ( edit ) After Trudeau's retirement in 1984, many Liberals, such as Jean Chrétien and Clyde Wells , continued to adhere to Trudeau's concept of federalism. Others, such as John Turner , supported the failed Meech Lake and Charlottetown Constitutional Accords , which would have recognized Quebec as a `` distinct society'' and would have increased the powers of the provinces to the detriment of the federal government. Trudeau stepped down as Prime Minister and party leader in 1984, as the Liberals were slipping in polls. At that year's leadership convention, Turner defeated Chrétien on the second ballot to become Prime Minister. Immediately, upon taking office, Turner called a snap election, citing favourable internal polls. However, party was hurt by numerous patronage appointments , many of which Turner had made supposedly in return for Trudeau retiring early. Also, they were unpopular in their traditional stronghold of Quebec due to the constitution repatriation which excluded that province. The Liberals lost power in the 1984 election , and were reduced to only 40 seats in the House of Commons . The Progressive Conservatives won a majority of the seats in every province, including Quebec. The 95-seat loss was the worst defeat in the party's history, and the worst defeat at the time for a governing party at the federal level. What was more, the New Democratic Party , successor to the CCF, won only ten less seats than the Liberals, and some thought that the NDP under Ed Broadbent would push the Liberals to third-party status. The party began a long process of reconstruction. A small group of young Liberal MPs, known as the Rat Pack , gained fame by criticizing the Tory government of Brian Mulroney at every turn. Also, despite public and backroom attempts to remove Turner as leader, he managed to consolidate his leadership at the 1986 review. The 1988 election was notable for Turner's strong opposition to the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement negotiated by Progressive Conservative Prime Minister Brian Mulroney . Although most Canadians voted for parties opposed to free trade , the Tories were returned with a majority government , and implemented the deal. The Liberals recovered from their near-meltdown of 1984, however, winning 83 seats and ending much of the talk of being eclipsed by the NDP. The party under Chrétien ( edit ) Jean Chrétien Turner resigned in 1990 due to growing discontent within the party with his leadership, and was replaced by bitter rival Jean Chrétien , who had served in every Liberal cabinet since 1965. Chrétien 's Liberals campaigned in the 1993 election on the promise of renegotiating the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), and eliminating the Goods and Services Tax (GST). Just after the writ was dropped for the election, they issued the Red Book , a detailed statement of exactly what the Liberals would do in office if they won power. This was unprecedented for a Canadian party. Taking full advantage of the inability of Mulroney's successor, Kim Campbell to overcome a large amount of antipathy toward Mulroney, they won a strong majority government with 177 seats-- the third-best performance in party history, and their best since 1949. The Progressive Conservatives were cut down to only two seats, suffering a defeat even more severe than the one they had handed the Liberals nine years earlier. The Liberals were re-elected with a considerably reduced majority in 1997 , but nearly tied their 1993 total in 2000 . For the next decade, the Liberals dominated Canadian politics in a fashion not seen since the early years of Confederation. This was because of the destruction of the `` grand coalition'' of Western socially conservative populists, Quebec nationalists , and fiscal conservatives from Ontario that had supported the Progressive Conservatives in 1984 and 1988. The PCs' Western support, for all practical purposes, transferred en masse to the Western-based Reform Party , which replaced the PCs as the major right-wing party in Canada. However, the new party's agenda was seen as too conservative for most Canadians. It only won one seat east of Manitoba in an election (but gained another in a floor-crossing). Even when Reform restructured into the Canadian Alliance , the party was virtually nonexistent east of Manitoba, winning only 66 seats in 2000. Reform/Alliance was the official opposition from 1997 to 2003, but was never able to overcome wide perceptions that it was merely a Western protest party. The Quebec nationalists who had once supported the Tories largely switched their support to the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois , while the Tories' support in Ontario and the Atlantic provinces largely moved to the Liberals. The PCs would never be a major force in Canadian politics again; while they rebounded to 20 seats in the next election, they won only two seats west of Quebec in the next decade. Ontario and Quebec are guaranteed a majority of seats in the House of Commons under both Constitution Acts (59 percent of the seats). As a result, it is very difficult to form even a minority government without substantial support in Ontario and/or Quebec. It is mathematically impossible to form a majority government without winning the most seats in either Ontario or Quebec. While it is mathematically possible to form a minority government without a strong base in either province, but such an undertaking is politically difficult. The Liberals were the only party with a strong base in both provinces, thus making them the only party capable of forming a government. There was some disappointment as Liberals were not able to recover their traditional dominant position in Quebec, despite being led by a Quebecer from a strongly nationalist region of Quebec. The Bloc capitalized on discontent with the failure of the 1990 Meech Lake Accord and Chrétien 's uncompromising stance on federalism (see below) to win the most seats in Quebec in every election from 1993 onward, even serving as the official opposition from 1993 to 1997. Chrétien 's reputation in his home province never recovered after the 1990 leadership convention when rival Paul Martin forced him to declare his opposition to the Meech Lake Accord . However, the Liberals did increase their support in the next two elections due to infighting within the Bloc. In the 1997 election, although the Liberals finished with a thin majority, it was their gains in Quebec which were credited with offsetting their losses in the Maritime provinces. In particular, the 2000 election was a breakthrough for the Liberals after the PQ government's unpopular initiatives regarding consolidation of several Quebec urban areas into `` megacities.'' Many federal Liberals also took credit for Charest's provincial election victory over the PQ in spring 2003. A series of by-elections allowed the Liberals to gain a majority of Quebec ridings for the first time since 1984. The Chrétien Liberals more than made up for their shortfall in Quebec by building a strong base in Ontario. They reaped a substantial windfall from the votes of fiscally conservative and socially liberal voters who had previously voted Tory, as well as rapid growth in the Greater Toronto Area . They were also able to take advantage of massive vote splitting between the Tories and Reform/Alliance in rural areas of the province that had traditionally formed the backbone of provincial Tory governments. Combined with their historic dominance of Metro Toronto and northern Ontario , the Liberals dominated the province's federal politics even as the Tories won landslide majorities at the provincial level. In 1993, for example, the Liberals won all but one seat in Ontario, and came within 123 votes in Simcoe Centre of pulling off the first clean sweep of Canada's most populated province. They were able to retain their position as the largest party in the House by winning all but two seats in Ontario in the 1997 election. The Liberals were assured of at least a minority government once the Ontario results came in, but it was not clear until later in the night that they would retain their majority. In 2000, the Liberals won all but three seats in Ontario. While the Chrétien Liberals campaigned from the left, their time in power is most marked by the cuts made to many programs in order to balance the federal budget. Chrétien had supported the Charlottetown Accord while in opposition, but in power opposed major concessions to Quebec and other provincialist factions. In contrast to their promises during the 1993 campaign, they implemented only minor changes to NAFTA, embraced the free trade concept and-- with the exception of the replacement of the GST with the Harmonized Sales Tax in some Atlantic provinces-- broke their promise to replace the GST. After a proposal for Quebec independence was narrowly defeated in the 1995 Quebec referendum , the Liberals passed the `` Clarity Act '' Clarity Act which outlines the federal government's preconditions for negotiating provincial independence. In Chrétien 's final days, he supported same-sex marriage in Canada as well as decriminalizing the possession of small quantities of marijuana. Chrétien displeased the United States government when he pledged on March 17, 2003 that Canada would not support the 2003 invasion of Iraq . Polling released a month later showed the decision was largely popular, with 62% in favour of the Prime Minister's decision, and 35% opposed. Later polls would increase that margin of support. Into the 21st century ( edit ) Martin succeeds Chrétien ( edit ) Paul and Sheila Martin with George and Laura Bush . Paul Martin succeeded Chrétien as party leader and prime minister in 2003. Despite the personal rivalry between the two, Martin was the architect of the Liberals' economic policies as Minister of Finance during the 1990s. Chrétien left office with a high approval rating and Martin was expected to take the Liberals to greater heights. While his cabinet choices provoked some controversy over excluding many Chrétien supporters, it at first did little to hurt his popularity. However, the political situation changed with the revelation of the sponsorship scandal , in which advertising agencies supporting the Liberal Party received grossly inflated commissions for their services. Having faced a divided conservative opposition for the past three elections, Liberals were seriously challenged by competition from the newly united Conservative Party led by Stephen Harper . The infighting between Martin and Chrétien 's supporters also dogged the party. Nonetheless, by criticizing the Conservatives' social policies, the Liberals were able to draw progressive votes from the NDP which made the difference in several close races. On June 28, 2004 federal election , the Martin Liberals retained enough support to continue as the government, though they were reduced to a minority. In the ensuing months, testimony from the Gomery Commission caused public opinion to turn sharply against the Liberals for the first time in over a decade. Despite the devastating revelations, only two Liberal MPs-- David Kilgour (who had, ironically, crossed the floor from the PC Party in 1990) and Pat O'Brien -- left the party for reasons other than the scandal. Belinda Stronach , who crossed the floor from the Conservatives to the Liberals, gave Martin the number of votes needed, although barely, to hold onto power when an NDP-sponsored amendment to his budget was passed only by the Speaker's tiebreaking vote on May 19, 2005. In November, the Liberals dropped in polls following the release of the first Gomery Report. Nonetheless, Martin turned down the NDP's conditions for continued support, as well as rejected an opposition proposal which would schedule a February 2006 election in return for passing several pieces of legislation. The Liberals thus lost the no-confidence vote on November 28; Martin thus became only the fifth prime minister to lose the confidence of the House, but the first to lose on a straight no-confidence motion. Due to the Christmas holiday, Martin advised Governor General Michaëlle Jean to dissolve Parliament and call an election for January 2006 . The Liberal campaign was dogged from start to finish by the sponsorship scandal, which was brought up by a Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) criminal investigation into the leak of the income trust announcement. Numerous gaffes, contrasting with a smoothly run Conservative campaign, put Liberals as many as ten points behind the Conservatives in opinion polling. They managed to recover some of their momentum by election night, but not enough to retain power. They won 103 seats, a net loss of 30 from when the writs were dropped, losing a similar number of seats in Ontario and Quebec to the Tories. However, the Liberals managed to capture the most seats in Ontario for the fifth straight election (54 to the Tories' 40), holding the Conservatives to a minority government. While the Conservatives captured many of Ontario's rural ridings, the Liberals retained most of the population-rich Greater Toronto Area . Many of these ridings, particularly the 905 region , had historically been bellwethers (the Liberals were nearly shut out of this region in 1979 and 1984), but demographic changes have resulted in high Liberal returns in recent years. Martin resigned as parliamentary leader after the election and stepped down as Liberal leader on March 18, having previously promised to step down if he didn't win a plurality. In opposition and 2006 convention ( edit ) Stéphane Dion makes a speech on October 10, 2008 in Brampton West . Former Prime Minister Jean Chrétien was among notable Liberals at this rally; this was his first time campaigning for anyone since retirement. Bill Graham was appointed interim party and parliamentary leader and the process to select a new party leader began. An unusually large number of prominent members such as Frank McKenna , Brian Tobin , Allan Rock and Belinda Stronach declined to run, yet at the same time many new faces stepped forward. There were eight people running for the leadership of the Liberal Party at the time of the convention: Martha Hall Findlay Stéphane Dion Michael Ignatieff Gerard Kennedy Bob Rae Scott Brison Ken Dryden Joe Volpe The Liberal Party reportedly felt they could quickly regain power, so they accelerated the leadership selection process. While there were some predictions the party's National Executive would call the convention for as late as March 2007, it instead decided to announce the convention for the first weekend of December 2006. On December 2 in Montreal, the Liberals voted for their new party leader. The first ballot results had Michael Ignatieff leading the pack with 30% of the delegates, Bob Rae second with 20%, and Stéphane Dion and Gerard Kennedy in third and fourth respectively with 16% of the votes each. The remaining contenders gathered less than 5% of the first ballot vote and Martha Hall Findlay was eliminated as she came in last on the first ballot, she endorsed Stéphane Dion for leader before voting began for the second ballot the next morning. Before voting began for the second ballot, Scott Brison and Joe Volpe voluntarily dropped out of the race, and both endorsed Bob Rae. The second ballot results showed Ignatieff again leading the way, with Rae in second, Dion in third, Kennedy in fourth, and Dryden in fifth. Dryden was thus eliminated, and he endorsed Bob Rae as well. Kennedy dropped out of the race and endorsed Stéphane Dion. Thus the third ballot came down to only Ignatieff, Rae and Dion. Dion jumped to first on the third ballot with Ignatieff and Rae falling to second and third respectively. Rae was eliminated, and Dion was elected leader over Ignatieff on the fourth ballot. On May 11, 2006, Montreal 's La Presse reported that the Government of Canada will file a lawsuit against the Liberal Party to recover all the money missing in the sponsorship program. Scott Brison told reporters that same day that the Liberals has already paid back the $1.14 million into the public purse, however the Conservatives believe that there is as much as $40 million unaccounted for in the sponsorship program. Michael Ignatieff , Leader (2008-2011) On September 28, 2007, party national director Jamie Carroll, was criticized for comments he allegedly made in response to a suggestion that the Liberals should hire more francophone Quebecers to appeal to francophone voters. According to some persons present at a private meeting, Carroll said `` Do we also have to hire people from the Chinese community to represent the Chinese community?'' . He later indicated that a statement he made was taken out of context. Several Quebec MPs and the president of the party's Quebec wing said that Carroll was quoted correctly, with Pablo Rodriguez and Liza Frulla demanding that he be fired. Dion affirmed Carroll's version of events, and rejected calls for his dismissal. Carroll initially threatened to sue for defamation and demand 12 to 18 months of severance, though Dion later had him quietly reassigned to another position. British Columbia MP Blair Wilson was resigned from caucus and the shadow cabinet, after the Vancouver Province charged that he was involved in unlawful off-the-books cash spending, and that his private businesses had numerous discrepancies and unpaid debts. Wilson, who is being investigated, has denied the allegations. Majority under Trudeau ( edit ) For much of its history, the Liberal Party has been referred to as `` Canada's Natural Governing Party'' , due to the party's election success and a weak Conservative Opposition . In the aftermath of the Liberal Party's poor performance in the 2011 federal election, there was speculation that the Conservative Party was in a position to replace the Liberals in that unofficial status but the Liberal party won a majority government again in 2015. Leaders of the Liberal party since 1867 ( edit ) Start of Leadership Leader Date of Birth Date of Death Length of Leadership 1 July 1867 George Brown 29 November 1818 10 May 1880 2 months, 19 days (interim) 20 September 1867 Vacant n/a n/a 2 years (approx) 1869 Edward Blake 13 October 1833 1 March 1912 2 years (approx) (interim) 1871 Vacant n/a n/a 2 years (approx) 6 March 1873 Alexander Mackenzie 28 January 1822 17 April 1892 7 years, 1 month 27 April 1880 Edward Blake 13 October 1833 1 March 1912 7 years, 1 month 23 June 1887 Sir Wilfrid Laurier 20 November 1841 17 February 1919 31 years, 8 months 17 February 1919 Daniel Duncan McKenzie 8 January 1859 8 June 1927 5 months, 3 weeks ( interim ) 7 August 1919 William Lyon Mackenzie King 17 December 1874 22 July 1950 29 years 7 August 1948 Louis St. Laurent 1 February 1882 25 July 1973 9 years, 5 months 16 January 1958 Lester B. Pearson 23 April 1897 28 December 1972 10 years, 3 months 6 April 1968 Pierre Elliott Trudeau 18 October 1919 28 September 2000 16 years, 2 months 16 June 1984 John Turner 7 June 1929 Living 6 years 6 February 1990 Herb Gray 25 May 1931 12 April 2014 4 months, 17 days (interim Parliamentary leader ) 23 June 1990 Jean Chrétien 11 January 1934 Living 13 years, 5 months 14 November 2003 Paul Martin 28 August 1938 Living 2 years, 3 months 18 March 2006 Bill Graham 17 March 1939 Living 8 months, 2 weeks ( interim ) 2 December 2006 Stéphane Dion 28 September 1955 Living 2 years 10 December 2008 Michael Ignatieff 12 May 1947 Living 2 years, 5 months, 15 days 25 May 2011 Bob Rae 2 August 1948 Living 1 year, 10 months, 20 days(interim) 14 April 2013 Justin Trudeau 25 December 1971 Living Current Leader Notes: Brown was regarded by most Liberal candidates as their leader in the 1867 election but did not officially hold the title. Had he won a seat he would have almost certainly become Leader of the Opposition and had the Liberals won enough seats to form a government Brown would almost certainly have become Prime Minister. However, he failed in his bid for a seat in the House of Commons and the Liberals had no official leader until 1873. Herb Gray served as Leader of the Opposition from February 6 until Chrétien was re-elected to Parliament, and took his seat on December 21, 1990. He led the Liberal Party in parliament, though he was never the leader or interim leader of the Liberal Party as a whole. After the defeat of the Liberals by the Conservatives of Stephen Harper in the 2006 Canadian federal election, held on January 26, Paul Martin announced in the early hours of January 27, 2006 his intention to resign the leadership of the Liberal Party. Bill Graham was later selected as parliamentary leader by caucus, while Martin indicated he would remain nominal party leader. On March 18, 2006, Graham was appointed interim leader after Martin officially stepped down from the post. The Liberal Party held its first leadership convention in 1919, electing William Lyon Mackenzie King as leader. Prior to that party leaders were chosen by caucus . See also: Liberal Party of Canada leadership elections Presidents of the Liberal Party since 1932 ( edit ) Beginning of Presidency Name Date of Birth Date of Death Length of Presidency 1932 Vincent Massey 20 February 1887 30 December 1967 3 years 1935 Norman Platt Lambert 7 January 1885 4 November 1965 5 years 1940 Inactive Presidency (2) 5 years 1945 Gordon Fogo 9 July 1896 6 July 1952 7 years 1952 Duncan Kenneth MacTavish 3 June 1899 15 November 1963 6 years 1958 ? 1968 Richard Stanbury 2 May 1932 Living 5 years 1973 Gildas Molgat 25 January 1927 28 February 2001 3 years 1976 Alasdair Graham 21 May 1929 Living 4 years 1980 Norman MacLeod Living 2 years 1982 Iona Campagnolo 18 October 1932 Living 4 years 1986 J.J. Michel Robert 29 January 1938 Living 4 years Don Johnston 26 June 1936 Living 4 years Dan Hays 24 April 1939 Living 4 years 1998 Stephen LeDrew 1953 Living 5 years 2003 Michael Eizenga 1956 Living 3 years 2006 Marie Poulin 21 June 1945 Living 2 years 2008 Doug Ferguson Living 1 year March 2009 Alfred Apps Living January 14, 2012 Mike Crawley Living 2 years Election results ( edit ) Election # of candidates nominated # of seats won # of total votes % of popular vote result 1867 65 62 60,818 22.67% Cons. majority 1872 111 95 110,556 34.72% Cons. majority 1874 140 129 128,059 39.49% majority government 1878 121 63 180,074 33.05% Cons. majority 1882 112 72 160,547 31.10% Cons. majority 1887 184 79 312,736 43.13% Cons. majority 1891 194 90 350,512 45.22% Cons. majority 1896 190 117 401,425 41.37% majority government 1900 209 128 477,758 50.25% majority government 1904 208 137 521,041 50.88% majority government 1908 213 133 570,311 48.87% majority government 1911 214 85 596,871 45.82% Cons. majority 1917 * 213 82 729,756 38.80% coalition government 1921 204 118 1,285,998 41.15% majority government 1925 216 100 1,252,684 39.74% minority government 1926 189 114 1,294,072 42.74% majority government 1930 226 90 1,716,798 44.03% Cons. majority 1935 245 173 1,967,839 44.68% majority government 1940 242 179 2,365,979 51.32% majority government 1945 236 117 2,086,545 39.78% majority government 1949 259 190 2,878,097 49.15% majority government 1953 263 169 2,743,013 48.62% majority government 1957 265 105 2,703,687 40.91% PC minority 1958 265 49 2,444,909 33.50% PC majority 1962 264 100 2,862,001 37.17% PC minority 1963 265 128 3,276,995 41.52% minority government 1965 265 131 3,099,521 40.18% minority government 1968 263 155 3,686,801 47.53% majority government 1972 263 109 3,717,804 38.42% minority government 264 141 4,102,853 43.15% majority government 1979 282 114 4,595,319 40.11% PC minority 1980 282 147 4,855,425 44.40% majority government 1984 282 40 3,516,486 28.02% PC majority 294 83 4,205,072 31.92% PC majority 295 177 5,598,775 41.24% majority government 1997 301 155 4,994,377 38.46% majority government 2000 301 172 5,251,961 40.85% majority government 308 135 4,951,107 36.7% minority government 2006 308 103 4,477,217 30.09% Cons. minority 2008 308 76 3,629,990 26.24% Cons. minority 2011 308 34 2,783,175 18.91% Cons. majority 2015 338 184 6,930,136 39.47% majority government 1953-1968 includes one Liberal-Labour Member of Parliament. * In 1917, some Liberals ran under the Unionist banner, figures only count those who ran as `` Laurier Liberals '' Further reading ( edit ) Bickerton, James, and Alain G. Gagnon. Canadian Politics (5th ed. 2009), 415pp; university textbook Bliss, Michael. Right Honourable Men: The Descent of Canadian Politics from Macdonald to Mulroney (1994), essays on Prime Ministers Clarkson, Stephen. The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics (2005) Cohen, Andrew, J.L. Granatstein, eds. Trudeau's Shadow: the life and legacy of Pierre Elliott Trudeau (1999). Gagnon, Alain G. and Brian Tanguay. Canadian Parties in Transition (3rd ed. 2007), 574pp; university textbook Granatstein, J.L. Mackenzie King: His Life and World (1977). Hillmer, Norman, and Steven Azzi. `` Canada's Best Prime Ministers,'' Maclean's June 20, 2011 online McCall, Christina; Stephen Clarkson. `` Liberal Party'' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Neatby, H. Blair . Laurier and a Liberal Quebec: A Study in Political Management (1973) Wallace, W.S. (1948). `` History of the Liberal Party of Canada'' . The Encyclopedia of Canada . IV . Toronto: University Associates of Canada. pp. 75-- 76. Whitaker, Reginald. The Government Party: Organizing and Financing the Liberal Party of Canada, 1930-1958 (1977) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Alain-G. Gagnon, and A. Brain Tanguay, Canadian Parties in Transition (3rd ed. 2007) Jump up ^ Steve Patten, `` The Evolution of the Canadian Party System'' . in Gagnon, and Tanguay, eds. Canadian Parties in Transition pp. 57-58 Jump up ^ Stephen Clarkson, The Big Red Machine: How the Liberal Party Dominates Canadian Politics (2005) Jump up ^ Bernard Ostry, `` Conservatives, Liberals, and Labour in the 1870s,'' Canadian Historical Review, June 1960, Vol. 41#2 pp 93-127 Jump up ^ Ian Ross Robertson, `` Political Realignment in Pre-Confederation Prince Edward Island, 1863-1870,'' Acadiensis, Fall 1985, Vol. 15#1 pp 35-58 Jump up ^ K.M. McLaughlin, `` W.S. Fielding and the Liberal Party in Nova Scotia, 1891-1896,'' Acadiensis , Spring 1974, Vol. 3#2 pp 65-79 Jump up ^ The Liberal Party of Canada Jump up ^ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20080414000929/http://www.queensu.ca/cora/polls/2003/April13-CBC-War_in_Iraq.pdf . Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2008 . Retrieved October 14, 2008 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ (1) Archived April 14, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ (PDF) https://web.archive.org/web/20080414000931/http://www.queensu.ca/cora/polls/2003/July18-Iraq_mistake.pdf . Archived from the original (PDF) on April 14, 2008 . Retrieved October 14, 2008 . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.Liberal.ca/leadership2006_candidate_e.aspx Jump up ^ The Star . Toronto https://web.archive.org/web/20070311141916/http://www.thestar.com/NASApp/cs/ContentServer?pagename=thestar%2FLayout%2FArticle_Type1&c=Article&pubid=968163964505&cid=1139747045377&col=968705899037&call_page=TS_News&call_pageid=968332188492&call_pagepath=News%2FNews . Archived from the original on 2007-03-11. Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.politicswatch.com/adscam-may11-2006.htm Jump up ^ `` Dion rejects calls for removal of party's director'' . CBC News . 28 September 2007. Archived from the original on December 8, 2008. Jump up ^ The Globe and Mail . Toronto https://www.theglobeandmail.com/servlet/story/RTGAM.20070928.wliberals28/BNStory/National/home . Missing or empty title= ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2007-06-09 . Retrieved 2008-10-14 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2007-10-25 . Retrieved 2008-10-14 . Jump up ^ `` Liberals' national director alleges party defamed him'' . CBC News . 2 October 2007. Archived from the original on June 7, 2008. Jump up ^ Elaine O'Connor (October 28, 2007). `` West Vancouver-Sunshine coast MP has unpaid debts, allegations of improper campaign spending'' . The Province. Archived from the original on October 30, 2007 . Retrieved 2007-10-28 . Jump up ^ `` CBC News In Depth'' . CBC News . 4 December 2006. Archived from the original on September 24, 2008 . Retrieved 2008-10-31 . Jump up ^ http://www2.macleans.ca/2011/05/06/a-new-power-couple/ Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=History_of_the_Liberal_Party_of_Canada&oldid=852447223 '' Categories : Liberal Party of Canada History by political party Political history of Canada History of organizations based in Canada Hidden categories: Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from September 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 29 July 2018, at 02:03 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . 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when did i'm just a girl come out

US Heatseekers Songs 19

Somebody That I Used to Know - Wikipedia Somebody That I Used to Know Jump to: navigation , search For the 2000 song by Elliott Smith, see Figure 8 (album) . For the True Blood episode, see Somebody That I Used to Know ( True Blood ) . `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' Single by Gotye featuring Kimbra from the album Making Mirrors Released 5 July 2011 ( 2011-07-05 ) Format CD single , digital download , 7'' vinyl (promotional only) Recorded January-- May 2011 The Barn ( Merricks , Australia) , Lucas Taranto's lounge room ( Melbourne , Australia) Genre Art pop Length 4 : 04 (Album version) 3:33 (Radio mix) Label Eleven Songwriter(s) Wally de Backer Producer(s) Wally de Backer Gotye singles chronology `` Eyes Wide Open '' (2010) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2011) `` I Feel Better '' (2011) `` Eyes Wide Open '' (2010) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2011) `` I Feel Better '' (2011) Kimbra singles chronology `` Cameo Lover '' (2011) Cameo Lover 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2011) Somebody That I Used to Know2011 `` Good Intent '' (2011) Good Intent 2011 `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' is a song written by Belgian - Australian singer-songwriter Gotye , featuring New Zealand singer/guitarist Kimbra . The song was released in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music on 5 July 2011 as the second single from Gotye's third studio album, Making Mirrors (2011). It was later released by Universal Music in December 2011 in the United Kingdom, and in January 2012 in the United States and Ireland. `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' was written and recorded by Gotye at his parents' house on the Mornington Peninsula in Victoria and is lyrically related to the experiences he has had with relationships. `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' is a mid-tempo ballad. It samples Luiz Bonfá 's song `` Seville'' from his 1967 album Luiz Bonfa Plays Great Songs . The song received a positive reception from critics, who noted the similarities between the song and works by Sting , Peter Gabriel , and American folk band Bon Iver . In Australia, the song won the Triple J Hottest 100 poll at the end of 2011, as well as ARIA Awards for song of the year and best video, while Kimbra was voted best female artist and Gotye was named best male artist and producer of the year. The song came ninth in the Triple J Hottest 100 of the Past 20 Years, 2013 . In 2013, the song won two Grammy Awards for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance and Record of the Year . Commercially, `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' is Gotye's most successful and signature song . It has topped charts in the US, UK, and Australia, as well as 23 other national charts, and reached the top 10 in more than 30 countries around the world. The song has sold more than 13 million copies worldwide, becoming one of the best-selling digital singles of all time . It was also placed at the top of a number of year-end charts by Billboard Magazine (including the Hot 100 , Adult Pop Songs , and Alternative Songs ) and other record chart companies around the world. `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' has been performed several times on major US TV shows such as The Voice , American Idol , and Saturday Night Live . It was covered by Canadian indie rock group Walk off the Earth using a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members and by actors Darren Criss and Matt Bomer in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' . The hit song's accompanying music video was directed by Australian artist Natasha Pincus. The video, which has received over 930 million views on YouTube as of July 2017, premiered on 5 July 2011. It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked against a white backdrop. While they sing, a pattern of paint gradually covers their skin and the backdrop via stop motion animation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition and recording 2 Reception 2.1 Critical response 2.2 Commercial performance 2.3 Accolades 3 Music video 4 Cover versions and media appearances 5 Track listing 6 Credits and personnel 7 Charts 7.1 Weekly charts 7.2 Year-end charts 7.3 All-time charts 8 Certifications and sales 9 Release history 10 Walk Off the Earth version 10.1 Track listing 10.2 Charts 10.3 Certifications 11 Glee Cast version 11.1 Charts 12 Mayday Parade version 12.1 Charts 13 See also 14 References 15 External links Composition and Recording ( edit ) Gotye discussed writing `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' in an interview with Sound on Sound : `` Writing ' Somebody' was a gradual and linear process. I started with the Luiz Bonfa sample, then I found the drums, and after that I started working on the lyric and the melody, and added the wobbly guitar-sample melody. After that, I took a break, and a few weeks later I came back to the session and decided on the chorus chord progression, wrote the chorus melody, and combined that with sounds like the Latin loop and some of the percussion and the flute sounds that further filled the space. At that point I hit a brick wall. I was thinking: ' This is pretty good, how can I get to the end really quickly?' and I was trying to take lazy decisions to finish the song. I considered repeating the chorus, an instrumental bridge, a change in tempo or key, I even considered finishing the song after the first chorus. But nothing felt like it was strong enough. So the third session was all about writing the female part and changing the perspective. The arrangement of ' Somebody' is reflective of me moving towards using sounds that provide me with inspiration for a texture or a platform for an idea, and then through sonic manipulation and coming up with original melodies and harmonic ideas to make it my own. I guess the balance of sounds taken from records and samples I created myself is perhaps 50-50.'' `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' (2011) A 23-second sample of `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' , featuring the first chorus as sung by Gotye , showing the octave leap in respect to the previous verse. Problems playing this file? See media help . `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' is an art pop song and has a length of four minutes and five seconds long. Gotye uses a sample of Brazilian jazz guitarist Luiz Bonfá 's 1967 instrumental song `` Seville'' , with additional instrumentations of beats and a xylophone . It was written and produced by Gotye himself, while in his parents' barn on the Mornington Peninsula , Victoria. Gotye commented that he wrote the song `` in quite a linear way'' , explaining that `` I wrote the first verse, the second verse, and I'd got to the end of the first chorus and for the first time ever I thought, ' There's no interesting way to add to this guy's story' . It felt weak'' . The track was recorded between January and May 2011 with Gotye struggling to find a suitable female vocalist, as a `` ' high profile' female vocalist'' cancelled the collaboration at the last minute, and Kimbra `` lucked out as the replacement'' . He tested his girlfriend, Tash Parker, but `` somehow their happiness meant that it didn't work out'' so he followed the recommendation of the song's mixer and used Kimbra's vocals. Martin Davies from Click Music considered the song `` instantly captivating'' , and named Kimbra's voice `` clean and sugar-soaked'' , further commenting that it bears an `` uncanny resemblance'' to singer Katy Perry . Gotye stated that the song was `` definitely drawn from various experiences I've had in relationships breaking up, and in the parts of the more reflective parts of the song, in the aftermath and the memory of those different relationships and what they were and how they broke up and what's going on in everyone's minds. Yeah, so it's an amalgam of different feelings but not completely made up as such'' . In an interview with Rolling Stone (Australia), he described the song as `` a curated reflection of multiple past relationships'' . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The song received generally positive reviews, winning the Grammy for Record of the Year . Take 40 Australia elaborated on the audience's reception at the July 2011 Splendour in the Grass festival, `` Gotye's latest song featuring Kimbra ' Somebody That I Used To Know' had become somewhat of an unofficial anthem for the festival ... every car was cranking it over their speakers all day, every day ... and the question on everyone's lips was whether or not Kimbra would join him on the track. Fortunately, dreams came true ... he smashed out an incredible set climaxing with a version of the song with Kimbra on co-lead vocals that people couldn't stop talking about all weekend long'' . Allmusic 's Jon O'Brien felt the track was an `` unexpected chart-topper ... (it) is an oddball break-up song whose stuttering rhythms, reggae hooks, and hushed vocals sound like The Police as remixed by the XX '' . Writing for Digital Spy , Lewis Corner rated the song four stars out of five and described it as `` a Bon Iver -styled ballad for the music-buying masses'' . Martin Davies from Click Music gave the song five stars out of five and stated that the song is `` that rare example of a track that hits you squarely between the eyes'' . In November 2011, music blog This Must Be Pop predicted the song as a post-Christmas UK hit. John Watson, who co-manages Gotye with Danny Rogers, said of the single's success: `` We've never seen any song make a deeper or more immediate connection with so many people. It's a really special recording and video'' . Talking about the overwhelming reception and the amount of coverage received, Gotye commented that `` I don't really feel like it (the song) belongs to me anymore.'' He further explained that `` sometimes I feel like I'm a bit sick of it. My inbox, on any given day, has at least five covers or parodies or remixes of it and there's only so many times you can listen to the one song.'' Commercial performance ( edit ) In the week commencing 18 July 2011, `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' debuted at number 27 on the ARIA Singles Chart . It was released on 5 July 2011 in Australia and New Zealand by Eleven Music as the second single from his third studio album, Making Mirrors (2011). Despite an initial lack of airplay on major radio stations, the song reached number 1 in the week ending 15 August, becoming the first single by either artist to do so and their most successful single. Until 2014, the song was one of the two second-longest-running Australian number-one songs, with eight weeks at the top, tied with Savage Garden 's 1997 song `` Truly Madly Deeply '' , and behind Daddy Cool 's 1971 hit `` Eagle Rock '' , which stayed there for ten weeks. On August 2011 the song was released in Belgium and the Netherlands. After a few weeks in the charts, it reached number 1 in both countries, topping the Belgian Singles Chart for 12 weeks. Also in August, `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' debuted at number 4 in New Zealand on the RIANZ Singles Chart , reaching number 1 three weeks later, thus making Gotye the first Australian artist to reach number 1 since Guy Sebastian did so in February 2011 with `` Who's That Girl '' . The song debuted on the Irish Singles Chart on 13 January 2012 at number 47, later reaching number 1 position. In the United Kingdom, `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' spent five non-consecutive weeks at number 1. In the United States, it debuted at number 91 on the Billboard Hot 100 on 14 January 2012. In its fifteenth week on the chart -- after it was performed by Matt Bomer and Darren Criss on Glee on 10 April; by Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone on the eleventh season of American Idol before more than 16 million viewers on 11 April; and by Gotye and Kimbra on Saturday Night Live on 14 April -- the song rose to number 1, where it stayed for eight consecutive weeks. thus becoming the longest-running number 1 by a solo male artist since Flo Rida 's `` Low '' led for ten weeks in 2008. The song had the fourth highest-selling single week ever with 542,000 digital downloads sold, and was the first Australian single to top the Hot 100 since Savage Garden 's `` I Knew I Loved You '' in 2000. The song also topped the Alternative Songs chart for twelve weeks tying with Fuel 's Hemorrhage (In My Hands) and Linkin Park 's Numb and New Divide , as well as topping the Radio Songs , Digital Songs , On-Demand Songs , Pop Songs , Adult Pop Songs , Adult Contemporary , and Hot Dance Club Songs charts in that country. On 2 May 2012 the song became the first to reach digital sales of at least 400,000 for three consecutive weeks, and the following week it became the first to simultaneously top the Alternative Songs, Hot Dance Club Songs, and Dance Mix Show Airplay charts. It also became the number 1 song of 2012 on the Alternative Songs, Adult Pop Songs, and Billboard Hot 100 charts. By 22 February 2013, the song became the tenth longest-charting song in the history of the Billboard Hot 100 , at 59 weeks on the chart. As of October 2015, the song has sold 7.9 million copies in the US, making it the country's fourth all-time best-selling digital single. `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' reached number one in more than 23 national charts and charted inside the top ten in more than 30 countries around the world. By the end of 2012, the song became the best-selling song of that year with 11.8 million copies sold, ranking among the best-selling digital singles of all time . As of April 2012, it is the most downloaded song ever in Belgium, as well as being the third best-selling digital single in Germany with sales between 500,000 and 600,000 copies, and the most successful song in the history of the Dutch charts. As of January 2013 it has received eleven Platinum certifications in Australia, accounting for shipments exceeding 770,000 units. In New Zealand, it was certified four times Platinum. The song was the best-selling single of 2012 in the UK with 1,318,000 copies sold. Accolades ( edit ) On 15 July 2011, the song finished third in the 2011 Vanda & Young Songwriting Competition , with the winning song, `` Cameo Lover'' , by Kimbra. Earlier that year, Gotye had first noticed Kimbra when both were short-listed as finalists for the competition. At the ARIA Music Awards of 2011 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' won Single of the Year , Best Pop Release , Best Video (for Natasha Pincus), Engineer of the Year (for François Tétaz ) and Producer of the Year (for Gotye). Gotye also won Best Male Artist for the song while Kimbra won Best Female Artist for her previous single, `` Cameo Lover'' . At the APRA Music Awards of 2012 , `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' won Most Played Australian Work and Song of the Year and Gotye won Songwriter of the Year. It was also nominated at the 2012 Teen Choice Awards for `` Choice Rock Song '' and `` Choice Break-Up Song '' . The song was nominated at the 55th Grammy Awards for Record of the Year and Best Pop Duo/Group Performance , winning both awards. The Village Voice 's Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll ranked `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' at number eight to find the best music of 2012. Music video ( edit ) Gotye and Kimbra sing while painted to blend with the background. The music video for `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' was directed and produced by Australian artist Natasha Pincus. It shows Gotye and Kimbra naked throughout the clip, and as they sing, his skin is gradually painted into the backdrop via stop motion animation . In the director's cut, it features concealed nudity. The director's cut was never posted. The painting used in the video's background, painted by Howard Clark, is based on a 1980s artwork created by Gotye's father, Frank de Backer, who also designed the cover art for the related album, Making Mirrors . Emma Hack , an Australian artist and skin illustrator based in Adelaide , was hired by Pincus to work on the body paintings for Gotye and Kimbra. Melbourne Scenic Artist Howard Clark painted the backdrop. According to Hack, it took more than 23 hours to paint both Gotye and Kimbra to fit with Howard's background. Their painting symbolises their combined relationship. Before its official premiere, the music video was leaked on Take 40 Australia 's website. According to Pincus, `` It was stolen out of our system. I guess it's always wanted to get out there. Within five minutes it was everywhere'' . On 30 July 2011 it was officially premiered on YouTube and on the Australian music show Rage . The music video was well received for its artistic style, picking up 200,000 views in its first two weeks, as well as receiving promotion on Twitter by actor Ashton Kutcher and Katy Perry . `` What a video!'' Snow Patrol 's Gary Lightbody enthused to Q. `` I have become obsessed with it and not just because I'm in love with Kimbra. Gotye himself is an engaging character for sure... his solemnly expressive eyes finish a journey his lyrics only begin. ' Told myself that you were right for me but felt so lonely in your company' -- simple, pure, and devastating. None more than the title line when it speaks of the end of love with prosaic brutality: ' Now you're just somebody that I used to know.' Great video, powerful lyrics, and a stunning voice. Oh, and Kimbra... my poor heart...'' As of September 2017, the video has been viewed over 940 million times on YouTube. The video for `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' was voted number 1 in the annual Rage Fifty countdown. Andy Samberg and Taran Killam parodied the video in a Saturday Night Live `` digital short'' that coincided with Gotye's 14 April 2012 performance on the show. The video was nominated for Video of the Year and Best Editing in a Video at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards . As of January 2015, Billboard named the video as one of the 20 best of the 2010s (so far). Cover versions and Media appearances ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' has been covered by several artists including a cappella group Pentatonix who created a viral YouTube video in February 2012 and released the track on their EP, `` PTX Volume 1'' on 26 June 2012 In addition Ingrid Michaelson , The Fergies , and Sam Tsui have covered the song. In February 2012, Rita Ora covered the song at BBC Radio 1 's Live Lounge . A cover by Right the Stars featuring Karmina , which was also uploaded to YouTube, was recommended by Miley Cyrus . Dutch DJ Tiësto remixed the song for his album Club Life: Volume Two Miami . Phillip Phillips and Elise Testone covered the song on the eleventh season of American Idol on 11 April 2012. In February 2012, Gotye made his American television debut on Jimmy Kimmel Live! where he performed the song. The song has since been featured on the TV series 90210 , Gossip Girl , and The Voice of Ireland by Andy Mac Unfraidh. The song was featured in the film Boyhood . On 16 May 2012, fun. along with Paramore 's front vocalist Hayley Williams covered the song at BBC Radio 1's Live Lounge. On 23 May 2012, Internet cartoon band Your Favorite Martian did a cover of the song. `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' was also first played live by Coheed and Cambria on 29 April 2012, as a frequent feature on their 2012 headlining tour. In May 2012, American duo Karmin made a cover of the song on Sirius XM Hits . The song was covered in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' and performed by Darren Criss (as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer (as Cooper Anderson ). It sold 152,000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26. Samples of the song were also used in ODESZA's Without You. Gotye paid tribute to the overwhelming number of cover versions of the song by personally creating a video remix, released in August 2012, using segments from hundreds of online covers to create a new, unique version of the track, titled `` Somebodies: A YouTube Orchestra'' . Gotye states the concept `` was directly inspired here by Kutiman's Thru-You project'' , released in March 2009, which edited numerous YouTube videos to create a new cohesive song. A similar mixing style is seen in the performance of `` Since U Been Gone '' in the September 2012 film release Pitch Perfect . `` Weird Al'' Yankovic recorded a cover as part of his polka medley `` NOW That's What I Call Polka! '' for his 2014 album Mandatory Fun . Track listing ( edit ) Digital download `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' (Gotye featuring Kimbra) -- 4:04 `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' (Radio Mix) (Gotye featuring Kimbra) -- 3:33 `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' (Instrumental) (Gotye) -- 4:04 Digital download -- Remix `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' (Gotye featuring Kimbra) ( Tiësto Remix) -- 4:33 7'' Vinyl single `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' (Gotye featuring Kimbra) -- 4:04 `` Bronte'' -- 3:13 CD single `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' (Gotye featuring Kimbra) -- 4:04 `` Easy Way Out'' -- 1:57 Credits and personnel ( edit ) Wally de Backer -- songwriter, producer, assistant mixer, recording, lead and backing vocals, guitar, xylophone, flutes, percussion, samples François Tétaz -- mixer, engineer Lucas Taranto -- bass guitar Kimbra -- lead and backing vocals William Bowden -- mastering Frank de Backer -- artwork (back and inside cover painting, handwriting) Kat Kallady -- artwork (front cover painting) Credits adapted from `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' CD single liner notes. Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (2011-- 13) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) Bulgaria ( IFPI ) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Czech Republic ( Rádio Top 100 ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Germany ( Airplay Chart ) Greece Digital Songs ( Billboard ) Hungary ( Dance Top 40 ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Honduras ( Honduras Top 50 ) 33 Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Japan ( Billboard Japan Hot 100 ) 10 Mexico Top Inglés ( Monitor Latino ) Mexican Airplay Chart ( Billboard International ) 8 Portugal ( Billboard ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG-lista ) Poland ( Polish Airplay Top 100 ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Scotland (Official Charts Company) Slovakia ( Rádio Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles (Official Charts Company) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Adult Contemporary ( Billboard ) US Adult Top 40 ( Billboard ) US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) US Dance/Mix Show Airplay ( Billboard ) US Dance Club Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rock Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Venezuela Pop Rock General ( Record Report ) Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (2011) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Belgium (Ultratop 50 Flanders) Belgium (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 73 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 32 Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) New Zealand ( RIANZ ) Chart (2012) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 40 Austrian Singles Chart Belgian (Ultratop 50 Flanders) 10 Belgian (Ultratop 50 Wallonia) Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) Germany ( Media Control Charts ) Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) Israel ( Media Forest ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Mega Single Top 100 ) 13 New Zealand (RIANZ) 11 Poland ( ZPAV ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 6 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary 6 US Adult Pop Songs US Alternative Songs US Hot Dance Club Songs 6 US Mainstream Top 40 8 US Rock Songs Chart (2013) Position Hungary ( Rádiós Top 40 ) 100 All-time charts ( edit ) Chart Position Australia ( ARIA ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 US Billboard Hot 100 29 Certifications and sales ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 11× Platinum 770,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria) 2× Platinum 60,000 Belgium ( BEA ) 4× Platinum 120,000 Canada 653,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) 3× Platinum 90,000 Finland ( Musiikkituottajat ) Gold 6,774 Germany ( BVMI ) 5× Gold 750,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2× Platinum 60,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 5× Platinum 75,000 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland) 3× Platinum 90,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 2× Platinum 1,500,000 United States ( RIAA ) 8× Platinum 7,900,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label Version Australia 5 July 2011 Digital download Samples ' n' Seconds Records / Eleven Music Album Version New Zealand Belgium 29 July 2011 Samples ' n' Seconds Records / V2 Benelux Netherlands Germany 11 November 2011 Samples ' n' Seconds Records / Universal Music United Kingdom 30 December 2011 Samples ' n' Seconds Records / Universal Island Records United States 20 January 2012 Samples ' n' Seconds Records / Universal Music 12 March 2012 Contemporary hit radio Fairfax Records / Universal Republic Records 17 April 2012 Digital download Samples ' n' Seconds Records / Universal Music Tiesto Remix United Kingdom 4 May 2012 Samples ' n' Seconds Records / Universal Island Records Walk off the Earth version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' Single by Walk Off the Earth from the album R.E.V.O. Released 6 January 2012 ( 2012-01-06 ) Format CD single, digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Indie rock acoustic rock Length 4 : 08 Label Columbia Songwriter(s) Wally de Backer Producer(s) Gianni Luminati Walk Off the Earth singles chronology `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2012) `` Red Hands '' (2012) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2012) `` Red Hands '' (2012) In January 2012, Canadian indie rock group Walk Off the Earth uploaded a cover of `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' to YouTube. Their version uses a single guitar played simultaneously by all five band members. As of April 2012, the song had sold 187,000 units in the United States. Track listing ( edit ) CD single `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' -- 4:08 `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' (Music video) -- 4:25 CD maxi-single `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' -- 4:08 `` Money Tree'' -- 3:13 `` Joan and Bobby'' -- 3:38 `` From Me to You'' -- 1:48 `` Somebody That I Used To Know'' (Video) -- 4:25 Charts ( edit ) Chart (2012) Peak position Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders) 30 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia) 28 Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 13 Denmark ( Tracklisten ) 12 France ( SNEP ) 80 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 41 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 45 Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 54 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 80 United States ( Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles ) 9 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Canada ( Music Canada ) Platinum 80,000 sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone Glee cast version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' Single by Glee Cast Released 10 April 2012 Format Digital download Recorded 2012 Genre Pop Length 4 : 06 Label Columbia Songwriter(s) Wally de Backer The song was covered in the Glee episode `` Big Brother '' and performed by Darren Criss (as Blaine Anderson ) and Matt Bomer (as Cooper Anderson ). It sold 152,000 digital downloads in its first week of release and debuted on the Digital Songs chart at number 10 and the Hot 100 at number 26. Charts ( edit ) Chart (2012) Peak position Canada ( Canadian Hot 100 ) 21 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 48 US Billboard Hot 100 26 Mayday Parade version ( edit ) `` Somebody That I Used to Know'' Single by Mayday Parade featuring Vic Fuentes from the album Punk Goes Pop 5 Released 16 October 2012 ( 2012-10-16 ) Format digital download , radio airplay Recorded 2012 Genre Alternative rock pop punk Length 3 : 24 Label Fearless Songwriter(s) Wally de Backer Mayday Parade singles chronology `` When You See My Friends'' (2011) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2012) `` Ghosts'' (2013) `` When You See My Friends'' (2011) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' (2012) `` Ghosts'' (2013) The alternative rock band Mayday Parade released a cover of this song for fifth edition of the compilation album Punk Goes Pop , which features bands of the punk, alternative, and hardcore genres covering hit pop songs. Their cover became the first single from a Punk Goes... compilation album to chart on a Billboard chart, reaching number 18 on US Rock Songs . Charts ( edit ) Chart (2012) Peak position US Rock Songs 18 US Heatseekers Songs 19 See also ( edit ) List of best-selling singles List of best-selling singles in Australia List of best-selling singles in the United States List of million-selling singles in the United Kingdom List of number-one singles of 2011 (Australia) List of Ultratop 50 number-one singles of 2011 List of number-one singles from the 2010s (New Zealand) List of Dutch Top 40 number-one singles of 2011 List of number-one hits of 2011 (Germany) List of number-one hits of 2012 (Austria) List of number-one singles of 2012 (Poland) List of number-one singles of 2012 (Ireland) List of number-one singles of 2012 (UK) List of number-one Billboard Alternative Songs of 2012 List of number-one dance singles of 2012 (U.S.) List of number-one dance airplay hits of 2012 (U.S.) List of number-one digital songs of 2012 (U.S.) List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2012 (U.S.) List of Hot 100 number-one singles of 2012 (Canada) List of Danish number-one hits of 2012 List of number-one hits of 2012 (Italy) List of number-one hits of 2012 (France) List of number-one singles of 2012 (Finland) List of number-one singles of 2012 (Sweden) List of Mainstream Top 40 number-one hits of 2012 (U.S.) List of Adult Top 40 number-one singles of 2012 List of number-one adult contemporary singles of 2012 (U.S.) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Tris McCall (2012-02-10). `` Song of the Week: ' Somebody That I Used to Know,' Gotye'' . 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Enter Somebody That I Used to Know in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- 2012'' . Ultratop . Hung Medien. Jump up ^ MacNeil, Jason (14 January 2013). `` Adele, Carly Rae Jepsen, Celine Dion Rule Nielsen/Billboard 2012 Canadian Music Industry Report'' . The Huffington Post Canada . Retrieved 26 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Danish single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know'' . IFPI Denmark . Retrieved 2013-02-08 . Click on næste to go to page if certification from official website ^ Jump up to: `` Gotye'' (in Finnish). Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved 31 July 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Gotye; ' Somebody That I Used to Know' )'' (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Gotye -- Somebody That I Used to Know'' (in Italian). Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . 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Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know'' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know'' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Walk off the Earth -- ' Somebody That I Used to Know ' '' . The Official Charts Company . Chart Stats. Archived from the original on 23 July 2012 . Retrieved 13 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Walk off the Earth -- Somebody That I Used to Know'' . Music Canada . Jump up ^ `` Glee -- Chart history'' Canadian Hot 100 for Glee. Retrieved 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Glee: Artist Chart History'' Official Charts Company. Retrieved 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ `` Glee -- Chart history'' Billboard Hot 100 for Glee. Retrieved 5 July 2012. Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/310218/mayday+parade/chart?f=902 Jump up ^ http://www.billboard.com/artist/310218/mayday+parade/chart?f=887 External links ( edit ) Video on YouTube Gotye Discography Studio albums Boardface Like Drawing Blood Making Mirrors Other albums Mixed Blood Singles `` Learnalilgivinanlovin '' `` Hearts a Mess '' `` Eyes Wide Open '' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' `` I Feel Better '' `` Save Me '' Related articles The Basics Kimbra Kimbra Discography Studio albums Vows (2011) The Golden Echo (2014) Singles `` Settle Down '' `` Cameo Lover '' `` Good Intent '' `` Warrior '' `` Two Way Street '' `` Come into My Head '' `` 90s Music '' `` Miracle '' `` Goldmine '' Other songs `` Simply on My Lips'' `` Plain Gold Ring (Nina Simone cover) '' `` With My Hands '' `` Love in High Places'' `` Nobody But You'' Featured singles `` I Look To You'' `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Related articles Miami Horror Gotye As Tall As Lions ARIA Award for Single of the Year `` You're the Voice '' by John Farnham (1987) `` Beds Are Burning '' by Midnight Oil (1988) `` Under the Milky Way '' by The Church (1989) `` Crying in the Chapel '' by Peter Blakeley (1990) `` I Don't Wanna Be with Nobody But You '' by Absent Friends (1991) `` Treaty (Filthy Lucre Remix) '' by Yothu Yindi (1992) `` The Day You Went Away '' by Wendy Matthews (1993) `` The Honeymoon Is Over '' by The Cruel Sea (1994) `` Tomorrow '' by Silverchair (1995) `` Where the Wild Roses Grow '' by Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds and Kylie Minogue (1996) `` Truly Madly Deeply '' by Savage Garden (1997) `` Torn '' by Natalie Imbruglia (1998) `` The Day You Come '' by Powderfinger (1999) `` Don't Call Me Baby '' by Madison Avenue (2000) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger (2001) `` Can't Get You Out of My Head '' by Kylie Minogue (2002) `` Born to Try '' by Delta Goodrem (2003) `` Are You Gonna Be My Girl '' by Jet (2004) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee (2005) `` Black Fingernails, Red Wine '' by Eskimo Joe (2006) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair (2007) `` Sweet About Me '' by Gabriella Cilmi (2008) `` Walking on a Dream '' by Empire of the Sun (2009) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone (2010) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2011) Billboard Year-End number one singles (2000-- 2019) 2000: `` Breathe '' -- Faith Hill 2001: `` Hanging by a Moment '' -- Lifehouse 2002: `` How You Remind Me '' -- Nickelback 2003: `` In da Club '' -- 50 Cent 2004: `` Yeah! '' -- Usher featuring Lil Jon and Ludacris 2005: `` We Belong Together '' -- Mariah Carey 2006: `` Bad Day '' -- Daniel Powter 2007: `` Irreplaceable '' -- Beyoncé 2008: `` Low '' -- Flo Rida featuring T-Pain 2009: `` Boom Boom Pow '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2010: `` Tik Tok '' -- Kesha 2011: `` Rolling in the Deep '' -- Adele 2012: `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: `` Thrift Shop '' -- Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 2014: `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015: `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 2016: `` Love Yourself '' -- Justin Bieber Complete list ( 1946-- 1959 ) ( 1960-- 1979 ) ( 1980-- 1999 ) ( 2000-- 2019 ) Grammy Award for Record of the Year (2010s) `` Use Somebody '' by Kings of Leon (Caleb Followill, Jared Followill, Matthew Followill, Nathan Followill) engineered/mixed by Jacquire King ; produced by Jacquire King & Angelo Petraglia (2010) `` Need You Now '' by Lady Antebellum ( Hillary Scott , Charles Kelley , Dave Haywood) engineered/mixed by Clarke Schleicher; produced by Lady Antebellum & Paul Worley (2011) `` Rolling in the Deep '' by Adele engineered/mixed by Tom Elmhirst & Mark Rankin ; produced by Paul Epworth (2012) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra engineered/mixed by Wally De Backer , François Tétaz & William Bowden; produced by Wally De Backer (2013) `` Get Lucky '' by Daft Punk featuring Pharrell Williams & Nile Rodgers engineered/mixed by Peter Franco , Mick Guzauski , Florian Lagatta & Daniel Lerner ; master engineered by Antoine `` Chab'' Chabert & Bob Ludwig ; produced by Thomas Bangalter & Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo (2014) `` Stay with Me '' ( Darkchild version) by Sam Smith engineered/mixed by Steve Fitzmaurice , James Napier & Steve Price; master engineered by Tom Coyne ; produced by Steve Fitzmaurice , Rodney Jerkins & James Napier (2015) `` Uptown Funk '' by Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars engineered/mixed by Boo Mitchell, Charles Moniz, Inaam Haq, Josh Blair, Mark Ronson , Wayne Gordon & Serban Ghenea; master engineered by Tom Coyne ; produced by Mark Ronson , Jeff Bhasker & Bruno Mars (2016) `` Hello '' by Adele engineered/mixed by Julian Burg, Tom Elmhirst , Emile Haynie , Greg Kurstin , Liam Nolan, Alex Pasco & Joe Visciano; master engineered by Tom Coyne & Randy Merrill; produced by Greg Kurstin (2017) Complete list ( 1960s ) ( 1970s ) ( 1980s ) ( 1990s ) ( 2000s ) ( 2010s ) Best-selling singles by year in the United Kingdom 1952-- 1969 1952: `` Auf Wiederseh'n Sweetheart '' -- Vera Lynn (UK) 1953: `` I Believe '' -- Frankie Laine 1954: `` Secret Love '' -- Doris Day 1955: `` Rose Marie '' -- Slim Whitman 1956: `` I'll Be Home '' -- Pat Boone 1957: `` Diana '' -- Paul Anka 1958: `` Jailhouse Rock '' -- Elvis Presley 1959: `` Living Doll '' -- Cliff Richard (UK) 1960: `` It's Now or Never '' -- Elvis Presley 1961: `` Wooden Heart '' -- Elvis Presley 1962: `` I Remember You '' -- Frank Ifield (UK) 1963: `` She Loves You '' -- The Beatles (UK) 1964: `` Can't Buy Me Love '' -- The Beatles (UK) 1965: `` Tears '' -- Ken Dodd (UK) 1966: `` Green, Green Grass of Home '' -- Tom Jones (UK) 1967: `` Release Me '' -- Engelbert Humperdinck (UK) 1968: `` Hey Jude '' -- The Beatles (UK) 1969: `` Sugar, Sugar '' -- The Archies 1970-- 1989 1970: `` The Wonder of You '' -- Elvis Presley 1971: `` My Sweet Lord '' -- George Harrison (UK) 1972: `` Amazing Grace '' -- The Royal Scots Dragoon Guards Band (UK) 1973: `` Tie a Yellow Ribbon Round the Ole Oak Tree '' -- Tony Orlando and Dawn 1974: `` Tiger Feet '' -- Mud (UK) 1975: `` Bye Bye Baby '' -- Bay City Rollers (UK) 1976: `` Save Your Kisses for Me '' -- Brotherhood of Man (UK) 1977: `` Mull of Kintyre '' / `` Girls' School '' -- Wings (UK) 1978: `` Rivers of Babylon '' / `` Brown Girl in the Ring '' -- Boney M. 1979: `` Bright Eyes '' -- Art Garfunkel 1980: `` Don't Stand So Close to Me '' -- The Police (UK) 1981: `` Don't You Want Me '' -- The Human League (UK) 1982: `` Come On Eileen '' -- Dexys Midnight Runners (UK) 1983: `` Karma Chameleon '' -- Culture Club (UK) 1984: `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid (UK) 1985: `` The Power of Love '' -- Jennifer Rush 1986: `` Don't Leave Me This Way '' -- The Communards (UK) 1987: `` Never Gonna Give You Up '' -- Rick Astley (UK) 1988: `` Mistletoe and Wine '' -- Cliff Richard (UK) 1989: `` Ride on Time '' -- Black Box 1990-- 2009 1990: `` Unchained Melody '' -- The Righteous Brothers 1991: `` (Everything I Do) I Do It for You '' -- Bryan Adams 1992: `` I Will Always Love You '' -- Whitney Houston 1993: `` I'd Do Anything for Love (But I Won't Do That) '' -- Meat Loaf 1994: `` Love Is All Around '' -- Wet Wet Wet (UK) 1995: `` Unchained Melody '' -- Robson & Jerome (UK) 1996: `` Killing Me Softly '' -- Fugees 1997: `` Something About the Way You Look Tonight '' / `` Candle in the Wind 1997 '' -- Elton John (UK) 1998: `` Believe '' -- Cher 1999: `` ...Baby One More Time '' -- Britney Spears 2000: `` Can We Fix It? '' -- Bob the Builder (UK) 2001: `` It Wasn't Me '' -- Shaggy featuring Rikrok (UK) 2002: `` Anything Is Possible '' / `` Evergreen '' -- Will Young (UK) 2003: `` Where Is the Love? '' -- The Black Eyed Peas 2004: `` Do They Know It's Christmas? '' -- Band Aid 20 (UK) 2005: `` Is This the Way to Amarillo '' -- Tony Christie featuring Peter Kay (UK) 2006: `` Crazy '' -- Gnarls Barkley 2007: `` Bleeding Love '' -- Leona Lewis (UK) 2008: `` Hallelujah '' -- Alexandra Burke (UK) 2009: `` Poker Face '' -- Lady Gaga 2010-- present 2010: `` Love the Way You Lie '' -- Eminem featuring Rihanna 2011: `` Someone Like You '' -- Adele (UK) 2012: `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' -- Gotye featuring Kimbra 2013: `` Blurred Lines '' -- Robin Thicke featuring T.I. & Pharrell Williams 2014: `` Happy '' -- Pharrell Williams 2015: `` Uptown Funk '' -- Mark Ronson (UK) featuring Bruno Mars 2016: `` One Dance '' -- Drake featuring Wizkid and Kyla (UK) APRA Award for Song of the Year `` Treaty '' by Yothu Yindi (1992) `` Heaven Knows '' by Rick Price (1993) `` Distant Sun '' by Crowded House (1994) `` My Island Home '' by Christine Anu (1995) `` Wasn't It Good '' by Tina Arena (1996) `` Even When I'm Sleeping '' by Leonardo's Bride (1998) `` Buses and Trains '' by Bachelor Girl (1999) `` Passenger '' by Powderfinger (2000) `` My Happiness '' by Powderfinger (2001) `` Amazing '' by Alex Lloyd (2002) `` Not Pretty Enough '' by Kasey Chambers (2003) `` Zebra '' by John Butler Trio (2004) `` Scar '' by Missy Higgins (2005) `` Catch My Disease '' by Ben Lee (2006) `` One Crowded Hour '' by Augie March (2007) `` Straight Lines '' by Silverchair (2008) `` White Noise '' by The Living End (2009) `` Sweet Disposition '' by The Temper Trap (2010) `` Big Jet Plane '' by Angus & Julia Stone (2011) `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' by Gotye featuring Kimbra (2012) `` Feels Like We Only Go Backwards '' by Tame Impala (2013) `` Riptide '' by Vance Joy (2014) `` Chandelier '' by Sia (2015) `` Let It Happen '' by Tame Impala (2016) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Somebody_That_I_Used_to_Know&oldid=801138828 '' Categories : 2011 singles 2011 songs APRA Award winners ARIA Award-winning songs Gotye songs Kimbra songs 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8908818071331680277

who sings do you want to touch me there

The Cure played this song several times during the Head Tour in 1985 .

Do You Wanna Touch Me - Wikipedia Do You Wanna Touch Me `` Do You Wanna Touch Me?'' Single by Gary Glitter from the album Touch Me B-side `` I Would If I Could But I Can't '' Released 1973 Format 7'' Genre Glam rock Length 3 : 19 Label Bell Songwriter(s) Gary Glitter Mike Leander Producer(s) Mike Leander Gary Glitter singles chronology `` I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll) '' (1972) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me? '' (1973) `` Hello, Hello, I'm Back Again '' (1973) `` I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll) '' (1972) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me '' (1973) `` Hello, Hello, I'm Back Again '' (1973) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me '' , also referred to as `` Do You Wanna Touch Me? (Oh Yeah) '' is a song by English glam rock singer Gary Glitter , written by Glitter with Mike Leander and produced by Mike Leander. It was released as the lead single from his second album, Touch Me (1973), peaking at No. 2 on the UK Singles Chart in January 1973, his third successive UK hit. The single also reached No. 9 in Ireland and No. 11 in Australia. The song represented something of a departure from the `` trademark'' of the Glitter sound. The song was also used in The Runaways drama film of the same name . Contents 1 Joan Jett version 1.1 Chart performance 1.2 Weekly charts 1.3 Year-end charts 2 Glee cover controversy 3 Cover by the Cure 4 References 5 External links Joan Jett version ( edit ) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)'' Single by Joan Jett from the album Bad Reputation B-side `` Victim of Circumstance'' Released July 1982 Length 3 : 48 Label Boardwalk Blackheart Songwriter(s) Gary Glitter Mike Leander Joan Jett singles chronology `` Crimson and Clover '' (1982) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah) '' (1982) `` Everyday People '' (1983) `` Crimson and Clover '' (1982) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah) '' (1982) `` Everyday People '' (1983) `` Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah)'' was later covered by rock singer Joan Jett in 1980 for her debut solo studio album , Bad Reputation (1981). It peaked at No. 20 on the Billboard Hot 100 in 1982. Jett's version of the song appears in a 2008 TV commercial for Hewlett-Packard 's TouchSmart computers. The commercial was withdrawn when the company learned that Glitter, now a convicted sex offender , had written the song. On 29 October 2008, it was reported that Glitter would receive £ 100,000 in royalties from Hewlett Packard for the advertisement. Chart performance ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1982) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 18 Austria 19 Canada RPM Top Singles 8 Germany 19 New Zealand 11 Switzerland 12 US Billboard Hot 100 20 US Billboard Mainstream Rock 21 US Cash Box Top 100 29 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1982) Rank Canada 73 US ( Joel Whitburn 's Pop Annual ) 123 Glee cover controversy ( edit ) On the musical television series Glee , Holly Holliday ( Gwyneth Paltrow ) and the members of the Glee Club cover this song in the episode `` Sexy '' . The performance caused some controversy in the UK over the resulting royalty payments to Glitter. The charity Kidscape said the song's inclusion was `` wholly inappropriate'' . The UK version of the album Glee: The Music, Volume 5 does not therefore include the song, but replaces it with `` Afternoon Delight '' by Starland Vocal Band . Cover by the Cure ( edit ) The Cure played this song several times during the Head Tour in 1985. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Celebrity Yahoo News UK'' . Uk.news.launch.yahoo.com. 2016-10-03 . Retrieved 2016-10-08 . Jump up ^ `` Item Display - RPM - Library and Archives Canada'' . collectionscanada.gc.ca . Jump up ^ Whitburn, Joel (1999). Pop Annual . Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin: Record Research Inc. ISBN 0-89820-142-X . Jump up ^ `` Gwyneth Paltrow in Gary Glitter controversy over Glee'' . Telegraph. 2011-03-11 . Retrieved 2016-10-08 . Jump up ^ `` The Cure concerts 1985'' . Cure-concerts.de . Retrieved 2016-10-08 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Gary Glitter Studio albums Glitter (1972) Touch Me (1973) G.G. (1975) Silver Star (1977) Boys Will Be Boys (1984) Leader II (1991) On (2001) Live albums Remember Me This Way (1974) Compilations The Ultimate Gary Glitter -- 25 Years of Hits (1997) Singles `` Rock and Roll '' `` I Didn't Know I Loved You (Till I Saw You Rock and Roll) '' `` Do You Wanna Touch Me '' `` Hello, Hello, I'm Back Again '' `` I'm the Leader of the Gang (I Am) '' `` I Love You Love Me Love '' `` Remember Me This Way '' `` Always Yours '' `` Oh Yes! You're Beautiful '' `` Love Like You and Me '' `` Doing Alright with the Boys '' `` Papa-Oom-Mow-Mow '' `` It Takes All Night Long '' `` Dance Me Up '' `` Another Rock and Roll Christmas '' Related Discography The Glitter Band Glittermen The Execution of Gary Glitter Remember Me This Way Joan Jett / Joan Jett and the Blackhearts Studio albums Joan Jett / Bad Reputation I Love Rock ' n Roll Album Glorious Results of a Misspent Youth Good Music Up Your Alley The Hit List Notorious Pure and Simple Naked Sinner Unvarnished Compilation albums Do You Wanna Touch Me Flashback Great Hits Fit to Be Tied Fetish Jett Rock Greatest Hits EPs I Love Rock ' n' Roll 92 1979 Cherry Bomb Unfinished Business Singles `` Bad Reputation '' `` Do You Wanna Touch Me (Oh Yeah) '' `` I Love Rock ' n' Roll '' `` Crimson and Clover '' `` Everyday People '' `` I Love You Love Me Love '' `` Cherry Bomb '' `` Roadrunner '' `` Light of Day '' `` I Hate Myself for Loving You '' `` Dirty Deeds '' `` Love Hurts '' `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain? '' `` Androgynous '' Related articles Discography The Runaways Evil Stig Book:Joan Jett This 1970s rock song -related article is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Do_You_Wanna_Touch_Me&oldid=833845218 '' Categories : 1973 singles 1982 singles Gary Glitter songs Joan Jett songs Songs written by Mike Leander Song recordings produced by Mike Leander Songs written by Gary Glitter Bell Records singles 1973 songs 1970s rock song stubs Hidden categories: Articles which use infobox templates with no data rows Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Norsk nynorsk Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018, at 18:03 (UTC) . About Wikipedia

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where did the tv show the waltons take place

The main story is set in Walton 's Mountain , a fictional town at the foot of a mountain in fictitious Jefferson County , Virginia .

The Waltons - wikipedia The Waltons For other uses, see The Waltons (disambiguation) . This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Waltons Genre Family drama Created by Earl Hamner Jr. Based on The Homecoming by Earl Hamner Jr. Starring Richard Thomas Ralph Waite Michael Learned Ellen Corby Will Geer Judy Norton Jon Walmsley Mary Elizabeth McDonough Eric Scott David W. Harper Kami Cotler Peggy Rea Joe Conley Ronnie Claire Edwards Leslie Winston Patricia Neal ( The Homecoming: A Christmas Story ) Narrated by Earl Hamner, Jr. Composer(s) Jerry Goldsmith (theme music) Arthur Morton Alexander Courage Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons 9 No. of episodes 221 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Lee Rich Earl Hamner Jr. Rod Peterson Producer(s) Robert L. Jacks Andy White Rod Peterson Claylene Jones Running time 45-- 48 minutes Production company(s) Lorimar Productions Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution Release Original network CBS Picture format 480i Audio format Mono Original release September 14, 1972 ( 1972-09-14 ) -- June 4, 1981 ( 1981-06-04 ) Chronology Preceded by The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971) Followed by A Wedding on Walton's Mountain (1982) External links Website The Waltons is an American television series created by Earl Hamner, Jr. , based on his book Spencer's Mountain and a 1963 film of the same name , about a family in rural Virginia during the Great Depression and World War II . The television movie The Homecoming: A Christmas Story was broadcast on December 19, 1971. Based on its success, the CBS television network ordered one season of episodes based on the same characters and that became the television series The Waltons . Beginning in September 1972, the series subsequently aired on CBS for nine seasons. After the series was canceled by CBS in 1981, NBC aired three television movie sequels in 1982, with three more in the 1990s on CBS. The Waltons was produced by Lorimar Productions and distributed by Warner Bros. Domestic Television Distribution in syndication. Contents 1 Premise 1.1 Setting 1.2 Story 1.3 Episodes 2 Production 2.1 Television film 3 Characters 3.1 Inspiration 3.2 Filming 4 Broadcast and release 5 Reception 5.1 Accolades 6 Reunion movies 7 Home media 7.1 DVD releases 7.2 Streaming 8 Syndication 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Premise ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) The main story is set in Walton's Mountain, a fictional town at the foot of a mountain in fictitious Jefferson County, Virginia . The real place upon which the stories are based is the community of Schuyler in Nelson County, Virginia . The time period is from 1933 to 1946, during the Great Depression and World War II, during the presidential administrations of Franklin D. Roosevelt and Harry S Truman . The year 1933 is suggested by a reference to the opening of the Century of Progress exposition in Chicago, a brief shot of an automobile registration, and it is divulged in episode 18 that the date is in the spring of 1933. The last episode of season one, `` An Easter Story'' , is set in February-- April 1934. The year 1934 takes two seasons to cover, while some successive years are covered over the course of a few months. The series finale, `` The Revel'' , revolves around a party and the invitation date is given as June 4, 1946. A span of 13 years is therefore covered in nine seasons. There are some chronological inconsistencies, which ostensibly do not hinder the storyline. The first three reunion movies ( A Wedding on Walton's Mountain , Mother's Day on Walton's Mountain , and A Day for Thanks on Walton's Mountain ), all produced in 1982, are set in 1947. Of the later reunions, A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion , filmed in 1993, is set in 1963, and revolves around President John F. Kennedy 's assassination; A Walton Wedding , made in 1995, is set in 1964; A Walton Easter , filmed in 1997, is set in 1969. The series began relating stories that occurred 38 years in the past and ended with its last reunion show set 28 years in the past. Story ( edit ) John, John-Boy, and Olivia Walton The story is about the family of John Walton Jr. (known as John-Boy): his six siblings, his parents John and Olivia Walton, and the elder John's parents Zebulon `` Zeb'' and Esther Walton. John-Boy is the oldest of the children (17 years old in the beginning), who becomes a journalist and novelist. Each episode is narrated at the opening and closing by a middle-aged John Jr. (voiced by author Earl Hamner on whom John-Boy is based). John Sr. manages to eke out a living for his family by operating a lumber mill with his sons' help as they grow older. The family income is augmented by some small-scale farming, and John occasionally hunts to put meat on the table. In the simpler days of their country youth, all of the children are rambunctious and curious, but as times grow tough and the Walton youths grow up to deal with them, the children slowly depart from the innocent, carefree days of walking everywhere barefoot while clad in overalls and hand-sewn pinafores , and into the harsh, demanding world of adulthood and responsibility. The family shares hospitality with relatives and strangers as they are able. The small community named after their property is also home to folk of various income levels, ranging from the well-to-do Baldwin sisters, two elderly spinsters who distill moonshine that they call `` Papa's recipe'' ; Ike Godsey, postmaster and owner of the general store with his somewhat snobbish wife Corabeth (a Walton cousin; she calls her husband `` Mr. Godsey'' ); an African-American couple, Verdie and Harley Foster; Maude, a sassy octogenarian artist who paints on wood; Flossie Brimmer, a friendly though somewhat gossipy widow who runs a nearby boarding house; and Yancy Tucker, a good-hearted handyman with big plans but little motivation. Jefferson County sheriff Ep Bridges, who fought alongside John in World War I , keeps law and order in Walton's Mountain. The entire family (except for John) attends a Baptist church, of which Olivia and Grandma Esther are the most regular attendees. The church that the Hamners actually attended was Schuyler Baptist Church, near the Hamner homeplace and is still in operation. The church has helped host several events honoring Earl Hamner, Jr., including one in 2014. In the signature scene that closes almost every episode, the family house is enveloped in darkness, save for one, two or three lights in the upstairs bedroom windows. Through voice-overs , two or more characters make some brief comments related to that episode's events, and then bid each other goodnight, after which the lights go out. After completing high school, John-Boy attends fictional Boatwright University (based on the University of Richmond) in the fictional nearby town of Westham. He later goes to New York City to work as a journalist. Grandma and John-Boy During the latter half of the 1976-- 77 season, Grandma Esther Walton suffers a stroke and returns home shortly before the death of her husband, Grandpa Zeb Walton (reflecting Ellen Corby's real-life stroke and the death of Will Geer, the actors who portrayed the characters). During the series' last few years, Mary Ellen and Ben start their own families; Erin, Jason and John-Boy are married in later television movie sequels. Conversely, the younger children Jim-Bob and Elizabeth, struggle to find and cement true love. World War II deeply affects the family. All four Walton boys enlist in the military. Mary Ellen's physician husband, Curtis `` Curt'' Willard, is sent to Pearl Harbor and is reported to have perished in the Japanese attack on December 7, 1941. Years later, Mary Ellen hears of sightings of her `` late'' husband, investigates and finds him alive (played by another actor), but brooding over his war wounds and living under an assumed name. She divorces him and later remarries. John-Boy's military plane is shot down, while Olivia becomes a volunteer at the VA hospital and is seen less and less; she eventually develops tuberculosis and enters an Arizona sanitarium. Olivia's cousin, Rose Burton, moves into the Walton house to look after the brood. Two years later, John Sr. moves to Arizona to be near Olivia. Grandma appears in only a handful of episodes during the eighth season (she was usually said to be visiting relatives in nearby Buckingham County ). Six feature-length movies were made after the series' run; set from 1947 to 1969, they aired between 1982 and 1997. Episodes ( edit ) Main article: List of The Waltons episodes Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Rating Pilot December 19, 1971 ( 1971-12-19 ) N/A N/A 25 September 14, 1972 ( 1972-09-14 ) April 19, 1973 ( 1973-04-19 ) 19 20.6 25 September 13, 1973 ( 1973-09-13 ) March 14, 1974 ( 1974-03-14 ) 28.1 25 September 12, 1974 ( 1974-09-12 ) March 6, 1975 ( 1975-03-06 ) 8 25.5 25 September 11, 1975 ( 1975-09-11 ) March 4, 1976 ( 1976-03-04 ) 14 22.9 5 25 September 23, 1976 ( 1976-09-23 ) March 17, 1977 ( 1977-03-17 ) 15 22.3 6 26 September 15, 1977 ( 1977-09-15 ) March 30, 1978 ( 1978-03-30 ) 20 20.8 7 24 September 21, 1978 ( 1978-09-21 ) March 22, 1979 ( 1979-03-22 ) N/A N/A 8 24 September 20, 1979 ( 1979-09-20 ) March 13, 1980 ( 1980-03-13 ) N/A N/A 9 22 November 27, 1980 ( 1980-11-27 ) June 4, 1981 ( 1981-06-04 ) 30 18.6 Movies 6 February 22, 1982 ( 1982-02-22 ) April 27, 1997 ( 1997-04-27 ) N/A N/A Jump up ^ Tied with The Partridge Family and Medical Center Jump up ^ Tied with M*A*S*H Jump up ^ Tied with Little House on the Prairie Jump up ^ Tied with The ABC Sunday Night Movie Production ( edit ) Television film ( edit ) The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971) was not made as a pilot for a series, but it was so popular that it led to the broadcaster, CBS, initially commissioning one season of episodes based on the same characters, and the result was The Waltons . Except for the children and Grandma Walton, the actors for the movie were not the same as for the series. The musical score was by Oscar -winning composer Jerry Goldsmith (Goldsmith also scored several episodes of the first season, but the producers believed his TV movie theme was too gentle and requested he write a new theme for the series ) and was later released on an album by Film Score Monthly paired with James Horner 's score for the 1982 TV movie Rascals and Robbers: The Secret Adventures of Tom Sawyer and Huck Finn . Patricia Neal (as Olivia) won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Television Series Drama . The movie was also nominated for three Emmys: Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie (Neal), Outstanding Writing Achievement in Drama - Adaptation (Earl Hamner), and Outstanding Directorial Achievement in Drama - A Single Program ( Fielder Cook ). Characters ( edit ) Main article: List of The Waltons characters Grandpa and Grandma Walton The following is a brief summary of the main characters. See main article for a more complete list. John `` John-Boy'' Walton Jr. ( Richard Thomas , seasons 1-- 5, guest season 6, three movie sequels; Robert Wightman , seasons 8-- 9 and one movie sequel), the eldest of the seven children John Walton Sr. ( Ralph Waite ), the family patriarch Olivia Walton ( Michael Learned , seasons 1-- 7, guest season 8, and four movies), the matriarch Zebulon `` Grandpa'' Walton ( Will Geer , seasons 1-- 6), John's father Esther `` Grandma'' Walton ( Ellen Corby , seasons 1-- 5 & 7, and two episodes in season 8, and in five movies), John's mother Jason Walton ( Jon Walmsley , entire series and six movies), second-oldest brother; musically talented Mary Ellen Walton ( Judy Norton Taylor , entire series and six movies), headstrong oldest daughter; becomes a nurse Erin Walton ( Mary Elizabeth McDonough , entire series and six movies), second Walton daughter; works as a telephone operator and as manufacturing supervisor Benjamin `` Ben'' Walton ( Eric Scott , entire series and six movies), third Walton son; has an entrepreneurial spirit James Robert `` Jim-Bob'' Walton ( David W. Harper , entire series and six movies), youngest Walton son; mechanically inclined Elizabeth Walton ( Kami Cotler , entire series and six movies), youngest of the seven children Curtis Willard ( Tom Bower ), seasons 5-7, and one episode in season 9, Mary Ellen's husband Cindy Walton ( Leslie Winston ), seasons 7-9 and four of the reunion movies, Ben's wife Rose Burton ( Peggy Rea , seasons 8-- 9 and one sequel), Olivia's matronly cousin who fills in as matriarch during Olivia's absence Inspiration ( edit ) Earl Hamner's rural childhood growing up in the unincorporated community of Schuyler, Virginia , provided the basis for the setting and many of the storylines of The Waltons . His family and the community provided many life experiences which aided in the characters, values, area, and human-interest stories of his books, movies, and television series. Hamner provided the voice-over of the older John-Boy, usually heard at the beginning and end of each episode. John-Boy Walton's fictional alma mater , Boatwright University, is patterned after Richmond College, which became part of the University of Richmond on Boatwright Drive near Westham Station in The West End of Richmond, Virginia , about seventy miles east of Schuyler. Filming ( edit ) The town of Walton's Mountain was built in the rear area of the main lot at Warner Bros. Studios, bordering the Los Angeles River , but the mountain itself was part of the Hollywood Hills range opposite Warner studios in Burbank, California (the reverse side of which, and slightly to the east, is Mount Lee and the Hollywood Sign . The Waltons' house façade was built in the back of the Warner Brothers lot. After the series concluded, the set was destroyed. For the reunion shows, a replica Waltons' house façade was built on the Here Come the Brides set on the Columbia Ranch studio, now part of the Warner Brothers studios. The Waltons' house is still used as scenery at Warner Brothers. For example, it served as the Dragonfly Inn on The Gilmore Girls . Broadcast and release ( edit ) Some sources indicate CBS put the show on its fall 1972 schedule in response to congressional hearings on the quality of television. Backlash from a 1971 decision to purge most rural-oriented shows from the network lineup may have also been a factor. The network gave The Waltons an undesirable timeslot -- Thursdays at 8 p.m., opposite two popular programs: The Flip Wilson Show on NBC and The Mod Squad on ABC. `` The rumor was that they put it against Flip Wilson and The Mod Squad because they didn't think it would survive. They thought, ' We can just tell Congress America doesn't want to see this' ,'' Kami Cotler , who played Elizabeth Walton, said in a 2012 interview. However, CBS had enough faith in the show to devise a full-page newspaper ad flanked with the show's positive reviews, urging people to watch the show. This ad was attributed to saving The Waltons , causing the ratings to radically increase. Ralph Waite was reluctant to audition for the part of John Walton because he didn't want to be tied to a long-running TV series, but his agent persuaded him by saying, `` It will never sell. You do the pilot. You pick up a couple of bucks and then you go back to New York.'' The cast at the 40th Anniversary of the show in 2012 Reception ( edit ) Accolades ( edit ) The Waltons won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1973. Also in 1973 Richard Thomas won the Emmy for Lead Actor in a Drama Series. Michael Learned won the Emmy for Lead Actress in a Drama Series three times (1973, 1974, and 1976). Ellen Corby was also a three-time winner in the Supporting Actress category, winning in 1973, 1975, and 1976. Will Geer was awarded the Supporting Actor Emmy in 1975. Veteran actress Beulah Bondi won an Emmy in 1977 for Lead Actress in a Single Performance for her guest appearance as Martha Corrine Walton in the episode `` The Pony Cart'' (Episode #111). She first appeared in The Waltons episode `` The Conflict'' (Episode #51) as the widow of Zeb Walton's brother. The series itself earned a Peabody Award for its first season. In 2013, TV Guide ranked The Waltons No. 34 on its list of the 60 Best Series of All Time. In 2017, from March 20 to March 24 INSP network remembered the life of Earl Hamner Jr. (who had died in 2016) by featuring clips of interviews (once per episode) with him about his time involved with The Waltons during the breaks while its syndicated reruns aired from 3-5pm and again at 7pm. Reunion movies ( edit ) The Walton's Reunion Movie Collection: 1. A Wedding on Walton's Mountain (1982) 2. Mother's Day on Walton's Mountain (1982) 3. A Day for Thanks on Walton's Mountain (1982) 4. A Walton Thanksgiving Reunion (1993) 5. A Walton Wedding (1995) 6. A Walton Easter (1997) Home Media ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) DVD releases ( edit ) Warner Home Video has released all nine seasons and six TV movies of The Waltons on DVD in Region 1. Seasons 1-- 4 have been released in Region 2. The pilot movie, The Homecoming: A Christmas Story , was released by Paramount Home Entertainment . Lorimar produced the series, CBS produced the pilot film, which is why Paramount, under CBS Home Entertainment , handles home video rights for The Homecoming . German-release DVDs provide German or English sound-track options, with dubbed German voices, or the original English soundtrack, although episode titles, in German, are not always either literal or precise translations of the original English-language titles. DVD name Episodes Region 1 Region 2 (UK) The Homecoming: A Christmas Story N/A September 23, 2003 N/A The Complete 1st Season 24 May 11, 2004 November 1, 2004 The Complete 2nd Season 24 April 26, 2005 July 3, 2006 The Complete 3rd Season 24 April 25, 2006 September 11, 2006 The Complete 4th Season 24 January 23, 2007 March 5, 2007 The Complete 5th Season 24 May 8, 2007 September 12, 2007 The Complete 6th Season 22 January 8, 2008 March 20, 2008 The Complete 7th Season 23 April 29, 2008 N/A The Complete 8th Season 24 January 6, 2009 N/A The Complete 9th Season 22 April 28, 2009 N/A TV Movie Collection (not including the original movie) 6 January 26, 2010 N/A Streaming ( edit ) Seasons 1-- 9 are available via streaming in SD as well as HD through services such as Amazon Video . Syndication ( edit ) Lorimar sold the distribution rights of The Waltons to Warner Bros. Television to avoid a lawsuit owing to the similarities between the series and the film Spencer's Mountain , which Warners owned. Warner Bros. acquired Lorimar in 1989, and has continued to syndicate the series ever since. Reruns currently air in the U.S. on INSP , the Hallmark Channel . In Canada, The Waltons airs on Vision TV and BookTelevision . In the UK, the series was broadcast on BBC 1 and BBC 2 during the 1970s/1980s - the first three seasons were broadcast on BBC 2 from February 18, 1974 to May 17, 1976, on Mondays at 20.00 GMT, and seasons 4 and 5 were shown on BBC 1 from September 5, 1976 to August 30, 1977, on Sundays at 16.10 in 1976 and Tuesdays at 19.00 through 1977. After that, seasons 6-9 would be broadcast on BBC 2 again, starting on April 30, 1979 and concluding in April 1983. The three reunion TV movies filmed in 1982 were also shown on BBC 2 from December 21 to December 28, 1983. The show was repeated on Channel 4 in the 1990s. It currently airs on True Entertainment in the UK. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Waltons'' The Homecoming: A Christmas Story (1971) on IMDb Jump up ^ `` All About The Creator'' . All About The Waltons . Retrieved 28 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Courtship'' , Season one, episode 18 Jump up ^ A significant anachronism occurs in the first season. In the first episode, the Waltons listen to Edgar Bergen and Charlie McCarthy's radio program (in tribute to Bergen, who played Grandpa in the pilot film). However, Bergen's radio show did not begin airing until 1937. Jump up ^ `` The Foundling'' , season one, episode one Jump up ^ `` Home - Schuyler Baptist Church, Schuyler, Virginia'' . Schuyler Baptist Church, Schuyler, Virginia . Jump up ^ Brooks, Tim; Marsh, Earle (2007). The Complete Directory to Prime Time Network and Cable TV Shows 1946-Present (Ninth Edition) . Ballantine Books. p. 1686-1689. ISBN 978-0-345-49773-4 . Jump up ^ Crump, William D. (2013). The Christmas encyclopedia (Third edition. ed.). p. 434. ISBN 9780786468270 . Jump up ^ Jon Burlingame, p. 153, TV's Biggest Hits: The Story Of Television Themes From `` Dragnet '' To `` Friends '' , Schirmer Books, 1996, ISBN 0-02-870324-3 Jump up ^ `` The Homecoming-A Christmas Story'' . ^ Jump up to: King, Susan (2012-09-28). `` 40th anniversary celebration of ' The Waltons ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2016-04-30 . Jump up ^ IV, J. Garland Pollard. `` Earl Hamner and the CBS Brand BrandlandUSA'' . Retrieved 2017-03-12 . Jump up ^ `` The Waltons'' . peabodyawards.com . Retrieved December 18, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV Guide Magazine's 60 Best Series of All Time'' . 23 December 2013. Jump up ^ Amazon Video: The Waltons: The Complete First Season Retrieved October 22, 2013 Jump up ^ Lee Rich Interview: Archive of American Television . Retrieved on June 14, 2014. Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 18 February 1974 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 17 May 1976 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC One London - 5 September 1976 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC One London - 30 August 1977 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 30 April 1979 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 29 March 1983 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 21 December 1983 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 23 December 1983 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` BBC Two England - 28 December 1983 - BBC Genome'' . genome.ch.bbc.co.uk . Further reading ( edit ) Conley, Joe (2010). Ike Godsey of Walton's Mountain . Albany: BearManor Media. ISBN 978-1-59393-508-5 . McDonough, Mary (2012). Lessons from the Mountain: What I Learned from Erin Walton . Kensington Books. ISBN 978-0758263674 . External links ( edit ) The Waltons on IMDb The Waltons at TV.com The Shed Waltons Mountain The Waltons at the Encyclopedia of Television Walton's Mountain Museum official website All About The Waltons The Waltons website The Illustrated Waltons Episode Guide Rockfish-river.com The Surviving Waltons: Where Are They Now? A Walk with Grandpa Walton and the Walton family The Waltons at HallmarkChannel.com Awards for The Waltons Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series Pulitzer Prize Playhouse (1951) Studio One (1952) Robert Montgomery Presents (1953) The United States Steel Hour (1954) The United States Steel Hour (1955) Producers' Showcase (1956) Gunsmoke (1958) Alcoa-Goodyear Theatre (1959) Playhouse 90 (1960) Hallmark Hall of Fame (1961) The Defenders (1962) The Defenders (1963) The Defenders (1964) The Fugitive (1966) Mission: Impossible (1967) Mission: Impossible (1968) NET Playhouse (1969) Marcus Welby, M.D. (1970) The Bold Ones: The Senator (1971) Elizabeth R (1972) The Waltons (1973) Upstairs, Downstairs (1974) Upstairs, Downstairs (1975) Police Story (1976) Upstairs, Downstairs (1977) The Rockford Files (1978) Lou Grant (1979) Lou Grant (1980) Hill Street Blues (1981) Hill Street Blues (1982) Hill Street Blues (1983) Hill Street Blues (1984) Cagney & Lacey (1985) Cagney & Lacey (1986) L.A. Law (1987) thirtysomething (1988) L.A. Law (1989) L.A. Law (1990) L.A. Law (1991) Northern Exposure (1992) Picket Fences (1993) Picket Fences (1994) NYPD Blue (1995) ER (1996) Law & Order (1997) The Practice (1998) The Practice (1999) The West Wing (2000) The West Wing (2001) The West Wing (2002) The West Wing (2003) The Sopranos (2004) Lost (2005) 24 (2006) The Sopranos (2007) Mad Men (2008) Mad Men (2009) Mad Men (2010) Mad Men (2011) Homeland (2012) Breaking Bad (2013) Breaking Bad (2014) Game of Thrones (2015) Game of Thrones (2016) The Handmaid's Tale (2017) Golden Globe Award for Best Television Series -- Drama Marcus Welby, M.D. , season 1 (1969) Medical Center , season 1 / season 2 (1970) Mannix , season 4 / season 5 (1971) Columbo , season 1 / season 2 (1972) The Waltons , season 1 / season 2 (1973) Upstairs, Downstairs , season 3 / season 4 (1974) Kojak , season 2 / season 3 (1975) Rich Man, Poor Man (1976) Roots (1977) 60 Minutes (1978) Lou Grant , season 2 / season 3 (1979) Shōgun (1980) Hill Street Blues , season 1 / season 2 (1981) Hill Street Blues , season 2 / season 3 (1982) Dynasty , season 3 / season 4 (1983) Murder, She Wrote , season 1 (1984) Murder, She Wrote , season 1 / season 2 (1985) L.A. Law , season 1 (1986) L.A. Law , season 1 / season 2 (1987) thirtysomething , season 1 / season 2 (1988) China Beach , season 2 / season 3 (1989) Twin Peaks , season 1 / season 2 (1990) Northern Exposure , season 2 / season 3 (1991) Northern Exposure , season 3 / season 4 (1992) NYPD Blue , season 1 (1993) The X-Files , season 1 / season 2 (1994) Party of Five , season 1 / season 2 (1995) The X-Files , season 3 / season 4 (1996) The X-Files , season 4 / season 5 (1997) The Practice , season 2 / season 3 (1998) The Sopranos , season 1 (1999) The West Wing , season 1 / season 2 (2000) Six Feet Under , season 1 (2001) The Shield , season 1 (2002) 24 , season 2 / season 3 (2003) Nip/Tuck , season 2 (2004) Lost , season 1 / season 2 (2005) Grey's Anatomy , season 2 / season 3 (2006) Mad Men , season 1 (2007) Mad Men , season 2 (2008) Mad Men , season 3 (2009) Boardwalk Empire , season 1 (2010) Homeland , season 1 (2011) Homeland , season 2 (2012) Breaking Bad , season 5, part II (2013) The Affair , season 1 (2014) Mr. Robot , season 1 (2015) The Crown , season 1 (2016) The Handmaid's Tale , season 1 (2017) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Waltons&oldid=852607548 '' Categories : 1972 American television series debuts 1981 American television series endings 1970s American drama television series 1980s American drama television series Best Drama Series Golden Globe winners CBS network shows English-language television programs Fictional characters from Virginia Fictional families Great Depression television series Mattel Peabody Award-winning television programs Period family drama television series Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series winners Television programs based on novels Television series by Lorimar Television Television series set in the 1930s Television series set in the 1940s Television shows set in Virginia Television series about families World War II television drama series The Waltons Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from September 2017 TV.com template with ID same as Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Simple English Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe 9 more Edit links This page was last edited on 30 July 2018, at 04:28 (UTC) . 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who is the next person to be executed in the united states

Number Date of execution Name Date of birth Age of offender Gender Ethnicity State Method Source At execution At offense Age difference November 1 , 2018 Edmund George Zagorski December 27 , 1954 63 28 35 Male White Tennessee Electrocution Profile : ( 1 ) November 14 , 2018 Robert Moreno Ramos May 23 , 1954 64 37 27 Hispanic Texas Lethal injection Profile : ( 2 ) November 28 , 2018 Sedrick Clayton May 15 , 1983 35 28 7 Black Tennessee Profile : ( 3 ) December 4 , 2018 Joseph Christopher Garcia November 6 , 1971 47 29 18 Hispanic Texas Profile : ( 4 ) 5 December 6 , 2018 David Earl Miller July 16 , 1957 61 23 38 White Tennessee Profile : ( 5 ) 6 December 11 , 2018 Alvin Avon Braziel , Jr . March 16 , 1975 43 18 25 Black Texas Profile : ( 6 )

List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 - wikipedia List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 This is a list of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 . As of October 30, 2018, nineteen death row inmates have been executed in the United States, all by lethal injection . In addition, seven inmates are currently scheduled to be executed within the remainder of the year, in three different states. One of them (Sedrick Clayton) has appeals pending, meaning he will not likely be executed. Another of them (Edmund Zagorski) has chosen electrocution as the means of his execution. Contents 1 List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 2 Executions scheduled for 2018 in the United States 3 Demographics 4 Executions in recent years 5 See also 6 References List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 ( edit ) Number Date of execution Name Date of birth Age of offender Gender Ethnicity State Method Source At execution At offense Age difference January 18, 2018 Anthony Allen Shore June 25, 1962 55 24-- 33 22-- 31 Male White Texas Lethal injection January 30, 2018 William Earl Rayford May 21, 1953 64 46 18 Black February 1, 2018 John David Battaglia August 2, 1955 62 45 17 White February 22, 2018 Eric Scott Branch February 7, 1971 47 21 26 Florida 5 March 15, 2018 Michael Wayne Eggers March 24, 1967 50 33 17 Alabama 6 Carlton Michael Gary September 24, 1950 67 26-- 27 40-- 41 Black Georgia 7 March 27, 2018 Rosendo Rodriguez III March 26, 1980 38 25 13 Hispanic Texas 8 April 19, 2018 Walter Leroy Moody, Jr. March 24, 1935 83 54 29 White Alabama 9 April 25, 2018 Erick Daniel Davila April 4, 1987 31 21 10 Black Texas 10 May 4, 2018 Robert Earl Butts, Jr. May 14, 1977 40 18 22 Georgia 11 May 16, 2018 Juan Edward Castillo April 3, 1981 37 22 15 Hispanic Texas 12 June 27, 2018 Daniel Paul `` Danny'' Bible August 28, 1951 66 27-31 35-39 White 13 July 17, 2018 Christopher Anthony Young September 24, 1983 34 21 13 Black 14 July 18, 2018 Robert J. van Hook January 14, 1960 58 25 33 White Ohio 15 August 9, 2018 William Ray `` Billy'' Irick August 26, 1958 59 26 Tennessee 16 August 14, 2018 Carey Dean Moore October 26, 1957 60 21 39 Nebraska 17 September 26, 2018 Troy James Clark September 2, 1967 51 30 21 Texas 18 September 27, 2018 Daniel Clate Acker October 9, 1971 46 28 18 19 October 29, 2018 Rodney Scott Berget May 5, 1962 56 48 8 South Dakota Executions scheduled for 2018 in the United States ( edit ) See also: List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States Number Date of execution Name Date of birth Age of offender Gender Ethnicity State Method Source At execution At offense Age difference November 1, 2018 Edmund George Zagorski December 27, 1954 63 28 35 Male White Tennessee Electrocution Profile: (1) November 14, 2018 Robert Moreno Ramos May 23, 1954 64 37 27 Hispanic Texas Lethal injection Profile: (2) November 28, 2018 Sedrick Clayton May 15, 1983 35 28 7 Black Tennessee Profile: (3) December 4, 2018 Joseph Christopher Garcia November 6, 1971 47 29 18 Hispanic Texas Profile: (4) 5 December 6, 2018 David Earl Miller July 16, 1957 61 23 38 White Tennessee Profile: (5) 6 December 11, 2018 Alvin Avon Braziel, Jr. March 16, 1975 43 18 25 Black Texas Profile: (6) Demographics ( edit ) Gender Male 19 100% Female 0 0% Ethnicity White 11 61% Black 5 28% Hispanic 11% State Texas 10 56% Alabama 11% Georgia 11% Florida 6% Nebraska 6% Ohio 6% Tennessee 6% South Dakota 6% Month January 11% February 11% March 17% April 11% May 11% June 6% July 11% August 11% September 11% October 6% November 0 0% December 0 0% Age 30 - 39 22% 40 - 49 17% 50 - 59 6 27% 60 - 69 5 28% 70 - 79 0 0% 80 - 89 6% Day Monday 6% Tuesday 22% Wednesday 5 28% Thursday 8 44% Friday 6% Saturday 0 0% Sunday 0 0% Total 18 100% Executions in recent years ( edit ) Number of executions 2019 0 2018 18 2017 23 Total 41 See also ( edit ) List of death row inmates in the United States List of juvenile offenders executed in the United States since 1976 List of most recent executions by jurisdiction List of offenders scheduled to be executed in the United States List of women executed in the United States since 1976 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Upcoming Executions Death Penalty Information Center'' . deathpenaltyinfo.org . Retrieved 2018-01-20 . Jump up ^ Texas Department of Criminal Justice. `` Offender Information - Anthony Shore'' . www.tdcj.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2018-01-20 . Jump up ^ `` Texas `` Tourniquet Killer'' put to death in first execution of 2018`` . Retrieved 2018-01-20 . Jump up ^ `` Texas executes Dallas man for ex-girlfriend's 1999 slaying'' . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2018-01-31 . Jump up ^ Blakinger, Keri (February 1, 2018). `` ' See y'all later' :Dallas man who killed 2 daughters put to death in nation's 3rd execution of 2018'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2018-02-02 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Branch execution: Escambia County man pronounced dead after lethal injection'' . amp.pnj.com . Retrieved 2018-02-23 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Eggers executed Thursday for slaying of Talladega woman in 2000'' . al.com . Retrieved 2018-03-15 . Jump up ^ `` ' Stocking Strangler' Carlton Gary executed for 1970s' rapes, murders'' . myAJC . Retrieved 2018-03-16 . Jump up ^ `` Texas executes Lubbock `` suitcase killer '' `` . Texas Tribune . Retrieved 2018-03-27 . Jump up ^ `` Alabama Executes Mail Bomber, 83, the Oldest Inmate Put to Death in Modern Era'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2018-04-20 . Jump up ^ of., Criminal Justice, Department (2000-03-02). `` Texas Department of Criminal Justice'' . www.tdcj.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2018-04-26 . Jump up ^ McCullough, Jolie (2018-04-19). `` Texas executes Erick Davila, who killed two people including a 5-year-old girl'' . The Texas Tribune . Retrieved 2018-04-19 . Jump up ^ `` Robert Butts executed for 1996 murder. Final words:' It burns, man ' '' . 2018-05-04. Jump up ^ of., Criminal Justice, Department (2018-05-17). `` Texas Department of Criminal Justice'' . www.tdcj.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2018-05-17 . Jump up ^ `` ' See y'all on the other side' : San Antonio lovers' lane killer executed amid claims of innocence'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2018-05-17 . Jump up ^ of.date=2018-06-27. `` Texas executes Danny Paul Bible for 1979 rape, murder in Houston'' . www.cbsnews.com . Retrieved 2018-06-27 . Jump up ^ of., Criminal Justice, Department (2000-03-02). `` Texas Department of Criminal Justice'' . www.tdcj.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2018-06-28 . Jump up ^ Eaton, Emilie (2018-07-17). `` San Antonio man executed for murder, robbery'' . Houston Chronicle . Retrieved 2018-07-17 . Jump up ^ of., Criminal Justice, Department (2000-03-02). `` Texas Department of Criminal Justice'' . www.tdcj.state.tx.us . Retrieved 2018-06-28 . Jump up ^ `` Ohio executes killer who strangled and stabbed man he met in bar in 1985'' . WBNS-10TV Columbus, Ohio Columbus News, Weather & Sports . 2018-07-18 . Retrieved 2018-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` Tennessee executes Billy Ray Irick, first lethal injection in state since 2009'' . The Tennessean. 2018-08-09 . Retrieved 2018-08-09 . Jump up ^ `` Fentanyl used to execute Nebraska inmate, in a first for U.S. '' The New York Times . 2018-08-14 . Retrieved 2018-08-14 . Jump up ^ `` Texas executes man in the torture, drowning of ex-roommate'' . Houston Chronicle. 2018-09-26 . Retrieved 2018-09-26 . Jump up ^ `` Texas man put to death in state's second execution in two nights'' . Houston Chronicle. 2018-09-27 . Retrieved 2018-09-28 . Jump up ^ ((Cite news url= https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/nation-now/2018/10/29/rodney-berget-south-dakota-execution/1813862002/ Preceded by 2017 List of offenders executed in the United States in 2018 Succeeded by 2019 Capital punishment Retentionist countries Afghanistan Bahamas Bangladesh Belarus Botswana China Cuba Egypt India Indonesia Iran Iraq Jamaica Japan Jordan Lebanon Nigeria North Korea Pakistan Saint Kitts and Nevis Saudi Arabia Singapore Somalia Sudan Syria Taiwan Thailand United Arab Emirates United States Vietnam Yemen Abolitionist in practice countries Brunei Kenya Laos Malaysia Maldives Papua New Guinea Russia South Korea Sri Lanka Tajikistan Tonga Abolitionist for ordinary crimes only Kazakhstan Brazil Guatemala Israel Peru Abolitionist countries Albania Andorra Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Belgium Bhutan Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Cambodia Canada Cape Verde Costa Rica Croatia Cyprus Czech Republic Denmark Estonia Finland France Georgia Germany Greece Hong Kong Hungary Iceland Ireland Italy Kyrgyzstan Latvia Liechtenstein Lithuania Luxembourg Macau Macedonia Malta Mexico Moldova Monaco Mongolia Montenegro Nauru Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Norway Philippines Poland Portugal Romania San Marino Serbia Slovakia Slovenia South Africa Spain Suriname Sweden Switzerland Turkey Turkmenistan Ukraine United Kingdom Uzbekistan Vatican City Venezuela Current methods Hanging Shooting / firing squad Lethal injection Electrocution Gas inhalation Beheading Stoning Crucifixion Ancient methods Bestiarii Damnatio ad bestias Blood eagle Blowing from a gun Brazen bull Boiling Breaking wheel Burial Burning Crushing Disembowelment Dismemberment Drowning Republican marriage Elephant Falling Flaying Garrote Hanged, drawn and quartered Immurement Impalement Ishikozume Mazzatello Sawing Scaphism Slow slicing Stoning Suffocation in ash Upright jerker Waist chop Related topics Use by country Most recent executions by country Crime Death row Final statement Last meal Penology Religion and capital punishment Wrongful execution Capital punishment for drug trafficking Capital punishment in the United States Articles Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Washington, D.C. Puerto Rico American Samoa Lists of individuals executed Federal Government Military Alabama Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Idaho Illinois Indiana Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maryland Michigan Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Washington Wisconsin Wyoming By year 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Scheduled executions Issues and ethics Debate Death-qualified jury Execution drug shortage Exonerations Juveniles Participation of medical professionals Race and capital punishment Wrongful executions Other List of U.S. Supreme Court decisions on capital punishment List of death row inmates in the United States List of women on death row List of women executed since 1976 National Coalition to Abolish the Death Penalty Death Penalty Information Center Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_offenders_executed_in_the_United_States_in_2018&oldid=866506857 '' Categories : 2018 deaths 2018 in American law 2018-related lists Lists of people executed in the United States Male murderers Hidden categories: Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Edit links This page was last edited on 30 October 2018, at 19:17 (UTC) . 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what episode of jonas la does nick sing your biggest fan

No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 22 `` House Party '' Paul Hoen Lester Lewis June 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 20 ) 201 3.3 When the boys arrive in Los Angeles , they are told by their new neighbor , DZ ( parody of JZ ) , that they have to throw a party to fit in , and the boys decide to do it . Meanwhile , Stella and Macy arrive in L.A. , with Stella thinking that Joe wants to continue their romantic relationship . But things go downhill when he 's spotted hugging actress Vanessa Page ( Abby Pivaronas ) . Songs : `` L.A. Baby '' Guest Stars : Adam Hicks as DZ , Emma Roberts as Herself and Anna Maria Perez de Taglé as Herself ( uncredited ) 23 `` Back to the Beach '' Eyal Gordin Marc Warren June 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 06 - 27 ) 202 4.2 Joe prepares for an audition with Vanessa Page , but when he arrives he is faced with a room full of actors who all resemble him . Stella and Kevin helps him while doing a scene for his audition . Meanwhile , Nick gets jealous when pro surfer , Stone Stevens asks Macy to work on his website . Songs : `` Fall '' Guest Stars : Adam Hicks as DZ , Debi Mazar as Mona Klein and Austin Butler as Stone Stevens 24 `` Date Expectations '' Paul Hoen Paul Ruehl July 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 02 ) 203 3.2 Stella meets a new friend , Ben , while hiking with Macy and he asks her out . She accepts . Joe gets very jealous and confronts Ben . Meanwhile , it 's an all out war between Kevin and Nick to see who gets the spot in Justin Timberlake 's Ping - Pong Tournament . Songs : `` Make It Right '' Guest Stars : Chris Warren Jr. as Jake , Adam Hicks as DZ and Robert Adamson as Ben Note : This episode was originally slated to premiere on July 4 , but it was moved up to July 2 . 25 `` And ... Action '' Paul Hoen Ned Goldreyer July 11 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 11 ) 204 3.7 Joe arrives late to movie set angering Mona . Stella 's aunt takes up a new hobby . Meanwhile , Macy gives DZ a makeover and tips about what girls like in a guy . But the tips are actually what she likes in a guy , hinting to Nick . Songs : `` Invisible '' Guest Stars : Adam Hicks as DZ , Debi Mazar as Mona Klein , Kym Whitley as Officer Evie and Claire Demorest as Andrea Munroe Note : The scenes of Joe and Vanessa on the set of Forever April were filmed on the Universal Lot on the original `` Bates Motel '' set from the movie Psycho . And the spa session that Macy gave DZ included : new clothes , eyebrow waxing , doing his hair ( which was tough because of hair tonic and hair glue ) , and gives him advice on girls . 26 5 `` America 's Sweethearts '' Eyal Gordin Jessica Kaminsky July 25 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 25 ) 205 3.5 Joe asks Stella to find out if Vanessa likes him , but Stella is unwilling to do it , so she fails . She lies to Joe , telling him that Vanessa does n't have feelings for him , which results in both costars being hurt . Kevin becomes Mona 's assistant . Songs : `` Hey You '' Guest Stars : Debi Mazar as Mona Klein Absent : Nicole Anderson as Macy Misa 27 6 `` The Secret '' Paul Hoen Grace Parra August 1 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 01 ) 207 4.1 When Big Man leaves Nick in charge of watching his niece Kiara for the day , she figures out that Nick and Macy have been keeping their relationship a secret from everyone else . In order to keep her quiet , Nick agrees to record a song with her . Meanwhile , Joe accidentally gives Kevin a black eye during his movie fight training . Songs : `` Your Biggest Fan '' , `` Keep It Real '' and `` Set This Party Off '' Guest Star : China Anne McClain as Kiara Tyshanna Note : According to Nicole Anderson , a kiss between her and Nick Jonas was filmed for this episode , but was deleted . 28 7 `` A Wasabi Story '' John Scott Danny Warren August 8 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 08 ) 206 N / A Vanessa arranges a double date with Stella and Ben and her and Joe to have a world famous sushi chef for them . Things get complicated when Ben and Vanessa finds out that Joe and Stella had something between each other before . Kevin and Nick are going to a golf course and Macy asks if she can come along . Songs : `` Chillin ' In The Summertime '' Guest Star : Alec Mapa as Chef Shiraki , Chris Warren Jr. as Jake and Robert Adamson as Ben 29 8 `` Up in the Air '' John Scott Marc Warren August 15 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 15 ) 208 N / A Mona asks Joe if Stella wants to be the new designer on set , much to Vanessa 's annoyance . Meanwhile , Kevin tells Nick that Macy only likes handmade gifts , so he makes a mug for her for their one month - iversary . Songs : `` Things Will Never Be The Same '' Guest Stars : Debi Mazar as Mona Klein and China McClain as Kiara Tyshanna Note : This episode premiered on Joe Jonas ' 21st birthday . 30 9 `` Direct to Video '' Paul Hoen Ned Goldreyer & Paul Ruehl August 22 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 22 ) 209 3.8 The brothers decide to make a new music video which Kevin wants to direct but is upset after his father hires a popular music video director , McP , to direct the video instead . Meanwhile , Frankie has a crush on Macy and is trying to win her heart away from Nick . Also , Stella gets sick and Aunt Lisa takes care of her . Songs : `` Drive '' Guest Stars : John Ducey as Tom Lucas , Frankie Jonas as Frankie Lucas and Antony Del Rio as McP 31 10 `` The Flirt Locker '' Paul Hoen Jennifer Fisher August 29 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 29 ) 210 3.4 A well - known celebrity blogger named Jessika nicknamed `` The Movie Brat '' interviews Joe for his movie , so Joe decides to flirt with her to prove to Stella that his charm is universal . Nick meets with a music producer . Also , Big Man makes Kevin do a vigorous workout to get back into shape . Songs : `` Critical '' Guest Star : Abbie Cobb as Jessika Note : This episode premiered on Nicole Anderson 's 20th birthday . 32 11 `` Boat Trip '' Savage Steve Holland Lester Lewis September 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 12 ) 211 2.8 With Joe and Stella not speaking to each other , Nick and Macy come up with a plan to get them to talk . Meanwhile , David Henrie challenges Kevin to a reality show competition . Songs : `` Chillin in the Summer Time '' Special Guest Star : David Henrie as Himself Special appearance by : Emily Osment as Herself 33 12 `` On the Radio '' Savage Steve Holland Jessica Kaminsky September 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 26 ) 212 2.8 In this episode Joe , Nick and Kevin do an interview on the radio to tell their fans they are not breaking up . On the interview they find out each of them have been doing a side project . Songs : `` Summer Rain '' Special Guest Star : David Henrie as Himself Guest Star : Debi Mazar as Mona Klein , Chris Warren Jr. as Jake and Abby Pirvonas as Vanessa Paige 34 13 `` Band of Brothers '' Ryan Shiraki Ryan Shiraki October 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 10 - 03 ) 213 3.5 In the series finale , The Jonas Brothers plan a secret concert to show their fans that they are not breaking up . Meanwhile , Stella feels betrayed when Joe does n't tell her that he has to go to New Zealand to shoot his sequel movie `` Forever April '' , so she leaves L.A. But right before she gets on the airplane , Joe runs into the airport and kisses her . So , they end up getting back together and they all have to get to the concert in which Nick and Macy have been waiting for them the whole time . Songs : `` Feelin Alive '' `` Critical '' and `` L.A. Baby ( Acoustic Version ) '' Guest Stars : China Anne McClain as Kiara Tyshanna , Frankie Jonas as Frankie Lucas , Abby Pirivonas as Vanessa Paige , Chris Warren Jr. as Jake and Debi Mazar as Mona Klein

Jonas (season 2) - wikipedia Jonas (season 2) Jump to: navigation , search Jonas L.A Season 2 poster Starring Joe Jonas Kevin Jonas Nick Jonas Chelsea Staub Nicole Anderson Country of origin United States No. of episodes 13 Release Original network Disney Channel Original release June 20 ( 2010-06-20 ) -- October 3, 2010 ( 2010-10-03 ) Season chronology ← Previous Season 1 List of Jonas episodes The second and final season of the television series Jonas , titled Jonas L.A. for this season, aired on Disney Channel from June 20, 2010 to October 3, 2010, and included 13 episodes. It follows the five main characters of the series as they spend their summer vacation in Los Angeles after the Jonas ' tour was over, a few months after the events of the first season . The season was never officially released on DVD, being available only in digital format. After the season finale, it was announced that the show would not be returning for another season. Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Opening sequence 3 Cast 3.1 Main 3.2 Recurring 4 Music 5 Episodes 6 References 7 External links Production ( edit ) The series was originally set in New Jersey , before the setting changed to Los Angeles for the second season and was shot at Hollywood Center Studios , which has also been the home to several other Disney Channel sitcoms over the years including The Suite Life on Deck and Wizards of Waverly Place . As of November 2010, Jonas L.A. was the only live-action Disney Channel Original Series, produced by It's a Laugh Productions , not filmed before a live studio audience. Disney Channel has officially announced, in November 2010, that Jonas L.A. will not return. They mentioned that they will be working with the Jonas Brothers in the future. Opening sequence ( edit ) The theme song for Jonas L.A. is `` Live to Party'' , performed by the Jonas Brothers (as Jonas). The song's lyrics describe the basic premise of the television series -- the Jonas' lives in L.A. The opening sequence shows the main cast members as the Jonas perform a song, with the creator's names appearing in the second-to-last part. The show's title logo has been redesigned to match the series new theme. Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Joe Jonas as Joe Lucas Nick Jonas as Nick Lucas Kevin Jonas as Kevin Lucas Chelsea Staub as Stella Malone Nicole Anderson as Macy Misa Recurring ( edit ) Adam Hicks as Dennis `` DZ'' Zimmer Chris Warren Jr. as Jake Williams Abby Pivaronas as Vanessa Paige Beth Crosby as Lisa Malone Debi Mazar as Mona Klein China Anne McClain as Kiara Tyshanna John Ducey as Tom Lucas Music ( edit ) Main article: Jonas L.A. (soundtrack) Some of the songs for this season (such as L.A. Baby and Feelin' Alive) were used to promote the season two of JONAS . The soundtrack was released on July 20, 2010. Episodes ( edit ) Beginning this season, the series title has been rebranded to Jonas L.A. . This season consisted of 13 episodes. John Ducey is no longer a regular cast member, he recurs for one episode. No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 22 `` House Party'' Paul Hoen Lester Lewis June 20, 2010 ( 2010-06-20 ) 201 3.3 When the boys arrive in Los Angeles, they are told by their new neighbor, DZ (parody of JZ), that they have to throw a party to fit in, and the boys decide to do it. Meanwhile, Stella and Macy arrive in L.A., with Stella thinking that Joe wants to continue their romantic relationship. But things go downhill when he's spotted hugging actress Vanessa Page ( Abby Pivaronas ). Songs: `` L.A. Baby'' Guest Stars: Adam Hicks as DZ, Emma Roberts as Herself and Anna Maria Perez de Taglé as Herself (uncredited) 23 `` Back to the Beach'' Eyal Gordin Marc Warren June 27, 2010 ( 2010-06-27 ) 202 4.2 Joe prepares for an audition with Vanessa Page, but when he arrives he is faced with a room full of actors who all resemble him. Stella and Kevin helps him while doing a scene for his audition. Meanwhile, Nick gets jealous when pro surfer, Stone Stevens asks Macy to work on his website. Songs: `` Fall'' Guest Stars: Adam Hicks as DZ, Debi Mazar as Mona Klein and Austin Butler as Stone Stevens 24 `` Date Expectations'' Paul Hoen Paul Ruehl July 2, 2010 ( 2010-07-02 ) 203 3.2 Stella meets a new friend, Ben, while hiking with Macy and he asks her out. She accepts. Joe gets very jealous and confronts Ben. Meanwhile, it's an all out war between Kevin and Nick to see who gets the spot in Justin Timberlake 's Ping-Pong Tournament. Songs: `` Make It Right'' Guest Stars : Chris Warren Jr. as Jake, Adam Hicks as DZ and Robert Adamson as Ben Note : This episode was originally slated to premiere on July 4, but it was moved up to July 2. 25 `` And... Action'' Paul Hoen Ned Goldreyer July 11, 2010 ( 2010-07-11 ) 204 3.7 Joe arrives late to movie set angering Mona. Stella's aunt takes up a new hobby. Meanwhile, Macy gives DZ a makeover and tips about what girls like in a guy. But the tips are actually what she likes in a guy, hinting to Nick. Songs: `` Invisible'' Guest Stars: Adam Hicks as DZ, Debi Mazar as Mona Klein, Kym Whitley as Officer Evie and Claire Demorest as Andrea Munroe Note: The scenes of Joe and Vanessa on the set of Forever April were filmed on the Universal Lot on the original `` Bates Motel'' set from the movie Psycho . And the spa session that Macy gave DZ included: new clothes, eyebrow waxing, doing his hair (which was tough because of hair tonic and hair glue), and gives him advice on girls. 26 5 `` America's Sweethearts'' Eyal Gordin Jessica Kaminsky July 25, 2010 ( 2010-07-25 ) 205 3.5 Joe asks Stella to find out if Vanessa likes him, but Stella is unwilling to do it, so she fails. She lies to Joe, telling him that Vanessa doesn't have feelings for him, which results in both costars being hurt. Kevin becomes Mona's assistant. Songs : `` Hey You'' Guest Stars: Debi Mazar as Mona Klein Absent: Nicole Anderson as Macy Misa 27 6 `` The Secret'' Paul Hoen Grace Parra August 1, 2010 ( 2010-08-01 ) 207 4.1 When Big Man leaves Nick in charge of watching his niece Kiara for the day, she figures out that Nick and Macy have been keeping their relationship a secret from everyone else. In order to keep her quiet, Nick agrees to record a song with her. Meanwhile, Joe accidentally gives Kevin a black eye during his movie fight training. Songs: `` Your Biggest Fan'' , `` Keep It Real'' and `` Set This Party Off'' Guest Star: China Anne McClain as Kiara Tyshanna Note : According to Nicole Anderson, a kiss between her and Nick Jonas was filmed for this episode, but was deleted. 28 7 `` A Wasabi Story'' John Scott Danny Warren August 8, 2010 ( 2010-08-08 ) 206 N/A Vanessa arranges a double date with Stella and Ben and her and Joe to have a world famous sushi chef for them. Things get complicated when Ben and Vanessa finds out that Joe and Stella had something between each other before. Kevin and Nick are going to a golf course and Macy asks if she can come along. Songs: `` Chillin' In The Summertime'' Guest Star: Alec Mapa as Chef Shiraki, Chris Warren Jr. as Jake and Robert Adamson as Ben 29 8 `` Up in the Air'' John Scott Marc Warren August 15, 2010 ( 2010-08-15 ) 208 N/A Mona asks Joe if Stella wants to be the new designer on set, much to Vanessa's annoyance. Meanwhile, Kevin tells Nick that Macy only likes handmade gifts, so he makes a mug for her for their one month-iversary. Songs : `` Things Will Never Be The Same'' Guest Stars: Debi Mazar as Mona Klein and China McClain as Kiara Tyshanna Note : This episode premiered on Joe Jonas ' 21st birthday. 30 9 `` Direct to Video'' Paul Hoen Ned Goldreyer & Paul Ruehl August 22, 2010 ( 2010-08-22 ) 209 3.8 The brothers decide to make a new music video which Kevin wants to direct but is upset after his father hires a popular music video director, McP, to direct the video instead. Meanwhile, Frankie has a crush on Macy and is trying to win her heart away from Nick. Also, Stella gets sick and Aunt Lisa takes care of her. Songs : `` Drive'' Guest Stars: John Ducey as Tom Lucas, Frankie Jonas as Frankie Lucas and Antony Del Rio as McP 31 10 `` The Flirt Locker'' Paul Hoen Jennifer Fisher August 29, 2010 ( 2010-08-29 ) 210 3.4 A well-known celebrity blogger named Jessika nicknamed `` The Movie Brat'' interviews Joe for his movie, so Joe decides to flirt with her to prove to Stella that his charm is universal. Nick meets with a music producer. Also, Big Man makes Kevin do a vigorous workout to get back into shape. Songs: `` Critical'' Guest Star: Abbie Cobb as Jessika Note : This episode premiered on Nicole Anderson 's 20th birthday. 32 11 `` Boat Trip'' Savage Steve Holland Lester Lewis September 12, 2010 ( 2010-09-12 ) 211 2.8 With Joe and Stella not speaking to each other, Nick and Macy come up with a plan to get them to talk. Meanwhile, David Henrie challenges Kevin to a reality show competition. Songs: `` Chillin in the Summer Time'' Special Guest Star: David Henrie as Himself Special appearance by : Emily Osment as Herself 33 12 `` On the Radio'' Savage Steve Holland Jessica Kaminsky September 26, 2010 ( 2010-09-26 ) 212 2.8 In this episode Joe, Nick and Kevin do an interview on the radio to tell their fans they are not breaking up. On the interview they find out each of them have been doing a side project. Songs: `` Summer Rain'' Special Guest Star: David Henrie as Himself Guest Star : Debi Mazar as Mona Klein, Chris Warren Jr. as Jake and Abby Pirvonas as Vanessa Paige 34 13 `` Band of Brothers'' Ryan Shiraki Ryan Shiraki October 3, 2010 ( 2010-10-03 ) 213 3.5 In the series finale , The Jonas Brothers plan a secret concert to show their fans that they are not breaking up. Meanwhile, Stella feels betrayed when Joe doesn't tell her that he has to go to New Zealand to shoot his sequel movie `` Forever April'' , so she leaves L.A. But right before she gets on the airplane, Joe runs into the airport and kisses her. So, they end up getting back together and they all have to get to the concert in which Nick and Macy have been waiting for them the whole time. Songs: `` Feelin Alive'' `` Critical'' and `` L.A. Baby (Acoustic Version)'' Guest Stars: China Anne McClain as Kiara Tyshanna, Frankie Jonas as Frankie Lucas, Abby Pirivonas as Vanessa Paige, Chris Warren Jr. as Jake and Debi Mazar as Mona Klein References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Huff, Richard; Hinckley, David (8 September 2008). `` Inner Tube'' . New York Daily News . p. 78 . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd (2009-05-04). `` Disney's ' Jonas' Doesn't Quite Pop'' . THRfeed.com . Archived from the original on May 7, 2009 . Retrieved 2009-05-17 . Jump up ^ Disney Channel's Season Premiere of `` JONAS L.A.,'' Is Week's No. 1 TV Series in Kids 6-11 and Tweens 9-14 Posted on 22 June 2010 by Bill Gorman Archived 11 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Disney's ' Jonas L.A.,' ' Good Luck Charlie' Hit Highs Posted on 3 August 2010 by Robert Seidman Jump up ^ Friday Cable Ratings: Say Yes To The Dress, The Soup, Merlin Finale & More Posted on 06 July 2010 by Bill Gorman Archived 11 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cable TV Top 25: LeBron, Pawn Stars, Hannah Montana Forever, Deadliest Catch Top Week's Viewership Posted on 13 July 2010 by Bill Gorman Archived 18 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings: True Blood, Entourage, The Glades, Kourtney & Khloe & More Posted on 27 July 2010 by Robert Seidman Archived 29 July 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cable Top 25: iCarly Tops Hannah Montana; Snooki Edges Sookie Posted on 03 August 2010 by Robert Seidman Archived 6 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings: ' The Glades Rises;' ' True Blood' Hits a 3.0 Adults 18-49 Rating & Much More Posted on 03 August 2010 by Robert Seidman Archived 5 August 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Sunday Cable Ratings: More Records for True Blood + The Glades, Rubicon, Mad Men & More Posted on 31 August 2010 by Robert Seidman Archived 3 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Big Sunday For Cable Ratings: True Blood, VMAs, Jersey Shore, Iron Chef, Kardashians & Lots More Posted on 14 September 2010 by Bill Gorman Archived 17 September 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Cable Ratings: ' Boardwalk Empire' Falls; ' Rubicon' Stays Low + Glades, Mad Men, Kardashians, Dexter & Lots More By Bill Gorman-- September 28, 2010 Jump up ^ Cable Top 25: ' Monday Night Football,' ' Jersey Shore,' Wizards of Waverly Place,' ' Phineas and Ferb' Top Week's Cable Viewing By Robert Seidman-- October 5, 2010 Archived October 9, 2010, at the Wayback Machine . External links ( edit ) List of Jonas episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jonas_(season_2)&oldid=822712597 '' Categories : 2010 American television seasons Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Infobox television season articles that use the season name parameter Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Italiano Magyar Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 28 January 2018, at 01:46. 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who founded the modern quantum theory of matter

The Mach - Zehnder Interferometer experiment conducted by Paul Kwiat , Harold Wienfurter , Thomas Herzog , Anton Zeilinger , and Mark Kasevich , providing experimental verification of the Elitzur - Vaidman bomb tester , proving interaction - free measurement is possible . ( 1994 )

History of quantum mechanics - wikipedia History of quantum mechanics See also: Timeline of quantum mechanics and History of physics 10 influential figures in the history of quantum mechanics. Left to right: Max Planck , Albert Einstein , Niels Bohr , Louis de Broglie , Max Born , Paul Dirac , Werner Heisenberg , Wolfgang Pauli , Erwin Schrödinger , Richard Feynman . The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics . Quantum mechanics' history, as it interlaces with the history of quantum chemistry , began essentially with a number of different scientific discoveries: the 1838 discovery of cathode rays by Michael Faraday ; the 1859-- 60 winter statement of the black-body radiation problem by Gustav Kirchhoff ; the 1877 suggestion by Ludwig Boltzmann that the energy states of a physical system could be discrete ; the discovery of the photoelectric effect by Heinrich Hertz in 1887; and the 1900 quantum hypothesis by Max Planck that any energy-radiating atomic system can theoretically be divided into a number of discrete `` energy elements'' ε ( epsilon ) such that each of these energy elements is proportional to the frequency ν with which each of them individually radiate energy , as defined by the following formula: ε = h ν (\displaystyle \epsilon =h\nu \,) where h is a numerical value called Planck's constant . Then, Albert Einstein in 1905, in order to explain the photoelectric effect previously reported by Heinrich Hertz in 1887, postulated consistently with Max Planck's quantum hypothesis that light itself is made of individual quantum particles, which in 1926 came to be called photons by Gilbert N. Lewis. The photoelectric effect was observed upon shining light of particular wavelengths on certain materials, such as metals, which caused electrons to be ejected from those materials only if the light quantum energy was greater than the work function of the metal's surface. The phrase `` quantum mechanics'' was coined (in German, Quantenmechanik ) by the group of physicists including Max Born , Werner Heisenberg , and Wolfgang Pauli , at the University of Göttingen in the early 1920s, and was first used in Born's 1924 paper `` Zur Quantenmechanik'' . In the years to follow, this theoretical basis slowly began to be applied to chemical structure , reactivity, and bonding. Contents 1 Overview 2 Founding experiments 3 See also 4 References 5 Further reading 6 External links Overview ( edit ) Ludwig Boltzmann 's diagram of the I molecule proposed in 1898 showing the atomic `` sensitive region'' (α , β ) of overlap. Ludwig Boltzmann suggested in 1877 that the energy levels of a physical system, such as a molecule, could be discrete. He was a founder of the Austrian Mathematical Society , together with the mathematicians Gustav von Escherich and Emil Müller . Boltzmann's rationale for the presence of discrete energy levels in molecules such as those of iodine gas had its origins in his statistical thermodynamics and statistical mechanics theories and was backed up by mathematical arguments, as would also be the case twenty years later with the first quantum theory put forward by Max Planck . In 1900, the German physicist Max Planck reluctantly introduced the idea that energy is quantized in order to derive a formula for the observed frequency dependence of the energy emitted by a black body , called Planck's law , that included a Boltzmann distribution (applicable in the classical limit). Planck's law can be stated as follows: I ( ν , T ) = 2 h ν 3 c 2 1 e h ν k T − 1 , (\displaystyle I(\nu ,T)=(\frac (2h\nu ^(3))(c^(2)))(\frac (1)(e^(\frac (h\nu )(kT))-1)),) where: I ( ν , T ) is the energy per unit time (or the power ) radiated per unit area of emitting surface in the normal direction per unit solid angle per unit frequency by a black body at temperature T ; h is the Planck constant ; c is the speed of light in a vacuum; k is the Boltzmann constant ; ν ( nu ) is the frequency of the electromagnetic radiation; and T is the temperature of the body in kelvins . The earlier Wien approximation may be derived from Planck's law by assuming h ν ≫ k T (\displaystyle h\nu \gg kT) . Moreover, the application of Planck's quantum theory to the electron allowed Ștefan Procopiu in 1911-- 1913, and subsequently Niels Bohr in 1913, to calculate the magnetic moment of the electron, which was later called the `` magneton '' ; similar quantum computations, but with numerically quite different values, were subsequently made possible for both the magnetic moments of the proton and the neutron that are three orders of magnitude smaller than that of the electron. Photoelectric effect The emission of electrons from a metal plate caused by light quanta (photons) with energy greater than the work function of the metal. The photoelectric effect reported by Heinrich Hertz in 1887 , and explained by Albert Einstein in 1905 . Low-energy phenomena: Photoelectric effect Mid-energy phenomena: Compton scattering High-energy phenomena: Pair production In 1905, Einstein explained the photoelectric effect by postulating that light, or more generally all electromagnetic radiation , can be divided into a finite number of `` energy quanta'' that are localized points in space. From the introduction section of his March 1905 quantum paper, `` On a heuristic viewpoint concerning the emission and transformation of light'' , Einstein states: `` According to the assumption to be contemplated here, when a light ray is spreading from a point, the energy is not distributed continuously over ever-increasing spaces, but consists of a finite number of ' energy quanta' that are localized in points in space, move without dividing, and can be absorbed or generated only as a whole.'' This statement has been called the most revolutionary sentence written by a physicist of the twentieth century. These energy quanta later came to be called `` photons '' , a term introduced by Gilbert N. Lewis in 1926. The idea that each photon had to consist of energy in terms of quanta was a remarkable achievement; it effectively solved the problem of black-body radiation attaining infinite energy , which occurred in theory if light were to be explained only in terms of waves. In 1913, Bohr explained the spectral lines of the hydrogen atom , again by using quantization, in his paper of July 1913 On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules . These theories, though successful, were strictly phenomenological : during this time, there was no rigorous justification for quantization , aside, perhaps, from Henri Poincaré 's discussion of Planck's theory in his 1912 paper Sur la théorie des quanta . They are collectively known as the old quantum theory . The phrase `` quantum physics'' was first used in Johnston's Planck's Universe in Light of Modern Physics (1931). With decreasing temperature, the peak of the blackbody radiation curve shifts to longer wavelengths and also has lower intensities. The blackbody radiation curves (1862) at left are also compared with the early, classical limit model of Rayleigh and Jeans (1900) shown at right. The short wavelength side of the curves was already approximated in 1896 by the Wien distribution law . Niels Bohr 's 1913 quantum model of the atom, which incorporated an explanation of Johannes Rydberg 's 1888 formula , Max Planck 's 1900 quantum hypothesis, i.e. that atomic energy radiators have discrete energy values ( ε = hν ), J. J. Thomson 's 1904 plum pudding model , Albert Einstein 's 1905 light quanta postulate, and Ernest Rutherford 's 1907 discovery of the atomic nucleus . Note that the electron does not travel along the black line when emitting a photon. It jumps, disappearing from the outer orbit and appearing in the inner one and cannot exist in the space between orbits 2 and 3. In 1923, the French physicist Louis de Broglie put forward his theory of matter waves by stating that particles can exhibit wave characteristics and vice versa. This theory was for a single particle and derived from special relativity theory . Building on de Broglie's approach, modern quantum mechanics was born in 1925, when the German physicists Werner Heisenberg , Max Born , and Pascual Jordan developed matrix mechanics and the Austrian physicist Erwin Schrödinger invented wave mechanics and the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation as an approximation to the generalised case of de Broglie's theory. Schrödinger subsequently showed that the two approaches were equivalent. Heisenberg formulated his uncertainty principle in 1927, and the Copenhagen interpretation started to take shape at about the same time. Starting around 1927, Paul Dirac began the process of unifying quantum mechanics with special relativity by proposing the Dirac equation for the electron . The Dirac equation achieves the relativistic description of the wavefunction of an electron that Schrödinger failed to obtain. It predicts electron spin and led Dirac to predict the existence of the positron . He also pioneered the use of operator theory, including the influential bra-- ket notation , as described in his famous 1930 textbook. During the same period, Hungarian polymath John von Neumann formulated the rigorous mathematical basis for quantum mechanics as the theory of linear operators on Hilbert spaces, as described in his likewise famous 1932 textbook . These, like many other works from the founding period, still stand, and remain widely used. The field of quantum chemistry was pioneered by physicists Walter Heitler and Fritz London , who published a study of the covalent bond of the hydrogen molecule in 1927. Quantum chemistry was subsequently developed by a large number of workers, including the American theoretical chemist Linus Pauling at Caltech , and John C. Slater into various theories such as Molecular Orbital Theory or Valence Theory. Beginning in 1927, researchers made attempts at applying quantum mechanics to fields instead of single particles, resulting in quantum field theories . Early workers in this area include P.A.M. Dirac , W. Pauli , V. Weisskopf , and P. Jordan . This area of research culminated in the formulation of quantum electrodynamics by R.P. Feynman , F. Dyson , J. Schwinger , and S. Tomonaga during the 1940s. Quantum electrodynamics describes a quantum theory of electrons , positrons , and the electromagnetic field , and served as a model for subsequent quantum field theories . Feynman diagram of gluon radiation in quantum chromodynamics The theory of quantum chromodynamics was formulated beginning in the early 1960s. The theory as we know it today was formulated by Politzer , Gross and Wilczek in 1975. Building on pioneering work by Schwinger , Higgs and Goldstone , the physicists Glashow , Weinberg and Salam independently showed how the weak nuclear force and quantum electrodynamics could be merged into a single electroweak force , for which they received the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics . Founding Experiments ( edit ) Thomas Young 's double-slit experiment demonstrating the wave nature of light. (c. 1805) Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity. (1896) J.J. Thomson 's cathode ray tube experiments (discovers the electron and its negative charge). (1897) The study of black-body radiation between 1850 and 1900, which could not be explained without quantum concepts. The photoelectric effect : Einstein explained this in 1905 (and later received a Nobel prize for it) using the concept of photons, particles of light with quantized energy. Robert Millikan 's oil-drop experiment , which showed that electric charge occurs as quanta (whole units). (1909) Ernest Rutherford 's gold foil experiment disproved the plum pudding model of the atom which suggested that the mass and positive charge of the atom are almost uniformly distributed. This led to the planetary model of the atom (1911). James Franck and Gustav Hertz's electron collision experiment shows that energy absorption by mercury atoms is quantized. (1914) Otto Stern and Walther Gerlach conduct the Stern-- Gerlach experiment , which demonstrates the quantized nature of particle spin . (1920) Clinton Davisson and Lester Germer demonstrate the wave nature of the electron in the Electron diffraction experiment. (1927) Clyde L. Cowan and Frederick Reines confirm the existence of the neutrino in the neutrino experiment . (1955) Clauss Jönsson 's double-slit experiment with electrons. (1961) The Quantum Hall effect , discovered in 1980 by Klaus von Klitzing . The quantized version of the Hall effect has allowed for the definition of a new practical standard for electrical resistance and for an extremely precise independent determination of the fine structure constant . The experimental verification of quantum entanglement by Alain Aspect. (1982) The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer experiment conducted by Paul Kwiat, Harold Wienfurter, Thomas Herzog, Anton Zeilinger , and Mark Kasevich, providing experimental verification of the Elitzur-Vaidman bomb tester , proving interaction-free measurement is possible. (1994) See also ( edit ) History of science portal Nuclear technology portal Physics portal Golden age of physics Einstein's thought experiments History of quantum field theory History of chemistry History of the molecule History of thermodynamics Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Max Born, My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate , Taylor & Francis, London, 1978. (`` We became more and more convinced that a radical change of the foundations of physics was necessary, i.e., a new kind of mechanics for which we used the term quantum mechanics. This word appears for the first time in physical literature in a paper of mine...'' ) Jump up ^ M. Planck (1914). The theory of heat radiation , second edition, translated by M. Masius, Blakiston's Son & Co, Philadelphia, pp. 22, 26, 42-- 43. Jump up ^ Folsing, Albrecht (1997), Albert Einstein: A Biography , trans. Ewald Osers , Viking Jump up ^ McCormmach, Russell (Spring 1967), `` Henri Poincaré and the Quantum Theory'' , Isis , 58 (1): 37-- 55, doi : 10.1086/350182 Jump up ^ Irons, F.E. (August 2001), `` Poincaré 's 1911-- 12 proof of quantum discontinuity interpreted as applying to atoms'' , American Journal of Physics , 69 (8): 879-- 84, Bibcode : 2001AmJPh..69..879I , doi : 10.1119/1.1356056 ^ Jump up to: David Edwards, The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics , Synthese, Volume 42, Number 1/September, 1979, pp. 1-- 70. ^ Jump up to: D. Edwards, The Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Field Theory: Fermions, Gauge Fields, and Super-symmetry, Part I: Lattice Field Theories , International J. of Theor. Phys., Vol. 20, No. 7 (1981). Jump up ^ Hanle, P.A. (December 1977), `` Erwin Schrodinger's Reaction to Louis de Broglie's Thesis on the Quantum Theory.'' , Isis , 68 (4): 606-- 09, doi : 10.1086/351880 Jump up ^ S. Auyang, How is Quantum Field Theory Possible? , Oxford University Press, 1995. Jump up ^ The Davisson-Germer experiment, which demonstrates the wave nature of the electron Further reading ( edit ) Bacciagaluppi, Guido; Valentini, Antony (2009), Quantum theory at the crossroads: reconsidering the 1927 Solvay conference , Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, p. 9184, arXiv : quant-ph/0609184 , Bibcode : 2006quant.ph..9184B , ISBN 978-0-521-81421-8 , OCLC 227191829 Bernstein, Jeremy (2009), Quantum Leaps , Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03541-6 Cramer, JG (2015). The Quantum Handshake: Entanglement, Nonlocality and Transactions . Springer Verlag. ISBN 978-3-319-24642-0 . Greenberger, Daniel, Hentschel, Klaus , Weinert, Friedel (Eds.) Compendium of Quantum Physics . Concepts, Experiments, History and Philosophy , New York: Springer, 2009. ISBN 978-3-540-70626-7 . Jammer, Max (1966), The conceptual development of quantum mechanics , New York: McGraw-Hill, OCLC 534562 Jammer, Max (1974), The philosophy of quantum mechanics: The interpretations of quantum mechanics in historical perspective , New York: Wiley, ISBN 0-471-43958-4 , OCLC 969760 F. Bayen, M. Flato, C. Fronsdal, A. Lichnerowicz and D. Sternheimer, Deformation theory and quantization I,and II, Ann. Phys. (N.Y.) , 111 (1978) pp. 61-151. D. Cohen, An Introduction to Hilbert Space and Quantum Logic , Springer-Verlag, 1989. This is a thorough and well-illustrated introduction. Finkelstein, D. (1969), `` Matter, Space and Logic'' , Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science , Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, V : 1969, doi : 10.1007/978-94-010-3381-7_4 , ISBN 978-94-010-3383-1 . A. Gleason. Measures on the Closed Subspaces of a Hilbert Space, Journal of Mathematics and Mechanics , 1957. R. Kadison. Isometries of Operator Algebras, Annals of Mathematics , Vol. 54, pp. 325-- 38, 1951 G. Ludwig. Foundations of Quantum Mechanics , Springer-Verlag, 1983. G. Mackey. Mathematical Foundations of Quantum Mechanics , W.A. Benjamin, 1963 (paperback reprint by Dover 2004). R. Omnès . Understanding Quantum Mechanics , Princeton University Press, 1999. (Discusses logical and philosophical issues of quantum mechanics, with careful attention to the history of the subject). N. Papanikolaou. Reasoning Formally About Quantum Systems: An Overview , ACM SIGACT News, 36(3), pp. 51-- 66, 2005. C. Piron. Foundations of Quantum Physics , W.A. Benjamin, 1976. Hermann Weyl. The Theory of Groups and Quantum Mechanics , Dover Publications, 1950. A. Whitaker. The New Quantum Age: From Bell's Theorem to Quantum Computation and Teleportation , Oxford University Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-19-958913-5 Stephen Hawking. The Dreams that Stuff is Made of , Running Press, 2011, ISBN 978-0-76-243434-3 A. Douglas Stone. Einstein and the Quantum, the Quest of the Valiant Swabian , Princeton University Press, 2006. Richard P. Feynman. QED: The Strange Theory of Light and Matter . Princeton University Press, 2006. Print. External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to: History of quantum mechanics A History of Quantum Mechanics A Brief History of Quantum Mechanics Homepage of the Quantum History Project Quantum mechanics Background Introduction History timeline Glossary Classical mechanics Old quantum theory Fundamentals Bra-- ket notation Casimir effect Complementarity Density matrix Energy level ground state excited state degenerate levels Vacuum state Zero-point energy QED vacuum QCD vacuum Hamiltonian Operator Quantum coherence Quantum decoherence Measurement Quantum Quantum realm Quantum system Quantum state Quantum number Quantum entanglement Quantum superposition Quantum nonlocality Quantum tunnelling Quantum levitation Quantum fluctuation Quantum annealing Quantum foam Quantum noise Heisenberg uncertainty principle Spontaneous parametric down-conversion Von Neumann entropy Spin Scattering theory Symmetry in quantum mechanics Symmetry breaking Spontaneous symmetry breaking Wave propagation Quantum interference Wave function Wave function collapse Wave-- particle duality Matter wave Qubit Qutrit Observable Probability distribution Formulations Formulations Heisenberg Interaction Matrix mechanics Schrödinger Path integral formulation Phase space Equations Dirac Klein-- Gordon Pauli Rydberg Schrödinger Interpretations Interpretations Bayesian Consistent histories Copenhagen de Broglie-- Bohm Ensemble Hidden variables Many-worlds Objective collapse Quantum logic Relational Stochastic Transactional Cosmological Experiments Afshar Bell's inequality Cold Atom Laboratory Davisson-- Germer Delayed choice quantum eraser Double-slit Franck-- Hertz experiment Leggett-- Garg inequality Mach-Zehnder inter. 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when was the titanic meant to reach new york

Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 59 on the morning of 17 April . After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles ( 63 mi ; 102 km ) . From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles ( 1,860 mi ; 3,000 km ) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner '' south - east of Newfoundland , where westbound steamers carried out a change of course . Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles ( 1,177 mi ; 1,895 km ) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg . The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles ( 222 mi ; 357 km ) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor .

RMS Titanic - wikipedia RMS Titanic `` Titanic'' redirects here. For the film by James Cameron, see Titanic (1997 film) . For other uses, see Titanic (disambiguation) . RMS Titanic departing Southampton on 10 April 1912 History United Kingdom Name: RMS Titanic Owner: White Star Line Port of registry: Liverpool , UK Route: Southampton to New York City Ordered: 17 September 1908 Builder: Harland and Wolff , Belfast Cost: GB£ 1.5 million ($144.5 million in 2018) Yard number: 401 Laid down: 31 March 1909 Launched: 31 May 1911 Completed: 2 April 1912 Maiden voyage: 10 April 1912 In service: 10-- 15 April 1912 Identification: Radio call sign `` MGY'' Fate: Hit an iceberg 11:40 p.m. (ship's time) 14 April 1912 on her maiden voyage and sank 2 h 40 min later on 15 April 1912 ; 106 years ago ( 1912-04-15 ) . Status: Wreck General characteristics Class and type: Olympic -class ocean liner Tonnage: 46,328 GRT Displacement: 52,310 tons Length: 882 ft 9 in (269.1 m) Beam: 92 ft 6 in (28.2 m) Height: 175 ft (53.3 m) (keel to top of funnels) Draught: 34 ft 7 in (10.5 m) Depth: 64 ft 6 in (19.7 m) Decks: 9 (A-- G) Installed power: 24 double-ended and five single-ended boilers feeding two reciprocating steam engines for the wing propellers, and a low-pressure turbine for the centre propeller; output: 46,000 HP Propulsion: Two three-blade wing propellers and one four-blade centre propeller Speed: Cruising: 21 kn (39 km/h; 24 mph). Max: 24 kn (44 km/h; 28 mph) Capacity: Passengers: 2,435, crew: 892. Total: 3,327 (or 3,547 according to other sources) Notes: Lifeboats: 20 (sufficient for 1,178 people) RMS Titanic was a British passenger liner that sank in the North Atlantic Ocean in the early hours of 15 April 1912, after colliding with an iceberg during its maiden voyage from Southampton to New York City . There were an estimated 2,224 passengers and crew aboard, and more than 1,500 died, making it one of the deadliest commercial peacetime maritime disasters in modern history. RMS Titanic was the largest ship afloat at the time it entered service and was the second of three Olympic -class ocean liners operated by the White Star Line . It was built by the Harland and Wolff shipyard in Belfast . Thomas Andrews , her architect, died in the disaster. Titanic was under the command of Capt. Edward Smith , who also went down with the ship . The ocean liner carried some of the wealthiest people in the world, as well as hundreds of emigrants from Great Britain and Ireland , Scandinavia and elsewhere throughout Europe who were seeking a new life in the United States. The first-class accommodation was designed to be the pinnacle of comfort and luxury, with an on-board gymnasium, swimming pool, libraries, high-class restaurants and opulent cabins. A high-powered radiotelegraph transmitter was available for sending passenger `` marconigrams'' and for the ship's operational use. Although Titanic had advanced safety features such as watertight compartments and remotely activated watertight doors, Titanic only carried enough lifeboats for 1,178 people-- about half the number on board, and one third of her total capacity-- due to outdated maritime safety regulations. The ship carried 16 lifeboat davits which could lower three lifeboats each, for a total of 48 boats. However, Titanic carried only a total of 20 lifeboats, four of which were collapsible and proved hard to launch during the sinking. After leaving Southampton on 10 April 1912, Titanic called at Cherbourg in France and Queenstown (now Cobh ) in Ireland before heading west to New York. On 14 April, four days into the crossing and about 375 miles (600 km) south of Newfoundland , she hit an iceberg at 11:40 p.m. ship's time. The collision caused the hull plates to buckle inwards along her starboard (right) side and opened five of her sixteen watertight compartments to the sea; she could only survive four flooding. Meanwhile, passengers and some crew members were evacuated in lifeboats, many of which were launched only partially loaded. A disproportionate number of men were left aboard because of a `` women and children first '' protocol for loading lifeboats. At 2:20 a.m., she broke apart and foundered with well over one thousand people still aboard. Just under two hours after Titanic sank, the Cunard liner RMS Carpathia arrived and brought aboard an estimated 705 survivors. The disaster was met with worldwide shock and outrage at the huge loss of life and the regulatory and operational failures that led to it. Public inquiries in Britain and the United States led to major improvements in maritime safety . One of their most important legacies was the establishment in 1914 of the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), which still governs maritime safety today. Additionally, several new wireless regulations were passed around the world in an effort to learn from the many missteps in wireless communications-- which could have saved many more passengers. The wreck of Titanic was discovered in 1985 (more than 70 years after the disaster), and remains on the seabed. The ship was split in two and is gradually disintegrating at a depth of 12,415 feet (3,784 m). Thousands of artefacts have been recovered and displayed at museums around the world. Titanic has become one of the most famous ships in history; her memory is kept alive by numerous works of popular culture, including books, folk songs, films, exhibits, and memorials . Titanic is the second largest ocean liner wreck in the world, only beaten by her sister HMHS Britannic , the largest ever sunk. The final survivor of the sinking, Millvina Dean , aged two months at the time, died in 2009 at the age of 97. Contents 1 Background 2 Dimensions and layout 3 Features 3.1 Power 3.2 Technology 3.2.1 Watertight compartments and funnels 3.2.2 Rudder and steering engines 3.2.3 Water, ventilation and heating 3.2.4 Radio communications 3.3 Passenger facilities 3.4 Mail and cargo 3.5 Lifeboats 4 Building and preparing the ship 4.1 Construction, launch and fitting-out 4.2 Sea trials 5 Maiden voyage 5.1 Crew 5.2 Passengers 5.3 Collecting passengers 5.4 Atlantic crossing 5.5 Sinking 6 Aftermath of sinking 6.1 Arrival of Carpathia in New York 6.2 Insurance and aid for survivors 6.3 Investigations into the disaster 6.3.1 Role of the SS Californian 6.4 Survivors and victims 6.5 Retrieval and burial of the dead 7 Wreck 8 Legacy 8.1 Safety 8.2 Cultural 8.2.1 Significance in Northern Ireland 9 Appendix 10 Replicas 11 See also 12 Notes 13 References 14 Bibliography 15 External links Background The name Titanic was derived from Greek mythology and meant gigantic. Built in Belfast, Ireland, in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (as it was then known), the RMS Titanic was the second of the three Olympic -class ocean liners -- the first was the RMS Olympic and the third was the HMHS Britannic . They were by far the largest vessels of the British shipping company White Star Line 's fleet, which comprised 29 steamers and tenders in 1912. The three ships had their genesis in a discussion in mid-1907 between the White Star Line's chairman, J. Bruce Ismay , and the American financier J.P. Morgan , who controlled the White Star Line's parent corporation, the International Mercantile Marine Co. (IMM). The White Star Line faced an increasing challenge from its main rivals Cunard , which had recently launched the Lusitania and the Mauretania -- the fastest passenger ships then in service-- and the German lines Hamburg America and Norddeutscher Lloyd . Ismay preferred to compete on size rather than speed and proposed to commission a new class of liners that would be larger than anything that had gone before as well as being the last word in comfort and luxury. The company sought an upgrade in their fleet primarily in response to the Cunard giants but also to replace their oldest pair of passenger ships still in service, being the SS Teutonic of 1889 and SS Majestic of 1890. Teutonic was replaced by Olympic while Majestic was replaced by Titanic . Majestic would be brought back into her old spot on White Star's New York service after Titanic's loss. The ships were constructed by the Belfast shipbuilders Harland and Wolff , who had a long-established relationship with the White Star Line dating back to 1867. Harland and Wolff were given a great deal of latitude in designing ships for the White Star Line; the usual approach was for the latter to sketch out a general concept which the former would take away and turn into a ship design. Cost considerations were relatively low on the agenda and Harland and Wolff was authorised to spend what it needed on the ships, plus a five percent profit margin. In the case of the Olympic -class ships, a cost of £ 3 million (£ 250 million in 2015 money) for the first two ships was agreed plus `` extras to contract'' and the usual five percent fee. Harland and Wolff put their leading designers to work designing the Olympic -class vessels. The design was overseen by Lord Pirrie , a director of both Harland and Wolff and the White Star Line; naval architect Thomas Andrews , the managing director of Harland and Wolff's design department; Edward Wilding, Andrews' deputy and responsible for calculating the ship's design, stability and trim; and Alexander Carlisle , the shipyard's chief draughtsman and general manager. Carlisle's responsibilities included the decorations, equipment and all general arrangements, including the implementation of an efficient lifeboat davit design. On 29 July 1908, Harland and Wolff presented the drawings to J. Bruce Ismay and other White Star Line executives. Ismay approved the design and signed three `` letters of agreement'' two days later, authorising the start of construction. At this point the first ship-- which was later to become Olympic -- had no name, but was referred to simply as `` Number 400'' , as it was Harland and Wolff's four hundredth hull. Titanic was based on a revised version of the same design and was given the number 401. Dimensions and layout Titanic in 1912 Titanic was 882 feet 9 inches (269.06 m) long with a maximum breadth of 92 feet 6 inches (28.19 m). Her total height, measured from the base of the keel to the top of the bridge, was 104 feet (32 m). She measured 46,328 gross register tons and with a draught of 34 feet 7 inches (10.54 m), she displaced 52,310 tons. All three of the Olympic -class ships had ten decks (excluding the top of the officers' quarters), eight of which were for passenger use. From top to bottom, the decks were: The Boat Deck , on which the lifeboats were housed. It was from here during the early hours of 15 April 1912 that Titanic 's lifeboats were lowered into the North Atlantic. The bridge and wheelhouse were at the forward end, in front of the captain's and officers' quarters. The bridge stood 8 feet (2.4 m) above the deck, extending out to either side so that the ship could be controlled while docking. The wheelhouse stood directly behind and above the bridge. The entrance to the First Class Grand Staircase and gymnasium were located midships along with the raised roof of the First Class lounge, while at the rear of the deck were the roof of the First Class smoke room and the relatively modest Second Class entrance. The wood-covered deck was divided into four segregated promenades: for officers, First Class passengers, engineers, and Second Class passengers respectively. Lifeboats lined the side of the deck except in the First Class area, where there was a gap so that the view would not be spoiled. A Deck , also called the Promenade Deck , extended along the entire 546 feet (166 m) length of the superstructure . It was reserved exclusively for First Class passengers and contained First Class cabins, the First Class lounge, smoke room, reading and writing rooms and Palm Court. B Deck , the Bridge Deck , was the top weight-bearing deck and the uppermost level of the hull. More First Class passenger accommodations were located here with six palatial staterooms (cabins) featuring their own private promenades. On Titanic , the À La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien provided luxury dining facilities to First Class passengers. Both were run by subcontracted chefs and their staff; all were lost in the disaster. The Second Class smoking room and entrance hall were both located on this deck. The raised forecastle of the ship was forward of the Bridge Deck, accommodating Number 1 hatch (the main hatch through to the cargo holds), numerous pieces of machinery and the anchor housings. Aft of the Bridge Deck was the raised Poop Deck, 106 feet (32 m) long, used as a promenade by Third Class passengers. It was where many of Titanic 's passengers and crew made their last stand as the ship sank. The forecastle and Poop Deck were separated from the Bridge Deck by well decks . C Deck , the Shelter Deck , was the highest deck to run uninterrupted from stem to stern. It included both well decks; the aft one served as part of the Third Class promenade. Crew cabins were housed below the forecastle and Third Class public rooms were housed below the Poop Deck. In between were the majority of First Class cabins and the Second Class library. D Deck , the Saloon Deck , was dominated by three large public rooms-- the First Class Reception Room, the First Class Dining Saloon and the Second Class Dining Saloon. An open space was provided for Third Class passengers. First, Second and Third Class passengers had cabins on this deck, with berths for firemen located in the bow. It was the highest level reached by the ship's watertight bulkheads (though only by eight of the fifteen bulkheads). E Deck , the Upper Deck , was predominantly used for passenger accommodation for all three classes plus berths for cooks, seamen, stewards and trimmers . Along its length ran a long passageway nicknamed Scotland Road , in reference to a famous street in Liverpool. Scotland Road was used by Third Class passengers and crew members. F Deck , the Middle Deck , was the last complete deck and mainly accommodated Second and Third Class passengers and several departments of the crew. The Third Class dining saloon was located here, as were the swimming pool and Turkish bath. G Deck , the Lower Deck , was the lowest complete deck that carried passengers, and had the lowest portholes, just above the waterline. The squash court was located here along with the traveling post office where letters and parcels were sorted ready for delivery when the ship docked. Food was also stored here. The deck was interrupted at several points by orlop (partial) decks over the boiler, engine and turbine rooms. The Orlop Decks and the Tank Top below that were on the lowest level of the ship, below the waterline. The orlop decks were used as cargo spaces, while the Tank Top-- the inner bottom of the ship's hull-- provided the platform on which the ship's boilers, engines, turbines and electrical generators were housed. This area of the ship was occupied by the engine and boiler rooms, areas which passengers would have been prohibited from seeing. They were connected with higher levels of the ship by flights of stairs; twin spiral stairways near the bow provided access up to D Deck. Features Power Rudder with central and port wing propellers for scale note the man at bottom of the photo Titanic was equipped with three main engines-- two reciprocating four- cylinder , triple-expansion steam engines and one centrally placed low-pressure Parsons turbine -- each driving a propeller . The two reciprocating engines had a combined output of 30,000 hp. The output of the steam turbine was 16,000 hp. The White Star Line had used the same combination of engines on an earlier liner, the SS Laurentic , where it had been a great success. It provided a good combination of performance and speed; reciprocating engines by themselves were not powerful enough to propel an Olympic -class liner at the desired speeds, while turbines were sufficiently powerful but caused uncomfortable vibrations, a problem that affected the all-turbine Cunard liners Lusitania and Mauretania . By combining reciprocating engines with a turbine, fuel usage could be reduced and motive power increased, while using the same amount of steam. The two reciprocating engines were each 63 feet (19 m) long and weighed 720 tons, with their bedplates contributing a further 195 tons. They were powered by steam produced in 29 boilers, 24 of which were double-ended and five single-ended, which contained a total of 159 furnaces. The boilers were 15 feet 9 inches (4.80 m) in diameter and 20 feet (6.1 m) long, each weighing 91.5 tons and capable of holding 48.5 tons of water. They were heated by burning coal, 6,611 tons of which could be carried in Titanic 's bunkers, with a further 1,092 tons in Hold 3. The furnaces required over 600 tons of coal a day to be shovelled into them by hand, requiring the services of 176 firemen working around the clock. 100 tons of ash a day had to be disposed of by ejecting it into the sea. The work was relentless, dirty and dangerous, and although firemen were paid relatively generously there was a high suicide rate among those who worked in that capacity. Exhaust steam leaving the reciprocating engines was fed into the turbine, which was situated aft. From there it passed into a surface condenser , to increase the efficiency of the turbine and so that the steam could be condensed back into water and reused. The engines were attached directly to long shafts which drove the propellers. There were three, one for each engine; the outer (or wing) propellers were the largest, each carrying three blades of manganese-bronze alloy with a total diameter of 23.5 feet (7.2 m). The middle propeller was slightly smaller at 17 feet (5.2 m) in diameter, and could be stopped but not reversed. Titanic 's electrical plant was capable of producing more power than an average city power station of the time. Immediately aft of the turbine engine were four 400 kW steam-driven electric generators, used to provide electrical power to the ship, plus two 30 kW auxiliary generators for emergency use. Their location in the stern of the ship meant they remained operational until the last few minutes before the ship sank. Technology Watertight compartments and funnels The interiors of the Olympic -class ships were subdivided into 16 primary compartments divided by 15 bulkheads which extended well above the waterline. Eleven vertically closing watertight doors could seal off the compartments in the event of an emergency. The ship's exposed decking was made of pine and teak, while interior ceilings were covered in painted granulated cork to combat condensation. Standing above the decks were four funnels, each painted buff with black tops, (though only three were functional-- the last one was a dummy, installed for aesthetic purposes and also for kitchen ventilation)-- and two masts, each 155 feet (47 m) high, which supported derricks for working cargo. Rudder and steering engines Titanic 's rudder was so large-- at 78 feet 8 inches (23.98 m) high and 15 feet 3 inches (4.65 m) long, weighing over 100 tons-- that it required steering engines to move it. Two steam-powered steering engines were installed though only one was used at any one time, with the other one kept in reserve. They were connected to the short tiller through stiff springs, to isolate the steering engines from any shocks in heavy seas or during fast changes of direction. As a last resort, the tiller could be moved by ropes connected to two steam capstans . The capstans were also used to raise and lower the ship's five anchors (one port, one starboard, one in the centreline and two kedging anchors ). Water, ventilation and heating The ship was equipped with her own waterworks, capable of heating and pumping water to all parts of the vessel via a complex network of pipes and valves. The main water supply was taken aboard while Titanic was in port, but in an emergency the ship could also distil fresh water from seawater, though this was not a straightforward process as the distillation plant quickly became clogged by salt deposits. A network of insulated ducts conveyed warm air, driven by electric fans, around the ship, and First Class cabins were fitted with additional electric heaters. Radio communications Marconi company receiving equipment for a 5 kilowatt ocean liner station. Titanic's radiotelegraph equipment (then known as wireless telegraphy ) was leased to the White Star Line by the Marconi International Marine Communication Company , which also supplied two of its employees, Jack Phillips and Harold Bride , as operators. The service maintained a 24-hour schedule, primarily sending and receiving passenger telegrams, but also handling navigation messages including weather reports and ice warnings. The radio room was located on the Boat Deck, in the officers' quarters. A soundproofed `` Silent Room'' , next to the operating room, housed loud equipment, including the transmitter and a motor-generator used for producing alternating currents. The operators' living quarters were adjacent to the working office. The ship was equipped with a ' state of the art' 5 kilowatt rotary spark-gap transmitter , operating under the radio callsign MGY, and communication was conducted in Morse code . This transmitter was one of the first Marconi installations to use a rotary spark gap, which gave Titanic a distinctive musical tone that could be readily distinguished from other signals. The transmitter was one of the most powerful in the world, and guaranteed to broadcast over a radius of 350 miles (563 km). An elevated T-antenna that spanned the length of the ship was used for transmitting and receiving. The normal operating frequency was 500 kHz (600 m wavelength), however the equipment could also operate on the `` short'' wavelength of 1,000 kHz (300 m wavelength) that was employed by smaller vessels with shorter antennas. Passenger facilities Further information: First class facilities of the RMS Titanic and Second and Third-class facilities on the RMS Titanic This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The passenger facilities aboard Titanic aimed to meet the highest standards of luxury. According to Titanic 's general arrangement plans, the ship could accommodate 833 First Class Passengers, 614 in Second Class and 1,006 in Third Class, for a total passenger capacity of 2,453. In addition, her capacity for crew members exceeded 900, as most documents of her original configuration have stated that her full carrying capacity for both passengers and crew was approximately 3,547. Her interior design was a departure from that of other passenger liners, which had typically been decorated in the rather heavy style of a manor house or an English country house . Titanic was laid out in a much lighter style similar to that of contemporary high-class hotels-- the Ritz Hotel was a reference point-- with First Class cabins finished in the Empire style . A variety of other decorative styles, ranging from the Renaissance to Louis XV , were used to decorate cabins and public rooms in First and Second Class areas of the ship. The aim was to convey an impression that the passengers were in a floating hotel rather than a ship; as one passenger recalled, on entering the ship's interior a passenger would `` at once lose the feeling that we are on board ship, and seem instead to be entering the hall of some great house on shore'' . Among the more novel features available to first-class passengers was a 7 ft. deep saltwater swimming pool, a gymnasium, a squash court, and a Turkish bath which comprised electric bath , steam room, cool room, massage room, and hot room. First-class common rooms were impressive in scope and lavishly decorated. They included a Lounge in the style of the Palace of Versailles , an enormous Reception Room, a men's Smoking Room, and a Reading and Writing Room. There was an À la Carte Restaurant in the style of the Ritz Hotel which was run as a concession by the famous Italian restaurateur Gaspare Gatti . A Café Parisien decorated in the style of a French sidewalk café , complete with ivy covered trellises and wicker furniture, was run as an annex to the restaurant. For an extra cost, first-class passengers could enjoy the finest French haute cuisine in the most luxurious of surroundings. There was also a Verandah Café where tea and light refreshments were served, that offered grand views of the ocean. At 114 ft. long X 92 ft. wide, the Dining Saloon on D-Deck was the largest room afloat and could seat almost 600 passengers at a time. Third Class (commonly referred to as Steerage) accommodations aboard Titanic were not as luxurious as First or Second Class, but even so were better than on many other ships of the time. They reflected the improved standards which the White Star Line had adopted for trans-Atlantic immigrant and lower-class travel. On most other North Atlantic passenger ships at the time, Third Class accommodations consisted of little more than open dormitories in the forward end of the vessels, in which hundreds of people were confined, often without adequate food or toilet facilities. The White Star Line had long since broken that mould. As seen aboard Titanic , all White Star Line passenger ships divided their Third Class accommodations into two sections, always at opposite ends of the vessel from one another. The established arrangement was that single men were quartered in the forward areas, while single women, married couples and families were quartered aft. In addition, while other ships provided only open berth sleeping arrangements, White Star Line vessels provided their Third Class passengers with private, small but comfortable cabins capable of accommodating two, four, six, eight and 10 passengers. Third Class accommodations also included their own dining rooms, as well as public gathering areas including adequate open deck space, which aboard Titanic comprised the Poop Deck at the stern, the forward and aft well decks, and a large open space on D Deck which could be used as a social hall. This was supplemented by the addition of a smoking room for men and a General Room on C Deck which women could use for reading and writing. Although they were not as glamorous in design as spaces seen in upper class accommodations, they were still far above average for the period. Leisure facilities were provided for all three classes to pass the time. As well as making use of the indoor amenities such as the library, smoking rooms, and gymnasium, it was also customary for passengers to socialise on the open deck, promenading or relaxing in hired deck chairs or wooden benches. A passenger list was published before the sailing to inform the public which members of the great and good were on board, and it was not uncommon for ambitious mothers to use the list to identify rich bachelors to whom they could introduce their marriageable daughters during the voyage. One of Titanic 's most distinctive features was her First Class staircase, known as the Grand Staircase or Grand Stairway. Built of solid English oak with a sweeping curve, the staircase descended through seven decks of the ship, between the Boat Deck to E deck, before terminating in a simplified single flight on F Deck. It was capped with a dome of wrought iron and glass that admitted natural light to the stairwell. Each landing off the staircase gave access to ornate entrance halls paneled in the William & Mary style and lit by ormolu and crystal light fixtures. At the uppermost landing was a large carved wooden panel containing a clock, with figures of `` Honour and Glory Crowning Time'' flanking the clock face. The Grand Staircase was destroyed during the sinking and is now just a void in the ship which modern explorers have used to access the lower decks. During the filming of James Cameron's Titanic in 1997, his replica of the Grand Staircase was ripped from its foundations by the force of the inrushing water on the set. It has been suggested that during the real event, the entire Grand Staircase was ejected upwards through the dome. The gymnasium on the Boat Deck, which was equipped with the latest exercise machines The famous Grand Staircase, which connected Boat Deck and E Deck Swimming Pool on Olympic , Titanic's near identical sister ship Mail and cargo La Circassienne au Bain ; the most highly valued item of cargo lost on the Titanic . Although Titanic was primarily a passenger liner, she also carried a substantial amount of cargo. Her designation as a Royal Mail Ship (RMS) indicated that she carried mail under contract with the Royal Mail (and also for the United States Post Office Department ). For the storage of letters, parcels and specie (bullion, coins and other valuables), 26,800 cubic feet (760 m ) of space in her holds was allocated. The Sea Post Office on G Deck was manned by five postal clerks; three Americans and two Britons, who worked 13 hours a day, seven days a week sorting up to 60,000 items daily. The ship's passengers brought with them a huge amount of baggage; another 19,455 cubic feet (550.9 m ) was taken up by first- and second-class baggage. In addition, there was a considerable quantity of regular cargo, ranging from furniture to foodstuffs, and a 1912 Renault Type CE Coupe de Ville motor car. Despite later myths, the cargo on Titanic 's maiden voyage was fairly mundane; there was no gold, exotic minerals or diamonds, and one of the more famous items lost in the shipwreck, a jewelled copy of the Rubaiyat of Omar Khayyam , was valued at only £ 405 (£ 36,800 today). According to the claims for compensation filed with Commissioner Gilchrist, following the conclusion of the Senate Inquiry, the single most highly valued item of luggage or cargo was a large neoclassical oil painting entitled La Circassienne au Bain by French artist Merry-Joseph Blondel . The painting's owner, first class passenger Mauritz Håkan Björnström -Steffansson , filed a claim for $100,000 ($2.4 million equivalent in 2014) in compensation for the loss of the artwork. Titanic was equipped with eight electric cranes, four electric winches and three steam winches to lift cargo and baggage in and out of the hold. It is estimated that the ship used some 415 tons of coal whilst in Southampton, simply generating steam to operate the cargo winches and provide heat and light. Lifeboats Main article: Lifeboats of the RMS Titanic A collapsible lifeboat with canvas sides Titanic carried a total of 20 lifeboats: 14 standard wooden Harland and Wolff lifeboats with a capacity of 65 people each and four Englehardt `` collapsible'' (wooden bottom, collapsible canvas sides) lifeboats (identified as A to D) with a capacity of 47 people each. In addition, she had two emergency cutters with a capacity of 40 people each. Olympic herself did not even carry the four collapsibles A-- D during the 1911-- 12 season. All of the lifeboats were stowed securely on the boat deck and, except for collapsible lifeboats A and B, connected to davits by ropes. Those on the starboard side were odd-numbered 1-- 15 from bow to stern, while those on the port side were even-numbered 2-- 16 from bow to stern. Both cutters were kept swung out, hanging from the davits, ready for immediate use, while collapsible lifeboats C and D were stowed on the boat deck (connected to davits) immediately inboard of boats 1 and 2 respectively. A and B were stored on the roof of the officers' quarters, on either side of number 1 funnel. There were no davits to lower them and their weight would make them difficult to launch by hand. Each boat carried (among other things) food, water, blankets, and a spare life belt. Lifeline ropes on the boats' sides enabled them to save additional people from the water if necessary. Titanic had 16 sets of davits, each able to handle four lifeboats. This gave Titanic the ability to carry up to 64 wooden lifeboats which would have been enough for 4,000 people-- considerably more than her actual capacity. However, the White Star Line decided that only 16 wooden lifeboats and four collapsibles would be carried, which could accommodate 1,178 people, only one-third of Titanic 's total capacity. At the time, the Board of Trade's regulations required British vessels over 10,000 tons to only carry 16 lifeboats with a capacity of 990 occupants. Therefore, the White Star Line actually provided more lifeboat accommodation than was legally required. At the time, lifeboats were intended to ferry survivors from a sinking ship to a rescuing ship-- not keep afloat the whole population or power them to shore. Had the SS Californian responded to Titanic's distress calls , the lifeboats may have been adequate to ferry the passengers to safety as planned. Building and preparing the ship Construction, launch and fitting-out Play media Titanic Disaster -- Genuine Footage (1911-- 1912) The sheer size of Titanic and her sister ships posed a major engineering challenge for Harland and Wolff; no shipbuilder had ever before attempted to construct vessels this size. The ships were constructed on Queen's Island, now known as the Titanic Quarter , in Belfast Harbour . Harland and Wolff had to demolish three existing slipways and build two new ones, the largest ever constructed up to that time, to accommodate both ships. Their construction was facilitated by an enormous gantry built by Sir William Arrol & Co. , a Scottish firm responsible for the building of the Forth Bridge and London's Tower Bridge . The Arrol Gantry stood 228 feet (69 m) high, was 270 feet (82 m) wide and 840 feet (260 m) long, and weighed more than 6,000 tons. It accommodated a number of mobile cranes. A separate floating crane, capable of lifting 200 tons, was brought in from Germany. The construction of Olympic and Titanic took place virtually in parallel, with Olympic 's keel laid down first on 16 December 1908 and Titanic 's on 31 March 1909. Both ships took about 26 months to build and followed much the same construction process. They were designed essentially as an enormous floating box girder , with the keel acting as a backbone and the frames of the hull forming the ribs. At the base of the ships, a double bottom 5 feet 3 inches (1.60 m) deep supported 300 frames, each between 24 inches (61 cm) and 36 inches (91 cm) apart and measuring up to about 66 feet (20 m) long. They terminated at the bridge deck (B Deck) and were covered with steel plates which formed the outer skin of the ships. The 2,000 hull plates were single pieces of rolled steel plate , mostly up to 6 feet (1.8 m) wide and 30 feet (9.1 m) long and weighing between 2.5 and 3 tons. Their thickness varied from 1 inch (2.5 cm) to 1.5 inches (3.8 cm). The plates were laid in a clinkered (overlapping) fashion from the keel to the bilge. Above that point they were laid in the `` in and out'' fashion, where strake plating was applied in bands (the `` in strakes'' ) with the gaps covered by the `` out strakes'' , overlapping on the edges. Commercial oxy-fuel and electric arc welding methods, ubiquitous in fabrication today, were still in their infancy; like most other iron and steel structures of the era, the hull was held together with over three million iron and steel rivets , which by themselves weighed over 1,200 tons. They were fitted using hydraulic machines or were hammered in by hand. In the 1990s some material scientists concluded that the steel plate used for the ship was subject to being especially brittle when cold, and that this brittleness exacerbated the impact damage and hastened the sinking. It is believed that, by the standards of the time, the steel plate's quality was good, not faulty, but that it was inferior to what would be used for shipbuilding purposes in later decades, owing to advances in the metallurgy of steelmaking . As for the rivets, considerable emphasis has also been placed on their quality and strength. One of the last items to be fitted on Titanic before the ship's launch was her two side anchors and one centre anchor. The anchors themselves were a challenge to make with the centre anchor being the largest ever forged by hand and weighing nearly 16 tons. Twenty Clydesdale draught horses were needed to haul the centre anchor by wagon from the Noah Hingley & Sons Ltd forge shop in Netherton, near Dudley, United Kingdom to the Dudley railway station two miles away. From there it was shipped by rail to Fleetwood in Lancashire before being loaded aboard a ship and sent to Belfast. The work of constructing the ships was difficult and dangerous. For the 15,000 men who worked at Harland and Wolff at the time, safety precautions were rudimentary at best; a lot of the work was dangerous and was carried out without any safety equipment like hard hats or hand guards on machinery. As a result, deaths and injuries were to be expected. During Titanic 's construction, 246 injuries were recorded, 28 of them `` severe'' , such as arms severed by machines or legs crushed under falling pieces of steel. Six people died on the ship herself while she was being constructed and fitted out, and another two died in the shipyard workshops and sheds. Just before the launch a worker was killed when a piece of wood fell on him. Titanic was launched at 12:15 p.m. on 31 May 1911 in the presence of Lord Pirrie, J. Pierpoint Morgan, J. Bruce Ismay and 100,000 onlookers. 22 tons of soap and tallow were spread on the slipway to lubricate the ship's passage into the River Lagan . In keeping with the White Star Line's traditional policy, the ship was not formally named or christened with champagne. The ship was towed to a fitting-out berth where, over the course of the next year, her engines, funnels and superstructure were installed and her interior was fitted out. Although Titanic was virtually identical to the class's lead ship Olympic , a few changes were made to distinguish both ships. The most noticeable exterior difference was that Titanic (and the third vessel in class, Britannic ) had a steel screen with sliding windows installed along the forward half of the A Deck promenade. This was installed as a last minute change at the personal request of Bruce Ismay, and was intended to provide additional shelter to first class passengers. Extensive changes were made to B Deck on Titanic as the promenade space in this deck, which had proven unpopular on Olympic was converted into additional First Class cabins, including two opulent parlour suites with their own private promenade spaces. The À la Carte restaurant was also enlarged and the Café Parisien , an entirely new feature which did not exist on Olympic , was added. These changes made Titanic slightly heavier than her sister, and thus she could claim to be the largest ship afloat. The work took longer than expected due to design changes requested by Ismay and a temporary pause in work occasioned by the need to repair Olympic , which had been in a collision in September 1911. Had Titanic been finished earlier, she might well have missed her collision with an iceberg. Construction in gantry, 1909-- 11 Launch, 1911 (unfinished superstructure) Fitting-out, 1911-- 12 Sea trials RMS Titanic leaving Belfast for her sea trials on 2 April 1912 Titanic 's sea trials began at 6 a.m. on Tuesday, 2 April 1912, just two days after her fitting out was finished and eight days before she was due to leave Southampton on her maiden voyage. The trials were delayed for a day due to bad weather, but by Monday morning it was clear and fair. Aboard were 78 stokers, greasers and firemen, and 41 members of crew. No domestic staff appear to have been aboard. Representatives of various companies travelled on Titanic 's sea trials, Thomas Andrews and Edward Wilding of Harland and Wolff and Harold A. Sanderson of IMM. Bruce Ismay and Lord Pirrie were too ill to attend. Jack Phillips and Harold Bride served as radio operators, and performed fine-tuning of the Marconi equipment. Francis Carruthers, a surveyor from the Board of Trade, was also present to see that everything worked, and that the ship was fit to carry passengers. The sea trials consisted of a number of tests of her handling characteristics, carried out first in Belfast Lough and then in the open waters of the Irish Sea . Over the course of about 12 hours, Titanic was driven at different speeds, her turning ability was tested and a `` crash stop'' was performed in which the engines were reversed full ahead to full astern, bringing her to a stop in 850 yd (777 m) or 3 minutes and 15 seconds. The ship covered a distance of about 80 nautical miles (92 mi; 150 km), averaging 18 knots (21 mph; 33 km/h) and reaching a maximum speed of just under 21 knots (24 mph; 39 km/h). On returning to Belfast at about 7 p.m., the surveyor signed an `` Agreement and Account of Voyages and Crew'' , valid for 12 months, which declared the ship seaworthy. An hour later, Titanic departed Belfast to head to Southampton, a voyage of about 570 nautical miles (660 mi; 1,060 km). After a journey lasting about 28 hours she arrived about midnight on 4 April and was towed to the port's Berth 44, ready for the arrival of her passengers and the remainder of her crew. Maiden voyage Both Olympic and Titanic registered Liverpool as their home port. The offices of the White Star Line as well as Cunard were in Liverpool, and up until the introduction of the Olympic , most British ocean liners for both Cunard and White Star, such as Lusitania and Mauretania , sailed out of Liverpool followed by a port of call in Queenstown, Ireland . Since the company's founding in 1871, a vast majority of their operations had taken place out of Liverpool. However, in 1907 White Star established another service out of the port of Southampton on England's south coast, which became known as White Star's `` Express Service'' . Southampton had many advantages over Liverpool, the first being its proximity to London. In addition, Southampton, being on the south coast, allowed ships to easily cross the English Channel and make a port of call on the northern coast of France, usually at Cherbourg . This allowed British ships to pick up clientele from continental Europe before recrossing the channel and picking up passengers at Queenstown. The Southampton-Cherbourg-New York run would become so popular that most British ocean liners began using the port after World War I. Out of respect for Liverpool, ships continued to be registered there until the early 1960s. Queen Elizabeth 2 was one of the first ships registered in Southampton when introduced into service by Cunard in 1969. Titanic's maiden voyage was intended to be the first of many trans-Atlantic crossings between Southampton and New York via Cherbourg and Queenstown on westbound runs, returning via Plymouth in England while eastbound. Indeed, her entire schedule of voyages through to December 1912 still exists. When the route was established, four ships were assigned to the service. In addition to Teutonic and Majestic , the RMS Oceanic and the brand new RMS Adriatic sailed the route. When the Olympic entered service in June 1911, she replaced Teutonic , which after completing her last run on the service in late April was transferred to the Dominion Line's Canadian service. The following August, Adriatic was transferred to White Star's main Liverpool-New York service, and in November, Majestic was withdrawn from service impending the arrival of Titanic in the coming months, and was mothballed as a reserve ship. White Star's initial plans for Olympic and Titanic on the Southampton run followed the same routine as their predecessors had done before them. Each would sail once every three weeks from Southampton and New York, usually leaving at noon each Wednesday from Southampton and each Saturday from New York, thus enabling the White Star Line to offer weekly sailings in each direction. Special trains were scheduled from London and Paris to convey passengers to Southampton and Cherbourg respectively. The deep-water dock at Southampton, then known as the `` White Star Dock '' , had been specially constructed to accommodate the new Olympic -class liners, and had opened in 1911. Edward Smith , captain of Titanic , in 1911 Titanic at Southampton docks, prior to departure Display ad for Titanic 's first but never made sailing from New York on 20 April 1912 Crew Main article: Crew of the RMS Titanic Titanic had around 885 crew members on board for her maiden voyage. Like other vessels of her time, she did not have a permanent crew, and the vast majority of crew members were casual workers who only came aboard the ship a few hours before she sailed from Southampton. The process of signing up recruits had begun on 23 March and some had been sent to Belfast, where they served as a skeleton crew during Titanic 's sea trials and passage to England at the start of April. Captain Edward John Smith , the most senior of the White Star Line's captains, was transferred from Olympic to take command of Titanic . Henry Tingle Wilde also came across from Olympic to take the post of Chief Mate . Titanic 's previously designated Chief Mate and First Officer, William McMaster Murdoch and Charles Lightoller , were bumped down to the ranks of First and Second Officer respectively. The original Second Officer, David Blair , was dropped altogether. The Third Officer was Herbert Pitman MBE , the only deck officer who was not a member of the Royal Naval Reserve . Pitman was the second to last surviving officer. Titanic 's crew were divided into three principal departments: Deck, with 66 crew; Engine, with 325; and Victualling (pronounced vi-tal-ling ), with 494. The vast majority of the crew were thus not seamen, but were either engineers, firemen, or stokers, responsible for looking after the engines, or stewards and galley staff, responsible for the passengers. Of these, over 97% were male; just 23 of the crew were female, mainly stewardesses. The rest represented a great variety of professions-- bakers, chefs, butchers, fishmongers, dishwashers, stewards, gymnasium instructors, laundrymen, waiters, bed-makers, cleaners, and even a printer, who produced a daily newspaper for passengers called the Atlantic Daily Bulletin with the latest news received by the ship's wireless operators. Most of the crew signed on in Southampton on 6 April; in all, 699 of the crew came from there, and 40% were natives of the town. A few specialist staff were self-employed or were subcontractors. These included the five postal clerks, who worked for the Royal Mail and the United States Post Office Department, the staff of the First Class A La Carte Restaurant and the Café Parisien, the radio operators (who were employed by Marconi) and the eight musicians, who were employed by an agency and travelled as second-class passengers. Crew pay varied greatly, from Captain Smith's £ 105 a month (equivalent to £ 9,500 today) to the £ 3 10 s (£ 320 today) that stewardesses earned. The lower-paid victualling staff could, however, supplement their wages substantially through tips from passengers. Passengers Main article: Passengers of the RMS Titanic John Jacob Astor IV in 1909. He was the wealthiest person aboard Titanic . Titanic 's passengers numbered approximately 1,317 people: 324 in First Class, 284 in Second Class, and 709 in Third Class. Of these, 869 (66%) were male and 447 (34%) female. There were 107 children aboard, the largest number of which were in Third Class. The ship was considerably under capacity on her maiden voyage, as she could accommodate 2,453 passengers-- 833 First Class, 614 Second Class, and 1,006 Third Class. Usually, a high prestige vessel like Titanic could expect to be fully booked on its maiden voyage. However, a national coal strike in the UK had caused considerable disruption to shipping schedules in the spring of 1912, causing many crossings to be cancelled. Many would-be passengers chose to postpone their travel plans until the strike was over. The strike had finished a few days before Titanic sailed; however, that was too late to have much of an effect. Titanic was able to sail on the scheduled date only because coal was transferred from other vessels which were tied up at Southampton, such as SS City of New York and RMS Oceanic , as well as coal Olympic had brought back from a previous voyage to New York, which had been stored at the White Star Dock. Some of the most prominent people of the day booked a passage aboard Titanic , travelling in First Class. Among them (with those who perished marked with a dagger† ) were the American millionaire John Jacob Astor IV † and his wife Madeleine Force Astor , industrialist Benjamin Guggenheim † , painter and sculptor Francis Davis Millet † , Macy's owner Isidor Straus † and his wife Ida † , Denver millionairess Margaret `` Molly'' Brown , Sir Cosmo Duff Gordon and his wife, couturière Lucy (Lady Duff-Gordon) , Lieut. Col. Arthur Peuchen , writer and historian Archibald Gracie , cricketer and businessman John B. Thayer † with his wife Marian and son Jack , George Dunton Widener † with his wife Eleanor and son Harry † , Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes , Mr.† and Mrs. Charles M. Hays , Mr. and Mrs. Henry S. Harper , Mr.† and Mrs. Walter D. Douglas , Mr.† and Mrs. George D. Wick , Mr.† and Mrs. Henry B. Harris , Mr.† and Mrs. Arthur L. Ryerson , Mr.† and Mrs.† Hudson J.C. Allison , Mr. and Mrs. Dickinson Bishop , noted architect Edward Austin Kent † , brewery heir Harry Molson † , tennis players Karl Behr and Dick Williams , author and socialite Helen Churchill Candee , future lawyer and suffragette Elsie Bowerman and her mother Edith, journalist and social reformer William Thomas Stead † , journalist and fashion buyer Edith Rosenbaum , Philadelphia and New York socialite Edith Corse Evans † , wealthy divorcée Charlotte Drake Cardeza , French sculptor Paul Chevré ( fr ) , author Jacques Futrelle † with his wife May, silent film actress Dorothy Gibson with her mother Pauline, Alfons Simonius-Blumer, Swiss Army Colonel and banker, president of the Swiss Bankverein , James A. Hughes 's daughter Eloise , banker Robert Williams Daniel , the chairman of the Holland America Line , Johan Reuchlin ( de ) , Arthur Wellington Ross 's son John H. Ross, Washington Roebling 's nephew Washington A. Roebling II, Andrew Saks 's daughter Leila Saks Meyer with her husband Edgar Joseph Meyer† (son of Marc Eugene Meyer ), senator William A. Clark 's nephew Walter M. Clark with his wife Virginia, great-great-grandson of soap manufacturer Andrew Pears , Thomas C. Pears, with wife, John S. Pillsbury 's honeymooning grandson John P. Snyder and wife, Nelle, Dorothy Parker 's New York manufacturer uncle Martin Rothschild with his wife, Elizabeth, among others. Titanic 's owner J.P. Morgan was scheduled to travel on the maiden voyage but cancelled at the last minute. Also aboard the ship were the White Star Line's managing director J. Bruce Ismay and Titanic 's designer Thomas Andrews , who was on board to observe any problems and assess the general performance of the new ship. The exact number of people aboard is not known, as not all of those who had booked tickets made it to the ship; about 50 people cancelled for various reasons, and not all of those who boarded stayed aboard for the entire journey. Fares varied depending on class and season. Third Class fares from London, Southampton, or Queenstown cost £ 7 5s (equivalent to £ 700 today) while the cheapest First Class fares cost £ 23 (£ 2,100 today). The most expensive First Class suites were to have cost up to £ 870 in high season (£ 79,000 today). Collecting passengers Titanic 's maiden voyage began on Wednesday, 10 April 1912. Following the embarkation of the crew the passengers began arriving at 9:30 a.m., when the London and South Western Railway 's boat train from London Waterloo station reached Southampton Terminus railway station on the quayside, alongside Titanic 's berth. The large number of Third Class passengers meant they were the first to board, with First and Second Class passengers following up to an hour before departure. Stewards showed them to their cabins, and First Class passengers were personally greeted by Captain Smith. Third Class passengers were inspected for ailments and physical impairments that might lead to their being refused entry to the United States -- a prospect the White Star Line wished to avoid, as it would have to carry anyone who failed the examination back across the Atlantic. In all, 920 passengers boarded Titanic at Southampton -- 179 First Class, 247 Second Class, and 494 Third Class. Additional passengers were to be picked up at Cherbourg and Queenstown . The maiden voyage began at noon, as scheduled. An accident was narrowly averted only a few minutes later, as Titanic passed the moored liners SS City of New York of the American Line and Oceanic of the White Star Line, the latter of which would have been her running mate on the service from Southampton. Her huge displacement caused both of the smaller ships to be lifted by a bulge of water and then drop into a trough. New York 's mooring cables could not take the sudden strain and snapped, swinging her around stern-first towards Titanic . A nearby tugboat, Vulcan , came to the rescue by taking New York under tow, and Captain Smith ordered Titanic 's engines to be put `` full astern'' . The two ships avoided a collision by a matter of about 4 feet (1.2 m). The incident delayed Titanic 's departure for about an hour, while the drifting New York was brought under control. After making it safely through the complex tides and channels of Southampton Water and the Solent , Titanic disembarked the Southampton pilot at the Nab Lightship and headed out into the English Channel . She headed for the French port of Cherbourg, a journey of 77 nautical miles (89 mi; 143 km). The weather was windy, very fine but cold and overcast. Because Cherbourg lacked docking facilities for a ship the size of Titanic , tenders had to be used to transfer passengers from shore to ship. The White Star Line operated two at Cherbourg, the SS Traffic and the SS Nomadic . Both had been designed specifically as tenders for the Olympic -class liners and were launched shortly after Titanic . ( Nomadic is today the only White Star Line ship still afloat.) Four hours after Titanic left Southampton, she arrived at Cherbourg and was met by the tenders. There, 274 additional passengers were taken aboard -- 142 First Class, 30 Second Class, and 102 Third Class. Twenty-four passengers left aboard the tenders to be conveyed to shore, having booked only a cross-Channel passage. The process was completed within only 90 minutes and at 8 p.m. Titanic weighed anchor and left for Queenstown with the weather continuing cold and windy. At 11:30 a.m. on Thursday 11 April, Titanic arrived at Cork Harbour on the south coast of Ireland. It was a partly cloudy but relatively warm day, with a brisk wind. Again, the dock facilities were not suitable for a ship of Titanic's size, and tenders were used to bring passengers aboard. In all, 123 passengers boarded Titanic at Queenstown -- three First Class, seven Second Class and 113 Third Class. In addition to the 24 cross-channel passengers who had disembarked at Cherbourg, another seven passengers had booked an overnight passage from Southampton to Queenstown. Among the seven was Father Francis Browne , a Jesuit trainee who was a keen photographer and took many photographs aboard Titanic , including the last-ever known photograph of the ship. A decidedly unofficial departure was that of a crew member, stoker John Coffey, a Queenstown native who sneaked off the ship by hiding under mail bags being transported to shore. Titanic weighed anchor for the last time at 1:30 p.m. and departed on her westward journey across the Atlantic. Titanic in Cork harbour, 11 April 1912 The route of Titanic 's maiden voyage, with the coordinates of its sinking Atlantic crossing Titanic was planned to arrive at New York Pier 59 on the morning of 17 April. After leaving Queenstown Titanic followed the Irish coast as far as Fastnet Rock , a distance of some 55 nautical miles (63 mi; 102 km). From there she travelled 1,620 nautical miles (1,860 mi; 3,000 km) along a Great Circle route across the North Atlantic to reach a spot in the ocean known as `` the corner'' south-east of Newfoundland, where westbound steamers carried out a change of course. Titanic sailed only a few hours past the corner on a rhumb line leg of 1,023 nautical miles (1,177 mi; 1,895 km) to Nantucket Shoals Light when she made her fatal contact with an iceberg. The final leg of the journey would have been 193 nautical miles (222 mi; 357 km) to Ambrose Light and finally to New York Harbor . From 11 April to local apparent noon the next day, Titanic covered 484 nautical miles (557 mi; 896 km); the following day, 519 nautical miles (597 mi; 961 km); and by noon on the final day of her voyage, 546 nautical miles (628 mi; 1,011 km). From then until the time of her sinking she travelled another 258 nautical miles (297 mi; 478 km), averaging about 21 knots (24 mph; 39 km/h). The weather cleared as she left Ireland under cloudy skies with a headwind. Temperatures remained fairly mild on Saturday 13 April, but the following day Titanic crossed a cold weather front with strong winds and waves of up to 8 feet (2.4 m). These died down as the day progressed until, by the evening of Sunday 14 April, it became clear, calm and very cold. The first three days of the voyage from Queenstown had passed without apparent incident. A fire had begun in one of Titanic's coal bunkers approximately 10 days prior to the ship's departure, and continued to burn for several days into its voyage, but passengers were unaware of this situation. Fires occurred frequently on board steamships of that day due to spontaneous combustion of the coal. The fires had to be extinguished with fire hoses, by moving the coal on top to another bunker and by removing the burning coal and feeding it into the furnace. The fire was over on 14 April. There has been some speculation and discussion as to whether this fire and attempts to extinguish it may have made the ship more vulnerable to its fate. Titanic received a series of warnings from other ships of drifting ice in the area of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland . One of the ships to warn Titanic was the Atlantic Line's Mesaba . Nevertheless, the ship continued to steam at full speed, which was standard practice at the time. Although the ship was not trying to set a speed record, timekeeping was a priority, and under prevailing maritime practices, ships were often operated at close to full speed, with ice warnings seen as advisories and reliance placed upon lookouts and the watch on the bridge. It was generally believed that ice posed little danger to large vessels. Close calls with ice were not uncommon, and even head-on collisions had not been disastrous. In 1907 SS Kronprinz Wilhelm , a German liner, had rammed an iceberg but still had been able to complete her voyage, and Captain Smith himself had declared in 1907 that he `` could not imagine any condition which would cause a ship to founder. Modern shipbuilding has gone beyond that.'' Sinking Main article: Sinking of the RMS Titanic At 11:40 p.m. ( ship's time ) on 14 April, lookout Frederick Fleet spotted an iceberg immediately ahead of Titanic and alerted the bridge. First Officer William Murdoch ordered the ship to be steered around the obstacle and the engines to be stopped, but it was too late; the starboard side of Titanic struck the iceberg, creating a series of holes below the waterline. The hull was not punctured by the iceberg, but rather dented such that the hull's seams buckled and separated, allowing water to seep in. Five of the ship's watertight compartments were breached. It soon became clear that the ship was doomed, as she could not survive more than four compartments being flooded. Titanic began sinking bow-first, with water spilling from compartment to compartment as her angle in the water became steeper. Those aboard Titanic were ill-prepared for such an emergency. In accordance with accepted practices of the time, where ships were seen as largely unsinkable and lifeboats were intended to transfer passengers to nearby rescue vessels, Titanic only had enough lifeboats to carry about half of those on board; if the ship had carried her full complement of about 3,339 passengers and crew, only about a third could have been accommodated in the lifeboats. The crew had not been trained adequately in carrying out an evacuation. The officers did not know how many they could safely put aboard the lifeboats and launched many of them barely half-full. Third-class passengers were largely left to fend for themselves, causing many of them to become trapped below decks as the ship filled with water. The `` women and children first '' protocol was generally followed when loading the lifeboats, and most of the male passengers and crew were left aboard. At 2:20 a.m., two hours and 40 minutes after Titanic struck the iceberg, her rate of sinking suddenly increased as her forward deck dipped underwater, and the sea poured in through open hatches and grates. As her unsupported stern rose out of the water, exposing the propellers, the ship began to break in two between the third and fourth funnels, due to the immense forces on the keel. With the bow underwater, and air trapped in the stern, the stern remained afloat and buoyant for a few minutes longer, rising to a nearly vertical angle with hundreds of people still clinging to it, before sinking. For many years it was generally believed the ship sank in one piece; however, when the wreck was located many years later, it was discovered that the ship had fully broken in two. All remaining passengers and crew were immersed into lethally cold water with a temperature of 28 ° F (− 2 ° C). Sudden immersion into freezing water typically causes death within minutes, either from cardiac arrest , uncontrollable breathing of water, or cold incapacitation (not, as commonly believed, from hypothermia ), and almost all of those in the water died of cardiac arrest or other bodily reactions to freezing water, within 15-- 30 minutes. Only 13 of them were helped into the lifeboats, though these had room for almost 500 more people. Distress signals were sent by wireless, rockets, and lamp, but none of the ships that responded was near enough to reach Titanic before she sank. A radio operator on board the Birma , for instance, estimated that it would be 6 a.m. before the liner could arrive at the scene. Meanwhile, the SS Californian , which was the last to have been in contact before the collision, saw Titanic 's flares but failed to assist. Around 4 a.m., RMS Carpathia arrived on the scene in response to Titanic 's earlier distress calls. About 710 people survived the disaster and were conveyed by Carpathia to New York, Titanic 's original destination, while at least 1,500 people lost their lives. Carpathia's captain described the place as an ice field that had included 20 large bergs measuring up to 200 feet (61 m) high and numerous smaller bergs, as well as ice floes and debris from Titanic ; passengers described being in the middle of a vast white plain of ice, studded with icebergs. This area is now known as Iceberg Alley . The sinking, according to J. Thayer, sketched onboard Carpathia , based on his description The iceberg thought to have been hit by Titanic , photographed on the morning of 15 April 1912. `` Untergang der Titanic '' , as conceived by Willy Stöwer , 1912 Aftermath of sinking Arrival of Carpathia in New York London newsboy Ned Parfett with news of the disaster. RMS Carpathia took three days to reach New York after leaving the scene of the disaster. Her journey was slowed by pack ice, fog, thunderstorms and rough seas. She was, however, able to pass news to the outside world by wireless about what had happened. The initial reports were confused, leading the American press to report erroneously on 15 April that Titanic was being towed to port by the SS Virginian . Later that day, confirmation came through that Titanic had been lost and that most of her passengers and crew had died. The news attracted crowds of people to the White Star Line's offices in London, New York, Montreal, Southampton, Liverpool and Belfast. It hit hardest in Southampton, whose people suffered the greatest losses from the sinking. Four out of every five crew members came from this town. Carpathia docked at 9:30 p.m. on 18 April at New York's Pier 54 and was greeted by some 40,000 people waiting at the quayside in heavy rain. Immediate relief in the form of clothing and transportation to shelters was provided by the Women's Relief Committee, the Travelers Aid Society of New York , and the Council of Jewish Women , among other organisations. Many of Titanic 's surviving passengers did not linger in New York but headed onwards immediately to relatives' homes. Some of the wealthier survivors chartered private trains to take them home, and the Pennsylvania Railroad laid on a special train free of charge to take survivors to Philadelphia . Titanic 's 214 surviving crew members were taken to the Red Star Line 's steamer SS Lapland , where they were accommodated in passenger cabins. Carpathia was hurriedly restocked with food and provisions before resuming her journey to Fiume , Austria-Hungary . Her crew were given a bonus of a month's wages by Cunard as a reward for their actions, and some of Titanic 's passengers joined together to give them an additional bonus of nearly £ 900 (£ 82,000 today), divided among the crew members. The ship's arrival in New York led to a frenzy of press interest, with newspapers competing to be the first to report the survivors' stories. Some reporters bribed their way aboard the pilot boat New York , which guided Carpathia into harbour, and one even managed to get onto Carpathia before she docked. Crowds gathered outside newspaper offices to see the latest reports being posted in the windows or on billboards. It took another four days for a complete list of casualties to be compiled and released, adding to the agony of relatives waiting for news of those who had been aboard Titanic . Arrival of Titanic 's survivors at New York (artist concept) Cartoon demanding better safety from shipping companies, 1912 Carpathia's captain Arthur Rostron awarded by Margaret Brown, 1912 Insurance and Aid for survivors In January 1912, the hulls and equipment of Titanic and Olympic had been insured through Lloyd's of London . The total coverage was £ 1,000,000 (£ 91,000,000 today) per ship. The policy was to be `` free from all average'' under £ 150,000, meaning that the insurers would only pay for damage in excess of that sum. The premium, negotiated by brokers Willis Faber & Company (now Willis Group ), was 15 s (75 p ) per £ 100, or £ 7,500 (£ 680,000 today) for the term of one year. Lloyd's paid the White Star Line the full sum owed to them within 30 days. Many charities were set up to help the victims and their families, many of whom lost their sole breadwinner, or, in the case of many Third Class survivors, everything they owned. On 29 April opera stars Enrico Caruso and Mary Garden and members of the Metropolitan Opera raised $12,000 ($300,000 in 2014) in benefits for victims of the disaster by giving special concerts in which versions of `` Autumn'' and `` Nearer My God To Thee'' were part of the programme. In Britain, relief funds were organised for the families of Titanic 's lost crew members, raising nearly £ 450,000 (£ 41,000,000 today). One such fund was still in operation as late as the 1960s. Investigations into the disaster Main articles: United States Senate inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic and British Wreck Commissioner's inquiry into the sinking of the RMS Titanic Even before the survivors arrived in New York, investigations were being planned to discover what had happened, and what could be done to prevent a recurrence. Inquiries were held in both the United States and United Kingdom, the former more robustly critical of traditions and practices, and scathing of the failures involved, and the latter broadly more technical and expert-oriented. The U.S. Senate's inquiry into the disaster was initiated on 19 April, a day after Carpathia arrived in New York. The chairman, Senator William Alden Smith , wanted to gather accounts from passengers and crew while the events were still fresh in their minds. Smith also needed to subpoena all surviving British passengers and crew while they were still on American soil, which prevented them from returning to the UK before the American inquiry was completed on 25 May. The British press condemned Smith as an opportunist, insensitively forcing an inquiry as a means of gaining political prestige and seizing `` his moment to stand on the world stage'' . Smith, however, already had a reputation as a campaigner for safety on U.S. railroads, and wanted to investigate any possible malpractices by railroad tycoon J.P. Morgan, Titanic 's ultimate owner. The British Board of Trade's inquiry into the disaster was headed by Lord Mersey , and took place between 2 May and 3 July. Being run by the Board of Trade, who had previously approved the ship, it was seen by some as having little interest in its own or White Star's conduct being found negligent. Each inquiry took testimony from both passengers and crew of Titanic , crew members of Leyland Line's Californian , Captain Arthur Rostron of Carpathia and other experts. The British inquiry also took far greater expert testimony, making it the longest and most detailed court of inquiry in British history up to that time. The two inquiries reached broadly similar conclusions: the regulations on the number of lifeboats that ships had to carry were out of date and inadequate, Captain Smith had failed to take proper heed of ice warnings, the lifeboats had not been properly filled or crewed, and the collision was the direct result of steaming into a dangerous area at too high a speed. Neither inquiry's findings listed negligence by IMM or the White Star Line as a factor. The American inquiry concluded that since those involved had followed standard practice the disaster was an act of God . The British inquiry concluded that Smith had followed long-standing practice that had not previously been shown to be unsafe, noting that British ships alone had carried 3.5 million passengers over the previous decade with the loss of just 10 lives, and concluded that Smith had done `` only that which other skilled men would have done in the same position'' . Lord Mersey did however find fault with the `` extremely high speed (twenty-two knots) which was maintained'' following numerous ice warnings, noting that without hindsight, `` what was a mistake in the case of the Titanic would without doubt be negligence in any similar case in the future'' . The recommendations included strong suggestions for major changes in maritime regulations to implement new safety measures, such as ensuring that more lifeboats were provided, that lifeboat drills were properly carried out and that wireless equipment on passenger ships was manned around the clock. An International Ice Patrol was set up to monitor the presence of icebergs in the North Atlantic, and maritime safety regulations were harmonised internationally through the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea ; both measures are still in force today. On 18 June 1912, Guglielmo Marconi gave evidence to the Court of Inquiry regarding the telegraphy. Its final report recommended that all liners carry the system and that sufficient operators maintain a constant service. Role of the SS Californian The SS Californian , which had tried to warn Titanic of the danger from pack-ice One of the most controversial issues examined by the inquiries was the role played by SS Californian , which had been only a few miles from Titanic but had not picked up her distress calls or responded to her signal rockets. Californian had warned Titanic by radio of the pack ice that was the reason Californian had stopped for the night, but was rebuked by Titanic 's senior wireless operator, Jack Phillips . Testimony before the British inquiry revealed that at 10:10 p.m., Californian observed the lights of a ship to the south; it was later agreed between Captain Stanley Lord and Third Officer C.V. Groves (who had relieved Lord of duty at 11:10 p.m.) that this was a passenger liner. At 11:50 p.m., the officer had watched that ship's lights flash out, as if she had shut down or turned sharply, and that the port light was now visible. Morse light signals to the ship, upon Lord's order, were made between 11:30 p.m. and 1:00 a.m., but were not acknowledged. If Titanic were as far from the Californian as Lord claimed, then he knew, or should have known, that Morse signals would not be visible. A reasonable and prudent course of action would have been to awaken the wireless operator and to instruct him to attempt to contact Titanic by that method. Had Lord done so, it is possible he could have reached Titanic in time to save additional lives. Captain Lord had gone to the chartroom at 11:00 p.m. to spend the night; however, Second Officer Herbert Stone, now on duty, notified Lord at 1:10 a.m. that the ship had fired five rockets. Lord wanted to know if they were company signals, that is, coloured flares used for identification. Stone said that he did not know and that the rockets were all white. Captain Lord instructed the crew to continue to signal the other vessel with the Morse lamp, and went back to sleep. Three more rockets were observed at 1:50 a.m. and Stone noted that the ship looked strange in the water, as if she were listing . At 2:15 a.m., Lord was notified that the ship could no longer be seen. Lord asked again if the lights had had any colours in them, and he was informed that they were all white. Californian eventually responded. At around 5:30 a.m., Chief Officer George Stewart awakened wireless operator Cyril Furmstone Evans , informed him that rockets had been seen during the night, and asked that he try to communicate with any ship. He got news of Titanic 's loss, Captain Lord was notified, and the ship set out to render assistance. She arrived well after Carpathia had already picked up all the survivors. The inquiries found that the ship seen by Californian was in fact Titanic and that it would have been possible for Californian to come to her rescue; therefore, Captain Lord had acted improperly in failing to do so. Survivors and victims Main article: List of Titanic passengers The number of casualties of the sinking is unclear, due to a number of factors. These include confusion over the passenger list, which included some names of people who cancelled their trip at the last minute, and the fact that several passengers travelled under aliases for various reasons and were therefore double-counted on the casualty lists. The death toll has been put at between 1,490 and 1,635 people. The tables below use figures from the British Board of Trade report on the disaster. While the use of Marconi wireless system did not achieve the result of bringing a rescue ship to the Titanic before it sank, the use of wireless did bring the Carpathia in time to rescue some of the survivors who otherwise would have perished due to exposure. The water temperature in the area where Titanic sank, which was well below normal, also contributed to the rapid death of many passengers during the sinking. Water temperature readings taken around the time of the accident were reported to be 28 ° F (− 2 ° C). Typical water temperatures were normally in the mid-40 ° F range during mid-April. The coldness of the water was a critical factor, often causing death within minutes for many of those in the water. Fewer than a third of those aboard Titanic survived the disaster. Some survivors died shortly afterwards; injuries and the effects of exposure caused the deaths of several of those brought aboard Carpathia . The figures show stark differences in the survival rates of the different classes aboard Titanic . Although only 3% of first-class women were lost, 54% of those in third class died. Similarly, five of six first-class and all second-class children survived, but 52 of the 79 in third class perished. The differences by gender were even bigger: nearly all female crew members, first and second class passengers were saved. Men from the First Class died at a higher rate than women from the Third Class. In total, 50% of the children survived, 20% of the men and 75% of the women. The last living survivor, Millvina Dean from England, who at only nine weeks old was the youngest passenger on board, died aged 97 on 31 May 2009. A special survivor was crew member Violet Jessop who survived the sinkings of both Titanic and Britannic and was aboard Olympic when she was rammed in 1911. Age/ sex Class/ crew Number aboard Number saved Number lost Percentage saved Percentage lost Children First Class 6 5 83% 17% Second Class 24 24 0 100% 0% Third Class 79 27 52 34% 66% Women First Class 144 140 97% 3% Second Class 93 80 13 86% 14% Third Class 165 76 89 46% 54% Crew 23 20 87% 13% Men First Class 175 57 118 33% 67% Second Class 168 14 154 8% 92% Third Class 462 75 387 16% 84% Crew 885 192 693 22% 78% Total 2224 710 1514 32% 68% Retrieval and burial of the dead Markers of Titanic victims, Fairview Cemetery , Halifax, Nova Scotia Once the massive loss of life became known, White Star Line chartered the cable ship CS Mackay-Bennett from Halifax, Nova Scotia , Canada , to retrieve bodies. Three other Canadian ships followed in the search: the cable ship Minia , lighthouse supply ship Montmagny and sealing vessel Algerine . Each ship left with embalming supplies, undertakers, and clergy. Of the 333 victims that were eventually recovered, 328 were retrieved by the Canadian ships and five more by passing North Atlantic steamships. The first ship to reach the site of the sinking, the CS Mackay-Bennett , found so many bodies that the embalming supplies aboard were quickly exhausted. Health regulations required that only embalmed bodies could be returned to port. Captain Larnder of the Mackay-Bennett and undertakers aboard decided to preserve only the bodies of first class passengers, justifying their decision by the need to visually identify wealthy men to resolve any disputes over large estates. As a result, many third class passengers and crew were buried at sea. Larnder identified many of those buried at sea as crew members by their clothing, and stated that as a mariner, he himself would be contented to be buried at sea. Bodies recovered were preserved for transport to Halifax, the closest city to the sinking with direct rail and steamship connections. The Halifax coroner, John Henry Barnstead , developed a detailed system to identify bodies and safeguard personal possessions. Relatives from across North America came to identify and claim bodies. A large temporary morgue was set up in the curling rink of the Mayflower Curling Club and undertakers were called in from all across eastern Canada to assist. Some bodies were shipped to be buried in their home towns across North America and Europe. About two-thirds of the bodies were identified. Unidentified victims were buried with simple numbers based on the order in which their bodies were discovered. The majority of recovered victims, 150 bodies, were buried in three Halifax cemeteries, the largest being Fairview Lawn Cemetery followed by the nearby Mount Olivet and Baron de Hirsch cemeteries. In mid-May 1912, RMS Oceanic recovered three bodies over 200 miles (320 km) from the site of the sinking who were among the original occupants of Collapsible A. When Fifth Officer Harold Lowe and six crewmen returned to the wreck site sometime after the sinking in a lifeboat to pick up survivors, they rescued a dozen males and one female from Collapsible A, but left the dead bodies of three of its occupants. After their retrieval from Collapsible A by Oceanic , the bodies were buried at sea. The last Titanic body recovered was steward James McGrady, Body No. 330, found by the chartered Newfoundland sealing vessel Algerine on 22 May and buried at Fairview Lawn Cemetery in Halifax on 12 June. Only 333 bodies of Titanic victims were recovered, one in five of the over 1,500 victims. Some bodies sank with the ship while currents quickly dispersed bodies and wreckage across hundreds of miles making them difficult to recover. By June, one of the last search ships reported that life jackets supporting bodies were coming apart and releasing bodies to sink. Wreck Main article: Wreck of the RMS Titanic The bow of the wrecked RMS Titanic , photographed in June 2004 Titanic was long thought to have sunk in one piece and, over the years, many schemes were put forward for raising the wreck. None came to fruition. The fundamental problem was the sheer difficulty of finding and reaching a wreck that lies over 12,000 feet (3,700 m) below the surface, in a location where the water pressure is over 6,500 pounds per square inch (450 bar). A number of expeditions were mounted to find Titanic but it was not until 1 September 1985 that a Franco-American expedition led by Robert Ballard succeeded. The team discovered that Titanic had in fact split apart, probably near or at the surface, before sinking to the seabed. The separated bow and stern sections lie about a third of a mile (0.6 km) apart in Titanic Canyon off the coast of Newfoundland. They are located 13.2 miles (21.2 km) from the inaccurate coordinates given by Titanic 's radio operators on the night of her sinking, and approximately 715 miles (1,151 km) from Halifax and 1,250 miles (2,012 km) from New York. Both sections struck the sea bed at considerable speed, causing the bow to crumple and the stern to collapse entirely. The bow is by far the more intact section and still contains some surprisingly intact interiors. In contrast, the stern is completely wrecked; its decks have pancaked down on top of each other and much of the hull plating was torn off and lies scattered across the sea floor. The much greater level of damage to the stern is probably due to structural damage incurred during the sinking. Thus weakened, the remainder of the stern was flattened by the impact with the sea bed. The two sections are surrounded by a debris field measuring approximately 5 by 3 miles (8.0 km × 4.8 km). It contains hundreds of thousands of items, such as pieces of the ship, furniture, dinnerware and personal items, which fell from the ship as she sank or were ejected when the bow and stern impacted on the sea floor. The debris field was also the last resting place of a number of Titanic 's victims. Most of the bodies and clothes were consumed by sea creatures and bacteria, leaving pairs of shoes and boots-- which have proved to be inedible-- as the only sign that bodies once lay there. Since its initial discovery, the wreck of Titanic has been revisited on numerous occasions by explorers, scientists, filmmakers, tourists and salvagers, who have recovered thousands of items from the debris field for conservation and public display. The ship's condition has deteriorated significantly over the years, particularly from accidental damage by submersibles but mostly because of an accelerating rate of growth of iron-eating bacteria on the hull. In 2006, it was estimated that within 50 years the hull and structure of Titanic would eventually collapse entirely, leaving only the more durable interior fittings of the ship intermingled with a pile of rust on the sea floor. Bell from the Titanic Many artefacts from Titanic have been recovered from the sea bed by RMS Titanic Inc., which exhibits them in touring exhibitions around the world and in a permanent exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Las Vegas , Nevada . A number of other museums exhibit artefacts either donated by survivors or retrieved from the floating bodies of victims of the disaster. On 16 April 2012, the day after the 100th anniversary of the sinking, photos were released showing possible human remains resting on the ocean floor. The photos, taken by Robert Ballard during an expedition led by NOAA in 2004, show a boot and a coat close to Titanic's stern which experts called `` compelling evidence'' that it is the spot where somebody came to rest, and that human remains could be buried in the sediment beneath them. The wreck of the Titanic falls under the scope of the 2001 UNESCO Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage . This means that all states party to the convention will prohibit the pillaging, commercial exploitation, sale and dispersion of the wreck and its artefacts. Because of the location of the wreck in international waters and the lack of any exclusive jurisdiction over the wreckage area, the convention provides a state co-operation system, by which states inform each other of any potential activity concerning ancient shipwreck sites, like the Titanic , and co-operate to prevent unscientific or unethical interventions. Legacy Safety Main article: Changes in safety practices after the sinking of the RMS Titanic An ice patrol aircraft inspecting an iceberg After the disaster, recommendations were made by both the British and American Boards of Inquiry stating that ships should carry enough lifeboats for all aboard, mandated lifeboat drills would be implemented, lifeboat inspections would be conducted, etc. Many of these recommendations were incorporated into the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea passed in 1914. The convention has been updated by periodic amendments, with a completely new version adopted in 1974. Signatories to the convention followed up with national legislation to implement the new standards. For example in Britain, new `` Rules for Life Saving Appliances'' were passed by the Board of Trade on 8 May 1914 and then applied at a meeting of British steamship companies in Liverpool in June 1914. Further, the United States government passed the Radio Act of 1912 . This act, along with the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, stated that radio communications on passenger ships would be operated 24 hours a day, along with a secondary power supply, so as not to miss distress calls. Also, the Radio Act of 1912 required ships to maintain contact with vessels in their vicinity as well as coastal onshore radio stations. In addition, it was agreed in the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea that the firing of red rockets from a ship must be interpreted as a sign of need for help. Once the Radio Act of 1912 was passed it was agreed that rockets at sea would be interpreted as distress signals only, thus removing any possible misinterpretation from other ships. Finally, the disaster led to the formation and international funding of the International Ice Patrol , an agency of the United States Coast Guard that to the present day monitors and reports on the location of North Atlantic Ocean icebergs that could pose a threat to transatlantic sea traffic. Coast Guard aircraft conduct the primary reconnaissance. In addition, information is collected from ships operating in or passing through the ice area. Except for the years of the two World Wars, the International Ice Patrol has worked each season since 1913. During the period there has not been a single reported loss of life or property due to collision with an iceberg in the patrol area. In 1912, the Board of Trade chartered the barque Scotia to act as a weather ship in the Grand Banks of Newfoundland , keeping a look-out for icebergs. A Marconi wireless was installed to enable her to communicate with stations on the coast of Labrador and Newfoundland . Cultural Main article: Cultural legacy of RMS Titanic Titanic Belfast , 2012 Titanic has gone down in history as the ship that was called unsinkable. For more than 100 years, she has been the inspiration of fiction and non-fiction. She is commemorated by monuments for the dead and by museums exhibiting artefacts from the wreck. Just after the sinking memorial postcards sold in huge numbers together with memorabilia ranging from tin candy boxes to plates, whiskey jiggers, and even black mourning teddy bears. Several survivors wrote books about their experiences but it was not until 1955 the first historically accurate book A Night to Remember was published. The first film about the disaster, Saved from the Titanic , was released only 29 days after the ship sank and had an actual survivor as its star-- the silent film actress Dorothy Gibson . The British film A Night to Remember (1958) is still widely regarded as the most historically accurate movie portrayal of the sinking. The most financially successful by far has been James Cameron 's Titanic (1997), which became the highest-grossing film in history up to that time, as well as the winner of 11 Oscars at the 70th Academy Awards , including Best Picture and Best Director for Cameron. The Titanic disaster was commemorated through a variety of memorials and monuments to the victims, erected in several English-speaking countries and in particular in cities that had suffered notable losses. These included Southampton, Liverpool and Belfast in the United Kingdom; New York and Washington, D.C. in the United States; and Cobh (formerly Queenstown) in Ireland. A number of museums around the world have displays on Titanic , the most prominent is in Belfast , the ship's birthplace (see next section). RMS Titanic Inc., which is authorised to salvage the wreck site, has a permanent Titanic exhibition at the Luxor Las Vegas hotel and casino in Nevada which features a 22-ton slab of the ship's hull. It also runs an exhibition which travels around the world. In Nova Scotia, Halifax's Maritime Museum of the Atlantic displays items that were recovered from the sea a few days after the disaster. They include pieces of woodwork such as panelling from the ship's First Class Lounge and an original deckchair, as well as objects removed from the victims. In 2012 the centenary was marked by plays, radio programmes, parades, exhibitions and special trips to the site of the sinking together with commemorative stamps and coins. In a frequently commented-on literary coincidence, Morgan Robertson authored a novel called Futility in 1898 about a fictional British passenger liner with the plot bearing a number of similarities to the Titanic disaster. In the novel the ship is the SS Titan , a four-stacked liner, the largest in the world and considered unsinkable. But like the Titanic , she sinks after hitting an iceberg and does not have enough lifeboats. Significance in Northern Ireland Only recently has the significance of Titanic most notably been given by Northern Ireland where it was built by Harland and Wolff in the capital city, Belfast . While the rest of the world embraced the glory and tragedy of Titanic, in its birth city, Titanic remained a taboo subject throughout the 20th century. The sinking brought tremendous grief and was a blow to the city's pride. But its shipyard was also a place many Catholics regarded as hostile. In the latter half of the century, during a 30-year sectarian conflict Titanic was a reminder of the lack of civil rights that in part contributed towards The Troubles . While the fate of Titanic remained a well-known story within local households throughout the 20th century, commercial investment around RMS Titanic's legacy was modest because of these issues. After The Troubles in 1998 , the number of overseas tourists visiting Northern Ireland dramatically increased to 30 million (100% rise by 2008). It was subsequently identified in the ' Northern Ireland Tourism Board's Strategic Framework for Action 2004-- 2007' that the significance of and interest in Titanic globally (partly due to the 1997 film ' Titanic' ) was not being fully exploited as a tourist attraction. Thus, Titanic Belfast® was spearheaded, along with some smaller projects, such as a Titanic memorial . In 2012 on the ship's centenary, Titanic Belfast visitor attraction was opened on the site of the shipyard where Titanic was built. It was Northern Ireland's second most visited tourist attraction with almost 700,000 visitors in 2016. Despite over 1,600 ships being built by Harland and Wolff in Belfast Harbour, Queen's Island became renamed after its most famous ship; Titanic Quarter in 1995. In 2005 Titanic Quarter Ltd launched one of the world's largest urban-waterfront regeneration projects. Today Titanic Quarter is Northern Ireland's most esteemed site; a major hub of world-class education, employment, entertainment and tourist facilities. Once a sensitive story, Titanic is now considered one of Northern Ireland's most iconic and uniting symbols. Appendix Diagrams of RMS Titanic Diagram of RMS Titanic showing the arrangement of the bulkheads in red. Compartments in the engineering area at the bottom of the ship are noted in blue. Names of decks are listed to the right (starting at top on Boat deck, going from A through F and ending on Lower deck at the waterline). Areas of damage made by the iceberg are shown in green. The scale's smallest unit is 10 feet (3.0 m) and its total length is 400 feet (120 m). A cutaway diagram of Titanic 's midship section. S: Sun deck. A: Upper promenade deck. B: Promenade deck, glass-enclosed. C: Saloon deck. E: Main deck. F: Middle deck. G: Lower deck: cargo, coal bunkers, boilers, engines. (a) Welin davits with lifeboats, (b) Bilge, (c) Double bottom Comparison of Titanic in size to modern means of transport and a person Timeline of RMS Titanic 17 September 1908 : Ship ordered. 31 May 1911 : Ship launched. 1 April 1912 : Trials completed. 10 April, noon: Maiden voyage starts. Leaves Southampton dock, narrowly escaping collision with American liner New York . 10 April, 19:00: Stops at Cherbourg for passengers. 10 April, 21:00: Leaves Cherbourg for Queenstown. 11 April, 12:30: Stops at Queenstown for passengers and mail. 11 April, 14:00: Leaves Queenstown for New York. 14 April, 23:40: Collision with iceberg (Latitude 41° 46′ N, Longitude 50° 14′ W). 15 April, 00:45: First boat, No. 7, lowered. 15 April, 02:05: Last boat, Collapsible D, lowered. 15 April, 02:20: Foundering. 15 April, 03:30-- 08:50: Rescue of survivors. 19 April -- 25 May: U.S. inquiry. 2 May -- 3 July: British inquiry. 1 September 1985 : Discovery of wreck. Replicas See also: Replica Titanic , Titanic II , and Romandisea Titanic First Class Lounge of the Olympic which was almost identical to that of the Titanic , seen today as a dining room in the White Swan Hotel, Alnwick There have been several proposals and studies for a project to build a replica ship based on the Titanic. A project by South African businessman Sarel Gaus was abandoned in 2006, and a project by Australian businessman Clive Palmer was announced in 2012, known as the Titanic II . A Chinese shipbuilding company known as Wuchang Shipbuilding Industry Group Co., Ltd commenced construction in January 2014 to build a replica ship of the Titanic for use in a resort. The vessel will house many features of the original, such as a ballroom, dining hall, theatre, first-class cabins, economy cabins and swimming pool. Tourists will be able to reside inside the Titanic during their time at the resort. It will be permanently docked at the resort and feature an audiovisual simulation of the sinking, which has caused some criticism. The RMS Olympic was the sister ship of the Titanic . The interior decoration of the dining salon and the grand staircase were in identical style and created by the same craftsmen. Large parts of the interior of the Olympic were later sold and are now in the White Swan Hotel, Alnwick , which gives an impression of how the interior of the Titanic looked. See also Disaster portal Nautical portal United Kingdom portal International Maritime Organization Lists of shipwrecks RMS Titanic alternative theories , alternative explanations for the fate of the Titanic (rather than it hitting an iceberg) Seamen's Act Eastland disaster , a ship capsizing in 1915 after being fitted with extra lifeboats Notes Jump up ^ Carlisle would leave the project in 1910, before the ships were launched, when he became a shareholder in Welin Davit & Engineering Company Ltd , the firm making the ship's davits. Wilding was sacked following the Titanic disaster, having apparently been blamed by Pirrie, unfairly, for the ship's loss. Jump up ^ It was kept off-limits to passengers; the famous `` flying'' scene at the ship's bow from the 1997 film Titanic would not have been permitted in real life. Jump up ^ This photo is probably of Titanic 's sister ship, Olympic . Jump up ^ Copy of the neoclassical oil painting by Merry-Joseph Blondel Jump up ^ Measurement of lifeboats: 1-- 2: 25'2 '' long by 7'2 '' wide by 3'2 '' deep; 326.6 cubic feet (9.25 m ); 3-- 16: 30' long by 9'1 '' wide by 4' deep; 655.2 cubic feet (18.55 m ) and A-- D: 27'5 '' long by 8' wide by 3' deep; 376.6 cubic feet (10.66 m ) Jump up ^ Since 1894, when the largest passenger ship under consideration was the Cunard Line 's 13,000-ton Lucania , the Board of Trade had made no provision to increase the existing scale regarding the number of required lifeboats for larger ships, such as the 46,000-ton Titanic . Sir Alfred Chalmers, nautical adviser to the Board of Trade from 1896 to 1911, had considered the matter of adjusting the scale `` from time to time'' , but because he not only assumed that experienced sailors would need to be carried `` uselessly'' aboard ship only to lower and man the extra lifeboats, but also anticipated the difficulty in getting away a greater number than 16 boats in any emergency, he `` did not consider it necessary to increase (the scale)'' . Jump up ^ He expressed deep disappointment about the decision before the voyage, but was presumably greatly relieved afterwards. Jump up ^ Titanic also had a ship's cat, Jenny, who gave birth to a litter of kittens shortly before the ship's maiden voyage; all perished in the sinking. Jump up ^ Known afterward as the `` Unsinkable Molly Brown'' due to her efforts in helping other passengers while the ship sank Jump up ^ Captain Edward Smith had been in command of Titanic 's sister Olympic when she in 1911 collided with a warship. Even though that ship was designed to sink others by ramming them, it suffered greater damage than Olympic , thereby strengthening the image of the class being unsinkable. Jump up ^ The official enquiry found that damage extended about 300 feet, but both Edward Wilding's testimony and modern ultrasound surveys of the wreck suggest the total area was perhaps a few narrow openings totalling perhaps no more than 12 to 13 square feet (1.1 to 1.2 m ). Jump up ^ An incident confirmed this philosophy while Titanic was under construction: the White Star liner Republic was involved in a collision and sank. Even though she did not have enough lifeboats for all passengers, they were all saved because the ship was able to stay afloat long enough for them to be ferried to ships coming to assist. Jump up ^ Life expectancy in such temperatures is often under 15 minutes even for people who are young and fit. The victims would have died from bodily reactions to freezing water rather than hypothermia (loss of core temperature). Immersed into freezing seas, around 20% of victims die within two minutes from cold shock (uncontrolled rapid breathing and gasping causing water inhalation, massive increase in blood pressure, cardiac strain leading to cardiac arrest, and panic ), another 50% die within 15-- 30 minutes from cold incapacitation (inability to use or control limbs and hands for swimming or gripping, as the body ' protectively' shuts down peripheral muscles to protect its core), and exhaustion and unconsciousness cause drowning , claiming the rest within a similar time. Jump up ^ The Salvation Army newspaper, The War Cry , reported that `` none but a heart of stone would be unmoved in the presence of such anguish. Night and day that crowd of pale, anxious faces had been waiting patiently for the news that did not come. Nearly every one in the crowd had lost a relative.'' It was not until 17 April that the first incomplete lists of survivors came through, delayed by poor communications. Jump up ^ On 23 April, the Daily Mail reported: `` Late in the afternoon hope died out. The waiting crowds thinned, and silent men and women sought their homes. In the humbler homes of Southampton there is scarcely a family who has not lost a relative or friend. Children returning from school appreciated something of tragedy, and woeful little faces were turned to the darkened, fatherless homes.'' Jump up ^ According to an eyewitness report, there `` were many pathetic scenes'' when Titanic 's survivors disembarked at New York Jump up ^ Lord protested his innocence to the end of his life, and many researchers have asserted that the known positions of Titanic and Californian make it impossible that the former was the infamous `` mystery ship'' , a topic which has `` generated ... millions of words and ... hours of heated debates'' and continues to do so. Jump up ^ Most of the bodies were numbered, however, the five passengers buried at sea by Carpathia went unnumbered. Jump up ^ Thomson Beattie, a first class passenger, and two crew members, a fireman and a seaman. Jump up ^ An example is Daniel Butler's book about RMS Titanic , titled Unsinkable ^ Jump up to: Ship's time; at the time of the collision, Titanic 's clocks were set to 2 hours 2 minutes ahead of Eastern Time Zone and 2 hours 58 minutes behind Greenwich Mean Time . References Jump up ^ Beveridge & Hall 2004 , p. 1. Jump up ^ Official investigation report - the sinking of RMS Titanic (PDF) (1 ed.). London: The final board of inquiry . Retrieved 27 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Hsu, J. (April 17, 2012). `` How Marconi's Wireless Tech Helped Save Titanic Passengers'' , New York: NBC NEWS. Assessed at: http://www.nbcnews.com/id/47046053/ns/technology_and_science-innovation/t/how-marconis-wireless-tech-helped-save-titanic-passengers/#.WgSS4Fu3z3g Jump up ^ Vander Hook, S. (2008). Titanic. Edina, Minnesota: ABDO Publishing Company., p. 18. Jump up ^ `` Titanic Ship Listing'' . Chris' Cunard Page. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Second Officer Lightoller insisted on excluding men, while First Officer Murdoch, on the other side of the ship, permitted men and women to board the lifeboats. Jump up ^ `` Patrick S. Ryan, The ITU and the Internet's Titanic Moment'' (PDF) . Retrieved 4 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Chirnside 2004 , p. 319. 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Jump up ^ Dalby, Douglas (16 April 2012). `` Raising the Memory of the Titanic, and a City's Role in Its Creation'' . New York Times . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ O'Rourke , Richard. `` Reducing Ireland's Oil Dependence: additional thoughts'' . aspoireland . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` a strategic framework for action 2004-- 2007'' (PDF) . nitb . Northern Ireland Tourist Board . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Birth of Titanic Belfast'' . nitb . Northern Ireland Tourist Board . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ BBC News & 31 March 2012 . Jump up ^ `` IN FULL: NI's top tourist attractions for 2016'' . News Letter. 25 May 2017 . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Titanic Quarter - about - Future Projetcs'' . titanic-quarter . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` About Titanic Quarter'' . titanic-quarter . Titanic Quarter Ltd . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ `` BUILDING A PROSPEROUS AND UNITED COMMUNITY: A PROGRESS REPORT'' (PDF) . British Government . Retrieved 3 February 2018 . Jump up ^ Beveridge, Bruce; Andrews, Scott; Hall, Steve; Klistorner, Daniel (2009). `` Chapter 1: Inception & Construction Plans'' . In Braunschweiger, Art. Titanic: The Ship Magnificent . I. Gloucestershire, United Kingdom: History Press. ISBN 9780752446066 . Retrieved 25 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Launch of Titanic '' . National Museums Northern Ireland . 2011 . Retrieved 30 May 2011 . ^ Jump up to: Lord 2005 , p. 148. Jump up ^ Lord 2005 , p. 149. ^ Jump up to: Lord 2005 , p. 150. Jump up ^ Halpern 2011 , p. 78. Jump up ^ `` British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry'' . British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry Report . Titanic Inquiry Project . Retrieved 19 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Ltd, Australian News Channel Pty. `` China to build full-size Titanic replica'' . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Xuequan, Mu. `` Chinese manufacturer builds Titanic replica'' . news.xinhuanet.com . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full size Titanic replica will stage ' simulation' of iceberg collision in China'' . The Independent . 30 November 2016 . Retrieved 25 March 2017 . Bibliography Books: Aldridge, Rebecca (2008). The Sinking of the Titanic . New York: Infobase Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7910-9643-7 . Ballard, Robert D. (1987). The Discovery of the Titanic . New York: Warner Books. ISBN 978-0-446-51385-2 . Barczewski, Stephanie (2006). Titanic : A Night Remembered . London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN 978-1-85285-500-0 . Barratt, Nick (2009). Lost Voices From the Titanic: The Definitive Oral History . London: Random House. ISBN 978-1-84809-151-1 . Bartlett, W.B. (2011). Titanic : 9 Hours to Hell, the Survivors' Story . Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-4456-0482-4 . Beveridge, Bruce; Hall, Steve (2004). Olympic & Titanic : The Truth Behind the Conspiracy . Haverford, Pennsylvania: Infinity Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7414-1949-1 . Beveridge, Bruce (2008). Titanic -- The Ship Magnificent Volume One: Design & Construction . Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-4606-6 . Beveridge, Bruce; Hall, Steve (2011). `` Description of the ship'' . In Halpern, Samuel. Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6210-3 . Brewster, Hugh; Coulter, Laurie (1998). 8821⁄2Amazing Answers to your Questions about the Titanic . Madison Press Book. ISBN 978-0-590-18730-5 . Butler, Daniel Allen (1998). Unsinkable: the full story of the RMS Titanic . Mechanicsburg, PA: Stackpole Books. ISBN 978-0-8117-1814-1 . Butler, Daniel Allen (2002) (1998). Unsinkable: the full story of the RMS Titanic . USA: Da Capo Press. ISBN 978-0-306-81110-4 . Chernow, Ron (2010). The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance . New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-4465-2 . Chirnside, Mark (2004). The Olympic-Class Ships . Stroud, England: Tempus . ISBN 978-0-7524-2868-0 . Crosbie, Duncan; Mortimer, Sheila (2006). Titanic: The Ship of Dreams . New York, NY: Orchard Books. ISBN 978-0-439-89995-6 . Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1987). Titanic : Destination Disaster: The Legends and the Reality . Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-0-00-732164-3 . Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1994). Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . Wellingborough, UK: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-493-6 . Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1995). Titanic : Triumph and Tragedy . New York: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-03697-8 . Eaton, John P.; Haas, Charles A. (1999). Titanic : A Journey Through Time . Sparkford, Somerset: Patrick Stephens. ISBN 978-1-85260-575-9 . Gill, Anton (2010). Titanic : the real story of the construction of the world's most famous ship . Channel 4 Books. ISBN 978-1-905026-71-5 . Halpern, Samuel (2011). `` Account of the Ship's Journey Across the Atlantic'' . In Halpern, Samuel. Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6210-3 . Halpern, Samuel; Weeks, Charles (2011). `` Description of the Damage to the Ship'' . In Halpern, Samuel. Report into the Loss of the SS Titanic : A Centennial Reappraisal . Stroud, UK: The History Press. ISBN 978-0-7524-6210-3 . Heyer, Paul (2012). Titanic Century: Media, Myth, and the Making of a Cultural Icon . Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-0-313-39815-5 . Howells, Richard (1999). The Myth of the Titanic . United Kingdom: MacMillan Press. ISBN 978-0-333-72597-9 . Hutchings, David F.; de Kerbrech, Richard P. (2011). RMS Titanic 1909-- 12 (Olympic Class): Owners' Workshop Manual . Sparkford, Yeovil: Haynes. ISBN 978-1-84425-662-4 . Landau, Elaine (2001). Heroine of the Titanic: The Real Unsinkable Molly Brown . New York. pp. 22-- 23. ISBN 978-0-395-93912-3 . Lord, Walter (1976). A Night to Remember . London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-004757-8 . Lord, Walter (1997) (1955). A Night to Remember (3rd ed.). New York: Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 978-0-553-27827-9 . Lord, Walter (2005) (1955). A Night to Remember . New York: St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-8050-7764-3 . Lynch, Don (1992). Titanic : An Illustrated History . New York: Hyperion. ISBN 978-1-56282-918-6 . Maniera, Leyla (2003). Christie's Century of Teddy Bears . London: Pavilion. ISBN 978-1-86205-595-7 . McCarty, Jennifer Hooper; Foecke, Tim (2012) (2008). What Really Sank The Titanic -- New Forensic Evidence . New York: Citadel. ISBN 978-0-8065-2895-3 . McCluskie, Tom (1998). Anatomy of the Titanic . London: PRC Publishing. ISBN 978-1-85648-482-4 . Merideth, Lee W. (2003). 1912 Facts About Titanic . Sunnyvale, CA: Rocklin Press. ISBN 978-0-9626237-9-0 . Mowbray, Jay Henry (1912). Sinking of the Titanic . Harrisburg, PA: The Minter Company. OCLC 9176732 . Parisi, Paula (1998). Titanic and the Making of James Cameron . New York: Newmarket Press. ISBN 978-1-55704-364-1 . Rasor, Eugene L. (2001). The Titanic : historiography and annotated bibliography . Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31215-1 . Reade, Leslie (1993). The Ship That Stood Still: The Californian and Her Mysterious Role in the Titanic Disaster . Edited by Edward de Groot. New York and London: W.W. Norton & Company. ISBN 9780393035377 . Spignesi, Stephen J. (1998). The Complete Titanic : From the Ship's Earliest Blueprints to the Epic Film . Secaucus, New Jersey: Birch Lane Press. ISBN 978-1-55972-483-8 . Spignesi, Stephen J. (2012). The Titanic For Dummies . Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-1-118-20651-5 . Verhoeven, John D. (2007). Steel Metallurgy for the Non-Metallurgist . Materials Park, OH: ASM International. ISBN 978-0-87170-858-8 . Ward, Greg (2012). The Rough Guide to the Titanic . London: Rough Guides Ltd. ISBN 978-1-4053-8699-9 . Wels, Susan (1997). Titanic : Legacy of the World's Greatest Ocean Liner . Del Mar, California: Tehabi Books. ISBN 978-0-7835-5261-3 . Journals and news articles: Broad, William J. (8 April 1997). `` Toppling Theories, Scientists Find 6 Slits, Not Big Gash, Sank Titanic '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 5 November 2011 . Broad, William J. (15 April 2008). `` In Weak Rivets, a Possible Key to Titanic's Doom'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 March 2012 . Canfield, Clarke (8 March 2012). `` Full Titanic site mapped for 1st time'' . The Associated Press. Archived from the original on 2 January 2013 . Retrieved 9 March 2012 . Felkins, Katherine; Leighly, HP; Jankovic, A (1998), `` The Royal Mail Ship Titanic: Did a Metallurgical Failure Cause a Night to Remember?'' , JOM , Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 50 (1): 12-- 18, doi : 10.1007/s11837-998-0062-7 Ryan, Paul R. (Winter 1985-- 1986). `` The Titanic Tale'' . Oceanus . Woods Hole, MA: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution. 4 (28). `` New Titanic Belfast complex opens'' . BBC News . 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 9 April 2012 . Investigations: `` Report on the Loss of the `` Titanic.'' (s.s.)`` . British Wreck Commissioner's Inquiry, Final Report (Watertight Compartments) . 30 July 1912. Archived from the original on 3 January 2014 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Mersey, Lord (1999) (1912). The Loss of the Titanic, 1912 . The Stationery Office. ISBN 978-0-11-702403-8 . External links Listen to this article ( info/dl ) This audio file was created from a revision of the article `` RMS Titanic '' dated 2005-12-10, and does not reflect subsequent edits to the article. ( Audio help ) More spoken articles Wikiquote has quotations related to: RMS Titanic Wikimedia Commons has media related to RMS Titanic . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Titanic (ship, 1912) . Wikisource has original text related to this article: RMS Titanic Wikivoyage has a travel guide for RMS Titanic . RMS Titanic , Inc , exclusive steward of RMS Titanic Titanic Historical Society RMS Titanic at Curlie (based on DMOZ ) RMS Titanic on Facebook Collection of Marconigram radio messages related to the Titanic `` Titanic collected news and commentary'' . The Guardian . New York Times coverage of the Titanic RMS Titanic : 100 Years Later-- An Online Newspaper Exhibition at Library of Virginia Titanic Footage and Survivors Interviews -- YouTube Titanic Footage: Leaving Belfast -- British Pathé References to the Titanic in European Historic Newspapers Rare Postcard from the Titanic RMS Titanic: Fascinating Engineering Facts - Professor William S. Hammack RMS Titanic First class facilities Second and Third class facilities Grand Staircase Musicians Sinking Alternative theories Changes in safety practices Legends and myths Lifeboats Lifeboat No. 1 British inquiry US inquiry Wreck of Titanic Maritime Memorial Act Deck officers Edward J. Smith (Captain) Henry Tingle Wilde (Chief Officer) William McMaster Murdoch (First Officer) Charles H. Lightoller (Second Officer) Herbert Pitman (Third Officer) Joseph G. Boxhall (Fourth Officer) Harold G. Lowe (Fifth Officer) James Paul Moody (Sixth Officer) Joseph Bell (Machine Room Manager) Crew members Frederick Barrett Harold Bride William Denton Cox Sid Daniels Alfred Frank Evans Frederick Fleet Luigi Gatti Robert Hichens Violet Jessop Charles Joughin Reginald Lee Evelyn Marsden William Mintram Jack Phillips George Symons Passengers Fatalities Allison family Thomas Andrews John Jacob Astor IV David John Bowen Archibald Butt Thomas Byles Roderick Chisholm Walter Donald Douglas Edith Corse Evans Annie Funk Jacques Futrelle Sidney Leslie Goodwin Benjamin Guggenheim John Harper Wallace Hartley Charles Melville Hays Edward Austin Kent Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche Francis Davis Millet Harry Markland Molson Michel Navratil Eino Viljami Panula W.T. Stead Ida Straus Isidor Straus John Borland Thayer Jr. Frank M. Warren, Sr. George Dennick Wick George Dunton Widener Harry Elkins Widener Duane Williams George Henry Wright Survivors (last living) Rhoda Abbott Trevor Allison Lillian Asplund Madeleine Astor Ruth Becker Lawrence Beesley Karl Behr Dickinson Bishop Mauritz Håkan Björnström -Steffansson Elsie Bowerman Francis Browne Margaret `` Molly'' Brown Daniel Buckley Alden Caldwell Helen Churchill Candee Charlotte Drake Cardeza Lucile Carter Gladys Cherry Millvina Dean Margaret Devaney Sir Cosmo Duff-Gordon Lucy, Lady Duff-Gordon Ethel Flora Fortune Dorothy Gibson Archibald Gracie IV Frank John William Goldsmith Edith Haisman Henry S. Harper Eva Hart Margaret Bechstein Hays Masabumi Hosono J. Bruce Ismay Eleanor Ileen Johnson Louise Laroche Louise Kink Margaret Mannion Michel Marcel Navratil Alfred Nourney Arthur Godfrey Peuchen Winnifred Quick Marjorie Newell Robb Edith Rosenbaum Noël Leslie, Countess of Rothes Emily Ryerson Beatrice Sandström Frederic Kimber Seward Eloise Hughes Smith Jack Thayer Marian Thayer Barbara West Ella Holmes White R. Norris Williams Marie Grice Young Monuments and memorials General Memorials and monuments to the RMS Titanic Australia Bandstand (Ballarat) United Kingdom Engine Room Heroes (Liverpool) Engineers (Southampton) Musicians (Southampton) Titanic (Belfast) Orchestra (Liverpool) United States Straus Park (New York City) Titanic (New York City) Titanic (Washington, D.C.) Butt-Millet Memorial Fountain (Washington, D.C.) Popular culture Books The Wreck of the Titan: Or, Futility (1898) A Night to Remember (book) Polar the Titanic Bear Films Saved from the Titanic (1912) In Nacht und Eis (1912) Atlantic (1929) Titanic (1943) Titanic (1953) A Night to Remember (1958) The Unsinkable Molly Brown (1964) Raise the Titanic (1980) Secrets of the Titanic (1986) Titanica (1992) Titanic (1997) The Legend of the Titanic (1999) Titanic: The Legend Goes On (2000) Ghosts of the Abyss (2003) Tentacolino (2004) Titanic II (2010) Television S.O.S. Titanic (1979) Titanic: The Complete Story (1994) Titanic (1996) No Greater Love (1996) `` A Flight to Remember'' ( Futurama ) (1999) Titanic (2012) Titanic: Blood and Steel (2012) Saving the Titanic (2012) Music `` The Titanic (It Was Sad When That Great Ship Went Down) '' (folk song) The Sinking of the Titanic (music composition) Titanic (musical) The Unsinkable Molly Brown (musical) `` My Heart Will Go On '' (Celine Dion song) `` Nearer, My God, to Thee '' (song) Video games Titanic: Adventure Out of Time (1996) Titanic: Honor and Glory (TBA) Museums and exhibitions SeaCity Museum (Southampton) Titanic Museum (Branson, Missouri) Titanic Museum (Pigeon Forge, Tennessee) Maritime Museum of the Atlantic (Halifax) Titanic Belfast Places Titanic (Canada) Titanic Canyon Titanic Quarter, Belfast Cape Race, Newfoundland Fairview Cemetery, Halifax, Nova Scotia Mount Olivet Cemetery (Halifax) Related Ships RMS Olympic RMS Carpathia HMHS Britannic CS Mackay-Bennett SS Californian Replica Titanic Titanic II Others White Star Line David Blair Arthur Rostron Stanley Lord Titanic Historical Society Encyclopedia Titanica Halomonas titanicae Women and children first SOS CQD Robert Ballard Olympic -class ocean liners RMS Olympic (1910) RMS Titanic (1911) HMHS Britannic (1914) See also: Replica Titanic , Titanic II Last remaining survivors of the RMS Titanic disaster 2000-- 2009 Millvina Dean (1912-- 2009) Barbara West (1911-- 2007) Lillian Asplund (1906-- 2006) Winnifred Quick (1904-- 2002) Michel Navratil (1908-- 2001) 1995-- 1999 Eleanor Johnson (1910-- 1998) Louise Laroche (1910-- 1998) Edith Brown (1896-- 1997) Eva Hart (1905-- 1996) Beatrice Sandström (1910-- 1995) 1990-- 1994 Robertha `` Bertha'' Watt (1899-- 1993) Ellen Shine (1891-- 1993) Marjorie Newell (1889-- 1992) Louise Kink (1908-- 1992) Bertram Dean (1910-- 1992) Alden Caldwell (1911-- 1992) Michael Joseph (1907-- 1991) Frank `` Philip'' Aks (1911-- 1991) George Touma (1904-- 1991) Anna `` Annie'' McGowan (1897-- 1990) Ruth Becker (1899-- 1990) Ocean liners with four funnels SS Kaiser Wilhelm der Grosse (1897) SS Deutschland (1900) SS Kronprinz Wilhelm (1901) SS Kaiser Wilhelm II (1902) RMS Lusitania (1906) RMS Mauretania (1906) SS Kronprinzessin Cecilie (1906) SS France (1910) RMS Olympic (1910) RMS Titanic (1911) RMS Aquitania (1913) HMHS Britannic (1914) RMS Arundel Castle (1921) RMS Windsor Castle (1922) Timeline of the world's largest passenger ships Syracusia (240 BC) Thalamegos (200 BC) Caravel ships (1400s) SS Royal William (1831) SS Great Western (1837) SS British Queen (1839) SS President (1840) SS Great Britain (1845) HMS Himalaya (1854) RMS Atrato (1854) SS Great Eastern (1858) RMS Celtic (1901) RMS Baltic (1903) RMS Empress of Scotland (1906) RMS Lusitania (1907) RMS Mauretania (1907) RMS Olympic (1911/1912) RMS Titanic (1912) SS Imperator (1913) SS Leviathan (1913) RMS Majestic (1914) (1914) SS Normandie (1935) RMS Queen Mary (1936) RMS Queen Elizabeth (1940) MS Sovereign of the Seas (1987) MS Sun Princess (1995) MS Carnival Sunshine (1996) MS Grand Princess (1997) MS Voyager of the Seas (1999) MS Explorer of the Seas (2000) MS Navigator of the Seas (2002) RMS Queen Mary 2 (2004) MS Freedom of the Seas / MS Liberty of the Seas / MS Independence of the Seas (2006) MS Oasis of the Seas (2009) MS Allure of the Seas (2010) MS Harmony of the Seas (2016) MS Symphony of the Seas (2018) White Star Line ships Surviving ships Nomadic (1911) Planned Olympic (order cancelled) Oceanic (never completed) Former ships Red Jacket (1853) Blue Jacket (1854) Tayleur (1854) Oceanic (1870) Atlantic (1871) Baltic (1871) Tropic (1871) Asiatic (1871) Republic (1872) Adriatic (1872) Celtic (1872) Traffic (1872) Gaelic (1872) Belgic (1873) Britannic (1874) Germanic (1875) Arabic (1881) Coptic (1881) Ionic (1883) Doric (1883) Belgic (1885) Gaelic (1885) Cufic (1888) Runic (1889) Teutonic (1889) Majestic (1890) Tauric (1891) Magnetic (1891) Nomadic (1891) Naronic (1892) Bovic (1892) Gothic (1893) Cevic (1894) Pontic (1894) Georgic (1895) Delphic (1897) Cymric (1898) Afric (1899) Medic (1899) Persic (1899) Oceanic (1899) Runic (1900) Suevic (1901) Celtic (1901) Athenic (1902) Corinthic (1902) Ionic (1903) Cedric (1903) Victorian (1903) Armenian (1903) Arabic (1903) Romanic (1903) Cretic (1903) Republic (1903) Canopic (1904) Cufic (1904) Baltic (1904) Tropic (1904) Gallic (1907) Adriatic (1907) Laurentic (1909) Megantic (1909) Zeeland (1910) Traffic (1911) Olympic (1911) Belgic (1911) Zealandic (1911) Titanic (1912) SS Ceramic (1913) Lapland (1914) Britannic (1914) Belgic (1917) Justicia (1918) Vedic (1918) Bardic (1919) Gallic (1920) Mobile (1920) Arabic (1920) Homeric (1920) Haverford (1921) Poland (1922) Majestic (1922) Pittsburgh (1922) Doric (1923) Delphic (1925) Regina (1925) Albertic (1927) Calgaric (1927) Laurentic (1927) Britannic (1929) Georgic (1931) Years indicate year of entry into White Star service. Ships that were lost on their maiden voyage Naval ships Vasa (1628) Galera Victoria (1729) Georgiana (1863) Flach (1866) Grosser Kurfürst (1878) Posidonia (1940) Bismarck (1941) Dinsdale (1942) Shinano (1944) Passenger ships and cargo liners Amazon (1851) City of Philadelphia (1854) New Era (1854) Tayleur (1854) Castilian (1899) Titanic (1912) Georges Philippar (1932) Magdalena (1949) Hans Hedtoft (1959) Zenobia (1980) Cargo ships Batavia (1629) Vansittart (1719) Fortuyn (1723) Zeewijk (1727) Amsterdam (1749) Royal Captain (1773) Hartwell (1787) Carrier Pigeon (1852) Crescent City (1871) Catherine Griffiths (1875) Queensmore (1889) Irex (1890) Brecknockshire (1916) Dumaru (1918) Mecanicien Donzel (1918) Hastier (1919) Treveal (1920) Adolf Vinnen (1923) Île de Los (1935) Joseph Medill (1935) Mim (1939) Empire Thunder (1941) Michael E (1941) Alexander Macomb (1942) Derryheen (1942) Empire Clough (1942) Empire Drum (1942) Empire Dryden (1942) Empire Spenser (1942) Fort Good Hope (1942) Fort la Reine (1942) George Calvert (1942) George Thatcher (1942) Sam Houston (1942) San Victorio (1942) Stangarth (1942) Stephen Hopkins (1942) Bloody Marsh (1943) Empire Florizel (1943) Fort Cedar Lake (1943) Haakon Jarl (1943) John Morgan (1943) J. Pinckney Henderson (1943) Kherzon (1943) Matt W. Ransom (1943) Molly Pitcher (1943) Fort Crevier (1944) John A. Treutlen (1944) Union Star (1981) Ranga (1982) Reijin (1988) Racing yachts Mohawk (1876) 1 = Due to enemy action. 2 = Maiden revenue-earning voyage. 3 = Constructive total loss Shipwrecks and maritime incidents in 1912 Shipwrecks 2 Feb: HMS A3 29 Feb: H.K. Bedford 12 Mar: Oceana 20 Mar: Koombana 2 Apr: USS Santee 15 Apr: Titanic ( sinking ) 12 May: HMS A3 May (unknown date): USS Pensacola 8 Jun: Vendémiaire 26 Jun: Naniwa 8 Aug: HMS Holland 5 17 Aug: Leafield 1 Sep: HMS Waterwitch 3 Sep: HMS Holland 4 28 Sep: Kiche Maru 4 Oct: HMS B2 16 Oct: Ralph Creyke , Nicaragua 22 Oct: SS Keystorm 31 Oct: Feth-i Bülend 23 Nov: Rouse Simmons 28 Nov: Friendship Unknown date: City of Adelaide , USS Ericsson , Fox Other incidents 18 Jan: Sarah Dixon 2 Feb: HMS Hazard 12 Mar: Pisagua 14-15 Apr: Californian 2 Jun: Friendship , Derwent 8 Jun: Saint Louis 16 Aug: Camano , Sioux 4 Oct: Amerika 12 Oct: Arabia December (unknown date): Lady Elizabeth , Pelayo 1911 1913 Coordinates : 41° 43′ 57'' N 49° 56′ 49'' W  /  41.73250° N 49.94694° W  / 41.73250; -49.94694 GND : 4121777-9 LCCN : n50082026 NLA : 52369553 SNAC : w6zk9cf5 VIAF : 264840228 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RMS_Titanic&oldid=854501389 '' Categories : Maritime incidents in 1912 RMS Titanic 1910s in Newfoundland 1911 ships 1912 in Canada 1912 in the United Kingdom 1912 in the United States Deaths by drowning Deaths due to shipwreck Four funnel liners History of Halifax, Nova Scotia Olympic-class ocean liners Passenger ships of the United Kingdom Ship collisions with icebergs Ships built by Harland and Wolff Ships built in Belfast Ships of Ireland Ships of the White Star Line Ships sunk in collisions Shipwrecks of the Newfoundland and Labrador coast Steamships of the United Kingdom Shipwrecks in the Atlantic Ocean Hidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2013 CS1: Julian-- Gregorian uncertainty Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from March 2012 Webarchive template wayback links Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages Use British English from July 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 Articles needing additional references from April 2017 All articles needing additional references Interlanguage link template link number Spoken articles Articles with hAudio microformats Articles with Curlie links Coordinates on Wikidata Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with NLA identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikinews Wikiquote Wikivoyage Afrikaans አማርኛ অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Bikol Central Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Corsu Cymraeg Dansk Davvisámegiella Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Frysk Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Kiswahili Kreyòl ayisyen Kurdî Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी مصرى مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nāhuatl Nederlands Nedersaksies नेपाली 日本 語 Нохчийн Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Papiamentu ភាសា ខ្មែរ Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Саха тыла Scots Seeltersk Shqip සිංහල Simple English سنڌي Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Taqbaylit Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Vèneto TiếngViệt文言Winaray吴语ייִדיש粵語Zeêuws中文104moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon11August2018,at20:30(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia

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who is the most paid nba player 2018

Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley , Jr . $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors

Highest-paid NBA players by season - wikipedia Highest-paid NBA players by season Michael Jordan , who earned $33,140,000 in the 1997-- 98 NBA season , attempts a slam dunk at the old Boston Garden . The highest-paid NBA players by season over the past twelve seasons have received contracts with salaries noted in the twenty-million-dollar range. In this twelve-year span, Kevin Garnett received $28,000,000, which was the highest salary payment of any NBA player, during the 2003-- 04 season . Garnett has been the highest-paid NBA player per year in seven of the past twelve NBA seasons. Michael Jordan was the first NBA player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season. During the 1997-- 98 season , Jordan earned $33,140,000, which still stands as the most any NBA player has earned on a 1 year contract, Jordan also holds the record for the second largest 1 year contract at $30,140,000 in the 1996-97 season. Kobe Bryant become just the second player to reach this milestone when the 2013-- 14 season began. LeBron James became the third in the 2016-- 17 season . Stephen Curry became the first player to eclipse $40-Million per year when he signed a record 5-year contract worth $201-Million in 2017, starting with $34,682,550 in the 2017-18 season and ending with the largest earnings in the 2021-22 season with a record payout of $45,780,966. Beginning in the 1984-- 85 NBA season , the NBA's first salary cap was introduced. The NBA salary cap is the maximum dollar amount each NBA team can spend on its players for the season. However, the NBA uses a `` soft'' salary cap, which means that significant `` salary exceptions'' allow NBA teams to exceed their allotted amount in order to sign players. The salary cap is determined during the offseason , but as stated earlier, it is liable to change. An exception is necessary to sign a player for a contract that would exceed the salary cap threshold of the `` soft cap'' . The Larry Bird exception , more commonly known as Bird Rights, allows teams to re-sign a current player only if he has played for that particular team for a minimum of three years. Another exception known as the mid-level exception allows for teams that are over the salary cap to sign one or more players as long as they do not exceed the total amount of the average NBA salary. Next, the bi-annual exception can be used by teams every other year to sign a free agent(s) for up to two years at an amount set by the NBA. Finally, the rookie player exception allows any NBA team to sign their first-round draft pick to a contract based upon a scale previously set forth by the NBA. Another option for teams would be to assign players to a league-assigned minimum salary contract for a maximum of two years. According to 2010-- 11 NBA season game performance, the league's best players were not its highest-paid players. Each year there are ten players selected to one of the two All-NBA Teams . Out of those ten players chosen that year, Kobe Bryant was the only player that was also among the game's ten highest-paid during the 2010-- 11 NBA season. Contents 1 2010s 1.1 2017-- 2018 1.2 2016-- 2017 1.3 2015-- 2016 1.4 2014-- 2015 1.5 2013-- 2014 1.6 2012-- 2013 1.7 2011-- 2012 1.8 2010-- 2011 1.9 2009-- 2010 2 2000s 2.1 2008-- 2009 2.2 2007-- 2008 2.3 2006-- 2007 2.4 2005-- 2006 2.5 2004-- 2005 2.6 2003-- 2004 2.7 2002-- 2003 2.8 2001-- 2002 2.9 2000-- 2001 2.10 1999-- 2000 3 1990s 3.1 1998-- 1999 3.2 1997-1998 3.3 1996-1997 3.4 1995-1996 4 See also 5 References 2010s 2017-- 2018 Player Salary Team Stephen Curry $34,682,550 Golden State Warriors LeBron James $33,285,709 Cleveland Cavaliers Paul Millsap $31,269,231 Denver Nuggets Gordon Hayward $29,727,900 Boston Celtics Blake Griffin $29,512,900 Los Angeles Clippers Kyle Lowry $28,703,704 Toronto Raptors Russell Westbrook $28,530,608 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley, Jr. $28,530,608 Memphis Grizzlies James Harden $28,299,399 Houston Rockets DeMar DeRozan $27,739,975 Toronto Raptors 2016-- 2017 LeBron James became the third player to sign a contract worth over thirty million dollars in a season, after Michael Jordan and Kobe Bryant. Player Salary Team LeBron James $30,963,450 Cleveland Cavaliers Al Horford $26,540,100 Boston Celtics DeMar DeRozan $26,540,100 Toronto Raptors James Harden $26,540,100 Houston Rockets Kevin Durant $26,540,100 Golden State Warriors Russell Westbrook $26,540,100 Oklahoma City Thunder Mike Conley, Jr. $26,540,100 Memphis Grizzlies Dirk Nowitzki $25,000,000 Dallas Mavericks Carmelo Anthony $24,559,380 New York Knicks Damian Lillard $24,328,425 Portland Trail Blazers 2015-- 2016 Kobe Bryant, who spent his entire 20-year career in a Los Angeles Lakers uniform, was the highest-paid player in the league from the 2009-- 10 until his retirement at the conclusion of the 2015-- 16 season. Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers LeBron James $22,970,500 Cleveland Cavaliers Carmelo Anthony $22,875,000 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $22,359,364 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $22,192,730 Miami Heat Chris Paul $21,468,695 Los Angeles Clippers Kevin Durant $20,158,622 Oklahoma City Thunder Derrick Rose $20,093,064 Chicago Bulls Dwyane Wade $20,000,000 Miami Heat LaMarcus Aldridge $19,689,000 San Antonio Spurs 2014-- 2015 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,500,000 Los Angeles Lakers Amar'e Stoudemire $23,410,988 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $23,180,790 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $22,458,401 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $21,436,271 Houston Rockets Chris Bosh $20,644,400 Miami Heat LeBron James $20,644,400 Cleveland Cavaliers Chris Paul $20,068,563 Los Angeles Clippers Deron Williams $19,754,465 Brooklyn Nets Rudy Gay $19,317,326 Sacramento Kings 2013-- 2014 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $22,721,381 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $21,679,893 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $21,466,718 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $21,388,953 New York Knicks Dwight Howard $20,513,178 Houston Rockets Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat 2012-- 2013 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $30,453,805 Los Angeles Lakers Dirk Nowitzki $20,907,128 Dallas Mavericks Amar'e Stoudemire $19,948,799 New York Knicks Joe Johnson $19,752,645 Brooklyn Nets Carmelo Anthony $19,444,503 New York Knicks Pau Gasol $19,285,850 Los Angeles Lakers Chris Bosh $19,067,500 Miami Heat LeBron James $19,067,500 Miami Heat Dwyane Wade $18,673,000 Miami Heat Chris Paul $18,668,431 Los Angeles Clippers 2011-- 2012 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $25,244,493 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $21,247,044 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $21,164,619 San Antonio Spurs Rashard Lewis $21,136,631 Washington Wizards Dirk Nowitzki $19,092,873 Dallas Mavericks Pau Gasol $18,714,150 Los Angeles Lakers Carmelo Anthony $18,518,574 New York Knicks Amar'e Stoudemire $18,217,705 New York Knicks Elton Brand $18,160,355 Philadelphia 76ers Dwight Howard $18,091,770 Orlando Magic 2010-- 2011 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $24,806,250 Los Angeles Lakers Rashard Lewis $19,573,711 Washington Wizards Tim Duncan $18,835,381 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $18,832,044 Boston Celtics Michael Redd $18,300,000 Milwaukee Bucks Andrei Kirilenko $17,823,000 Utah Jazz Pau Gasol $17,823,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gilbert Arenas $17,730,694 Washington Wizards Yao Ming $17,686,100 Houston Rockets Zach Randolph $17,666,666 Memphis Grizzlies 2009-- 2010 Player Salary Team Kobe Bryant $23,034,375 Los Angeles Lakers Jermaine O'Neal $23,016,000 Miami Heat Tracy McGrady $22,843,124 New York Knicks Tim Duncan $22,183,220 San Antonio Spurs Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Dirk Nowitzki $19,795,714 Dallas Mavericks Paul Pierce $19,795,712 Boston Celtics Ray Allen $18,776,860 Boston Celtics Rashard Lewis $18,010,791 Orlando Magic Michael Redd $17,040,000 Milwaukee Bucks 2000s 2008-- 2009 Kevin Garnett was the highest-paid player during the 2008-- 09 , 2007-- 08 , and 2006-- 07 seasons; he relinquished that position to Shaquille O'Neal for two seasons, but was also the highest-paid player during the 2003-- 04 , 2002-- 03 , 2001-- 02 , and 2000-- 01 seasons. Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $24,751,934 Boston Celtics Jason Kidd $21,372,000 Dallas Mavericks Jermaine O'Neal $21,372,000 Toronto Raptors Kobe Bryant $21,262,500 Los Angeles Lakers Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Allen Iverson $20,840,625 Detroit Pistons Stephon Marbury $20,840,625 Boston Celtics Tim Duncan $20,598,704 San Antonio Spurs Tracy McGrady $20,370,437 Houston Rockets Ray Allen $18,388,430 Boston Celtics 2007-- 2008 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $23,751,934 Boston Celtics Shaquille O'Neal $21,000,000 Phoenix Suns Jason Kidd $19,728,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $19,728,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $19,490,625 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $19,014,188 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $19,012,500 Denver Nuggets Stephon Marbury $19,012,500 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $18,257,750 Houston Rockets Baron Davis $16,440,000 Golden State Warriors 2006-- 2007 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $21,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Jason Kidd $18,084,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $18,084,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $17,718,750 Los Angeles Lakers Tim Duncan $17,429,673 San Antonio Spurs Allen Iverson $17,184,375 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $17,184,375 New York Knicks Tracy McGrady $16,901,500 Houston Rockets Grant Hill $16,901,500 Orlando Magic 2005-- 2006 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $20,000,000 Miami Heat Allan Houston $19,125,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $19,125,000 Philadelphia 76ers Kevin Garnett $18,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Allen Iverson $16,453,125 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $16,453,125 New York Knicks Jason Kidd $16,440,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $16,440,000 Indiana Pacers Kobe Bryant $15,946,875 Los Angeles Lakers Michael Finley $15,937,500 Dallas Mavericks 2004-- 2005 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $27,696,430 Miami Heat Dikembe Mutombo $19,485,719 New Jersey Nets / Houston Rockets Allan Houston $17,531,250 New York Knicks Chris Webber $17,531,250 Sacramento Kings Kevin Garnett $16,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Jason Kidd $14,796,000 New Jersey Nets Jermaine O'Neal $14,796,000 Indiana Pacers Shareef Abdur-Rahim $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Ray Allen $14,625,000 Seattle Supersonics Anfernee Hardaway $14,625,000 New York Knicks Zydrunas Ilgauskas $14,625,000 Cleveland Cavaliers Allen Iverson $14,625,000 Philadelphia 76ers Stephon Marbury $14,625,000 New York Knicks Latrell Sprewell $14,625,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antoine Walker $14,625,000 Atlanta Hawks 2003-- 2004 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $28,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $26,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Rasheed Wallace $18,000,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $17,895,000 New York Knicks Allan Houston $15,937,000 New York Knicks Chris Webber $15,937,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $14,625,000 Portland Trail Blazers Penny Hardaway $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns Latrell Sprewell $13,500,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Antonio McDyess $13,500,000 Phoenix Suns 2002-- 2003 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $25,200,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $23,571,000 Los Angeles Lakers Shawn Kemp $21,500,000 Orlando Magic Juwan Howard $20,625,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $19,727,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $19,250,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $16,200,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $16,105,000 New Jersey Nets Chris Webber $14,343,000 Sacramento Kings Damon Stoudamire $13,500,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2001-- 2002 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $22,400,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $21,428,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $18,756,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $18,750,000 Denver Nuggets Scottie Pippen $18,083,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $17,500,000 Utah Jazz Rasheed Wallace $14,400,000 Portland Trail Blazers Dikembe Mutombo $14,315,000 Philadelphia 76ers Gary Payton $12,926,000 Seattle SuperSonics Shawn Kemp $12,770,000 Portland Trail Blazers 2000-- 2001 Player Salary Team Kevin Garnett $19,600,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Shaquille O'Neal $19,285,000 Los Angeles Lakers Alonzo Mourning $16,879,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $16,875,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $16,685,000 Houston Rockets Karl Malone $15,750,000 Utah Jazz Dikembe Mutombo $14,422,000 Philadelphia 76ers Patrick Ewing $14,000,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $13,196,000 San Antonio Spurs Scottie Pippen $13,151,000 Portland Trail Blazers 1999-- 2000 Player Salary Team Shaquille O'Neal $17,142,000 Los Angeles Lakers Kevin Garnett $16,806,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $15,004,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $15,000,000 Washington Wizards Scottie Pippen $14,795,000 Portland Trail Blazers Karl Malone $14,000,000 Utah Jazz Larry Johnson $11,910,000 New York Knicks Gary Payton $11,020,000 Seattle SuperSonics Rasheed Wallace $10,800,000 Portland Trail Blazers Shawn Kemp $10,780,000 Cleveland Cavaliers 1990s 1998-- 1999 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,500,000 New York Knicks Shaquille O'Neal $17,000,000 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $14,841,000 San Antonio Spurs Kevin Garnett $14,000,000 Minnesota Timberwolves Alonzo Mourning $13,130,000 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $13,125,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $12,943,000 Houston Rockets Dikembe Mutombo $11,218,000 Atlanta Hawks Jayson Williams $11,000,000 New Jersey Nets Scottie Pippen $11,000,000 Houston Rockets 1997-1998 Player Salary Team Michael Jordan $33,140,000 Chicago Bulls Patrick Ewing $20,500,000 New York Knicks Horace Grant $14,285,714 Orlando Magic Shaquille O'Neal $12,857,143 Los Angeles Lakers David Robinson $12,397,440 San Antonio Spurs Alonzo Mourning $11,254,800 Miami Heat Juwan Howard $11,250,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $11,156,000 Houston Rockets Gary Payton $10,514,688 Seattle SuperSonics Dikembe Mutombo $9,615,187 Atlanta Hawks 1996-1997 Player Salary Team Michael Jordan $30,140,000 Chicago Bulls Horace Grant $14,857,000 Orlando Magic Reggie Miller $11,250,000 Indiana Pacers Shaquille O'Neal $10,714,000 Los Angeles Lakers Gary Payton $10,212,000 Seattle SuperSonics David Robinson $9,952,000 San Antonio Spurs Juwan Howard $9,750,000 Washington Wizards Hakeem Olajuwon $9,655,000 Houston Rockets Alonzo Mourning $9,380,000 Miami Heat Dennis Rodman $9,000,000 Chicago Bulls 1995-1996 Player Salary Team Patrick Ewing $18,724,000 New York Knicks Clyde Drexler $9,810,000 Houston Rockets David Robinson $7,700,000 San Antonio Spurs Chris Webber $7,000,000 Washington Bullets Joe Dumars $6,881,000 Detroit Pistons Danny Manning $6,833,000 Phoenix Suns A.C. Green $6,473,000 Phoenix Suns Shaquille O'Neal $5,700,000 Orlando Magic Derrick Coleman $5,476,000 Philadelphia 76ers Sean Elliott $5,333,000 San Antonio Spurs See also National Basketball Association portal Business and economics portal List of highest paid Major League Baseball players List of player salaries in the NHL List of salaries References Jump up ^ `` Kobe Bryant to Become NBA's Second Ever $30-Million Player'' . aolnews.com. Archived from the original on 2011-09-19. Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap History'' . insidehoops.com. Jump up ^ `` NBA Salary Cap Explained'' . about.com. Jump up ^ `` Mid Level Exception'' . sportscity.com. Jump up ^ `` Bi-annual Exception'' . sportscity.com. Jump up ^ Badenhausen, Kurt (2010-11-04). `` The NBA's Highest-Paid Players'' . Forbes . Jump up ^ `` 2017-18 NBA Player Contracts'' . Retrieved 2017-08-14 . Jump up ^ `` The NBA's 25 highest-paid players for the 2016-17 season'' . Foxsports.com . Retrieved 2017-06-23 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2015-2016'' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015-10-30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2014-2015'' . ESPN . Retrieved 2015-01-17 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2013-2014'' . ESPN . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2012-2013'' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013-09-16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2011-2012'' . ESPN . Retrieved 2013-09-16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2010-2011'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2013-09-16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2009-2010'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2013-09-16 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2008-2009'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . ^ Jump up to: `` NBA Salaries'' . Insidehoops.com . Retrieved 2011-11-30 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2007-2008'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2006-2007'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` 2005-2006 salaries'' . eskimo.com . Retrieved June 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2004-2005 NBA salaries'' . eskimo.com . Retrieved June 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2003-2004'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2002-2003'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2001-2002'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 2000-2001'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1999-2000'' . ESPN (go.com) . Retrieved 2014-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1998-1999'' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1997-1998'' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1996-1997'' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA Player Salaries - 1995-1996'' . Eskimo.com . Retrieved July 29, 2018 . National Basketball Association statistical leaders Players Career Regular season Points Franchise Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three-point field goals Free throws Seasons Games Minutes Playoffs Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Turnovers Three-point field goals Free throws Games Minutes Annual Points Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Minutes Field goal percentage Three-point field goals Three-point field goal percentage Free throw percentage Season Points Rookie Rebounds Rookie Game Points Playoffs Rebounds Assists Steals Blocks Misc Tallest players Shortest players Oldest and youngest players Highest-paid players Teams Winningest teams All-time win-loss records Winning streaks Losing streaks Misc Highest-scoring games Records Regular season Playoffs All-Star Game National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All-Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Africa 2018 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All-Star Game Win-loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player-coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All-Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2018-- 19 season Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Highest-paid_NBA_players_by_season&oldid=853837812 '' Categories : National Basketball Association lists National Basketball Association statistical leaders Employee compensation in the United States Income of sportspeople Hidden categories: Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 7 August 2018, at 08:01 (UTC) . About Wikipedia

7000767794343110386

hui aankh nam aur ye dil muskuraya movie name

The film was made on a budget of ₹ 35 million ( US $510,000 ) and managed to succeed at the box office with a total gross of ₹ 95 million ( US $1.4 million ) . The film would turn out to be lead actor Aditya Pancholi 's only major hit in Bollywood .

Saathi (1991 film) - Wikipedia Saathi (1991 film) Saathi साथी Vinyl Record Cover Directed by Mahesh Bhatt Produced by Mukesh Duggal Written by Robin Bhatt Starring Aditya Pancholi Mohsin Khan Varsha Usgaonkar Soni Razdan Music by Nadeem-Shravan Cinematography Pravin Bhatt Edited by A. Muthu Release date 20 September 1991 Country India Language Hindi Budget ₹ 35 million (US$510,000) Box office ₹ 95 million (US$1.4 million) Saathi is a 1991 Indian Hindi crime drama film directed by Mahesh Bhatt , written by Robin Bhatt and starring Aditya Pancholi , Mohsin Khan , Varsha Usgaonkar , And Soni Razdan. in the lead roles. Anupam Kher and Paresh Rawal portray the negative roles. This is Aditya Pancholi's biggest hit as a lead actor and established him as an overnight star in Bollywood. Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Soundtrack 4 Box office 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) As children, Suraj ( Aditya Pancholi ) and Amar ( Mohsin Khan ) have seen their father being brutally beaten by a police inspector. Both grow up and become small-time criminals. This leads them to the big gangster Pasha ( Paresh Rawal ). They part ways because Amar hates gangland activities, especially drugs. Suraj, on the other hand, wants to become rich. Suraj kills Pasha and becomes a big time gang leader. Amar is terrified that Suraj is lost in the world of crime and has forgotten humanity. In the climax of the movie, Sultan ( Anupam Kher ) phones Suraj and asks him to kill Amar, to which he refuses. Later that day, Suraj is chased by the police (Inspector Kotwal had ordered Inspector Khan to do so) and is injured, while his bodyguard is killed. Suraj reaches the place which Amar and Suraj used to visit as children. Amar, who felt the voice of his friend calling him, rushes to the place. Inspector Kotwal reaches there and Amar tells him that Suraj wishes to surrender. Inspector Kotwal reveals that he is actually Sultan, the real gang leader and attempts to kill Suraj. Amar saves Suraj and thinking that he had killed Sultan, returns to Suraj. Just then, Sultan, who didn't die, arrives at the scene and attempts to stab Amar from behind. Suraj, seeing him coming towards Amar pushes Amar away to protect him and is stabbed by Sultan, who is finally killed by Amar. Cast ( edit ) Aditya Pancholi ... Suraj Mohsin Khan ... Amar Varsha Usgaonkar ... Nisha Paresh Rawal ... Pasha Anupam Kher ... Inspector Kotwal Mushtaq Khan ... Shetty Soni Razdan ... Tina Soundtrack ( edit ) Saathi Soundtrack album by Nadeem Shravan Released 1991 Genre Feature film soundtrack Length 41 : 25 Label T-Series Producer Nadeem Shravan Nadeem Shravan chronology Saajan (1991) Saajan 1991 Saathi (1991) Phool Aur Kaante (1991) Phool Aur Kaante 1991 The songs of Saathi were penned by Sameer and the music composed by Nadeem-Shravan . `` Hui Aankh Nam Aur'' was the most popular song of the album, sung by Anuradha Paudwal. `` Zindagi Ki Talash Mein'' is also a hit song until the present day. Other successful songs on the soundtrack are `` Yarana Yaar Ka'' and `` Aaj Hum Tum O Sanam'' . The songs were sung by Kumar Sanu , Udit Narayan , Anuradha Paudwal , Jolly Mukherjee , Anwar , Debashish Dasgupta and Vipin Sachdeva. Track listing No. Title Lyrics Singer(s) Length 1. `` Zindagi Ki Talash Mein'' Sameer Kumar Sanu 05:51 2. `` Hui Aankh Nam'' Nawab Arzoo Anuradha Paudwal 05:04 3. `` Aaj Hum Tum O Sanam'' Sameer Anuradha Paudwal, Jolly Mukherjee 04:20) 4. `` Yaarana Yaar Ka'' Hasrat Jaipuri Kumar Sanu, Vipin Sachdeva 04:01 5. `` Mohabbat Ko Duniya'' Sameer Kumar Sanu, Debashish Dasgupta 05:36 6. `` Aisa Bhi Dekho Waqt'' Surendra Sathi Kumar Sanu, Anwar Hussain 04:54 7. `` Tera Naam Sabke Lab Pe'' Sameer Anuradha Paudwal 06:08 8. `` Har Ghadi Bekhudi'' Sameer Udit Narayan , Anuradha Paudwal 05:40 Box office ( edit ) The film was made on a budget of ₹ 35 million (US$510,000) and managed to succeed at the box office with a total gross of ₹ 95 million (US$1.4 million). The film would turn out to be lead actor Aditya Pancholi 's only major hit in Bollywood. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Saathi Movie Overview'' . Retrieved 31 March 2012 . External links ( edit ) Saathi on IMDb Films and television series by Mahesh Bhatt Director Manzilein Aur Bhi Hain (1974) Naya Daur (1978) Lahu Ke Do Rang (1979) Abhimanyu (1980) Arth (1982) Saaransh (1984) Janam (1985) Aashiana (1986) Naam (1986) Aaj (1987) Kaash (1987) Thikana (1987) Siyasat (1988) Kabzaa (1988) Daddy (1989) Awaargi (1990) Jurm (1990) Aashiqui (1990) Swayam (1991) Saathi (1991) Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin (1991) Sadak (1991) Saatwan Aasman (1992) Junoon (1992) Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee (1993) Gunaah (1993) Sir (1993) Hum Hain Rahi Pyar Ke (1993) Gumrah (1993) Tadipaar (1993) The Gentleman (1994) Naaraaz (1994) Milan (1995) Naajayaz (1995) Criminal (1995) Papa Kehte Hai (1996) Chaahat (1996) Dastak (1996) Tamanna (1997) Duplicate (1998) Angaaray (1998) Zakhm (1998) Yeh Hai Mumbai Meri Jaan (1999) Kartoos (1999) Writer only Dushman (1998) Sangharsh (1999) Kasoor (2001) Yeh Zindagi Ka Safar (2001) Raaz (2002) Gunaah (2002) Saaya (2003) Footpath (2003) Jism (2003) Inteha (2003) Murder (2004) Rog (2005) Zeher (2005) Nazar (2005) Kalyug (2006) Woh Lamhe (2006) Murder 2 (2011) Jism 2 (2012) Murder 3 (2013) Hamari Adhuri Kahani (2015) Television Swabhimaan (1995) A Mouthful of Sky (1995) Kabhie Kabhie (1997) Naamkarann (2016) Tu Aashiqui (2017) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saathi_(1991_film)&oldid=857055886 '' Categories : 1991 films Indian films 1990s Hindi-language films Films scored by Nadeem-- Shravan Films directed by Mahesh Bhatt Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from October 2015 Use Indian English from October 2015 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Track listings with input errors Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018, at 08:04 (UTC) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

-8930064462415378398

name one of the archipelagos off the coast of south america

Ankoko Island ( also claimed by Guyana )

List of islands of South America - wikipedia List of islands of South America Jump to: navigation , search A composite satellite photograph of South America in orthographic projection The following are lists of the islands of South America by country... Contents ( hide ) 1 Argentina 1.1 Atlantic Ocean islands 1.2 Lake islands 1.3 River islands 2 Bolivia 2.1 Lake islands 3 Brazil 3.1 Atlantic Ocean islands 3.2 River Islands 4 Chile 4.1 Pacific Ocean islands 4.2 Lake islands 4.3 River islands 5 Colombia 5.1 Caribbean Sea islands 5.2 Pacific Ocean islands 5.3 Lake islands 5.4 River islands 6 Ecuador 6.1 Pacific Ocean islands 7 Falkland Islands 7.1 Atlantic Ocean islands 8 French Guiana 9 Guyana 10 Paraguay 11 Peru 12 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 12.1 Atlantic Ocean islands 13 Suriname 14 Uruguay 15 Venezuela 15.1 Caribbean Sea islands 15.2 River islands 16 See also 17 External links Argentina ( edit ) A map of Argentina Main article: List of islands of Argentina See also: Category:Islands of Argentina Atlantic Ocean islands ( edit ) Isla Apipé Isla Bermejo Isla de los Estados Isla de San Martín Isla del Cerrito Isla Martín García Isla Trinidad (Buenos Aires) Patagonic Archipelago Archipiélago de Tierra del Fuego Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (divided with Chile ) Isla de los Estados Lake islands ( edit ) Isla Huemul River islands ( edit ) Islands of the Paraná River delta Islas del Ibicuy Bolivia ( edit ) A map of Bolivia Main article: Geography of Bolivia See also: Category:Islands of Bolivia Bolivia is a landlocked country with no ocean islands . Lake islands ( edit ) Isla del Pescado ( Incahuasi Island ) Isla del Sol Isla de la Luna Brazil ( edit ) A map of Brazil Main article: List of islands of Brazil See also: Category:Islands of Brazil Atlantic Ocean islands ( edit ) Arquipelago de Fernando de Noronha ' Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo ( Saint Peter and Paul Rocks ) Atol das Rocas ( Rocas Atoll ) Ilha de Boipeba Ilha de Maraca Ilha de Santa Barbara Ilha de Santa Catarina Ilha de São Luís Ilha Grande Ilha Itaparica Ilha Tinhare Ilha Trindade Ilha dos Lobos Ilhabela archipelago Ilha de São Sebastião Ilhas Cagarras archipelago Ilhas Martim Vaz archipelago Vitória archipelago Ilha de Vitória River Islands ( edit ) Ilha de Marajó Bananal Island Chile ( edit ) A map of Chile Main article: List of islands of Chile See also: Category:Islands of Chile Pacific Ocean islands ( edit ) Archipiélago de Chiloé Isla de Chiloé Isla Guafo Isla Lemuy Isla Quinchao Archipiélago de las Guaitecas Archipiélago Guayaneco Archipiélago Juan Fernández Isla Alejandro Selkirk Isla Robinsón Crusoe Isla Santa Clara Islote Juananga Isla Chañaral Isla de Pascua ( Easter Island ) Isla del Rey Isla Magdalena Isla Mancera Isla Mocha Isla Quiriquina Isla Salas y Gómez Islas Desventuradas Isla San Ambrosio Isla San Félix Islote González Roca Catedral Merino Jarpa Island Patagonic Archipelago Archipelago de La Reina Adelaida ( Queen Adelaide Archipelago ) Isla Cochrane Isla Contreras Isla Juan Guillermo Isla Pacheco Isla Ramirez North Rennell Island South Rennell Island Archipiélago de los Chonos Isla Benjamin Isla Cuptana Isla Guamblin Isla James Isla Melchor Isla Rivero Isla Simpson Isla Traiguen Isla Victoria Archipiélago de Tierra del Fuego Isla Dawson Isla Desolación Isla Gordon Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego (divided with Argentina ) Isla Magdalena Islas Hermite Isla Hermite Isla Hornos -- location of Cape Horn (Cabo de Hornos) Isla Hoste Isla Navarino Isla Santa Inés Islas Picton, Lennox y Nueva Islas Wollaston Londonderry Island Isla Angamos Isla Aracena Isla Campana Isla Chatham Isla Clarence Isla Diego de Almagro Isla Duque de York Isla Esmeralda Isla Farrel Isla Guarello Isla Hanover Isla Jorge Montt Isla Juan Guillermos Isla Madre de Dios Isla Manuel Rodriguez Isla Mornington Isla Patricio Lynch Isla Pratt Isla Riesco Isla Serrano Isla Stosch Isla Wellington Islas Diego Ramírez Islote Águila ( Águila Islet ) -- southernmost point of Chile Islas Ildefonso Lake islands ( edit ) Isla Gabriela Isla Guapi Isla Fresia Isla Central River islands ( edit ) Isla Teja Isla del Rey Isla Mancera Isla Haverbeck Isla Mota Isla Guapi Isla Lemuy Isla Orrego Colombia ( edit ) See also: Category:Islands of Colombia Caribbean sea islands ( edit ) Bolívar Department : Rosario Islands Isla Grande Isla Marina Isla de Roberto Isla Rosario Isla del Tesoro Fuerte Island Tierra Bomba Island Córdoba Department : Tortuguilla Island Magdalena Department : Isla de Salamanca San Andrés and Providencia Department : Acuario Cay (also known as Rose Cay) Alice Shoal Bajo Nuevo Bank Bayley Islet Basalt Islet Brothers Cay Crab Cay Cayos de Albuquerque North Cay South Cay Córdoba Cay (also known as Haynes Cay) Easy Cay Grunt Cay Cayos de Este Sudeste Bolívar Cay (also known as Courtown or West Cay) East Cay Palm Cay Providencia Island Quita Sueño Bank Rocky Cay Roncador Bank Roncador Cay San Andrés Island Santa Catalina Island Santander Cay (also known as Cotton Cay) Serrana Bank Serranilla Bank Sucre Islet (also known as Johnny Cay) Sucre Department : Bóqueron Island Cabruna Island Ceycén Island Mangle Island Maravilla Island Múcura Island Palma Island Panda Island Santa Cruz del Islote Tintipán Island Pacific ocean islands ( edit ) Cauca Department : Coco Island Gorgona Island El Horno Islet Gorgonilla Island El Viudo Islet Micay Island Chocó Department : Cacagual Island Nariño Department : Sanquianga Island Valle del Cauca Department : Ají Island La Palma Island Malpelo Island Lake islands ( edit ) Boyacá Department : Lake Tota Cerro Chico Island La Custodia Island Santo Domingo Island Santa Helena Island San Pedro Island Nariño Department : Laguna de la Cocha La Corota Island River islands ( edit ) Amazonas Department : Baranoa Island Curvaratá Island Loreto Island Porvenir Island Tigre Island Yaguas Muñoz Island Antioquia Department : Pernambuco Island Bolívar Department : Margarita Island Tigrera Island Venezuela Island Caquetá Department : Aduché Island Chocó Department : Grande del Atrato Island Magdalena Department : Zura Island Santander Department : Grande Island Vichada Department : Aceitico Island Manatí Island A map of Colombia Ecuador ( edit ) A map of Ecuador See also: Category:Islands of Ecuador Pacific Ocean islands ( edit ) Archipiélago de Colón ( Galapagos Islands ) Falkland Islands ( edit ) A map of the Falkland Islands Main article: List of islands of the Falkland Islands See also: Category:Islands of the Falkland Islands Atlantic Ocean islands ( edit ) Falkland Islands (also claimed by Argentina) West Falkland East Falkland Jason Islands French Guiana ( edit ) A map of French Guiana See also: List of islands of France Guyana ( edit ) A map of Guyana See also: Category:Islands of Guyana Paraguay ( edit ) A map of Paraguay Paraguay is a landlocked country with no ocean islands and only a few very small inland islands . Peru ( edit ) A map of Peru Main article: List of islands of Peru See also: Category:Islands of Peru South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands ( edit ) A map of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands See also: Category:Islands of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Atlantic Ocean islands ( edit ) South Georgia (also claimed by Argentina) Bird Island, South Georgia South Sandwich Islands (also claimed by Argentina) Suriname ( edit ) A map of Suriname See also: Category:Islands of Suriname Uruguay ( edit ) A map of Uruguay See also: Category:Islands of Uruguay Brazilian Island Gorriti Island Juncal Island Isla de Flores Isla de las Gaviotas Isla de Lobos Timoteo Domínguez Island Vizcaíno Island Venezuela ( edit ) A map of Venezuela See also: Category:Islands of Venezuela Caribbean Sea islands ( edit ) Archipiélago Las Aves Isla La Blanquilla Archipiélago Los Monjes Archipiélago Los Roques Isla de Aves Isla de Coche Isla de Cubagua Isla de Patos Isla de Toas Isla de Zapara Isla La Orchila Isla La Sola Isla La Tortuga Isla Margarita Isla San Carlos Islas Caracas Islas los Frailes Islas los Hermanos Islas los Testigos River islands ( edit ) Ankoko Island (also claimed by Guyana ) See also ( edit ) Latin America portal Geography portal Lists portal List of islands by area List of islands by highest point List of islands by population List of islands in lakes List of islands in the Atlantic Ocean List of islands in the Caribbean List of islands in the Pacific Ocean Topic outline of South America External links ( edit ) Find more aboutSouth Americaat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Island Directory @ United Nations Environment Programme Wikimedia Atlas of South America World island information @ WorldIslandInfo.com List of islands of South America Sovereign states Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Guyana Paraguay Peru Suriname Uruguay Venezuela Dependencies and other territories Falkland Islands French Guiana South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Lists of islands by continent Africa Antarctica Asia Europe North America Oceania South America Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_islands_of_South_America&oldid=769580373 '' Categories : Islands of South America Lists of islands by continent South America-related lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Boarisch Deutsch Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2017, at 12:11. 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geri allen eyes in the back of your head

Cyro Baptista - percussion ( tracks 1 , 4 & 6 )

Eyes in the Back of Your Head - wikipedia Eyes in the Back of Your Head Jump to: navigation , search Eyes in the Back of Your Head Studio album by Geri Allen Released August 12, 1997 Recorded December 14 & 15, 1995 and March 1, 1996 Clinton Recording Studios, NYC Genre Jazz Length 54 : 51 Label Blue Note CDP 8 38297 Producer Geri Allen, Herb Jordan & Teo Macero Geri Allen chronology Twenty One (1994) Twenty One 1994 Eyes in the Back of Your Head (1995-96) Some Aspects of Water (1996) Some Aspects of Water 1996 Eyes in the Back of Your Head is an album by pianist Geri Allen recorded in late 1995 and early 1996 and released on the Blue Note label. Contents ( hide ) 1 Reception 2 Track listing 3 Personnel 4 References Reception ( edit ) Professional ratings Review scores Source Rating Allmusic Allmusic awarded the album 41⁄2stars, stating, `` The music is mostly avant-garde, but purposeful and logical in its own fashion. Well worth several listens'' . JazzTimes stated `` In conversation she's a thoroughly grounded woman, in music she brings that as well as a sense of storytelling and picture painting that never borders on the precious, and this recording is equal parts-pure Geri Allen, always rewarding'' . Track listing ( edit ) All compositions by Geri Allen except as indicated `` Mother Wit'' - 3:05 `` New Eyes Opening'' - 5:37 `` Vertical Flowing'' (Geri Allen, Ornette Coleman) - 5:27 `` M.O.P.E.'' - 6:11 `` FMFMF (For My Family, for My Friends)'' - 5:34 `` Dark Eyes'' (Geri Allen, Wallace Roney) - 4:20 `` Little Waltz'' ( Ron Carter ) - 6:11 `` In the Back of Your Head'' (Allen, Roney) - 5:52 `` Windows to the Soul'' - 5:11 `` The Eyes Have It'' (Allen, Ornette Coleman) - 7:23 Personnel ( edit ) Geri Allen - piano , synthesizer Wallace Roney - trumpet (tracks 4, 6, 8 & 9) Ornette Coleman - alto saxophone (tracks 3 & 10) Cyro Baptista - percussion (tracks 1, 4 & 6) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Geri Allen catalog , accessed July 1, 2014 ^ Jump up to: Yanow, S., Allmusic Review accessed July 1, 2014 Jump up ^ Jenkins, W., JazzTimes Review , October 1997 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Eyes_in_the_Back_of_Your_Head&oldid=803037030 '' Categories : 1997 albums Geri Allen albums Blue Note Records albums Albums produced by Teo Macero Instrumental albums Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 30 September 2017, at 01:41. About Wikipedia

648649413492086556

how many championships do the indiana pacers have

Indiana Pacers 2017 -- 18 Indiana Pacers season Conference Eastern Division Central Founded 1967 History Indiana Pacers 1967 -- present Arena Bankers Life Fieldhouse Location Indianapolis , Indiana Team colors Navy blue , gold , cool gray President Kevin Pritchard General manager Chad Buchanan Head coach Nate McMillan Ownership Herbert Simon Affiliation ( s ) Fort Wayne Mad Ants Championships ABA : 3 ( 1970 , 1972 , 1973 ) NBA : 0 Conference titles 1 ( 2000 ) Division titles 9 ABA : 3 ( 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ) NBA : 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 ) Retired numbers 5 ( 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 529 ) Website www.nba.com/pacers Uniforms Home Away Third

Indiana Pacers - wikipedia Indiana Pacers Jump to: navigation , search Indiana Pacers 2017-- 18 Indiana Pacers season Conference Eastern Division Central Founded 1967 History Indiana Pacers 1967-- present Arena Bankers Life Fieldhouse Location Indianapolis, Indiana Team colors Navy blue, gold, cool gray President Kevin Pritchard General manager Chad Buchanan Head coach Nate McMillan Ownership Herbert Simon Affiliation(s) Fort Wayne Mad Ants Championships ABA: 3 ( 1970 , 1972 , 1973 ) NBA: 0 Conference titles 1 ( 2000 ) Division titles 9 ABA: 3 ( 1969 , 1970 , 1971 ) NBA: 6 ( 1995 , 1999 , 2000 , 2004 , 2013 , 2014 ) Retired numbers 5 ( 30 , 31 , 34 , 35 , 529 ) Website www.nba.com/pacers Uniforms Home Away Third The Indiana Pacers are an American professional basketball team based in Indianapolis, Indiana . The Pacers compete in the National Basketball Association (NBA) as a member club of the league's Eastern Conference Central Division . The Pacers were first established in 1967 as a member of the American Basketball Association (ABA) and became a member of the NBA in 1976 as a result of the ABA-- NBA merger . They play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse . The team is named after Indiana 's history with the Indianapolis 500 's pace cars and with the harness racing industry. The Pacers have won three championships, all in the ABA. The Pacers were Eastern Conference champions in 2000 . The team has won nine division titles. Six Hall of Fame players -- Reggie Miller , Chris Mullin , Alex English , Mel Daniels , Roger Brown , and George McGinnis -- played with the Pacers for multiple seasons. Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1967-- 1976: ABA dynasty 1.2 1976-- 1987: Early NBA struggles 1.3 1987-- 2005: The Reggie Miller era 1.3.1 1994-- 1997: The Larry Brown era 1.3.2 1997-- 2000: The Larry Bird era 1.3.3 2000-- 2005: The Isiah Thomas era 1.4 2005-- 2010: The Danny Granger era 1.5 2010-- 2017: The Paul George era 1.5.1 2014-- 2015: George out for the season 1.5.2 2015-- 2016: Return to the playoffs 1.5.3 2016-- 2017: George's final season 1.6 2017-- present: The Victor Oladipo era 2 Home arenas 2.1 Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum (1967-- 1974) 2.2 Market Square Arena (1974-- 1999) 2.3 Bankers Life Fieldhouse (1999-- present) 3 Uniforms 4 Rivalries 4.1 Detroit Pistons 4.2 New York Knicks 4.3 Miami Heat 5 Players 5.1 Current roster 5.2 Retained draft rights 5.3 Retired numbers 5.4 Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Famers 5.5 Draft picks 6 Head coaches 7 Franchise records and individual awards 7.1 Franchise leaders 7.2 NBA individual awards 7.3 ABA individual awards 7.4 NBA All-Star Weekend 8 Mascot 9 Dance squad 10 References 11 External links Franchise history ( edit ) Main articles: History of the Indiana Pacers and List of Indiana Pacers seasons 1967-- 1976: ABA dynasty ( edit ) In early 1967, a group of six investors (attorney Richard Tinkham , John DeVoe, Chuck DeVoe, entrepreneur Lyn Treece, sports agent Chuck Barnes , and Indianapolis Star sports writer Bob Collins) pooled their resources to purchase a franchise in the proposed American Basketball Association . For their first seven years, they played in the Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum . In 1974, they moved to the plush new Market Square Arena in downtown Indianapolis , where they played for 25 years. Early in the Pacers' second season, former Indiana Hoosiers standout Bob `` Slick'' Leonard became the team's head coach, replacing Larry Staverman. Leonard quickly turned the Pacers into a juggernaut. His teams were buoyed by the great play of superstars such as Mel Daniels , George McGinnis , Bob Netolicky , Rick Mount and Roger Brown . The Pacers were -- and ended -- as the most successful team in ABA history, winning three ABA Championships in four years. In all, they appeared in the ABA Finals five times in the league's nine-year history, which was an ABA record. 1976-- 1987: early NBA struggles ( edit ) The Pacers were one of four ABA teams that joined the NBA in the ABA-- NBA merger in 1976. For the 1976-- 77 season the Pacers were joined in the merged league by the Denver Nuggets , New York Nets , and San Antonio Spurs . The league charged a $3.2 million entry fee for each former ABA team. Since the NBA would only agree to accept four ABA teams in the ABA-- NBA merger, the Pacers and the three other surviving ABA teams also had to compensate the two remaining ABA franchises which were not a part of the merger, the Spirits of St. Louis and Kentucky Colonels . As a result of the merger, the four teams dealt with financial troubles. Additionally, the Pacers had some financial troubles which dated back to their waning days in the ABA; they had begun selling off some of their star players in the last ABA season. The new NBA teams also were barred from sharing in national TV revenues for four years. The Pacers finished their inaugural NBA season with a record of 36-- 46. Billy Knight and Don Buse represented Indiana in the NBA All-Star Game . However, this was one of the few bright spots of the Pacers' first 13 years in the NBA. During this time, they had only two non-losing seasons and only two playoff appearances. A lack of continuity became the norm for most of the next decade, as they traded away Knight and Buse before the 1977-- 78 season even started. They acquired Adrian Dantley in exchange for Knight, but Dantley (who was averaging nearly 27 points per game at the time) was traded in December, while the Pacers' second-leading scorer, John Williamson , was dealt in January. The early Pacers came out on the short end of two of the most one-sided trades in NBA history. In 1980, they traded Alex English to the Nuggets in order to reacquire former ABA star George McGinnis . McGinnis was long past his prime, and contributed very little during his two-year return. English, in contrast, went on to become one of the greatest scorers in NBA history. The next year, they traded a 1984 draft pick to the Portland Trail Blazers for center Tom Owens , who had played for the Pacers during their last ABA season. Owens played one year for the Pacers with little impact, and was out of the league altogether a year later. In 1983-- 84 , the Pacers finished with the worst record in the Eastern Conference, which would have given the Pacers the second overall pick in the draft-- the pick that the Blazers used to select Sam Bowie while Michael Jordan was still available. As a result of the Owens trade, they were left as bystanders in the midst of one of the deepest drafts in NBA history-- including such future stars as Jordan, Hakeem Olajuwon , Sam Perkins , Charles Barkley , and John Stockton . Clark Kellogg was drafted by the Pacers in the 1982 and finished second in the Rookie of the Year voting, but the Pacers finished the 1982-- 83 season with their all-time worst record of 20-- 62, and won only 26 games the following season . After winning 22 games in 1984-- 85 and 26 games in 1985-- 86 , Jack Ramsay replaced George Irvine as coach and led the Pacers to a 41-- 41 record in 1986-- 87 and their second playoff appearance as an NBA team. Chuck Person , nicknamed `` The Rifleman'' for his renowned long-range shooting, led the team in scoring as a rookie and won NBA Rookie of the Year honors. Their first playoff win in NBA franchise history was earned in Game 3 of their first-round, best-of-five series against the Atlanta Hawks , but it was their only victory in that series, as the Hawks defeated them in four games. 1987-- 2005: the Reggie Miller era ( edit ) Reggie Miller played his entire 18-year Hall of Fame career with the Pacers. Reggie Miller from UCLA was drafted by the Pacers in 1987 , beginning his career as a backup to John Long . Many fans at the time disagreed with Miller's selection over Indiana Hoosiers' standout Steve Alford . The Pacers missed the playoffs in 1987-- 88 , drafted Rik Smits in the 1988 NBA draft , and suffered through a disastrous 1988-- 89 season in which coach Jack Ramsay stepped down following an 0-- 7 start. Mel Daniels and George Irvine filled in on an interim basis before Dick Versace took over the 6-- 23 team on the way to a 28-- 54 finish. In February 1989, the team traded veteran center Herb Williams to the Dallas Mavericks for future NBA Sixth Man-of-the Year Detlef Schrempf . From 1989 to 1993, the Pacers would play at or near .500 and qualify for the playoffs, in 1989-- 90 , the Pacers parlayed a fast start into the team's third playoff appearance. But the Pacers were swept by the Detroit Pistons , who would go on to win their second consecutive NBA Championship . Reggie Miller became the first Pacer to play in the All-Star Game since 1976 on the strength of his 24.6 points-per-game average. Despite four straight first round exits, this period was highlighted by a first round series with the Boston Celtics in 1991 that went to Game 5. The next season, the Pacers returned to the playoffs in 1992 and met the Celtics for the second year in a row. But this time, the Celtics left no doubt who was the better team, as they swept the Pacers in three straight games. Chuck Person and point guard Micheal Williams were traded to the Minnesota Timberwolves in the off-season, and the Pacers got Pooh Richardson and Sam Mitchell in return. For the 1992-- 93 season , Detlef Schrempf moved from sixth man to the starter at small forward and was elected to his first All-Star game. Miller, meanwhile, became the Pacers' all-time NBA era leading scorer during this season (4th overall). The Pacers returned to the playoffs with a 41-- 41 record, but lost to the New York Knicks in the first round, three games to one. 1994-- 1997: the Larry Brown era ( edit ) Larry Brown was brought aboard as Pacers' coach for the 1993-- 94 season, and Pacers' general manager Donnie Walsh completed a then highly criticized trade as he sent Schrempf to the Seattle SuperSonics in exchange for Derrick McKey and little known Gerald Paddio . But the Pacers won their last eight games of the season to finish with an NBA-era franchise-high 47 wins. They stormed past Shaquille O'Neal and the Orlando Magic in a first-round sweep to earn their first NBA playoff series win , and pulled off an upset by defeating the top-seeded Atlanta Hawks in the Conference semifinals. With the 1994 Eastern Conference Finals tied going into Game 5 in New York, and the Pacers trailing the Knicks by 15 points early in the fourth quarter, Reggie Miller scored 25 points in that quarter, including five 3-point field goals. Miller also flashed the choke sign to the Knicks' number one fan, Spike Lee , while leading the Pacers to the come from behind victory. The Knicks ultimately came back to win the next two games and the series. Miller was a tri-captain and leading scorer of the USA Basketball team that won the gold medal at the 1994 FIBA World Championship . Mark Jackson joined the team in an off-season trade with the Los Angeles Clippers , giving the team a steady hand at the point guard position that had been lacking in recent years. The Pacers enjoyed a 52-- 30 campaign in 1994-- 95 , giving them their first Central Division title and first 50+ win season since the ABA days. The team swept the Hawks in the first round , before another meeting with the rival Knicks in the Conference semifinals. Again, it was up to Miller to provide some fireworks. This time, with the Pacers down six points with 16.4 seconds remaining in Game 1, Miller scored eight points in 8.9 seconds to help secure a two-point victory. The Pacers beat the Knicks in seven games. They pushed the Magic to seven games before falling in the Eastern Conference Finals. The Pacers duplicated their 52-- 30 record in 1995-- 96 , but were hurt severely by an injury to Reggie Miller's eye socket in April, from which he was not able to return until Game 5 of their first-round series against the Hawks . Reggie scored 29 points in that game, but the Hawks came away with a two-point victory to put an early end to Indiana's season. This 1995-- 96 team did manage to go down in history as the only team to defeat the Chicago Bulls twice that year, a Bulls team which made history with a then all-time best 72-- 10 record. The Pacers could not withstand several key injuries in 1996-- 97 , nor could they handle the absence of Mark Jackson, who had been traded to the Denver Nuggets before the season (though they did re-acquire Jackson at the trading deadline). The Pacers finished 39-- 43 and missed the playoffs for the first time in seven years, after which coach Larry Brown stepped down. 1997-- 2000: the Larry Bird era ( edit ) In the 1997-- 98 NBA season , Indiana native and former Boston Celtics great Larry Bird was hired as head coach. He led the Pacers to a 19-game improvement over the previous season, finishing 58-- 24 -- at the time, the most the franchise had ever won as an NBA team, and tying the 1970-- 71 ABA Pacers for the franchise record. Chris Mullin joined the team in the off-season and immediately became a valuable part of the Pacers lineup-- and starting small forward. Assistant coaches Rick Carlisle , in charge of the offense, and Dick Harter , who coached the defense, were key in getting the most out of the Pacers' role players such as Dale Davis , Derrick McKey and a young Antonio Davis . Miller and Rik Smits both made the All-Star team that year, and in the playoffs , the Pacers breezed past the Cleveland Cavaliers and New York Knicks before falling to the Chicago Bulls in a seven-game Eastern Conference Finals. In the lockout-shortened 1998-- 99 season, the Pacers won the Central Division with a 33-- 17 record and swept the Milwaukee Bucks and Philadelphia 76ers before falling to the Knicks in a six-game Eastern Conference finals. The Pacers traded forward Antonio Davis to the Toronto Raptors in exchange for first-round draft choice Jonathan Bender , which remains to this day a subject of controversy among Pacers fans. But in the 2000 NBA Playoffs , after a 56-- 26 regular season , the Pacers survived the upset-minded Milwaukee Bucks in round one, handled the Philadelphia 76ers in the second round and finally broke through to the NBA Finals by virtue of a six-game East Finals victory over the New York Knicks . Their first NBA Finals appearance was against the Los Angeles Lakers , who ended Indiana's championship hopes in six games. However, the Pacers dealt Los Angeles their worst playoff defeat up to that time by a margin of 33 points in game five. 2000-- 2005: the Isiah Thomas era ( edit ) The off-season brought sweeping changes to the Pacers' lineup, as Rik Smits and coach Larry Bird retired, Chris Mullin returned to his old Golden State Warriors team, Mark Jackson signed a long-term contract with Toronto , and Dale Davis was traded to Portland for Jermaine O'Neal , who went on to average 12.9 points per game in his first year as a starter. It was a rebuilding year for the Pacers under new head coach Isiah Thomas , but the team still managed to return to the playoffs , where they lost to the top-seeded Philadelphia 76ers in four games. In the midseason of 2001-- 02 , the Pacers made a blockbuster trade with the Chicago Bulls that sent Jalen Rose and Travis Best to Chicago in exchange for Brad Miller , Ron Artest , Kevin Ollie and Ron Mercer . Miller and Artest would, in the next few years, go on to be All-Stars for the Pacers. The trade bolstered a team that had been floundering, and the Pacers managed to return to the playoffs , where they pushed the top-seeded New Jersey Nets to five games before losing Game 5 in double overtime. Jermaine O'Neal made his first of what would be several All-Star appearances in his Pacers career. The Pacers got off to a 13-- 2 start in 2002-- 03 , but hit the wall after the All-Star break thanks in no small part to Ron Artest's multiple suspensions and family tragedies befalling Jermaine O'Neal , Jamaal Tinsley and Austin Croshere . O'Neal and Brad Miller both made the All-Star team and the Pacers made a substantial improvement as they finished 48-- 34, but they suffered a loss to the underdog Boston Celtics in the first round of the playoffs . In the 2003 off-season, the Pacers managed to re-sign O'Neal for the NBA maximum and inked Reggie Miller to a modest two-year deal, but they could not afford to keep their talented center, Brad Miller. He was dealt to the Sacramento Kings in exchange for Scot Pollard , who spent much of the following year watching from the bench and backing up Jeff Foster . The Pacers also signed Larry Bird as team president, and Bird wasted little time in dismissing coach Isiah Thomas and replacing him with Rick Carlisle . The Pacers responded to Carlisle extremely well, and had a breakthrough 2003-- 04 season in which they finished 61-- 21, earning the best record in the NBA as well as a franchise record. O'Neal and Artest made the All-Star team, and Artest was named the NBA's Defensive Player of the Year, the Pacers swept the Boston Celtics easily in the first round , and squeezed by a scrappy Miami Heat team in the conference semifinals. But the Detroit Pistons proved an impediment to Indiana's championship aspirations, as they defeated the Pacers in six games on their way to the NBA Championship. Al Harrington , a small forward who had established himself as one of the best sixth-men in the NBA, was dealt in the off-season to the Atlanta Hawks in return for Stephen Jackson after Harrington allegedly demanded that the Pacers start him or trade him. Nevertheless, the Pacers started off the 2004-- 05 season in extremely strong fashion-- until the infamous events of November 19, 2004. Toward the end of a Pacers victory over the Detroit Pistons at The Palace of Auburn Hills on November 19, 2004, the Pacers' Ron Artest committed a hard foul against Ben Wallace . Wallace retaliated with a hard push, and the situation escalated to a full-scale brawl , with fans and several Pacers taking part. While Artest defiantly laid atop the scorer's table, Pistons fan John Green threw a cup of Diet Coke at Artest, causing him to charge into the stands. Stephen Jackson followed him into the stands while Jermaine O'Neal struck a fan who came onto the court. The game was called off with 46 seconds left on the clock and the Pacers left the floor amid a shower of beer and other beverages that rained down from the stands. Several of the involved players were suspended by NBA Commissioner David Stern . Artest was suspended for the rest of the regular season and playoffs, a total of 73 games-- the longest suspension for an on-court incident in NBA history. Other suspensions included Jackson (suspended for 30 games), O'Neal (25 games), Wallace (6 games) and the Pacers' Anthony Johnson (5 games) (O'Neal's suspension was later reduced to 15 games by arbitrator Roger Kaplan, a decision that was upheld by U.S. District Judge George B. Daniels). O'Neal was charged with two counts of assault and battery, while Artest, Jackson, Johnson and David Harrison were charged with one count each. After the brawl and suspensions that followed, the Pacers fell downward into the Central Division. They went from a legitimate title contender to a team that hovered around .500 in winning percentage. The Pistons eventually became the Central Division champions. Despite the difficulties with the suspensions and injuries, the Pacers earned a sixth seed in the playoffs with a record of 44-- 38. An important reason for their strong finish was the re-acquisition of Dale Davis , who had been released by the New Orleans Hornets after being traded there by the Golden State Warriors . He played the final 25 games of the regular season and every playoff game, contributing a strong presence at center. And Davis' signing coincided with an injury to Jermaine O'Neal that would knock him out for virtually the remainder of the regular season-- indeed, O'Neal's first missed game due to his injury was Davis' first game back with the Pacers. Despite the adversity they had gone through, the Pacers made the playoffs for the 13th time in 14 years. In the first round, Indiana defeated the Atlantic Division champion Boston Celtics in seven games, winning Game 7 in Boston by the decisive margin of 97-- 70, just the third time the Celtics had dropped a Game 7 at home. The Pacers then advanced to the second-round against the Detroit Pistons , in a rematch of the previous year's Eastern Conference Finals. The series featured games back at The Palace of Auburn Hills , the scene of the brawl that many assumed at the time had effectively ended the Pacers' season. After losing Game 1, the Pacers won the next two games to take a 2-- 1 lead. However, the Pacers could not repeat their victories against the Pistons and lost the next 3 games, losing the series 4-- 2. The final game (Game 6) was on May 19, 2005; Reggie Miller , in his final NBA game, scored 27 points and received a huge standing ovation from the crowd. Despite Miller's effort, the Pacers lost, sending Miller into retirement without an NBA Championship in his 18-year career, all with the Pacers. Miller had his No. 31 jersey retired by the Pacers on March 30, 2006 when the Pacers played the Phoenix Suns . 2005-- 2010: the Danny Granger era ( edit ) Danny Granger led the team in scoring for five consecutive seasons Despite the loss of Reggie Miller, the Artest saga, and many key injuries the Pacers made the playoffs in 2006 for the 14th time in 15 years. They also were the only road team to win Game 1 of a first-round playoff series. However, New Jersey won game 2 to tie the series at 1-- 1 heading back to Indiana. In game 3 Jermaine O'Neal scored 37 points, as the Pacers regained a 2-- 1 series lead. The Nets, however, won games four and five to take a 3-- 2 series lead. In Game 6 Anthony Johnson scored 40 points but the Pacers' season came to an end as the Nets won 96-- 90. The Pacers finished the 2006-- 07 season as one of the worst seasons in team history. For the Pacers, who finished with a 35-- 47 record, nearly everything that could have gone wrong did. The turning point of the season would be an 11-game losing streak that started around the all-star break. Injuries to Jermaine O'Neal and Marquis Daniels, a lack of a solid back up point guard, the blockbuster trade midway through the season that interrupted the team chemistry, poor defensive efforts, and being the NBA's worst offensive team were the main reasons leading to the team's struggles. The April 15 loss to New Jersey Nets knocked the Pacers out of the playoffs for the first time since the 1996-- 97 season. On April 10, 2007, the Pacers announced the firing of coach Rick Carlisle , with the Pacers' first losing record in ten seasons being the main reason for the coach's dismissal. Pacers President Larry Bird noted that Carlisle had the opportunity to return to the Pacers franchise in another role. Later, Carlisle opted to leave and took a broadcasting job with ESPN before returning to coach the Dallas Mavericks in 2008 (where he would win a championship in 2011). On May 31, 2007, Jim O'Brien was named Carlisle's successor. O'Brien made it clear that he intended to take the Pacers back to the playoffs in the 2007-- 08 season, but he did not, and did not in his tenure. He also made it known that he favored a more up-tempo, fast-paced style as opposed to Carlisle's slower, more meticulous style of coaching. Many people have taken note that this style, while exciting at times, failed to produce a winning record and O'Brien's inability to change his style to better suit his talent available has hurt the team. Despite missing the playoffs in back-to-back seasons for the first time since the 1980s, the 2007-- 08 season displayed many signs of growth in the team, especially towards the end of the season. Off-court legal distraction from Jamaal Tinsley , Marquis Daniels , and Shawne Williams in the middle of the season did not help the Pacers struggles, and injuries to Tinsley and Jermaine O'Neal damaged the Pacers' already weak defense and left almost all point guard duties to recently acquired Travis Diener, who saw minimal minutes on his previous NBA teams. Despite this, and a 36-- 46 record, the Pacers had a very strong finish to the season, which included a desperate attempt to steal the 8th seed from the Atlanta Hawks , and dramatic improvement in forwards Danny Granger and Mike Dunleavy . Both Granger and Dunleavy were involved in the voting for Most Improved Player, with Dunleavy finishing in the top 10. The two were also the first Pacers players to score 1500 points each in a single season since Reggie Miller and Detlef Schrempf did it in the early 1990s. In April of the 2007-- 08 season, Donnie Walsh , Pacers Sports & Entertainment CEO & President, left the Indiana Pacers to join the New York Knicks . All of Walsh's basketball-related duties were given to Pacers' President of Basketball Operations Larry Bird . Walsh's business-related roles were given to co-owner Herb Simon and Jim Morris, who was promoted to President of Pacers Sports & Entertainment. During the 2009-- 10 season , Pacers forward Tyler Hansbrough (drafted in 2009) suffered a season-ending ear injury and without center Jeff Foster , the Pacers again fell into another season under .500 and missed the playoffs for 4 years in a row. Despite another disappointing season, the Pacers managed to sweep the waning Detroit Pistons for the first time in 5 years, and the abysmal New Jersey Nets for the first time in 20. The team showed signs of life near the end of the season, winning nearly all of their last 14 games. In May 2010, after completing his rookie season, guard A.J. Price suffered a knee injury during a charity pick-up game that would require surgery. His expected rehabilitation was to last between 4 and 6 months, to be back just in time for training camp. 2010-- 2017: the Paul George era ( edit ) Paul George with the Pacers in 2014 In the 2010 NBA draft , the Pacers selected forward/guard Paul George with the 10th overall pick. In the second round, they drafted guard Lance Stephenson , as well as forward Ryan Reid . The draft rights to Reid were traded on draft night to the Oklahoma City Thunder in exchange to the rights to forward/center Magnum Rolle . The Pacers signed George to his rookie contract on July 1, 2010. Stephenson signed a multi-year contract with the team on July 22. Just before training camp, Rolle was signed, along with big man Lance Allred . Both were cut before the regular season began. On August 11, 2010, the Pacers acquired guard Darren Collison and swingman James Posey from the New Orleans Hornets in a four-team, five-player deal. Troy Murphy was dealt to the New Jersey Nets in that trade. In the 2010-- 11 season , the team went 2-- 3 in the first five games. On November 9 in a home game against Denver, the team scored 54 points in the 3rd quarter alone, shooting 20-- 21 in the process, on the way to a 144-- 113 rout of the Nuggets. Led by Mike Dunleavy's 24 points in the period, the team set a franchise record for most points in a quarter and was only four points short of the all-time NBA record for points in a quarter (58) set in the 1970s. Frank Vogel was the Pacers' head coach from 2011 to 2016 On January 30, 2011, the Pacers relieved Jim O'Brien of his coaching duties and named assistant coach Frank Vogel interim head coach. On the NBA's trade deadline on February 24, 2011, numerous sports news outlets, including ESPN , reported that the Pacers had agreed to a three-team trade that would have sent Josh McRoberts to the Memphis Grizzlies and Brandon Rush to the New Orleans Hornets , while the Pacers would have received O.J. Mayo from the Grizzlies in return, and the Hornets would have sent an unidentified player to the Grizzlies. However, the trading period expired at 3:00 pm EST , and the trade paperwork did not reach the NBA's main offices for approval until 3:02 pm. Thus, the trade was canceled and all aforementioned players remained with their original teams. With a victory over the Washington Wizards on April 6, 2011, the Pacers clinched their first playoff berth since 2006. In the first round, they were defeated by the No. 1 seed Chicago Bulls in five games. Despite a lopsided comparison in terms of the two teams' win-loss records, three of the four Pacers losses were close, losing games 1-- 3 by an average of five points. The Pacers named Vogel their permanent head coach on July 7, 2011. They acquired George Hill from the San Antonio Spurs on draft night . After the lockout, the Pacers signed former two-time All-Star power forward David West to a two-year deal. These new players contributed to the Pacers' record of 21-12 at the All Star break. The Pacers acquired another key piece in Leandro Barbosa from the Toronto Raptors at the trade deadline, mid-season. At the end of the 2011-- 12 season , the team, led in scoring by Danny Granger , clinched the playoffs as the third seed in the Eastern Conference. They finished with a 42-- 24 record, their best record since their 2003-- 04 season. On May 8, 2012, the Pacers defeated the Orlando Magic 105-- 87 to win their first playoff series since 2005 and would go on to play the Miami Heat in the Eastern Conference Semifinals . On May 15, 2012 they defeated Miami to tie the second round series at 1-- 1. On May 17, they again beat Miami 94-- 75 to take the series lead 2-- 1. However, despite a hard fought series between the two, the Heat won Game 6 to close the series at 4-- 2. The following season, Granger was sidelined by a knee injury and managed to only play 5 games. Granger made his return during the 2013-- 14 season, however failed to regain his form of the previous seasons, Granger was then traded to the Philadelphia 76ers for guard Evan Turner and forward Lavoy Allen in a swap that took place approximately 30 minutes before the trade deadline. On June 26, 2012, general manager, David Morway officially resigned. The following day, president of basketball operations, Larry Bird stepped down. Bird and Morway were officially replaced by Donnie Walsh and Kevin Pritchard , respectively. Walsh returned to the organization after spending the previous three seasons in the Knicks' front office. Pritchard was promoted by the Pacers after serving as the team's director of player personnel. In the 2012 NBA draft , the Pacers selected Miles Plumlee with the 26th pick and acquired Orlando Johnson , the 36th pick from the Sacramento Kings . On April 7, 2013, the Pacers clinched their first Central Division championship since the 2003-- 04 season. They finished the 2012-- 13 season with a 49-- 32 record, the 3rd seed in the Eastern Conference and beat the Atlanta Hawks in the first round of the playoffs. The Pacers then beat the New York Knicks in six games to advance to the Eastern Conference Finals for the first time since 2004 to face the defending champs, the Miami Heat . The Pacers lost Game 1 of the Eastern Conference Finals on May 22, 2013 in overtime 103-- 102. On May 24, 2013 in Game 2 of the Eastern Conference Finals, the Pacers were victorious by a score of 97-- 93. The game was clinched for Indiana, after David West was able to deflect a pass from LeBron James . The team headed home to Indianapolis where they had been a perfect 6-- 0 in the playoffs. The Heat won Game 3 in Indianapolis on May 26, 2013, with contributions from role players Udonis Haslem and Chris Andersen , and won 114-- 96. The Pacers bounced back in Game 4 -- with a strong contribution from Lance Stephenson -- and won 99-- 92. The Pacers lost Game 5 in Miami on May 30, but won Game 6 at home on June 1, extending the series to Game 7. The Pacers were defeated by Miami, 99-- 76. One year after stepping down, Larry Bird returned as president of basketball operations. Donnie Walsh , who was brought back to hold the position for Bird, was named a consultant for the Pacers. In the 2013 NBA draft , the Pacers selected Solomon Hill with the 23rd overall pick. During the 2013 off-season, the Pacers made strengthening their bench a priority, resulting in the acquisitions of point guard C.J. Watson , and forwards Chris Copeland and Luis Scola , the latter being acquired via trade with the Phoenix Suns . The 2013-- 14 season saw the Pacers jump to an explosive first half of a season, as they started the season 33-- 7 thanks to the rise of Paul George and Lance Stephenson...There were talks about the Pacers becoming the next team to hit the 70 win mark, which had only been achieved by the 1995-- 1996 Chicago Bulls. Paul George and Roy Hibbert were selected for the All Star Game. However, after the All Star Break, the Pacers collapsed. After starting the season 40-- 11, the Pacers crashed and stumbled to a 16-- 15 finish, with rumors of fighting in the locker room being a potential cause for the meltdown. Regardless, they managed to hold onto their first seed in the East, finished the season with a 56-- 26 record. The Pacers started off the playoffs against the Atlanta Hawks, whom managed to secure an eighth seed in the playoffs with a 38-- 44 record. In Game 1, the Pacers suffered a devastating loss at home to the Hawks, 101-- 93. The Pacers bounced back in Game 2, winning 101-- 85. With the series shifting to Atlanta, the Hawks won Game 3 by 13 points. Indiana then took back the homecourt advantage in the series, winning Game 4 by 3 points in Atlanta. Back in Indianapolis, the Pacers jumped out to an early lead, but the Hawks had a monstrous second quarter, outscoring the Pacers 41-- 19. With the hometown crowd behind their backs, the Pacers cut the once 30-point lead to 9 late in the fourth quarter, but the rally was not enough to win Game 5, losing 107-- 97. Three days later in Atlanta, the Hawks jumped out to an early 10 point lead, but Indiana led at the half by five. The Pacers got the lead up to nine in the third quarter, but the Hawks came back and had a three-point lead at the end of the quarter. The game was back and forth throughout the fourth quarter. With three minutes remaining and the Pacers down five, it looked as if their season would come to an end. Then, behind David West, the Pacers ended the game on a 16-- 4 and won the game by seven to extend the series to a seventh game in Indianapolis. On May 3, 2014, the Pacers hosted a Game 7 at home for the first time in franchise history. A sellout crowd of 18,165 came to watch the Pacers and Hawks play in a win or go home situation. Atlanta led by as many as six in the first quarter, but the Pacers had the lead at the end of the first by a point. Throughout the second and third quarters, the Pacers went on a 24-- 6 run to give the Pacers a 17-point lead, and Indiana never turned back, winning the game 92-- 80. The Pacers then defeated Washington in 6 games in the semifinals, then a rematch with the second-seeded and defending champion Miami in the Eastern Conference Finals. The Pacers surprised many critics, taking Game 1 in the Eastern Conference Finals with a score of 107-- 95. Unfortunately for the Pacers they ended up losing the next 3 to the Heat before managing to avoid elimination in Game 5 with a close win over the Heat. In the game, LeBron James got into early foul trouble and played less than 30 minutes, while Paul George exploded in the second half to finish the night with 37 points. The game was notable for the infamous incident where Lance Stephenson blew into LeBron James' ear. Despite the win, the Pacers were eliminated in Game 6 by the Miami Heat for the third straight year. 2014-- 2015: George out for the season ( edit ) Nate McMillan , Pacers coach from 2016-- 17 onwards. On August 1, 2014, Paul George, who was playing in a Team USA scrimmage in preparation for the FIBA World Cup, suffered a catastrophic open fracture to his right leg (tibia and fibula) while trying to defend James Harden on a fast break. As he tried to defend Harden from advancing to the rim, George's leg caught on the stanchion of the hoop, and fractured. He was stretchered off of the court. Many described his injury as one of the worst and most graphic injuries they'd seen since the Kevin Ware incident. A day later, George successfully underwent surgery. He was expected to miss the entire 2014-- 15 season . On April 5, 2015 Paul George returned from his injury to play in a game against the Miami Heat . George shot 5 of 12 from the field and tallied two steals, two rebounds and two assists in a winning effort. He played for fifteen minutes. On January 14, 2014, Vogel was named the Eastern Conference head coach for 2014 NBA All-Star Game. 2015-- 2016: return to the playoffs ( edit ) Paul George fully recovered and made the Eastern Conference All-star team. Despite the Pacers going 45-- 37 and making the playoffs, on May 5, 2016, Pacers' president Larry Bird announced that head coach Frank Vogel 's contract would not be renewed, citing a need for `` a new voice'' to lead the players. Later that month former Seattle SuperSonics and Portland Trail Blazers head coach Nate McMillan was promoted to replace Vogel. 2016-- 2017: George's final season ( edit ) Main article: 2016-- 17 Indiana Pacers season The Pacers qualified to play in the NBA Playoffs with a 42-- 40 record, which earned them the number 7 playoff seed in the Eastern Conference. They were given a quick exit by the defending champions , the Cleveland Cavaliers , who swept them in four games. 2017-- present: the Victor Oladipo era ( edit ) Main article: 2017-- 18 Indiana Pacers season On June 30, 2017, Paul George was traded to the Oklahoma City Thunder for Victor Oladipo and Domantas Sabonis . The Pacers received heavy criticism for this trade, but it would eventually prove to be the best season of Oladipo's career, with him showing an increase in points, steals, assists, rebounds, free throw percentage, field goal percentage , as well as three-point percentage. Sabonis also showed an increase in points, rebounds, and assists while leading the Pacers in rebounding during the 2017-- 18 season . Oladipo would be selected as a 2018 NBA All Star reserve while Sabonis was selected to represent Team World in the Rising Stars Challenge . Oladipo ended the season leading the NBA in steals per game. The Pacers ended the season with a 48-34 record, which earned them the number 5 seed in the Eastern Conference. Their record was a 6 game improvement from last season with Paul George. The Pacers faced LeBron James and the Cleveland Cavaliers in the first round of the 2018 NBA Playoffs for the second year in a row. After grabbing a 2-1 series lead, the Pacers fell to the Cavaliers in 7 games, which was a major improvement from last season. Home arenas ( edit ) Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum (1967-- 1974) ( edit ) The Indiana State Fairgrounds Coliseum was home to the Pacers from 1967 to 1974. The Pacers were very successful in their tenure at the Coliseum, winning three ABA Championships. They captured the ABA titles in 1969-- 70, defeating the Los Angeles Stars in 6 games, in 1971-- 72, defeating the New York Nets in 6 games, and in the 1972-- 73 season, defeating the Kentucky Colonels in 7 games. The team moved to Market Square Arena in 1974. In 1976, the Pacers became a franchise in the National Basketball Association (NBA) when the ABA merged with the NBA. Market Square Arena (1974-- 1999) ( edit ) Market Square Arena was home of the Indiana Pacers from 1974 to 1999. The first Pacers basketball game ever held in the arena was a preseason game against the Milwaukee Bucks ; attendance was 16,929. The first regular-season ABA game in the arena was held on October 18, 1974, against the San Antonio Spurs ; the Pacers lost in double overtime, 129-- 121 in front of 7,473 fans. The first Pacers victory in Market Square Arena came on October 23 with a 122-- 107 win over the Spirits of St. Louis . The 1974-- 75 season ended for the Pacers with the ABA Finals played in Market Square Arena and Freedom Hall against their archrivals, the Kentucky Colonels . The Colonels defeated the Pacers in that championship series, winning the ABA title in five games (4 wins to 1). The 1975-- 76 Pacers won their final home ABA game in Market Square Arena with a 109-- 95 victory against the Colonels. (Kentucky won the next game by one point to win the series and advance, ending the Pacers' ABA tenure.) The Pacers continued to play in Market Square Arena after they joined the NBA. Michael Jordan 's return to the Chicago Bulls after his first retirement took place at Market Square Arena in a loss to the Pacers on March 19, 1995. The final Pacers game to be played in Market Square Arena was a pre-season exhibition game against the Utah Jazz on October 23, 1999. Bankers Life Fieldhouse (1999-- present) ( edit ) Bankers Life Fieldhouse in 2012. The Indiana Pacers play their home games at Bankers Life Fieldhouse , which opened in 1999. Bankers Life Fieldhouse is located in downtown Indianapolis . It is owned and operated by the Capital Improvement Board, City of Indianapolis , Indiana and its groundbreaking was on July 22, 1997 by Ellerbe Becket Architects & Engineers. Originally known as Conseco Fieldhouse, the arena officially opened on November 6, 1999 and adopted its current name on December 22, 2011. It presently seats 18,165 for basketball games, down from the original 18,345 due to removal of bleacher seats at the south end in favor of adding a premium club area known as Legends. Bankers Life Fieldhouse is also the home of the WNBA 's Indiana Fever , who are also owned by Herb Simon via Pacers Sports & Entertainment (PS&E ). Additionally, it hosts the Big Ten Men's Basketball Tournament and hosted the 2011 NCAA Women's Basketball Final Four . It hosts concerts and other events as well. The Fieldhouse is considered one of the best arenas in the NBA, being rated the No. 1 venue in the NBA according to the Sports Business Journal/Sports Business Daily Reader Survey. Uniforms ( edit ) The Indiana Pacers colors are (navy) blue, yellow (gold), cool gray and white. The original team colors of blue and yellow, using a more medium shade of blue, came from those on the Indiana state flag. The Pacers wear the usual white home uniform with blue and yellow trim. Their road uniform is blue with yellow trim. They also have a third uniform which is yellow with blue trim, which is worn occasionally at home or on the road. During the 1983 season , they wore the gold home uniform with blue and white trim at home. From 1997 to 2005 the Pacers sported pinstripe uniforms. One of their most iconic uniforms, worn from 1990 to 1997, and the uniform that launched Reggie Miller into superstardom, was designed by American track and field athlete Florence Griffith-Joyner , and featured a modern typeset that resembled Helvetica . The jerseys were often referred to as the `` Flo-Jos'' by Pacers fans. On September 29, 2005, the Indiana Pacers unveiled then-new uniforms. On July 21, 2015, the Indiana Pacers, in collaboration with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) Studios , unveiled a new uniform based on the 1986 motion picture Hoosiers . The Pacers wore these maroon and gold `` Hickory'' (the name and colors of the fictional High School from the film) uniforms for several home games and a few select road contests during the 2015-- 2016 season. It is the first time a major North American pro sports team wore a uniform based on a film. The Indiana Pacers unveiled new uniforms and logos to coincide with the team's 51st season on July 28, 2017. Rivalries ( edit ) Detroit Pistons ( edit ) The Pacers and Pistons met for the first time in the 1990 Playoffs , the Pistons swept the Pacers in three straight games on their way to their second straight NBA championship . But the rivalry truly began in the 2003-- 04 season . The Pacers finished with a league best 61 wins and were led by Jermaine O'Neal , Ron Artest , and Reggie Miller , and coached by Rick Carlisle . Carlisle had been fired by Detroit at the end of the previous season. Detroit was led by Chauncey Billups , Ben Wallace , Rasheed Wallace , Tayshaun Prince , and Richard Hamilton , and coached by Larry Brown . Indiana won the first 3 matchups in the regular season, before being defeated by the Pistons in the final regular-season meeting at the Palace. That was also the first time the two met after Rasheed Wallace was traded to Detroit. They met in the 2004 Eastern Conference Finals. Indiana narrowly won Game 1, thanks to some late heroics from Miller. Rasheed, unimpressed, stated `` They Will Not Win Game 2'' during an interview before the second game (locally known as the `` Guaran-Sheed'' victory). Late in Game 2, Detroit held a two-point lead, Billups turned over the ball, and Miller appeared to have an uncontested lay-up that would have tied the game. However, before Miller could score, he was chased down by Prince, who leapt from behind and blocked the shot. Near the end of Game 6, when Detroit held a slight lead, Artest committed a flagrant foul on Hamilton, which nearly caused tempers to boil over. Detroit won the series 4-2, and went on to win the NBA title. On November 19, 2004, at The Palace of Auburn Hills , what has become known as the Pacers-- Pistons brawl took place. All involved were suspended for varying lengths. Artest, who started it, carried the longest penalty: the entire season. That year teams split the four regular season meetings. They met in the Eastern Conference Semifinals and split the first two games. The Pacers blew an 18-point lead, but still won Game 3 in Indianapolis . However, just as he did a year earlier, Rasheed promised a win in Game 4 saying, `` When we return, we will be tied at 2.'' The Pistons won Games 4 and 5. The Pacers, knowing a loss would lead to Miller's retirement, fought hard, but fell to the Pistons 88-- 79. New York Knicks ( edit ) Further information: Knicks-- Pacers rivalry During the 1990s, the Knicks and Pacers were perennial playoff teams. They met in the playoffs 6 times from 1993 to 2000, fueling a rivalry epitomized by the enmity between Miller and prominent Knick fan Spike Lee . The rivalry was likened by Miller to the Hatfield-- McCoy feud , and described by The New York Times , in 1998 as being `` as combustible as any in the league'' . Miami Heat ( edit ) A recent rivalry with the Miami Heat was triggered with the team in the Eastern Conference Semifinals of the 2012 NBA Playoffs . The two previously met in the 2004 NBA Playoffs (when Indiana won 4-- 2). As of 2018 , the only players still left from either team are Udonis Haslem of the Heat and Lance Stephenson of the Pacers (now in his second stint). Both head coaches were fined for statements made relating to the officiating: Frank Vogel accused the Heat of flopping before the series started, while Erik Spoelstra took offense to what he perceived to be deliberate head-hunting of his players on the part of the Pacers. Indiana took a 2-- 1 lead after Miami's Chris Bosh was sidelined with an abdominal strain. Powered by LeBron James and Dwyane Wade , Miami won three straight games to take the series, 4-- 2. The series was marked by several suspensions, flagrant fouls, and confrontations between the players: Tyler Hansbrough 's flagrant foul on Dwyane Wade (which drew blood), Udonis Haslem's retaliatory flagrant foul on Hansborough (which led to Haslem's Game 6 suspension), Wade colliding with Darren Collison in transition, Juwan Howard confronting Lance Stephenson over the latter's flashing of the choke sign to James, and Dexter Pittman elbowing Stephenson in the neck (which led to his own three-game suspension). Indiana's Danny Granger received technical fouls in three consecutive games for his confrontations with Heat players; he stripped James of his headband in Game 2 while attempting to block a shot, pulled the back of James' jersey in Game 3 while trying to stop a fast-break, and chest-bumped Wade in Game 4 after the latter was fouled by Roy Hibbert . The following season saw improvements for both teams, from Miami's acquisition of Ray Allen and Chris Andersen , to the emergence of Paul George and Lance Stephenson . Notably, it was after the Heat lost to the Pacers that they compiled a 27-game winning streak; the last time the Heat lost two in a row in the year were the games against Indiana and Portland. During the waning minutes of Game 6 in the Semifinals between the Pacers and the New York Knicks , the Pacers' fans were chanting `` Beat The Heat'' as their team beat their old New York rivals. True to form, the Heat and the Pacers met in the Conference Finals of the 2013 NBA Playoffs on May 22, 2013. Several instances of physicality became prominent in the series: Shane Battier received an offensive foul for throwing his knee at Hibbert's midsection; Hibbert claimed that it was intentional dirty play on the part of Battier. Andersen suffered a bloodied nose after colliding with David West . Ian Mahinmi received a retroactive flagrant foul for a grab of James' arm. Norris Cole latched a hand on West's groin area as he tried to slip through West. Wade received a retroactive flagrant foul for hitting Stephenson in the head, another incident that the Pacers, notably Paul George, felt was a dirty play. The Heat survived Game 1 on a James game-winning layup, while the Pacers came back to tie the series at 1-- 1 after forcing James into two late fourth-quarter turnovers for Game 2. In Game 3, the Heat set a team record for points in a post-season half with 70. It was the first time the Pacers had given up 70 points since 1992. Allen's single turnover was the least ever suffered by the Heat in a first half. Their five total turnovers is tied for the fewest in franchise history. The Game 3 victory marked the first time that an NBA team had won five straight road games by double digits. The Heat won the series 4-- 3, with a 99-- 76 win in game 7. In 2014 , the Pacers and Heat renewed their rivalry in a second consecutive East Finals match up with the Heat eliminating the Pacers again. Players ( edit ) For the complete list of Indiana Pacers players, see Indiana Pacers all-time roster . Current roster ( edit ) Indiana Pacers roster Players Coaches Pos. No. Name Height Weight DOB (YYYY-MM-DD) From 6.0 ! C 7001130000000000000♠ 13 Anigbogu, Ike 7000208279999999999♠ 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 262 lb (119 kg) 1998-- 10-- 22 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001440000000000000♠ 44 Bogdanović , Bojan 7000203200000000000♠ 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1989-- 04-- 18 Croatia 4.0 ! F 7001200000000000000♠ 20 Booker, Trevor 7000203200000000000♠ 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 228 lb (103 kg) 1987-- 11-- 25 Clemson 1.5 ! G 7000200000000000000♠ 2 Collison, Darren 7000187960000000000♠ 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1987-- 08-- 23 UCLA 6.0 ! C 7001250000000000000♠ 25 Jefferson, Al 7000208279999999999♠ 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 280 lb (127 kg) 1985-- 01-- 04 Prentiss HS (MS) 1.5 ! G 7000600000000000000♠ 6 Joseph, Cory 7000190500000000000♠ 6 ft 3 in (1.91 m) 190 lb (86 kg) 1991-- 08-- 20 Texas 4.0 ! F 7001220000000000000♠ 22 Leaf, T.J. 7000208279999999999♠ 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1997-- 04-- 30 UCLA 4.0 ! F 7001260000000000000♠ 26 Moore, Ben (TW) 7000203200000000000♠ 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 220 lb (100 kg) 1995-- 05-- 13 SMU 1.5 ! G 7000400000000000000♠ 4 Oladipo, Victor 7000193040000000000♠ 6 ft 4 in (1.93 m) 210 lb (95 kg) 1992-- 05-- 04 Indiana 4.0 ! F 5000000000000000000♠ 0 Poythress, Alex 7000205740000000000♠ 6 ft 9 in (2.06 m) 235 lb (107 kg) 1993-- 09-- 06 Kentucky 2.5 ! G/F 7001400000000000000♠ 40 Robinson, Glenn 7000200659999999999♠ 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 215 lb (98 kg) 1994-- 01-- 08 Michigan 5.5 ! F/C 7001110000000000000♠ 11 Sabonis, Domantas 7000208279999999999♠ 6 ft 10 in (2.08 m) 252 lb (114 kg) 1996-- 05-- 03 Gonzaga 1.5 ! G 7000100000000000000♠ 1 Stephenson, Lance 7000198120000000000♠ 6 ft 6 in (1.98 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1990-- 09-- 05 Cincinnati 1.5 ! G 7000500000000000000♠ 5 Sumner, Edmond (TW) 7000195580000000000♠ 6 ft 5 in (1.96 m) 188 lb (85 kg) 1995-- 12-- 31 Xavier 6.0 ! C 7001330000000000000♠ 33 Turner, Myles 7000210820000000000♠ 6 ft 11 in (2.11 m) 255 lb (116 kg) 1996-- 03-- 24 Texas 1.5 ! G 7000300000000000000♠ 3 Young, Joe 7000187960000000000♠ 6 ft 2 in (1.88 m) 185 lb (84 kg) 1992-- 06-- 27 Oregon 4.0 ! F 7001210000000000000♠ 21 Young, Thaddeus 7000203200000000000♠ 6 ft 8 in (2.03 m) 230 lb (104 kg) 1988-- 06-- 21 Georgia Tech Head coach Nate McMillan Assistant coach(es) Bill Bayno Dan Burke Popeye Jones David McClure (player development) Legend (C) Team captain (DP) Unsigned draft pick (FA) Free agent (S) Suspended (GL) On assignment to G League affiliate (TW) Two-way affiliate player Injured Roster Transactions Last transaction: 2018-- 04-- 04 Retained draft rights ( edit ) The Pacers hold the draft rights to the following unsigned draft picks who have been playing outside the NBA. A drafted player, either an international draftee or a college draftee who is not signed by the team that drafted him, is allowed to sign with any non-NBA teams. In this case, the team retains the player's draft rights in the NBA until one year after the player's contract with the non-NBA team ends. This list includes draft rights that were acquired from trades with other teams. Draft Round Pick Player Pos. Nationality Current team Note(s) Ref Retired numbers ( edit ) Indiana Pacers retired numbers No. Player Position Tenure Date 30 George McGinnis 1971-- 1975 1980-- 1982 November 2, 1985 31 Reggie Miller 1987-- 2005 March 30, 2006 34 Mel Daniels 1968-- 1974 November 2, 1985 35 Roger Brown 1967-- 1974, 1975 November 2, 1985 529 Bobby Leonard Coach 1968-- 1980 March 15, 1996 Notes: Also served as coach (1988) Naismith memorial Basketball Hall of famers ( edit ) Main article: Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame Indiana Pacers Hall of Famers Players No. Name Position Tenure Inducted 22 Alex English 1978-- 1980 Adrian Dantley F / G 1977 2008 25 Gus Johnson F / C 1972 17 Chris Mullin F / G 1997-- 2000 2011 34 Mel Daniels 1968-- 1974 2012 31 Reggie Miller 1987-- 2005 2012 35 Roger Brown F / G 1967-- 1974 2013 30 George McGinnis 1971-- 1975 1980-- 1982 2017 Coaches Name Position Tenure Inducted Jack Ramsay Coach 1986-- 1988 1992 Larry Brown Coach 1993-- 1997 2002 529 Bobby Leonard Coach 1968-- 1980 2014 Notes: Played for the team during its time in ABA. In total, Mullin was inducted into the Hall of Fame twice -- as player and as member of the 1992 Olympic team . Inducted as player. He also coached the Pacers (1988). Inducted posthumously. Started coaching for the team during its time in ABA. Draft picks ( edit ) Main article: Indiana Pacers draft history Head coaches ( edit ) Main article: List of Indiana Pacers head coaches There have been 13 head coaches for the Pacers franchise. Larry Staverman was the first coach of the team in 1967, when the team was in the ABA. Coach Bobby Leonard has the most wins in franchise history, with 529 in his 12 seasons with the team. After Leonard, Jack McKinney , George Irvine , and Dr. Jack Ramsay . When Ramsay abruptly resigned in 1988 after the team got off to a horrid start, Pacers legend Mel Daniels took over on an interim basis for two games, before Irvine returned for 20 more. Dick Versace then led the Pacers through another sub-par stretch before Bob Hill got the Pacers back to the playoffs and into contention. Then in 1993, Larry Brown joined the Pacers franchise and led the team to many playoff appearances as Reggie Miller blossomed into a superstar and eventual Hall of Famer. Larry Bird took over the team in 1997 and coached until 2000. Bird took the Pacers to their only NBA Finals appearance in the 1999-- 2000 season . Isiah Thomas , Rick Carlisle , and Jim O'Brien were next up as the Pacers top coach. The most recent head coach of the Pacers was Frank Vogel , until May 5, 2016 when his contract was not renewed after the number 7 seeded Pacers lost game 7 of the first round of the 2016 NBA Playoffs to the number two seeded Toronto Raptors . Subsequently, associate head coach Nate McMillan was promoted to the top spot. Franchise records and individual awards ( edit ) Franchise leaders ( edit ) Bold denotes still active with team. Italic denotes still active but not with team. Points scored (regular season) (as of the end of the 2016-- 17 season) Reggie Miller (25,279) Rik Smits (12,871) Billy Knight (10,780) Roger Brown (10,058) Jermaine O'Neal (9,580) Danny Granger (9,571) George McGinnis (9,545) Vern Fleming (9,535) Mel Daniels (9,314) Freddie Lewis (9,257) Chuck Person (9,096) Herb Williams (8,637) Paul George (8,090) Bob Netolicky (8,078) Billy Keller (6,588) Dale Davis (6,523) Detlef Schrempf (6,009) Roy Hibbert (5,909) Jalen Rose (5,712) Steve Stipanovich (5,323) Other statistics (regular season) (as of April 18, 2017) Most minutes played Player Minutes Reggie Miller 47,619 Rik Smits 23,100 Vern Fleming 22,974 Roger Brown 20,315 Dale Davis 19,814 Freddie Lewis 19,534 Herb Williams 18,455 Jermaine O'Neal 17,997 Billy Knight 17,787 Mel Daniels 17,756 Most rebounds Player Rebounds Mel Daniels 7,643 Dale Davis 6,006 Rik Smits 5,277 Jeff Foster 5,248 George McGinnis 5,219 Jermaine O'Neal 4,933 Bob Netolicky 4,566 Herb Williams 4,494 Reggie Miller 4,182 Darnell Hillman 3,999 Most assists Player Assists Reggie Miller 4,141 Vern Fleming 4,038 Mark Jackson 3,294 Jamaal Tinsley 2,786 Don Buse 2,737 Freddie Lewis 2,279 Roger Brown 2,214 Bill Keller 1,980 Travis Best 1,785 Chuck Person 1,743 Most steals Player Steals Reggie Miller 1,505 Don Buse 1,177 Vern Fleming 885 George McGinnis 752 Paul George 738 Jamaal Tinsley 660 Billy Knight 651 Danny Granger 545 Derrick McKey 512 Jeff Foster 507 Most blocks Player Blocks Jermaine O'Neal 1,245 Rik Smits 1,111 Herb Williams 1,094 Roy Hibbert 990 Dale Davis 904 Darnell Hillman 611 Danny Granger 471 Len Elmore 423 Clemon Johnson 415 James Edwards 391 Most three-pointers made Player 3-pointers made Reggie Miller 2,560 Danny Granger 964 Paul George 897 Bill Keller 506 George Hill 476 Chuck Person 466 C.J. Miles 465 Troy Murphy 419 Mike Dunleavy 408 Austin Croshere 376 NBA individual awards ( edit ) NBA Defensive Player of the Year Ron Artest -- 2004 NBA Rookie of the Year Chuck Person -- 1987 NBA Sixth Man of the Year Detlef Schrempf -- 1991, 1992 NBA Most Improved Player of the Year Jalen Rose -- 2000 Jermaine O'Neal -- 2002 Danny Granger -- 2009 Paul George -- 2013 NBA Coach of the Year Jack McKinney -- 1981 Larry Bird -- 1998 NBA Executive of the Year Larry Bird -- 2012 J. Walter Kennedy Citizenship Award Reggie Miller -- 2004 All-NBA Second Team Jermaine O'Neal -- 2004 All-NBA Third Team Reggie Miller -- 1995, 1996, 1998 Jermaine O'Neal -- 2002, 2003 Ron Artest -- 2004 Paul George -- 2013, 2014, 2016 Victor Oladipo -- 2018 NBA All-Defensive First Team Don Buse -- 1977 Ron Artest -- 2004 Paul George -- 2014 Victor Oladipo -- 2018 NBA All-Defensive Second Team Dudley Bradley -- 1981 Micheal Williams -- 1992 Derrick McKey -- 1995, 1996 Ron Artest -- 2003 Paul George -- 2013, 2016 Roy Hibbert -- 2014 NBA All-Rookie First Team Clark Kellogg -- 1983 Steve Stipanovich -- 1984 Chuck Person -- 1987 Rik Smits -- 1989 NBA All-Rookie Second Team Jamaal Tinsley -- 2002 Danny Granger -- 2006 Paul George -- 2011 Myles Turner -- 2016 ABA individual awards ( edit ) ABA Most Valuable Player Award Mel Daniels -- 1969, 1971 George McGinnis -- 1975 ABA Playoffs Most Valuable Player Roger Brown -- 1970 Freddie Lewis -- 1972 George McGinnis -- 1973 ABA All-Star Game Most Valuable Player Award Mel Daniels -- 1971 ABA All-Star East Head coach Bobby Leonard -- 1970 ABA All-Star selections Bob Netolicky -- 1968, 1969, 1970, 1971 Roger Brown -- 1968, 1970, 1971, 1972 Freddie Lewis -- 1968, 1970, 1972 Mel Daniels -- 1969, 1970, 1971, 1972, 1973, 1974 George McGinnis -- 1973, 1974, 1975 Billy Knight -- 1976 Don Buse -- 1976 All-ABA First Team Mel Daniels -- 1969, 1970, 1971 Roger Brown -- 1971 George McGinnis -- 1974, 1975 Billy Knight -- 1976 All-ABA Second Team Roger Brown -- 1968, 1970 Bob Netolicky -- 1970 George McGinnis -- 1973 Mel Daniels -- 1973 Don Buse -- 1976 ABA All-Defensive Team Don Buse -- 1975, 1976 ABA All-Rookie Team Bob Netolicky -- 1968 George McGinnis -- 1972 Billy Knight -- 1975 NBA All-Star Weekend ( edit ) NBA All-Star selections Billy Knight -- 1977 Don Buse -- 1977 Reggie Miller -- 1990, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000 Detlef Schrempf -- 1993 Rik Smits -- 1998 Dale Davis -- 2000 Jermaine O'Neal -- 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007 Brad Miller -- 2003 Ron Artest -- 2004 Danny Granger -- 2009 Roy Hibbert -- 2012, 2014 Paul George -- 2013, 2014, 2016, 2017 Victor Oladipo - 2018 NBA All-Star East Head coach Larry Bird -- 1998 Isiah Thomas -- 2003 Rick Carlisle -- 2004 Frank Vogel -- 2014 NBA Slam Dunk Contest Terence Stansbury -- 1985, 1986 Kenny Williams -- 1991 Antonio Davis -- 1994 Jonathan Bender -- 2001 Fred Jones -- 2004 Paul George -- 2012, 2014 Gerald Green -- 2013 Glenn Robinson III -- 2017 Victor Oladipo - 2018 Winners Mascot ( edit ) Boomer , the Pacers panther, has been the official team mascot since the 1991-- 1992 season. Dance squad ( edit ) Founded in 1967, same year as the Pacers franchise, the Indiana Pacemates were one of the original professional sports dance squads and the first such entity in the NBA. Originally known in the ABA era as the Marathon Scoreboard Girls , then later as the Paul Harris Pacesetters , the Pacemates name has been used since the 1972-- 1973 season. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Year by Year with the Pacers'' . NBA.com/Pacers . NBA Media Ventures, LLC . Retrieved December 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` History: Team by Team'' (PDF) . Official National Basketball Association Guide 2017-- 18 . National Basketball Association. October 30, 2017 . Retrieved April 4, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` NBA.com/Stats-- Indiana Pacers seasons'' . National Basketball Association . Retrieved December 24, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Official Colors-- Front Office'' (PDF) . 2017-- 18 Indiana Pacers Media Guide . NBA Properties, Inc. October 11, 2017 . Retrieved October 12, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Indiana Pacers Reproduction and Usage Guideline Sheet'' . NBA Properties, Inc . Retrieved August 10, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Naming of the Pacers'' . Indiana Pacers . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ Montieth, Mark (June 16, 2016). `` What's in a Name? For the Pacers, Quite a Bit'' . Indiana Pacers . Retrieved September 22, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Indiana Pacers Hall of Fame'' . Sports Reference LLC. June 29, 2015 . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the ABA: Indiana Pacers'' . Jump up ^ `` Remember the ABA: Indiana Pacers Ownership History'' . Jump up ^ Star Files: Early years of the Indiana Pacers Archived 2012-06-26 at WebCite Jump up ^ Helin, Kurt. `` Fans wanted Steve Alford, but Pacers drafted Reggie Miller'' . Jump up ^ Warner, Ralph. `` Reggie Miller Chokes Life Out of MSG'' . Retrieved 28 Nov 2011 . Jump up ^ James, Zach. `` This Series in Pacers History: 1994 Eastern Conference Finals'' . Retrieved 19 May 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Look Back At The USA Men's 1994 World Championship Gold Medal'' . Retrieved 25 Feb 2010 . Jump up ^ Helin, Kurt. `` Video: Breaking down Reggie Miller's 8 points, 9 seconds'' . Jump up ^ `` 1995 NBA Eastern Conference Finals'' . Jump up ^ `` 2000 NBA Finals Composite Box Score'' . Jump up ^ `` Pacers raise Reggie Miller's No. 31 to rafters'' . Retrieved 31 Mar 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers Acquire Evan Turner and Lavoy Allen'' . Indiana Pacers . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Wells, Mike. `` David Morway resigns as general manager of Pacers'' . Indianapolis Star . Retrieved 26 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Larry Bird officially steps down'' . Retrieved 27 June 2012 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 NBA Eastern Conference Finals'' . Jump up ^ `` Pacers at Heat'' . NBA.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Heat at Pacers'' . NBA.com . Retrieved 30 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Agness, Scott. `` Bird Back, Focused on Winning'' . Jump up ^ `` Indiana's Frank Vogel Earns Spot as Eastern Conference Head Coach for 2014 NBA All-Star Game'' . NBA.com. January 14, 2014. Archived from the original on January 15, 2014 . Retrieved January 15, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2015-16 Indiana Pacers Roster and Stats - Basketball-Reference.com'' . Basketball-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Pacers Announce Frank Vogel Will Not Return as Coach'' . NBA.com . May 5, 2016 . Retrieved May 6, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers part with coach Vogel'' . Yahoo.com . May 5, 2016 . Retrieved May 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pacers name assistant McMillan as new coach'' . NBA.com . Retrieved May 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Remember the ABA: Indiana Pacers'' . www.remembertheaba.com . Jump up ^ `` Basketball photograph'' (JPG) . Jumpman23.ch . Retrieved 2015-05-09 . Jump up ^ Brunner, Conrad (September 29, 2005). `` New Look For New Generation'' . Indiana Pacers . Retrieved June 29, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Studios, Pacers Bring `` Hoosiers'' Inspired Uniform to NBA'' (Press release). Indiana Pacers. July 21, 2015 . Retrieved July 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ Creamer, Chris (July 21, 2015). `` Indiana Pacers Unveil New Hoosiers Uniforms'' . SportsLogos.net . Retrieved July 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ Hotchkiss, Wheat (July 28, 2017). `` Pacers Unveil New Look for 2017-18 Season'' . Indiana Pacers . Retrieved July 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ Brown, Clifton (January 24, 1997). `` Give Miller a Hand? Not in This Rivalry'' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27, 2008 . Reggie Miller compares the Knicks-- Indiana Pacers rivalry to the Hatfields vs. the McCoys. Jump up ^ Wise, Mike (May 5, 1998). `` THE N.B.A. PLAYOFFS; For Combustibility, It's Knicks-- Pacers'' . The New York Times . Retrieved January 27, 2008 . From head-butts to hideous trash talk, from Miller versus John Starks, the Pacers-- Knicks rivalry has been as combustible as any in the league. Jump up ^ `` Pacers at Heat - June 3, 2013 - Game Preview, Play by Play, Scores and Recap on'' . Nba.com . Retrieved 2013-07-01 . Jump up ^ Coon, Larry . `` NBA Salary Cap FAQ -- 2011 Collective Bargaining Agreement'' . Retrieved April 13, 2014 . If the player is already under contract to, or signs a contract with a non-NBA team, the team retains the player's draft rights for one year after the player's obligation to the non-NBA team ends. Essentially, the clock stops as long as the player plays pro ball outside the NBA. Jump up ^ `` McGrady, Self, Lobo headline 2017 HOF class'' . ^ Jump up to: `` Indiana Pacers: Players'' . Basketball Reference. 2017-04-18 . Retrieved 2017-04-18 . Jump up ^ Indiana Pacers (November 9, 2010), Gametime 2010-2011 Season (game program) , p. 45 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indiana Pacers . Basketball portal Official website Indiana Pacers Founded in 1967 Based in Indianapolis, Indiana Franchise Franchise Team history ABA-- NBA merger All-time roster Draft history Seasons Head coaches Current season Arenas Indiana State Fair Coliseum Market Square Arena Bankers Life Fieldhouse General managers Storen Weissert Leonard Vertlieb Salyers Walsh Kahn Morway Pritchard G League affiliate Fort Wayne Mad Ants Administration Herb Simon (Owner, Chairman and CEO) Kevin Pritchard (GM, President) Nate McMillan (Head coach) Retired numbers 30 31 34 35 529 (in honor of Leonard's total wins as Pacers coach) ABA Finals appearances 1969 1970 1972 1973 NBA Finals appearances 2000 Culture and lore Pacers-- Pistons brawl The Knick-Killer Dancing Harry Boomer Reb Porter Rivals New York Knicks Media TV Fox Sports Indiana Radio WFNI-AM Announcers Chris Denari Quinn Buckner Clark Kellogg Brooke Olzendam Mark Boyle Bob `` Slick'' Leonard Links to related articles Indiana Pacers seasons Franchise History Seasons 1960s 1967-- 68 1968-- 69 1970s 1969-- 70 1970-- 71 1971-- 72 1972-- 73 1973-- 74 1974-- 75 1975-- 76 1976-- 77 1977-- 78 1978-- 79 1980s 1979-- 80 1980-- 81 1981-- 82 1982-- 83 1983-- 84 1984-- 85 1985-- 86 1986-- 87 1987-- 88 1988-- 89 1990s 1989-- 90 1990-- 91 1991-- 92 1992-- 93 1993-- 94 1994-- 95 1995-- 96 1996-- 97 1997-- 98 1998-- 99 2000s 1999-- 00 2000-- 01 2001-- 02 2002-- 03 2003-- 04 2004-- 05 2005-- 06 2006-- 07 2007-- 08 2008-- 09 2010s 2009-- 10 2010-- 11 2011-- 12 2012-- 13 2013-- 14 2014-- 15 2015-- 16 2016-- 17 2017-- 18 2018-- 19 Bold indicates ABA Championship victory National Basketball Association Eastern Conference Atlantic Boston Celtics Brooklyn Nets New York Knicks Philadelphia 76ers Toronto Raptors Central Chicago Bulls Cleveland Cavaliers Detroit Pistons Indiana Pacers Milwaukee Bucks Southeast Atlanta Hawks Charlotte Hornets Miami Heat Orlando Magic Washington Wizards Western Conference Northwest Denver Nuggets Minnesota Timberwolves Oklahoma City Thunder Portland Trail Blazers Utah Jazz Pacific Golden State Warriors Los Angeles Clippers Los Angeles Lakers Phoenix Suns Sacramento Kings Southwest Dallas Mavericks Houston Rockets Memphis Grizzlies New Orleans Pelicans San Antonio Spurs Annual events Draft Eligibility Summer League Christmas Day All-Star Weekend Game Global Games Africa 2015 Africa 2017 Playoffs List Finals Champions History Predecessors BAA NBL ABA Merger Criticisms and controversies 2007 Tim Donaghy betting scandal Lockouts Seasons Records regular season post-season All-Star Game Win-loss records Personalities Players Current rosters Foreign players Race and ethnicity First overall draft picks Highest paid Retired numbers Banned or suspended NBPA Head coaches Current Player-coaches Champions Foreign coaches NBCA Owners Referees Awards and honors Larry O'Brien Trophy NBA Awards NBA MVP Finals MVP All-Star Game MVP Hall of Fame Members NBA Silver Anniversary Team NBA 35th Anniversary Team 50 Greatest Players Others Arenas Business Collective bargaining agreement Salary cap NBA Store Culture Cheerleading Mascots Dress code G League Midwest Division Media TV NBA TV Rivalries Teams Defunct Expansion Relocated Timeline WNBA Basketball in the United States Portal 2017-- 18 season American Basketball Association teams Anaheim Amigos/Los Angeles Stars (1967-- 70) Baltimore Claws (1975) Carolina Cougars (1969-- 74) Dallas Chaparrals/Texas Chaparrals (1967-- 73) Denver Rockets/Denver Nuggets (1967-- 76) Houston Mavericks (1967-- 69) Indiana Pacers (1967-- 76) Kentucky Colonels (1967-- 76) Memphis Pros/Memphis Tams/Memphis Sounds (1970-- 75) Miami Floridians/The Floridians (1968-- 72) Minnesota Muskies (1967-- 68) Minnesota Pipers (1968-- 69) New Jersey Americans/New York Nets (1967-- 76) New Orleans Buccaneers (1967-- 70) Oakland Oaks (1967-- 69) Pittsburgh Pipers/Condors (1967-- 68; 1969-- 72) San Antonio Spurs (1973-- 76) San Diego Conquistadors/Sails (1972-- 75) Spirits of St. Louis (1974-- 76) Utah Stars (1970-- 75) Virginia Squires (1970-- 76) Washington Caps (1969-- 70) ABA All-Time Team Sports teams based in Indiana Baseball IL Indianapolis Indians ML Fort Wayne TinCaps South Bend Cubs AA Gary SouthShore RailCats FL Evansville Otters PL Kokomo Jackrabbits Lafayette Aviators Terre Haute Rex KIT League Dubois County Bombers Basketball NBA Indiana Pacers WNBA Indiana Fever G League Fort Wayne Mad Ants IBA Gary Splash Portland Revolution PBL Indiana Diesels Football NFL Indianapolis Colts WFA Indy Crash Hockey ECHL Fort Wayne Komets Indy Fuel SPHL Evansville Thunderbolts USHL Indiana Ice (dormant) Roller derby WFTDA Bleeding Heartland Roller Derby Circle City Derby Girls Cornfed Derby Dames Demolition City Roller Derby Fort Wayne Derby Girls Naptown Roller Derby Soccer USL Indy Eleven NPSL FC Indiana Lions WPSL F.C. Indiana Ultimate AUDL Indianapolis AlleyCats College athletics ( NCAA Division I ) Ball State Cardinals Butler Bulldogs Evansville Purple Aces Fort Wayne Mastodons Indiana Hoosiers Indiana State Sycamores IUPUI Jaguars Notre Dame Fighting Irish Purdue Boilermakers Valparaiso Crusaders College athletics ( NCAA Division II ) Indianapolis Greyhounds St. Joseph's Pumas Southern Indiana Screaming Eagles Oakland City Mighty Oaks Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Indiana_Pacers&oldid=843448847 '' Categories : Indiana Pacers American Basketball Association teams National Basketball Association teams Basketball teams established in 1967 1967 establishments in Indiana Hidden categories: Webarchive template webcite links Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2018 All articles containing potentially dated statements Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Azərbaycanca Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ქართული Kiswahili Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar मराठी مازِرونی Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் Türkçe Українська Vèneto Volapük Yorùbá 粵語 中文 49 more EditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon29May2018,at06:56.TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia

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who was a great reformer who started the bhoodan andolan

The Bhoodan Movement or $6 - Land Gift Movement , was a voluntary land reform movement in India , started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village in Telangana which is now known as Bhoodan Pochampally .

Bhoodan movement - wikipedia Bhoodan movement Jump to: navigation , search This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations. (June 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Bhoodan Movement or $6-Land Gift Movement , was a voluntary land reform movement in India, started by Acharya Vinoba Bhave in 1951 at Pochampally village in Telangana which is now known as Bhoodan Pochampally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Method 2 Donations 3 History of Bhoodan movement 4 References 5 External links Method ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . (July 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The mission of the movement was to persuade wealthy landowners to voluntarily give a percentage of their land to the landless people. However, this land could not be sold. In effect, landless labourers were being given a small plot of land on which they can settle, as well as grow some of their own food. The Government of various Provinces, passed Bhoodan Acts which generally stipulated that the beneficiary had no right to sell the land or use it for a non-agricultural purpose- including forestry. For example, under section 25 of Maharashtra State Bhoodan Act, the beneficiary (who must be landless) should use the land for agricultural cultivation to secure his own and family's daily bread. If he/she fails to cultivate the land for over a year or tries to use it for some other non-agriculture activities, the government has the right to confiscate it. Vinoba Bhave walked across India on foot, to persuade landowners to give up a piece of their land. He also wanted peasants to give up using bullocks or tractors or other machines for agricultural purposes. This was called ' rishi-kheti' . He also wanted everybody to give up using money, this was called ' kanchan-dan' . By constantly keeping on the move, he escaped defamation ( obloquy ). He was followed by crowds nearly everywhere he went. Philosophically, Vinoba Bhave was directly influenced by the Sarvodaya movement of Gandhi of whose he was the spiritual heir. The movement was started on 18 April 1951 at Pochampally village in Nalgonda district when Telangana peasant movement on the land issue reached the peak. It was a violent struggle launched by poor peasants against the local landlords. Bhave said that rural rich must participate in voluntary distribution of land. The movement though independent of government had the support of congress. JP Narayan withdrew from active politics to join Bhoodan movement in 1953. By 1960s the movement had lost its flame despite its considerable initial promise. The Sarvodaya Samaj, however, on the whole failed to build an active large scale mass movement that would generate irresistible pressure for social transformation in large parts of country. Yet the movement made a significant contribution by creating moral ambience, putting pressure on landlords, created conditions favorable to landless. Donations ( edit ) Shri Vedre Ramachandra Reddy Bhoodan Vedire Ramachandra Reddy got his title `` Bhoodan '' as he was the first donor and initiator of the great land donation movement in early 1950s (18 April 1951) in Telangana at a village called Pochampally in the Nalgonda district of Telangana . Acharya Vinoba Bhave started the land donation movement in Pochampally village in April 1951 with initiation of donation of 100 acres, (later on he has donated another 800 acres) of land from Vedre Ramachandra Reddy (who owned 3,500 acres and who had resigned from a Govt. job to enter Politics), which led to a total of 1 million acres (4,000 km2 ) of land donation and distribution among the poor in post independence Era in India. The Nizam of Hyderabad, Mir Osman Ali Khan donated a whopping 14,000 Acres of his personal land to the Bhoodan Movement for re-distribution among the landless. Vedire Ramachandra Reddy was born on July 17, 1905 into a very prominent family during the Nizam Rule in Deccan and died on December 9, 1986. He completed his law/Barrister training in Ferguson Law College in Pune. After practicing for a few years, he resigned as he was fed up with British system and joined social reform and helped initiate Land Donation movement in Pochampally of Telangana (formerly Hyderabad State ). After him, the land donation movement is maintained under a Bhoodan trust movement till date with the help of his sons. Raja Bahadur Giriwar Narayan Singh C.B.E., Raja of Ranka (Garhwa Jharkhand) also donated 111,101 acres of land to the Vinoba Bhave Bhoodan initiative which became the highest acreage of land given by any landlord or estate-owner in India. History of Bhoodan movement ( edit ) The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . (July 2013) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) On 18 April 1951, the historic day of the very genesis of the Bhoodan movement, Vinoba entered Nalgonda district, the centre of Communist activity. The organisers had arranged Vinoba 's stay at Pochampally , a large village with about 700 families, of whom two-thirds were landless. Pochampally villagers gave Vinoba a warm welcome. Vinoba went to visit the Harijan (the Untouchables) colony. By early afternoon villagers began to gather around Vinoba at Vinoba's cottage. The Harijans asked for eighty acres of land, forty wet, forty dry for forty families that would be enough. Then Vinoba asked,'' If it is not possible to get land from the government, is there not something villagers themselves could do?'' To everyone's surprise, Ram Chandra Reddy, the local landlord got up & said in a rather excited voice: `` I will give you 100 acres for these people.'' At his evening prayer meeting, he repeated his promise to offer 100 acres of land to the villagers. This incident neither planned nor imagined was the very genesis of the Bhoodan movement & it made Vinoba think that therein lay the potentiality of solving the land problem of India. This movement later on developed into a village gift or Gramdan movement. This movement was a part of a comprehensive movement for the establishment of a Sarvodaya Society (The Rise of All socio-economic-political order), both in India & outside India. The initial objective of the movement was to secure voluntary donations of land and distribute it to the landless, but the movement soon came out with a demand of 1/6 share of land from all land owners. In 1952, the movement had widened the concept of gramdan (village in gift) and had started advocating commercial ownership of land. The first village to come under gramdan was Mangroth in Hamirpur Dist of U.P. It took more than three years to get another village in gift. The second and third gramdans took place in Orissa and the movement started spreading with emphasis on securing villages in gift. Raja Bahadur GIRIWAR PRASAD SINGH C.B.E., Raja of Ranka (Princely State in Garhwa then in Bihar) 1911/1969 donated highest acre of land to the villagers in Palamau area . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ India since independence - bipin Chandra Jump up ^ India since independence - bipin Chandra Jump up ^ India since independence - bipin Chandra `` Bhoodan and the Landless,'' S.V. Khandewale and K.R. Nanekar, Popular Prakashan, 1973. `` Bhoodan Movement in India: An Economic Assessment,'' Raghavendra Nath Misra, S. Chand and Company Pvt Ltd, New Delhi, 1972. `` Bhoodan-Gramdan Movement - 50 Years : A Review,'' http://www.mkgandhi-sarvodaya.org/bhoodan.htm A brief biography of Vinoba Bhave, http://www.bookrags.com/biography/vinoba-bhave/ `` Moved by Love,'' Vinoba Bhave, Paramdhan Prakashan, 1994. ' Bhoodan' board to take on encroachers External links ( edit ) Vinoba Bhave: Bhoodan Movement (Land Gift Movement)(Online book) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bhoodan_movement&oldid=809380549 '' Categories : Independent India Land management in India 1951 in India Gandhism Social history of India Hindi words and phrases Hidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from June 2012 All articles lacking in-text citations NPOV disputes from July 2013 All NPOV disputes Talk Contents About Wikipedia हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano தமிழ் Edit links This page was last edited on 8 November 2017, at 19:09. About Wikipedia

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difference between euro shoe size and indian shoe size

Further , some tables available on the Web simply contain errors . For example , the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account , or tables based on different U.S. systems ( traditional and athletic ) are simply combined although they are incompatible .

Shoe size - wikipedia Shoe size Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2014) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) World's largest pair of shoes, Riverbank Center, Philippines-- 5.29 metres (17.4 ft) long and 2.37 metres (7.75 ft) wide, equivalent to a French shoe size of 753 A shoe size is an indication of the fitting size of a shoe for a person. There are a number of different shoe-size systems used worldwide. While all of them use a number to indicate the length of the shoe, they differ in exactly what they measure, what unit of measurement they use, and where the size 0 (or 1) is positioned. Some systems also indicate the shoe width, sometimes also as a number, but in many cases by one or more letters. Some regions use different shoe-size systems for different types of shoes (e.g. men's , women's , children's , sport, and safety shoes). This article sets out several complexities in the definition of shoe sizes. In practice, shoes should be tried on for size and fit before they are purchased. Contents ( hide ) 1 Deriving the shoe size 1.1 Foot versus shoe and last 1.2 Length 1.3 Zero point 1.4 Width 2 Common sizing systems 2.1 Mondopoint 2.2 United Kingdom and Ireland 2.3 Australia/New Zealand 2.4 United States and Canada 2.4.1 Customary 2.4.2 Children's 2.4.3 Brannock Device 2.4.4 Foot Scanner 2.5 Europe 2.6 Asia 2.7 Mexico 2.8 USSR (Russia/CIS) 3 Difficulties in shoe size comparison 4 See also 5 References 6 External links Deriving the shoe size ( edit ) Foot versus shoe and last ( edit ) The length of a foot is commonly defined as (a) the distance between two parallel lines that are perpendicular to the foot and (b) in contact with the most prominent toe and the most prominent part of the heel. Foot length is measured with the subject standing barefoot and the weight of the body equally distributed between both feet. The sizes of the left and right feet are often slightly different. In this case, both feet are measured, and purchasers of mass-produced shoes are advised to purchase a shoe size based on the larger foot, as most retailers do not sell pairs of shoes in non-matching sizes. Each size of shoe is considered suitable for a small interval of foot lengths. The inner cavity of a shoe must typically be 15-- 20 mm longer than the foot, but this varies between different types of shoes. A shoe-size system can refer to three characteristic lengths: The median length of feet for which a shoe is suitable. For customers, this measure has the advantage of being directly related to their body measures. It applies equally to any type, form, or material of shoe. However, this measure is less popular with manufacturers, because it requires them to test carefully for each new shoe model, for which range of foot sizes it is recommendable. It puts on the manufacturer the burden of ensuring that the shoe will fit a foot of a given length. The length of the inner cavity of the shoe. This measure has the advantage that it can be measured easily on the finished product. However, it will vary with manufacturing tolerances and only gives the customer very crude information about the range of foot sizes for which the shoe is suitable. The length of the `` last '' , the foot-shaped template over which the shoe is manufactured. This measure is the easiest one for the manufacturer to use, because it identifies only the tool used to produce the shoe. It makes no promise about manufacturing tolerances or for what size of foot the shoe is actually suitable. It leaves all responsibility and risk of choosing the correct size with the customer. Further, the last can be measured in several different ways resulting in different measurements. All these measures differ substantially from one another for the same shoe. Length ( edit ) Sizing systems also differ in what units of measurement they use. This also results in different increments between shoe sizes, because usually only `` full'' or `` half'' sizes are made. The following length units are commonly used today to define shoe-size systems: The Paris point equates to ​ ⁄ centimetre (about 6.7 mm or 0.26 in). That is the increment between whole sizes, and about 3.3 mm or 0.13 in between half sizes. This unit is commonly used in Continental Europe. The barleycorn is an old English unit that equates to ​ ⁄ inch (8.47 mm). This is the basis for current UK and US shoe sizes, with the largest shoe size taken as twelve inches (a size 12) i.e. 30.5 cm, and then counting backwards in barleycorn units, so a size 11 is 11.67 inches or 29.6 cm. metric measurements in centimetres (cm) or millimetres (mm) are used in the international Mondopoint system and in the Asian system. Zero point ( edit ) The sizing systems also place size 0 (or 1) at different locations: Size 0 as a foot's length of 0. The shoe size is directly proportional to the length of the foot in the chosen unit of measurement. Sizes of children's , men's , and women's shoes, as well as sizes of different types of shoes, can be compared directly. This is used with the Mondopoint and the Asian system. Size 0 as the length of the shoe's inner cavity of 0. The shoe size is then directly proportional to the inner length of the shoe. This is used with systems that also take the measurement from the shoe. While sizes of children's , men's and women's shoes can be compared directly, this is not necessarily true for different types of shoes that require a different amount of `` wiggle room'' in the toe box. This is used with the Continental European system. Size 0 (or 1) can just be simply a shoe of a given length. Typically this will be the shortest length deemed practical; but this can be different for children's , teenagers' , men's , and women's shoes - making it impossible to compare sizes. For example, a women's shoe at size 8 is a different length from a men's shoe at size 8 in the US system, but not the British. Width ( edit ) Some systems also include the width of a foot, but do so in a variety of ways: Measured width in millimetres (mm). This is done with the Mondopoint system. Measured width as a letter (or combination of letters), which is taken from a table (indexed to length and width) or just assigned on an ad-hoc basis: Examples are (each starting with the narrowest width): A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G (typical North American system, with the unlettered norm being D for men and B for women) 4A, 3A, 2A, A, B, C, D, E, 2E, 3E, 4E, 5E, 6E (variant North American) C, D, E, F, G, H (common UK; `` medium'' is usually F, but varies by manufacturer-- makers Edward Green and Crockett & Jones, among others, use E instead, but one maker's E is not necessarily the same size as another's ). N ( narrow ), M ( medium ) or R ( regular ), W ( wide ) The width for which these sizes are suitable can vary significantly between manufacturers. The A-- E width indicators used by most American, Canadian, and some British shoe manufacturers are typically based on the width of the foot, and common step sizes are ​ ⁄ inch (4.8 mm). Common sizing systems ( edit ) Mondopoint ( edit ) The International Standard is ISO 9407 :1991, `` Shoe sizes-- Mondopoint system of sizing and marking'' , which recommends a shoe-size system known as Mondopoint . It is based on the mean foot length and width for which the shoe is suitable, measured in millimetres. A shoe size of 280/110 indicates a mean foot length of 280 millimetres (11.0 in) and width of 110 millimetres (4.3 in). Because Mondopoint also takes the foot width into account, it allows for better fitting than most other systems. It is, therefore, used by NATO and other military services. Mondopoint is also used for ski boots. United Kingdom and Ireland ( edit ) Shoe size in the United Kingdom and Ireland is based on the length of the last used to make the shoes, measured in barleycorn (​ ⁄ inch) starting from the smallest size deemed practical, which is called size zero. It is not formally standardised. Note that the last is typically longer than the foot heel to toe length by about ⁄ to ⁄ inch (13 to 17 mm). A child's size zero is equivalent to 4 inches (a hand = 12 barleycorns = 10.16 cm), and the sizes go up to size ​ 13 ⁄ (​ 8 ⁄ in, ​ 25 ⁄ barleycorns or 21.59 cm). Thus, the calculation for a children's shoe size in the UK is: child shoe size = ( 3 × last length in inches ) − 12 (\displaystyle (\mbox(child shoe size))=(3\times (\mbox(last length in inches)))-12) equivalent to child shoe size ≈ ( 3 × heel to toe length in inches ) − 10 (\displaystyle (\mbox(child shoe size))\approx (3\times (\mbox(heel to toe length in inches)))-10) An adult size one is then the next size up (​ 8 ⁄ in, 26 barleycorns or 22.01 cm) and each size up continues the progression in barleycorns. The calculation for an adult shoe size in the UK is thus: adult shoe size = ( 3 × last length in inches ) − 25 (\displaystyle (\mbox(adult shoe size))=(3\times (\mbox(last length in inches)))-25) equivalent to adult shoe size ≈ ( 3 × heel to toe length in inches ) − 23 (\displaystyle (\mbox(adult shoe size))\approx (3\times (\mbox(heel to toe length in inches)))-23) Note: some manufacturers choose to use a constant other than 25, so sizes do vary in either direction e.g. A shoe marked as a European size 40 may also be marked as a UK: 6 by Jimmy Choo, Nike; a ​ 6 ⁄ by Adidas, Clarks, Dr Martens, Fred Perry, Karrimor , Monsoon, New Balance, Reebok , and Slazenger ; a 7 by Converse, Gap, Pavers, and Timberland; and a ​ 7 ⁄ by Crocs. Some retailers mark a larger size on women's European compatible which can cause confusion with the UK unisex sizes. A size 8 should be a European 42 in both male and female shoes, but this is often marked as a 9 for women. Australia/new zealand ( edit ) For men and children's footwear the UK system is followed. Women's footwear has a slightly different sizing that is unique. It is in between the UK and US's sizings. United states and Canada ( edit ) In North America, there are different systems that are used concurrently. The size indications are usually similar but not exactly equivalent especially with athletic shoes at extreme sizes. The most common is the customary, described in more detail below, which for men's shoes is one barleycorn shorter than the UK equivalent. (so a men's 13 in the US or Canada is the same size as a men's 12 in the UK) Customary ( edit ) The traditional system is similar to English sizes but start counting at one rather than zero, so equivalent sizes are one greater. So the calculation for a male shoe size in the USA or Canada is: male shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 24 (\displaystyle (\mbox(male shoe size))=3\times (\mbox(last length in inches))-24) Women's sizes are almost always determined with the `` common'' scale, in which women's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus 1.5 (for example, a men's 10.5 is a women's 12). In other words: female shoe size (common) = 3 × last length in inches − 22 1 2 (\displaystyle (\mbox(female shoe size (common)))=3\times (\mbox(last length in inches))-22(\frac (1)(2))) In the less popular scale, known as the `` standard'' or `` FIA'' (Footwear Industries of America) scale, women's sizes are men's sizes plus 1 (so a men's 10.5 is a women's 11.5). female shoe size (FIA) = 3 × last length in inches − 23 (\displaystyle (\mbox(female shoe size (FIA)))=3\times (\mbox(last length in inches))-23) Children's ( edit ) Children's sizes are equal to men's sizes plus ​ 12 ⁄ . Children's sizes do not differ by gender even though adults' do. Child shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 11 2 3 (\displaystyle (\mbox(Child shoe size))=3\times (\mbox(last length in inches))-11(\frac (2)(3))) Children's shoe stores in the United States and Canada use a sizing scheme which ends at 13, after which the adult range starts at 1: U.S. shoe sizes Size Last length Children's Women's Men's Inches Millimetres (appr.) Common FIA 5 5​ ⁄ 141 6 5​ ⁄ 150 7 6​ ⁄ 158 8 6​ ⁄ 167 9 6​ ⁄ 175 10 7​ ⁄ 183 11 7​ ⁄ 192 7​ ⁄ 199 12 7​ ⁄ 200 8 203 8​ ⁄ 207 13 8​ ⁄ 209 8​ ⁄ 212 8​ ⁄ 216 8​ ⁄ 220 8​ ⁄ 224 9 229 5 9​ ⁄ 233 5 9​ ⁄ 237 6 9​ ⁄ 241 6 5 9​ ⁄ 246 7 9​ ⁄ 250 7 6 10 254 8 7 10​ ⁄ 262 Alternatively, a scale running from K4 to K13 and then 1 to 7 is in use. K4 to K9 are toddler sizes, K10 to 3 are pre-school and 1 to 7 are grade school sizes. Brannock Device ( edit ) Drawing of a Brannock Device (from U.S. Patent 1,725,334) A slightly different sizing method is based on the Brannock Device , a measuring instrument invented by Charles F. Brannock in 1925 and now found in many shoe stores. The formula used by the Brannock device assumes a foot length 2⁄3 inch (1.7 cm) less than the length of the last; thus, men's size 1 is equivalent to a foot's length of 7 2⁄3 inches. Women's sizes are one size up. male shoe size (Brannock) = 3 × foot length in inches − 22 (\displaystyle (\mbox(male shoe size (Brannock)))=3\times (\mbox(foot length in inches))-22) female shoe size (Brannock) = 3 × foot length in inches − 21 (\displaystyle (\mbox(female shoe size (Brannock)))=3\times (\mbox(foot length in inches))-21) The method also measures the length of the distance of the heel and the widest point of the foot. For that purpose, the device has another, shorter scale at the side of the foot. If this scale indicates a larger size, it is taken in place of the foot's length. For children's sizes, additional wiggle room is added to allow for growth. The device also measures the width of the foot and assigns it designations of AAA, AA, A, B, C, D, E, EE, or EEE. The widths are 3/16 in apart and differ by shoe length. Foot Scanner ( edit ) Some shoe stores use optical devices to precisely measure the length and width of both feet and recommend the appropriate shoe model and size. (1) Europe ( edit ) The Continental European system is used in Portugal , France , Germany , Italy , Spain , and most other continental European countries. It is also used in Middle Eastern countries (such as Iran ), Brazil -- which uses the same method but subtracts 2 from the final result-- and, commonly, Hong Kong . In this system, the shoe size is the length of the last , expressed in Paris points , for both sexes and for adults and children alike. Because a Paris point is 2⁄3 of a centimetre, the formula is as follows: s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × l a s t l e n g t h ( c m ) (\displaystyle \mathrm (shoe~size~((Paris~points))=(\frac (3)(2))\times (last~length)\left((cm)\right)) ) To compute the size based on actual foot length, one must first add a length of about 1.5 to 2 cm. For instance, for a shoe having an external length 1.5 cm longer than the foot: s h o e s i z e ( P a r i s p o i n t s ) = 3 2 × ( f o o t l e n g t h ( c m ) + 1.5 ) (\displaystyle \mathrm (shoe~size~((Paris~points))=(\frac (3)(2))\times (\left(~foot~length\left((cm)\right)+1.5~\right))) ) This gives the relationships: European size = 1.27 × UK size + 31.75 UK size = European size / 1.27 - 25 = 0.7874 × European size - 25 Asia ( edit ) The Asian system is based on metric measurements and standardised as JIS S 5037:1998, CNS 4800, S 1093, or KS M 6681. Foot length and girth are taken into account. The foot length is indicated in centimetres; an increment of 5 mm is used. This system was also used in the GDR . The length is followed by designators for girth (A, B, C, D, E, EE, EEE, EEEE, F, G), which is taken from a table indexed to girth and length. There are different tables for men's , women's , and children's (less than 12 years of age) shoes. The tables also include the width as supplemental indications. Not all designators are used for all genders and in all countries. For example, the largest girth for women in China is EEEE, whereas in Japan, it is F. Mexico ( edit ) Shoes are sized either according to the foot length they are intended to fit, in cm, or alternatively to another variation of the barleycorn system, with sizes calculated approximately as: adult shoe size = 3 × last length in inches − 25.5 (\displaystyle (\mbox(adult shoe size))=3\times (\mbox(last length in inches))-25.5) USSR (russia/cis) ( edit ) Historically the USSR used the European (Paris point) system but an alternative metric system (State Standard 3927-- 64) was devised, with shoe sizes increasing in 1⁄2rather than the 2⁄3 cm intervals found in the European scheme. This system has been refined by later standards: GOST 9133-1978 Determination of linear dimensions of footwear GOST 24382-1980 sneakers size GOST R 54592-2011 Footwear. Methods for determination of linear dimensions. Where used this system is sometimes described as a Pointe (ballet shoe) or Stych size: Pointe/Stych Shoe Sizes Foot Length (mm) 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180 185 190 195 200 205 210 215 220 225 230 235 240 245 250 255 260 265 270 275 280 285 290 295 300 305 310 315 Children's 17 18 19 191⁄2 20 21 22 221⁄2 23 24 25 251⁄2 26 27 28 281⁄2 29 30 31 311⁄2 32 33 34 341⁄2 35 36 37 371⁄2 38 39 40 Women's 34 35 36 37 371⁄2 38 381⁄2 39 40 41 411⁄2 42 421⁄2 Men's 381⁄2 39 40 41 411⁄2 42 421⁄2 43 44 45 46 47 471⁄2 Difficulties in shoe size comparison ( edit ) Please note that the following tables indicate theoretical sizes calculated from the standards and information given above. Differences between various shoe size tables, makers' tables or other tables found on the Web are usually due to the following factors: The systems are not fully standardised. Differences between shoes from different makers, which are due to different methods of measuring the shoes, different manufacturing processes, or different allowances are sometimes related to different countries. A `` German'' size may then differ from a `` French'' size, although both countries use the Continental European system. Different widths may have the result that for wide feet, a shoe multiple sizes larger (and actually too long) may be required. This may also result in different size indications, especially if different typical widths are attributed to different sizing systems or countries. Some tables for children take future growth into account. The shoe size is then larger than what would correspond to the actual length of the foot. An indication in centimetres or inches can mean the length of the foot or the length of the shoe's inner cavity. This relation is not constant but varies due to different amounts of wiggle room required for different sizes of shoes. There are several U.S. systems, which differ substantially for sizes far above or below medium sizes. Further, some tables available on the Web simply contain errors. For example, the wiggle room or different zero point is not taken into account, or tables based on different U.S. systems (traditional and athletic) are simply combined although they are incompatible. See also ( edit ) Fashion portal List of shoe styles Shoes References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Andersson, Bendt. `` Recommendations to suppliers and manufacturers of orthopedic footwear concerning sizes of shoes and lasts'' (PDF) (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . Jump up ^ International Standard ISO 9407:1991, Shoe sizes-- Mondopoint system of sizing and marking Jump up ^ Cairns, Warwick. About the Size of It . Macmillan. ISBN 978-0-230-01628-6 . Jump up ^ ASICS Oceania Pty Lyd., Asics Shoe Sizes , stating `` Shoe sizes on product details pages are in US shoe size'' ; accessed 16 January 2017 ^ Jump up to: Brannock Device Co. `` History'' . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . ^ Jump up to: Brannock Device Co. `` Size Conversion Chart'' . Retrieved 2010-04-20 . ^ Jump up to: Brannock Device Co. `` Instructions'' . Retrieved 2009-01-06 . Jump up ^ German Standard DIN 66074:1975, Shoe sizes Jump up ^ Spanish Standard UNE 59850:1998, Shoes: Size designation Jump up ^ (in Japanese) Rakuten.co.jp External links ( edit ) Chart of US shoe widths by size ( hide ) ISO standards by standard number List of ISO standards / ISO romanizations / IEC standards 1-- 9999 5 6 7 9 16 31 -0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 128 216 217 226 228 233 259 269 302 306 428 518 519 639 -1 -2 -3 -5 -6 646 690 732 764 843 898 965 1000 1004 1007 1073-1 1413 1538 1745 2014 2015 2022 2047 2108 2145 2146 2240 2281 2709 2711 2788 2848 2852 3029 3103 3166 -1 -2 -3 3297 3307 3602 3864 3901 3977 4031 4157 4217 4909 5218 5428 5775 5776 5800 5964 6166 6344 6346 6385 6425 6429 6438 6523 6709 7001 7002 7098 7185 7200 7498 7736 7810 7811 7812 7813 7816 8000 8178 8217 8571 8583 8601 8632 8652 8691 8807 8820-5 8859 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 -8 -8-I -9 -10 -11 -12 -13 -14 -15 -16 8879 9000/9001 9075 9126 9293 9241 9362 9407 9506 9529 9564 9594 9660 9897 9899 9945 9984 9985 9995 10000-- 19999 10005 10006 10007 10116 10118-3 10160 10161 10165 10179 10206 10218 10303 -11 -21 -22 -28 -238 10383 10487 10585 10589 10646 10664 10746 10861 10957 10962 10967 11073 11170 11179 11404 11544 11783 11784 11785 11801 11898 11940 ( -2 ) 11941 11941 (TR) 11992 12006 12182 12207 12234-2 13211 -1 -2 13216 13250 13399 13406-2 13450 13485 13490 13567 13568 13584 13616 14000 14031 14224 14289 14396 14443 14496 -2 -3 -6 -10 -11 -12 -14 -17 -20 14644 14649 14651 14698 14750 14764 14882 14971 15022 15189 15288 15291 15292 15398 15408 15444 -3 15445 15438 15504 15511 15686 15693 15706 -2 15707 15897 15919 15924 15926 15926 WIP 15930 16023 16262 16612-2 16750 16949 (TS) 17024 17025 17100 17203 17369 17442 17799 18000 18004 18014 18245 18629 18916 19005 19011 19092 (-1 -2) 19114 19115 19125 19136 19439 19500 19501 19502 19503 19505 19506 19507 19508 19509 19510 19600:2014 19752 19757 19770 19775-1 19794-5 19831 20000+ 20000 20022 20121 20400 21000 21047 21500 21827:2002 22000 23270 23271 23360 24517 24613 24617 24707 25178 25964 26000 26300 26324 27000 series 27000 27001:2005 27001:2013 27002 27006 27729 28000 29110 29148 29199-2 29500 30170 31000 32000 38500 40500 42010 55000 80000 -1 -2 -3 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shoe_size&oldid=812860828 '' Categories : Anthropometry Footwear Mechanical standards Sizes in clothing Hidden categories: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) Articles with Japanese-language external links Articles needing additional references from April 2014 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Русский Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt Yorùbá 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 November 2017, at 08:33. 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4th of july day of the week history

The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence . July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day , and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962 . In 1964 , the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day . In Rwanda , July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day , commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role . Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States .

Independence Day (United States) - wikipedia Independence Day (United States) Jump to: navigation , search `` Fourth of July'' and `` 4th of July'' redirect here. For the date, see July 4 . For other uses, see Independence Day (disambiguation) . For other related material, see Fourth of July (disambiguation) . Independence Day Displays of fireworks, such as these over the Washington Monument in 1986, take place across the United States on Independence Day. Also called The Fourth of July Observed by United States Type National Significance The day in 1776 that the Declaration of Independence was adopted by the Continental Congress Celebrations Fireworks , family reunions , concerts, barbecues , picnics , parades , baseball games Date July 4 Next time July 4, 2018 ( 2018-07-04 ) Frequency Annual Independence Day , also referred to as the Fourth of July or July Fourth , is a federal holiday in the United States commemorating the adoption of the Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776. The Continental Congress declared that the thirteen American colonies regarded themselves as a new nation, the United States of America , and were no longer part of the British Empire . The Congress actually voted to declare independence two days earlier, on July 2. Independence Day is commonly associated with fireworks , parades , barbecues , carnivals , fairs , picnics , concerts , baseball games , family reunions , and political speeches and ceremonies, in addition to various other public and private events celebrating the history, government, and traditions of the United States. Independence Day is the National Day of the United States. Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Observance 3 Customs 4 Celebration gallery 5 Notable celebrations 6 Other countries 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Background During the American Revolution , the legal separation of the Thirteen Colonies from Great Britain in 1776 actually occurred on July 2, when the Second Continental Congress voted to approve a resolution of independence that had been proposed in June by Richard Henry Lee of Virginia declaring the United States independent from Great Britain rule. After voting for independence, Congress turned its attention to the Declaration of Independence , a statement explaining this decision, which had been prepared by a Committee of Five , with Thomas Jefferson as its principal author. Congress debated and revised the wording of the Declaration, finally approving it two days later on July 4. A day earlier, John Adams had written to his wife Abigail : The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more. Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated independence on July 4, the date shown on the much-publicized Declaration of Independence, rather than on July 2, the date the resolution of independence was approved in a closed session of Congress. Historians have long disputed whether members of Congress signed the Declaration of Independence on July 4, even though Thomas Jefferson, John Adams, and Benjamin Franklin all later wrote that they had signed it on that day. Most historians have concluded that the Declaration was signed nearly a month after its adoption, on August 2, 1776, and not on July 4 as is commonly believed. Coincidentally, both John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, the only signers of the Declaration of Independence later to serve as Presidents of the United States , died on the same day: July 4, 1826, which was the 50th anniversary of the Declaration. Although not a signer of the Declaration of Independence, James Monroe , another Founding Father who was elected as President, also died on July 4, 1831. He was the third President in a row who died on the anniversary of independence. Calvin Coolidge , the 30th President, was born on July 4, 1872; so far he is the only U.S. President to have been born on Independence Day. Observance In 1777, thirteen gunshots were fired in salute, once at morning and once again as evening fell, on July 4 in Bristol, Rhode Island . Philadelphia celebrated the first anniversary in a manner a modern American would find familiar: an official dinner for the Continental Congress, toasts, 13-gun salutes , speeches, prayers, music, parades, troop reviews, and fireworks. Ships in port were decked with red, white, and blue bunting. In 1778, from his headquarters at Ross Hall , near New Brunswick, New Jersey , General George Washington marked July 4 with a double ration of rum for his soldiers and an artillery salute ( feu de joie ). Across the Atlantic Ocean, ambassadors John Adams and Benjamin Franklin held a dinner for their fellow Americans in Paris , France. American children of many ethnic backgrounds celebrate noisily in 1902 Puck cartoon In 1779, July 4 fell on a Sunday. The holiday was celebrated on Monday, July 5. In 1781, the Massachusetts General Court became the first state legislature to recognize July 4 as a state celebration. In 1783, Moravians in Salem, North Carolina , held a celebration of July 4 with a challenging music program assembled by Johann Friedrich Peter . This work was titled The Psalm of Joy. This is recognized as the first recorded celebration and is still celebrated there today. In 1870, the U.S. Congress made Independence Day an unpaid holiday for federal employees. In 1938, Congress changed Independence Day to a paid federal holiday. Customs An 1825 invitation to an Independence Day celebration Fireworks on Independence Day in Goleta, California . Independence Day is a national holiday marked by patriotic displays. Similar to other summer-themed events, Independence Day celebrations often take place outdoors. Independence Day is a federal holiday, so all non-essential federal institutions (such as the postal service and federal courts ) are closed on that day. Many politicians make it a point on this day to appear at a public event to praise the nation's heritage, laws, history, society, and people. Families often celebrate Independence Day by hosting or attending a picnic or barbecue; many take advantage of the day off and, in some years, a long weekend to gather with relatives or friends. Decorations ( e.g. , streamers, balloons, and clothing) are generally colored red, white, and blue, the colors of the American flag . Parades are often held in the morning, before family get-togethers, while fireworks displays occur in the evening after dark at such places as parks, fairgrounds, or town squares. The night before the Fourth was once the focal point of celebrations, marked by raucous gatherings often incorporating bonfires as their centerpiece. In New England , towns competed to build towering pyramids, assembled from barrels and casks. They were lit at nightfall, to usher in the celebration. The highest were in Salem, Massachusetts (on Gallows Hill, the famous site of the execution of 13 women and 6 men for witchcraft in 1692 during the Salem witch trials ), where the tradition of celebratory bonfires had persisted, with pyramids composed of as many as forty tiers of barrels. These made the tallest bonfires ever recorded. The custom flourished in the 19th and 20th centuries, and is still practiced in some New England towns. Independence Day fireworks are often accompanied by patriotic songs such as the national anthem `` The Star-Spangled Banner '' , `` God Bless America '' , `` America the Beautiful ,'' `` My Country, ' Tis of Thee ,'' `` This Land Is Your Land ,'' `` Stars and Stripes Forever ,'' and, regionally, `` Yankee Doodle '' in northeastern states and `` Dixie '' in southern states. Some of the lyrics recall images of the Revolutionary War or the War of 1812 . Independence Day Parade in Washington, D.C. Firework shows are held in many states, and many fireworks are sold for personal use or as an alternative to a public show. Safety concerns have led some states to ban fireworks or limit the sizes and types allowed. In addition, local and regional weather conditions may dictate whether the sale or use of fireworks in an area will be allowed. Some local or regional firework sales are limited or prohibited because of dry weather or other specific concerns. On these occasions the public may be prohibited from purchasing or discharging fireworks, but professional displays (such as those at sports events) may still take place, if certain safety precautions have been taken. A salute of one gun for each state in the United States, called a `` salute to the union,'' is fired on Independence Day at noon by any capable military base. In 2009, New York City had the largest fireworks display in the country, with more than 22 tons of pyrotechnics exploded. It generally holds displays in the East River. Other major displays are in Chicago on Lake Michigan ; in San Diego over Mission Bay ; in Boston on the Charles River ; in St. Louis on the Mississippi River ; in San Francisco over the San Francisco Bay ; and on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. During the annual Windsor-Detroit International Freedom Festival , Detroit, Michigan hosts one of the world's largest fireworks displays, over the Detroit River , to celebrate Independence Day in conjunction with Windsor, Ontario 's celebration of Canada Day . The first week of July is typically one of the busiest United States travel periods of the year, as many people use what is often a three-day holiday weekend for extended vacation trips. Celebration gallery In addition to a fireworks show, Miami , Florida lights one of its tallest buildings with the patriotic red, white and blue color scheme on Independence Day New York City's fireworks display, shown above over the East Village , is sponsored by Macy's and is the largest in the country Play media Patriotic trailer shown in theaters celebrating July 4, 1940 A festively decorated Independence day cake. Lakes are a popular destination for Fourth of July celebrations in the midwest . Notable celebrations Originally entitled Yankee Doodle , this is one of several versions of a scene painted by A. M. Willard that came to be known as The Spirit of ' 76 . Often imitated or parodied, it is a familiar symbol of American patriotism Held since 1785, the Bristol Fourth of July Parade in Bristol, Rhode Island is the oldest continuous Independence Day celebration in the United States. Since 1868, Seward, Nebraska has held a celebration on the same town square. In 1979 Seward was designated `` America's Official Fourth of July City-Small Town USA'' by resolution of Congress. Seward has also been proclaimed `` Nebraska's Official Fourth of July City'' by Governor James Exon in proclamation. Seward is a town of 6,000 but swells to 40,000+ during the July 4 celebrations. Since 1912, the Rebild Society, a Danish-American friendship organization, has held a July 4 weekend festival that serves as a homecoming for Danish-Americans in the Rebild municipality of Denmark . Since 1959, the International Freedom Festival is jointly held in Detroit, Michigan and Windsor, Ontario during the last week of June each year as a mutual celebration of Independence Day and Canada Day (July 1). It culminates in a large fireworks display over the Detroit River . The famous Macy's fireworks display usually held over the East River in New York City has been televised nationwide on NBC since 1976. In 2009, the fireworks display was returned to the Hudson River for the first time since 2000 to commemorate the 400th anniversary of Henry Hudson 's exploration of that river. The Boston Pops Orchestra has hosted a music and fireworks show over the Charles River Esplanade called the `` Boston Pops Fireworks Spectacular'' annually since 1973. The event was broadcast nationally from 1991 until 2002 on A&E , and since 2002 by CBS and its Boston station WBZ-TV . WBZ/1030 and WBZ-TV broadcast the entire event locally, and from 2002 through 2012, CBS broadcast the final hour of the concert nationally in primetime. The national broadcast was put on hiatus beginning in 2013, which Pops executive producer David G. Mugar believed was the result of decreasing viewership caused by NBC's encore presentation of the Macy's fireworks. The national broadcast will be revived for 2016, and expanded to two hours. On the Capitol lawn in Washington, D.C., A Capitol Fourth , a free concert broadcast live by PBS , NPR and the American Forces Network , precedes the fireworks and attracts over half a million people annually. Other Countries The Philippines celebrates July 4 as its Republic Day to commemorate that day in 1946 when it ceased to be a U.S. territory and the United States officially recognized Philippine Independence . July 4 was intentionally chosen by the United States because it corresponds to its Independence Day, and this day was observed in the Philippines as Independence Day until 1962. In 1964, the name of the July 4 holiday was changed to Republic Day. In Rwanda, July 4 is an official holiday known as Liberation Day , commemorating the end of the 1994 Rwandan Genocide in which the U.S. government also played a role. Rebild National Park in Denmark is said to hold the largest July 4 celebrations outside of the United States. See also Holidays portal United States portal 1776 (musical) Constitution Day (United States) To the Fourth of July (1898), poem `` What to a slave is the 4th of July? '' -- 1852 Frederick Douglass speech References ^ Jump up to: `` What is Independence Day in USA?'' . Tech Notes. July 2, 2015 . Retrieved July 2, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` National Days of Countries'' . Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Trade . New Zealand . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Central Intelligence Agency . `` National Holiday'' . The World Factbook . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` National Holiday of Member States'' . United Nations . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker, p. 3. Jump up ^ Staff writer (July 1, 1917). `` How Declaration of Independence was Drafted'' (PDF) . New York Times . Retrieved November 20, 2009 . On the following day, when the formal vote of Congress was taken, the resolutions were approved by twelve Colonies-- all except New York. The original Colonies, therefore, became the United States of America on July 2, 1776. Jump up ^ `` Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776, ' Had a Declaration... ' '' . Adams Family Papers . Massachusetts Historical Society . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Maier, Pauline (August 7, 1997). `` Making Sense of the Fourth of July'' . American Heritage . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Burnett, Edward Cody (1941). The Continental Congress . New York: W.W. Norton. pp. 191-- 96. ISBN 1104991853 . Jump up ^ Warren, Charles (July 1945). `` Fourth of July Myths'' . William and Mary Quarterly . 3d. 2 (3): 238-- 272. Jump up ^ `` Top 5 Myths About the Fourth of July!'' . History News Network . George Mason University . June 30, 2001 . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Jump up ^ Becker, pp. 184-- 85. Jump up ^ For the minority scholarly argument that the Declaration was signed on July 4, see Wilfred J. Ritz, `` The Authentication of the Engrossed Declaration of Independence on July 4, 1776'' , Law and History Review 4, no. 1 (Spring 1986): 179-- 204, via JSTOR. Jump up ^ Heintze, `` The First Celebrations'' . ^ Jump up to: Heintze, `` A Chronology of Notable Fourth of July Celebration Occurrences'' . Jump up ^ (1) Archived July 22, 2013, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Heintze, `` How the Fourth of July was Designated as an ' Official' Holiday'' . Jump up ^ Heintze, `` Federal Legislation Establishing the Fourth of July Holiday'' . Jump up ^ `` The Night Before the Fourth'' . The Atlantic. July 1, 2011 . Retrieved November 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Origin of the 21-Gun Salute'' . U.S. Army Center of Military History . October 3, 2003 . Retrieved July 4, 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Biggest fireworks show in U.S. lights up sky , USA Today, July 2009. Jump up ^ `` AAA Chicago Projects Increase in Fourth of July Holiday Travelers'' , PR Newswire , 23 June 2010 Jump up ^ `` History of Seward Nebraska 4th of July'' . Jump up ^ `` History'' . Rebild Society . Rebild National Park Society . Retrieved June 30, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` 2009 Macy's 4th of July Fireworks'' . Federated Department Stores . April 29, 2009 . Retrieved July 4, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Welcome to Boston's 4th of July Celebration'' . Boston 4 Celebrations Foundation. 2009. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008 . Retrieved July 4, 2009 . Jump up ^ James H. Burnett III. Boston gets a nonreality show: CBS broadcasts impossible views of 4th fireworks . Boston Globe, July 8, 2011 Jump up ^ Powers, Martine; Moskowitz, Eric (June 15, 2013). `` July 4 fireworks gala loses its national pop'' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved June 16, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` With CBS on board again, Keith Lockhart is ready to take over prime time'' . Boston Herald . Retrieved July 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Philippine Republic Day , Official Gazette (Philippines) , retrieved July 5, 2012 Jump up ^ Lindsey Galloway (Jul 3, 2012). `` Celebrate American independence in Denmark'' . Further reading Becker, Carl L. (1922). The Declaration of Independence: A Study in the History of Political Ideas . New York: Harcourt, Brace. ISBN 0-394-70060-0 . Retrieved June 28, 2009 . Criblez, Adam (2013). Parading Patriotism: Independence Day Celebrations in the Urban Midwest, 1826-- 1876. DeKalb, IL: Northern Illinois University Press. Heintze, James R. `` Fourth of July Celebrations Database'' . American University of Washington, D.C . Retrieved February 10, 2015 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Independence Day (United States) . Fourth of July Is Independence Day USA.gov , July 4, 2014 U.S. Independence Day a Civic and Social Event U.S. State Department , June 22, 2010 The Meaning of July Fourth for the Negro by Frederick Douglass Fourth of July Orations Collection at the Division of Special Collections, Archives, and Rare Books, Ellis Library , University of Missouri The Fourth of July, Back in the Day -- slideshow by Life magazine Fourth of July 2015 Fireworks in New York City on Youtube Federal holidays in the United States Current New Year's Day Birthday of Martin Luther King Jr. Washington's Birthday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Columbus Day Veterans Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Former The Eighth (1828-- 1861) Victory Day (1948-- 1975) Proposed Flag Day (1950) Election Day (1993) Malcolm X Day (1993-- 1994) Democracy Day (2005, 2014) Cesar Chavez Day (2008) Susan B. 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Official holidays of the New York Stock Exchange Whole days New Year's Day Martin Luther King Jr. Day Washington's Birthday Good Friday Memorial Day Independence Day Labor Day Thanksgiving Day Christmas Day Partial days Day before Independence Day Day after Thanksgiving Christmas Eve Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Independence_Day_(United_States)&oldid=802033458 '' Categories : Annual events in the United States Federal holidays in the United States Fireworks in the United States History of the United States Holidays related to the American Revolution Independence Day (United States) Independence days July observances Public holidays in the United States Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Wikipedia pages semi-protected against vandalism Use mdy dates from July 2014 Infobox holiday fixed day Wikipedia articles needing clarification from July 2017 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use mdy dates from July 2013 Articles containing video clips Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gaeilge 한국어 Hrvatski Ilokano Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Lietuvių Magyar Malti Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Dorerin Naoero Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 September 2017, at 15:18. 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who plays captain kirk in the new star trek movies

Christopher Whitelaw Pine ( born August 26 , 1980 ) is an American actor . He is known for playing James T. Kirk in the Star Trek reboot film series ( 2009 -- ) , Will Colson in Unstoppable ( 2010 ) , Cinderella 's Prince in Into the Woods ( 2014 ) , Toby Howard in Hell or High Water ( 2016 ) and Steve Trevor in Wonder Woman ( 2017 ) .

Chris Pine - wikipedia Chris Pine Jump to: navigation , search Not to be confused with Christopher Pyne or Chris Pyne . Chris Pine Pine at the 2016 San Diego Comic-Con Christopher Whitelaw Pine ( 1980-08-26 ) August 26, 1980 (age 37) Los Angeles , California, U.S. Alma mater University of California, Berkeley Occupation Actor Years active 2003-- present Parent(s) Robert Pine Gwynne Gilford Relatives Anne Gwynne (grandmother) Christopher Whitelaw Pine (born August 26, 1980) is an American actor. He is known for playing James T. Kirk in the Star Trek reboot film series (2009-- ), Will Colson in Unstoppable (2010), Cinderella's Prince in Into the Woods (2014), Toby Howard in Hell or High Water (2016) and Steve Trevor in Wonder Woman (2017). Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 2003-- 09 2.2 2010-- present 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 4.1 Film 4.2 Television 4.3 Theater 4.4 Video games 4.5 Music videos 5 Discography 5.1 Soundtracks 5.2 Miscellaneous 6 Awards and nominations 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Pine was born in Los Angeles . His father, Robert Pine , is an actor who co-starred on CHiPs as Sergeant Joseph Getraer, and his mother, Gwynne Gilford , is a former actress who became a practicing psychotherapist. He has an older sister, Katie. His maternal grandmother, Anne Gwynne (née Marguerite Gwynne Trice), was a Hollywood actress, and his maternal grandfather, Max M. Gilford (born Max Goldfarb), was an attorney who was elected president of the Hollywood Bar Association . Pine's maternal grandfather was from a Russian Jewish family. Pine graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 2002 with a B.A. in English. When he got to Berkeley, Pine was initially scared of looking for a place to fit in and had a hard time making friends. As he was not interested in joining a fraternity, he got into theater where he found girls and validation and friendly oddballs. He felt right at home with the weird theater kids in Berkeley. As a member of the UC Berkeley Theater Department, Pine performed in a Caryl Churchill play in La Val's Pizza's Subterranean Theater and performed Orestes and Shakespeare at Zellerbach Hall . He was an exchange student at the University of Leeds in the United Kingdom for one year. After graduating from Berkeley, he attended the Williamstown Theatre Festival , and he studied at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco . Career ( edit ) 2003-- 09 ( edit ) Pine at Camp Arifjan, Kuwait following a screening of Star Trek , April 11, 2009 Pine's first acting role was in a 2003 episode of ER ; the same year, he also appeared in episodes of The Guardian and CSI: Miami . In 2004, he appeared in Why Germany? , a short film; and in The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement . Pine played the part of Nicholas Devereaux, the love interest of Anne Hathaway 's leading character. In 2005, Pine appeared in an episode of the series Six Feet Under , as well as in Confession , an independent film that was released directly to video, and The Bulls , another short film. Pine appeared in the made-for-television film Surrender, Dorothy which aired in early 2006. He played Jake Hardin in the American film Just My Luck , a romantic comedy in which he starred opposite Lindsay Lohan , who played Ashley Albright. The film was released on May 12, 2006. Later that year, Pine appeared in the comedy Blind Dating, and in the action film Smokin' Aces . Pine did the one-man play The Atheist , at Center Stage, New York, in late 2006. In 2007, he starred opposite Scott Wolf in the Los Angeles production of Neil LaBute 's play Fat Pig , winning positive reviews for his depiction of a competitive, alpha-male friend. He portrayed real-life Napa Valley vintner Bo Barrett in the 2008 film Bottle Shock . In 2007, Pine turned down a role in a film adaptation of White Jazz , to accept the part of James T. Kirk in the 2009 Star Trek film, which was released to critical and viewer acclaim in May of that year. That same month, he made a brief appearance promoting the film on Saturday Night Live , with co-stars Zachary Quinto and Leonard Nimoy . During the rest of summer 2009, he appeared in the Los Angeles production of the Beau Willimon play Farragut North . 2010-- present ( edit ) Pine appeared in the Los Angeles production of The Lieutenant of Inishmore during the summer of 2010, for which he won the Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle 's lead appearance award. In the fall of 2009, Pine began filming the action film Unstoppable , directed by Tony Scott and written by Mark Bomback , which was released in November 2010. In the film, he played a young train conductor who helped a veteran railroad engineer ( Denzel Washington ) stop an unmanned, half mile long runaway freight train carrying toxic liquids and poisonous gases from wiping out a nearby city. The Hollywood Reporter named Pine as one of the young male actors who are `` pushing-- or being pushed'' into taking over Hollywood as the new `` A-List'' . In 2011, Pine sat down with the original Captain Kirk, William Shatner , for the feature length documentary The Captains , which Shatner wrote and directed. The film sees Shatner interview Pine about his career and how it felt to take the role of Kirk for the 2009 movie. Their interview features a scene where the pair arm wrestles; pictures of this incident `` went viral'' leading to Internet headlines such as `` Kirk v. Kirk'' and others. Pine filmed the romantic comedy This Means War , with Reese Witherspoon and Tom Hardy , during the fall of 2010, in Vancouver . This Means War was released in February 2012. Pine portrayed the voice Jack Frost in Rise of the Guardians . Pine co-starred with Elizabeth Banks , Olivia Wilde and Michelle Pfeiffer in the family drama People Like Us , which was filmed in early 2011 and released in June 2012. He reprised the role of Captain Kirk in the sequel to 2009's Star Trek , Star Trek Into Darkness , released in the US on May 15, 2013. In 2009, Pine entered talks to play CIA analyst Jack Ryan in a reboot of Tom Clancy 's novels. He starred in Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit , which was released in 2014. Pine was the fourth actor to play the character, after Alec Baldwin , Harrison Ford , and Ben Affleck . In 2014, Pine was in talks to star in a thriller about the United States Coast Guard, The Finest Hours , released in January 2016. He guest-starred in Netflix 's Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp and lent his voice for SuperMansion in 2015. In May 2015, Pine was confirmed to play one of the Howard brothers, along with Ben Foster , in Hell or High Water (originally called Comancheria ). Filming started on May 26, 2015 in New Mexico . The film premiered at the 69th annual Cannes Film Festival in May 2016 and was released in August 2016. He reprised the role of Captain Kirk in Star Trek Beyond . Filming began in June 2015 in Canada, and it was released in the US on July 22, 2016. On July 14, 2016, he received his first Emmy Award nomination in `` Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance'' for his work on the series SuperMansion . Pine was invited by Barbra Streisand to duet with her on her album Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway , along with other stars. In 2015, Pine was cast as Steve Trevor , opposite Gal Gadot , in the superhero film Wonder Woman , which was released in June 2017. In 2017, he reprised his roles in SuperMansion season 2, and Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later . He also guest-starred in Angie Tribeca season 3 (including an episode where his father was also a guest star), and narrates the final episode of National Geographic Channel's Breakthrough season 2. In October 2016, it was announced that Pine to portray Dr. Alexander Murry in 2018 film A Wrinkle in Time , based on the novel of the same name. In April 2017, Pine was cast as Robert the Bruce in Outlaw King . The filming started on August 21, 2017 in Scotland. In May 2017, Pine was in negotiations to star in a film adaptation of the novel, All the Old Knives , opposite Michelle Williams . In July 2017, the US cable network TNT announced Pine would play the role of Jay Singletary in a six-episode television drama, One Day She'll Darken , and serve as an executive producer alongside director Patty Jenkins and writer Sam Sheridan. That same month, Zachary Quinto announced an untitled fourth Star Trek film was still in the early stages of being written. On September 5, 2017, it was announced that Pine is set to star as Robert F. Kennedy in a limited series on Hulu , produced by Sony Pictures Television. He will also serve as an executive producer for the series, based on the Larry Tye biography Bobby Kennedy: The Making Of A Liberal Icon . Personal life ( edit ) Pine at the Sydney premiere of Star Trek Into Darkness , April 2013 Pine has stated, `` I definitely have a spiritual outlook... I am not a religious guy, I am probably agnostic .'' On March 1, 2014, while filming Z for Zachariah in New Zealand, Pine was arrested by police near Methven after failing to pass a routine roadside breath alcohol test. He pleaded guilty to drunk driving on March 17, stating that he drank four vodkas at a local pub. Pine was disqualified from driving in New Zealand for six months and ordered to pay NZ$ 93 in reparation. He had a clean record, and the judge said that `` the incident was out of character.'' Politically, Pine has called himself a `` left-leaning liberal.'' He has stated that both Democrats and Republicans tend to be interchangeable when it comes to certain actions, citing President Obama's strengthening of the Patriot Act. During the 2016 presidential campaign, Pine along with fellow Star Trek coworkers J.J. Abrams, John Cho, Simon Pegg, Zachary Quinto, Zoe Saldana, Karl Urban, George Takei, Justin Lin, Bryan Fuller, and Adam Nimoy, endorsed a movement called Trek Against Trump. The movement endorsed Hillary Clinton. On November 1, 2016, Pine, along with director Joss Whedon, released a video urging people to vote in the upcoming elections. While the video was a parody of Congress, many viewers took the video to represent the Republican Congress. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Director Note(s) Why Germany? Chris Gabriel Peters-Lazaro Short film The Princess Diaries 2: Royal Engagement Nicholas Devereaux Garry Marshall 2005 Confession Luther Scott Jonathan Meyers The Bulls Jason Eric Stoltz Short film 2006 Just My Luck Jake Hardin Donald Petrie Blind Dating Danny Valdessecchi James Keach Smokin' Aces Darwin Tremor Joe Carnahan 2008 Bottle Shock Bo Barrett Randall Miller 2009 Star Trek James T. Kirk J.J. Abrams Carriers Brian Green Àlex Pastor David Pastor Beyond All Boundaries Hanson Baldwin / Sgt. Bill Reed David Briggs Voices Small Town Saturday Night Rhett Ryan Ryan Craig Quantum Quest: A Cassini Space Odyssey Dave Harry Kloor Daniel St. Pierre Voice Unstoppable Will Colson Tony Scott 2012 Celeste and Jesse Forever Rory Shenandoah Lee Toland Krieger Cameo Credited as Kris Pino This Means War Franklin `` FDR'' Foster McG People Like Us Sam Harper Alex Kurtzman Rise of the Guardians Jack Frost Peter Ramsey Voice 2013 Star Trek Into Darkness James T. Kirk J.J. Abrams 2014 Jack Ryan: Shadow Recruit Jack Ryan Kenneth Branagh Stretch Roger Karos Joe Carnahan Uncredited Horrible Bosses 2 Rex Hanson Sean Anders Into the Woods Cinderella's Prince Rob Marshall 2015 Z for Zachariah Caleb Craig Zobel 2016 The Finest Hours Bernie Webber Craig Gillespie Hell or High Water Toby Howard David Mackenzie Star Trek Beyond James T. Kirk Justin Lin 2017 Wonder Woman Steve Trevor Patty Jenkins 2018 A Wrinkle in Time Dr. Alexander Murry Ava DuVernay Post-production Outlaw King Robert the Bruce David Mackenzie In Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , Pine appeared in a photo cameo. Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 2003 ER Levine Episode: `` A Thousand Cranes'' 2003 The Guardian Lonnie Grandy Episode: `` Hazel Park'' 2003 CSI: Miami Tommy Chandler Episode: `` Extreme '' American Dreams Joey Tremain Episode: `` Tidings of Comfort and Joy'' 2005 Six Feet Under Young Sam Hoviak Episode: `` Dancing for Me'' 2006 Surrender, Dorothy Shawn Best Television film 2009 Saturday Night Live Himself Episode: `` Justin Timberlake / Ciara '' 2014 Robot Chicken Captain Jake (voice) Episode: `` Noidstrom Rack'' 2014 Off Camera Himself Episode: `` Chris Pine'' 2015 Wet Hot American Summer: First Day of Camp Eric 5 episodes 2015-- present SuperMansion Dr. Devizo / Robo-Dino (voice) 13 episodes 2017 Angie Tribeca Dr. Thomas Hornbein 3 episodes 2017 Saturday Night Live Himself (host) `` Episode: Chris Pine/ LCD Soundsystem '' 2017 Breakthrough Himself (narrator) `` Episode: Power to the People'' 2017 Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later Eric 4 episodes 2018 One Day She'll Darken Jay Singletary live-action series-regular debut, executive producer Theater ( edit ) Year Title Role Theater 2006 The Atheist Augustine Early Center Stage, NY 2007 Fat Pig Carter Geffen Playhouse 2009 Farragut North Stephen Geffen Playhouse The Lieutenant of Inishmore Padraic Mark Taper Forum Video games ( edit ) Year Title Voice 2013 Star Trek James T. Kirk Music videos ( edit ) Year Title Artist 2012 `` All I Want'' The Ivy Walls 2013 `` Queenie Eye '' Paul McCartney Discography ( edit ) Soundtracks ( edit ) Year Song with Movie `` Someday Came Today'' Small Town Saturday Night 2014 `` Agony'' Billy Magnussen Into the Woods `` Any Moment'' Emily Blunt Miscellaneous ( edit ) Year Song Album 2016 I'll Be Seeing You`` /'' I've Grown Accustomed to Her Face'' Encore: Movie Partners Sing Broadway ( Barbra Streisand ) Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Award Work Result 2009 Ovation Award Lead Actor in a Play Farragut North Nominated Boston Society of Film Critics Award Best Ensemble Cast (with cast) Star Trek Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble (with cast) Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Fresh Face Male Nominated Choice Movie Rumble (with Zachary Quinto ) Nominated Scream Award Best Actor in a Science Fiction Movie or TV Show Won Detroit Film Critics Society Award Breakthrough Performance Nominated Best Ensemble (with cast) Nominated ShoWest Award Male Star of Tomorrow Won People's Choice Award Favorite Breakout Movie Star Nominated MTV Movie Award Best Breakout Star Star Trek Nominated Biggest Badass Star Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Acting Ensemble (with cast) Nominated Los Angeles Drama Critics Circle Award Lead Performance The Lieutenant of Inishmore Won 2012 Teen Choice Award Choice Movie Actor: Romance This Means War Nominated 2013 Choice Summer Movie Star: Male Star Trek Into Darkness Nominated CinemaCon Award Male Star of the Year Won 2014 People's Choice Award Favorite Movie Duo (with Zachary Quinto ) Star Trek Into Darkness Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Award Best Ensemble (with cast) Into the Woods Nominated Satellite Award Best Ensemble -- Motion Picture (with cast) Won 2016 Primetime Emmy Award Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance SuperMansion Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie Actor: AnTEENcipated Star Trek Beyond Nominated Broadcast Film Critics Association Award Best Acting Ensemble (with cast) Hell or High Water Nominated Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award Best Ensemble (with cast) Won San Diego Film Critics Society Best Actor Nominated Best Ensemble (with cast) Won Detroit Film Critics Society Award Best Ensemble (with cast) Nominated 2017 People's Choice Awards Favorite Dramatic Movie Actor The Finest Hours / Hell or High Water Nominated Jupiter Award Best International Actor Star Trek Beyond Nominated Saturn Award Best Actor Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Action Movie Actor Wonder Woman Won References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Monitor'' . Entertainment Weekly (1274). August 30, 2013. p. 20. Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine: Film Actor, Television Actor, Actor (1980-- )'' . Biography.com ( FYI / A&E Networks ) . Retrieved July 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Turbiville, Tom (February 7, 2010). `` Aggie connections move actor to help Bryan school'' . theeagle.com . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Chiu, Alexis; Huver, Scott (May 25, 2009). `` Star Trek's Hot New Hero Chris Pine'' . People.com . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Martin, Denise. `` 10 things you didn't know about Chris Pine'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Gerri, Miller (May 30, 2017). `` Hollywood Now: Chris Pine, Rachel Weisz & Ari Graynor, Plus So Many Babies!'' . InterfaithFamily . Archived from the original on June 11, 2017 . Retrieved July 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Smith, Krista (May 2009). `` To Boldly Star'' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine biography'' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine, the Next Action Hero'' . Men's Journal . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Search Results artistic : UC Berkeley Department of Theater, Dance, and Performance Studies'' . tdps.berkeley.edu . Retrieved October 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Cal At Sundance (January 27, 2015), Actor Chris Pine ' 02 on Best Memories at UC Berkeley Theater Dept , retrieved October 20, 2017 Jump up ^ `` Chris's new role is light years from Leeds digs'' . Yorkshire Post . May 1, 2009 . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Awards Chatter' Podcast -- Chris Pine (' Hell or High Water' )'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The King's Stag'' . Williamstown Theatre Festival . Jump up ^ Robinson, Paul (April 23, 2009). `` Actor's Yorkshire days recalled as new Star Trek film hits the screens'' . Yorkshire Evening Post . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Torre, Nestor (May 15, 2009). `` Star Trek launches Chris Pine to stardom'' . Philippine Daily Inquirer . Archived from the original on May 19, 2009 . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine Covers Out: ' Star Trek Into Darkness' Star Dishes On Gay Roles, Love Scenes'' . Huffington Post . May 6, 2013 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` In ' Just My Luck,' Lindsay Lohan Is a Career Girl Hunting Love'' . New York Times . May 12, 2006 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sometimes Pulp Fiction Emphasizes Pulp Over Fiction'' . New York Times . January 26, 2007 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Reporter's Machiavellian Side'' . New York Times . November 30, 2006 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood's Chris Pine Stars in Off-Broadway's Atheist Starting Nov. 24'' . PlayBall . October 10, 2006 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Bottle Shock'' . The Hollywood Reporter . January 28, 2008 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Carnahan, Joe (October 22, 2007). `` Clooney Drops Out of White Jazz , Too'' . ComingSoon.net . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine was once `` scared'' to play Capt. Kirk`` . Access Hollywood . April 3, 2009 . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Boucher, Geoff (May 7, 2009). `` As Kirk, Chris Pine boldly goes where we've been before'' . chron.com . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek stars beam up to SNL '' . Access Hollywood . May 10, 2009 . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ McNulty, Charles (June 25, 2009). `` Review: Farragut North at the Geffen Playhouse'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved September 19, 2009 . Jump up ^ Reiner, Jay (July 13, 2010). `` Review: The Lieutenant of Inishmore a gruesome pleasure'' . Reuters . Retrieved August 2, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine, Ed Harris Win L.A. Drama Critics Circle Theater Awards'' . The Hollywood Reporter. March 15, 2011 . Retrieved January 28, 2014 . Jump up ^ Ditzian, Eric (June 4, 2009). `` Exclusive: Chris Pine In Talks To Join Denzel Washington For Unstoppable '' . MTV . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ Blank, Emily; Schutte, Lauren (November 15, 2010). `` Hollywood's A-List Redefined'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 26, 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Exclusive Clips from William Shatner's ' The Captains ' '' . Trekmovie.com. July 18, 2011. Jump up ^ Claggett, Bruce (September 12, 2010). `` Film starring Reese Witherspoon to be shot in Vancouver'' . NEWS1130 . Archived from the original on March 23, 2012 . Retrieved September 20, 2010 . Jump up ^ Abrams, Rachel (April 11, 2011). `` Fox dates ' Chronicle,' ' This Means War ' '' . Variety.com . Retrieved April 12, 2011 . Jump up ^ Swayne, Valerie (July 6, 2012). `` ' Rise of the Guardians' Trailer Delves Into Jack Frost's Backstory'' . hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved April 15, 2015 . Jump up ^ Breznican, Anthony (January 10, 2011). `` EXCLUSIVE: Michelle Pfeiffer cast as Chris Pine's mom in ' Welcome to People ' '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved January 28, 2011 . Jump up ^ Hepburn, Ned. (November 24, 2011) ' Star Trek' Sequel To Open May 17th, 2013 Archived November 27, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. , Blackbookmag.com; retrieved June 24, 2012. Jump up ^ Leins, Jeff (October 13, 2009). `` Chris Pine in Talks to Play the New Jack Ryan'' . News in Film . Retrieved October 17, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine in Talks to Play Jack Ryan'' . ComingSoon.net . October 14, 2009 . Retrieved July 19, 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine in Talks to Star in Disney Coast Guard Drama'' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine Thriller ' The Finest Hours' Pushed to 2016 by Disney'' . The Wrap . April 8, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Wet Hot American Summer' : Chris Pine, Kristen Wiig, Jon Hamm & Jason Schwartzman Join Cast'' . Deadline . January 28, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Crackle Sets Premiere Dates For ' The Art Of More' , ' Supermansion' , ' Comedians In Cars...' -- TCA'' . Deadline . August 5, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Comancheria' With Chris Pine, Ben Foster & Jeff Bridges Acquired By CBS Films'' . Deadline . May 4, 2015. Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine's ' Hell or High Water' to Hit Theaters in August'' . Variety . May 3, 2016. Jump up ^ `` Filming Begins on Star Trek 3 at the Squamish Boulders in British Columbia'' . ComingSoon.net . June 25, 2015. Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek: Beyond' Gets New Release Date'' . Variety . September 17, 2015. Jump up ^ `` OUTSTANDING CHARACTER VOICE-OVER PERFORMANCE - 2016'' . Television Academy . Jump up ^ `` Complete list of 2016 Emmy nominations and winners'' . Los Angeles Times . September 18, 2016 . Retrieved October 3, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` BWW Exclusive World Premiere: Watch Barbra Streisand & Chris Pine Take on MY FAIR LADY on Her ENCORE Album!'' . Broadway World. August 24, 2016 . Retrieved August 29, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine Closes Deal to Star Opposite Gal Gadot in ' Wonder Woman' (Exclusive)'' . The Wrap. July 28, 2015 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Warner Bros. Pushes ' Jungle Book' to 2018, ' Wonder Woman' Gets New Date'' . The Hollywood Reporter. April 6, 2016 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` February streaming calendar: ' Santa Clarita Diet,' ' Golden Girls ' '' . USA Today. January 30, 2017 . Retrieved February 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Wet Hot American Summer: Ten Years Later' Trailer & Premiere Date: The Gang's All Here -- Again'' . Deadline. June 22, 2017 . Retrieved August 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Natalie Portman, Chris Pine, Ed Helms among guests on Angie Tribeca'' . Entertainment Weekly. February 9, 2017 . Retrieved February 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Breakthrough' : Ana Lily Amirpour on How She Was Lured to Create an Animated Cancer Monster for Nat Geo'' . Indie Wire. May 2, 2017 . Retrieved May 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine Joins Ava DuVernay's ' A Wrinkle In Time ' '' . Deadline.com. October 21, 2016 . Retrieved July 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Disney Movie Release Schedule Gets a Major Update'' . ComingSoon.net. April 25, 2017 . Retrieved July 29, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Lands Outlaw King'' . Deadline. April 24, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' OUTLAW KING'' STARTS SHOOTING`` . ECHO ARTISTS. August 21, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kroll, Justin (May 5, 2017). `` Chris Pine and Michelle Williams to Star in ' All the Old Knives' (EXCLUSIVE)'' . Variety . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg, Lesley (July 27, 2017). `` Chris Pine Drama From ' Wonder Woman' Director Set at TNT'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek 4 Still Being Written'' . Den of Geek . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson, Joe (September 5, 2017). `` Chris Pine to Star in Robert F. Kennedy Limited Series at Hulu'' . Variety . Retrieved October 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Interview Chris Pine'' . Femalefirst.co.uk . June 16, 2006 . Retrieved August 26, 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine, Captain Kirk actor, charged with DUI'' . CBC News. March 14, 2014 . Retrieved February 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine charged with DUI in New Zealand'' . Chicago Tribune. March 14, 2014 . Retrieved February 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Star Trek actor Chris Pine faces drink-driving charge in New Zealand'' . The Guardian . Retrieved March 12, 2014 . Jump up ^ Dally, Joelle (March 17, 2014). `` Film star Chris Pine pleads guilty: Star ' devastated' by conviction'' . Christchurch, New Zealand: The Press . Retrieved March 17, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine @ Jimmy Kimmel 16.02.12'' . Vimeo . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Pine Reveals His Politics Amid High-Risk ' Jack Ryan' Play'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Star Trek' : J.J. Abrams, Chris Pine, and more sign letter against Donald Trump'' . EW.com . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Bui, Hoai-Tran. `` Joss Whedon, Chris Pine imagine if Congress was your coworker from hell'' . Washington Examiner . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ Save The Day . Vote (November 1, 2016), If Congress was your co-worker - Starring Chris Pine , retrieved November 12, 2017 Jump up ^ Dessem, Matthew (November 1, 2016). `` Chris Pine Is the Worst Co-Worker Ever (and Also a Republican Congressman) in the New Joss Whedon Video'' . Slate . ISSN 1091-2339 . Retrieved November 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Story Behind the Black-and-White Photo That Linked ' Batman v Superman' and ' Wonder Woman ' '' . Yahoo Entertainment. June 13, 2017 . Retrieved December 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ovation Nominees'' . Lastagetimes.com . October 20, 2009. Jump up ^ `` Satellite Awards'' . International Press Academy . Retrieved February 16, 2016 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chris Pine . Chris Pine on IMDb Chris Pine at the TCM Movie Database Chris Pine at AllMovie ( hide ) Satellite Award for Best Cast -- Motion Picture Sideways Thomas Haden Church Paul Giamatti Virginia Madsen Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Chris Bridges Sandra Bullock Don Cheadle Matt Dillon Jennifer Esposito William Fichtner Brendan Fraser Terrence Howard Thandie Newton Ryan Phillippe Larenz Tate 2006 The Departed Anthony Anderson Alec Baldwin Matt Damon Leonardo DiCaprio Vera Farmiga Jack Nicholson Martin Sheen Mark Wahlberg Ray Winstone 2007 Before the Devil Knows You're Dead Albert Finney Rosemary Harris Ethan Hawke Philip Seymour Hoffman Brían F. O'Byrne Amy Ryan Michael Shannon Marisa Tomei 2009 Nine Marion Cotillard Penélope Cruz Daniel Day-Lewis Judi Dench Fergie Kate Hudson Nicole Kidman Sophia Loren 2011 The Help Anna Camp Jessica Chastain Viola Davis Nelsan Ellis Aunjanue Ellis Bryce Dallas Howard Dana Ivey Allison Janney Leslie Jordan Brian Kerwin Chris Lowell Ahna O'Reilly David Oyelowo Sissy Spacek Octavia Spencer Mary Steenburgen Emma Stone Cicely Tyson Mike Vogel 2012 Les Misérables Samantha Barks Sacha Baron Cohen Helena Bonham Carter Russell Crowe Anne Hathaway Hugh Jackman Eddie Redmayne Amanda Seyfried Aaron Tveit 2013 Nebraska Bruce Dern Missy Doty Will Forte Rance Howard Stacy Keach Angela McEwan Bob Odenkirk Devin Ratray Melinda Simonsen June Squibb Roger Stuckwisch Mary Louise Wilson 2014 Into the Woods Christine Baranski Tammy Blanchard Emily Blunt James Corden Lilla Crawford Frances de la Tour Johnny Depp Daniel Huttlestone Anna Kendrick Billy Magnussen MacKenzie Mauzy Chris Pine Lucy Punch Meryl Streep Tracey Ullman 2015 Spotlight Brian d'Arcy James Michael Keaton Rachel McAdams Mark Ruffalo Liev Schreiber John Slattery Stanley Tucci 2016 Hidden Figures Mahershala Ali Kevin Costner Kirsten Dunst Taraji P. 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when did spain change their currency to the euro

The peseta was replaced by the euro in 2002 , following the establishment of the euro in 1999 . The exchange rate was 1 euro = 166.386 pesetas .

Spanish peseta - wikipedia Spanish peseta For other uses, see peseta (disambiguation) . Spanish peseta Peseta española ( Spanish ) 100 pesetas 200 pesetas -- Madrid European Capital of Culture -- 1992 ISO 4217 Code ESP Denominations Subunit ​ ⁄ céntimo (cent) (because of inflation , céntimos were retired from circulation in 1983) Symbol Pta (plural Ptas), or ₧ (rare, see article) Nickname perra chica (0.05 Pta), perra gorda (0.10 Pta), pela (1 Pta), duro (5 Pta), talego (1,000 Pta), kilo (1,000,000 Pta) Banknotes Freq. used 1,000, 2,000, 5,000 Ptas Rarely used 10,000 Ptas Coins Freq. used 5, 25, 50, 100, 500 Ptas Rarely used 1, 10, 200 Ptas Demographics User(s) Spain (show) Spanish Guinea (1926-- 1968) Spanish Sahara (1884-- 1975) Andorra Issuance Central bank Bank of Spain Website www.bde.es Printer Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Website www.fnmt.es Mint Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre Website www.fnmt.es Valuation Inflation 1.4% Source Cámara Guipúzcoa , 1998 ERM Since 19 June 1989 Fixed rate since 31 December 1998 Replaced by € , non cash 1 January 1999 Replaced by € , cash 1 January 2002 € = 166.386 Pta This infobox shows the latest status before this currency was rendered obsolete. The peseta ( / pəˈseɪtə / , Spanish: (peˈseta ) ) was the currency of Spain between 1869 and 2002. Along with the French franc , it was also a de facto currency used in Andorra (which had no national currency with legal tender). Contents 1 Etymology 2 Symbol 3 Subdivision 4 History 4.1 Precursors 5 Coins 5.1 Decimal coinage of the monarchy 5.2 The Second Republic and Civil War period 5.3 Coins of the Nationalist State and World War II periods 5.4 Postwar era coinage 5.5 Spanish euro coins 6 Banknotes 7 Andorran peseta 8 Replacement by the euro 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Bibliography 13 External links Etymology ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . (December 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The name of the currency comes from pesseta , the diminutive form of the word peça , which is a Catalan word that means piece or fraction. The first non-official coins which contained the word `` peseta'' were made in 1808 in Barcelona. Symbol ( edit ) Traditionally, there was never a single symbol or special character for the Spanish peseta. Common abbreviations were `` Pt'' , `` Pta'' , `` Pts'' and `` Ptas'' , sometimes using superior letters : `` P '' . Common earlier Spanish models of mechanical typewriters had the expression `` Pts'' on a single type head, as a shorthand intended to fill a single type space ( Pts ) in tables instead of three ( P + t + s ). Later, Spanish models of IBM electric typewriters also included the same type in its repertoire. When the first IBM PC was designed in 1980, it included a `` peseta symbol'' `` Pts'' in the ROM of the Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) video output cards' hardware, with the code number 158. This original character set chart later became the MS-DOS code page 437 . Some spreadsheet software for PC under MS-DOS , as Lotus 1-2-3 , employed this character as the peseta symbol in their Spanish editions. Subsequent international MS-DOS code pages , like code page 850 and others, deprecated this character in favour of some other national characters. In order to guarantee the interchange with previous encodings such as code page 437, the international standard Unicode includes this character as U+20A7 PESETA SIGN in its Currency Symbols block. Other than that, the use of the `` peseta symbol'' standalone is extremely rare, and has been outdated since the adoption of the euro in Spain. In the version 1.0 of Unicode the character ₧ U+20A7 PESETA SIGN had two reference glyphs: a `` Pts'' ligature glyph as in IBM code page 437 and an erroneous P with stroke. In Unicode 2.0 the reference glyph P with stroke was erroneously displayed as the only symbol for peseta and was latter corrected to the Pts ligature and a separate character code was added for the peso sign. Subdivision ( edit ) The peseta was subdivided into 100 céntimos or, informally, 4 reales . The last coin of any value under one peseta was a 50-céntimo coin issued in 1980 to celebrate Spain's hosting of the 1982 FIFA World Cup . The last 25-céntimo coin (or real) was dated 1959, the ten céntimos also dated 1959; both coins bore the portrait of Franco. The 1-céntimo coin was last minted in 1913 and featured King Alfonso XIII . The ​ ⁄ -céntimo coin was last minted in 1868 and featured Queen Isabel II . History ( edit ) The peseta was introduced in 1869 after Spain joined the Latin Monetary Union in 1868. The Spanish Law of June 26, 1864 decreed that in preparation for joining the Latin Monetary Union (set up in 1865), the peseta became a subdivision of the peso with 1 peso duro = 5 pesetas . The peseta replaced the escudo at a rate of 5 pesetas = 1 peso duro = 2 escudos . The peseta was equal to 4.5 grams of silver , or 0.290322 grams of gold , the standard used by all the currencies of the Latin Monetary Union. From 1873, only the gold standard applied. The political turbulence of the early twentieth century (especially during the years after the World War I ) caused the monetary union to break up, although it was not until 1927 that it officially ended. In 1959, Spain became part of the Bretton Woods System , pegging the peseta at a value of 60 pesetas = 1 U.S. dollar . In 1967, the peseta followed the devaluation of the British pound , maintaining the exchange rate of 168 pesetas = 1 pound and establishing a new rate of 70 pesetas = 1 U.S. dollar. The peseta was replaced by the euro in 2002, following the establishment of the euro in 1999. The exchange rate was 1 euro = 166.386 pesetas. Precursors ( edit ) At least 1252-- 1284 there was a 1 obolo brass coin -- plated with silver -- stamped. Colnect shows even a first 1 Maravedí -coin made of copper having been edited since 1454. The bigger silver coin 1 Real came out 1786. The latter two currency units were used until the Peseta came in 1869. Coins ( edit ) Note: From 1868 to 1982, a unique dating system for Spanish coins was employed. This would be adopted and sometimes abandoned intermittently during various times, and continued through to be used through the first years of the Juan Carlos I reign. Although a common `` authorization date'' will be found on virtually all coins of this period on the obverse (front) of each coin, the actual date for many coins can be found inside a small six pointed star, typically on the reverse (back) of each coin, but sometimes the front. Therefore, the obverse date does not always reflect the actual date of mintage but rather a restriking off of older obverse coin die designs. So, if the coin date shows 1959 up front but a tiny `` 64'' is depicted in the six pointed star on the back, then the actual date of issue is in fact 1964 rather than the date depicted in front. This dating system would be abandoned in the early 1980s anticipating a one by one redesign of each coin denomination. Last editions of peseta coins (lacks 500 pts. coin) and 1 euro coin for size reference. Decimal coinage of the monarchy ( edit ) No coins were issued by the short lived First Republic (1873-- 1874). In 1869 and 1870, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 céntimos , and 1, 2 and 5 pesetas. The lowest four denominations were struck in copper (replaced by bronze from 1877), with the 20, 50 céntimos , 1 and 2 pesetas struck in .835 silver and the 5 pesetas struck in .900 silver. 5 and 10 céntimos coins were quickly nicknamed as perra chica (small dog) and perra gorda (fat dog) respectively, as people then were unable to recognize the shape of the lion in them, mistaking it for a dog. The 5-peseta coin was nicknamed duro (hard). 5-peseta coins were called duros by every generation until the withdrawal of the peseta in 2002, and Spaniards would often informally account in that unit (e.g. using ' 20 duros' for 100 pesetas). Gold 25-peseta coins were introduced in 1876, followed by 10 pesetas in 1878. In 1889, 20-peseta coins were introduced, with production of the 25 pesetas ceasing. In 1897, a single issue of gold 100 pesetas was made. Production of gold coins ceased in 1904, followed by that of silver coins in 1910. The last bronze coins were issued in 1912. Starting in 1906 a new series of 1- and 2-céntimo coins were issued in bronze. Due to a number of economic issues these were the only two coins from this series. Coin production resumed in 1925 with the introduction of cupro-nickel 25 céntimos . In 1926, a final issue of silver 50 céntimos was made, followed by the introduction of a holed version of the 25 céntimos in 1927. The Second Republic and Civil War period ( edit ) In 1934, the Second Spanish Republic issued its first coins in the denomination of 25 and 50 céntimos and 1 peseta. The 25 céntimos and silver 1 peseta were the same size and composition as the earlier Royal issues, whilst the 50 céntimos was struck in copper. In 1937 a 5-céntimo coin was struck in iron and a new 1 peseta in brass. An iron 10-céntimo coin was also produced in 1938 but never issued into circulation, unknown whether due to its close resemblance to the 5 céntimos or because the government of issue fell before it could be released. All of these replaced symbols and images related to the monarchy. The brass 1 peseta was sometimes nicknamed La Rubia (The Blonde), as it issued a woman's face in a golden-colored alloy. Coins of the Nationalist state and World War II periods ( edit ) The Nationalists issued their first official coins in 1937. These were holed 25 céntimos featuring a rising sun and a clutch of arrows. These coins were minted in Vienna . A smaller copper 25 céntimos followed in 1938. Following the end of the Civil War in 1939, the victorious Nationalist government introduced aluminium 5 and 10 céntimos in 1940 featuring a conquistador , followed by reduced size aluminium-bronze 1-peseta coins in 1944 featuring the state crest and national symbols. During the Civil War , a number of local coinages were also issued by both Republican and Nationalist forces. In 1936, the following pieces were issued by the Nationalists: District Denominations Cazalla de Sierra 10 céntimos Arahal 50 céntimos , 1 & 2 pesetas Lora del Río 25 céntimos Marchena 25 céntimos La Puebla de Cazalla 10 & 25 céntimos The following issues were made by Republican forces in 1937: District Denominations Arenys de Mar 50 céntimos , 1 peseta Asturias and León 50 céntimos , 1 & 2 pesetas Euskadi (Basque Country) 1 & 2 pesetas Ibi 25 céntimos , 1 peseta L'Ametlla del Vallès 25 & 50 céntimos , 1 peseta Menorca 5, 10 & 25 céntimos , 1 & ​ 2 ⁄ pesetas Nulles 5, 10, 25 & 50 céntimos , 1 peseta Olot 10 céntimos Santander , Palencia and Burgos 50 céntimos , 1 peseta Segarra de Gaià (currently Santa Coloma de Queralt ) 1 peseta Postwar era coinage ( edit ) The first 1-peseta coins bearing the portrait of Francisco Franco were issued in 1947. Cupro-nickel 5 pesetas followed in 1949. In 1949, holed cupro-nickel 50 céntimos were introduced, followed by aluminium-bronze ​ 2 ⁄ pesetas in 1954, cupro-nickel 25 and 50 pesetas in 1958 and smaller aluminium 10 and 25 céntimos in 1959. Silver 100 pesetas were issued between 1966 and 1969, with aluminium 50 céntimos introduced in 1967. In 1966 Franco's profile was redesigned to depict a more current representation of the leader. Following the accession of King Juan Carlos , there were a few changes. The replacement of Franco's portrait with that of Juan Carlos on the 50 céntimos and 1 peseta in 1975 and the addition of a cupro-nickel 100 pesetas in 1976. 10 céntimos were discontinued. However, more significant changes occurred to each coin in 1982. Following this redesign the 50 céntimos was discontinued, with aluminium replacing aluminum-bronze in the 1 peseta. A 2 pesetas coin was also introduced featuring a map of Spain, though this denomination never became popular. More importantly, nickel brass 100 pesetas were introduced. The redesign centered around the 1982 World Cup and depicted football (soccer) related themes on the 1, 5, 25, 50, and 100 pesetas. Shortly afterwords, the large cupro-nickel 100 pesetas by a smaller aluminim-bronze coin, which also replaced the 100 pesetas banknote. cupro-nickel 10 pesetas was introduced in 1983, a denomination that had previously not been issued for many decades. This preceded a wholesale redesign in all circulating Spanish coins and abandonment of the `` star'' dating system. Cupro-nickel 200 pesetas were introduced in 1986, followed by aluminium-bronze 500 pesetas in 1987. In 1989 the biggest changes came; the size of the 1-peseta coin was significantly reduced, however not discontinued (making it the smallest, lightest circulating coin in Western Europe and perhaps the world at that time ). The 2-peseta coin was discontinued. Smaller aluminum-bronze 5 pesetas were introduced, and reduced aluminium-bronze 25 pesetas were also introduced which had a hole in the center. Smaller 50 peseta coins were also issued the same year in cupro-nickel with the distinct Spanish flower shape that would eventually be used by many countries, most notably the 20-cent coin of the euro. At the same time, the 200-peseta coin was made larger and included an identifiable edge with incuse lettering. In 1999, a laser-etched hologram was added to the 500-peseta coin as a security feature to help discourage counterfeiting. During this period, all coins except the 1 and 500 pesetas went through a commemorative redesign each year, in a similar vein to the U.S. State commemorative quarters program until their discontinuation in 2001 preceding the introduction of the euro common currency. Until 19 June 2001, the following coins were minted by the Spanish Fábrica Nacional de Moneda y Timbre : Value € equiv. Diameter Weight Composition 1 Pta 0.006 (0.01) 14 mm 0.55 g Aluminium 5 Pta 0.03 17.5 mm 3 g Aluminium bronze 10 Pta 0.06 18.5 mm 4 g Cupronickel 25 Pta 0.15 19.5 mm 4.25 g Aluminium bronze 50 Pta 0.30 20.5 mm 5.60 g Cupronickel 100 Pta 0.60 24.5 mm 9.25 g Aluminium bronze 200 Pta 1.20 25.5 mm 10.5 g Cupronickel 500 Pta 3.01 28 mm 12 gr Aluminium bronze The 50-peseta coins issued between 1990 and 2000 were the first that featured the Spanish flower shape. Spanish flower Spanish euro coins ( edit ) Main article: Spanish euro coins Like all member nations, these coins come in denominations of 1, 2, and 5 cents in copper plated brass, 10, 20, and 50 cents in Nordic gold , and bimetallic 1 and 2 euros with a common reverse design. The obverse of the first three denominations feature Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela , the 10, 20, and 50 cents depict Spanish poet-writer Miguel de Cervantes , and the 1 and 2 euros depict the effigy of King Juan Carlos I or King Felipe VI. Banknotes ( edit ) Main article: Banknotes of the Spanish peseta In 1874, the Bank of Spain ( Banco de España in Spanish) introduced notes for 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 pesetas. Except for the 250-peseta notes only issued in 1878, the denominations produced by the Central Bank of Spain did not change until the Civil War, when both the Republicans and Nationalists issued Bank of Spain notes. In 1936, the Republicans issued 5 and 10 pesetas notes. The Ministry of Finance ( Ministerio de Hacienda ) introduced notes for 50 céntimos , 1 and 2 pesetas in 1938, as well as issuing stamp money (consisting of postage or revenue stamps affixed to cardboard disks) in denominations of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 40, 45, 50 and 60 céntimos . The first Nationalist Bank of Spain issues were made in 1936, in denominations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 pesetas. 1- and 2-peseta notes were added in 1937. From the mid-1940s, denominations issued were 1, 5, 25, 50, 100, 500 and 1,000 pesetas. The 1, 5, 25 and 50 pesetas were all replaced by coins by the late 1950s. La Fuensanta on the reverse of 100 Spanish pesetas, 1953 In 1978, 5,000-peseta notes were introduced. The 100-peseta note was replaced by a coin in 1982, with 1,000-peseta notes introduced in 1983, 200 pesetas in 1984 and 10,000 pesetas in 1987. The 200- and 500-peseta notes were replaced by coins in 1986 and 1987. The final series of banknotes were introduced between 1982 and 1987 and remained legal tender until the introduction of the Euro. Image Value Equivalent in euros (€ ) Dimensions Main Colour Portrait (1) 200 Ptas 1.20 120 × 65 mm Orange Leopoldo Alas (2) 500 Ptas 3.01 129 × 70 mm Dark blue Rosalía de Castro (3) 1,000 Ptas 6.01 138 × 75 mm Green Benito Pérez Galdós 2,000 Ptas 12.02 147 × 80 mm Red Juan Ramón Jiménez (4) 5,000 Ptas 30.05 156 × 85 mm Brown Juan Carlos I of Spain 10,000 Ptas 60.10 165 × 85 mm Gray Juan Carlos I of Spain and Felipe, Prince of Asturias The last banknotes series (1992) was: Image Value Equivalent in euros (€ ) Dimensions Main Colour Portrait (5) 1,000 Ptas 6.01 130 × 65 mm Green Hernán Cortés and Francisco Pizarro (6) 2,000 Ptas 12.02 138 × 68 mm Red José Celestino Mutis (7) 5,000 Ptas 30.05 146 × 71 mm Brown Christopher Columbus 10,000 Ptas 60.10 154 × 74 mm Gray Juan Carlos I of Spain and Jorge Juan y Santacilia Andorran peseta ( edit ) The Andorran peseta (ADP) ( pesseta in Catalan ) was pegged at 1:1 to the Spanish peseta. Following the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War on 17 July 1936, the Consell General de les Valls d'Andorra issued Decree No. 112 of 19 December 1936, authorizing the issuance of paper money backed by Spanish banknotes. Replacement by the euro ( edit ) The peseta was replaced by the euro (€ ) in 1999 on currency exchange boards. Euro coins and notes were introduced in January 2002, and on 1 March 2002 the peseta lost its legal tender status in Spain, and also in Andorra. The conversion rate was 1 euro = 166.386 ESP. Peseta notes issued since 1939 and coins that were legal tender on 31 December 2001 remain exchangeable at any branch of the Spanish Central Bank until 31 December 2020. According to that entity, as of March 2011 pesetas to a value estimated at 1.7 billion euros had not been converted to euro. Huge amounts of pesetas of dubious provenance are believed to have helped to fuel a cash-based money laundering real estate boom just prior to, and after, the conversion to the euro. Mafia and criminal holdings of billions of pesetas were poured into massive real estate projects in Spain and elsewhere; the real estate could then be legally sold to obtain euros. See also ( edit ) Commemorative coins of Spain Spanish euro coins Latin Monetary Union (1865-- 1927) Latin Union (since 1954) European Union (since 1957) Euro (from 1999/2002) Economy of Spain Equatorial Guinean peseta Sahrawi peseta Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pronunciation in other languages of Spain: Aragonese , Asturian and Galician : peseta , IPA: (peˈseta ) Basque : pezeta , IPA: (pes̻eta ) Catalan : pesseta , IPA: (pəˈsɛtə ) ^ 1999 by law (on financial markets and business transactions only), two currency units used (the Spanish peseta still had legal tender on all banknotes, coins and personal bank accounts) until 2002. References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Sato, Takayuki K. (2000-01-06). `` Peso sign and Peseta sign (U-20A7)'' (PDF) . Retrieved 2015-12-26 . Jump up ^ 50 céntimos (1980). World Coin Gallery. Jump up ^ 1 céntimo (1911-1913). World Coin Gallery. Jump up ^ 1/2 céntimo (1866-1868). World Coin Gallery. Jump up ^ Coins > Spain > Series > 1230-- 1516 -- Spanish United Kingdom Castile and León Colnect, retrieved 9 November 2016. Jump up ^ Jabalquinto School . Regional Government of Andalusia . Jump up ^ Ten years without the Peseta , Muy Interesante magazine. Jump up ^ Ajuntament de Santa Coloma de Queralt. `` Una mica d'història '' . Retrieved 25 April 2013 . Jump up ^ Linzmayer, Owen (20 January 2012). `` Andorra'' . The Banknote Book (1 ed.). San Francisco, CA. p. 10 . Retrieved 2012-04-27 . Jump up ^ Peseta Exchanges. Archived 2014-02-21 at the Wayback Machine . Banco de España (Bank of Spain). Jump up ^ Rainsford, Sarah (March 5, 2011). `` Spain town reintroduces peseta to boost economy'' . BBC News . Retrieved March 5, 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins : 1801-- 1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501 . Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money : General Issues . Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Spanish currency . Overview of the peseta from the BBC Banco de España (Bank of Spain): last peseta issues Historical banknotes of Spain (in English) (in German) Preceded by Spanish escudo Spanish currency 1868-- 1999/2002 Succeeded by Euro Articles related to the Spanish peseta Currencies named peso or similar Circulating Argentine peso Chilean peso Colombian peso Cuban convertible peso Cuban peso Dominican peso ( peso oro ) Macanese pataca Mexican peso Philippine peso ( piso ) Sahrawi peseta Uruguayan peso Obsolete Argentine peso argentino Argentine peso ley Argentine peso moneda corriente Argentine peso moneda nacional Bolivian peso Catalan peseta (pesseta) Costa Rican peso Ecuadorian peso Equatorial Guinean peseta Guatemalan peso Guinea-Bissau peso Honduran peso Japanese government-issued Philippine Peso Nicaraguan peso Paraguayan peso Peruvian peseta Portuguese Timorese pataca Puerto Rican peso Salvadoran peso Spanish peso Spanish peseta ( pesseta , pezeta ) Venezuelan peso See also Peso sign Maltese pataca (coin) Currency symbols ( ¤ ) Circulating ؋ ฿ ₵ ₡ ¢ $ ₫ ֏ € ƒ ₲ ₴ ₾ ₭ ₺ ₼ ₦ ₱ £ 元 圆 圓 ریال ៛ ₽ ₹ ૱ ௹ ꠸ Rs ₪ ৳ ₸ ₮ ₩ ¥ 円 Historic ₳ ₢ ₰ ₯ ₠ ₣ ₤ ₶ RM M ₧ 𐆚 𐆖 𐆙 𐆗 𐆘 Uncirculated ₥ ₷ Euro topics General Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union Euro sign Eurozone Linguistic issues Administration European Central Bank ECB President European System of Central Banks Eurosystem Ecofin Eurogroup Euro summit Fiscal provisions Stability and Growth Pact European Financial Stability Facility European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism European Stability Mechanism Euro Plus Pact Six pack European Fiscal Compact History `` Snake in the tunnel '' European Monetary System I ECU II ERM III EMU European Monetary Cooperation Fund European Monetary Institute Enlargement Black Wednesday Economy Economy of Europe Economy of the European Union Eonia Euro calculator Euro Interbank Offered Rate (Euribor) Single Euro Payments Area (SEPA) International status Proposed eurobonds Reserve currency Petroeuro World currency Denominations coins 1c 2c 5c 10c 20c 50c € 1 € 2 € 2 commemorative coins Other commemorative coins Identifying marks Starter kits Europa coin programme Euro mint banknotes € 5 € 10 € 20 € 50 € 100 € 200 € 500 Coins by issuing country EU Austria Belgium Cyprus Estonia Finland France Germany Greece Ireland Italy Latvia Lithuania Luxembourg Malta Netherlands Portugal Slovakia Slovenia Spain Non-EU Andorra Monaco San Marino Vatican Potential adoption by other countries EU Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark Hungary Poland Romania Sweden United Kingdom Non-EU Kosovo Montenegro Currencies yielded European Currency Unit Austrian schilling Belgian franc Cypriot pound Dutch guilder Estonian kroon Finnish markka French franc German mark Greek drachma Irish pound Italian lira Latvian lats Lithuanian litas Luxembourgish franc Maltese lira Monégasque franc Portuguese escudo Sammarinese lira Slovak koruna Slovenian tolar Spanish peseta Vatican lira Currencies remaining ERM II Danish krone other (EU) British pound sterling (incl. Gibraltar pound ) Bulgarian lev Croatian kuna Czech koruna Hungarian forint Polish złoty Romanian leu Swedish krona European Union portal Numismatics portal GND : 4350344-5 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spanish_peseta&oldid=856605819 '' Categories : ISO 4217 Peso Currency symbols 1869 establishments in Spain 2002 disestablishments in Spain Currencies of Spain Currencies replaced by the euro Currencies of Andorra Modern obsolete currencies Coins of Spain Hidden categories: Articles containing Basque-language text Articles containing Catalan-language text Webarchive template wayback links Articles containing Spanish-language text Articles needing additional references from December 2012 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from January 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Articles with German-language external links Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Aragonés Asturianu Bân -lâm -gú Беларуская Български Bosanski Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Кыргызча Lietuvių मराठी مازِرونی Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha /ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Tagalog Türkçe Українська Vèneto 中文 41 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 August 2018, at 11:47 (UTC) . 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who won the us open tennis tournament this year

2017 US Open Date August 28 -- September 10 Edition 137th Grand Slam ( ITF ) Draw 128S / 64D / 32X Prize money $ 50,400,000 Surface Hard Location New York City , New York , United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Champions Men 's Singles Rafael Nadal Women 's Singles Sloane Stephens Men 's Doubles Jean - Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău Women 's Doubles Chan Yung - jan / Martina Hingis Mixed Doubles Martina Hingis / Jamie Murray Boys ' Singles Wu Yibing Girls ' Singles Amanda Anisimova Boys ' Doubles Hsu Yu - hsiou / Wu Yibing Girls ' Doubles Olga Danilović / Marta Kostyuk Men 's Champions Invitational John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe Women 's Champions Invitational Kim Clijsters / Martina Navratilova Wheelchair Men 's Singles Stéphane Houdet Wheelchair Women 's Singles Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Singles David Wagner Wheelchair Men 's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women 's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Diede de Groot Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2016 US Open 2018 →

2017 US Open (tennis) - wikipedia 2017 US Open (tennis) Jump to: navigation , search 2017 US Open Date August 28 -- September 10 Edition 137th Grand Slam (ITF) Draw 128S/64D/32X Prize money $ 50,400,000 Surface Hard Location New York City , New York , United States Venue USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center Champions Men's Singles Rafael Nadal Women's Singles Sloane Stephens Men's Doubles Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău Women's Doubles Chan Yung-jan / Martina Hingis Mixed Doubles Martina Hingis / Jamie Murray Boys' Singles Wu Yibing Girls' Singles Amanda Anisimova Boys' Doubles Hsu Yu-hsiou / Wu Yibing Girls' Doubles Olga Danilović / Marta Kostyuk Men's Champions Invitational John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe Women's Champions Invitational Kim Clijsters / Martina Navratilova Wheelchair Men's Singles Stéphane Houdet Wheelchair Women's Singles Yui Kamiji Wheelchair Quad Singles David Wagner Wheelchair Men's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid Wheelchair Women's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Diede de Groot Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner ← 2016 US Open 2018 → The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of tennis ' US Open and the fourth and final Grand Slam event of the year. It was held on outdoor hard courts at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in New York City . Experimental rules featured in qualifying for the main draw as well as in the junior, wheelchair and exhibition events. Stan Wawrinka and Angelique Kerber were the previous year's men's and women's singles champions. Neither managed to defend their title as Wawrinka withdrew before the start of the tournament due to a knee injury that ended his season, while Kerber lost in the first round to Naomi Osaka . The men's singles tournament concluded with Rafael Nadal defeating Kevin Anderson in the final, while the women's singles tournament concluded with Sloane Stephens defeating Madison Keys in the final. Contents ( hide ) 1 Tournament 2 Broadcast 2.1 Américas 3 Point and prize money distribution 3.1 Point distribution 3.1.1 Senior 3.1.2 Wheelchair 3.1.3 Junior 3.2 Prize money 4 Singles players 5 Day-by-day summaries 6 Singles seeds 6.1 Men's singles 6.1.1 Withdrawn players 6.2 Women's singles 6.2.1 Withdrawn players 7 Doubles seeds 7.1 Men's doubles 7.2 Women's doubles 7.3 Mixed doubles 8 Events 8.1 Men's singles 8.2 Women's singles 8.3 Men's doubles 8.4 Women's doubles 8.5 Mixed doubles 8.6 Junior boys' singles 8.7 Junior girls' singles 8.8 Junior boys' doubles 8.9 Junior girls' doubles 8.10 Men's champions doubles 8.11 Women's champions doubles 8.12 Wheelchair men's singles 8.13 Wheelchair women's singles 8.14 Wheelchair quad singles 8.15 Wheelchair men's doubles 8.16 Wheelchair women's doubles 8.17 Wheelchair quad doubles 9 Wild card entries 9.1 Men's singles 9.2 Women's singles 9.3 Men's doubles 9.4 Women's doubles 9.5 Mixed doubles 10 Qualifier entries 10.1 Men's singles 10.1.1 Lucky losers 10.2 Women's singles 11 Withdrawals 12 Retirements 12.1 Men's singles 13 Notes 14 References 15 External links Tournament ( edit ) Arthur Ashe Stadium before the retractable roof was installed The 2017 US Open was the 137th edition of the tournament and took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center in Flushing Meadows-- Corona Park of Queens in New York City , New York , United States. The tournament was held on 14 DecoTurf hard courts. The tournament was an event run by the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and was part of the 2017 ATP World Tour and the 2017 WTA Tour calendars under the Grand Slam category. The tournament consisted of both men's and women's singles and doubles draws as well as a mixed doubles event. There were also singles and doubles events for both boys and girls (players under 18), which were part of the Grade A category of tournaments. The 2017 tournament saw the USTA try out two experimental rules. Firstly, the USTA introduced a shot clock to combat slow play and to address players going over the allotted time for warm ups and medical time outs. Secondly, coaching was allowed from the side of the court. Whilst a player was at the same end as their box they could verbally communicate, if they were at the opposite end then sign language would be allowed. This meant that coaching incidents involving Victoria Azarenka and Caroline Garcia at Wimbledon would have been allowed. The rules only applied in qualifying matches for the main draw, junior, wheelchair and legends matches. The tournament was played on hard courts and took place over a series of 15 courts with DecoTurf surface, including the two existing main showcourts -- Arthur Ashe Stadium and the new Grandstand . Louis Armstrong Stadium , one of the main stadiums used in the previous tournament, was demolished after the 2016 tournament and was replaced for the 2017 edition by a temporary stadium located next to parking lot B near the construction of the previous Louis Armstrong Stadium site. Broadcast ( edit ) In the United States, the 2017 US Open will be the third year in a row under an 11-year, $825 million contract with ESPN , in which the broadcaster holds exclusive rights to the entire tournament and the US Open Series . This means that the tournament is not available on broadcast television. This also makes ESPN the exclusive U.S. broadcaster for three of the four tennis majors. In Australia, SBS won the rights to broadcast the US Open with the free to air coverage starting from the quarter finals. . Américas ( edit ) Latin America: ESPN Argentina : ESPN and TyC Sports Brazil : ESPN and SporTV Paraguay : ESPN and Tigo Sports Uruguay : ESPN and VTV ( es ) Point and prize money distribution ( edit ) Point distribution ( edit ) Below is a series of tables for each of the competitions showing the ranking points on offer for each event. Senior ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q Q3 Q2 Q1 Men's Singles 2000 1200 720 360 180 90 45 10 25 16 8 0 Men's Doubles 0 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Women's Singles 1300 780 430 240 130 70 10 40 30 20 Women's Doubles 10 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Wheelchair ( edit ) Event SF/3rd QF/4th Singles 800 500 375 100 Doubles 800 500 100 -- Quad Singles 800 500 375 100 Quad Doubles 800 100 -- -- Junior ( edit ) Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Q Q3 Boys' Singles 375 270 180 120 75 30 25 20 Girls' Singles Boys' Doubles 270 180 120 75 45 -- -- -- Girls' Doubles -- -- -- Prize money ( edit ) The total prize-money compensation for the 2017 US Open is $50.4 million, a 3.7% increase on the same total last year. Of that total, a record $3.7 million goes to both the men's and women's singles champions, which is increased to 7.5 percent from last year. This made the US Open the most lucrative and highest paying tennis grand slam in the world, leapfrogging Wimbledon in total prize money fund. Prize money for the US Open qualifying tournament is also up 49.2 percent, to $2.9 million. Event SF QF Round of 16 Round of 32 Round of 64 Round of 128 Q3 Q2 Q1 Singles $3,700,000 $1,825,000 $920,000 $470,000 $253,625 $144,000 $86,000 $50,000 $16,350 $10,900 $5,606 Doubles $675,000 $340,000 $160,000 $82,000 $44,000 $26,500 $16,500 N/A N/A N/A N/A Mixed Doubles $150,000 $70,000 $30,000 $15,000 $10,000 $5,000 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A Singles players ( edit ) Men's Singles ( show ) Champion Runner-up Rafael Nadal (1) Kevin Anderson (28) Semifinals out Juan Martín del Potro (24) Pablo Carreño Busta (12) Quarterfinals out Andrey Rublev Roger Federer (3) Sam Querrey (17) Diego Schwartzman (29) 4th round out Alexandr Dolgopolov David Goffin (9) Philipp Kohlschreiber (33) Dominic Thiem (6) Mischa Zverev (23) Paolo Lorenzi Denis Shapovalov (Q) Lucas Pouille (16) 3rd round out Leonardo Mayer (LL) Viktor Troicki Gaël Monfils (18) Damir Džumhur Feliciano López (31) John Millman (PR) Roberto Bautista Agut (11) Adrian Mannarino (30) Radu Albot (Q) John Isner (10) Thomas Fabbiano Borna Ćorić Kyle Edmund Nicolas Mahut (Q) Mikhail Kukushkin (Q) Marin Čilić (5) 2nd round out Taro Daniel Yūichi Sugita Stefano Travaglia (Q) Tomáš Berdych (15) Guido Pella Donald Young Cedrik-Marcel Stebe (Q) Grigor Dimitrov (7) Mikhail Youzhny Fernando Verdasco Santiago Giraldo Malek Jaziri Dustin Brown Adrián Menéndez -Maceiras (Q) Bjorn Fratangelo (WC) Taylor Fritz (WC) Dudi Sela Lu Yen-hsun Benoît Paire Chung Hyeon Jordan Thompson Gilles Müller (19) Ernests Gulbis (PR) Alexander Zverev (4) Jo-Wilfried Tsonga (8) Steve Johnson Albert Ramos Viñolas (20) Cameron Norrie (Q) Jared Donaldson Evgeny Donskoy Janko Tipsarević Florian Mayer 1st round out Dušan Lajović Tommy Paul (WC) Geoffrey Blancaneaux (WC) Richard Gasquet (26) Fabio Fognini (22) Norbert Gombos Jan-Lennard Struff Ryan Harrison Julien Benneteau Steve Darcis Maximilian Marterer (Q) Jérémy Chardy Pablo Cuevas (27) Nicolás Kicker Aljaž Bedene Václav Šafránek (Q) Frances Tiafoe Blaž Kavčič Vasek Pospisil Andrey Kuznetsov Tim Smyczek (Q) Vincent Millot (Q) Thiago Monteiro Nick Kyrgios (14) Andreas Seppi Thomaz Bellucci Patrick Kypson (WC) Henri Laaksonen Ričardas Berankis (PR) Ivo Karlović Marcos Baghdatis Alex De Minaur (WC) Gilles Simon Christopher Eubanks (WC) Ernesto Escobedo Karen Khachanov (25) Thai-Son Kwiatkowski (WC) Lukáš Lacko (LL) Horacio Zeballos Pierre-Hugues Herbert Jack Sock (13) John-Patrick Smith (Q) João Sousa Bernard Tomic JC Aragone (Q) Alessandro Giannessi Jiří Veselý Darian King (Q) Marius Copil Daniil Medvedev Nicolás Almagro Robin Haase (32) Denis Istomin Márton Fucsovics Dmitry Tursunov (PR) Evan King (Q) Ruben Bemelmans Nikoloz Basilashvili Andreas Haider-Maurer (PR) David Ferrer (21) Carlos Berlocq Thanasi Kokkinakis (PR) Rogério Dutra Silva Tennys Sandgren Women's Singles ( show ) Champion Runner-up Sloane Stephens (PR) Madison Keys (15) Semifinals out CoCo Vandeweghe (20) Venus Williams (9) Quarterfinals out Karolína Plíšková (1) Kaia Kanepi (Q) Petra Kvitová (13) Anastasija Sevastova (16) 4th round out Jennifer Brady Lucie Šafářová Elina Svitolina (4) Daria Kasatkina Carla Suárez Navarro Garbiñe Muguruza (3) Julia Görges (30) Maria Sharapova (WC) 3rd round out Zhang Shuai (27) Monica Niculescu Agnieszka Radwańska (10) Kurumi Nara Shelby Rogers Elena Vesnina (17) Jeļena Ostapenko (12) Naomi Osaka Ekaterina Makarova Maria Sakkari Caroline Garcia (18) Magdaléna Rybáriková (31) Aleksandra Krunić Ashleigh Barty Donna Vekić Sofia Kenin (WC) 2nd round out Nicole Gibbs (Q) Risa Ozaki Barbora Strýcová (23) Ana Bogdan Yulia Putintseva Ons Jabeur Nao Hibino Svetlana Kuznetsova (8) Evgeniya Rodina Daria Gavrilova (25) Kirsten Flipkens Tatjana Maria Sorana Cîrstea Christina McHale Yanina Wickmayer Denisa Allertová Caroline Wozniacki (5) Mirjana Lučić -Baroni (29) Arina Rodionova (WC) Océane Dodin Alizé Cornet Ekaterina Alexandrova Kristýna Plíšková Duan Yingying Ajla Tomljanović (PR) Zheng Saisai Aliaksandra Sasnovich Dominika Cibulková (11) Kateryna Kozlova (Q) Peng Shuai (22) Sachia Vickery (Q) Tímea Babos 1st round out Magda Linette Verónica Cepede Royg Danielle Lao (Q) Sabine Lisicki (PR) Misaki Doi Andrea Petkovic Taylor Townsend (WC) Kristina Mladenovic (14) Petra Martić Sofya Zhuk (Q) Brienne Minor (WC) Alison Riske Anett Kontaveit (26) Catherine Bellis Sara Sorribes Tormo Markéta Vondroušová Kateřina Siniaková Eugenie Bouchard Kayla Day (WC) Allie Kiick (Q) Anna Blinkova (Q) Madison Brengle Ashley Kratzer (WC) Elise Mertens Lara Arruabarrena Lesley Kerkhove (Q) Wang Qiang Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova (19) Lesia Tsurenko (28) Francesca Schiavone Rebecca Peterson (Q) Angelique Kerber (6) Mihaela Buzărnescu (Q) Mona Barthel İpek Soylu (Q) Monica Puig Kiki Bertens (24) Richèl Hogenkamp Pauline Parmentier Viktória Kužmová (Q) Jelena Janković Heather Watson Anna Zaja (Q) Tereza Martincová (Q) Camila Giorgi Misa Eguchi (PR) Claire Liu (Q) Varvara Lepchenko Johanna Konta (7) Johanna Larsson Alison Van Uytvanck Annika Beck Ana Konjuh (21) Julia Boserup Roberta Vinci Jana Čepelová Carina Witthöft Irina-Camelia Begu Beatriz Haddad Maia Amandine Hesse (WC) Lauren Davis (32) Natalia Vikhlyantseva Viktorija Golubic Simona Halep (2) Day-by-day summaries ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Day-by-day summaries Singles seeds ( edit ) Seeds are based on the ATP and WTA rankings as of August 21, 2017. Rank and points before are as of August 28, 2017. Men's singles ( edit ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Rafael Nadal 7,645 180 2,000 9,465 Champion , defeated Kevin Anderson (28) Andy Murray 7,150 360 0 6,790 Withdrew due to hip injury Roger Federer 7,145 0 360 7,505 Quarterfinals lost to Juan Martín del Potro (24) 6 Alexander Zverev 4,470 45 45 4,470 Second round lost to Borna Ćorić 5 7 Marin Čilić 4,155 90 90 4,155 Third round lost to Diego Schwartzman (29) 6 8 Dominic Thiem 4,030 180 180 4,030 Fourth round lost to Juan Martín del Potro (24) 7 9 Grigor Dimitrov 3,710 180 45 3,575 Second round lost to Andrey Rublev 8 12 Jo-Wilfried Tsonga 2,690 360 45 2,375 Second round lost to Denis Shapovalov (Q) 9 14 David Goffin 2,525 10 180 2,695 Fourth round lost to Andrey Rublev 10 15 John Isner 2,425 90 90 2,425 Third round lost to Mischa Zverev (23) 11 13 Roberto Bautista Agut 2,525 90 90 2,525 Third round lost to Juan Martín del Potro (24) 12 19 Pablo Carreño Busta 2,225 90 720 2,855 Semifinals lost to Kevin Anderson (28) 13 16 Jack Sock 2,345 180 10 2,175 First round lost to Jordan Thompson 14 17 Nick Kyrgios 2,325 90 10 2,245 First round lost to John Millman (PR) 15 18 Tomáš Berdych 2,310 0 45 2,355 Second round lost to Alexandr Dolgopolov 16 20 Lucas Pouille 2,210 360 180 2,030 Fourth round lost to Diego Schwartzman (29) 17 21 Sam Querrey 2,095 10 360 2,445 Quarterfinals lost to Kevin Anderson (28) 18 22 Gaël Monfils 1,915 720 90 1,285 Third round retired against David Goffin (9) 19 23 Gilles Müller 1,885 10 45 1,920 Second round lost to Paolo Lorenzi 20 24 Albert Ramos Viñolas 1,815 45 45 1,815 Second round lost to Nicolas Mahut (Q) 21 25 David Ferrer 1,695 90 10 1,615 First round lost to vs. Mikhail Kukushkin (Q) 22 26 Fabio Fognini 1,580 45 10 1,545 First round lost to Stefano Travaglia (Q) 23 27 Mischa Zverev 1,484 70 180 1,594 Fourth round lost to Sam Querrey (17) 24 28 Juan Martín del Potro 1,460 360 720 1,820 Semifinals lost to Rafael Nadal (1) 25 29 Karen Khachanov 1,390 70 10 1,330 First round lost to Lu Yen-hsun 26 30 Richard Gasquet 1,390 10 10 1,390 First round lost to Leonardo Mayer (LL) 27 31 Pablo Cuevas 1,360 45 10 1,325 First round lost to Damir Džumhur 28 32 Kevin Anderson 1,360 90 1,200 2,470 Runner-up, lost to Rafael Nadal (1) 29 33 Diego Schwartzman 1,280 10+90 360+45 1,585 Quarterfinals lost to Pablo Carreño Busta (12) 30 34 Adrian Mannarino 1,255 10 90 1,335 Third round lost to Dominic Thiem (6) 31 35 Feliciano López 1,250 45 90 1,295 Third round lost to Roger Federer (3) 32 36 Robin Haase 1,168 10+48 10+45 1,165 First round lost to Kyle Edmund 33 37 Philipp Kohlschreiber 1,135 10 180 1,305 Fourth round lost to Roger Federer (3) Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Withdrawal reason Andy Murray 7,150 360 6,790 Hip injury Stan Wawrinka 5,690 2,000 3,690 Knee injury 5 Novak Djokovic 5,325 1,200 4,125 Elbow injury 10 Kei Nishikori 3,195 720 2,475 Wrist injury 11 Milos Raonic 2,870 45 2,825 Wrist injury Women's singles ( edit ) Seed Rank Player Points before Points defending Points won Points after Status Karolína Plíšková 6,390 1,300 430 5,520 Quarterfinals lost to CoCo Vandeweghe (20) Simona Halep 6,385 430 10 5,965 First round lost to Maria Sharapova (WC) Garbiñe Muguruza 5,860 70 240 6,030 Fourth round lost to Petra Kvitová (13) Elina Svitolina 5,530 130 240 5,640 Fourth round lost to Madison Keys (15) 5 5 Caroline Wozniacki 5,350 780 70 4,640 Second round lost to Ekaterina Makarova 6 6 Angelique Kerber 5,146 2,000 10 3,156 First round lost to Naomi Osaka 7 7 Johanna Konta 4,750 240 10 4,520 First round lost to Aleksandra Krunić 8 8 Svetlana Kuznetsova 4,410 70 70 4,410 Second round lost to Kurumi Nara 9 9 Venus Williams 4,216 240 780 4,756 Semifinals lost to Sloane Stephens (PR) 10 11 Agnieszka Radwańska 3,570 240 130 3,460 Third round lost to CoCo Vandeweghe (20) 11 10 Dominika Cibulková 3,830 130 70 3,770 Second round lost to Sloane Stephens (PR) 12 12 Jeļena Ostapenko 3,382 10 130 3,502 Third round lost to Daria Kasatkina 13 14 Petra Kvitová 3,120 240 430 3,310 Quarterfinals lost to Venus Williams (9) 14 13 Kristina Mladenovic 3,155 70 10 3,095 First round lost to Monica Niculescu 15 16 Madison Keys 2,343 240 1,300 3,403 Runner-up, lost to Sloane Stephens (PR) 16 17 Anastasija Sevastova 2,295 430 430 2,295 Quarterfinals lost to Sloane Stephens (PR) 17 18 Elena Vesnina 2,140 130 130 2,140 Third round lost to Madison Keys (15) 18 19 Caroline Garcia 2,135 130 130 2,135 Third round lost to Petra Kvitová (13) 19 21 Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 2,065 130 10 1,945 First round lost to Christina McHale 20 22 CoCo Vandeweghe 1,994 10 780 2,764 Semifinals lost to Madison Keys (15) 21 23 Ana Konjuh 1,805 430 10 1,385 First round lost to Ashleigh Barty 22 24 Peng Shuai 1,800 10 70 1,860 Second round lost to Donna Vekić 23 25 Barbora Strýcová 1,725 10 70 1,785 Second round lost to Jennifer Brady 24 27 Kiki Bertens 1,670 10 10 1,670 First round lost to Maria Sakkari 25 20 Daria Gavrilova 2,075 10 70 2,135 Second round lost to Shelby Rogers 26 29 Anett Kontaveit 1,630 10 10 1,630 First round lost to Lucie Šafářová 27 26 Zhang Shuai 1,685 130 130 1,685 Third round lost to Karolína Plíšková (1) 28 30 Lesia Tsurenko 1,625 240 10 1,395 First round lost to Yanina Wickmayer 29 31 Mirjana Lučić -Baroni 1,615 70 70 1,615 Second round lost to Carla Suárez Navarro 30 33 Julia Görges 1,570 70 240 1,740 Fourth round lost to Sloane Stephens (PR) 31 32 Magdaléna Rybáriková 1,577 0 130 1,707 Third round lost to Garbiñe Muguruza (3) 32 34 Lauren Davis 1,476 70 10 1,416 First round lost to Sofia Kenin (WC) Withdrawn players ( edit ) Rank Player Points before Points defending Points after Withdrawal reason 15 Serena Williams 2,810 780 2,030 Pregnancy 28 Timea Bacsinszky 1,658 70 1,588 Left thigh and wrist injury Doubles seeds ( edit ) Men's doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Henri Kontinen John Peers Łukasz Kubot Marcelo Melo 7 Pierre-Hugues Herbert Nicolas Mahut 13 Jamie Murray Bruno Soares 13 Bob Bryan Mike Bryan 18 5 Ivan Dodig Marcel Granollers 25 6 Raven Klaasen Rajeev Ram 28 7 Ryan Harrison Michael Venus 32 8 Oliver Marach Mate Pavić 35 9 Rohan Bopanna Pablo Cuevas 42 10 Feliciano López Marc López 45 11 Jean-Julien Rojer Horia Tecău 57 12 Brian Baker Nikola Mektić 67 13 Julio Peralta Horacio Zeballos 77 14 Santiago González Donald Young 78 15 Sam Groth Aisam-ul-Haq Qureshi 80 16 Rankings as of August 21, 2017. Women's doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Ekaterina Makarova Elena Vesnina 6 Chan Yung-jan Martina Hingis 11 Lucie Šafářová Barbora Strýcová 12 Sania Mirza Peng Shuai 18 Tímea Babos Andrea Hlaváčková 26 5 Ashleigh Barty Casey Dellacqua 29 6 Lucie Hradecká Kateřina Siniaková 31 7 Anna-Lena Grönefeld Květa Peschke 40 8 Gabriela Dabrowski Xu Yifan 48 9 Abigail Spears Katarina Srebotnik 49 10 Kiki Bertens Johanna Larsson 55 11 Hsieh Su-wei Monica Niculescu 58 12 Kristina Mladenovic Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova 63 13 Andreja Klepač María José Martínez Sánchez 64 14 Makoto Ninomiya Renata Voráčová 71 15 Nao Hibino Alicja Rosolska 77 16 Rankings as of August 21, 2017. Mixed doubles ( edit ) Team Rank Seed Martina Hingis Jamie Murray 11 Sania Mirza Ivan Dodig 19 Chan Hao-ching Michael Venus 24 Tímea Babos Bruno Soares 26 Casey Dellacqua Rajeev Ram 27 5 Andrea Hlaváčková Édouard Roger-Vasselin 38 6 Gabriela Dabrowski Rohan Bopanna 39 7 Lucie Hradecká Marcin Matkowski 45 8 Rankings as of August 21, 2017. Events ( edit ) Men's singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Men's Singles Rafael Nadal def. Kevin Anderson , 6-- 3, 6-- 3, 6-- 4 Women's singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Women's Singles Sloane Stephens def. Madison Keys , 6-- 3, 6-- 0 Men's doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Men's Doubles Jean-Julien Rojer / Horia Tecău def. Feliciano López / Marc López , 6-- 4, 6-- 3 Women's doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Women's Doubles Chan Yung-jan / Martina Hingis def. Lucie Hradecká / Kateřina Siniaková , 6-- 3, 6-- 2 Mixed doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Mixed Doubles Martina Hingis / Jamie Murray def. Chan Hao-ching / Michael Venus , 6-- 1, 4-- 6, (10-- 8) Junior boys' singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Boys' Singles Wu Yibing def. Axel Geller , 6-- 4, 6-- 4 Junior girls' singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Girls' Singles Amanda Anisimova def. Cori Gauff, 6-- 0, 6-- 2 Junior boys' doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Boys' Doubles Hsu Yu-hsiou / Wu Yibing def. Toru Horie / Yuta Shimizu, 6-- 4, 5-- 7, (11-- 9) Junior girls' doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Girls' Doubles Olga Danilović / Marta Kostyuk def. Lea Bošković / Wang Xiyu, 6-- 1, 7-- 5 Men's champions doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Men's Champions Invitational John McEnroe / Patrick McEnroe def. Pat Cash / Henri Leconte , 6-- 2, 6-- 4 Women's champions doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Women's Champions Invitational Kim Clijsters / Martina Navratilova def. Lindsay Davenport / Mary Joe Fernández , 4-- 6, 6-- 2, (10-- 4) Wheelchair men's singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Men's Singles Stéphane Houdet def. Alfie Hewett , 6-- 2, 4-- 6, 6-- 3 Wheelchair women's singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Women's Singles Yui Kamiji def. Diede de Groot, 7-- 5, 6-- 2 Wheelchair quad singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Quad Singles David Wagner def. Andrew Lapthorne , 7-- 5, 3-- 6, 6-- 4 Wheelchair men's doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Men's Doubles Alfie Hewett / Gordon Reid def. Stéphane Houdet / Nicolas Peifer , 7-- 5, 6-- 4 Wheelchair women's doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Women's Doubles Marjolein Buis / Diede de Groot def. Dana Mathewson / Aniek van Koot , 6-- 4, 6-- 3 Wheelchair quad doubles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Wheelchair Quad Doubles Andrew Lapthorne / David Wagner def. Dylan Alcott / Bryan Barten, 7-- 5, 6-- 2 Wild card entries ( edit ) The following players were given wildcards to the main draw based on internal selection and recent performances. Men's singles ( edit ) Geoffrey Blancaneaux Alex De Minaur Christopher Eubanks Bjorn Fratangelo Taylor Fritz Thai-Son Kwiatkowski Patrick Kypson Tommy Paul Women's singles ( edit ) Kayla Day Amandine Hesse Sofia Kenin Ashley Kratzer Brienne Minor Arina Rodionova Maria Sharapova Taylor Townsend Men's doubles ( edit ) William Blumberg / Spencer Papa Christopher Eubanks / Christian Harrison Taylor Fritz / Reilly Opelka Steve Johnson / Tommy Paul Vasil Kirkov / Danny Thomas Bradley Klahn / Scott Lipsky Austin Krajicek / Jackson Withrow Women's doubles ( edit ) Kristie Ahn / Irina Falconi Amanda Anisimova / Emina Bektas Julia Boserup / Nicole Gibbs Jacqueline Cako / Sachia Vickery Kayla Day / Caroline Dolehide Francesca Di Lorenzo / Allie Kiick Taylor Johnson / Claire Liu Mixed doubles ( edit ) Kristie Ahn / Tennys Sandgren Amanda Anisimova / Christian Harrison Jennifer Brady / Bjorn Fratangelo Louisa Chirico / Bradley Klahn Liezel Huber / Danny Thomas Sofia Kenin / Michael Mmoh Jamie Loeb / Mitchell Krueger Nicole Melichar / Jackson Withrow Qualifier entries ( edit ) The qualifying competitions took place at the USTA Billie Jean King National Tennis Center on 22 -- 25 August 2017. Men's singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Men's Singles Qualifying Maximilian Marterer Denis Shapovalov Radu Albot Václav Šafránek JC Aragone Mikhail Kukushkin Cameron Norrie Stefano Travaglia Cedrik-Marcel Stebe Adrián Menéndez -Maceiras Vincent Millot John-Patrick Smith Evan King Nicolas Mahut Darian King Tim Smyczek Lucky losers ( edit ) Leonardo Mayer Lukáš Lacko Women's singles ( edit ) Main article: 2017 US Open -- Women's Singles Qualifying Kaia Kanepi Anna Zaja İpek Soylu Mihaela Buzărnescu Rebecca Peterson Sachia Vickery Danielle Lao Claire Liu Sofya Zhuk Kateryna Kozlova Anna Blinkova Viktória Kužmová Allie Kiick Nicole Gibbs Tereza Martincová Lesley Kerkhove Withdrawals ( edit ) The following players were accepted directly into the main tournament, but withdrew with injuries, suspensions or for personal reasons. Men's singles Federico Delbonis → replaced by Alessandro Giannessi Novak Djokovic → replaced by Henri Laaksonen Dan Evans → replaced by Ernests Gulbis Andy Murray → replaced by Lukáš Lacko Kei Nishikori → replaced by Thiago Monteiro Yoshihito Nishioka → replaced by Tennys Sandgren Milos Raonic → replaced by Leonardo Mayer Stan Wawrinka → replaced by Florian Mayer Women's singles Victoria Azarenka → replaced by Misa Eguchi Timea Bacsinszky → replaced by Pauline Parmentier Sara Errani → replaced by Denisa Allertová Anna-Lena Friedsam → replaced by Ana Bogdan Kristína Kučová → replaced by Viktorija Golubic Bethanie Mattek-Sands → replaced by Ons Jabeur Mandy Minella → replaced by Julia Boserup Yaroslava Shvedova → replaced by Alison Van Uytvanck Laura Siegemund → replaced by Aliaksandra Sasnovich Samantha Stosur → replaced by Annika Beck Serena Williams → replaced by Richèl Hogenkamp Retirements ( edit ) Men's singles ( edit ) Kyle Edmund (3rd round) Santiago Giraldo (2nd round) Andreas Haider-Maurer (1st round) Gaël Monfils (3rd round) Vasek Pospisil (1st round) Dmitry Tursunov (1st round) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Winner of the men's singles tournament in the 2017 NCAA Division I Tennis Championships Jump up ^ Winner of the Kalamazoo Wild Card tournament Jump up ^ Winner of the Men's USTA Wild Card Challenge held in Binghamton, New York , Lexington, Kentucky and Aptos, California Jump up ^ Winner of the Women's USTA Wild Card Challenge held in Stockton, California , Sacramento, California and Lexington, Kentucky Jump up ^ Winner of the USTA Girls' under-18 national tournament Jump up ^ Winner of the women's singles tournament in the 2017 NCAA Division I Tennis Championships References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gray, James (1970-01-01). `` Wimbledon 2017: Johanna Konta beats Caroline Garcia who denies ILLEGAL coaching claims Tennis Sport'' . Express.co.uk . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . Jump up ^ Press, Associated. `` Garcia says she didn't notice if her father was coaching her'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . Jump up ^ Sarkar, Pritha (2017-07-07). `` Tennis: Illegal coaching accusation irks Azarenka'' . Reuters . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . Jump up ^ Simon Briggs, Tennis Correspondent , Wimbledon (2017-07-06). `` Tennis set for radical change as US Open trials ' shot-clocks' to combat slow play'' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved 2017-07-11 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` SBS serves up US Open broadcast deal'' . June 19, 2017 . Retrieved September 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Maher, Erin (July 18, 2017). `` 2017 US Open prize money to top $50 Million'' . usopen.org . Retrieved July 18, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Harwitt, Sandra (August 26, 2017). `` Andy Murray withdraws from U.S. Open'' . USA Today . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stan Wawrinka ruled out for rest of 2017 season after surgery on knee'' . The Guardian . August 4, 2017 . Retrieved August 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Novak Djokovic: Twelve-time Grand Slam champion will not play again in 2017'' . BBC Sport . July 26, 2017 . Retrieved July 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Marshall, Ashley (August 16, 2017). `` Nishikori to miss US Open with wrist injury'' . usopen.org . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Canada's Milos Raonic withdraws from U.S. Open'' . Toronto Star . August 23, 2017 . Retrieved August 28, 2017 . Jump up ^ Clarey, Christopher (April 19, 2017). `` Serena Williams's Pregnancy Is Confirmed After Day of Speculation'' . New York Daily News . Retrieved April 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Lacour, Clémence (July 26, 2017). `` US Open - Blancaneaux et Parmentier auront les wild-cards'' (in French). tennisactu.net . Retrieved July 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ http://www.heraldsun.com.au/sport/tennis/rising-aussie-star-alex-de-minaur-given-a-wildcard-for-this-years-us-open/news-story/71fb8619bd873bee6759e6680f214e8a ^ Jump up to: `` US Open men's wild cards dealt to rising stars'' . usopen.org. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DI men's tennis championship: Virginia's Thai-Son Kwiatkowski wins NCAA men's singles title'' . NCAA.com . May 29, 2017 . Retrieved July 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Sharapova headlines US Open women's wild cards'' . usopen.org. 15 August 2017 . Retrieved 15 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` La wild-card pour Hesse'' . welovetennis.fr . August 14, 2017 . Retrieved August 14, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brienne Minor is Michigan's first national champ in tennis'' . detroitnews.com . May 29, 2017 . Retrieved July 20, 2017 . External links ( edit ) Official website Preceded by 2017 Wimbledon Championships Grand Slams Succeeded by 2018 Australian Open US Open Pre Open Era 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 Open Era 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 2017 Men's singles Women's singles Men's doubles Women's doubles Mixed doubles 2017 ATP World Tour `` 2016 2018 '' Grand Slam events Australian Open ( S , D , X ) French Open ( S , D , X ) Wimbledon ( S , D , X ) US Open ( S , D , X ) ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Indian Wells ( S , D ) Miami ( S , D ) Monte Carlo ( S , D ) Madrid ( S , D ) Rome ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Shanghai ( S , D ) Paris ( S , D ) ATP World Tour 500 series Rotterdam ( S , D ) Rio ( S , D ) Dubai ( S , D ) Acapulco ( S , D ) Barcelona ( S , D ) London ( S , D ) Halle ( S , D ) Hamburg ( S , D ) Washington D.C. 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( S , D ) Nanchang ( S , D ) Quebec City ( S , D ) Tokyo ( S , D ) Seoul ( S , D ) Guangzhou ( S , D ) Tashkent ( S , D ) Linz ( S , D ) Hong Kong ( S , D ) Tianjin ( S , D ) Luxembourg City ( S , D ) Team events Fed Cup World Group I + World Group II WG I Play-offs WG II Play-offs Americas Asia/Oceania Europe/Africa WTA Finals, Singapore ( S , D ) WTA Elite Trophy, Zhuhai ( S , D ) 2017 in tennis Grand Slam Australian Open French Open Wimbledon US Open Men ATP World Tour ATP World Tour Masters 1000 Next Generation ATP Finals ATP World Tour Finals ATP Challenger Tour ITF Men's Circuit Women WTA Tour WTA Premier WTA Finals WTA Elite Trophy WTA 125K series ITF Women's Circuit Team events Davis Cup World Group Fed Cup World Group Hopman Cup Laver Cup World TeamTennis Other events Commonwealth Youth Games Games of the Small States of Europe Islamic Solidarity Games Island Games Southeast Asian Games Summer Universiade 2017 US Open Series `` 2016 2018 '' ATP World Tour Atlanta ( S , D ) Montreal ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) Winston-Salem ( S , D ) New York ( S , D , X ) WTA Tour Stanford ( S , D ) Toronto ( S , D ) Cincinnati ( S , D ) New Haven ( S , D ) New York ( S , D , X ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2017_US_Open_(tennis)&oldid=802217236 '' Categories : 2017 US Open Series 2017 ATP World Tour 2017 in tennis 2017 US Open (tennis) 2017 WTA Tour US Open (tennis) by year August 2017 sports events in the United States September 2017 sports events in the United States 2017 in American tennis 2017 in sports in New York City Hidden categories: CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list CS1 French-language sources (fr) Interlanguage link template link number Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Français Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Scots Slovenščina Suomi Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017, at 19:09. 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where is the pearl district in portland oregon

The area is located just northwest of downtown between West Burnside Street on the south , the Willamette River on the north , NW Broadway on the east and the Interstate 405 freeway on the west .

Pearl District, Portland, Oregon - wikipedia Pearl District, Portland, Oregon Jump to: navigation , search Pearl District Neighborhood Pearl District Coordinates: 45° 31′ 48'' N 122° 40′ 53'' W  /  45.53012° N 122.68136° W  / 45.53012; -122.68136 Coordinates : 45° 31′ 48'' N 122° 40′ 53'' W  /  45.53012° N 122.68136° W  / 45.53012; -122.68136 PDF map Country United States State Oregon City Portland Government Association Pearl District Neighborhood Association Coalition Neighbors West/Northwest Area Total 0.47 sq mi (1.21 km ) Population (2010 ) Total 5,997 Density 13,000/sq mi (5,000/km ) Housing No. of households 5315 Occupancy rate 79% occupied Owner-occupied 1493 households (28%) Renting 2699 households (51%) Avg. household size 1.13 persons The Pearl District is an area of Portland, Oregon , formerly occupied by warehouses , light industry and railroad classification yards and now noted for its art galleries , upscale businesses and residences. The area has been undergoing significant urban renewal since the mid-1980s when it was reclassified as mixed use from industrial, including the arrival of artists, the removal of a viaduct and construction of the Portland Streetcar . It now mostly consists of high-rise condominiums and warehouse-to-loft conversions . The increase of high-rise condominiums and warehouse-to-loft conversions was made evident with the construction of the Cosmopolitan on the Park building, which opened in Summer 2016. The Cosmopolitan on the Park residential building is now the tallest building in the Pearl District and the 8th tallest building in Portland, contributing to the changing Portland skyline. The area is located just northwest of downtown between West Burnside Street on the south, the Willamette River on the north, NW Broadway on the east and the Interstate 405 freeway on the west. The area is home to several Portland icons, including Powell's City of Books . The former Weinhard Brewery, which operated continuously from 1864 to September 1999, was shut down by Stroh's upon the purchase of the Weinhard's brand by Miller Brewing and sold for redevelopment as the Brewery Blocks. There are art galleries and institutions such as the Elizabeth Leach Gallery and Blue Sky Gallery (many who stage monthly receptions), boutiques, and restaurants abound, and also a number of small clubs and bars, a combination that has led to Pearl District being named one of the 15 coolest neighborhoods in the world in 2016. The United States Post Office main processing facility for all of Oregon and southwestern Washington was built in the Pearl District in 1964, next to Union Station . This location was chosen in order for the post office to be able to better serve towns outside the Portland metro area. The district includes most of the historic North Park Blocks (1869), as well as three public plazas: Jamison Square (2002) is built around a fountain which simulates a tidal pool that is periodically filled by artificial waterfalls and then drained into grating. Tanner Springs Park (2005) is a re-created natural area featuring wetlands, a walking trail, and creek. The Fields Park (2013) is a Neighborhood and Dog Park in the Northern part of the Pearl. The Park provides space for visual or performing arts, for community-building activities and has a large paved walking loop. History ( edit ) The area was formerly used for warehousing , light industrial purposes and a railroad yard and was known as the `` Northwest Industrial Triangle'' . In the 1990s, the Lovejoy Viaduct, an elevated portion of NW Lovejoy Street from the Broadway Bridge past NW 10th Avenue was demolished, opening dozens of surrounding blocks (including some brownfield sites) for development, which peaked in the 2000s. The viaduct was notable for the Lovejoy Columns , painted by a railroad watchman who worked below; two of them have been saved. The increasing density has attracted a mix of restaurants, brewpubs , shops, and art galleries. The origins of how the Pearl District got its name is still up for debate. According to the Pearl District Business Association, Thomas Augustine, a local gallery owner, coined the name Pearl District around the turn of the millennium to suggest that some of its urban decay industrial buildings were like crusty oysters, and that the galleries and artists' lofts within were like pearls. However, in 2002, Thomas Augustine amended his story, suggesting that the idea for the Pearl District came from his friend Pearl Marie Amhara who would throw parties for creatives in warehouses in what is now considered the Pearl District. Attendees started calling the area `` Pearl's place'' and `` Pearl's District'' . Local business people were looking to label the growing area and the name finally caught on when a writer for Alaska Airlines borrowed and popularized Augustine's phrase. The `` warehouse district'' or the `` brewery district'' were two other suggestions that are still used today. The movie Drugstore Cowboy (1989), by Gus Van Sant , has several scenes shot in the neighborhood. Aerial view from 1988, prior to redevelopment; the Pearl District lies in the center of the image The Pearl District and surrounding area as seen from the US Bancorp Tower Pearl District street sign topper References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://www.portlandmaps.com/detail.cfm?action=Census&x=7643159.605&y=686914.544 ^ Jump up to: Demographics (2010 (1) ) Jump up ^ http://www.marshall-wells.com/historypearl3.html Jump up ^ Nextportland (2014-12-09). `` North Pearl High-Rises, Part I: The Cosmopolitan on the Park (images)'' . Next Portland . Retrieved 2017-01-31 . Jump up ^ City of Portland, Oregon Office of Neighborhood Involvement/Bureau of Planning (June 1, 2001). `` Pearl Neighborhood Association boundary map'' ( PDF ) . Jump up ^ `` Mixed Use Brewery Blocks'' . Accessed online 16 July 2008. Jump up ^ `` The 15 Coolest Neighborhoods in the World in 2016'' . Retrieved 13 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Fields Park'' . City of Portland . Retrieved 12 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Don Hamilton (April 29, 2005). `` More polish for the Pearl'' . Portland Tribune . Archived from the original on February 21, 2008 . Retrieved January 31, 2015 . Jump up ^ Lovejoy Columns Jump up ^ Margie Boule (April 14, 2002). `` Pearl District's namesake was a jewel of a woman'' . The Oregonian . Jump up ^ `` How Did the Pearl District Get Its Name?'' . Pearl District Neighborhood Association . 2014-01-06 . Retrieved 2017-01-31 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pearl District (Portland) . Pearl District: Portland Oregon Visitors Association Via Magazine , 2011 article Official website of the Pearl District Neighborhood Association Pearl District, Portland, Oregon Buildings 511 Federal Building Albers Brothers Milling Company Centennial Mills Cosmopolitan on the Park First Regiment Armory Annex Framework Harlow Block Honeyman Hardware Company Building Lombard Automobile Buildings Meier & Frank Delivery Depot Meier & Frank Warehouse Natural Capital Center North Bank Depot Buildings NV Otis Elevator Company Building Pacific Coast Biscuit Company Building Portland Buddhist Church Portland Cordage Company Building United States Customhouse Weinhard Brewery Complex Business Art Institute of Portland Blue Sky Gallery Bluehour BridgePort Brewing Company Irving Street Kitchen Jimmy Mak's Mediterranean Exploration Company Museum of Contemporary Craft Oven and Shaker Pacific Northwest College of Art Portland Incubator Experiment Portland International Beerfest Powell's Books Stag PDX The Parish Trader Vic's Wieden+Kennedy Geography Jamison Square North Park Blocks Tanner Springs Park The Fields Park Public art Artwall Contact II Da Tung and Xi'an Bao Bao Dog Bowl Lovejoy Columns Memory 99 Tikitotmoniki Totems Transportation Broadway Bridge Fremont Bridge Neighborhoods of Portland, Oregon Neighborhood Associations Alameda Arbor Lodge Ardenwald-Johnson Creek Argay Arlington Heights Arnold Creek Ashcreek Beaumont-Wilshire Boise Brentwood-Darlington Bridgeton Bridlemile Brooklyn Buckman Cathedral Park Centennial Collins View Concordia Creston-Kenilworth Crestwood Cully Downtown East Columbia Eastmoreland Eliot Far Southwest Forest Park Foster-Powell Glenfair Goose Hollow Grant Park Hayden Island Hayhurst Hazelwood Healy Heights Hillsdale Hillside Hollywood Homestead Hosford-Abernethy Humboldt Irvington Kenton Kerns King Laurelhurst Lents Linnton Lloyd District Madison South Maplewood Markham Marshall Park Mill Park Montavilla Mt. Scott-Arleta Mt. Tabor Multnomah North Tabor Northwest District Northwest Heights Northwest Industrial Old Town Chinatown Overlook Parkrose Parkrose Heights Pearl District Piedmont Pleasant Valley Portsmouth Powellhurst-Gilbert Reed Richmond Rose City Park Roseway Russell Sabin St. Johns Sellwood-Moreland South Burlingame South Portland South Tabor Southwest Hills Sullivan's Gulch Sumner Sunderland Sunnyside Sylvan-Highlands University Park Vernon West Portland Park Wilkes Woodland Park Woodlawn Woodstock Other areas Alberta Arts District Albina Belmont Burnside Triangle Dignity Village Hawthorne Ladd's Addition Marquam Hill RiverPlace South Waterfront Westmoreland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pearl_District,_Portland,_Oregon&oldid=788562692 '' Categories : Pearl District, Portland, Oregon Arts districts Neighborhoods in Portland, Oregon Pacific Northwest art Transit-oriented developments Warehouse districts of the United States Hidden categories: Coordinates on Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007 Articles with unsourced statements from February 2010 Talk About Wikipedia Français Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2017, at 03:37. 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who helped the us in the vietnam war

South Vietnam United States South Korea Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Khmer Republic Laos Military support : Taiwan Other support ( show ) Malaysia Spain Canada Iran West Germany Brazil Japan North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao China North Korea Military support : Soviet Union Cuba Other support ( show ) Czechoslovakia Bulgaria East Germany Romania Poland Hungary Sweden

Vietnam War - wikipedia Vietnam War Jump to: navigation , search `` The Vietnam War'' redirects here. For the 2017 documentary, see The Vietnam War (TV series) . For a list of wars throughout the history of Vietnam, see List of wars involving Vietnam . This article may be too long to read and navigate comfortably . The readable prose size is 137 kilobytes. Please consider splitting content into sub-articles, condensing it, or adding or removing subheadings . (October 2017) Vietnam War (Chiến tranh Việt Nam) Part of the Indochina Wars and the Cold War Clockwise, from top left : U.S. combat operations in Ia Drang , ARVN Rangers defending Saigon during the 1968 Tet Offensive , two A-4C Skyhawks after the Gulf of Tonkin incident , ARVN recapture Quảng Trị during the 1972 Easter Offensive , civilians fleeing the 1972 Battle of Quảng Trị , and burial of 300 victims of the 1968 Huế Massacre . Date 1 November 1955 -- 30 April 1975 ( 1975-04-30 ) (19 years, 5 months, 4 weeks and 1 day) Location South Vietnam , North Vietnam , Cambodia , Laos Result North Vietnamese victory Withdrawal of American-led forces from Indochina Communist governments take power in South Vietnam , Cambodia and Laos South Vietnam is annexed by North Vietnam Territorial changes Reunification of North and South Vietnam into the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Belligerents South Vietnam United States South Korea Thailand Australia Philippines New Zealand Khmer Republic Laos Military support: Taiwan Other support (show) Malaysia Spain Canada Iran West Germany Brazil Japan North Vietnam Viet Cong Khmer Rouge Pathet Lao China North Korea Military support: Soviet Union Cuba Other support (show) Czechoslovakia Bulgaria East Germany Romania Poland Hungary Sweden Commanders and leaders Ngô Đình Diệm † Nguyễn Văn Thiệu Nguyễn Cao Kỳ Cao Văn Viên Ngô Quang Trưởng John F. Kennedy Lyndon B. Johnson Richard Nixon Gerald Ford Robert McNamara William Westmoreland Creighton Abrams Frederick C. Weyand Park Chung-hee Thanom Kittikachorn Robert Menzies Harold Holt John McEwen John Gorton William McMahon Ferdinand Marcos Keith Holyoake Jack Marshall Norman Kirk Chiang Kai-Shek ... and others Ho Chi Minh Lê Duẩn Võ Nguyên Giáp Văn Tiến Dũng Lê Trọng Tấn Phạm Văn Đồng Hoàng Văn Thái Trần Văn Trà Nguyễn Văn Linh Nguyễn Hữu Thọ ... and others Strength ≈ 1,420,000 (1968) South Vietnam: 850,000 (1968) 1,500,000 (1974-- 75) United States: 543,000 (April 1969) South Korea : 50,003 Thailand: 11,570 Australia: 7,672 Philippines: 2,061 New Zealand: 552 ≈ 1,060,000 (1967) North Vietnam: 690,000 (January 1967) Viet Cong: 200,000 (estimated, 1968) China: 170,000 (1967) North Korea: 200 Casualties and losses South Vietnam 195,000-- 430,000 civilian dead 220,357 -- 313,000 military dead 1,170,000 wounded United States 58,318 dead; 303,644 wounded (including 150,341 not requiring hospital care) South Korea 5,099 dead; 10,962 wounded; 4 missing Australia 521 dead; 3,129 wounded Thailand 351 dead; 1,358 wounded New Zealand 37 dead; 187 wounded Taiwan 25 dead; Philippines 9 dead; 64 wounded Total military dead: 284,668-- 377,311 Total wounded: ≈ 1,340,000+ North Vietnam & Viet Cong 65,000 civilian dead 849,018 military dead 600,000+ wounded China ≈ 1,100 dead and 4,200 wounded North Korea 14 dead Total military dead: 850,132+ Total wounded: ≈ 604,200 Vietnamese civilian dead : 627,000-- 2,000,000 Vietnamese total dead : 966,000 -- 3,091,000 Cambodian Civil War dead : 240,000-- 300,000* Laotian Civil War dead : 20,000-- 62,000* Non-Indochinese military dead (sum) : 65,425 Total dead (sum) : 1,291,425-- 4,211,451 For more information see Vietnam War casualties and Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War * indicates approximations, see Casualties below Indochina Wars Masterdom First Second Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Third Cambodian-Vietnamese Cambodian-Thai border Sino-Vietnamese border conflicts Hmong insurgency FULRO insurgency against Vietnam Military engagements of the Vietnam War Guerrilla phase Laos Chopper Sunrise 1st Ap Bac Go Cong Hiep Hoa 34A Long Dinh Kien Long Quyet Thang 202 Bien Hoa Airbase USNS Card Nam Dong An Lao Binh Gia Camp Holloway Qui Nhơn Song Be Ba Gia Dong Xoai American intervention Starlite Piranha An Ninh Plei Me Hump Gang Toi 1st Bau Bang Bushmaster II Ia Drang Marauder Crimp Van Buren Masher/White Wing Bong Son Mastiff Suoi Bong Trang New York Harrison Cocoa Beach Utah Silver City A Shau Oregon Texas Lincoln Birmingham Xa Cam My Fillmore Davy Crockett Austin IV Paul Revere Crazy Horse El Paso Hawthorne Hill 488 Nathan Hale Wahiawa Hastings Minh Thanh Road John Paul Jones Seward Prairie Colorado Duc Co Long Tan Amarillo Thayer Attleboro Deckhouse IV Irving Tan Son Nhut airbase Lam Son II Firebase Bird SS Baton Rouge Victory Sunset Beach Shenandoah Paul Revere IV Thayer II Geronimo Fairfax Deckhouse V Cedar Falls Desoto Tra Binh Dong Sam Houston Gadsden Pershing Bribie Junction City ( 1st Prek Klok 2nd Prek Klok Ap Gu Suoi Tre 2nd Bau Bang ) Lejeune Francis Marion Manhattan Beaver Cage Union The Hill Fights Con Thien Malheur I and Malheur II Union II Akron Concordia Buffalo Hong Kil Dong Diamond Head Hood River Suoi Chau Pha Benton Swift Dragon Fire Wheeler/Wallowa Kunia Medina Ong Thanh 1st Loc Ninh Kingfisher Kentucky Lancaster Dak To Phoenix Yellowstone Auburn 1968 New Year's Day Battle of 1968 Khe Sanh Coburg Tet Offensive 1st Saigon Hue 1st Quảng Trị Ban Houei Sane Lang Vei Lo Giang Truong Cong Dinh Lima Site 85 My Lai Massacre Pegasus Toan Thang I Scotland II Delaware Allen Brook May ' 68 Kham Duc Coral-- Balmoral Mameluke Thrust Robin Duc Lap Vinh Loc Maui Peak Meade River Speedy Express Drawdown 1969-- 71 Bold Mariner Dewey Canyon Taylor Common 2nd Tet Purple Martin Massachusetts Striker Maine Crag Montana Mauler Oklahoma Hills Virginia Ridge Apache Snow Hamburger Hill Twinkletoes Binh Ba LZ Kate Bu Prang Texas Star Chicago Peak FSB Ripcord 1st Cambodia Kompong Speu Prey Veng 2nd Cambodia Snuol Tailwind Jefferson Glenn Hat Dich Lam Son 719 Son Tay Raid Chenla I Chenla II FSB Mary Ann Long Khanh Nui Le Easter Offensive 2nd Quang Trị 3rd Quang Trị 2nd Loc Ninh An Lộc Kontum Thunderhead Post-Paris Peace Accords (1973-- 1974) Cửa Việt Ap Da Bien Svay Rieng Iron Triangle Thượng Đức Spring ' 75 Phuoc Long Ban Me Thuot Hue-- Da Nang Phan Rang Xuân Lộc 2nd Saigon Air operations Farm Gate Chopper Ranch Hand Pierce Arrow Barrel Roll Pony Express Flaming Dart Iron Hand Rolling Thunder Steel Tiger Arc Light Tiger Hound Shed Light Thanh Hoa Bolo Popeye Yen Vien Niagara Igloo White Giant Lance Commando Hunt Menu Patio Freedom Deal Linebacker I Enhance Plus Linebacker II Homecoming Tan Son Nhut Air Base Babylift New Life Eagle Pull Frequent Wind Naval operations Yankee & Dixie Stations Gulf of Tonkin Market Time Vung Ro Bay Game Warden Double Eagle PIRAZ Sea Dragon Deckhouse Five Bo De River, Nha Trang, Tha Cau River Sealords Đồng Hới Pocket Money Custom Tailor End Sweep Paracel Islands East Sea Mayaguez incident The Vietnam War ( Vietnamese : Chiến tranh Việt Nam ), also known as the Second Indochina War , known in Vietnam as the Resistance War Against America ( Vietnamese : Kháng chiến chống Mỹ ) or simply the American War , was a conflict that occurred in Vietnam , Laos , and Cambodia from 1 November 1955 to the fall of Saigon on 30 April 1975. It was the second of the Indochina Wars and was officially fought between North Vietnam and the government of South Vietnam . The North Vietnamese army was supported by the Soviet Union, China and other communist allies and the South Vietnamese army was supported by the United States, South Korea, Australia, Thailand and other anti-communist allies . The war is therefore considered a Cold War -era proxy war . The Viet Cong (also known as the National Liberation Front, or NLF), a South Vietnamese communist common front aided by the North, fought a guerrilla war against anti-communist forces in the region, while the People's Army of Vietnam , also known as the North Vietnamese Army (NVA), engaged in more conventional warfare , at times committing large units to battle. As the war continued, the military actions of the Viet Cong decreased as the role and engagement of the NVA grew. U.S. and South Vietnamese forces relied on air superiority and overwhelming firepower to conduct search and destroy operations, involving ground forces , artillery , and airstrikes . In the course of the war, the U.S. conducted a large-scale strategic bombing campaign against North Vietnam. The North Vietnamese government and the Viet Cong were fighting to reunify Vietnam. They viewed the conflict as a colonial war and a continuation of the First Indochina War against forces from France and later on the United States. The U.S. government viewed its involvement in the war as a way to prevent a communist takeover of South Vietnam. This was part of the domino theory of a wider containment policy, with the stated aim of stopping the spread of communism. Beginning in 1950, American military advisors arrived in what was then French Indochina . Most of the funding for the French war effort was provided by the U.S. U.S. involvement escalated in the early 1960s, with troop levels tripling in 1961 and again in 1962. U.S. involvement escalated further following the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident , in which a U.S. destroyer clashed with North Vietnamese fast attack craft, which was followed by the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution , which gave the U.S. president authorization to increase U.S. military presence. Regular U.S. combat units were deployed beginning in 1965. Operations crossed international borders: bordering areas of Laos and Cambodia were heavily bombed by U.S. forces as American involvement in the war peaked in 1968, the same year that the communist side launched the Tet Offensive . The Tet Offensive failed in its goal of overthrowing the South Vietnamese government, but became the turning point in the war, as it persuaded a large segment of the U.S. population that its government's claims of progress toward winning the war were illusory despite many years of massive U.S. military aid to South Vietnam. Gradual withdrawal of U.S. ground forces began as part of `` Vietnamization '' , which aimed to end American involvement in the war while transferring the task of fighting the communists to the South Vietnamese themselves. Despite the Paris Peace Accord , which was signed by all parties in January 1973, the fighting continued. In the U.S. and the Western world, a large anti-Vietnam War movement developed as part of a larger counterculture . The war changed the dynamics between the Eastern and Western Blocs , and altered North-- South relations . Direct U.S. military involvement ended on 15 August 1973. The capture of Saigon by the North Vietnamese Army in April 1975 marked the end of the war, and North and South Vietnam were reunified the following year. The war exacted a huge human cost in terms of fatalities (see Vietnam War casualties ). Estimates of the number of Vietnamese soldiers and civilians killed vary from 966,000 to 3.1 million. Some 240,000-- 300,000 Cambodians , 20,000-- 62,000 Laotians , and 58,220 U.S. service members also died in the conflict, and a further 1,626 remain missing in action. Contents ( hide ) 1 Names for the war 2 Background to 1949 3 Exit of the French, 1950-- 54 4 Transition period 5 Diệm era, 1955-- 63 5.1 Rule 5.2 Insurgency in the South, 1954-- 60 5.2.1 North Vietnamese involvement 6 Kennedy's escalation, 1961-- 63 6.1 Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm 7 Johnson's escalation, 1963-- 69 7.1 Escalation and ground war 7.2 Tet Offensive 8 Vietnamization, 1969-- 72 8.1 Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization 8.2 Cambodia and Laos 8.3 1972 election and Paris Peace Accords 9 Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War: 1962-- 1973 10 Exit of the Americans: 1973-- 75 10.1 Campaign 275 10.2 Final North Vietnamese offensive 10.3 Fall of Saigon 11 Other countries' involvement 11.1 Pro-Hanoi 11.1.1 People's Republic of China 11.1.2 Soviet Union 11.1.3 North Korea 11.1.4 Cuba 11.2 Pro-Saigon 11.2.1 South Korea 11.2.2 Australia and New Zealand 11.2.3 Philippines 11.2.4 Thailand 11.2.5 Republic of China (Taiwan) 11.2.6 Brazil 11.3 Canada and the ICC 12 United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (FULRO) 13 War crimes 13.1 Allied war crimes 13.2 North Vietnamese, Viet Cong, and Khmer Rouge war crimes 14 Women in the Vietnam War 14.1 American nurses 14.2 Vietnamese women 15 Black servicemen in Vietnam 16 Weapons 16.1 Radio communications 16.2 Extent of U.S. bombing 17 Aftermath 17.1 Events in Southeast Asia 17.2 Effect on the United States 17.3 Impact on the U.S. military 17.4 Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation 17.5 Casualties 17.6 In popular culture 17.7 Commemoration 18 See also 19 Annotations 20 Notes 21 References 21.1 Secondary sources 21.2 Primary sources 21.3 Historiography 22 External links Names for the War Further information: Terminology of the Vietnam War Various names have been applied to the conflict. Vietnam War is the most commonly used name in English. It has also been called the Second Indochina War and the Vietnam Conflict . As there have been several conflicts in Indochina, this particular conflict is known by the names of its primary protagonists to distinguish it from others. In Vietnamese , the war is generally known as Kháng chiến chống Mỹ (Resistance War Against America), but less formally as ' Cuộc chiến tranh Mỹ ' (The American War' ). It is also called Chiến tranh Việt Nam (The Vietnam War). The primary military organizations involved in the war were, on one side, the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN) and the U.S. military , and, on the other side, the People's Army of Vietnam (PAVN) (more commonly called the North Vietnamese Army, or NVA, in English-language sources), and the National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam (NLF, more commonly known as the Viet Cong in English language sources), a South Vietnamese communist guerrilla force. Background to 1949 See also: History of Vietnam , Cochinchina Campaign , Cần Vương , Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , Yên Bái mutiny , Vietnam during World War II , War in Vietnam (1945-- 46) , 1940-- 46 in the Vietnam War , and 1947-- 50 in the Vietnam War France began its conquest of Indochina in the late 1850s, and completed pacification by 1893. The 1884 Treaty of Huế formed the basis for French colonial rule in Vietnam for the next seven decades. In spite of military resistance, most notably by the Cần Vương of Phan Đình Phùng , by 1888 the area of the current-day nations of Cambodia and Vietnam was made into the colony of French Indochina (Laos was later added to the colony). Various Vietnamese opposition movements to French rule existed during this period, such as the Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng who staged the failed Yên Bái mutiny in 1930, but none were ultimately as successful as the Viet Minh common front , which was founded in 1941, controlled by the Indochinese Communist Party , and funded by the U.S. and the Chinese Nationalist Party in its fight against Imperial Japanese occupation. In 1940, during World War II, the French were defeated by the Germans . The French State (commonly known as Vichy France) was established as a client state of Nazi Germany . The French colonial authorities, in French Indochina, sided with the Vichy regime. In September 1940, Japan invaded Indochina . Following the cessation of fighting and the beginning of the Imperial Japanese occupation, the French colonial authorities collaborated with the Japanese. The French continued to run affairs in Indochina, but ultimate power resided in the hands of the Imperial Japanese. The Viet Minh was founded as a league for independence from France, but also opposed Japanese occupation in 1945 for the same reason. The U.S. and Chinese Nationalist Party supported them in the fight against the Imperial Japanese. However, they did not have enough power to fight actual battles at first. Viet Minh leader Ho Chi Minh was suspected of being a communist and jailed for a year by the Chinese Nationalist Party. Double occupation by France and Japan continued until the German forces were expelled from France and the French Indochina colonial authorities started holding secret talks with the Free French . Fearing that they could no longer trust the French authorities, the Imperial Japanese military interned the French authorities and troops on 9 March 1945 and created the puppet Empire of Vietnam state, under Bảo Đại instead. During 1944-- 1945, a deep famine struck northern Vietnam due to a combination of bad weather and French/Japanese exploitation (French Indochina had to supply grains to Japan). Between 400,000 and 2 million people died of starvation (out of a population of 10 million in the affected area). Exploiting the administrative gap that the internment of the French had created, the Viet Minh in March 1945 urged the population to ransack rice warehouses and refuse to pay their taxes. Between 75 and 100 warehouses were consequently raided. This rebellion against the effects of the famine and the authorities that were partially responsible for it bolstered the Viet Minh's popularity and they recruited many members during this period. On 22 August 1945, following the Imperial Japanese surrender , OSS agents Archimedes Patti and Carleton B. Swift Jr. arrived in Hanoi on a mercy mission to liberate allied POWs and were accompanied by Jean Sainteny , a French government official. The Japanese forces informally surrendered (the official surrender took place on 2 September 1945 in Tokyo Bay) but being the only force capable of maintaining law and order the Imperial Japanese military remained in power while keeping French colonial troops and Sainteny detained. During August the Imperial Japanese forces remained inactive as the Viet Minh and other nationalist groups took over public buildings and weapons, which began the August Revolution . OSS officers met repeatedly with Ho Chi Minh and other Viet Minh officers during this period and on 2 September 1945 Ho Chi Minh declared the independent Democratic Republic of Vietnam before a crowd of 500,000 in Hanoi . In an overture to the Americans, he began his speech by paraphrasing the United States Declaration of Independence : `` All men are created equal. The Creator has given us certain inviolable Rights: the right to Life, the right to be Free, and the right to achieve Happiness.'' The Viet Minh took power in Vietnam in the August Revolution . The Viet Minh, downplaying their Communist agenda and stressing nationalism enjoyed large popular support (Vietnamese independence being popular at the time), although Arthur J. Dommen cautions against a `` romanticized view'' of their success: `` The Viet Minh use of terror was systematic....the party had drawn up a list of those to be liquidated without delay.'' After their defeat in the war, the Imperial Japanese Army (IJA) gave weapons to the Vietnamese, and kept Vichy French officials and military officers imprisoned for a month after the surrender. The Viet Minh had recruited more than 600 Imperial Japanese soldiers and given them roles to train or command Vietnamese soldiers. An Imperial Japanese naval officer surrenders his sword to a British lieutenant in Saigon on 13 September 1945. However, the major allied victors of World War II , the United Kingdom, the United States, and the Soviet Union, all agreed the area belonged to the French. As the French did not have the means to immediately retake Vietnam, the major powers came to an agreement that British troops would occupy the south while Nationalist Chinese forces would move in from the north. Nationalist Chinese troops entered the country to disarm Imperial Japanese troops north of the 16th parallel on 14 September 1945. When the British landed in the south, they rearmed the interned French forces as well as parts of the surrendered Imperial Japanese forces to aid them in retaking southern Vietnam, as they did not have enough troops to do this themselves. On the urging of the Soviet Union, Ho Chi Minh initially attempted to negotiate with the French, who were slowly re-establishing their control across the area. In January 1946, the Viet Minh won elections across central and northern Vietnam. On 6 March 1946, Ho signed an agreement allowing French forces to replace Nationalist Chinese forces, in exchange for French recognition of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam as a `` free'' republic within the French Union , with the specifics of such recognition to be determined by future negotiation. The French landed in Hanoi by March 1946 and in November of that year they ousted the Viet Minh from the city. British forces departed on 26 March 1946, leaving Vietnam in the hands of the French. Soon thereafter, the Viet Minh began a guerrilla war against the French Union forces, beginning the First Indochina War . The war spread to Laos and Cambodia, where communists organized the Pathet Lao and the Khmer Serei , both of which were modeled on the Viet Minh. Globally, the Cold War began in earnest, which meant that the rapprochement that existed between the Western powers and the Soviet Union during World War II disintegrated. The Viet Minh fight was hampered by a lack of weapons; this situation changed by 1949 when the Chinese Communists had largely won the Chinese Civil War and were free to provide arms to their Vietnamese allies. Exit of the French, 1950-- 54 Main articles: First Indochina War , Operation Vulture , Operation Passage to Freedom , and 1954 in the Vietnam War In January 1950, the People's Republic of China and the Soviet Union recognized the Viet Minh's Democratic Republic of Vietnam , based in Hanoi , as the legitimate government of Vietnam. The following month the United States and Great Britain recognized the French-backed State of Vietnam in Saigon , led by former Emperor Bảo Đại , as the legitimate Vietnamese government. The outbreak of the Korean War in June 1950 convinced many Washington policymakers that the war in Indochina was an example of communist expansionism directed by the Soviet Union. French soldiers fight off a Viet Minh ambush in 1952. Military advisors from the People's Republic of China (PRC) began assisting the Viet Minh in July 1950. PRC weapons, expertise, and laborers transformed the Viet Minh from a guerrilla force into a regular army. In September 1950, the United States created a Military Assistance and Advisory Group (MAAG) to screen French requests for aid, advise on strategy, and train Vietnamese soldiers. By 1954, the United States had supplied 300,000 small arms and spent US$1 billion in support of the French military effort, shouldering 80 percent of the cost of the war. There were also talks between the French and Americans in which the possible use of three tactical nuclear weapons was considered, though reports of how seriously this was considered and by whom are even now vague and contradictory. One version of the plan for the proposed Operation Vulture envisioned sending 60 B-29s from U.S. bases in the region, supported by as many as 150 fighters launched from U.S. Seventh Fleet carriers, to bomb Viet Minh commander Võ Nguyên Giáp 's positions. The plan included an option to use up to three atomic weapons on the Viet Minh positions. Admiral Arthur W. Radford , Chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff , gave this nuclear option his backing. U.S. B-29s, B-36s, and B-47s could have executed a nuclear strike, as could carrier aircraft from the Seventh Fleet. U.S. carriers sailed to the Gulf of Tonkin , and reconnaissance flights over Điện Biên Phủ were conducted during the negotiations. According to U.S. Vice-President Richard Nixon , the plan involved the Joint Chiefs of Staff drawing up plans to use three small tactical nuclear weapons in support of the French. Nixon, a so-called `` hawk '' on Vietnam, suggested that the United States might have to `` put American boys in'' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower made American participation contingent on British support, but they were opposed to such a venture. In the end, convinced that the political risks outweighed the possible benefits, Eisenhower decided against the intervention. Eisenhower was a five-star general . He was wary of getting the United States involved in a land war in Asia. The Viet Minh received crucial support from the Soviet Union and PRC. PRC support in the Border Campaign of 1950 allowed supplies to come from the PRC into Vietnam. Throughout the conflict, U.S. intelligence estimates remained skeptical of French chances of success. The Battle of Dien Bien Phu marked the end of French involvement in Indochina. Giap's Viet Minh forces handed the French a stunning military defeat, and on 7 May 1954, the French Union garrison surrendered. At the Geneva Conference , the French negotiated a ceasefire agreement with the Viet Minh, and independence was granted to Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam. Transition period Main articles: Geneva Conference (1954) ; Operation Passage to Freedom ; Battle of Saigon (1955) ; Ba Cụt ; State of Vietnam referendum, 1955 ; Land reform in Vietnam ; and Land reform in North Vietnam The Geneva Conference , 1954 Vietnam was temporarily partitioned at the 17th parallel , and under the terms of the Geneva Accords, civilians were to be given the opportunity to move freely between the two provisional states for a 300-day period. Elections throughout the country were to be held in 1956 to establish a unified government. Around one million northerners, mainly minority Catholics, fled south, fearing persecution by the communists following an American propaganda campaign using slogans such as `` The Virgin Mary is heading south'' , and aided by a U.S.-funded $93 million relocation program, which included the use of the Seventh Fleet to ferry refugees. As many as two million more would have left had they not been stopped by the Viet Minh . The northern, mainly Catholic refugees were meant to give the later Ngô Đình Diệm regime a strong anti-communist constituency. Diệm later went on to staff his administration's key posts mostly with northern and central Catholics. In addition to the Catholics flowing south, up to 130,000 `` Revolutionary Regroupees'' went to the north for `` regroupment'' , expecting to return to the south within two years. The Viet Minh left roughly 5,000 to 10,000 cadres in the south as a `` politico-military substructure within the object of its irredentism .'' The last French soldiers were to leave Vietnam in April 1956. The PRC completed its withdrawal from North Vietnam at around the same time. Around 52,000 Vietnamese civilians moved from south to north. Between 1953 and 1956, the North Vietnamese government instituted various agrarian reforms, including `` rent reduction'' and `` land reform'' , which resulted in significant political oppression. During the land reform, testimony from North Vietnamese witnesses suggested a ratio of one execution for every 160 village residents, which extrapolated nationwide would indicate nearly 100,000 executions. Because the campaign was concentrated mainly in the Red River Delta area, a lower estimate of 50,000 executions became widely accepted by scholars at the time. However, declassified documents from the Vietnamese and Hungarian archives indicate that the number of executions was much lower than reported at the time, although likely greater than 13,500. In 1956, leaders in Hanoi admitted to `` excesses'' in implementing this program and restored a large amount of the land to the original owners. The south, meanwhile, constituted the State of Vietnam, with Bảo Đại as Emperor and Ngô Đình Diệm (appointed in July 1954) as his prime minister. Neither the United States government nor Ngô Đình Diệm 's State of Vietnam signed anything at the 1954 Geneva Conference . With respect to the question of reunification, the non-communist Vietnamese delegation objected strenuously to any division of Vietnam, but lost out when the French accepted the proposal of Viet Minh delegate Phạm Văn Đồng , who proposed that Vietnam eventually be united by elections under the supervision of `` local commissions'' . The United States countered with what became known as the `` American Plan'' , with the support of South Vietnam and the United Kingdom. It provided for unification elections under the supervision of the United Nations, but was rejected by the Soviet delegation. The United States said, `` With respect to the statement made by the representative of the State of Vietnam, the United States reiterates its traditional position that peoples are entitled to determine their own future and that it will not join in any arrangement which would hinder this'' . U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower wrote in 1954, `` I have never talked or corresponded with a person knowledgeable in Indochinese affairs who did not agree that had elections been held as of the time of the fighting, possibly eighty percent of the population would have voted for the Communist Ho Chi Minh as their leader rather than Chief of State Bảo Đại . Indeed, the lack of leadership and drive on the part of Bảo Đại was a factor in the feeling prevalent among Vietnamese that they had nothing to fight for.'' According to the Pentagon Papers , however, from 1954 to 1956 `` Ngô Đình Diệm really did accomplish miracles'' in South Vietnam: `` It is almost certain that by 1956 the proportion which might have voted for Ho-- in a free election against Diệm -- would have been much smaller than eighty percent.'' In 1957, independent observers from India, Poland, and Canada representing the International Control Commission (ICC) stated that fair, unbiased elections were not possible, with the ICC reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement From April to June 1955, Diệm eliminated any political opposition in the south by launching military operations against two religious groups: the Cao Đài and Hòa Hảo of Ba Cụt . The campaign also focused on the Bình Xuyên organized crime group which was allied with members of the communist party secret police and had some military elements. As broad-based opposition to his harsh tactics mounted, Diệm increasingly sought to blame the communists. In a referendum on the future of the State of Vietnam on 23 October 1955, Diệm rigged the poll supervised by his brother Ngô Đình Nhu and was credited with 98.2 percent of the vote, including 133% in Saigon. His American advisors had recommended a more modest winning margin of `` 60 to 70 percent.'' Diệm , however, viewed the election as a test of authority. Three days later, he declared South Vietnam to be an independent state under the name Republic of Vietnam (ROV), with himself as president. Likewise, Ho Chi Minh and other communist officials always won at least 99% of the vote in North Vietnamese `` elections'' . The domino theory , which argued that if one country fell to communism, then all of the surrounding countries would follow, was first proposed as policy by the Eisenhower administration. John F. Kennedy , then a U.S. Senator , said in a speech to the American Friends of Vietnam : `` Burma, Thailand, India, Japan, the Philippines and obviously Laos and Cambodia are among those whose security would be threatened if the Red Tide of Communism overflowed into Vietnam.'' Diệm era, 1955-- 63 Main articles: Ngô Đình Diệm and War in Vietnam (1954-- 59) U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower and Secretary of State John Foster Dulles greet President Ngô Đình Diệm of South Vietnam in Washington, 8 May 1957. Rule See also: Ngô Đình Diệm presidential visit to Australia A devout Roman Catholic , Diệm was fervently anti-communist, nationalist, and socially conservative. Historian Luu Doan Huynh notes that `` Diệm represented narrow and extremist nationalism coupled with autocracy and nepotism .'' The majority of Vietnamese people were Buddhist , and were alarmed by actions such as Diệm 's dedication of the country to the Virgin Mary . Beginning in the summer of 1955, Diệm launched the `` Denounce the Communists'' campaign, during which communists and other anti-government elements were arrested, imprisoned, tortured, or executed. He instituted the death penalty against any activity deemed communist in August 1956. According to Gabriel Kolko about 12,000 suspected opponents of Diệm were killed between 1955 and 1957 and by the end of 1958 an estimated 40,000 political prisoners had been jailed. In May 1957, Diệm undertook a ten-day state visit to the United States . President Eisenhower pledged his continued support, and a parade was held in Diệm 's honor in New York City. Although Diệm was publicly praised, in private Secretary of State John Foster Dulles conceded that Diệm had been selected because there were no better alternatives. Former Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara wrote in Argument Without End (1999) that the new American patrons of the Republic of Vietnam (ROV) were almost completely ignorant of Vietnamese culture. They knew little of the language or long history of the country. There was a tendency to assign American motives to Vietnamese actions, though Diệm warned that it was an illusion to believe that blindly copying Western methods would solve Vietnamese problems. Insurgency in the South, 1954-- 60 Main articles: Viet Cong and War in Vietnam (1959-- 63) The Ho Chi Minh trail was used to supply the Viet Cong. Between 1954 and 1957 there was large-scale but disorganized dissidence in the countryside which the Diệm government succeeded in quelling. In early 1957 South Vietnam enjoyed its first peace in over a decade. Incidents of political violence began to occur in mid-1957, but the government `` did not construe it as a campaign, considering the disorders too diffuse to warrant committing major GVN (Government of Vietnam) resources.'' By early 1959, however, Diệm had come to regard the (increasingly frequent) disorders as an organized campaign and implemented Law 10/59, which made political violence punishable by death and property confiscation. There had been some division among former Viet Minh whose main goal was to hold the elections promised in the Geneva Accords, leading to `` wildcat '' activities separate from the other communists and anti-GVN activists. In December 1960, the National Liberation Front (NLF, a.k.a. the Viet Cong) was formally created with the intent of uniting all anti-GVN activists, including non-communists. According to the Pentagon Papers , the Viet Cong `` placed heavy emphasis on the withdrawal of American advisors and influence, on land reform and liberalization of the GVN, on coalition government and the neutralization of Vietnam.'' Often the leaders of the organization were kept secret. Support for the NLF was driven by peasant resentment of Diem's reversal of land reforms in the countryside. The vast majority of the population lived in villages in the countryside, where a key demand was for land reform. In areas they controlled, the Viet Minh had confiscated large private landholdings, reduced rents and debts, and leased communal lands, mostly to the poorer peasants. Diem brought the landlords back to the villages. People who were farming land they had held for years now had to return it to landlords and pay years of back rent. This rent collection was enforced by the South Vietnamese army. The divisions within villages reproduced those that had existed against the French: `` 75 percent support for the NLF, 20 percent trying to remain neutral and 5 percent firmly pro-government,'' North Vietnamese involvement See also: North Vietnamese invasion of Laos Sources disagree on whether North Vietnam played a direct role in aiding and organizing South Vietnamese rebels prior to 1960. Kahin and Lewis assert: Contrary to United States policy assumptions, all available evidence shows that the revival of the civil war in the South in 1958 was undertaken by Southerners at their own-- not Hanoi's -- initiative...Insurgency activity against the Saigon government began in the South under Southern leadership not as a consequence of any dictate from Hanoi, but contrary to Hanoi's injunctions. Similarly, historian Arthur Schlesinger Jr. states that `` it was not until September, 1960 that the Communist Party of North Vietnam bestowed its formal blessing and called for the liberation of the south from American imperialism'' . By contrast, James Olson and Randy Roberts assert that North Vietnam authorized a low-level insurgency in December 1956. To counter the accusation that North Vietnam was violating the Geneva Accord, the independence of the Viet Cong was stressed in communist propaganda. In March 1956, southern communist leader Lê Duẩn presented a plan to revive the insurgency entitled `` The Road to the South'' to the other members of the Politburo in Hanoi, but as both China and the Soviets opposed confrontation at this time, Lê Duẩn 's plan was rejected. However the North Vietnamese leadership approved tentative measures to revive the southern insurgency in December 1956. Communist forces were under a single command structure set up in 1958. The North Vietnamese Communist Party approved a `` people's war'' on the South at a session in January 1959 and in May, Group 559 was established to maintain and upgrade the Ho Chi Minh trail , at this time a six-month mountain trek through Laos. About 500 of the `` regroupees'' of 1954 were sent south on the trail during its first year of operation. The first arms delivery via the trail was completed in August 1959. About 40,000 communist soldiers infiltrated into the south from 1961-- 63. Kennedy's escalation, 1961-- 63 Main articles: Strategic Hamlet Program and Phạm Ngọc Thảo In the 1960 U.S. presidential election , Senator John F. Kennedy defeated incumbent Vice President Richard Nixon . Although Eisenhower warned Kennedy about Laos and Vietnam, Europe and Latin America `` loomed larger than Asia on his sights.'' In his inaugural address, Kennedy made the ambitious pledge to `` pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any foe, in order to assure the survival and success of liberty.'' In June 1961, he bitterly disagreed with Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev when they met in Vienna to discuss key U.S.-- Soviet issues. Only 16 months later, the Cuban Missile Crisis (16-- 28 October 1962) played out on television worldwide. It was the closest the Cold War came to escalating into a full-scale nuclear war , and the U.S. raised the readiness level of Strategic Air Command (SAC) forces to DEFCON 2. President's news conference of 23 March 1961 The Kennedy administration remained essentially committed to the Cold War foreign policy inherited from the Truman and Eisenhower administrations. In 1961, the U.S. had 50,000 troops based in Korea, and Kennedy faced a three-part crisis -- the failure of the Bay of Pigs Invasion , the construction of the Berlin Wall , and a negotiated settlement between the pro-Western government of Laos and the Pathet Lao communist movement. These crises made Kennedy believe that another failure on the part of the United States to gain control and stop communist expansion would fatally damage U.S. credibility with its allies and his own reputation. Kennedy was thus determined to `` draw a line in the sand'' and prevent a communist victory in Vietnam. He told James Reston of The New York Times immediately after his Vienna meeting with Khrushchev, `` Now we have a problem making our power credible and Vietnam looks like the place.'' In May 1961, U.S. Vice President Lyndon B. Johnson visited Saigon and enthusiastically declared Diệm the `` Winston Churchill of Asia.'' Asked why he had made the comment, Johnson replied, `` Diệm 's the only boy we got out there.'' Johnson assured Diệm of more aid in molding a fighting force that could resist the communists. Kennedy's policy toward South Vietnam rested on the assumption that Diệm and his forces had to ultimately defeat the guerrillas on their own. He was against the deployment of American combat troops and observed that `` to introduce U.S. forces in large numbers there today, while it might have an initially favorable military impact, would almost certainly lead to adverse political and, in the long run, adverse military consequences.'' The quality of the South Vietnamese military, however, remained poor. Poor leadership, corruption, and political promotions all played a part in weakening the South Vietnamese Army (ARVN). The frequency of guerrilla attacks rose as the insurgency gathered steam. While Hanoi's support for the Viet Cong played a role, South Vietnamese governmental incompetence was at the core of the crisis. South Vietnam , Military Regions, 1967 One major issue Kennedy raised was whether the Soviet space and missile programs had surpassed those of the United States. Although Kennedy stressed long-range missile parity with the Soviets, he was also interested in using special forces for counterinsurgency warfare in Third World countries threatened by communist insurgencies. Although they were originally intended for use behind front lines after a conventional Soviet invasion of Europe, Kennedy believed that the guerrilla tactics employed by special forces such as the Green Berets would be effective in a `` brush fire'' war in Vietnam. Kennedy advisors Maxwell Taylor and Walt Rostow recommended that U.S. troops be sent to South Vietnam disguised as flood relief workers. Kennedy rejected the idea but increased military assistance yet again. In April 1962, John Kenneth Galbraith warned Kennedy of the `` danger we shall replace the French as a colonial force in the area and bleed as the French did.'' By November 1963, there were 16,000 American military personnel in South Vietnam, up from Eisenhower's 900 advisors. The Strategic Hamlet Program was initiated in late 1961. This joint U.S.-South Vietnamese program attempted to resettle the rural population into fortified camps. It was implemented in early 1962 and involved some forced relocation, village internment, and segregation of rural South Vietnamese into new communities where the peasantry would be isolated from Communist insurgents. It was hoped these new communities would provide security for the peasants and strengthen the tie between them and the central government. However, by November 1963 the program had waned, and it officially ended in 1964. On 23 July 1962, fourteen nations, including China, South Vietnam, the Soviet Union, North Vietnam and the United States, signed an agreement promising to respect the neutrality of Laos. Ousting and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm See also: Role of the United States in the Vietnam War § John F. Kennedy (1961-- 1963) , 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt , 1962 South Vietnamese Independence Palace bombing , Huế Phật Đản shootings , and Xá Lợi Pagoda raids Main articles: Cable 243 , Arrest and assassination of Ngô Đình Diệm , Buddhist crisis , Krulak Mendenhall mission , McNamara Taylor mission , 1963 South Vietnamese coup , and Reaction to the 1963 South Vietnamese coup The inept performance of the South Vietnamese army was exemplified by failed actions such as the Battle of Ap Bac on 2 January 1963, in which a small band of Viet Cong won a battle against a much larger and better-equipped South Vietnamese force, many of whose officers seemed reluctant even to engage in combat. The Army of the Republic of Vietnam forces were led in that battle by Diệm 's most trusted general, Huỳnh Văn Cao , commander of the IV Corps . Cao was a Catholic who had been promoted due to religion and fidelity rather than skill, and his main job was to preserve his forces to stave off coups; he had earlier vomited during a communist attack. Some policymakers in Washington began to conclude that Diệm was incapable of defeating the communists and might even make a deal with Ho Chi Minh. He seemed concerned only with fending off coups, and had become more paranoid after attempts in 1960 and 1962, which he partly attributed to U.S. encouragement. As Robert F. Kennedy noted, `` Diệm wouldn't make even the slightest concessions. He was difficult to reason with ...'' As historian James Gibson summed up the situation: Strategic hamlets had failed ... The South Vietnamese regime was incapable of winning the peasantry because of its class base among landlords. Indeed, there was no longer a ' regime' in the sense of a relatively stable political alliance and functioning bureaucracy. Instead, civil government and military operations had virtually ceased. The National Liberation Front had made great progress and was close to declaring provisional revolutionary governments in large areas. A US tank convoy during the Vietnam War Discontent with Diệm 's policies exploded following the Huế Phật Đản shootings of nine majority Buddhists who were protesting against the ban on the Buddhist flag on Vesak , the Buddha's birthday. This resulted in mass protests against discriminatory policies that gave privileges to the Catholic Church and its adherents. Diệm 's elder brother Ngô Đình Thục was the Archbishop of Huế and aggressively blurred the separation between church and state. Thuc's anniversary celebrations shortly before Vesak had been bankrolled by the government, and Vatican flags were displayed prominently. There had also been reports of Buddhist pagodas being demolished by Catholic paramilitaries throughout Diệm 's rule. Diệm refused to make concessions to the Buddhist majority or take responsibility for the deaths. On 21 August 1963, the ARVN Special Forces of Colonel Lê Quang Tung , loyal to Diệm 's younger brother Ngô Đình Nhu , raided pagodas across Vietnam , causing widespread damage and destruction and leaving a death toll estimated to range into the hundreds. Kennedy and McNamara Ngô Đình Diệm after being shot and killed in the 1963 coup U.S. officials began discussing the possibility of a regime change during the middle of 1963. The United States Department of State was generally in favor of encouraging a coup, while the Defense Department favored Diệm . Chief among the proposed changes was the removal of Diệm 's younger brother Nhu, who controlled the secret police and special forces and was seen as the man behind the Buddhist repression and more generally the architect of the Ngô family's rule. This proposal was conveyed to the U.S. embassy in Saigon in Cable 243 . The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) was in contact with generals planning to remove Diệm . They were told that the United States would not oppose such a move nor punish the generals by cutting off aid. President Diệm was overthrown and executed, along with his brother, on 2 November 1963. When Kennedy was informed, Maxwell Taylor remembered that he `` rushed from the room with a look of shock and dismay on his face.'' He had not anticipated Diệm 's murder. The U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam, Henry Cabot Lodge , invited the coup leaders to the embassy and congratulated them. Ambassador Lodge informed Kennedy that `` the prospects now are for a shorter war'' . Kennedy wrote Lodge a letter congratulating him for `` a fine job'' . Following the coup, chaos ensued. Hanoi took advantage of the situation and increased its support for the guerrillas. South Vietnam entered a period of extreme political instability, as one military government toppled another in quick succession. Increasingly, each new regime was viewed by the communists as a puppet of the Americans; whatever the failings of Diệm , his credentials as a nationalist (as Robert McNamara later reflected) had been impeccable. U.S military advisors were embedded at every level of the South Vietnamese armed forces. They were however criticized for ignoring the political nature of the insurgency. The Kennedy administration sought to refocus U.S. efforts on pacification and `` winning over the hearts and minds'' of the population. The military leadership in Washington, however, was hostile to any role for U.S. advisors other than conventional troop training. General Paul Harkins , the commander of U.S. forces in South Vietnam, confidently predicted victory by Christmas 1963. The CIA was less optimistic, however, warning that `` the Viet Cong by and large retain de facto control of much of the countryside and have steadily increased the overall intensity of the effort'' . Paramilitary officers from the CIA's Special Activities Division trained and led Hmong tribesmen in Laos and into Vietnam. The indigenous forces numbered in the tens of thousands and they conducted direct action missions, led by paramilitary officers, against the Communist Pathet Lao forces and their North Vietnamese supporters. The CIA also ran the Phoenix Program and participated in Military Assistance Command, Vietnam -- Studies and Observations Group (MAC-V SOG), which was originally named the Special Operations Group, but was changed for cover purposes. Johnson's escalation, 1963-- 69 Main article: Joint warfare in South Vietnam, 1963-- 69 Further information: Role of the United States in the Vietnam War § Americanization See also: Opposition to the U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War , Gulf of Tonkin incident , 1964 South Vietnamese coup , September 1964 South Vietnamese coup attempt , December 1964 South Vietnamese coup , and 1965 South Vietnamese coup A U.S. B-66 Destroyer and four F-105 Thunderchiefs dropping bombs on North Vietnam during Operation Rolling Thunder At the time Lyndon B. Johnson took over the presidency after the death of Kennedy , he had not been heavily involved with policy toward Vietnam, Presidential aide Jack Valenti recalls, `` Vietnam at the time was no bigger than a man's fist on the horizon. We hardly discussed it because it was not worth discussing.'' Upon becoming president, however, Johnson immediately had to focus on Vietnam: on 24 November 1963, he said, `` the battle against communism ... must be joined ... with strength and determination.'' The pledge came at a time when the situation in South Vietnam was deteriorating, especially in places like the Mekong Delta, because of the recent coup against Diệm . However, Johnson knew that he had inherited a rapidly deteriorating situation in South Vietnam, believing in the widely accepted arguments that were used for defending the South: Should they retreat or appease, either action would imperil other nations beyond the conflict. The military revolutionary council, meeting in lieu of a strong South Vietnamese leader, was made up of 12 members headed by General Dương Văn Minh -- whom Stanley Karnow , a journalist on the ground, later recalled as `` a model of lethargy'' . Lodge, frustrated by the end of the year, cabled home about Minh: `` Will he be strong enough to get on top of things?'' His regime was overthrown in January 1964 by General Nguyễn Khánh . However, there was persistent instability in the military as several coups-- not all successful-- occurred in a short period of time. An alleged Viet Cong activist, captured during an attack on an American outpost near the Cambodian border, is interrogated. On 2 August 1964, the USS Maddox , on an intelligence mission along North Vietnam's coast, allegedly fired upon and damaged several torpedo boats that had been stalking it in the Gulf of Tonkin . A second attack was reported two days later on the USS Turner Joy and Maddox in the same area. The circumstances of the attack were murky. Lyndon Johnson commented to Undersecretary of State George Ball that `` those sailors out there may have been shooting at flying fish.'' The second attack led to retaliatory air strikes , prompted Congress to approve the Gulf of Tonkin Resolution on 7 August 1964, signed by Johnson, and gave the president power to conduct military operations in Southeast Asia without declaring war. Although Congressmen at the time denied that this was a full-scale war declaration, the Tonkin Resolution allowed the president unilateral power to launch a full-scale war if the president deemed it necessary. In the same month, Johnson pledged that he was not `` committing American boys to fighting a war that I think ought to be fought by the boys of Asia to help protect their own land'' . An undated NSA publication declassified in 2005, however, revealed that there was no attack on 4 August. It had already been called into question long before this. `` The Gulf of Tonkin incident '' , wrote Louise Gerdes, `` is an oft-cited example of the way in which Johnson misled the American people to gain support for his foreign policy in Vietnam.'' George C. Herring argues, however, that McNamara and the Pentagon `` did not knowingly lie about the alleged attacks, but they were obviously in a mood to retaliate and they seem to have selected from the evidence available to them those parts that confirmed what they wanted to believe.'' `` From a strength of approximately 5,000 at the start of 1959 the Viet Cong's ranks grew to about 100,000 at the end of 1964 ... Between 1961 and 1964 the Army's strength rose from about 850,000 to nearly a million men.'' The numbers for U.S. troops deployed to Vietnam during the same period were quite different; 2,000 in 1961, rising rapidly to 16,500 in 1964. By early 1965, 7,559 South Vietnamese hamlets had been destroyed by the Viet Cong. A Marine from 1st Battalion, 3rd Marines, moves an alleged Viet Cong activist to the rear during a search and clear operation held by the battalion 15 miles (24 km) west of Da Nang Air Base . The National Security Council recommended a three-stage escalation of the bombing of North Vietnam. On 7 February 1965 following an attack on a U.S. Army base in Pleiku , Operation Flaming Dart (initiated when Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin was on a state visit to North Vietnam ), Operation Rolling Thunder and Operation Arc Light commenced. The bombing campaign, which ultimately lasted three years, was intended to force North Vietnam to cease its support for the Viet Cong by threatening to destroy North Vietnam's air defenses and industrial infrastructure. As well, it was aimed at bolstering the morale of the South Vietnamese. Between March 1965 and November 1968, `` Rolling Thunder'' deluged the north with a million tons of missiles, rockets and bombs. Bombing was not restricted to North Vietnam. Other aerial campaigns, such as Operation Commando Hunt , targeted different parts of the Viet Cong and NVA infrastructure. These included the Ho Chi Minh trail supply route, which ran through Laos and Cambodia. The objective of stopping North Vietnam and the Viet Cong was never reached. As Lieutenant Colonel John Paul Vann noted, `` This is a political war and it calls for discriminate killing. The best weapon ... would be a knife ... The worst is an airplane.'' The Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Curtis LeMay , however, had long advocated saturation bombing in Vietnam and wrote of the communists that `` we're going to bomb them back into the Stone Age'' . Escalation and ground War Play media Universal Newsreel film about an attack on U.S. air bases and the U.S. response, 1965 Peasants suspected of being Viet Cong under detention of U.S. army, 1966 Start of Tet Offensive as seen looking north from LZ Betty's water tower, just south of Quang Tri City Heavily bandaged woman with a tag attached to her arm which reads `` VNC Female'' meaning Vietnamese civilian After several attacks upon them, it was decided that U.S. Air Force bases needed more protection as the South Vietnamese military seemed incapable of providing security. On 8 March 1965, 3,500 U.S. Marines were dispatched to South Vietnam. This marked the beginning of the American ground war. U.S. public opinion overwhelmingly supported the deployment. In a statement similar to that made to the French almost two decades earlier, Ho Chi Minh warned that if the Americans `` want to make war for twenty years then we shall make war for twenty years. If they want to make peace, we shall make peace and invite them to afternoon tea.'' Some have argued that the policy of North Vietnam was not to topple other non-communist governments in South East Asia. The Marines' initial assignment was defensive. The first deployment of 3,500 in March 1965 was increased to nearly 200,000 by December. The U.S. military had long been schooled in offensive warfare. Regardless of political policies, U.S. commanders were institutionally and psychologically unsuited to a defensive mission. In December 1964, ARVN forces had suffered heavy losses at the Battle of Bình Giã , in a battle that both sides viewed as a watershed. Previously, communist forces had utilized hit-and-run guerrilla tactics. However, at Binh Gia, they had defeated a strong ARVN force in a conventional battle. Tellingly, South Vietnamese forces were again defeated in June 1965 at the Battle of Đồng Xoài . U.S. soldiers searching a village for Viet Cong Desertion rates were increasing, and morale plummeted. General William Westmoreland informed Admiral U.S. Grant Sharp Jr. , commander of U.S. Pacific forces, that the situation was critical. He said, `` I am convinced that U.S. troops with their energy, mobility, and firepower can successfully take the fight to the NLF (National Front for the Liberation of South Vietnam a.k.a. the Viet Cong)'' . With this recommendation, Westmoreland was advocating an aggressive departure from America's defensive posture and the sidelining of the South Vietnamese. By ignoring ARVN units, the U.S. commitment became open-ended. Westmoreland outlined a three-point plan to win the war: Phase 1. Commitment of U.S. (and other free world) forces necessary to halt the losing trend by the end of 1965. Phase 2. U.S. and allied forces mount major offensive actions to seize the initiative to destroy guerrilla and organized enemy forces. This phase would end when the enemy had been worn down, thrown on the defensive, and driven back from major populated areas. Phase 3. If the enemy persisted, a period of twelve to eighteen months following Phase 2 would be required for the final destruction of enemy forces remaining in remote base areas. The plan was approved by Johnson and marked a profound departure from the previous administration's insistence that the government of South Vietnam was responsible for defeating the guerrillas. Westmoreland predicted victory by the end of 1967. Johnson did not, however, communicate this change in strategy to the media. Instead he emphasized continuity. The change in U.S. policy depended on matching the North Vietnamese and the Viet Cong in a contest of attrition and morale . The opponents were locked in a cycle of escalation . The idea that the government of South Vietnam could manage its own affairs was shelved. Soviet Premier Alexei Kosygin with U.S. President Lyndon B. Johnson at the Glassboro Summit Conference where the two representatives discussed the possibilities of a peace settlement The one-year tour of duty of American soldiers deprived units of experienced leadership. As one observer noted `` we were not in Vietnam for 10 years, but for one year 10 times.'' As a result, training programs were shortened. South Vietnam was inundated with manufactured goods. As Stanley Karnow writes, `` the main PX (Post Exchange), located in the Saigon suburb of Cholon , was only slightly smaller than the New York Bloomingdale's ...'' The American buildup transformed the economy and had a profound effect on South Vietnamese society. A huge surge in corruption was witnessed. Washington encouraged its SEATO allies to contribute troops. Australia, New Zealand, South Korea, Thailand, and the Philippines all agreed to send troops. Major allies, however, notably NATO nations Canada and the United Kingdom, declined Washington's troop requests. The U.S. and its allies mounted complex operations, such as operations Masher , Attleboro , Cedar Falls , and Junction City . However, the communist insurgents remained elusive and demonstrated great tactical flexibility. Meanwhile, the political situation in South Vietnam began to stabilize with the coming to power of prime minister Air Marshal Nguyễn Cao Kỳ and figurehead Chief of State, General Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , in mid-1965 at the head of a military junta. This ended a series of coups that had happened more than once a year. In 1967, Thieu became president with Ky as his deputy, after rigged elections. Although they were nominally a civilian government, Ky was supposed to maintain real power through a behind-the-scenes military body. However, Thieu outmaneuvered and sidelined Ky by filling the ranks with generals from his faction. Thieu was also accused of murdering Ky loyalists through contrived military accidents. Thieu, mistrustful and indecisive, remained president until 1975, having won a one-candidate election in 1971. The Johnson administration employed a `` policy of minimum candor'' in its dealings with the media. Military information officers sought to manage media coverage by emphasizing stories that portrayed progress in the war. Over time, this policy damaged the public trust in official pronouncements. As the media's coverage of the war and that of the Pentagon diverged, a so-called credibility gap developed. Tet offensive Main article: Tet Offensive A US `` tunnel rat '' soldier prepares to enter a Viet Cong tunnel. In late 1967 the Communists lured American forces into the hinterlands at Đắk Tô and at the Marine Khe Sanh combat base in Quảng Trị Province where the United States was more than willing to fight because it could unleash its massive firepower unimpeded by civilians. However, on 30 January 1968, the NVA and the Viet Cong broke the truce that traditionally accompanied the Tết (Lunar New Year) holiday by launching the largest battle of the war, the Tet Offensive, in the hope of sparking a national uprising. Over 100 cities were attacked by over 85,000 enemy troops including assaults on General Westmoreland's headquarters and the U.S. Embassy in Saigon . Although the U.S. and South Vietnamese forces were initially shocked by the scale of the urban offensive, they responded quickly and effectively, decimating the ranks of the Viet Cong. In the former capital city of Huế , the combined NVA and Viet Cong troops captured the Imperial Citadel and much of the city and massacred over 3,000 unarmed Huế civilians. In the following Battle of Huế American forces employed massive firepower that left 80 percent of the city in ruins. Further north, at Quảng Trị City, members of the 1st Cavalry Division and 1st ARVN Infantry Division killed more than 900 NVA and Vietcong troops in and around the city. In Saigon, 1,000 NLF (Viet Cong) fighters fought off 11,000 U.S. and ARVN troops for three weeks. U.S. Marines in Operation Allen Brook in 1968 Across South Vietnam, 1,100 Americans and other allied troops, 2,100 ARVN, 14,000 civilians, and 32,000 NVA and Viet Cong lay dead. But the Tet Offensive had another, unintended consequence. General Westmoreland had become the public face of the war. He had been named Time magazine's 1965's Man of the Year and eventually was featured on the magazine's cover three times. Time described him as `` the sinewy personification of the American fighting man ... (who) directed the historic buildup, drew up the battle plans, and infused the... men under him with his own idealistic view of U.S. aims and responsibilities.'' Six weeks after the Tet Offensive began, `` public approval of his overall performance dropped from 48 percent to 36 percent-- and, more dramatically, endorsement for his handling of the war fell from 40 percent to 26 percent.'' U.S. Marines fighting in Huế A few months earlier, in November 1967, Westmoreland had spearheaded a public relations drive for the Johnson administration to bolster flagging public support. In a speech before the National Press Club he had said a point in the war had been reached `` where the end comes into view.'' Thus, the public was shocked and confused when Westmoreland's predictions were trumped by Tet. The American media, which had until then been largely supportive of U.S. efforts, turned on the Johnson administration for what had become an increasing credibility gap. Although the Tet Offensive was a significant victory for allied forces, in terms of casualties and control of territory, it was a sound defeat when evaluated from the point of view of strategic consequences: it became a turning point in America's involvement in the Vietnam War because it had a profound impact on domestic support for the conflict. Despite the military failure for the Communist forces, the Tet Offensive became a political victory for them and ended the career of president Lyndon B. Johnson, who declined to run for re-election as his approval rating slumped from 48 to 36 percent. As James Witz noted, Tet `` contradicted the claims of progress ... made by the Johnson administration and the military'' . The offensive constituted an intelligence failure on the scale of Pearl Harbor . Journalist Peter Arnett , in a disputed article, quoted an officer he refused to identify, saying of Bến Tre (laid to rubble by U.S. attacks) that `` it became necessary to destroy the village in order to save it'' . Viet Cong/NVA killed by U.S. Air Force personnel during a perimeter attack of Tan Son Nhut Air Base during the Tet Offensive Walter Cronkite said in an editorial, `` To say that we are closer to victory today is to believe, in the face of the evidence, the optimists who have been wrong in the past. To suggest we are on the edge of defeat is to yield to unreasonable pessimism. To say that we are mired in stalemate seems the only realistic, yet unsatisfactory, conclusion.'' Following Cronkite's editorial report, President Lyndon Johnson is reported to have said, `` If I've lost Cronkite, I've lost Middle America .'' Whether this statement was actually made by Johnson has been called into doubt. Westmoreland became Chief of Staff of the Army in March 1968, just as all resistance was finally subdued. The move was technically a promotion. However, his position had become untenable because of the offensive and because his request for 200,000 additional troops had been leaked to the media. Westmoreland was succeeded by his deputy Creighton Abrams , a commander less inclined to public media pronouncements. On 10 May 1968, despite low expectations, peace talks began between the United States and North Vietnam in Paris. Negotiations stagnated for five months, until Johnson gave orders to halt the bombing of North Vietnam. As historian Robert Dallek writes, `` Lyndon Johnson's escalation of the war in Vietnam divided Americans into warring camps ... cost 30,000 American lives by the time he left office, (and) destroyed Johnson's presidency ...'' His refusal to send more U.S. troops to Vietnam was seen as Johnson's admission that the war was lost. In effect, Johnson found that the Vietnam War was no easier to prosecute than the Korean war, learning from experience that China was likely to intervene directly if Hanoi's survival was threatened. Likewise, the Soviet Union would respond by providing more supplies and equipment to raise the cost for U.S. involvement, weakening their defenses in Europe and in the worse case trigger a nuclear confrontation. It can be seen that the refusal was a tacit admission that the war could not be won by escalation, at least not at a cost acceptable to the American people. As Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara noted, `` the dangerous illusion of victory by the United States was therefore dead.'' Vietnam was a major political issue during the United States presidential election in 1968 . The election was won by Republican party candidate Richard Nixon . Vietnamization, 1969-- 72 Nixon Doctrine / Vietnamization Propaganda leaflet urging the defection of Viet Cong and North Vietnamese to the side of the Republic of Vietnam U.S. President Richard Nixon began troop withdrawals in 1969. His plan, called the Nixon Doctrine , was to build up the ARVN, so it could take over the defense of South Vietnam. The policy became known as `` Vietnamization '' . Nixon said in 1970 in an announcement, `` I am tonight announcing plans for the withdrawal of an additional 150,000 American troops to be completed during the spring of next year. This will bring a total reduction of 265,500 men in our armed forces in Vietnam below the level that existed when we took office 15 months ago.'' On 10 October 1969, Nixon ordered a squadron of 18 B-52s loaded with nuclear weapons to race to the border of Soviet airspace to convince the Soviet Union, in accord with the madman theory , that he was capable of anything to end the Vietnam War. Nixon also pursued negotiations. Theater commander Creighton Abrams shifted to smaller operations, aimed at communist logistics, with better use of firepower and more cooperation with the ARVN. Nixon also began to pursue détente with the Soviet Union and rapprochement with China . This policy helped to decrease global tensions. Détente led to nuclear arms reduction on the part of both superpowers. But Nixon was disappointed that China and the Soviet Union continued to supply the North Vietnamese with aid. In September 1969, Ho Chi Minh died at age seventy-nine. The anti-war movement was gaining strength in the United States. Nixon appealed to the `` silent majority '' of Americans who he said supported the war without showing it in public. But revelations of the My Lai Massacre , in which a U.S. Army platoon raped and killed civilians, and the 1969 `` Green Beret Affair '' where eight Special Forces soldiers, including the 5th Special Forces Group Commander, were arrested for the murder of a suspected double agent provoked national and international outrage. Beginning in 1970, American troops were withdrawn from border areas where most of the fighting took place, and instead redeployed along the coast and interior, which is one reason why casualties in 1970 were less than half of 1969's totals. Cambodia and Laos Main articles: Operation Menu , Operation Freedom Deal , Operation Commando Hunt , Laotian Civil War , Cambodian Civil War , and Operation Lam Son 719 Prince Norodom Sihanouk had proclaimed Cambodia neutral since 1955, but the communists used Cambodian soil as a base and Sihanouk tolerated their presence, because he wished to avoid being drawn into a wider regional conflict. Under pressure from Washington, however, he changed this policy in 1969. The Vietnamese communists were no longer welcome. President Nixon took the opportunity to launch a massive bombing campaign, called Operation Menu, against communist sanctuaries along the Cambodia/Vietnam border. Only five high-ranking Congressional officials were informed of Operation Menu. In 1970, Prince Sihanouk was deposed by his pro-American prime minister Lon Nol . North Vietnam invaded Cambodia in 1970 at the request of Khmer Rouge deputy leader Nuon Chea . U.S. and ARVN forces launched an invasion into Cambodia to attack NVA and Viet Cong bases. This invasion sparked nationwide U.S. protests as Nixon had promised to deescalate the American involvement. Four students were killed by National Guardsmen at Kent State University during a protest in Ohio , which provoked further public outrage in the United States. The reaction to the incident by the Nixon administration was seen as callous and indifferent, providing additional impetus for the anti-war movement. The U.S. Air Force continued to heavily bomb Cambodia in support of the Cambodian government as part of Operation Freedom Deal . In 1971 the Pentagon Papers were leaked to The New York Times . The top-secret history of U.S. involvement in Vietnam, commissioned by the Department of Defense, detailed a long series of public deceptions on the part of the U.S. government. The Supreme Court ruled that its publication was legal. M41 Walker Bulldog , the main battle tank of the ARVN The ARVN launched Operation Lam Son 719 in February 1971, aimed at cutting the Ho Chi Minh trail in Laos. The ostensibly neutral Laos had long been the scene of a civil war, pitting the Laotian government backed by the US against the Pathet Lao and its North Vietnamese allies. After meeting resistance, ARVN forces retreated in a confused rout. They fled along roads littered with their own dead. When they exhausted fuel supplies, soldiers abandoned their vehicles and attempted to barge their way on to American helicopters sent to evacuate the wounded. Many ARVN soldiers clung to helicopter skids in a desperate attempt to save themselves. U.S. aircraft had to destroy abandoned equipment, including tanks, to prevent them from falling into enemy hands. Half of the ARVN troops involved in the operation were either captured or killed. The operation was a fiasco and represented a clear failure of Vietnamization. As Karnow noted `` the blunders were monumental... The (South Vietnamese) government's top officers had been tutored by the Americans for ten or fifteen years, many at training schools in the United States, yet they had learned little.'' In 1971 Australia and New Zealand withdrew their soldiers. The U.S. troop count was further reduced to 196,700, with a deadline to remove another 45,000 troops by February 1972. As peace protests spread across the United States, disillusionment and ill-discipline grew in the ranks including increased drug use, `` fragging '' (the act of murdering the commander of a fighting unit) and desertions. Vietnamization was again tested by the Easter Offensive of 1972, a massive conventional NVA invasion of South Vietnam. The NVA and Viet Cong quickly overran the northern provinces and in coordination with other forces attacked from Cambodia, threatening to cut the country in half. U.S. troop withdrawals continued. American airpower responded, beginning Operation Linebacker , and the offensive was halted. However, it became clear that without American airpower South Vietnam could not survive. The last remaining American ground troops were withdrawn by the end of March 1973; U.S. naval and air forces remained in the Gulf of Tonkin, as well as Thailand and Guam. 1972 election and Paris Peace Accords The war was the central issue of the 1972 U.S. presidential election . Nixon's opponent, George McGovern , campaigned on a platform of withdrawal from Vietnam. Nixon's National Security Advisor, Henry Kissinger , continued secret negotiations with North Vietnam's Lê Đức Thọ . In October 1972, they reached an agreement. Operation Linebacker II , December 1972 However, South Vietnamese president Thieu demanded massive changes to the peace accord. When North Vietnam went public with the agreement's details, the Nixon administration claimed that the North was attempting to embarrass the president. The negotiations became deadlocked. Hanoi demanded new changes. To show his support for South Vietnam and force Hanoi back to the negotiating table, Nixon ordered Operation Linebacker II , a massive bombing of Hanoi and Haiphong 18-- 29 December 1972. The offensive destroyed much of the remaining economic and industrial capacity of North Vietnam. Simultaneously Nixon pressured Thieu to accept the terms of the agreement, threatening to conclude a bilateral peace deal and cut off American aid. On 15 January 1973, Nixon announced the suspension of offensive action against North Vietnam. The Paris Peace Accords on `` Ending the War and Restoring Peace in Vietnam'' were signed on 27 January 1973, officially ending direct U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War. A cease-fire was declared across North and South Vietnam. U.S. prisoners of war were released. The agreement guaranteed the territorial integrity of Vietnam and, like the Geneva Conference of 1954, called for national elections in the North and South. The Paris Peace Accords stipulated a sixty-day period for the total withdrawal of U.S. forces. `` This article'' , noted Peter Church, `` proved... to be the only one of the Paris Agreements which was fully carried out.'' Opposition to U.S. involvement in the Vietnam War: 1962-- 1973 Main article: Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Protests against the war in Washington, D.C. on 24 April 1971 Anti-Vietnam War demonstration, 1967 Anti-war protests During the course of the Vietnam War a large segment of the American population came to be opposed to U.S. involvement in South Vietnam. Public opinion steadily turned against the war following 1967 and by 1970 only a third of Americans believed that the U.S. had not made a mistake by sending troops to fight in Vietnam. Nearly a third of the American population were strongly against the war. It is possible to specify certain groups who led the anti-war movement and the reasons why. Many young people protested because they were the ones being drafted while others were against the war because the anti-war movement grew increasingly popular among the counterculture and drug culture in American society and its music. Some advocates within the peace movement advocated a unilateral withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam. One reason given for the withdrawal is that it would contribute to a lessening of tensions in the region and thus less human bloodshed. Early opposition to U.S. involvement in Vietnam drew its inspiration from the Geneva Conference of 1954 . American support of Diệm in refusing elections was seen as thwarting the democracy America claimed to support. John F. Kennedy, while Senator, opposed involvement in Vietnam. Opposition to the Vietnam War tended to unite groups opposed to U.S. anti-communism and imperialism and, for those involved with the New Left such as the Catholic Worker Movement . Others, such as Stephen Spiro opposed the war based on the theory of Just War . Some wanted to show solidarity with the people of Vietnam, such as Norman Morrison emulating the actions of Thích Quảng Đức . In a key televised debate from 15 May 1965, Eric Severeid reporting for CBS conducted a debate between McGeorge Bundy and Hans Morgenthau dealing with an acute summary of the main war concerns of the U.S. as seen at that time stating them as: `` (1) What are the justifications for the American presence in Vietnam -- why are we there? (2) What is the fundamental nature of this war? Is it aggression from North Vietnam or is it basically, a civil war between the peoples of South Vietnam? (3) What are the implications of this Vietnam struggle in terms of Communist China's power and aims and future actions? And (4) What are the alternatives to our present policy in Vietnam?'' High-profile opposition to the Vietnam War turned to street protests in an effort to turn U.S. political opinion. On 15 October 1969, the Vietnam Moratorium attracted millions of Americans. Riots broke out at the 1968 Democratic National Convention during protests against the war. After news reports of American military abuses such as the 1968 My Lai Massacre , brought new attention and support to the anti-war movement, some veterans joined Vietnam Veterans Against the War . The fatal shooting of four students at Kent State University in 1970 led to nationwide university protests. Anti-war protests ended with the final withdrawal of troops after the Paris Peace Accords were signed in 1973. South Vietnam was left to defend itself alone when the fighting resumed. Many South Vietnamese subsequently fled to the United States. Exit of the Americans: 1973-- 75 The United States began drastically reducing their troop support in South Vietnam during the final years of Vietnamization . Many U.S. troops were removed from the region, and on 5 March 1971, the United States returned the 5th Special Forces Group , which was the first American unit deployed to South Vietnam , to its former base in Fort Bragg , North Carolina . Under the Paris Peace Accords , between North Vietnamese Foreign Minister Lê Đức Thọ and U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, and reluctantly signed by South Vietnamese president Thiệu , U.S. military forces withdrew from South Vietnam and prisoners were exchanged. North Vietnam was allowed to continue supplying communist troops in the South, but only to the extent of replacing expended materiel. Later that year the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Kissinger and Thọ , but the Vietnamese negotiator declined it saying that a true peace did not yet exist. The communist leaders expected the ceasefire terms would favor their side. But Saigon, bolstered by a surge of U.S. aid received just before the ceasefire went into effect, began to roll back the Viet Cong. The communists responded with a new strategy hammered out in a series of meetings in Hanoi in March 1973, according to the memoirs of Trần Văn Trà . As the Viet Cong's top commander, Tra participated in several of these meetings. With U.S. bombings suspended, work on the Ho Chi Minh trail and other logistical structures could proceed unimpeded. Logistics would be upgraded until the North was in a position to launch a massive invasion of the South, projected for the 1975-- 76 dry season. Tra calculated that this date would be Hanoi's last opportunity to strike before Saigon's army could be fully trained. Calling for immediate withdrawal of U.S. forces from Vietnam, George McGovern's 1972 Presidential Campaign lost 49 of 50 states to Richard Nixon. In the November 1972 Election, Democratic nominee George McGovern lost 49 of 50 states to the incumbent President Richard Nixon . On 15 March 1973, President Nixon implied the United States would intervene militarily if the communist side violated the ceasefire. Public and congressional reaction to Nixon's trial balloon was unfavorable and in April Nixon appointed Graham Martin as U.S. ambassador to South Vietnam. During his confirmation hearings in June 1973, Secretary of Defense James R. Schlesinger stated he would recommend resumption of U.S. bombing in North Vietnam if North Vietnam launched a major offensive against South Vietnam. On 4 June 1973, the U.S. Senate passed the Case-- Church Amendment to prohibit such intervention. The oil price shock of October 1973 following the Yom Kippur War in Egypt caused significant damage to the South Vietnamese economy. The Viet Cong resumed offensive operations when the dry season began and by January 1974 it recaptured the territory it lost during the previous dry season. After two clashes that left 55 South Vietnamese soldiers dead, President Thieu announced on 4 January that the war had restarted and that the Paris Peace Accord was no longer in effect. There were over 25,000 South Vietnamese casualties during the ceasefire period. Gerald Ford took over as U.S. president on 9 August 1974 after President Nixon resigned due to the Watergate scandal . At this time, Congress cut financial aid to South Vietnam from $1 billion a year to $700 million. The U.S. midterm elections in 1974 brought in a new Congress dominated by Democrats who were even more determined to confront the president on the war. Congress immediately voted in restrictions on funding and military activities to be phased in through 1975 and to culminate in a total cutoff of funding in 1976. The success of the 1973-- 74 dry season offensive inspired Trà to return to Hanoi in October 1974 and plead for a larger offensive in the next dry season. This time, Trà could travel on a drivable highway with regular fueling stops, a vast change from the days when the Ho Chi Minh trail was a dangerous mountain trek. Giáp , the North Vietnamese defense minister, was reluctant to approve Trà 's plan. A larger offensive might provoke a U.S. reaction and interfere with the big push planned for 1976. Trà appealed over Giáp 's head to first secretary Lê Duẩn , who approved of the operation. Trà 's plan called for a limited offensive from Cambodia into Phước Long Province . The strike was designed to solve local logistical problems, gauge the reaction of South Vietnamese forces, and determine whether U.S. would return to the fray. Recently released American POWs from North Vietnamese prison camps, 1973 On 13 December 1974, North Vietnamese forces attacked Route 14 in Phước Long Province . Phuoc Binh, the provincial capital, fell on 6 January 1975. Ford desperately asked Congress for funds to assist and re-supply the South before it was overrun. Congress refused. The fall of Phuoc Binh and the lack of an American response left the South Vietnamese elite demoralized. The speed of this success led the Politburo to reassess its strategy. It was decided that operations in the Central Highlands would be turned over to General Văn Tiến Dũng and that Pleiku should be seized, if possible. Before he left for the South, Dũng was addressed by Lê Duẩn : `` Never have we had military and political conditions so perfect or a strategic advantage as great as we have now.'' At the start of 1975, the South Vietnamese had three times as much artillery and twice the number of tanks and armored cars as the opposition. They also had 1,400 aircraft and a two-to-one numerical superiority in combat troops over their Communist enemies. However, the rising oil prices meant that much of this could not be used. They faced a well-organized, highly determined and well-funded North Vietnam. Much of the North's material and financial support came from the communist bloc. Within South Vietnam, there was increasing chaos. The departure of the American military had compromised an economy dependent on U.S. financial support and the presence of a large number of U.S. troops. South Vietnam suffered from the global recession that followed the Arab oil embargo . Campaign 275 See also: 1975 Spring Offensive , Battle of Ban Me Thuot , and Hue-- Da Nang Campaign Captured U.S.-supplied armored vehicles and artillery pieces. On 10 March 1975, General Dung launched Campaign 275, a limited offensive into the Central Highlands, supported by tanks and heavy artillery. The target was Buôn Ma Thuột , in Đắk Lắk Province . If the town could be taken, the provincial capital of Pleiku and the road to the coast would be exposed for a planned campaign in 1976. The ARVN proved incapable of resisting the onslaught, and its forces collapsed on 11 March. Once again, Hanoi was surprised by the speed of their success. Dung now urged the Politburo to allow him to seize Pleiku immediately and then turn his attention to Kon Tum . He argued that with two months of good weather remaining until the onset of the monsoon, it would be irresponsible to not take advantage of the situation. President Nguyễn Văn Thiệu , a former general, was fearful that his forces would be cut off in the north by the attacking communists; Thieu ordered a retreat. The president declared this to be a `` lighten the top and keep the bottom'' strategy. But in what appeared to be a repeat of Operation Lam Son 719 , the withdrawal soon turned into a bloody rout. While the bulk of ARVN forces attempted to flee, isolated units fought desperately. ARVN General Phu abandoned Pleiku and Kon Tum and retreated toward the coast, in what became known as the `` column of tears'' . As the ARVN tried to disengage from the enemy, refugees mixed with the line of retreat. The poor condition of roads and bridges, damaged by years of conflict and neglect, slowed Phu's column. As the North Vietnamese forces approached, panic set in. Often abandoned by the officers, the soldiers and civilians were shelled incessantly. The retreat degenerated into a desperate scramble for the coast. By 1 April the `` column of tears'' was all but annihilated. On 20 March, Thieu reversed himself and ordered Huế , Vietnam's third-largest city, be held at all costs, and then changed his policy several times. Thieu's contradictory orders confused and demoralized his officer corps. As the North Vietnamese launched their attack, panic set in, and ARVN resistance withered. On 22 March, the NVA opened the siege of Huế . Civilians flooded the airport and the docks hoping for any mode of escape. Some even swam out to sea to reach boats and barges anchored offshore. In the confusion, routed ARVN soldiers fired on civilians to make way for their retreat. On 25 March, after a three-day battle, Huế fell. As resistance in Huế collapsed, North Vietnamese rockets rained down on Da Nang and its airport. By 28 March 35,000 VPA troops were poised to attack the suburbs. By 30 March 100,000 leaderless ARVN troops surrendered as the NVA marched victoriously through Da Nang. With the fall of the city, the defense of the Central Highlands and Northern provinces came to an end. Final North Vietnamese offensive For more details on the final North Vietnamese offensive, see Ho Chi Minh Campaign . Captured South Vietnamese warplanes in Ho Chi Minh City With the northern half of the country under their control, the Politburo ordered General Dung to launch the final offensive against Saigon. The operational plan for the Ho Chi Minh Campaign called for the capture of Saigon before 1 May. Hanoi wished to avoid the coming monsoon and prevent any redeployment of ARVN forces defending the capital. Northern forces, their morale boosted by their recent victories, rolled on, taking Nha Trang, Cam Ranh, and Da Lat. On 7 April, three North Vietnamese divisions attacked Xuân Lộc , 40 miles (64 km) east of Saigon. The North Vietnamese met fierce resistance at Xuân Lộc from the ARVN 18th Division , who were outnumbered six to one. For two bloody weeks, severe fighting raged as the ARVN defenders made a last stand to try to block the North Vietnamese advance. By 21 April, however, the exhausted garrison were ordered to withdraw towards Saigon. An embittered and tearful president Thieu resigned on the same day, declaring that the United States betrayed South Vietnam. In a scathing attack, he suggested U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger had tricked him into signing the Paris peace agreement two years earlier, promising military aid that failed to materialize. Having transferred power to Trần Văn Hương , he left for Taiwan on 25 April. At the same time, North Vietnamese tanks had reached Biên Hòa and turned toward Saigon, brushing aside isolated ARVN units along the way. By the end of April, the ARVN collapsed on all fronts except in the Mekong Delta . Thousands of refugees streamed southward, ahead of the main communist onslaught. On 27 April 100,000 North Vietnamese troops encircled Saigon. The city was defended by about 30,000 ARVN troops. To hasten a collapse and foment panic, the NVA shelled the airport and forced its closure. With the air exit closed, large numbers of civilians found that they had no way out. Fall of Saigon Main article: Fall of Saigon Further information: Operation Frequent Wind Victorious NVA troops at the Presidential Palace, Saigon Chaos, unrest, and panic broke out as hysterical South Vietnamese officials and civilians scrambled to leave Saigon. Martial law was declared. American helicopters began evacuating South Vietnamese, U.S., and foreign nationals from various parts of the city and from the U.S. embassy compound. Operation Frequent Wind had been delayed until the last possible moment, because of U.S. Ambassador Graham Martin 's belief that Saigon could be held and that a political settlement could be reached. Schlesinger announced early in the morning of 29 April 1975 the evacuation from Saigon by helicopter of the last U.S. diplomatic, military, and civilian personnel. Frequent Wind was arguably the largest helicopter evacuation in history. It began on 29 April, in an atmosphere of desperation, as hysterical crowds of Vietnamese vied for limited space. Martin pleaded with Washington to dispatch $700 million in emergency aid to bolster the regime and help it mobilize fresh military reserves. But American public opinion had soured on this conflict. In the United States, South Vietnam was perceived as doomed. President Gerald Ford had given a televised speech on 23 April, declaring an end to the Vietnam War and all U.S. aid. Frequent Wind continued around the clock, as North Vietnamese tanks breached defenses on the outskirts of Saigon. In the early morning hours of 30 April, the last U.S. Marines evacuated the embassy by helicopter, as civilians swamped the perimeter and poured into the grounds. Many of them had been employed by the Americans and were left to their fate. On 30 April 1975, NVA troops entered the city of Saigon and quickly overcame all resistance, capturing key buildings and installations. A tank from the 324th Division crashed through the gates of the Independence Palace at 11:30 am local time and the Viet Cong flag was raised above it. President Dương Văn Minh , who had succeeded Huong two days earlier, surrendered. Other countries' involvement Pro-hanoi Ho Chi Minh with East German sailors in Stralsund harbour, 1957 2,000 years of Chinese-Vietnamese enmity and hundreds of years of Chinese and Russian mutual suspicions were suspended when they united against us in Vietnam. -- Richard Holbrooke , 1985 People's Republic of China In 1950, the People's Republic of China extended diplomatic recognition to the Viet Minh 's Democratic Republic of Vietnam and sent weapons, as well as military advisers led by Luo Guibo to assist the Viet Minh in its war with the French . The first draft of the 1954 Geneva Accords was negotiated by French prime minister Pierre Mendès France and Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai who, fearing U.S. intervention, urged the Viet Minh to accept a partition at the 17th parallel . China's support for North Vietnam included both financial aid and the deployment of hundreds of thousands of military personnel in support roles. In the summer of 1962, Mao Zedong agreed to supply Hanoi with 90,000 rifles and guns free of charge. Starting in 1965, China sent anti-aircraft units and engineering battalions to North Vietnam to repair the damage caused by American bombing, man anti-aircraft batteries, rebuild roads and railroads, transport supplies, and perform other engineering works. This freed North Vietnamese army units for combat in the South. China sent 320,000 troops and annual arms shipments worth $180 million. The Chinese military claims to have caused 38% of American air losses in the war. China claimed that its military and economic aid to North Vietnam and the Viet Cong totaled $20 billion (approx. $143 billion adjusted for inflation in 2015) during the Vietnam War. Included in that aid were donations of 5 million tons of food to North Vietnam (equivalent to NV food production in a single year), accounting for 10-15% of the North Vietnamese food supply by the 1970s. Military aid given to North Vietnam by the People's Republic of China Date 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 Total Guns 80,500 220,767 141,531 146,600 219,899 139,900 101,800 143,100 189,000 233,500 164,500 141,800 1,922,897 Artillery pieces 1,205 4,439 3,362 3,984 7,087 3,906 2,212 7,898 9,238 9,912 6,406 4,880 64,529 Bullets 25,240,000 114,010,000 178,120,000 147,000,000 247,920,000 119,117,000 29,010,000 57,190,000 40,000,000 40,000,000 30,000,000 20,600,000 1,048,207,000 Artillery shells 335,000 1,800,000 1,066,000 1,363,000 2,082,000 1,357,000 397,000 1,899,000 2,210,000 2,210,000 1,390,000 965,000 17,074,000 Radio transmitters 426 2,779 1,568 2,464 1,854 2,210 950 2,464 4,370 4,335 5,148 2,240 30,808 Telephones 2,941 9,502 2,235 2,289 3,313 3,453 1,600 4,424 5,905 6,447 4,663 2,150 48,922 Tanks 16 ? ? 26 18 ? ? 80 220 120 80 ? 560 Planes 18 ? 70 ? ? ? 14 36 ? 20 164 Automobiles 25 114 96 435 454 162 ? 4,011 8,758 1,210 506 ? 15,771 Sino-Soviet relations soured after the Soviets invaded Czechoslovakia in August 1968. In October, the Chinese demanded North Vietnam cut relations with Moscow, but Hanoi refused. The Chinese began to withdraw in November 1968 in preparation for a clash with the Soviets, which occurred at Zhenbao Island in March 1969. The Chinese also began financing the Khmer Rouge as a counterweight to the Vietnamese communists at this time. China `` armed and trained'' the Khmer Rouge during the civil war and continued to aid them for years afterward. The Khmer Rouge launched ferocious raids into Vietnam in 1975-- 1978. When Vietnam responded with an invasion that toppled the Khmer Rouge, China launched a brief, punitive invasion of Vietnam in 1979 . Soviet Union Leonid Brezhnev (left) was the leader of the Soviet Union during the second half of the Vietnam War. Soviet ships in the South China Sea gave vital early warnings to Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam. The Soviet intelligence ships would pick up American B-52 bombers flying from Okinawa and Guam . Their airspeed and direction would be noted and then relayed to COSVN , North Vietnam's southern headquarters. Using airspeed and direction, COSVN analysts would calculate the bombing target and tell any assets to move `` perpendicularly to the attack trajectory.'' These advance warning gave them time to move out of the way of the bombers, and, while the bombing runs caused extensive damage, because of the early warnings from 1968 to 1970 they did not kill a single military or civilian leader in the headquarters complexes. The Soviet Union supplied North Vietnam with medical supplies, arms, tanks, planes, helicopters, artillery, anti-aircraft missiles and other military equipment. Soviet crews fired Soviet-made surface-to-air missiles at U.S. F-4 Phantoms , which were shot down over Thanh Hóa in 1965. Over a dozen Soviet citizens lost their lives in this conflict. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Russian officials acknowledged that the Soviet Union had stationed up to 3,000 troops in Vietnam during the war. Some Russian sources give more specific numbers: Between 1953 and 1991, the hardware donated by the Soviet Union included 2,000 tanks, 1,700 APCs , 7,000 artillery guns, over 5,000 anti-aircraft guns, 158 surface-to-air missile launchers, 120 helicopters. During the war, the Soviets sent North Vietnam annual arms shipments worth $450 million. From July 1965 to the end of 1974, fighting in Vietnam was observed by some 6,500 officers and generals, as well as more than 4,500 soldiers and sergeants of the Soviet Armed Forces. In addition, Soviet military schools and academies began training Vietnamese soldiers -- in all more than 10,000 military personnel. North Korea As a result of a decision of the Korean Workers' Party in October 1966, in early 1967 North Korea sent a fighter squadron to North Vietnam to back up the North Vietnamese 921st and 923rd fighter squadrons defending Hanoi. They stayed through 1968, and 200 pilots were reported to have served. In addition, at least two anti-aircraft artillery regiments were sent as well. North Korea also sent weapons, ammunition and two million sets of uniforms to their comrades in North Vietnam. Kim Il-sung is reported to have told his pilots to `` fight in the war as if the Vietnamese sky were their own'' . Cuba The contribution to North Vietnam by the Republic of Cuba , under Fidel Castro have been recognized several times by representatives of the Democratic Republic of Vietnam. Fidel Castro mentioned in his discourses the Batallón Girón (Giron Battalion) as comprising the Cuban contingent that served as military advisors during the war. In this battalion, alongside the Cubans, fought Nguyễn Thị Định , founding member of the Viet Cong, who later became the first female Major General in the North Vietnamese Army. There are numerous allegations by former U.S. prisoners of war that Cuban military personnel were present at North Vietnamese prison facilities during the war and that they participated in torture activities, in what is known as the `` Cuba Program'' . Witnesses to this include Senator John McCain , 2008 U.S. Presidential candidate and former Vietnam prisoner of war, according to his 1999 book Faith of My Fathers . Benjamin Gilman, a Vietnam War POW/MIA issue advocate, claim evidence that Cuba's military and non-military involvement may have run into the `` thousands'' of personnel. Fidel Castro visited in person Quảng Trị province , held by North Vietnam after the Easter Offensive to show his support for the Viet Cong. Pro-Saigon South Korea Main article: Military history of South Korea during the Vietnam War Soldiers of the South Korean White Horse Division in Vietnam Vietnamese civilians of Phong Nhi village massacred by South Korean Blue Dragon Brigade in 1968 On the anti-communist side, South Korea (a.k.a. the Republic of Korea, ROK) had the second-largest contingent of foreign troops in South Vietnam after the United States. In November 1961, Park Chung-hee proposed South Korean participation in the war to John F. Kennedy, but Kennedy disagreed. On 1 May 1964 Lyndon Johnson requested South Korean participation. The first South Korean troops began arriving in 1964 and large combat formations began arriving a year later. The ROK Marine Corps dispatched their 2nd Marine Brigade while the ROK Army sent the Capital Division and later the 9th Infantry Division . In August 1966 after the arrival of the 9th Division the Koreans established a corps command, the Republic of Korea Forces Vietnam Field Command, near I Field Force, Vietnam at Nha Trang . The South Koreans soon developed a reputation for effectiveness, reportedly conducting counterinsurgency operations so well that American commanders felt that the South Korean area of responsibility was the safest. Approximately 320,000 South Korean soldiers were sent to Vietnam, each serving a one-year tour of duty. Maximum troop levels peaked at 50,000 in 1968, however all were withdrawn by 1973. About 5,099 South Koreans were killed and 10,962 wounded during the war. South Korea claimed to have killed 41,000 Viet Cong fighters. The United States paid South Korean soldiers 236 million dollars for their efforts in Vietnam, and South Korean GNP increased five-fold during the war. Australia and New Zealand Main articles: Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War and New Zealand in the Vietnam War An Australian soldier in Vietnam Australia and New Zealand, close allies of the United States and members of the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) and the ANZUS military co-operation treaty, sent ground troops to Vietnam. Both nations had gained experience in counterinsurgency and jungle warfare during the Malayan Emergency and World War II. Their governments subscribed to the Domino theory . Australia began by sending advisors to Vietnam in 1962, and combat troops were committed in 1965. New Zealand began by sending a detachment of engineers and an artillery battery, and then started sending special forces and regular infantry which were attached to Australian formations. Australia's peak commitment was 7,672 combat troops and New Zealand's 552. More than 60,000 Australian personnel were involved during the course of the war, of which 521 were killed and more than 3,000 wounded. Approximately 3,500 New Zealanders served in Vietnam, with 37 killed and 187 wounded. Most Australians and New Zealanders served in the 1st Australian Task Force in Phước Tuy Province . Philippines Some 10,450 Filipino troops were dispatched to South Vietnam. They were primarily engaged in medical and other civilian pacification projects. These forces operated under the designation PHLCAG-V or Philippine Civic Action Group-Vietnam. More noteworthy was the fact that the naval base in Subic Bay was used for the U.S. Seventh Fleet from 1964 till the end of the war in 1975. The Navy base in Subic bay and the Air force base at Clark achieved maximum functionality during the war and supported an estimated 80,000 locals in allied tertiary businesses from shoe making to prostitution. Thailand See also: Laotian Civil War The Thai Queen's Cobra battalion in Phuoc Tho Thai Army formations, including the `` Queen's Cobra'' battalion, saw action in South Vietnam between 1965 and 1971. Thai forces saw much more action in the covert war in Laos between 1964 and 1972, though Thai regular formations there were heavily outnumbered by the irregular `` volunteers'' of the CIA-sponsored Police Aerial Reconnaissance Units or PARU, who carried out reconnaissance activities on the western side of the Ho Chi Minh trail. Republic of China (Taiwan) Main article: Republic of China in the Vietnam War Since November 1967, the Taiwanese government secretly operated a cargo transport detachment to assist the United States and South Vietnam. Taiwan also provided military training units for the South Vietnamese diving units, later known as the Lien Doi Nguoi Nhai (LDMN) or `` Frogman unit'' in English. In addition to the diving trainers there were several hundred military personnel. Military commandos from Taiwan were captured by communist forces three times trying to infiltrate North Vietnam. Brazil The Brazilian government of President Castelo Branco officially supported the United States's position in South Vietnam and contributed a medical team and supplies to the country -- the only Latin American country to do so (two other Latin American countries -- Nicaragua and Paraguay -- offered to send military forces in support of the United States, but their offers were declined). Canada and the ICC Main article: Canada and the Vietnam War Canada, India and Poland constituted the International Control Commission , which was supposed to monitor the 1954 ceasefire agreement. Officially, Canada did not have partisan involvement in the Vietnam War and diplomatically it was `` non-belligerent '' . Victor Levant suggested otherwise in his book Quiet Complicity: Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War (1986). The Vietnam War entry in The Canadian Encyclopedia asserts plainly that Canada's record on the truce commissions was a pro-Saigon partisan one. United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed races (FULRO) Main articles: United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races and FULRO insurgency against Vietnam The ethnic minority peoples of south Vietnam like the Christian Montagnards (Degar), Hindu and Muslim Cham and the Buddhist Khmer Krom banded together in the United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races (French: Front Uni de Lutte des Races Opprimées , acronym: FULRO) to fight against the Vietnamese for autonomy or independence. FULRO fought against both the anti-Communist South Vietnamese and the Communist Viet Cong, and then FURLO proceeded to fight against the united Communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam after the fall of South Vietnam. FULRO was supported by China, the United States, Cambodia, and some French citizens. During the war, the South Vietnamese President Ngo Dinh Diem began a program to settle ethnic Vietnamese Kinh on Montagnard lands in the Central Highlands region. This provoked a backlash from the Montagnards. The Cambodians under both the pro-China King Sihanouk and the pro-American Lon Nol supported their fellow co-ethnic Khmer Krom in south Vietnam, following an anti- ethnic Vietnamese policy. FULRO was formed from the amalgation of the Cham organization `` Champa Liberation Front'' ( Front de Liberation du Champa FLC) led by the Cham Muslim officer Les Kosem who served in the Royal Cambodian Army, the Khmer Krom organization `` Liberation Front of Kampuchea Krom'' ( Front de Liberation du Kampuchea Krom FLKK) led by Chau Dara, a former monk, and the Montagnard organizations `` Central Highlands Liberation Front'' ( Front de Liberation des Hauts Plateaux FLHP) led by Y Bham Enuol and BAJARAKA. The leaders of FULRO were executed by the Khmer Rouge leader Pol Pot when he took power in Cambodia but FULRO insurgents proceeded to fight against the Vietnamese occupation of Cambodia and it was not until 1992 that they finally surrendered to the United Nations in Cambodia. War crimes Victims of the My Lai massacre Main articles: List of war crimes § 1954-- 1975: Vietnam War , and Vietnam War casualties See also: List of massacres in Vietnam A large number of war crimes took place during the Vietnam War. War crimes were committed by both sides during the conflict and included rape, massacres of civilians, bombings of civilian targets, terrorism , the widespread use of torture and the murder of prisoners of war . Additional common crimes included theft, arson, and the destruction of property not warranted by military necessity . Allied War crimes Main articles: Tiger Force and Vietnam War Crimes Working Group In 1968, the Vietnam War Crimes Working Group (VWCWG) was established by the Pentagon task force set up in the wake of the My Lai Massacre , to attempt to ascertain the veracity of emerging claims of war crimes by U.S. armed forces in Vietnam, during the Vietnam War period. A Viet Cong prisoner captured in 1967 by the U.S. Army awaits interrogation. He has been placed in a stress position by tying a board between his arms. The investigation compiled over 9,000 pages of investigative files, sworn statements by witnesses and status reports for top military officers, indicating that 320 incidents had factual basis. The substantiated cases included 7 massacres between 1967 and 1971 in which at least 137 civilians were killed; seventy eight further attacks targeting non-combatants resulting in at least 57 deaths, 56 wounded and 15 sexually assaulted; one hundred and forty-one cases of US soldiers torturing civilian detainees or prisoners of war with fists, sticks, bats, water or electric shock. Over 800 alleged atrocities were investigated, but only 23 soldiers were ever convicted on charges and most served sentences of less than a year. A Los Angeles Times report on the archived files concluded that the war crimes were not confined to a few rogue units, having been uncovered in every army division that was active in Vietnam. During their visits to transit detention facilities under American administration in 1968 and 1969, the International Red Cross recorded many cases of torture and inhumane treatment before the captives were handed over to South Vietnamese authorities. In 2003, a series of investigative reports by the Toledo Blade uncovered a large number of unreported American war crimes, particularly from the Tiger Force unit. The war involved the establishment of numerous free-fire zones by U.S. forces as a tactic to prevent Viet Cong fighters from sheltering in South Vietnamese villages. Such practice, which involved the assumption that any individual appearing in the designated zones was an enemy combatant that could be freely targeted by weapons, is regarded by journalist Lewis M. Simons as `` a severe violation of the laws of war'' . Cases of indiscriminate attacks against civilians within free-fire zones resulting from unsuccessful forced evacuations were frequent. According to political scientist R.J. Rummel , U.S. troops murdered about 6,000 Vietnamese civilians during the war. Nick Turse , in his 2013 book, Kill Anything that Moves , argues that a relentless drive toward higher body counts, a widespread use of free-fire zones, rules of engagement where civilians who ran from soldiers or helicopters could be viewed as Viet Cong, and a widespread disdain for Vietnamese civilians led to massive civilian casualties and endemic war crimes inflicted by U.S. troops. One example cited by Turse is Operation Speedy Express , an operation by the 9th Infantry Division, which was described by John Paul Vann as, in effect, `` many My Lais'' . A report by Newsweek magazine suggested that an estimated 5,000 civilians may have been killed during six months of the operation. In terms of atrocities by the South Vietnamese, during the Diem era (1954-- 1963) R.J. Rummel estimated that 16,000 to 167,000 South Vietnamese civilians were killed in democide; for 1964 to 1975, Rummel estimated a total of 42,000 to 128,000 killed in democide . Thus, the total for 1954 to 1975 is from 57,000 to 284,000 deaths caused by South Vietnam, excluding NLF/North Vietnamese forces killed by the South Vietnamese armed forces. Torture and ill-treatment were frequently applied by the South Vietnamese to POWs as well as civilian prisoners. During their visit to the Con Son Prison in 1970, U.S. Congressmen Augustus F. Hawkins and William R. Anderson witnessed detainees either confined in minute `` tiger cages'' or chained to their cells, and provided with poor-quality food. A group of American doctors inspecting the prison in the same year found many inmates suffering symptoms resulting from forced immobility and torture. Red Cross reports after the war showed connections of U.S. advisors with the torture at POW camps. South Korean forces were also accused of war crimes as well. One documented event was the Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất massacre where the 2nd Marine Brigade of the South Korean Army purportedly killed 69-79 civilians on 12 February 1968 in Phong Nhị and Phong Nhất village, Điện Bàn District of Quảng Nam Province in South Vietnam. South Korean forces are also accused of perpetrating other massacres, namely: Bình Hòa massacre , Binh Tai Massacre and Hà My massacre . North Vietnamese, Viet Cong, and Khmer Rouge War crimes Main article: Viet Cong and PAVN strategy, organization and structure § VC/NVA use of terror Victims of the Huế Massacre According to Guenter Lewy , the Viet Cong assassinated about 36,725 South Vietnamese between 1957 and 1972. Statistics for 1968-- 72 suggest that `` about 80 percent of the terrorist victims were ordinary civilians and only about 20 percent were government officials, policemen, members of the self-defence forces or pacification cadres.'' Ami Pedahzur has written that `` the overall volume and lethality of Viet Cong terrorism rivals or exceeds all but a handful of terrorist campaigns waged over the last third of the twentieth century'' . Notable Viet Cong atrocities include the massacre of over 3,000 unarmed civilians at Huế during the Tet Offensive and the incineration of hundreds of civilians at the Đắk Sơn massacre with flamethrowers. Up to 155,000 refugees fleeing the final North Vietnamese Spring Offensive were killed or abducted on the road to Tuy Hòa in 1975. According to Rummel, North Vietnamese and Viet Cong troops murdered between 106,000 and 227,000 civilians in South Vietnam. North Vietnam was also known for its inhumane and abusive treatment of American POWs, most notably in Hỏa Lò Prison (aka the Hanoi Hilton ), where severe torture was employed to extract `` confessions'' . According to a U.S. Senate report, squads were assigned monthly assassination quotas. Peer De Silva, former head of the Saigon department of the CIA, wrote that from as early as 1963, Viet Cong units were using disembowelment and other methods of mutilation for the purpose of waging psychological warfare. In the Cambodian Civil War , Khmer Rouge insurgents reportedly committed atrocities during the war. These include the murder of civilians and POWs by slowly sawing off their heads a little more each day, the destruction of Buddhist wats and the killing of monks, attacks on refugee camps involving the deliberate murder of babies and bomb threats against foreign aid workers, the abduction and assassination of journalists, and the shelling of Phnom Penh for more than a year. Journalist accounts stated that the Khmer Rouge shelling `` tortured the capital almost continuously'' , inflicting `` random death and mutilation'' on 2 million trapped civilians. The Khmer Rouge forcibly evacuated the entire city after taking it, in what has been described as a death march : François Ponchaud wrote: `` I shall never forget one cripple who had neither hands nor feet, writhing along the ground like a severed worm, or a weeping father carrying his ten-year old daughter wrapped in a sheet tied around his neck like a sling, or the man with his foot dangling at the end of a leg to which it was attached by nothing but skin'' ; John Swain recalled that the Khmer Rouge were `` tipping out patients from the hospitals like garbage into the streets ... In five years of war, this is the greatest caravan of human misery I have seen.'' Women in the Vietnam War American nurses Da Nang, South Vietnam, 1968 During the Vietnam War, American women served on active duty doing a variety of jobs. Early in 1963, the Army Nurse Corps (ANC) launched Operation Nightingale, an intensive effort to recruit nurses to serve in Vietnam. Most nurses who volunteered to serve in Vietnam came from predominantly working or middle-class families with histories of military service. The majority of these women were white Catholics and Protestants. Because the need for medical aid was great, many nurses underwent a concentrated four-month training program before being deployed to Vietnam in the ANC. Due to the shortage of staff, nurses usually worked twelve-hour shifts, six days per week and often suffered from exhaustion. First Lieutenant Sharon Lane was the only female military nurse to be killed by enemy gunfire during the war, on 8 June 1969. A nurse treats a Vietnamese child, 1967 At the start of the Vietnam War, it was commonly thought that American women had no place in the military. Their traditional place had been in the domestic sphere , but with the war came opportunity for the expansion of gender roles. In Vietnam, women held a variety of jobs which included operating complex data processing equipment and serving as stenographers. Although a small number of women were assigned to combat zones, they were never allowed directly in the field of battle. The women who served in the military were solely volunteers. They faced a plethora of challenges, one of which was the relatively small number of female soldiers. Living in a male-dominated environment created tensions between the sexes. While this high male to female ratio was often uncomfortable for women, many men reported that having women in the field with them boosted their morale. Although this was not the women's purpose, it was one positive result of their service. By 1973, approximately 7,500 women had served in Vietnam in the Southeast Asian theater. In that same year, the military lifted the prohibition on women entering the armed forces. American women serving in Vietnam were subject to societal stereotypes. Many Americans either considered females serving in Vietnam masculine for living under the army discipline, or judged them to be women of questionable moral character who enlisted for the sole purpose of seducing men. To address this problem, the ANC released advertisements portraying women in the ANC as `` proper, professional and well protected.'' (26) This effort to highlight the positive aspects of a nursing career reflected the ideas of second-wave feminism that occurred during the 1960s-- 1970s in the United States. Although female military nurses lived in a heavily male environment, very few cases of sexual harassment were ever reported. Vietnamese women Master-Sergeant and pharmacist Do Thi Trinh, part of the WAFC, supplying medication to ARVN dependents Unlike the American women who went to Vietnam, North Vietnamese women were enlisted and fought in the combat zone as well as providing manual labor to keep the Ho Chi Minh trail open and cook for the soldiers. They also worked in the rice fields in North Vietnam and Viet Cong-held farming areas in South Vietnam's Mekong Delta region to provide food for their families and the war effort. Women were enlisted in both the North Vietnamese Army (NVA) and the Viet Cong guerrilla insurgent force in South Vietnam. Some women also served for the North Vietnamese and Viet Cong intelligence services. In South Vietnam, many women voluntarily served in the ARVN 's Women's Armed Force Corps (WAFC) and various other Women's corps in the military. Some, like in the WAFC, fought in combat with other soldiers. Others served as nurses and doctors in the battlefield and in military hospitals, or served in South Vietnam or America's intelligence agencies. During Diệm 's presidency, Madame Nhu was the commander of the WAFC. The war saw more than one million rural people migrate or flee the fighting in the South Vietnamese countryside to the cities, especially Saigon. Among the internal refugees were many young women who became the ubiquitous `` bargirls'' of wartime South Vietnam `` hawking her wares -- be that cigarettes, liquor, or herself'' to American and allied soldiers. American bases were ringed by bars and brothels. 8,040 Vietnamese women came to the United States as war brides between 1964 and 1975. Many mixed-blood Amerasian children were left behind when their American fathers returned to the United States after their tour of duty in South Vietnam. 26,000 of them were permitted to immigrate to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s. Black servicemen in Vietnam See also: African-American Civil Rights Movement (1954-- 1968) A wounded African American soldier being carried away, 1968 The experience of American military personnel of African origin during the Vietnam War had received significant attention. For example, the website `` African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War'' compiles examples of such coverage, as does the print and broadcast work of journalist Wallace Terry . The epigraph of Terry's book Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (1984), includes the following quote: `` I have an intuitive feeling that the Negro serviceman have a better understanding than whites of what the war is about.'' -- General William C. Westmoreland , U.S. Army, Saigon, 1967. That book's introduction includes observations about the impact of the war on the black community in general and on black servicemen specifically. Points he makes on the latter topic include: the higher proportion of combat casualties in Vietnam among African American servicemen than among American soldiers of other races, the shift toward and different attitudes of black military careerists versus black draftees, the discrimination encountered by black servicemen `` on the battlefield in decorations, promotion and duty assignments'' as well as their having to endure `` the racial insults, cross-burnings and Confederate flags of their white comrades'' -- and the experiences faced by black soldiers stateside, during the war and after America's withdrawal. Upon the war's completion, black casualties made up 12.5% of US combat deaths, approximately equal to percentage of draft-eligible black men, though still slightly higher than the 10% who served in the military. Weapons Main article: Weapons of the Vietnam War Marines complete construction of M101 howitzer positions at a mountain-top fire support base , 1968 The communist forces were principally armed with Chinese and Soviet weaponry though some guerrilla units were equipped with Western infantry weapons either captured from French stocks during the First Indochina war or from ARVN units or bought on the black market. The ubiquitous Soviet AK-47 assault rifle was often regarded as the best rifle of the war, due to its ability to continue to function even in adverse, muddy conditions. Other weapons used by the Viet Cong included the World War II-era PPSh-41 submachine gun (both Soviet and Chinese versions), the SKS carbine, the RPD light machine gun, the DShK heavy machine gun and the RPG-2/B-40 grenade launcher. While the Viet Cong had both amphibious tanks (such as the PT-76 ) and light tanks (such as the Type 62 ), they also used bicycles to transport munitions. The US' heavily armored, 90 mm M48A3 Patton tank saw extensive action during the Vietnam War and over 600 were deployed with US Forces. They played an important role in infantry support. The US service rifle was initially the M14 (though some units were still using the WWII-era M1 Garand for a lack of M14s). Found to be unsuitable for jungle warfare, the M14 was replaced by M16 which was more accurate and lighter than the AK-47. For a period, the gun suffered from a jamming flaw known as `` failure to extract'' , which means that a spent cartridge case remained lodged in the action after a round is fired. According to a congressional report, the jamming was caused primarily by a change in gunpowder which was done without adequate testing and reflected a decision for which the safety of soldiers was a secondary consideration. That issue was solved in early 1968 with the issuance of the M16A1 that featured a chrome plated chamber among several other features. End-user satisfaction with the M16 was high except during this episode, but the M16 still has a reputation as a gun that jams easily. The M60 machine gun GPMG (General Purpose Machine Gun) was the main machine gun of the US army at the time and many of them were put on helicopters, to provide suppressive fire when landing in hostile regions. The MAC-10 machine pistol was supplied to many special forces troops in the midpoint of the war. It also armed many CIA agents in the field. UH-1D helicopters airlift members of a U.S. infantry regiment, 1966 Two aircraft which were prominent in the war were the AC-130 `` Spectre'' Gunship and the UH-1 `` Huey'' gunship. The AC-130 was a heavily armed ground-attack aircraft variant of the C-130 Hercules transport plane; it was used to provide close air support , air interdiction and force protection . The AC-130H `` Spectre'' was armed with two 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannons, one Bofors 40mm autocannon, and one 105 mm M102 howitzer . The Huey is a military helicopter powered by a single, turboshaft engine, with a two-bladed main rotor and tail rotor. Approximately 7,000 UH-1 aircraft saw service in Vietnam. The Claymore M18A1 , an anti-personnel mine, was widely used during the war. Unlike a conventional land mine, the Claymore is command-detonated and directional, meaning it is fired by remote-control and shoots a pattern of 700 one-eighth-inch steel balls into the kill zone like a shotgun . The aircraft ordnance used during the war included precision-guided munition , cluster bombs , and napalm , a thickening / gelling agent generally mixed with petroleum or a similar fuel for use in an incendiary device , initially against buildings and later primarily as an anti-personnel weapon that sticks to skin and can burn down to the bone. Radio communications The Vietnam War was the first conflict where U.S. forces had secure voice communication equipment available at the tactical level. The National Security Agency ran a crash program to provide U.S. forces with a family of security equipment code named NESTOR , fielding 17,000 units initially. Eventually 30,000 units were produced. However limitations of the units, including poor voice quality, reduced range, annoying time delays and logistical support issues led to only one unit in ten being used. While many in the U.S. military believed that the Viet Cong and NVA would not be able to exploit insecure communications, interrogation of captured communication intelligence units showed they were able to understand the jargon and codes used in realtime and were often able to warn their side of impending U.S. actions. Extent of U.S. bombing Bombs being dropped by the B-52 Stratofortress long-range strategic bomber See also: Operation Rolling Thunder , Operation Menu , Operation Freedom Deal , and CIA activities in Laos The U.S. dropped over 7 million tons of bombs on Indochina during the war-- more than triple the 2.1 million tons of bombs the U.S. dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II , and more than ten times the amount dropped by the U.S. during the Korean War . 500 thousand tons were dropped on Cambodia, 1 million tons were dropped on North Vietnam, and 4 million tons were dropped on South Vietnam. On a per capita basis, the 2 million tons dropped on Laos make it the most heavily bombed country in history; The New York Times noted this was `` nearly a ton for every person in Laos.'' In Laos alone, some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country, rendering vast swathes of land impossible to cultivate and killing or maiming 50 Laotians every year. Former U.S. Air Force official Earl Tilford has recounted `` repeated bombing runs of a lake in central Cambodia. The B-52s literally dropped their payloads in the lake'' : The Air Force ran many missions of this kind for the purpose of securing additional funding during budget negotiations, so the amount of tonnage expended does not directly correlate with the resulting damage. Aftermath Events in Southeast Asia Further information: Mayaguez incident and Indochina refugee crisis Vietnamese refugees fleeing Vietnam, 1984 On 2 July 1976, North and South Vietnam were merged to form the Socialist Republic of Vietnam . Despite speculation that the victorious North Vietnamese would, in President Nixon's words, `` massacre the civilians there (South Vietnam) by the millions,'' there is a widespread consensus that no mass executions in fact took place. However, in the years following the end of the war, up to 300,000 South Vietnamese were sent to reeducation camps (not including `` dissidents detained in the many prisons of Vietnam'' ), where many endured torture, starvation, and disease while being forced to perform hard labor. In addition, 200,000 to 400,000 Vietnamese boat people died at sea, according to the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees . Phnom Penh , the capital of Cambodia, fell to the communist Khmer Rouge on 17 April 1975. Under the leadership of Pol Pot , the Khmer Rouge would eventually kill 1-- 3 million Cambodians out of a population of around 8 million, in one of the bloodiest genocides in history . An estimated 1,386,734 victims of execution have been counted in mass graves, while demographic analysis suggests that the policies of the regime caused between 1.7 and 2.5 million excess deaths altogether (including disease and starvation). After repeated border clashes in 1978, Vietnam invaded Democratic Kampuchea (Cambodia) and ousted the Khmer Rouge, who were being supported by China, in the Cambodian-- Vietnamese War . In response, China invaded Vietnam in 1979. The two countries fought a brief border war, known as the Sino-Vietnamese War . From 1978 to 1979, some 450,000 ethnic Chinese left Vietnam by boat as refugees or were expelled. The devastating impact of Khmer Rouge rule contributed to a 1979 famine in Cambodia, during which an additional 300,000 Cambodians perished. The Pathet Lao overthrew the monarchy of Laos in December 1975, establishing the Lao People's Democratic Republic under the leadership of a member of the royal family, Souphanouvong . The change in regime was `` quite peaceful, a sort of Asiatic ' velvet revolution ' '' -- although 30,000 former officials were sent to reeducation camps, often enduring harsh conditions for several years. The conflict between Hmong rebels and the Pathet Lao continued in isolated pockets. Over 3 million people left Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia in the Indochina refugee crisis . Most Asian countries were unwilling to accept these refugees, many of whom fled by boat and were known as boat people . Between 1975 and 1998, an estimated 1.2 million refugees from Vietnam and other Southeast Asian countries resettled in the United States, while Canada, Australia, and France resettled over 500,000. China accepted 250,000 people. Of all the countries of Indochina, Laos experienced the largest refugee flight in proportional terms, as 300,000 people out of a total population of 3 million crossed the border into Thailand. Included among their ranks were `` about 90 percent'' of Laos's `` intellectuals, technicians, and officials.'' In 1988, Vietnam suffered a famine that afflicted millions. Vietnam retained its pro-Soviet orientation after the war and remained an important ally of the USSR in the region. Agent Orange and similar chemical substances used by the U.S. have also caused a considerable number of deaths and injuries over the years, including the US Air Force crew that handled them. On 9 August 2012, the United States and Vietnam began a cooperative cleaning up of the toxic chemical on part of Danang International Airport , marking the first time Washington has been involved in cleaning up Agent Orange in Vietnam. Effect on the United States United States expenditures in South Vietnam (SVN) (1953-- 1974) Direct costs only. Some estimates are higher. U.S. military costs U.S. military aid to SVN U.S. economic aid to SVN Total Total (2015 dollars) $111 billion $16.138 billion $7.315 billion $134.53 billion $1.020 trillion Vietnam War protests at the Pentagon, October 1967 In the post-war era, Americans struggled to absorb the lessons of the military intervention. As General Maxwell Taylor , one of the principal architects of the war, noted, `` First, we didn't know ourselves. We thought that we were going into another Korean War , but this was a different country. Secondly, we didn't know our South Vietnamese allies... And we knew less about North Vietnam. Who was Ho Chi Minh ? Nobody really knew. So, until we know the enemy and know our allies and know ourselves, we'd better keep out of this kind of dirty business. It's very dangerous.'' President Ronald Reagan coined the term `` Vietnam Syndrome '' to describe the reluctance of the American public and politicians to support further international interventions after Vietnam. Some have suggested that `` the responsibility for the ultimate failure of this policy (America's withdrawal from Vietnam) lies not with the men who fought, but with those in Congress...'' Alternatively, the official history of the United States Army noted that `` tactics have often seemed to exist apart from larger issues, strategies, and objectives. Yet in Vietnam the Army experienced tactical success and strategic failure... The...Vietnam War...legacy may be the lesson that unique historical, political, cultural, and social factors always impinge on the military...Success rests not only on military progress but on correctly analyzing the nature of the particular conflict, understanding the enemy's strategy, and assessing the strengths and weaknesses of allies. A new humility and a new sophistication may form the best parts of a complex heritage left to the Army by the long, bitter war in Vietnam.'' A young Marine private waits on the beach during the Marine landing, Da Nang , 3 August 1965 U.S. Secretary of State Henry Kissinger wrote in a secret memo to President Gerald Ford that `` in terms of military tactics, we cannot help draw the conclusion that our armed forces are not suited to this kind of war. Even the Special Forces who had been designed for it could not prevail.'' Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara concluded that `` the achievement of a military victory by U.S. forces in Vietnam was indeed a dangerous illusion.'' Doubts surfaced as to the effectiveness of large-scale, sustained bombing. As Army Chief of Staff Harold Keith Johnson noted, `` if anything came out of Vietnam, it was that air power couldn't do the job.'' Even General William Westmoreland admitted that the bombing had been ineffective. As he remarked, `` I still doubt that the North Vietnamese would have relented.'' The inability to bring Hanoi to the bargaining table by bombing also illustrated another U.S. miscalculation. The North's leadership was composed of hardened communists who had been fighting for thirty years. They had defeated the French, and their tenacity as both nationalists and communists was formidable. Ho Chi Minh is quoted as saying, `` You can kill ten of my men for every one I kill of yours...But even at these odds you will lose and I will win.'' Marine gets his wounds treated during operations in Huế City, 1968 The Vietnam War called into question the U.S. Army doctrine. Marine Corps General Victor H. Krulak heavily criticised Westmoreland's attrition strategy, calling it `` wasteful of American lives... with small likelihood of a successful outcome.'' In addition, doubts surfaced about the ability of the military to train foreign forces. Between 1953 and 1975, the United States spent $168 billion on the war ($1.02 trillion in FY2015 dollars). This resulted in a large federal budget deficit . More than 3 million Americans served in the Vietnam War, some 1.5 million of whom actually saw combat in Vietnam. James E. Westheider wrote that `` At the height of American involvement in 1968, for example, there were 543,000 American military personnel in Vietnam, but only 80,000 were considered combat troops.'' Conscription in the United States had been controlled by the president since World War II, but ended in 1973. By war's end, 58,220 American soldiers had been killed, more than 150,000 had been wounded, and at least 21,000 had been permanently disabled. The average age of the U.S. troops killed in Vietnam was 23.11 years. According to Dale Kueter, `` Of those killed in combat, 86.3 percent were white, 12.5 percent were black and the remainder from other races.'' Approximately 830,000 Vietnam veterans suffered some degree of posttraumatic stress disorder . An estimated 125,000 Americans left for Canada to avoid the Vietnam draft, and approximately 50,000 American servicemen deserted. In 1977, United States president Jimmy Carter granted a full and unconditional pardon to all Vietnam-era draft dodgers . The Vietnam War POW/MIA issue , concerning the fate of U.S. service personnel listed as missing in action , persisted for many years after the war's conclusion. The costs of the war loom large in American popular consciousness; a 1990 poll showed that the public incorrectly believed that more Americans lost their lives in Vietnam than in World War II . As of 2013, the U.S. government is paying Vietnam veterans and their families or survivors more than $22 billion a year in war-related claims. Impact on the U.S. military As the Vietnam War continued inconclusively and became more unpopular with the American public, morale declined and disciplinary problems grew among American enlisted men and junior, non-career officers. Drug use, racial tensions, and the growing incidence of fragging -- attempting to kill unpopular officers and non-commissioned officers with grenades or other weapons-- created severe problems for the U.S. military and impacted its capability of undertaking combat operations. By 1971, a U.S. Army colonel writing in the Armed Forces Journal declared: `` By every conceivable indicator, our army that now remains in Vietnam is in a state approaching collapse, with individual units avoiding or having refused combat, murdering their officers and non commissioned officers, drug-ridden, and dispirited where not near mutinous... The morale, discipline, and battleworthiness of the U.S. Armed Forces are, with a few salient exceptions, lower and worse than at any time in this century and possibly in the history of the United States.'' Between 1969 and 1971 the US Army recorded more than 700 attacks by troops on their own officers. Eighty-three officers were killed and almost 650 were injured. Ron Milam has questioned the severity of the `` breakdown'' of the U.S. armed forces, especially among combat troops, as reflecting the opinions of `` angry colonels'' who deplored the erosion of traditional military values during the Vietnam War. Although acknowledging serious problems, he questions the alleged `` near mutinous'' conduct of junior officers and enlisted men in combat. Investigating one combat refusal incident, a journalist declared, `` A certain sense of independence, a reluctance to behave according to the military's insistence on obedience, like pawns or puppets...The grunts (infantrymen) were determined to survive...they insisted of having something to say about the making of decisions that determined whether they might live or die.'' The morale and discipline problems and resistance to conscription (the draft) were important factors leading to the creation of an all-volunteer military force by the United States and the termination of conscription. The last conscript was inducted into the army in 1973. The all-volunteer military moderated some of the coercive methods of discipline previously used to maintain order in military ranks. Effects of U.S. chemical defoliation U.S. helicopter spraying chemical defoliants in the Mekong Delta , South Vietnam, 1969 One of the most controversial aspects of the U.S. military effort in Southeast Asia was the widespread use of chemical defoliants between 1961 and 1971. They were used to defoliate large parts of the countryside to prevent the Viet Cong from being able to hide their weapons and encampments under the foliage. These chemicals continue to change the landscape, cause diseases and birth defects, and poison the food chain. Early in the American military effort, it was decided that since the enemy were hiding their activities under triple-canopy jungle, a useful first step might be to defoliate certain areas. This was especially true of growth surrounding bases (both large and small) in what became known as Operation Ranch Hand . Corporations like Dow Chemical Company and Monsanto were given the task of developing herbicides for this purpose. American officials also pointed out that the British had previously used 2,4,5-T and 2,4-D (virtually identical to America's use in Vietnam) on a large scale throughout the Malayan Emergency in the 1950s in order to destroy bushes, crops, and trees in effort to deny communist insurgents the concealment they needed to ambush passing convoys. Indeed, Secretary of State Dean Rusk told President John F. Kennedy on 24 November 1961, that `` (t)he use of defoliant does not violate any rule of international law concerning the conduct of chemical warfare and is an accepted tactic of war. Precedent has been established by the British during the emergency in Malaya in their use of aircraft for destroying crops by chemical spraying.'' The defoliants, which were distributed in drums marked with color-coded bands, included the `` Rainbow Herbicides '' -- Agent Pink , Agent Green , Agent Purple , Agent Blue , Agent White , and, most famously, Agent Orange , which included dioxin as a by-product of its manufacture. About 11-- 12 million gallons (41.6-- 45.4 million L) of Agent Orange were sprayed over southern Vietnam between 1961 and 1971. A prime area of Ranch Hand operations was in the Mekong Delta , where the U.S. Navy patrol boats were vulnerable to attack from the undergrowth at the water's edge. In 1961 and 1962, the Kennedy administration authorized the use of chemicals to destroy rice crops. Between 1961 and 1967, the U.S. Air Force sprayed 20 million U.S. gallons (75,700,000 L) of concentrated herbicides over 6 million acres (24,000 km ) of crops and trees, affecting an estimated 13% of South Vietnam's land. In 1965, 42% of all herbicide was sprayed over food crops. Another purpose of herbicide use was to drive civilian populations into RVN-controlled areas. Vietnamese victims affected by Agent Orange attempted a class action lawsuit against Dow Chemical and other US chemical manufacturers, but District Court Judge Jack B. Weinstein dismissed their case. They appealed, but the dismissal was cemented in February 2008 by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit . As of 2006 , the Vietnamese government estimates that there are over 4,000,000 victims of dioxin poisoning in Vietnam, although the United States government denies any conclusive scientific links between Agent Orange and the Vietnamese victims of dioxin poisoning. In some areas of southern Vietnam, dioxin levels remain at over 100 times the accepted international standard. The U.S. Veterans Administration has listed prostate cancer , respiratory cancers , multiple myeloma , Diabetes mellitus type 2 , B-cell lymphomas , soft-tissue sarcoma , chloracne , porphyria cutanea tarda , peripheral neuropathy , and spina bifida in children of veterans exposed to Agent Orange. Casualties See also: Vietnam War casualties Military deaths in Vietnam War (1955-- 1975) Year U.S. South Vietnam 1956-- 1959 n.a. 1960 5 2,223 1961 16 4,004 1962 53 4,457 1963 122 5,665 1964 216 7,457 1965 1,928 11,242 1966 6,350 11,953 1967 11,363 12,716 1968 16,899 27,915 1969 11,780 21,833 1970 6,173 23,346 1971 2,414 22,738 1972 759 39,587 1973 68 27,901 31,219 62 n.a. After 1975 7 n.a. Total 58,220 > 254,256 Estimates of the number of casualties vary, with one source suggesting up to 3.8 million violent war deaths in Vietnam for the period 1955 to 2002. Between 195,000 and 430,000 South Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Extrapolating from a 1969 US intelligence report, Guenter Lewy estimated 65,000 North Vietnamese civilians died in the war. Estimates of civilian deaths caused by American bombing of North Vietnam in Operation Rolling Thunder range from 52,000 to 182,000. The military forces of South Vietnam suffered an estimated 254,256 killed between 1960 and 1974 and additional deaths from 1954 to 1959 and in 1975. The official US Department of Defense figure was 950,765 communist forces killed in Vietnam from 1965 to 1974. Defense Department officials believed that these body count figures need to be deflated by 30 percent. In addition, Guenter Lewy assumes that one-third of the reported `` enemy'' killed may have been civilians, concluding that the actual number of deaths of communist military forces was probably closer to 444,000. It was difficult to distinguish between civilians and military personnel on the Viet Cong side as many persons were part-time guerrillas or impressed laborers who did not wear uniforms. A detailed demographic study calculated 791,000-- 1,141,000 war-related deaths for all of Vietnam. According to figures released by the Vietnamese government in 1995, there were 1,100,000 North Vietnamese Army and Viet Cong military personnel deaths during the Vietnam War (including the missing). The Vietnamese government released its estimate of war deaths for the more lengthy period of 1955 to 1975. According to the Vietnamese, Communist battle deaths totaled 1.1 million and civilian deaths of Vietnamese totaled 2.0 million. These estimates probably include battle deaths of Vietnamese soldiers in Laos and Cambodia, but do not include deaths of South Vietnamese and allied soldiers which would add nearly 300,000 for a grand total of 3.4 million military and civilian dead. Between 240,000 and 300,000 Cambodians died during the war. 20,000-62,000 Laotians also died, and 58,300 U.S. military personnel were killed, of which 1,596 are still listed as missing as of 2015 . Unexploded ordnance , mostly from U.S. bombing, continue to detonate and kill people today. According to the Vietnamese government, ordnance has killed some 42,000 people since the war officially ended. According to the government of Laos, unexploded ordnance has killed or injured over 20,000 Laotians since the end of the war. In popular culture See also: Vietnam War in film , Vietnam War in games , and War in popular culture The Vietnam War has been featured extensively in television, film, video games, and literature in the participant countries. In American popular culture, the `` Crazy Vietnam Veteran'' , who was suffering from posttraumatic stress disorder , became a common stock character after the war. One of the first major films based on the Vietnam War was John Wayne 's pro-war film, The Green Berets (1968). Further cinematic representations were released during the 1970s and 1980s, including Michael Cimino 's The Deer Hunter (1978), Francis Ford Coppola 's Apocalypse Now (1979), Oliver Stone 's Platoon (1986) -- based on his service in the U.S. military during the Vietnam War, Stanley Kubrick 's Full Metal Jacket (1987), Hamburger Hill (1987), and Casualties of War (1989). Later films would include We Were Soldiers (2002) and Rescue Dawn (2007). The war also influenced a generation of musicians and songwriters in Vietnam and the United States, both anti-war and pro/anti-communist. The band Country Joe and the Fish recorded `` I-Feel-Like-I'm -Fixin' -To-Die Rag'' / The `` Fish'' Cheer in 1965, and it became one of the most influential anti-Vietnam protest anthems. Many songwriters and musicians supported the anti-war movement, including Pete Seeger , Joan Baez , Peggy Seeger , Ewan MacColl , Barbara Dane , The Critics Group , Phil Ochs , John Lennon , Nina Simone , Neil Young , Tom Paxton , Jimmy Cliff and Arlo Guthrie . Commemoration On May 25, 2012, President Barack Obama issued a proclamation of the commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War . On November 10, 2017, President Donald Trump issued a proclamantion commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War. See also Vietnam portal United States portal War portal Cold War portal 1950s portal 1960s portal 1970s portal Aircraft losses of the Vietnam War Awards and decorations of the Vietnam War Battle of Quang Tri (1968) Counterculture of the 1960s Củ Chi tunnels Đắk Sơn massacre Draft lottery (1969) Kit Carson Scouts List of Medal of Honor recipients for the Vietnam War List of United States servicemembers and civilians missing in action during the Vietnam War (1968-- 69) McNamara Line Major General Michael D. Healy Operation Wheeler/Wallowa Patrol Craft Fast Political midlife crisis Protests of 1968 The Sixties Unplugged United States Air Force in Thailand United States Army Special Forces in popular culture U.S. news media and the Vietnam War Vietnam War Crimes Working Group Files Weapons of the Cambodian Civil War Weapons of the Vietnam War Winter Soldier Investigation General: History of Cambodia History of Laos List of conflicts in Asia Annotations ^ Jump up to: Due to the early presence of American troops in Vietnam the start date of the Vietnam War is a matter of debate. In 1998, after a high level review by the Department of Defense (DoD) and through the efforts of Richard B. Fitzgibbon's family the start date of the Vietnam War according to the US government was officially changed to 1 November 1955. U.S. government reports currently cite 1 November 1955 as the commencement date of the `` Vietnam Conflict'' , because this date marked when the U.S. Military Assistance Advisory Group (MAAG) in Indochina (deployed to Southeast Asia under President Truman) was reorganized into country-specific units and MAAG Vietnam was established. Other start dates include when Hanoi authorized Viet Cong forces in South Vietnam to begin a low-level insurgency in December 1956, whereas some view 26 September 1959 when the first battle occurred between the Viet Cong and the South Vietnamese army, as the start date. ^ Jump up to: The figures of 58,220 and 303,644 for U.S. deaths and wounded come from the Department of Defense Statistical Information Analysis Division (SIAD), Defense Manpower Data Center, as well as from a Department of Veterans fact sheet dated May 2010; the total is 153,303 WIA excluding 150,341 persons not requiring hospital care the CRS ( Congressional Research Service ) Report for Congress, American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics, dated 26 February 2010, and the book Crucible Vietnam: Memoir of an Infantry Lieutenant. Some other sources give different figures (e.g. the 2005/2006 documentary Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945-- 1975 cited elsewhere in this article gives a figure of 58,159 U.S. deaths, and the 2007 book Vietnam Sons gives a figure of 58,226) Jump up ^ The Military Assistance Advisory Group, Indochina (with an authorized strength of 128 men) was set up in September 1950 with a mission to oversee the use and distribution of US military equipment by the French and their allies. Jump up ^ The Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng had previously formed in Nanjing , China, at some point between August 1935 and early 1936 when the non-communist Vietnamese Nationalist Party ( Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng , or Viet Quoc), led by Nguyễn Thái Học , and some members of the Indochinese Communist Party (ICP) and a number of other Vietnamese nationalist parties formed an anti-imperialist united front. This organisation soon lapsed into inactivity, only to be revived by the ICP and Ho Chi Minh in 1941. Jump up ^ On 8 March 1965 the first American combat troops, the Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division , began landing in Vietnam to protect the Da Nang airport . Notes ^ Jump up to: Moïse 1996 , pp. 3-- 4. ^ Jump up to: `` ALLIES OF THE REPUBLIC OF VIETNAM'' . Retrieved 24 September 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter Three: 1957-1969 Early Relations between Malaysia and Vietnam'' (PDF) . University of Malaya Student Repository. p. 72 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj (Profiles of Malaysia's Foreign Ministers)'' (PDF) . Institute of Diplomacy and Foreign Relations (IDFR), Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Malaysia) . 2008. p. 31. ISBN 978-983-2220-26-8 . Archived (PDF) from the original on 16 October 2015 . Retrieved 17 October 2015 . The Tunku had been personally responsible for Malaya's partisan support of the South Vietnamese regime in its fight against the Vietcong and, in reply to a Parliamentary question on 6 February 1962, he had listed all the used weapons and equipment of the Royal Malaya Police given to Saigon. These included a total of 45,707 single-barrel shotguns, 611 armoured cars and smaller numbers of carbines and pistols. Writing in 1975, he revealed that `` we had clandestinely been giving ' aid' to Vietnam since early 1958. Published American archival sources now reveal that the actual Malaysian contributions to the war effort in Vietnam included the following: `` over 5,000 Vietnamese officers trained in Malaysia; training of 150 U.S. soldiers in handling Tracker Dogs; a rather impressive list of military equipment and weapons given to Viet-Nam after the end of the Malaysian insurgency (for example, 641 armored personnel carriers, 56,000 shotguns); and a creditable amount of civil assistance (transportation equipment, cholera vaccine, and flood relief)'' . It is undeniable that the Government's policy of supporting the South Vietnamese regime with arms, equipment and training was regarded by some quarters, especially the Opposition parties, as a form of interfering in the internal affairs of that country and the Tunku's valiant efforts to defend it were not convincing enough, from a purely foreign policy standpoint. ^ Jump up to: Weil, Thomas E. et. al. Area Handbook for Brazil (1975), p. 293 Jump up ^ The Cuban Military Under Castro , 1989. Page 76 Jump up ^ Cuba in the World, 1979. Page 66 Jump up ^ `` Cesky a slovensky svet'' . Svet.czsk.net . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilaterální vztahy České republiky a Vietnamské socialistické republiky Mezinárodní vztahy e-Polis -- Internetový politologický časopis '' . E-polis.cz . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Foreign Affairs in the 1960s and 1970s'' . Library of Congress . 1992. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s, Bulgaria gave official military support to many national liberation causes, most notably in the Democratic Republic of Vietnam, (North Vietnam)... Jump up ^ `` Project MUSE - Sailing in the Shadow of the Vietnam War: The GDR Government and the `` Vietnam Bonus'' of the Early 1970s'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ https://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/stasi-aid-and-the-modernization-the-vietnamese-secret-police Jump up ^ Crump 2015 , p. 183 Jump up ^ http://www.historycy.org/index.php?showtopic=36539&st=15 Polish military advisers in North Vietnam(in Polish) ^ Jump up to: Radvanyi, Janos (1980). `` Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official'' (PDF) . Paramaters: Journal of the US Army War College . Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 10 (3): 8-- 15. Jump up ^ `` Why did Sweden support the Viet Cong?'' . HistoryNet. 25 July 2013 . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sweden announces support to Viet Cong'' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 20 July 2016 . In Sweden, Foreign Minister Torsten Nilsson reveals that Sweden has been providing assistance to the Viet Cong, including some $550,000 worth of medical supplies. Similar Swedish aid was to go to Cambodian and Laotian civilians affected by the Indochinese fighting. This support was primarily humanitarian in nature and included no military aid. Jump up ^ DoD 1998 Jump up ^ Lawrence 2009 , p. 20. ^ Jump up to: Olson & Roberts 1991 , p. 67. ^ Jump up to: Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-- 1960 , The Pentagon Papers (Gravel Edition), Volume 1, Chapter 5, (Boston: Beacon Press, 1971), Section 3, pp. 314-- 346; International Relations Department, Mount Holyoke College. Jump up ^ Le Gro, p. 28. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer (2011). The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History, 2nd Edition . ABC-CLIO. p. xlv. ISBN 9781851099610 . Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans Memorial Collection'' . nps.gov. (citing The first American ground combat troops landed in South Vietnam during March 1965, specifically the U.S. Third Marine Regiment, Third Marine Division, deployed to Vietnam from Okinawa to defend the Da Nang, Vietnam, airfield. During the height of U.S. military involvement, 31 December 1968, the breakdown of allied forces were as follows: 536,100 U.S. military personnel, with 30,610 U.S. military having been killed to date; 65,000 Free World Forces personnel; 820,000 South Vietnam Armed Forces (SVNAF) with 88,343 having been killed to date. At the war's end, there were approximately 2,200 U.S. missing in action (MIA) and prisoners of war (POW). Source: Harry G. Summers Jr. Vietnam War Almanac, Facts on File Publishing, 1985.) Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2 August 2016 . Retrieved 2 August 2016 . , accessed 7 Nov 2017 ^ Jump up to: The A to Z of the Vietnam War . The Scarecrow Press. 2005. ISBN 9781461719038 . Jump up ^ Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954-- 1975. Translated by Merle Pribbenow, Lawerence KS: University of Kansas Press, 2002, p. 211: `` By the end of 1966 the total strength of our armed forces was 690,000 soldiers.'' Jump up ^ Doyle, THE NORTH, pp. 45-- 49 Jump up ^ `` China admits 320,000 troops fought in Vietnam'' . Toledo Blade . Reuters. 16 May 1989 . Retrieved 24 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Roy, Denny (1998). China's Foreign Relations . Rowman & Littlefield. p. 27. ISBN 978-0847690138 . ^ Jump up to: Womack, Brantly (2006-02-13). China and Vietnam . ISBN 9780521618342 . Jump up ^ Pham Thi Thu Thuy (1 August 2013). `` The colorful history of North Korea-Vietnam relations'' . NK News . Retrieved 3 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Charles Hirschman et al., `` Vietnamese Casualties During the American War: A New Estimate,'' Population and Development Review , December 1995. ^ Jump up to: Lewy 1978 , pp. 450-- 3. ^ Jump up to: Thayer 1985 , chap. 12. ^ Jump up to: Aaron Ulrich (editor); Edward FeuerHerd (producer and director) (2005, 2006). Heart of Darkness: The Vietnam War Chronicles 1945-- 1975 (Box set, Color, Dolby, DVD-Video, Full Screen, NTSC, Dolby, Vision Software) (Documentary). Koch Vision. Event occurs at 321 minutes. ISBN 1-4172-2920-9 . Jump up ^ Rummel, R.J (1997), `` Table 6.1A. Vietnam Democide : Estimates, Sources, and Calculations'' (GIF) , Freedom, Democracy, Peace; Power, Democide, and War, University of Hawaii System ^ Jump up to: Tucker, Spencer E. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-961-1 Jump up ^ Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund (29 May 2017). `` 3 new names added to Vietnam Veterans Memorial wall'' (Press release). Associated Press. Jump up ^ America's Wars (PDF) (Report). Department of Veterans Affairs. May 2010. Jump up ^ Anne Leland; Mari-- Jana `` M-J'' Oboroceanu (26 February 2010). American War and Military Operations: Casualties: Lists and Statistics (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Jump up ^ Lawrence 2009 , pp. 65, 107, 154, 217 Jump up ^ Kueter, Dale. Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended. AuthorHouse (21 March 2007). ISBN 978-1425969318 Jump up ^ `` Australian casualties in the Vietnam War, 1962-- 72 Australian War Memorial'' . Awm.gov.au . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History By Spencer C. Tucker `` https://books.google.com/?id=qh5lffww-KsC '' Jump up ^ `` Overview of the war in Vietnam VietnamWar.govt.nz, New Zealand and the Vietnam War'' . Vietnamwar.govt.nz. 16 July 1965. Archived from the original on 26 July 2013 . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America Wasn't the Only Foreign Power in the Vietnam War'' . Retrieved 10 June 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Chapter III: The Philippines'' . History.army.mil. Archived from the original on 29 October 2013 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Asian Allies in Vietnam'' (PDF) . Embassy of South Vietnam. March 1970 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Chuyên đề 4 CÔNG TÁC TÌM KIẾM , QUY TẬP HÀI CỐT LIỆT SĨ TỪ NAY ĐẾN NĂM 2020 VÀ NHỮNG NĂM TIẾP THEO, datafile.chinhsachquandoi.gov.vn/Quản %20lý %20chỉ %20đạo /Chuyên %20đề %204.doc Jump up ^ Associated Press, 3 April 1995, `` Vietnam Says 1.1 Million Died Fighting For North.'' Jump up ^ Soames, John. A History of the World , Routledge, 2005. Jump up ^ `` North Korea fought in Vietnam War'' . BBC News. 31 March 2000 . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Shenon, Philip (23 April 1995). `` 20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 24 February 2011 . The Vietnamese government officially claimed a rough estimate of 2 million civilian deaths, but it did not divide these deaths between those of North and South Vietnam. Jump up ^ `` fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ'' . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam ^ Jump up to: Obermeyer, Murray & Gakidou 2008 . ^ Jump up to: Heuveline, Patrick (2001). `` The Demographic Analysis of Mortality in Cambodia'' . Forced Migration and Mortality . National Academy Press. pp. 102-- 104, 120, 124. ISBN 9780309073349 . As best as can now be estimated, over two million Cambodians died during the 1970s because of the political events of the decade, the vast majority of them during the mere four years of the ' Khmer Rouge' regime... Subsequent reevaluations of the demographic data situated the death toll for the (civil war) in the order of 300,000 or less. ^ Jump up to: Banister, Judith; Johnson, E. Paige (1993). `` After the Nightmare: The Population of Cambodia'' . Genocide and Democracy in Cambodia: The Khmer Rouge, the United Nations and the International Community . Yale University Southeast Asia Studies. p. 87. ISBN 9780938692492 . An estimated 275,000 excess deaths. We have modeled the highest mortality we can justify for the early 1970s. ^ Jump up to: Sliwinski estimates 240,000 wartime deaths, of which 40,000 were caused by U.S. bombing. ( Sliwinski 1995 , p. 48). He characterizes other estimates ranging from 600,000-- 700,000 as `` the most extreme evaluations'' (p. 42). Jump up ^ Factasy. `` The Vietnam War or Second Indochina War'' . PRLog . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War'' . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 5 March 2008 . Meanwhile, the United States, its military demoralized and its civilian electorate deeply divided, began a process of coming to terms with defeat in its longest and most controversial war Jump up ^ Lind, Michael (1999). `` Vietnam, The Necessary War: A Reinterpretation of America's Most Disastrous Military Conflict'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 17 January 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital History; Steven Mintz. `` The Vietnam War'' . Digitalhistory.uh.edu. Archived from the original on 30 October 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Major General George S. Eckhardt, Vietnam Studies Command and Control 1950-- 1969 , Department of the Army, Washington, D.C. (1991), p. 6 Jump up ^ `` Dien Bien Phu: Did the US offer France an A-bomb?'' BBC Magazine, May 5, 2014 Jump up ^ Vietnam War Statistics and Facts 1 , 25th Aviation Battalion website. Jump up ^ Thee, Marek (1976). `` The Indochina Wars: Great Power Involvement - Escalation and Disengagement'' . Journal of Peace Research . Sage Publications . 13 (2): 117. doi : 10.1177/002234337601300204 . ISSN 1460-3578 . JSTOR 423343 . (Subscription required ( help )) . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 457, 461ff. Jump up ^ Moore, Harold. G and Joseph L. Galloway We Are Soldiers Still: A Journey Back to the Battlefields of Vietnam (p. 57). Jump up ^ `` Asian-Nation: Asian American History, Demographics, & Issues:: The American / Viet Nam War'' . Retrieved 18 August 2008 . The Viet Nam War is also called ' The American War' by the Vietnamese Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer C. (2011) The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History ABC-CLIO. ISBN 1-85109-961-1 , p. xli Jump up ^ Ooi, Keat Gin. Southeast Asia: a historical encyclopedia, from Angkor Wat to East Timor . ABC-CLIO; 2004. ISBN 978-1-57607-770-2 . p. 520. Jump up ^ Rai, Lajpat. Social Science . FK Publications; ISBN 978-81-89611-12-5 . p. 22. Jump up ^ Dommen, Arthur J. The Indochinese experience of the French and the Americans: nationalism and communism in Cambodia, Laos, and Vietnam . Indiana University Press; 2001. ISBN 978-0-253-33854-9 . p. 4-- 19. Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 3. ^ Jump up to: Neale 2001 , p. 17. Jump up ^ Sophie Quinn-Judge (2003). Ho Chi Minh: the missing years, 1919-- 1941 . C. Hurst. pp. 212-- 213. ISBN 978-1-85065-658-6 . Jump up ^ Tucker 1999 , p. 42 Jump up ^ Brocheux 2007 , p. 198 Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Koh, David (21 August 2008). `` Vietnam needs to remember famine of 1945'' . The Straits Times . Singapore. Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , pp. 18-- 9. ^ Jump up to: Kolko 1985 , p. 36. Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , p. 19. ^ Jump up to: Neale 2001 , p. 20. Jump up ^ Interview with Carleton Swift, 1981, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-9dc948-interview-with-carleton-swift Jump up ^ Stuart-Fox 1997 , p. . Jump up ^ Interview with Archimedes L.A. Patti, 1981, http://openvault.wgbh.org/catalog/vietnam-bf3262-interview-with-archimedes-l-a-patti-1981 Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 37. Jump up ^ Dommen, Arthur J. (2001), The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press, pg. 120. `` According to one estimate, 15,000 nationalists were massacred'' in the summer of 1946 (pg. 154). In addition, `` 100,000 to 150,000 (civilians) had been assassinated by the Viet Minh'' by the end of the First Indochina war (pg. 252). Jump up ^ `` ベトナム 独立 戦争 参加 日本 人 の 事跡 に 基づく 日 越 の あり方 に関する 研究 '' (PDF) . 井川 一久 . Tokyo foundation. October 2005 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ `` 日 越 関係 発展 の 方途 を 探る 研究 ヴェトナム 独立 戦争 参加 日本 人 ― その 実態 と 日 越 両国 にとって の 歴史 的 意味 ― '' (PDF) . 井川 一久 . Tokyo foundation. May 2006 . Retrieved 10 June 2010 . Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 8 ^ Jump up to: Neale 2001 , p. 24. Jump up ^ Neale 2001 , pp. 23-- 4. Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 9 Jump up ^ `` Franco-Vietnam Agreement of March 6th, 1946'' . Vietnamgear.com. 6 March 1946 . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Pentagon Papers, Gravel Edition, Chapter !, Section 2'' . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 29 April 2011 . Jump up ^ Peter Dennis (1987). Troubled days of peace: Mountbatten and South East Asia command, 1945-- 46 . Manchester University Press ND. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-7190-2205-0 . ^ Jump up to: Neale 2001 , p. 25. ^ Jump up to: McNamara 1999 , pp. 377-- 9. Jump up ^ `` The Vietnam War Seeds of Conflict 1945 -- 1960'' . The History Place . Retrieved 13 May 2013 . Jump up ^ Pentagon Papers , Gravel, ed, Chapter 2, ' U.S. Involvement in the Franco-Viet Minh War' , p. 54. ^ Jump up to: Ang, Cheng Guan, The Vietnam War from the Other Side , p. 14. Routledge (2002). ^ Jump up to: `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945-- 1960'' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 18. Jump up ^ Zinn, A People's History of the United States , p. 471. ^ Jump up to: Vietnam The Ten Thousand Day War, Thames 1981, Michael Maclear, p. 57. Jump up ^ Vietnam at War: The History: 1946-- 1975 , ISBN 978-0-19-506792-7 , p. 263. Jump up ^ Dien Bien Phu , Air Force Magazine 87:8, August 2004. ^ Jump up to: Tucker 1999 , p. 76 Jump up ^ The U.S. Navy: a history , Naval Institute Press, 1997, Nathan Miller, ISBN 978-1-55750-595-8 , pp. 67-- 68 . Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers. Gravel, ed. vol. 1, pp. 391-- 404. Jump up ^ Press release by the Embassy of the Republic of Vietnam, quoted from the Washington, D.C. press and Information Service, vol I. no. 18 (22 July 1955) and no. 20 (18 August 1955), in Chapter 19 of Gettleman, Franklin and Young, Vietnam and America: A Documented History , pp. 103-- 105. Jump up ^ Jacobs, pp. 45-- 55. Jump up ^ Fall 1967 , p. . Jump up ^ Vietnam Divided by B.S.N. Murti, Asian Publishing House, 1964. Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 102. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 238. Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 98. Jump up ^ 1 Pentagon Papers (The Senator Gravel Edition), 247, 328 (Boston, Beacon Press, 1971). Jump up ^ John Prados, `` The Numbers Game: How Many Vietnamese Fled South In 1954?'' . The VVA Veteran (January/February 2005). Archived from the original on 27 May 2006 . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , p. 143. Jump up ^ cf. Gittinger, J. Price, `` Communist Land Policy in Viet Nam'' , Far Eastern Survey , Vol. 29, No. 8, 1957, p. 118. Jump up ^ Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997). The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press. p. 569. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2 . Jump up ^ Dommen, Arthur J. (2001), The Indochinese Experience of the French and the Americans , Indiana University Press, p. 340, gives a lower estimate of 32,000 executions. Jump up ^ `` Newly released documents on the land reform'' . Vietnam Studies Group . Archived from the original on 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . Vu Tuong : There is no reason to expect, and no evidence that I have seen to demonstrate, that the actual executions were less than planned; in fact the executions perhaps exceeded the plan if we consider two following factors. First, this decree was issued in 1953 for the rent and interest reduction campaign that preceded the far more radical land redistribution and party rectification campaigns (or waves) that followed during 1954-1956. Second, the decree was meant to apply to free areas (under the control of the Viet Minh government), not to the areas under French control that would be liberated in 1954-1955 and that would experience a far more violent struggle. Thus the number of 13,500 executed people seems to be a low-end estimate of the real number. This is corroborated by Edwin Moise in his recent paper `` Land Reform in North Vietnam, 1953-1956'' presented at the 18th Annual Conference on SE Asian Studies, Center for SE Asian Studies, University of California, Berkeley (February 2001). In this paper Moise (7-9) modified his earlier estimate in his 1983 book (which was 5,000) and accepted an estimate close to 15,000 executions. Moise made the case based on Hungarian reports provided by Balazs, but the document I cited above offers more direct evidence for his revised estimate. This document also suggests that the total number should be adjusted up some more, taking into consideration the later radical phase of the campaign, the unauthorized killings at the local level, and the suicides following arrest and torture (the central government bore less direct responsibility for these cases, however). cf. Szalontai, Balazs (November 2005). `` Political and Economic Crisis in North Vietnam, 1955-- 56'' . Cold War History . 5 (4): 395-- 426. doi : 10.1080/14682740500284630 . cf. Vu, Tuong (2010). Paths to Development in Asia: South Korea, Vietnam, China, and Indonesia . Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9781139489010 . Clearly Vietnamese socialism followed a moderate path relative to China... Yet the Vietnamese ' land reform' campaign ... testified that Vietnamese communists could be as radical and murderous as their comrades elsewhere. Jump up ^ Appy 2006 , pp. 46-- 7. Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press , vol. 3, p. 134. Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 119. ^ Jump up to: The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, p. 140. Jump up ^ The Pentagon Papers (1971), Beacon Press, vol. 3, pp. 570-- 71. Jump up ^ Dwight D. Eisenhower . Mandate for Change. Garden City, New Jersey. Doubleday & Company, 1963, p. 372. Jump up ^ Turner, Robert F. (1990). `` Myths and Realities in the Vietnam Debate'' . The Vietnam Debate: A Fresh Look at the Arguments . University Press of America . ISBN 9780819174161 . Jump up ^ Woodruff 2005 , p. 6 states: `` The elections were not held. South Vietnam, which had not signed the Geneva Accords, did not believe the Communists in North Vietnam would allow a fair election. In January 1957, the International Control Commission (ICC), comprising observers from India, Poland, and Canada, agreed with this perception, reporting that neither South nor North Vietnam had honored the armistice agreement. With the French gone, a return to the traditional power struggle between north and south had begun again. '' Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 224. Jump up ^ Gerdes (ed.) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War p. 19. Jump up ^ Turner 1975 , pp. 193-- 4, 202-- 3, 215-- 7 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 19. Jump up ^ John F. Kennedy. `` America's Stakes in Vietnam '' . Speech to the American Friends of Vietnam, June 1956. Archived 26 June 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 200-- 1. Jump up ^ `` The Pentagon Papers Gravel Edition Volume 1, Chapter 5, `` Origins of the Insurgency in South Vietnam, 1954-- 1960 '' `` . Mtholyoke.edu . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 89. ^ Jump up to: Karnow 1997 , p. 230. Jump up ^ Excerpts from Law 10/59, 6 May 1959 . Jump up ^ Marilyn Young, The Vietnam Wars: 1945-- 1990 (New York: Harper Perennial, 1991), p. 73 ^ Jump up to: Ang, Cheng Guan (2002). The Vietnam War from the Other Side . RoutledgeCurzon. pp. 16, 58, 76. ISBN 0-7007-1615-7 . Jump up ^ Olson & Roberts 1991 , p. 67. This decision was made at the 11th Plenary Session of the Lao Dong Central Committee. Jump up ^ Military History Institute of Vietnam,(2002) Victory in Vietnam: The Official History of the People's Army of Vietnam, 1954-- 1975 , translated by Merle L. Pribbenow. University Press of Kansas. p. 68. ISBN 0-7006-1175-4 . Jump up ^ `` The History Place -- Vietnam War 1945-- 1960'' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Victory in Vietnam , p. xi. Jump up ^ Prados 2006 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 264. Jump up ^ The Avalon Project at Yale Law School. Inaugural Address of John F. Kennedy . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 265: `` Kennedy sidestepped Laos, whose rugged terrain was no battleground for American soldiers.'' Jump up ^ The case of John F. Kennedy and Vietnam Presidential Studies Quarterly . Jump up ^ Mann, Robert. A Grand Delusion , Basic Books, 2002. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 267. Jump up ^ VTF 1969 , IV. B. 4., pp. 1-- 2 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 369. Jump up ^ John Kenneth Galbraith. `` Memorandum to President Kennedy from John Kenneth Galbraith on Vietnam, 4 April 1962.'' The Pentagon Papers. Gravel. ed. Boston, Massachusetts Beacon Press, 1971, vol. 2. pp. 669-- 671. Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War'' . Swarthmore College Peace Collection. Archived from the original on 3 August 2016. Jump up ^ Tucker 2011 , p. 1070. ^ Jump up to: International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos . Jump up ^ Sheehan 1989 , pp. 201-- 66. Jump up ^ Live interview by John Bartlow Martin. Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam? New York City. John F. Kennedy Library, 1964, Tape V, Reel 1. Jump up ^ James Gibson, The Perfect War: Technowar in Vietnam (Boston/New York: The Atlantic Monthly Press, 1986), p. 88. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 326. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 327. Jump up ^ FRUS, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-- 1963, Vol. IV, Vietnam, August-- December 1863 , Document 304, https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1961-63v04/d304 Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 328. ^ Jump up to: Demma 1989 . Jump up ^ Blaufarb 1977 , p. 119. Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 103. Jump up ^ Schandler 2009 , p. 36 Jump up ^ U.S. Special Forces: A Guide to America's Special Operations Units: the World's Most Elite Fighting Force, By Samuel A. Southworth, Stephen Tanner, Published by Da Capo Press, 2002, ISBN 978-0-306-81165-4 . Jump up ^ Shooting at the Moon by Roger Warner -- The history of CIA/IAD'S 15-year involvement in conducting the secret war in Laos, 1960-- 1975, and the career of CIA PMCO (paramilitary case officer) Bill Lair. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 336-- 9. Johnson viewed many members that he inherited from Kennedy's cabinet with distrust because he had never penetrated their circle during Kennedy's presidency; to Johnson's mind, those like W. Averell Harriman and Dean Acheson spoke a different language. Jump up ^ Shortly after the assassination of Kennedy, when McGeorge Bundy called LBJ on the phone, LBJ responded: `` Goddammit, Bundy. I've told you that when I want you I'll call you.'' Brian VanDeMark, Into the Quagmire (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 13. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 339. Before a small group, including Henry Cabot Lodge Jr. , the new president also said, `` We should stop playing cops and robbers (a reference to Diệm 's failed leadership) and get back to... winning the war ... tell the generals in Saigon that Lyndon Johnson intends to stand by our word...(to) win the contest against the externally directed and supported Communist conspiracy.'' Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 339: `` At a place called Hoa Phu, for example, the strategic hamlet built during the previous summer now looked like it had been hit by a hurricane... Speaking through an interpreter, a local guard explained to me that a handful of Viet Cong agents had entered the hamlet one night and told the peasants to tear it down and return to their native villages. The peasants complied without question.'' ^ Jump up to: Hunt, Michael (2016). The World Transformed - 1945 to the Present . New York City: Oxford. pp. 169-- 171. ISBN 978-0-19-937102-0 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 340. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 341. Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , p. 124. Jump up ^ Kutler 1996 , p. 249. Jump up ^ Moïse 1996 , p. 78. ^ Jump up to: Healy 2009 , p. 91. Jump up ^ Palmer 1978 , p. 882. Jump up ^ Scott Shane (31 October 2005). `` Vietnam Study, Casting Doubts, Remains Secret'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 13 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Gerdes (ed.) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War p. 25. Jump up ^ Herring 2001 , p. 121. ^ Jump up to: The United States in Vietnam: An analysis in depth of the history of America's involvement in Vietnam by George McTurnan Kahin and John W. Lewis, Delta Books, 1967. Jump up ^ Hubbel, John G. (November 1968). `` The Blood-Red Hands of Ho Chi Minh'' . Readers Digest : 61-- 67. Jump up ^ Simon, Dennis M. (August 2002). `` The War in Vietnam,1965-- 1968'' . Archived from the original on 26 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Nalty 1998, pp. 97, 261. Jump up ^ Earl L. Tilford, Setup: What the Air Force did in Vietnam and Why . Maxwell Air Force Base AL: Air University Press, 1991, p. 89. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 468. ^ Jump up to: Courtwright 2005 , p. 210. Jump up ^ Gen. Curtis E LeMay . Jump up ^ `` Generations Divide Over Military Action in Iraq'' . Pew Research Center. October 2002. (archived from the original on 2 February 2008). (The archived link is dead, and the original link is towards another article.) Jump up ^ Young 1991 , p. 172. Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 48. ^ Jump up to: McNamara 1999 , pp. 349-- 51. Jump up ^ Moyar 2006 , p. 339 Jump up ^ McNeill 1993 , p. 58. Jump up ^ McNeill 1993 , p. 94. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.-Vietnam Relations vol. 4, p. 7. Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 353. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.-- Vietnam Relations vol. 5, pp. 8-- 9. Jump up ^ U.S. Department of Defense, U.S.-Vietnam Relations vol. 4, pp 117-- 119. and vol. 5, pp. 8-- 12. Jump up ^ Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965. Washington, D.C. Government Printing Office, 1966, vol. 2, pp. 794-- 799. ^ Jump up to: McNamara 1999 , pp. 353-- 4. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 453. ^ Jump up to: Karnow 1997 , p. 556. Jump up ^ Peter Church. ed. A Short History of South-East Asia. Singapore, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, p. 193. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 706. Jump up ^ Jewett, Russell (2014). Northern I Corps-Vietnam: A Corpsman's Story . Ft Bragg, California: Blurb. ^ Jump up to: Karnow 1997 , p. 18. Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 363-- 365. Jump up ^ Stephen T. Hosmer (1970), Viet Cong Repression and its Implications for the Future (Rand Corporation), pp.72-- 8. Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 308-- 9. Jump up ^ Villard, Erik B., The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue , U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C., (2008) ^ Jump up to: Ankony, Robert C., Lurps: A Ranger's Diary of Tet, Khe Sanh, A Shau, and Quang Tri , Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Landham, MD, (2009): p. 104 Jump up ^ Villard, Erik B., The 1968 Tet Offensive Battles of Quang Tri City and Hue , U.S. Army Center of Military History, Washington, D.C., (2008): p.82 ^ Jump up to: `` The Guardians at the Gate'' , Time 7 January 1966, vol. 87, no.1. Jump up ^ Stanley Karnow, Vietnam: A History (New York: Penguin, 1986), p. 546 ^ Jump up to: Witz The Tet Offensive: Intelligence Failure in War pp. 1-- 2. Jump up ^ Larry Berman. Lyndon Johnson's War . New York, W.W. Norton, 1991, p. 116. Jump up ^ Harold P. Ford. CIA and the Vietnam Policymakers pp. 104-- 123. Jump up ^ Keyes, Ralph (2006). The Quote Verifier: Who Said What, Where, and When . St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 978-0-312-34004-9 . Jump up ^ Survivors Hunt Dead of Bentre, Turned to Rubble in Allied Raids nytimes.com. Jump up ^ `` Peter Arnett: Whose Man in Baghdad?'' , Mona Charen , Jewish World Review , 1 April 2003. Jump up ^ Moore, Frazier (18 July 2009). `` Cronkite, who defined the role of anchor, dies at 92'' . News Observer. Associated Press. Archived from the original on 6 November 2013 . Retrieved 31 October 2013 . Jump up ^ Oberdorfer 2001 , p. 251. Jump up ^ Winfrey, Lee; Schaffer, Michael D. (17 July 2009). `` Walter Cronkite dies'' . The Philadelphia Inquirer . Retrieved 18 July 2009 . Jump up ^ Wicker, Tom (26 January 1997). `` Broadcast News'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2009 . Jump up ^ Campbell, W. Joseph (2010). Getting It Wrong: Ten of the Greatest Misreported Stories in American Journalism . University of California Press. pp. 85-- 100. Jump up ^ Sorely 1999, pp. 11-- 16. Jump up ^ Gerdes (ed.) Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War p. 27. ^ Jump up to: Command Magazine Issue 18, p. 15. Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , pp. 366-- 7. ^ Jump up to: `` Vietnamization: 1970 Year in Review'' . Upi.com. 27 October 2011. Archived from the original on 31 August 2011 . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ho Chi Minh Dies of Heart Attack in Hanoi'' . The Times . 4 September 1969. p. 1. Jump up ^ Jeff Stein, Murder in Wartime: The Untold Spy Story that Changed the Course of the Vietnam War. (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1992) 60-- 62. Jump up ^ Seals, Bob (2007) The `` Green Beret Affair'' : A Brief Introduction . Jump up ^ Sihanouk, Prince Norodom. `` Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity'' . Foreign Affairs . 1958 : 582-- 583. Jump up ^ They were: Senators John C. Stennis (MS) and Richard B. Russell Jr. (GA) and Representatives Lucius Mendel Rivers (SC), Gerald R. Ford (MI), and Leslie C. Arends (IL). Arends and Ford were leaders of the Republican minority and the other three were Democrats on either the Armed Services or Appropriations committees. Jump up ^ Dmitry Mosyakov, `` The Khmer Rouge and the Vietnamese Communists: A History of Their Relations as Told in the Soviet Archives'' , in Susan E. Cook, ed., Genocide in Cambodia and Rwanda (Yale Genocide Studies Program Monograph Series No. 1, 2004), p. 54 ff. Available online at: www.yale.edu/gsp/publications/Mosyakov.doc `` In April-- May 1970, many North Vietnamese forces entered Cambodia in response to the call for help addressed to Vietnam not by Pol Pot, but by his deputy Nuon Chea. Nguyen Co Thach recalls: `` Nuon Chea has asked for help and we have liberated five provinces of Cambodia in ten days.'' Jump up ^ Joe Angio. Nixon a Presidency Revealed. Television Documentary, The History Channel, 15 February 2007. Jump up ^ USA.gov (February 1997). `` The Pentagon Papers Case'' . EJournal USA . 2 (1). Archived from the original on 12 January 2008 . Retrieved 27 April 2010 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 644-- 5. Jump up ^ `` 11. The U.S. Army in Vietnam from Tet to the Final Withdrawal, 1968-- 1975'' . American Military History, Volume II, The United states Army in a Global Era, 1917-- 2003 . United States Army Center of Military History . pp. 349-- 350. Jump up ^ Ronald H. Spector . `` Vietnam War (1954-- 75)'' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Archived from the original on 20 May 2014 . Retrieved 20 May 2014 . Jump up ^ G. Herring, America's Longest War (2nd ed., 1986), p.260. Jump up ^ Peter Church, ed. A Short History of South-East Asia. Singapore. John Wiley & Sons, 2006, pp. 193-- 194. Jump up ^ Lunch, W. & Sperlich, P. (1979). The Western Political Quarterly. 32(1). pp. 21-- 44 Jump up ^ Louis B. Zimmer, The Vietnam War Debate ; pp. 54-- 55; Hardcover: 430 pages; Publisher: Lexington Books (13 October 2011); ISBN 0739137697 . Jump up ^ Louis B. Zimmer, The Vietnam War Debate ; pp. 53-- 54; Hardcover: 430 pages; Publisher: Lexington Books (13 October 2011); ISBN 0739137697 . Jump up ^ Videorecording of entire debate proceedings available at the Museum of Radio and Television in New York City. Jump up ^ 1969: Millions march in US Vietnam Moratorium . BBC On This Day. Jump up ^ Jennings & Brewster 1998: 413. Jump up ^ Bob Fink. `` Vietnam -- A View from the Walls: a History of the Vietnam Anti-War Movement'' . Greenwich Publishing. Jump up ^ `` History Lesson 8: Refugees From Vietnam and Cambodia'' , Immigration in US history , Constitutional Rights Foundation Jump up ^ Stanton 2003 , p. 240 Jump up ^ Willbanks 2009 , p. 110 Jump up ^ `` Facts about the Vietnam Veterans memorial collection'' . NPS.gov. 2010 . Retrieved 26 April 2010 . ^ Jump up to: Karnow 1997 , pp. 672-- 4. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , pp. 670-- 2. Jump up ^ `` This Day in History 1974: Thieu announces war has resumed'' . History.com . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 676. Jump up ^ Clark Dougan, David Fulgham et al., The Fall of the South. Boston: Boston Publishing Company, 1985, p. 22. Jump up ^ The End of the Vietnam War, 30 Years Ago Archived 12 October 2007 at the Wayback Machine . by Gabriel Kolko , CounterPunch 30 April / 1 May 2005. Jump up ^ Tucker 1999 , p. 29 Jump up ^ U.S. POWER IN ASIA HAS GROWN SINCE VIETNAM by Leslie H. Gelb , The New York Times , April 18, 1985 Jump up ^ Qiang Zhai, China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-- 1975 , University of North Carolina Press, pp. 54-- 55. Jump up ^ Qiang Zhai (2000), China and the Vietnam Wars, 1950-- 1975 , University of North Carolina Press, p.135 Jump up ^ Chen Jian, `` China's Involvement in the Vietnam War: 1964 to 1969'' , Cambridge University Press, 2012, p. 379. Citing `` Wenhua dageming zhong de jiefangjun'' by Li Ke and Hao Shengzhang, p. 416 Jump up ^ Ang, Cheng Guan, Ending the Vietnam War: The Vietnamese Communists' Perspective , p. 27. Jump up ^ Bezlova, Antoaneta, China haunted by Khmer Rouge links , Asia Times , 21 February 2009. Jump up ^ Truong 1985 , p. 168 Jump up ^ AP (2010). `` Soviet Involvement in the Vietnam War'' . historicaltextarchive.com. Associated Press . Retrieved 27 March 2010 . Jump up ^ Oleg Sarin and Lev Dvoretsky (1996), Alien Wars: The Soviet Union's Aggressions Against the World, 1919 to 1989 , Presidio Press, pp. 93-- 4. Jump up ^ `` Asia Times -- Russian missiles to guard skies over Vietnam'' . Atimes.com. 5 September 2003 . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Soviet rocketeer: After our arrival in Vietnam, American pilots refused to fly'' (in Russian). RU: rus.ruvr. 29 January 2010 . Retrieved 26 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Asia Times, 18 August 2006, Richard M Bennett Missiles and madness . Jump up ^ Pribbenow, Merle (2003). `` The ' Ology War: technology and ideology in the defense of Hanoi, 1967'' . Journal of Military History . 67 (1): 183. Jump up ^ Gluck, Caroline (7 July 2001). `` N Korea admits Vietnam war role'' . BBC News . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ; also see `` North Korea fought in Vietnam War'' . BBC News . 31 March 2000 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . ; also see `` North Korea honours Vietnam war dead'' . BBC News. 12 July 2001 . Retrieved 19 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam agradece apoyo cubano durante guerra (Vietnam says thanks for Cuban support during the war, in Spanish)'' . Revista Vietnam . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Castro, Fidel. `` CUBA y VIETNAM: discurso de Fidel Castro en apoyo del F.N.L. (Cuba and Vietnam, speech of Fidel Castro in support of NFL, in Spanish)'' . Ruinas Digitales . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Cubanos y vietnamitas conmemoran aniversarios de victorias'' . Cuba Diplomática (Diplomatic Cuba) . Embajada de Cuba en Vietnam (Cuban Embassy in Vietnam) . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ AII POW-MIA Cuban Torture Archived 15 May 2008 at the Wayback Machine ...Aiipowmia.com (8 November 1999). Retrieved 6 August 2010. Jump up ^ Cuban General Lies Repeatedly About Torturing U.S. POWs . Latinamericanstudies.org (11 December 1978). Retrieved 6 August 2010. Jump up ^ Former U.S. POWs detail torture by Cubans in Vietnam . Autentico.org (22 August 1999). Retrieved 6 August 2010. Jump up ^ Facts of the Cuban Program . Miafacts.org. Retrieved 6 August 2010. Jump up ^ Cuba Program Research Paper . Vietnam and All Veterans of Florida. Retrieved 6 August 2010. Jump up ^ Castro denies McCain's torture claim -- World news -- Americas -- Focus on Cuba . MSNBC (19 April 1959). Retrieved 6 August 2010. Jump up ^ Testimony of Michael D. Benge before the House International Relations Committee Chaired by the Honorable Benjamin A. Gilman Archived 4 March 2010 at the Wayback Machine. , 4 November 1999 Jump up ^ dT(); (11 September 2008). `` Photo exhibition on Fidel Castro's visit in 1973'' . VietnamPlus . Retrieved 29 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to: Chang, Jae Baik (2011). The Park Chung Hee Era: The Transformation of South Korea . Harvard University Press. p. 409. ISBN 0-674-05820-8 . Jump up ^ Stanton, ' Vietnam Order of Battle' . Jump up ^ `` ROK Army and Marines prove to be rock-solid fighters and allies in Vietnam War'' . Archived from the original on 28 September 2007 . Retrieved 3 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to: `` 1965년 전투병 베트남 파병 의결 '' . Donga Ilbo. 2 July 2008 . Retrieved 17 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Leepson 1999, p. 209. ^ Jump up to: Dennis et al 2008, pp. 555-- 558. Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000, pp. 561-- 566. Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War 1962-- 1972'' . Encyclopaedia . Australian War Memorial . Retrieved 1 July 2006 . Jump up ^ McGibbon 2000, p. 539. Jump up ^ Anderson, Gerald (January 2009). Subic bay : from Magellan to Pinatubo . CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 1441444521 . Jump up ^ Karnow, Stanley (1990). In Our Image: America's Empire in the Philippines . Ballantine books. ISBN 0345328167 . Jump up ^ Utts, Thomas. GI Joe Doesn't Live Here Anymore: A History of Clark Air Base, America's Mighty Air Force Bastion in the Philippines . University of Michigan. Jump up ^ Booth, John A. and Thomas W. Walker. Understanding Central America . Westview Press. ISBN 0-8133-0002-9 Page 31. Jump up ^ The Washington Post Obituary: `` Alfredo Stroessner; Paraguayan Dictator.'' Jump up ^ Edelgard Elsbeth Mahant; Graeme S. Mount (1999). Invisible and inaudible in Washington: American policies toward Canada . UBC Press. p. 50. ISBN 978-0-7748-0703-6 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Complicity: Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War , by Victor Levant (1986)'' . The Canadian Encyclopedia. Archived from the original on 30 September 2007 . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Quiet Complicity: Canadian Involvement in the Vietnam War '' . Review by The Manitoba Historical Society . Retrieved 15 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War'' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Jump up ^ Gary D. Solis (15 February 2010). The Law of Armed Conflict: International Humanitarian Law in War . Cambridge University Press. pp. 301-- 303. ISBN 978-1-139-48711-5 . ^ Jump up to: Nick Turse; Deborah Nelson (6 August 2006). `` Civilian Killings Went Unpunished'' . latimes.com . Retrieved 14 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Palmer, James (27 September 2012). `` US army continues to avoid legacy of concealed Vietnam crimes'' . Global Times . Jump up ^ Greiner 2010 , p. 78 Jump up ^ 16 November 2003, `` The Vietnam War Crimes You Never Heard Of'' , Nick Turse , History News Network Jump up ^ Lewis M. Simons. `` Free Fire Zones'' . Crimes of War . Retrieved 5 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Westheider 2007 , p. 19 ^ Jump up to: Rummel, Rudolph, Statistics of Vietnamese Democide , in his Statistics of Democide , 1997. ^ Jump up to: Turse 2013 , p. 251. Jump up ^ Kevin Buckley `` Pacification's Deadly Price'' , ( Newsweek , 19 June 1972, pp. 42-- 43) Jump up ^ Rummel, R.J. `` Statistics of Vietnamese Democide'' (1) , accessed 30 Oct 75 ^ Jump up to: Greiner 2010 , p. 77 ^ Jump up to: Robbins 2007 , p. 13 Jump up ^ Go Gyeong-tae (2000-11-15). 잠자 던 진실 , 30년만 에 깨어나 다 `` 한국군 은 베트남 에서 무엇 을 했는가 '' ... 미국 국립 문서 보관소 비밀 해제 보고서 사진 최초 공개 . Hankyoreh (in Korean) . Retrieved 8 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Lewy 1978 , pp. 272-- 273. Jump up ^ Pedahzur, Ami (2006), Root Causes of Suicide Terrorism: The Globalization of Martyrdom , Taylor & Francis, p.116. Jump up ^ Pike, Douglas (1996). PAVN: Peoples Army of Vietnam . Presidio. Jump up ^ Wiesner, Louis (1988), Victims and Survivors: Displaced Persons and Other War Victims in Viet-Nam, 1954-- 1975 Greenwood Press, pp. 318-- 9. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 655. Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Judiciary Committee, The Human Cost of Communism in Vietnam (1972), p.49. Jump up ^ De Silva, Peer (1978). Sub Rosa: The CIA and the Uses of Intelligence . New York: Time Books. p. 249. ISBN 0-8129-0745-0 . Jump up ^ Kirk, Donald (14 July 1974). `` I watched them saw him 3 days'' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Kirk, Donald (14 July 1974). `` Khmer Rouge's Bloody War on Trapped Villagers'' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Yates, Ronald (17 March 1975). `` Priest Won't Leave Refugees Despite Khmer Rouge Threat'' . Chicago Tribune . Jump up ^ Power, Samantha (2002). A Problem From Hell . Perennial Books. pp. 98-- 99. Jump up ^ Becker, Elizabeth (28 January 1974). `` The Agony of Phnom Penh'' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Barron, John ; Paul, Anthony (1977). Murder of a Gentle Land . Reader's Digest Press. pp. 1-- 2. Jump up ^ Ponchaud, François (1978). Cambodia Year Zero . Holt, Rinehart and Winston. pp. 6-- 7. Jump up ^ Swain, John (1999). River of Time: A Memoir of Vietnam and Cambodia . Berkley Trade. Jump up ^ Norman, Elizabeth M. Women at War: the Story of Fifty Military Nurses Who Served in Vietnam . Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania, 1990. ISBN 978-0-8122-1317-1 p. 7. Jump up ^ Vuic, Kara Dixon. Officer, Nurse, Woman: the Army Nurse Corps in the Vietnam War . Baltimore: Johns Hopkins UP, 2010. ISBN 978-0-8018-9391-9 p. 5. Jump up ^ Norman, p. 57. Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 214. Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 213. Jump up ^ Holm 1992 , p. 206. Jump up ^ Vuic, p. 8. Jump up ^ Norman, p. 71. Jump up ^ Shapiro, T. Rees (27 April 2011). `` Mme. Ngo Dinh Nhu, who exerted political power in Vietnam, dies at 87'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 4 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Gustafsson, Mai Lan `` ' Freedom. Money. Fun. Love' : The Warlore of Vietnamese Bargirls'' Oral History Review , 2011, Vol. 38, No. 2, p. 308; Hunt, Richard A. Pacification: The American Struggle for Vietnam's Hearts and Minds Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1995, p. 40 Jump up ^ Barry, Kathleen The Prostitution of Sexuality New York: NYU Press, 1995, p.133 Jump up ^ Linda Trinh Võ and Marian Sciachitano, Asian American women: the Frontiers reader , University of Nebraska Press, 2004, p. 144. Jump up ^ Lamb, David Children of the Vietnam War Smithsonian Magazine June 2009. Retrieved 28 May 2014. Jump up ^ `` ' Fully Integrated ' '' . African-American Involvement in the Vietnam War (aavw.org) . Retrieved 11 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Terry, Wallace (1984). Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans . Random House. pp. Epigraph and pages xv-- xvii. ISBN 978-0-394-53028-4 . Jump up ^ `` Working-Class War'' . Jump up ^ Chinese Support for North Vietnam during the Vietnam War: The Decisive Edge , Bob Seals, Military History Online, 23 September 2008 Jump up ^ Albert Parray, Military Review, Soviet aid to Vietnam , June 1967 Jump up ^ Gordon L. Rottman, Viet Cong Fighter, Osprey Publishing (2007) p. 20-30 ISBN 978-1-84603-126-7 Jump up ^ C.H. Chivers (2 November 2009). `` How Reliable is the M16 Rifle?'' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ David Maraniss (2003). They Marched into Sunlight: War and Peace Vietnam and America October 1967 . Simon and Schuster. p. 410. ISBN 978-0-7432-6255-2 . Jump up ^ Hog, Ian V., Jane's Infantry Weapons 1986-- 87 , Jane's Publishing, Inc. New York, NY (1986) p.225. ^ Jump up to: A History of U.S. Communications Security; the David G. Boak Lectures , National Security Agency (NSA), Volumes I, 1973, Volumes II 1981, partially released 2008, additional portions declassified 14 October 2015 Jump up ^ Kiernan, Ben ; Owen, Taylor (2015-04-26). `` Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications'' . The Asia-Pacific Journal . Retrieved 2016-09-19 . ^ Jump up to: Wright, Rebecca (2016-09-06). `` ' My friends were afraid of me' : What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos'' . CNN . Retrieved 2016-09-18 . Jump up ^ Greenberg, Jon (2014-09-11). `` Kissinger: Drones have killed more civilians than the bombing of Cambodia in the Vietnam War'' . Politifact.com . Retrieved 2016-09-18 . Jump up ^ Robbers, Gerhard (30 January 2007). Encyclopedia of world constitutions . Infobase Publishing . p. 1021. ISBN 978-0-8160-6078-8 . Retrieved 1 July 2011 . Jump up ^ Elliot, Duong Van Mai (2010). `` The End of the War'' . RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation. pp. 499, 512-- 513. ISBN 9780833047540 . A study by Jacqueline Desbarats and Karl D. Jackson estimated that 65,000 South Vietnamese were executed for political reasons between 1975 and 1983, based on a survey of 615 Vietnamese refugees who claimed to have personally witnessed 47 executions. However, `` their methodology was reviewed and criticized as invalid by authors Gareth Porter and James Roberts.'' 16 of the 47 names used to extrapolate this `` bloodbath'' were duplicates; this extremely high duplication rate (34%) strongly suggests Desbarats and Jackson were drawing from a small number of total executions. Rather than arguing that this duplication rate proves there were very few executions in post-war Vietnam, Porter and Roberts suggest it is an artifact of the self-selected nature of the participants in the Desbarats-Jackson study, as the authors followed subjects's recommendations on other refugees to interview. See Elliot, Duong Van Mai (2010). `` The End of the War'' . RAND in Southeast Asia: A History of the Vietnam War Era . RAND Corporation. pp. 512-- 513. ISBN 9780833047540 . cf. Porter, Gareth; Roberts, James (Summer 1988). `` Creating a Bloodbath by Statistical Manipulation: A Review of A Methodology for Estimating Political Executions in Vietnam, 1975-1983 , Jacqueline Desbarats; Karl D. Jackson'' . Pacific Affairs . 61 (2): 303-- 310. JSTOR 2759306 . Nevertheless, there exist unverified reports of mass executions ( see Nguyen Cong Hoan' testimony in `` Human Rights in Vietnam: Hearings Before the Subcommittee on International Organizations of the Committee on International Relations: House of Representatives, Ninety-Fifth Congress, First Session'' . U.S. Government Printing Office : 149, 153. 1977-07-26. ; see also Desbarats and Jackson. `` Vietnam 1975-- 1982: The Cruel Peace'' The Washington Quarterly 8, no. 4 (September 1985): p. 117) Jump up ^ Sagan, Ginetta; Denney, Stephen (October-- November 1982). `` Re-education in Unliberated Vietnam: Loneliness, Suffering and Death'' . The Indochina Newsletter . Retrieved 2016-09-01 . Jump up ^ See also Nghia M. Vo, The Bamboo Gulag: Political Imprisonment in Communist Vietnam (McFarland, 2004). Jump up ^ Associated Press, 23 June 1979, San Diego Union , 20 July 1986. See generally Nghia M. Vo, The Vietnamese Boat People (2006), 1954 and 1975-- 1992, McFarland. ^ Jump up to: Sharp, Bruce (1 April 2005). `` Counting Hell: The Death Toll of the Khmer Rouge Regime in Cambodia'' . Retrieved 15 July 2016 . The range based on the figures above extends from a minimum of 1.747 million, to a maximum of 2.495 million. Jump up ^ Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997). The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press. pp. 575-- 576. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2 . Jump up ^ `` Migration in the Asia-Pacific Region '' . Stephen Castles, University of Oxford. Mark J. Miller, University of Delaware. July 2009. Jump up ^ Robinson, William Courtland (1998). Terms of refuge: the Indochinese exodus & the international response . Zed Books. p. 127. ISBN 1-85649-610-4 . Jump up ^ Courtois, Stephane; et al. (1997). The Black Book of Communism . Harvard University Press. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-674-07608-2 . Jump up ^ Crossette, Barbara, Hanoi, Citing Famine Fears, Seeks Emergency Aid , The New York Times , 15 May 1988. Jump up ^ Van, Canh Nguyen; Cooper, Earle (1983). Vietnam under Communism, 1975-- 1982 , p. 229. Hoover Press. ISBN 9780817978518 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. starts its first Agent Orange cleanup in Vietnam'' . Reuters. 9 August 2012. Jump up ^ Dacy, Douglas C. (1986), Foreign aid, war, and economic development: south Vietnam 1955-- 1975 , Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, p. 242; `` CRS report for Congress: Costs of Major Wars'' , https://fpc.state.gov/documents/organization/108054.pdf , accessed 22 Oct 2015 Jump up ^ Gerdes (ed). Examining Issues Through Political Cartoons: The Vietnam War pp. 14-- 15. Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 23. Jump up ^ Taylor paraphrases Sun Tzu, The Art of War , trans. Samuel B. Griffith. Oxford, UK. Oxford University Press, 1963. Jump up ^ `` President Richard Nixon's Role in the Vietnam War'' . Vietnam War. Archived from the original on 31 March 2009 . Retrieved 17 October 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Lessons of Vietnam -- Secret Memoranda to The President of the United States by Secretary of State Henry Kissinger (ca. 12 May 1975)'' . p. 3. Archived from the original on 9 May 2008 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ McNamara 1999 , p. 368. ^ Jump up to: Quoted in Bob Buzzano. `` 25 Years After End of Vietnam War, Myths Keep Us from Coming to Terms with Vietnam'' . The Baltimore Sun Times. 17 April 2000 . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . Jump up ^ Karnow 1997 , p. 17. Jump up ^ Dacy, Douglas C. (1986), Foreign aid, war, and economic development: south Vietnam 1955-- 1975 , Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, p. 242 Jump up ^ `` Echoes of Combat: The Vietnam War in American Memory '' . Stanford University. Jump up ^ Westheider 2007 , p. 78. ^ Jump up to: The War's Costs . Digital History. Jump up ^ Combat Area Casualty File, November 1993. (The CACF is the basis for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, i.e. The Wall), Center for Electronic Records, National Archives, Washington, D.C. Jump up ^ Kueter, Dale (2007). Vietnam Sons: For Some, the War Never Ended . AuthorHouse. ISBN 1-4259-6931-3 . Jump up ^ `` War Resisters Remain in Canada with No Regrets'' . ABC News . 19 November 2005 . Retrieved 26 February 2010 . Jump up ^ Vietnam War Resisters in Canada Open Arms to U.S. Military Deserters Archived 12 August 2014 at the Wayback Machine ...Pacific News Service. 28 June 2005. Jump up ^ `` Proclamation 4483: Granting Pardon for Violations of the Selective Service Act'' . Retrieved 11 June 2008 . By The President of the United States of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations of the Selective Services Act, 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973. 21 January 1977. Jump up ^ Victory in Europe 56 Years Ago Gallup News Service 8 May 2001 Jump up ^ `` US still making payments to relatives of Civil War veterans, analysis finds'' . Fox News . Associated Press . 20 March 2013. Jump up ^ Jim Lobe (30 March 2013). `` Iraq, Afghanistan Wars Will Cost U.S. 4-- 6 Trillion Dollars: Report'' . Inter Press Service . Jump up ^ Heinl, Jr., Col. Robert D. (1971), `` The Collapse of the Armed Forces'' , Armed Forces Journal , 7 June 1971 Jump up ^ Flitton, Dave. `` Battlefield Vietnam: Peace with Honour'' . PBS. Event occurs at 13:00 . Retrieved 2 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Milam, Ron (2009), Not A Gentleman's War: An Inside View of Junior Officers in the Vietnam War , Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, p. 172 Jump up ^ Shkurti, William J. (2011), Soldiering on in a Dying War: The True Story of the Firebase Pace Incidents and the Vietnam Drawdown , Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, p. 95 Jump up ^ `` Military draft system stopped'' . The Bulletin . Bend, Oregon. UPI. 27 January 1973. p. 1. Jump up ^ `` Military draft ended by Laird'' . The Times-News . Hendersonville, North Carolina. Associated Press. 27 January 1973. p. 1. Jump up ^ Lepre, p. 183 Jump up ^ Palmer 2007 ; Stone 2007 . Jump up ^ Lynne Peeples (10 July 2013). `` Veterans Sick From Agent Orange-Poisoned Planes Still Seek Justice'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Bruce Cumings (1998). The Global Politics of Pesticides: Forging Consensus from Conflicting Interests . Earthscan . p. 61. Jump up ^ `` Foreign Relations of the United States, 1961-- 1963 Volume I, Vietnam, 1961, Document 275'' . History.state.gov . Retrieved 24 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Michael F. Martin (13 November 2015). U.S. Agent Orange/Dioxin Assistance to Vietnam (PDF) (Report). Congressional Research Service. Jump up ^ Kolko 1985 , pp. 144-- 5. Jump up ^ Roberts 2005 , p. 380. In his 234-page judgment, Weinstein observed: `` Despite the fact that Congress and the President were fully advised of a substantial belief that the herbicide spraying in Vietnam was a violation of international law, they acted on their view that it was not a violation at the time.'' Jump up ^ Crook 2008 . Jump up ^ Anthony Faiola (13 November 2006). `` In Vietnam, Old Foes Take Aim at War's Toxic Legacy'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 8 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Veterans' Diseases Associated with Agent Orange'' . va.gov . Archived from the original on 9 May 2010 . Retrieved 4 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Statistical Information about Fatal Casualties of the Vietnam War, Electronic Records Reference Report'' . U.S. National Archives. DCAS Vietnam Conflict Extract File record counts by HOME OF RECORD STATE CODE (as of 29 April 2008). (generated from the Vietnam Conflict Extract Data File of the Defense Casualty Analysis System (DCAS) Extract Files (as of 29 April 2008) Jump up ^ Clarke, Jeffrey J. (1988), United States Army in Vietnam: Advice and Support: The Final Years, 1965-- 1973 , Washington, D.C.: Center of Military History, United States Army, p. 275 Jump up ^ `` fifty years of violent war deaths: data analysis from the world health survey program: BMJ'' . 23 April 2008 . Retrieved 5 January 2013 . From 1955 to 2002, data from the surveys indicated an estimated 5.4 million violent war deaths ... 3.8 million in Vietnam. Jump up ^ Tucker, Spencer, ed. (1998). Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History . Volume Two. Santa Barbara, CA: ABC-CLIO. p. 617. ISBN 0-87436-983-5 . Jump up ^ `` Battlefield:Vietnam Timeline'' . Pbs.org . Retrieved 31 October 2011 . Jump up ^ Clarke, p. 275 Jump up ^ Willbanks, James H. (2008). The Tet Offensive: A Concise History . New York: Columbia University Press. p. 32. ISBN 0-231-12841-X . Jump up ^ Rand Corporation SOME IMPRESSIONS OF VIET CONG VULNERABILITIES AN INTERIM REPORT 1965 Jump up ^ James J.F. Forest Countering Terrorism and Insurgency in the 21st Century 2007 ISBN 978-0275990343 Jump up ^ Associated Press, 3 April 1995. Jump up ^ Shenon, Philip, `` 20 Years After Victory, Vietnamese Communists Ponder How to Celebrate , The New York Times , 23 April 1995 Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Casualties'' . vietnamwarcasualties.org . Jump up ^ Linnington, Michael, Director, Defense POW/MIA Accounting Agency, `` World's Largest Anthropology Lab' Opens,'' VFW magazine, Nov./Dec. 2015: 8. Jump up ^ `` Vietnam War Bomb Explodes Killing Four Children'' . The Huffington Post . 3 December 2012. Jump up ^ Vietnam war shell explodes, kills two fishermen The Australian (28 April 2011) Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary (May 25, 2017). `` Presidential Proclamation Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War'' . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. : White House . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Commemoration of the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War'' (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . May 25, 2012. Archived from the original on November 13, 2017 . Retrieved November 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Office of the Press Secretary (November 12, 2017). `` Presidential Proclamation Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War'' . whitehouse.gov . Washington, D.C. : White House . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Dwyer, Devin (November 10, 2017). `` Trump marks Veterans Day with commemoration in Vietnam'' . ABC News . New York City : ABC . Retrieved November 13, 2017 . Jump up ^ Trump, Donald (@realDonaldTrump) (November 11, 2017). `` '' Presidential Proclamation Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War'' 45.wh.gov/GDvY2G instagram.com/p/BbWf8J6AlS9/'' (Tweet) . Retrieved November 13, 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ `` Commemorating the 50th Anniversary of the Vietnam War'' (PDF) . Federal Register . Washington, D.C. : National Archives and Records Administration . November 10, 2017. Archived from the original on November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 20, 2017 . References Secondary sources Anderson, David L. (2004). Columbia Guide to the Vietnam War . New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 0-231-11492-3 . Angio, Joe. Nixon a Presidency Revealed (2007) The History Channel television documentary Appy, Christian G. (2006). Vietnam: The Definitive Oral History, Told from All Sides . London: Ebury Press. ISBN 978-0-091-91011-2 . Baker, Kevin. `` Stabbed in the Back! 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By The President Of The United States Of America, A Proclamation Granting Pardon For Violations Of The Selective Service Act , 4 August 1964 To 28 March 1973 (21 January 1977) Central Intelligence Agency. `` Laos '' , CIA World Factbook' Cora Weiss Collection (materials related to war resistance and peace activism movements during the Vietnam War), Lloyd Sealy Library Special Collections, John Jay College of Criminal Justice Eisenhower, Dwight D. Mandate for Change. (1963) a presidential political memoir Ho, Chi Minh. `` Vietnam Declaration of Independence'' , Selected Works. (1960-- 1962) selected writings LeMay, General Curtis E. and Kantor, MacKinlay. Mission with LeMay (1965) autobiography of controversial former Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force Kissinger, United States Secretary of State Henry A. `` Lessons on Vietnam'' , (1975) secret memoranda to U.S. President Ford O'Connell , Kim A. (2006). Primary Source Accounts of the Vietnam War . Berkeley Heights, New Jersey: MyReportLinks.com. ISBN 978-1-598-45001-9 . McCain, John. Faith of My Fathers: A Family Memoir (1999) ISBN 0060957867 Marshall, Kathryn. In the Combat Zone: An Oral History of American Women in Vietnam, 1966-- 1975 (1987) ISBN 0316547077 Martin, John Bartlow . Was Kennedy Planning to Pull out of Vietnam? (1964) oral history for the John F. Kennedy Library, tape V, reel 1. Myers, Thomas. Walking Point: American Narratives of Vietnam (1988) ISBN 0195053516 Public Papers of the Presidents, 1965 (1966) official documents of U.S. presidents. Schlesinger, Arthur M. Jr. Robert Kennedy and His Times. (1978) a first-hand account of the Kennedy administration by one of his principal advisors Sinhanouk, Prince Norodom. `` Cambodia Neutral: The Dictates of Necessity.'' Foreign Affairs. (1958) describes the geopolitical situation of Cambodia Tang, Truong Nhu. A Viet Cong Memoir (1985), revealing account by senior NLF official Terry, Wallace, ed. Bloods: An Oral History of the Vietnam War by Black Veterans (1984) Truong, Như Tảng ; David Chanoff, Van Toai Doan (1985). A Vietcong memoir (1985 ed.). Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. ISBN 978-0-15-193636-6 . - Total pages: 350 The landmark series Vietnam: A Television History, first broadcast in 1983, is a special presentation of the award-winning PBS history series, American Experience. The Pentagon Papers (Gravel ed. 5 vol 1971); combination of narrative and secret documents compiled by Pentagon. excerpts U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States (multivolume collection of official secret documents) vol 1: 1964 ; vol 2: 1965 ; ; vol 4: 1966 ; U.S. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services. U.S.-Vietnam Relations, 1945-- 1967. Washington, D.C. Department of Defense and the House Committee on Armed Services, 1971, 12 volumes. Historiography Hall, Simon, `` Scholarly Battles over the Vietnam War'' , Historical Journal 52 (September 2009), 813-- 29. External links Find more aboutVietnam Warat Wikipedia's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Textbooks from Wikibooks Learning resources from Wikiversity Data from Wikidata A Vietnam Diary's Homecoming Video produced by the PBS Series History Detectives Detailed bibliography of Vietnam War Documents Relating to American Foreign Policy-Vietnam primary sources on U.S. involvement Fallout of the War from the Dean Peter Krogh Foreign Affairs Digital Archives Glossary of Military Terms & Slang from the Vietnam War Impressions of Vietnam and descriptions of the daily life of a soldier from the oral history of Elliott Gardner, U.S. Army `` Perspectives,'' Vietnam magazine. Stephen H. Warner Southeast Asia Photograph Collection at Gettysburg College The Effects of Vietnamization on the Republic of Vietnam's Armed Forces, 1969-- 1972 Timeline US -- Vietnam (1947-- 2001) in Open-Content project The U.S. Army in Vietnam the official history of the United States Army The Vietnam War at The History Channel UC Berkeley Library Social Activism Sound Recording Project: Anti-Vietnam War Protests Vietnam Casualties database searchable by first name, last name and location Vietnam War Bibliography covers online and published resources Vietnam war timeline comprehensive timeline of the Vietnam War Virtual Vietnam Archive -- Texas Tech University 1965-- 1975 Another Vietnam; Unseen images of the war from the winning side - Mashable Archival collections about the Vietnam War , University Archives and Special Collections, Joseph P. Healey Library, University of Massachusetts Boston ( hide ) Vietnam War Participants North Vietnam ( Viet Minh / PAVN , Viet Cong ) South Vietnam ( ARVN ) United States Related conflicts Laotian Civil War Cambodian Civil War Cold War (1962-- 79) Background French Indochina Japanese occupation State of Vietnam (1949-- 1955) Viet Minh Battle of Dien Bien Phu Geneva Conference (1954) 1955 referendum North Vietnamese invasion of Laos 1960 South Vietnamese coup attempt Events 1962 : Strategic Hamlet Program 1963 : Buddhist crisis Coup against Diem 1964 : Gulf of Tonkin Incident / Resolution December coup 1965 : U.S. escalation / `` Americanization'' 1965 South Vietnamese coup Bombing of North Vietnam 1968 : Tet Offensive ( Khe Sanh , Hue ) 1970 : Cambodian Campaign 1971 : Vietnamization policy , ARVN campaign in Laos 1972 : Easter Offensive Christmas bombings 1973 : Paris Peace Accords 1974 : Invasion and capture of the Central Highlands 1975 : 1975 Spring Offensive Fall of Saigon Aftermath Cambodian-- Vietnamese War Sino-Vietnamese War Vietnamese boat people Vietnam Veterans Memorial Normalization of US-- Vietnam relations Other topics Agent Orange Australia in the Vietnam War Ho Chi Minh trail Opposition to United States involvement in the Vietnam War Pentagon Papers SEATO Sihanouk Trail South Korea in the Vietnam War United States news media and Vietnam Vietnam War in film Vietnam War in games War crimes ( Hue , My Lai , Đắk Sơn ) Weapons of the Vietnam War Category Battles and operations ( show ) Vietnam War timeline ↓ Battle of Saigon ↓ Hòa Hảo defeated ↓ Viet Cong created ↓ Palace Bombing ↓ Gulf of Tonkin incident ↓ Battle of Đức Cơ ↓ Tet Offensive ↓ Cambodian Campaign ↓ Operation Lam Son 719 ↓ Easter Offensive ↓ Paracel Islands ↓ Fall of Saigon ↓ Trần Văn Hương → U.S.A. presidents: Dwight D. 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what is the meaning of thunderbird native american

Winnebago tradition states that a man who has a vision of a thunderbird during a solitary fast will become a war chief .

Thunderbird (mythology) - wikipedia Thunderbird (mythology) Jump to: navigation , search For other uses, see thunderbird (disambiguation) . Thunderbird A Northwest Coast styled Kwakwaka'wakw totem pole depicting a thunderbird. Grouping Legendary creature Similar creatures Rain Bird , Pamola Mythology Indigenous peoples of the Americas Region North America The thunderbird is a legendary creature in certain North American indigenous peoples' history and culture. It is considered a supernatural being of power and strength. It is especially important, and frequently depicted, in the art, songs and oral histories of many Pacific Northwest Coast cultures, but is also found in various forms among some peoples of the American Southwest , East Coast of the United States , Great Lakes , and Great Plains . Contents ( hide ) 1 Algonquian 1.1 Menominee 1.2 Ojibwe 2 Winnebago 3 See also 4 Notes 5 External links Algonquian ( edit ) Mississaugas Ho-Chunk Menominee Tribal signatures using thunderbirds on the Great Peace of Montreal . In Algonquian mythology, the thunderbird controls the upper world while the underworld is controlled by the underwater panther or Great Horned Serpent . The thunderbird throws lightning at the underwater creatures and creates thunder by flapping its wings. Thunderbirds in this tradition are commonly depicted as having an X-shaped appearance. This varies between a simple X to recognizable birds. The X-shaped thunderbird is often used to depict the thunderbird with its wings alongside its body and the head facing forwards instead of in profile. Thunderbirds carved in sandstone wall at Twin Bluff, Juneau County, Wisconsin , by prehistoric artist(s) Menominee ( edit ) The Menominee of Northern Wisconsin tell of a great mountain that floats in the western sky on which dwell the thunderbirds. They control the rain and hail and delight in fighting and deeds of greatness. They are the enemies of the great horned snakes - the Misikinubik - and have prevented these from overrunning the earth and devouring mankind. They are messengers of the Great Sun himself. Ojibwe ( edit ) Ojibwe shoulder pouch depicting two thunderbirds in quillwork , Peabody Museum Harvard The Ojibwe version of the myth states that the thunderbirds were created by Nanabozho for the purpose of fighting the underwater spirits. They were also used to punish humans who broke moral rules. The thunderbirds lived in the four directions and arrived with the other birds in the springtime. In the fall they migrated south after the ending of the underwater spirits' most dangerous season. Winnebago ( edit ) Winnebago tradition states that a man who has a vision of a thunderbird during a solitary fast will become a war chief. See also ( edit ) Pamola Piasa Rain Bird Raven (mythology) Thunder god Thunderbird (cryptozoology) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Bouck, Jill and James B. Richardson (2007). `` Enduring Icon: A Wampanoag Thunderbird on an Eighteenth Century English Manuscript From Martha's Vineyard'' . Archaeology of Eastern North America . 35 : 11-- 19. Jump up ^ Lenik, Edward J. (2012). `` The Thunderbird Motif in Northeastern Indian Art'' . Archaeology of Eastern North America . 40 : 163-- 185. Jump up ^ Lankford, George E. (2011). Native American Legends of the Southeast: Tales from the Natchez, Caddo, Biloxi, Chickasaw, and other Nations . Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press. p. 77. Jump up ^ Vecsey, Christopher (1983). Traditional Ojibwa Religion and Its Historical Changes. 152 . American Philosophical Society. p. 75. Jump up ^ Burlin, Nathalie C. (1907). The Indians' Book: An Offering by the American Indians of Indian Lore, Musical and Narrative, to Form a Record of the Songs and Legends of Their Race. Harper and Brothers. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Thunderbird (mythology) . 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davis and moore 1945 some principles of stratification

This argument has been criticized as fallacious from a number of different angles . The first problem is that they posit rewards as a guarantee of performance , when rewards are supposed to be based on merit in their argument . It is argued that if abilities were inherent , there would be no need of a reward system . Secondly , Davis and Moore do not clearly indicate why some positions should be worth more than others , other than the fact that they are remunerated more , claiming , for example , that teachers are equally , if not more , functionally necessary than athletes and movie stars , yet , they receive significantly lower incomes . These critics have suggested that structural inequality ( inherited wealth , family power , etc . ) , is itself a cause of individual success or failure , rather than a consequence of it . Class analysts point out that it is not merely income that determines inequality but wealth , access to social networks , and cultural practices that put some individuals in better positions than others to succeed .

Davis-- Moore hypothesis - wikipedia Davis-- Moore hypothesis Jump to: navigation , search The Davis-- Moore hypothesis , sometimes referred to as the Davis-- Moore theory , is a central claim within the structural functionalist paradigm of sociological theory, and was advanced by Kingsley Davis and Wilbert E. Moore in a paper published in 1945. The hypothesis is an attempt to explain social stratification . As a structural functionalist theory, it is also associated with Talcott Parsons and Robert K. Merton . Contents ( hide ) 1 Argument 2 Criticism 3 Notes 4 See also Argument ( edit ) The hypothesis is an attempted explanation of social stratification , based on the idea of `` functional necessity.'' Davis and Moore argue that the most difficult jobs in any society are the most necessary and require the highest rewards and compensation to sufficiently motivate individuals to fill them. Once the roles are filled, the division of labour functions properly, based on the notion of organic solidarity advanced by Emile Durkheim . Criticism ( edit ) This argument has been criticized as fallacious from a number of different angles. The first problem is that they posit rewards as a guarantee of performance, when rewards are supposed to be based on merit in their argument. It is argued that if abilities were inherent, there would be no need of a reward system. Secondly, Davis and Moore do not clearly indicate why some positions should be worth more than others, other than the fact that they are remunerated more, claiming, for example, that teachers are equally, if not more, functionally necessary than athletes and movie stars, yet, they receive significantly lower incomes. These critics have suggested that structural inequality (inherited wealth, family power, etc.), is itself a cause of individual success or failure, rather than a consequence of it. Class analysts point out that it is not merely income that determines inequality but wealth, access to social networks, and cultural practices that put some individuals in better positions than others to succeed. Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Davis, Kingsley and Wilbert E. Moore. (1970 (1945)). `` Some principles of stratification.'' American Sociological Review, 10 (2), 242-9. Jump up ^ De Maio, F. (2010). Health & Social Theory. New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 29-30. Jump up ^ Tumin, M.M. (1953). `` Some principles of stratification: a critical analysis.'' American Sociological Review , 18, 387-97. Jump up ^ The New York Times. Class Matters. (2005). New York: Henry Holt and Company, LLC, 9. See also ( edit ) Scientific theory Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Davis-- Moore_hypothesis&oldid =791385205 '' Categories : Functionalism (social theory) Sociological theories Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 19 July 2017, at 22:42. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

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what is the common name of the india gooseberry

Gooseberries are edible and can be eaten as - is , or used as an ingredient in desserts , such as pies , fools and crumbles . Early pickings are generally sour and more appropriate for culinary use . They are also used to flavour beverages such as sodas , flavoured waters , or milk , and can be made into fruit wines and teas . Gooseberries can be preserved in the form of jams , dried fruit , or as the primary or a secondary ingredient in pickling , or stored in sugar syrup .

Gooseberry - wikipedia Gooseberry Jump to: navigation , search This article is about one species in the genus Ribes , the European gooseberry. For other plants see Ribes and List of plants known as gooseberry . For other uses, see Gooseberry (disambiguation) . Gooseberry Cultivated Eurasian gooseberry Scientific classification Kingdom: Plantae (unranked): Angiosperms (unranked): Eudicots (unranked): Core eudicots Order: Saxifragales Family: Grossulariaceae Genus: Ribes Species: R. uva-crispa Binomial name Ribes uva-crispa L. 1753 Synonyms List (show) Grossularia glandulososetosa Opiz Grossularia hirsuta Mill. Grossularia intermedia Opiz Grossularia pubescens Opiz Grossularia reclinata (L.) Mill. Grossularia spinosa (Lam.) Rupr. Grossularia uva Scop. Grossularia uva-crispa (L.) Mill. Grossularia vulgaris Spach Oxyacanthus sativus Chevall. Oxyacanthus uva-crispa (L.) Chevall. Ribes aculeatum Salisb. Ribes caucasicum Adams ex Schult. Ribes crispum Dulac Ribes dubium Jacques Ribes grossularia L. Ribes grossularium St.-Lag. Ribes hybridum Besser Ribes reclinatum L. Ribes spinosum Lam. The gooseberry ( / ˈɡuːsbɛri / or / ˈɡuːzbɛri / (American and northern British) or / ˈɡʊzbəri / (southern British)), with scientific names Ribes uva-crispa (and syn. Ribes grossularia ), is a species of Ribes (which also includes the currants ). It is native to Europe , northwestern Africa , west, south and southeast Asia . Gooseberry bushes produce an edible fruit and are grown on both a commercial and domestic basis. The species is also sparingly naturalized in scattered locations in North America. Although usually placed as a subgenus within Ribes , a few taxonomists treat Grossularia as a separate genus, although hybrids between gooseberry and blackcurrant (e.g., the jostaberry ) are possible. The subgenus Grossularia differs somewhat from currants, chiefly in their spiny stems, and in that their flowers grow one to three together on short stems, not in racemes . It is one of several similar species in the subgenus Grossularia ; for the other related species (e.g., North American Gooseberry Ribes hirtellum ), see the genus page Ribes . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Growth characteristics 3 Distribution and climate 4 Cultivation 4.1 Cultivars 5 Pests 6 Nutrition 7 Culinary uses 8 References 9 External links Etymology ( edit ) Gooseberries for sale in Hainan, China The `` goose'' in `` gooseberry'' has usually been seen as a corruption of either the Dutch word kruisbes or the allied German Krausbeere , or of the earlier forms of the French groseille . Alternatively the word has been connected to the Middle High German krus (curl, crisped), in Latin as grossularia . However, the Oxford English Dictionary takes the obvious derivation from goose and berry as probable because `` the grounds on which plants and fruits have received names associating them with animals are so often inexplicable that the inappropriateness in the meaning does not necessarily give good grounds for believing that the word is an etymological corruption'' . It is also perhaps worth noting that the French for gooseberry is groseille à maquereau translated as `` mackerel berries'' , due to their use in a sauce for mackerel in old French cuisine. It is also possible that it might be a corruption of `` goods berry'' (since that is what the Old English fēāberige literally means - see above in ' Distribution' ), although what connection there may be to ' goods' is no longer known. `` Gooseberry bush'' was 19th-century slang for pubic hair , and from this comes the saying that babies are `` born under a gooseberry bush'' . The specific epithet uva-crispa literally means `` curved grape'' . Growth characteristics ( edit ) The gooseberry is a straggling bush growing to 1.5 metres (5 feet) in height and width, the branches being thickly set with sharp spines, standing out singly or in diverging tufts of two or three from the bases of the short spurs or lateral leaf shoots. The bell-shaped flowers are produced, singly or in pairs, from the groups of rounded, deeply crenated 3 or 5 lobed leaves. The fruit are berries , smaller in wild gooseberries than the cultivated varieties, but often of good flavour; it is generally hairy, but in one variety, smooth constituting the R. uva-crispa of writers. The colour of the berries is usually green, but there are red (to purple), yellow, and white variants. ( Ribes hirtellum fruit can be green or dark purple to black. ) Distribution and climate ( edit ) Currant and gooseberry output in 2005 Gooseberry growing was popular in the 19th century, as described in 1879: The gooseberry is indigenous to many parts of Europe and western Asia , growing naturally in alpine thickets and rocky woods in the lower country, from France eastward, well into the Himalayas and peninsular India. In Britain , it is often found in copses and hedgerows and about old ruins, but the gooseberry has been cultivated for so long that it is difficult to distinguish wild bushes from feral ones, or to determine where the gooseberry fits into the native flora of the island. Common as it is now on some of the lower slopes of the Alps of Piedmont and Savoy , it is uncertain whether the Romans were acquainted with the gooseberry, though it may possibly be alluded to in a vague passage of Pliny the Elder 's Natural History ; the hot summers of Italy , in ancient times as at present, would be unfavourable to its cultivation. Although gooseberries are now abundant in Germany and France , it does not appear to have been much grown there in the Middle Ages , though the wild fruit was held in some esteem medicinally for the cooling properties of its acid juice in fevers ; while the old English name, Fea-berry , still surviving in some provincial dialects, indicates that it was similarly valued in Britain, where it was planted in gardens at a comparatively early period. William Turner describes the gooseberry in his Herball , written about the middle of the 16th century, and a few years later it is mentioned in one of Thomas Tusser's quaint rhymes as an ordinary object of garden culture. Improved varieties were probably first raised by the skilful gardeners of Holland , whose name for the fruit, Kruisbezie , may have been corrupted into the present English vernacular word. Towards the end of the 18th century the gooseberry became a favourite object of cottage-horticulture, especially in Lancashire , where the working cotton -spinners raised numerous varieties from seed , their efforts having been chiefly directed to increasing the size of the fruit. Red gooseberries Of the many hundred sorts enumerated in recent horticultural works, few perhaps equal in flavour some of the older denizens of the fruit-garden, such as the Old Rough Red and Hairy Amber . The climate of the British Isles seems peculiarly adapted to bring the gooseberry to perfection, and it may be grown successfully even in the most northern parts of Scotland ; indeed, the flavour of the fruit is said to improve with increasing latitude. In Norway even, the bush flourishes in gardens on the west coast nearly up to the Arctic Circle, and it is found wild as far north as 63° . The dry summers of the French and German plains are less suited to it, though it is grown in some hilly districts with tolerable success. The gooseberry in the south of England will grow well in cool situations and may sometimes be seen in gardens near London flourishing under the partial shade of apple trees , but in the north it needs full exposure to the sun to bring the fruit to perfection. It will succeed in almost any soil but prefers a rich loam or black alluvium, and, though naturally a plant of rather dry places, will do well in moist land, if drained. Cultivation ( edit ) Sectioned gooseberries showing seeds A blossom of Ribes uva-crispa One method of propagating gooseberries is by cuttings rather than raising from seed; cuttings planted in the autumn will take root quickly and can begin to bear fruit within a few years. Those growing from seeds will rapidly produce healthy heavily yielding bushes. Pruning should be carried out to allow light in and give the new growth for next year's branches an opportunity to grow. Fruit is produced on lateral spurs and on the previous year's shoots. The main aim is to let the light in and a subsidiary purpose is to allow picking without excessive scratching from the spines. Heavy nitrogen composting must be avoided as too much nitrogen will produce extensive growth and weaken the bush. This will make the bush susceptible to mildew. The fruit should best be picked off when large to reach maximum sweetness. Supermarkets tend to have theirs picked early and before they are ripe and sweet to give a long shelf life. Heavily laden branches should be cut off complete with berries, this really benefits future crops as it lets the light reach the new growth. Cultivar ' Invicta' now is a popular green gooseberry which has some mildew resistance. Ribes uva-crispa Cultivars ( edit ) Numerous cultivars have been developed for both commercial and domestic use. The following have gained the Royal Horticultural Society 's Award of Garden Merit : - ' Careless' ' Greenfinch' ' Invicta' ' Leveller' ' Whinham's Industry' Pests ( edit ) Gooseberry bushes are vulnerable to magpie moth ( Abraxas grossulariata ) caterpillars. In cultivation, the best method for removing them is to remove the larvae by hand soon after they hatch; its eggs are laid on fallen gooseberry leaves. Other potential threats are V-moth ( Macaria wauaria ) and Gooseberry sawfly ( Nematus ribesii ). Nematus ribesii grubs will bury themselves in the ground to pupate; on hatching into adult form, they lay their eggs, which soon hatch into larvae, on the underside of gooseberry leaves. Insecticides used in the 19th-century against these included tar water, weak solutions of carbolic acid , and powdered hellebore , which worked against magpie moths and V-moths as well as gooseberry sawflies. ( Foxglove and tobacco infusions were also sometimes used.) A 2008 study concluded that a solution of magnesium sulfate applied to a bush's leaves has a good residual action on the eggs and larvae of gooseberry sawfly, and also appears to deter egg-laying female sawflies. Careful removal of fallen leaves and tilling of the ground around the plant will also destroy most eggs and chrysalises of these insects. Like most Ribes , the gooseberry is an alternate host for white pine blister rust , which can cause serious damage to American white pines . Gooseberry cultivation is thus illegal in some areas of the U.S and quarantines are in place to help control this disease. Maine law prohibits the planting and cultivation of currants and gooseberries in most of southern Maine, and prohibits the planting and cultivation of European black currants and their hybrids anywhere within the state. Nutrition ( edit ) Gooseberry, raw Ribes .spp Nutritional value per 100 g (3.5 oz) Energy 184 kJ (44 kcal) Carbohydrates 10.18 g Dietary fiber 4.3 g Fat 0.58 g Protein 0.88 g Vitamins Vitamin A equiv. (2%) 15 μg Thiamine (B1 ) (3%) 0.04 mg Riboflavin (B2 ) (3%) 0.03 mg Niacin (B3 ) (2%) 0.3 mg Pantothenic acid (B5 ) (6%) 0.286 mg Vitamin B6 (6%) 0.08 mg Folate (B9 ) (2%) 6 μg Vitamin C (33%) 27.7 mg Vitamin E (2%) 0.37 mg Minerals Calcium (3%) 25 mg Copper (4%) 0.07 mg Iron (2%) 0.31 mg Magnesium (3%) 10 mg Manganese (7%) 0.144 mg Phosphorus (4%) 27 mg Potassium (4%) 198 mg Sodium (0%) 1 mg Zinc (1%) 0.12 mg Other constituents Water 87.87 g Link to USDA Database entry Units μg = micrograms mg = milligrams IU = International units Percentages are roughly approximated using US recommendations for adults. Source: USDA Nutrient Database In a 100 gram serving, gooseberries provide 44 Calories and are an excellent source of vitamin C (33% of the Daily Value ) (table). No other nutrients are in significant content (table). Gooseberries are 88% water, 10% carbohydrates , and less than 1% each of protein and fat (table). Culinary uses ( edit ) Gooseberries are edible and can be eaten as-is, or used as an ingredient in desserts, such as pies , fools and crumbles . Early pickings are generally sour and more appropriate for culinary use. They are also used to flavour beverages such as sodas , flavoured waters , or milk , and can be made into fruit wines and teas . Gooseberries can be preserved in the form of jams , dried fruit , or as the primary or a secondary ingredient in pickling , or stored in sugar syrup . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species'' . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Oxford English Dictionary 2nd edition, 1989. Accessed online 22 April 2010. (Note however that the OED has final /ɪ /, as this entry predates its acceptance of happy -tensing .) Jump up ^ Altervista Flora Italiana, Ribes uva-crispa L. Jump up ^ Flora of North America, Ribes uva-crispa Linnaeus, 1753. European gooseberry, groseillier épineux Jump up ^ `` Online Etymology Dictionary'' . etymonline.com . Jump up ^ > Oldfield, Molly; Mitchinson, John (23 March 2009). `` QI: Quite Interesting facts about costermongers'' . Daily Telegraph . Jump up ^ Harrison, Lorraine (2012). RHS Latin for gardeners . United Kingdom: Mitchell Beazley. p. 224. ISBN 9781845337315 . ^ Jump up to: Harry Baker (1999). Growing Fruit . Octopus Publishing Group. p. 70. ISBN 9781840001532 . Jump up ^ `` Northern Ontario Plant Database'' . Retrieved 26 July 2014 . ^ Jump up to: Baynes, T.S. , ed. (1879). `` Gooseberry'' . The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, and General Literature. 10 . C. Scribner's sons. p. 779. ^ Jump up to: `` Results > Search for AGM plants / RHS Gardening'' . rhs.org.uk . Jump up ^ Thomé , Otto Wilhelm (1885). Flora von Deutschland, Österreich und der Schweiz . Jump up ^ Wenneker, M.; Helsen, H. (2008). `` Non-chemical control of leaf curling midges and sawflies in berries and currants'' . Communications in Agricultural and Applied Biological Sciences . 73 (3): 361-- 70. PMID 19226775 . Jump up ^ American Phytopathological Society. White Pine Blister Rust . External links ( edit ) photo of herbarium specimen at Missouri Botanical Garden, collected from cultivated plant in Missouri in 2013 photo, close-up of fruit, taken by Gerrit Davidse Media related to Ribes uva-crispa at Wikimedia Commons The dictionary definition of gooseberry at Wiktionary Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gooseberry&oldid=797772322 '' Categories : Berries Flora of Asia Flora of Europe Flora of North Africa Fruits originating in Asia Plants described in 1753 Ribes Hidden categories: Articles with ' species' microformats Use dmy dates from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikispecies Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Беларуская Беларуская (тарашкевіца )‎ Български Boarisch Català Чӑвашла Cebuano Čeština Dansk Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto فارسی Français Gaeilge Gaelg Galego Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Ido Ирон Íslenska Italiano עברית Kaszëbsczi Қазақша Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Malti Bahasa Melayu Nederlands Nedersaksies 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Pälzisch Picard Polski Português Română Русский Sámegiella संस्कृतम् Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча /tatarça తెలుగు Türkçe Тыва дыл Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 Žemaitėška 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2017, at 02:46. 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2185382590909897392

who sings what i am is what i am

Part of the chorus and guitar riff is sampled by hip - hop group Brand Nubian on their song `` Slow Down '' from their 1990 debut album , One For All .

What I Am - wikipedia What I Am Jump to: navigation , search `` What I Am'' 7'' single cover Single by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians from the album Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars B-side `` I Do'' `` Walk on the Wildside'' Released November 1988 (US) Format 7'' single 12'' single 3'' CD single cassette single Studio Rockfield Studios , Wales, UK Genre Alternative rock Length 4 : 54 (album version) 3:40 (single version) Label Geffen Songwriter(s) Edie Brickell Kenny Withrow Producer(s) Pat Moran Edie Brickell & New Bohemians singles chronology `` What I Am '' (1988) `` Circle'' (1988) `` What I Am '' (1988) `` Circle'' (1988) `` What I Am '' is a song written by Edie Brickell and Kenny Withrow and recorded by Edie Brickell & New Bohemians for their debut album, Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars (1988). It peaked at number seven on the Billboard Hot 100 . It also topped the charts in Canada, but only peaked within the top forty of the charts in the United Kingdom. This version was ranked number 77 on VH1 's list of The 100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders . The song was featured in a 1989 episode of Miami Vice , an episode of Beavis and Butt-head , as well as an episode of Doogie Howser, M.D. and in the 1989 Patrick Dempsey film Loverboy . The song is highlighted by a guitar solo that emulates the approach of Jerry Garcia including the use of an envelope filter . Contents ( hide ) 1 Composition 2 Formats and track listings 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year-end charts 4 Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton version 4.1 Format and track listing 4.2 Charts 5 Sampling 6 References 7 External links Composition ( edit ) `` What I Am'' is written in the key of B minor in time with a tempo of 89 beats per minute. The song follows a chord progression of Bsus2 -- Dsus2 -- Asus2 , and the vocals span from G to B . Formats and track listings ( edit ) 7'' single / cassette single Side A: `` What I Am'' -- 4:54 Side B: `` I Do'' -- 2:00 12'' single / 3'' CD single `` What I Am'' -- 4:54 `` I Do'' -- 2:00 `` Walk on the Wildside'' -- 5:52 Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart (1988-- 89) Peak position Australian Singles Chart 18 Canadian Singles Chart Irish Singles Chart 23 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 11 UK Singles Chart 31 US Billboard Hot 100 7 US Billboard Modern Rock Tracks US Billboard Mainstream Rock Tracks 9 Year-end charts ( edit ) Chart (1989) Position Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 37 US Billboard Hot 100 84 Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton version ( edit ) `` What I Am'' Single by Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton from the album Eleven to Fly and A Girl Like Me B-side `` Weird (Save Yourself)'' Released 1 November 1999 Format CD single Recorded 1999; Sarm West Studios ( London , England) Genre Pop rock Trip hop Length 4 : 34 (Album version) 3:54 (Radio version) Label VC Songwriter(s) Edie Brickell Kenny Withrow Producer(s) Tin Tin Out Tin Tin Out singles chronology `` Eleven to Fly'' (1999) `` What I Am '' (1999) `` Anybody's Guess'' (2000) `` Eleven to Fly'' (1999) `` What I Am '' (1999) `` Anybody's Guess'' (2000) Emma Bunton singles chronology `` What I Am '' (1999) What I Am1999 `` What Took You So Long? '' (2001) What Took You So Long? 2001 Audio sample file help Music video `` What I Am'' on YouTube The song was covered by the British recording artists Tin Tin Out and Emma Bunton . Released in November 1999 as the second single from Tin Tin Out's second studio album, Eleven to Fly (1999). It also appeared on Bunton's debut solo album, A Girl Like Me (2001). Tin Tin Out and Bunton's version debuted and peaked at number two on the UK Singles Chart , twenty nine places higher than the original version ten years previously, losing the battle against Bunton's fellow Spice Girls member Geri Halliwell 's `` Lift Me Up '' . It sold 106,000 copies to get to number two in its first week and around 224,000 copies altogether. `` What I Am'' was the UK's 88th best-selling single of 1999. Format and track listing ( edit ) This is the format and track listing of the major single release of `` What I Am'' . UK CD single `` What I Am'' (radio version) -- 3:54 `` What I Am'' ( Gangstarr Remix) -- 4:07 `` Weird (Save Yourself)'' (Tin Tin Out featuring Wendy Page) -- 5:42 Charts ( edit ) Chart (1999-- 2000) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 65 France ( SNEP ) 75 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 81 Ireland ( IRMA ) 14 Netherlands ( Single Top 100 ) 94 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 48 Scotland (Official Charts Company) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) 52 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) Sampling ( edit ) The song was sampled by New Edition on their song `` Something About You '' , from their 1996 album Home Again . Portions of the song were resung by Lauryn Hill and sampled into Aretha Franklin 's 1998 hit `` A Rose Is Still a Rose '' . Part of the chorus and guitar riff is sampled by hip-hop group Brand Nubian on their song `` Slow Down '' from their 1990 debut album, One For All . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Strong, M.C. (1995). The Great Rock Discography . Edinburgh: Canongate Books Ltd. p. 90. ISBN 0-86241-385-0 . Jump up ^ Discogs ^ Jump up to: `` Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > The Hot 100'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . ^ Jump up to: `` Official Charts > Edie Brickell & The New Bohemians'' . The Official UK Charts Company . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ Edie Brickell on IMDb Jump up ^ Aly, Brandon. `` Edie Brickell & New Bohemians `` What I Am'' Guitar Tab in D Major - Download & Print`` . Musicnotes.com . Retrieved 2017-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` What I Am - Edie Brickell & New Bohemians - Spot On Track'' . www.spotontrack.com . Retrieved 2017-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` australian-charts.com > Edie Brickell & New Bohemians -- What I Am (song)'' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- All there is to know > Search results for ' Edie Brickell ' '' . Fireball Media . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ `` charts.org.nz > Edie Brickell & New Bohemians (song)'' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > Alternative Songs'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard > Artists / Edie Brickell > Chart History > Mainstream Rock Songs'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles - Volume 51, No. 8, December 23, 1989'' . RPM . December 23, 1999. Archived from the original on September 7, 2017 . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ariaNET The Chart! Top 100 Singles -- Week Commencing 24th January 2000'' . ARIA . Retrieved 2016-02-24 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am'' (in French). Les classement single . Jump up ^ `` Offiziellecharts.de -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am'' . GfK Entertainment Charts . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts'' . IRMA . Retrieved 2008-10-12 . Jump up ^ `` Dutchcharts.nl -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am'' (in Dutch). Single Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am'' . Top 40 Singles . Jump up ^ `` Official Scottish Singles Sales Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Emma Bunton -- What I Am'' . Singles Top 100 . Jump up ^ `` Emma Bunton: Artist Chart History'' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Edie Brickell & New Bohemians Edie Brickell Brandon Aly John Bush Brad Houser Kenny Withrow Carter Albrecht Wes Burt-Martin Eric Presswood Studio albums It's Like This Shooting Rubberbands at the Stars Ghost of a Dog The Live Montauk Sessions Stranger Things Singles `` What I Am '' `` Circle'' `` Love Like We Do'' `` A Hard Rain's a-Gonna Fall '' `` Mama Help Me'' `` Black and Blue'' `` One Last Time'' Compilation albums The Ultimate Collection Emma Bunton Discography Studio albums and singles A Girl Like Me `` What I Am '' `` What Took You So Long? '' `` Take My Breath Away '' `` We're Not Gonna Sleep Tonight '' Free Me `` Free Me '' `` Maybe '' `` I'll Be There '' `` Crickets Sing for Anamaria '' Life in Mono `` Downtown '' `` All I Need to Know '' Featured singles `` I Know Him So Well '' Concert tours Live in Concert (2001) Free Me Tour (2004) Related articles Spice Girls Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_I_Am&oldid=831078523 '' Categories : 1988 singles 1989 singles 1999 singles Debut singles Emma Bunton songs RPM Top Singles number-one singles Songs written by Edie Brickell Sy Smith songs 1988 songs Geffen Records singles Song recordings produced by Pat Moran Edie Brickell & New Bohemians songs Hut Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories: Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2016 Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Singlechart usages for France Singlechart usages for Germany2 Singlechart usages for Dutch100 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Scotland Singlechart called without artist Singlechart called without song Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for UKsinglesbyname Talk Contents About Wikipedia Italiano Português Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018, at 16:49. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc. , a non-profit organization. About Wikipedia

-8372276679615183002

what does the teddy bear in 3005 mean

United States July 23 , 2014 Contemporary hit radio

3005 - wikipedia 3005 Jump to: navigation , search For the year AD, see 4th millennium . Not to be confused with 3500 . `` 3005'' Single by Childish Gambino from the album Because the Internet Released October 22, 2013 ( 2013-10-22 ) Format Digital download Recorded 2013 Genre Hip hop Length 3 : 55 Label Glassnote Island Songwriter(s) Donald Glover Ludwig Göransson Stefan Ponce Producer(s) Childish Gambino Ludwig Göransson Stefan Ponce Childish Gambino singles chronology `` Bed Peace '' (2013) `` 3005 '' (2013) `` Crawl '' (2014) `` Bed Peace '' (2013) `` 3005 '' (2013) `` Crawl '' (2014) `` 3005 '' (album version entitled `` V. 3005 '' ) is a song by American rapper Childish Gambino from his second studio album Because the Internet . The song was released on October 22, 2013 as the first official single from the album. It has since peaked at number 8 on the UK R&B Chart and 64 on the Billboard Hot 100 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Live performances 5 Music video 6 Charts 7 Certifications 8 Release history 9 References Background ( edit ) On October 21, 2013, Gambino released `` 3005'' to SoundCloud , revealing it as the first single from his second studio album Because the Internet . The following day it was released for digital download on iTunes. The song was produced by Gambino himself, along with Stefan Ponce and Ludwig Goransson . Composition ( edit ) Childish Gambino said that he wrote the song early in the morning, as he does with all the songs he considers his best songs. He spoke on the track's significance saying, `` Everybody's like, ' It's a love song.' It's kind of an existential thing. I'm just really scared of being alone. When I was little, there was a big dog down the street. I was really scared of it. But when I was with my sister, when I knew I had to protect her, I wasn't afraid of the dog as much because somebody was there. I had a purpose...I kind of feel lost. I kind of lost that, I feel.'' The song features `` deprecating, punchline-packed bars'' by Gambino, backed by `` his, Stefan Ponce and Ludwig Göransson 's quirky, futuristic synth boardwork '' and a heavy bass. The song has been described as having an introspective and self-referential feel. Critical reception ( edit ) `` 3005'' was met with general acclaim from music critics . Billboard gave the song a positive review saying, `` The elastic `` 3005'' essentially offers a collage of influences by some of modern hip-hop's biggest talent, evoking the braggadocio of Big Sean on the verses and flicking off a hook that would sound at home on Drake 's Nothing Was the Same . Like Drizzy, Gambino tries to navigate through his bars before stopping on a dime to silkily croon, `` I'll be right by your side, ' til 3005.'' '' Franklin Soults writing for The Boston Globe named `` 3005'' Because the Internet 's `` essential track'' . David Drake of Complex stated that `` 3005'' is a hit record, with a huge, dreamily transcendent hook. Andrea Battleground of The A.V. Club stated that, `` 3005'' is a `` hook-driven earworm that has a shot at some real radio play.'' Mike Diver of Clash praised Gambino's wordplay on the song and called it an `` easy-pick lead single . August Brown of Los Angeles Times said, `` '' 3005'' is a lush, electro-bendy production where he tries to muster up a commitment to fidelity.'' Bryan Dupont-Gray of The Daily Cougar credited the song for remaining aligned with the album's theme. David Jeffries of AllMusic said the song, `` comes with a chorus so uplifting and bright, it makes the nerdy stay-at-home wallflower at its center sound epic and sexy.'' The song was nominated for Best Rap Performance at the 2015 Grammy Awards . Live performances ( edit ) On December 10, 2013, Childish Gambino performed `` 3005'' along with `` Crawl '' , on Jimmy Kimmel Live! . He began his performance by shouting out collaborator Jhene Aiko . Then in early February 2014, Gambino performed the same two songs on Zane Lowe 's BBC Radio 1 show. At the 2014 MtvU Woodie Awards on March 15 Gambino performed the song, along with `` Sweatpants '' . Music Video ( edit ) On November 15, 2013, the song's lyric video was premiered on Vevo . The video depicts Gambino webcamming with porn star Abella Anderson as they flirt back and forth with each other, with Gambino typing the song's lyrics. Eventually, Anderson strips down to her underwear as the video ends. Anderson had previously made a cameo appearance in Gambino's Clapping for the Wrong Reasons short film. The official music video was released on December 6, 2013, consisting of a long take of Gambino sitting on a Ferris Wheel with a sentient teddy bear that deteriorates throughout the music video up until he disappears at the very end. The video received a MTV Video Music Award nomination for Best Hip-Hop Video . Charts ( edit ) Chart (2013-- 14) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) 81 UK Singles (Official Charts Company) 79 UK R&B (Official Charts Company) 8 US Billboard Hot 100 64 US Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs ( Billboard ) 19 US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) 11 US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) 39 US Rhythmic ( Billboard ) 8 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units /Sales Australia ( ARIA ) Platinum 70,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) Silver 200,000 United States ( RIAA ) Platinum 1,000,000 shipments figures based on certification alone sales+streaming figures based on certification alone Release history ( edit ) Country Date Format Label United States October 22, 2013 Digital download Glassnote Island United Kingdom December 2, 2013 Urban contemporary radio Contemporary hit radio United States July 23, 2014 Contemporary hit radio References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Luis Tovar (2013-10-21). `` Childish Gambino - `` 3005'' `` PMA'' . Pretty Much Amazing. Archived from the original on 2013-10-21 . Retrieved 2013-10-27 . Jump up ^ Adams, Gregory (2013-10-21). `` Childish Gambino - `` 3005'' Music / Video `` . Exclaim.ca. Archived from the original on 2013-10-24 . Retrieved 2013-10-27 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Releases `` 3005 '' `` . TheSource. 2013-10-21. Archived from the original on 2013-10-26 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ `` iTunes - Music - 3005 - Single by Childish Gambino'' . Itunes.apple.com. 2013-10-22. Archived from the original on 2014-04-23 . Retrieved 2013-10-27 . ^ Jump up to: `` Childish Gambino `` 3005 '' `` . Complex. 2013-10-21. Archived from the original on 2013-10-28 . Retrieved 2013-10-27 . Jump up ^ Tardio, Andres (2013-11-15). `` Childish Gambino `` 3005'' Lyrics Video Released Get The Latest Hip Hop News, Rap News & Hip Hop Album Sales`` . HipHop DX. Archived from the original on 2013-12-01 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino - 3005 Music Video Listen'' . Djbooth.net. Archived from the original on 2013-11-01 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ Phaneuf, Whitney (2013-10-22). `` Childish Gambino releases first single 3005, official date for new album: Listen'' . Hitfix.com. Archived from the original on 2013-10-27 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ `` Listen to new Childish Gambino: `` 3005 '' `` . Consequence of Sound. 2013-10-21. Archived from the original on 2014-03-31 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ `` Featured Single Review: `` 3005'' Childish Gambino`` . Billboard. 2013-11-01 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ By Franklin Soults (2013-12-10). `` ALBUM REVIEW: Childish Gambino, ' Because the Internet' - Music'' . The Boston Globe . Retrieved 2013-12-21 . Jump up ^ http://www.complex.com/music/2014/07/10-dope-songs-you-should-be-hearing-everywhere-soon-july-1/childish-gambino-3005 Jump up ^ Ryan, Kyle (2013-12-10). `` Donald Glover grows up a bit with Childish Gambino's Because The Internet The A.V. Club'' . Avclub.com. Archived from the original on 2014-04-04 . Retrieved 2013-12-21 . Jump up ^ Childish Gambino - Because The Internet Reviews Clash Magazine Archived April 4, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Brown, August (2013-12-09). `` Review: Childish Gambino's ' Because the Internet' plugs tech life'' . latimes.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-22 . Retrieved 2013-12-21 . Jump up ^ `` Review: Childish Gambino's leaked album, ' Because the Internet ' '' . The Daily Cougar. 2013-12-05. Archived from the original on 2014-03-27 . Retrieved 2013-12-21 . Jump up ^ Because the Internet - Childish Gambino Songs, Reviews, Credits, Awards AllMusic Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 2010-12-03 . Retrieved 2017-02-13 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino `` Jimmy Kimmel Live!'' Performances`` . Complex. 2013-12-11 . Retrieved 2013-12-21 . Jump up ^ Childish Gambino: ' 3005' Originally Recorded Over Hit Boy ' Trophies' Beat Drake Took (LISTEN) : Lifestyle : Design & Trend Archived March 3, 2014, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ 2014 MTVu Woodie Awards Performances Lil Wayne Childish Gambino Complex Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Video Chats With Porn Star In New Video - XXL'' . Xxlmag.com. 2013-11-15. Archived from the original on 2013-12-03 . Retrieved 2013-11-28 . Jump up ^ Hughes, Josiah (2013-11-15). `` Childish Gambino - `` 3005'' (NSFW lyric video) Music / Video `` . Exclaim.ca . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino `` 3005'' Lyric Video`` . Complex. 2013-11-15 . Retrieved 2013-12-06 . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Hits The Carnival In `` 3005 '' `` . TheSource. 2013-12-06. Archived from the original on 2013-12-11 . Retrieved 2013-12-21 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 MTV Video Music Awards Nominations: Get The Full List'' . MTV . Retrieved 2014-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` Best Hip-Hop Video'' . MTV. August 24, 2014 . Retrieved August 24, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Official R&B Singles Chart Top 40'' . Official Charts Company . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History (Hot 100)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History (Hot R&B /Hip-Hop Songs)'' . Billboard . Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History (Hot Rap Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved July 17, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History (Pop Songs)'' . Billboard . Retrieved September 22, 2014. Jump up ^ `` Childish Gambino Chart History (Rhythmic)'' . Billboard . Retrieved May 1, 2014. Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations -- 2017 Singles'' . Australian Recording Industry Association . Retrieved December 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Childish Gambino -- 3005'' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved December 11, 2016 . Enter 3005 in the search field and then press Enter. Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Childish Gambino -- 3005'' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary, click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1Xtra Playlist'' . Archived from the original on 2010-05-22 . Retrieved December 5, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Radio 1 Playlist'' . Archived from the original on 2009-09-19 . Retrieved December 9, 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Top 40/M Future Releases'' . All Access Music Group. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014 . Retrieved 8 July 2014 . ( hide ) Childish Gambino Discography Awards and nominations Studio albums Camp Because the Internet `` Awaken, My Love!'' EPs EP Kauai Mixtapes Culdesac ROYALTY STN MTN Singles `` Heartbeat '' `` Bonfire '' `` 3005 '' `` Crawl '' `` Sweatpants '' `` Sober '' `` Me and Your Mama '' `` Redbone '' `` Terrified '' Featured singles `` Trouble '' `` Bed Peace '' Related articles Clapping for the Wrong Reasons Derrick Comedy Ludwig Göransson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=3005&oldid=813621786 '' Categories : 2013 singles 2013 songs Glassnote Records singles Donald Glover songs Songs written by Ludwig Göransson Songs written by Donald Glover Hidden categories: Webarchive template wayback links Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for UKrandb Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrhythmic Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 4 December 2017, at 11:09. About Wikipedia

5354195202776984274

when can deadly force be used by police officers

The United States Armed Forces defines deadly force as `` force that a person uses causing , or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing , death or serious bodily harm or injury '' . In the United States , the use of deadly force by sworn law enforcement officers is lawful when the officer reasonably believes the subject poses a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to themselves or others . The use of deadly force by law enforcement is also lawful when used to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon when the officer believes escape would pose a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to members of the public . Common law allowed officers to use any force necessary to effect a felony arrest but this was narrowed in the Tennessee v. Garner ruling in 1985 when the U.S. Supreme Court said that `` deadly force ... may not be used unless necessary to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or others . ''

Deadly force - wikipedia Deadly force Jump to: navigation , search The examples and perspective in this article deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject . You may improve this article , discuss the issue on the talk page . (March 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) `` Lethal force'' redirects here. For the racehorse, see Lethal Force . For other uses, see Deadly Force (disambiguation) . Warning sign at Langley AFB Deadly force , also known as lethal force , is force that is likely to cause either serious bodily injury or death to another person. In most jurisdictions, the use of deadly force is justified only under conditions of extreme necessity as a last resort, when all lesser means have failed or cannot reasonably be employed. Firearms , bladed weapons , explosives , and vehicles are among those weapons the use of which is considered deadly force. The use of non-traditional weapons in an offensive manner, such as a baseball bat, sharp pencil, tire iron or other, may also be considered deadly force. Contents ( hide ) 1 United States law 2 In relation to motor vehicles 3 See also 4 References United States law ( edit ) Deputy Sheriff with Reising submachine gun. Main article: Police use of deadly force in the United States The United States Armed Forces defines deadly force as `` force that a person uses causing, or that a person knows or should know would create a substantial risk of causing, death or serious bodily harm or injury'' . In the United States , the use of deadly force by sworn law enforcement officers is lawful when the officer reasonably believes the subject poses a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to themselves or others. The use of deadly force by law enforcement is also lawful when used to prevent the escape of a fleeing felon when the officer believes escape would pose a significant threat of serious bodily injury or death to members of the public. Common law allowed officers to use any force necessary to effect a felony arrest but this was narrowed in the Tennessee v. Garner ruling in 1985 when the U.S. Supreme Court said that `` deadly force...may not be used unless necessary to prevent the escape and the officer has probable cause to believe that the suspect poses a significant threat of death or serious bodily harm to the officer or others.'' In the 1989 Graham v. Connor ruling, the Supreme Court expanded its definition to include `` objective reasonableness'' standard-- not subjective as to what the officer's intent might have been-- and it must be judged from the perspective of a reasonable officer at the scene-- and its calculus must embody the fact that police officers are often forced to make split-second decisions about the amount of force necessary in a particular situation. Most law enforcement agencies establish a use of force continuum starting with simple presence through deadly force. With this model, officers attempt to control subjects and situations with the minimum force necessary. Agencies often have policies limiting the force used to be equal or one step higher on the continuum to the force they are opposing. A civilian 's use of deadly force is generally justified if he or she reasonably believe that he or she is or other innocent lives are in imminent danger of death or serious injury. Justification and affirmative defenses vary by state and may include certain property crimes, specific crimes against children or prevention of sexual assaults. U.S. law requires an investigation whenever a person causes another person's death, but the mechanism for such investigations can vary by state. The investigation develops evidence regarding the use of deadly physical force for the particular state or jurisdiction. An investigation may performed by a local or state police agency and also a civilian agency, such as a county prosecutor or State Attorney General. A report of the findings of such an investigation may be submitted for prosecution and made public. In relation to motor vehicles ( edit ) In Scott v. Harris , No. 05-1631 (April 30, 2007). , the (U.S. Supreme Court 2007) held that a police officer's attempt to terminate a dangerous high-speed car chase that threatened the lives of innocent bystanders did not violate the Fourth Amendment , even when it places the fleeing motorist at risk of serious bodily injury or death. In the Harris case, Officer Scott applied his police car's push bumper to the rear of the suspect's vehicle , causing the suspect vehicle to lose control and crash, resulting in the fleeing suspect being paralyzed from the waist down. Traditionally, intentional contact between vehicles has been characterized as unlawful deadly force, though some U.S. federal appellate cases have mitigated this precedent. In Adams v. St. Lucie County Sheriff's Department , 998 F.2d 923 (11th Cir. 1993). , the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals ruled that although fatalities may result from intentional collisions between automobiles such fatalities are infrequent, and therefore unlawful deadly force should not be presumed to be the level of force applied in such incidents; the Adams case was subsequently called into question by Harris v Coweta County , 406 F.3d 1307 (11th Cir. 2005). , which in turn was reversed by the U.S. Supreme Court in the Scott v. Harris case discussed above; the extent to which Adams can continue to be relied on is uncertain. In the Adams case, the officer rammed the suspect's vehicle. In Donovan v. City of Milwaukee , 17 F.3d 944 (7th Cir. 1994). , the Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals recognized this principle but added that collisions between automobiles and motorcycles frequently lead to the death of the motorcyclist, and therefore a presumption that unlawful deadly force was used in such intentional collisions is more appropriate. In the Donovan case, the suspect lost control of his motorcycle and became airborne, crashing into the officer's vehicle, which was parked as part of an intercepting roadblock. See also ( edit ) Fleeing felon rule Non-lethal weapon Plummer v. State Proactive policing Rules of engagement Self-defense Stand-your-ground law References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Robert C. Ankony, `` Sociological and Criminological Theory: Brief of Theorists, Theories, and Terms,'' CFM Research , July 2012, page 37. Jump up ^ AFI 31-207 Arming and Use of Force by Air Force Personnel Jump up ^ `` Use of Deadly Force by Law Enforcement Officers'' . Chief Attorney. February 1, 2008 . Retrieved 28 December 2013 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Deadly_force&oldid=835973587 '' Categories : Law enforcement agency powers Violence Self-defense Defensive gun use Hidden categories: Articles with limited geographic scope from March 2017 USA-centric Pages using div col with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Edit links This page was last edited on 11 April 2018, at 22:08. About Wikipedia

-5368077991008549580

how are breathing and drinking through a straw examples of negative pressure

This is similar to what happens when humans breathe or drink through a straw . Both breathing and using a straw involve contracting the diaphragm and muscles around the rib cage . The increased volume in the chest cavity decreases the pressure inside , creating an imbalance with the ambient air pressure , or atmospheric pressure . This imbalance results in air pushing into the lungs or liquid pushing up through a straw and into the mouth .

Suction - wikipedia Suction Jump to: navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2011) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Play media An experiment with a glass funnel showing the action of vacuum on the ball caused by suction out of the funnel's stem. The ball is suspended and doesn't fall as long as there is suction. Suction is the flow of a fluid into a partial vacuum , or region of low pressure. The pressure gradient between this region and the ambient pressure will propel matter toward the low pressure area. Dust is sucked into a vacuum cleaner when it is pushed in by the higher pressure air on the outside of the cleaner. This is similar to what happens when humans breathe or drink through a straw . Both breathing and using a straw involve contracting the diaphragm and muscles around the rib cage. The increased volume in the chest cavity decreases the pressure inside, creating an imbalance with the ambient air pressure, or atmospheric pressure . This imbalance results in air pushing into the lungs or liquid pushing up through a straw and into the mouth. Pumps ( edit ) Main article: Pump See also: Suction pump Pumps typically have an inlet where the fluid (or air) enters the pump and an outlet where the fluid/air comes out. The inlet location is said to be at the suction side of the pump. The outlet location is said to be at the discharge side of the pump. Operation of the pump creates suction (a lower pressure) at the suction side so that fluid/air can enter the pump through the inlet. Pump operation also causes higher pressure at the discharge side by forcing the fluid/air out at the outlet. There may be pressure sensing devices at the pump's suction and/or discharge sides which control the operation of the pump. For example, if the suction pressure of a centrifugal pump is too high, a device may trigger the fluid pump to shut off to keep it from running dry; i.e. with no fluid entering. Under normal conditions of atmospheric pressure suction can draw pure water up to a maximum height of approximately 10.3 m (33.9 feet ). In medicine, suction devices are used to clear airways of materials that would like to impede breathing or cause infections, to aid in surgery, and for other purposes. See also ( edit ) Look up suction in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. Implosion Suction cup Suction cupping References ( edit ) Jump up ^ (LL.D.), Alexander JAMIESON (1827). A Dictionary of Mechanical Science, Arts, Manufactures and Miscellaneous Knowledge . Jump up ^ ( Calvert 2000 , `` Maximum height to which water can be raised by a suction pump '' ) Calvert, James B. (11 May 2000), Hydrostatics Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suction&oldid=829977551 '' Categories : Physical quantities Units of pressure Vacuum Hidden categories: Articles needing additional references from December 2011 All articles needing additional references Talk About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch עברית Русский Svenska Tagalog ייִדיש Edit links This page was last edited on 11 March 2018, at 23:50. About Wikipedia

9009933457511830970

who sang the song shes got the look

Roxette are a Swedish pop rock duo , consisting of Marie Fredriksson ( vocals and keyboards ) and Per Gessle ( vocals and guitar ) . Formed in 1986 , the duo became an international act in the late 1980s , when they released their breakthrough album Look Sharp ! Their third album Joyride , which was released in 1991 , became just as successful as its predecessor . Roxette went on to achieve nineteen UK Top 40 hits and several US Hot 100 hits , including four US number - ones with `` The Look , '' `` Listen to Your Heart , '' `` It Must Have Been Love , '' and `` Joyride . '' Other hits include `` Dangerous , '' `` Fading Like a Flower , '' `` Spending My Time , '' `` How Do You Do ! '' and `` Sleeping in My Car . ''

Roxette - wikipedia Roxette For the Dr Feelgood song, see Roxette (song) . Roxette Roxette performing at the Beacon Theatre in New York City on 2 September 2012 Background information Origin Halmstad , Sweden Genres Pop pop rock Years active 1986-- present Labels Capitol EMI Edel Music Parlophone Warner Music Associated acts Gyllene Tider Website roxette.se Members Marie Fredriksson Per Gessle Roxette are a Swedish pop rock duo, consisting of Marie Fredriksson (vocals and keyboards) and Per Gessle (vocals and guitar). Formed in 1986, the duo became an international act in the late 1980s, when they released their breakthrough album Look Sharp! Their third album Joyride , which was released in 1991, became just as successful as its predecessor. Roxette went on to achieve nineteen UK Top 40 hits and several US Hot 100 hits, including four US number-ones with `` The Look ,'' `` Listen to Your Heart ,'' `` It Must Have Been Love ,'' and `` Joyride .'' Other hits include `` Dangerous ,'' `` Fading Like a Flower ,'' `` Spending My Time ,'' `` How Do You Do! '' and `` Sleeping in My Car .'' Before coming together to form the duo, Fredriksson and Gessle were already established artists in Sweden , with Fredriksson releasing a number of solo albums and Gessle being the lead singer and songwriter of Gyllene Tider , which had three No. 1 albums. On the advice of the managing director of their record label, they came together to record `` Neverending Love ,'' which became a hit single in Sweden. After the release of Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! , a greatest hits record, the duo took a hiatus from the mid-1990s before returning with the albums Have a Nice Day (1999) and Room Service (2001). They continued to chart in other territories, mainly in Europe and Latin America , where they earned various Gold and Platinum awards until the beginning of the new millennium. In 2002, the duo took a break from recording and touring when Fredriksson was diagnosed with a brain tumour . Gessle went on to release solo albums and reunited with Gyllene Tider before Roxette took to the stage together again for the first time in 8 years, in 2009, during Gessle's European Party Crasher tour. In 2011, they released Charm School , their first studio album in ten years. They followed this with a sequel to the 1992 album Tourism with Travelling in 2012. Their tenth album Good Karma was released in June 2016. Their songs `` It Must Have Been Love'' and `` Listen to Your Heart'' continue to receive wide radio airplay , with both singles recently receiving awards from BMI for achieving five million radio plays. They have sold an estimated 75 million records worldwide, with over 10 million in certified units from Germany, the US and the UK, achieving gold and platinum certifications for Joyride and Look Sharp! in all three regions. Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 1979-- 1986: Formation 1.2 1986-- 1988: Pearls of Passion 1.3 1988-- 1990: Look Sharp! 1.3.1 `` It Must Have Been Love'' -- Pretty Woman soundtrack 1.4 1991-- 1992: Joyride 1.5 1992-- 1993: Tourism 1.6 1994-- 1998: Crash! Boom! Bang! and Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! 1.7 1999-- 2001: Have a Nice Day and Room Service 1.8 2002-- 2008: Compilations, solo albums and hiatus 1.9 2009-- 2010: Night of The Proms and European Tour 1.10 2011-- 2012: Charm School , Travelling and World Tour 1.11 2013-- present: Break, RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour and Good Karma 2 Awards 3 Discography 4 Tours 5 See also 6 References 7 External links History ( edit ) 1979-- 1986: formation ( edit ) Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson first met in Halmstad , Sweden , in the late 1970s. Gessle performed in Gyllene Tider , one of Sweden's most popular bands at the time, and Fredriksson in the less successful Strul and MaMas Barn (Mama's Children) before both embarked on solo careers. In 1981, Fredriksson sang for the first time with Gyllene Tider on stage and was featured as a background vocalist for a Swedish-language album the band released in 1982. Gessle also worked with ex-ABBA singer Frida , for a song that appeared on her 1982 album Something's Going On , setting music to a Dorothy Parker poem. While working on her first solo album, Het vind ( Hot Wind ), Fredriksson performed more background vocals for Gyllene Tider's only album in English, The Heartland Café . The 11-track album was released in February 1984 and sold 45,000 copies in Sweden. According to Gessle, the group's first English-language release was in response to interest expressed by EMI 's American label Capitol Records . Capitol took six of the tracks and released an extended play (EP) record in the US with an abridged title, Heartland , but the company insisted on a different name for the band. Gessle and the other members of Gyllene Tider (Swedish for `` Golden Times'' or `` Golden Age'' ) chose the title of a 1975 Dr. Feelgood song, `` Roxette '' . `` I remember that Per had written a damn good song. I thought that Per and Marie would fit in as Per writes great music and Marie can sing a phone book and get it (to) sound good. Of course I'm a bit proud of getting the idea for Roxette'' . -- Rolf Nygren The newly named Roxette issued one near-invisible release in the US, `` Teaser Japanese'' , whose video reached MTV 's studio but received no rotation to speak of. It, and subsequent singles, fared better in Sweden, and Gyllene Tider briefly toured the country to support the album. However, `` the album died soon enough and the international career died before it even started'' , Gessle wrote. `` We decided to put Gyllene Tider to rest... until further notice.'' Gessle then turned solo work, recording his second Swedish-language solo album, Scener , released in 1985 and again featuring Fredriksson on background vocals. While Fredriksson recorded her second solo album, Den sjunde vågen ( The Seventh Wave ). It was then that the Managing Director of EMI, Rolf Nygren, suggested that Gessle and Fredriksson should sing together. Gessle translated a song called `` Svarta glas'' (`` Black glasses'' ) into English, which became their first single, `` Neverending Love '' . It was released in the summer of 1986 under the name `` Roxette'' and reached the Swedish top 10, selling 50,000 copies. 1986-- 1988: Pearls of Passion ( edit ) ...while the album was a hit in Sweden, the rest of the world failed to pay much attention at all. And listening to the album, it's not that hard to tell why: nothing here is bad, but it lacks nearly all of the elements that made albums like Joyride and Look Sharp into massive hits just a few years later. -- Damas of Allmusic retrospectively reviewing Passion After the success of `` Neverending Love'' in Sweden, Gessle and Fredriksson quickly recorded a full-length album, translating songs Gessle had written originally for his third solo album. With the release of Pearls of Passion in October 1986, Roxette maintained their commercial momentum in Sweden with their next singles `` Goodbye to You '' and `` Soul Deep .'' Some singles from Passion were released in other countries, but these international releases failed to emulate their Swedish success. The album was followed by a compilation of remixes of the same songs, titled Dance Passion . Roxette together with Eva Dahlgren on the Rock Runt Riket tour in 1987 In 1987, Fredriksson released her third solo album Efter stormen ( After the Storm ). Meanwhile, Roxette released the single `` I Want You '' in collaboration with Eva Dahlgren and Ratata. Later in the year, they released `` It Must Have Been Love (Christmas For the Broken Hearted) '' after EMI Germany asked the duo to come up with an intelligent Christmas single. The holiday themed song received some attention in their native country as Roxette prepared their next album, though EMI Germany decided against releasing the single. Pearls of Passion was re-released internationally in 1997, and included `` It Must Have Been Love (Christmas for the Broken Hearted)'' as a bonus track. 1988-- 1990: Look Sharp! ( edit ) In native Sweden, `` Dressed for Success '' and `` Listen to Your Heart '' were chosen as the first two singles from their second album Look Sharp! , as Gessle and EMI Sweden chose to highlight Fredriksson's singing. Gessle said, `` I always thought we should promote the songs Marie sang. Me being a lead singer wasn't part of the plan, not for me anyway.'' Both singles reached the top 10 of the Swedish singles chart , while the album, which was released in Sweden in October 1988, held the No. 1 position for 14 weeks. Music critic Måns Ivarsson was underwhelmed by the album, writing derisively: `` To consist of two such original persons as Marie Fredriksson and Per Gessle, the album sounds unbelievably conventional. Most striking are the lyrics. Gessle's once so subtle Swedish lyrics have became desolate English nonsense.'' But the album won Roxette their first Rockbjörnen awards in Sweden and Gessle his first Grammis award in the category Best Composer. `` The Look'' `` The Look '' topped the Billboard Hot 100 in the US on 8 April 1989 and would go on to top the charts in 25 other countries. Problems playing this file? See media help . When the third single from Look Sharp!, `` The Look ,'' became another top 10 single in their home country, Roxette were still unknown internationally. It was while studying in Sweden that an American exchange student from Minneapolis , Dean Cushman, heard `` The Look'' and brought a copy of Look Sharp! home for the 1988 holiday break. He gave the album to a Minneapolis radio station, KDWB 101.3 FM. The station started playing `` The Look'' and based on positive caller feedback, the song became very popular, quickly spreading to other radio stations. The song became a radio hit before any Roxette product had been commercially released or promoted in the US market. The story was covered by radio, newspapers and TV in the US and in Sweden, with Gessle recently telling this as the story which highlighted the beginning of their international success. Fredriksson dismissed rumours that Cushman was paid to take the record to the radio station. EMI had previously rejected Roxette as unsuitable for the American market and they did not have a recording contract there, but after the popularity of `` The Look'' in the US, EMI officials made the decision to release and market the single worldwide. `` The Look'' and pressed copies of Look Sharp! were issued in early 1989 to record stores and radio stations. `` The Look'' became their first No. 1 in the US on 8 April 1989, where it remained for one week. The breakthrough for Roxette became international when the song also topped the charts in 25 other countries, and at the end of the year, Billboard named `` The Look'' one of the 20 biggest Hot 100 singles of the year. `` The Big Bad Ballad. This is us trying to recreate that overblown American FM-rock sound to the point where it almost becomes absurd. We really wanted to see how far we could take it. When it hit big in the States we suddenly found ourselves lumped together with bands like Heart and Starship , which wasn't the intention behind Roxette at all. But we got out of that one... I hope.'' --Gessle, talking about `` Listen to Your Heart.'' `` Dressed for Success,'' featuring Fredriksson on lead vocals with Gessle singing short parts, was the second international single. The single peaked at No. 14 on the Hot 100 as well as at No. 3 in Australia. `` Listen to Your Heart'' was released thereafter; it differed from previous singles and instead resembled the guitar-heavy ballads of Heart . Spending a single week at No. 1 in the US in November 1989 it bore the distinction of being the first US Billboard Hot 100 No. 1 to be not commercially available on 7-inch vinyl. A fourth single, `` Dangerous ,'' was released at the end of the year, entering the Hot 100 at the end of December. The single, a duet between Gessle and Fredriksson, spent two weeks at No. 2 on the Hot 100 in February 1990, and again becoming a worldwide success by reaching the top 10 in important music markets such as Germany and Australia. `` Dangerous'' was released as a double A-sided single in the UK with `` Listen to Your Heart.'' `` It Must Have Been Love'' -- Pretty Woman soundtrack ( edit ) It was around this time that Touchstone Pictures approached EMI and Roxette about contributing a song to the soundtrack of an upcoming film, Pretty Woman , starring Richard Gere and Julia Roberts . Gessle maintained that `` It Must Have Been Love ,'' by then a 2-year-old recording, was chosen because Roxette had no time to compose and record a new song. The film's producers turned it down, asking for another song, but Gessle declined to produce another song. Some weeks later after re-editing the film before release, the producers re-requested `` It Must Have Been Love,'' but Roxette had to remove the Christmas lyrics. Gessle and producer Clarence Öfwerman then took the old recording, had Fredriksson replace a single Christmas-referenced line in the song and added some instrumentation and background vocal overlays. Though it was not the first single released from the soundtrack, `` It Must Have Been Love'' would prove to be Roxette's most successful single release. The song spent two weeks at No. 1 on the Hot 100 in June 1990, three months after the film's release, and stayed for two additional weeks at No. 2, spending a total of seventeen weeks in the top 40. Billboard named the song the No. 2 Hot 100 single of the year, behind Wilson Phillips 's `` Hold On .'' The single also topped the charts in more than 20 other countries (including Australia ) around the world. In Germany the single spent 9 months in the top 75, and peaked at No. 3 in the UK, the duo's highest singles chart position there. The soundtrack went on to be certified three times platinum by the RIAA . 1991-- 1992: Joyride ( edit ) As 1990 wound down, Roxette completed its tour and returned to Sweden to record its follow-up to Look Sharp! The 14-track collection titled Joyride , which was released in March 1991, became a critical and commercial success. It topped the charts in a number of countries and became Roxette's best selling album. Their record company EMI invested almost 2 million dollars on promotion for the album, which stayed at No. 1 in Germany for 13 weeks, while staying on the US album chart for over a year. J.D. Considine of Rolling Stone magazine reviewed Joyride : `` By emphasizing its sense of personality, Roxette delivers more than just well-constructed hooks; this music has heart, something that makes even the catchiest melody more appealing.'' The album's success brought the duo two Rockbjörnen awards for Best Swedish Album and Best Swedish Group, the second time they had achieved that feat. `` Joyride '' the single became Roxette's first No. 1 in their home country. It also topped the charts in more than 25 countries around the world, including Germany, Australia and the US; it was their fourth and last US No. 1. The single also charted well in the UK and achieved success in Canada which resulted in the song being nominated in 1992 for a Juno Award in the category, Best Selling Single by a Foreign Artist. Its follow-up, `` Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave) '' , a power ballad similar to `` Listen to Your Heart'' , with Fredriksson on lead, spent a week at No. 2 in the US in July and achieved success in other big markets as well. It was then that Roxette embarked on an ambitious worldwide tour. The Join the Joyride! World Tour 1991/92 tour eventually reached more than 1.5 million fans in 107 concerts around the world, including a few dates in the US. On reviewing their Universal Amphitheater performance, Dennis Hunt of the Los Angeles Times said, `` Fredriksson is squandering her talents in pop's low-rent district. She's clearly superior to Roxette's uncomplicated, hook-crammed material...'' `` I believed this ('' Spending My Time`` ) was going to be our biggest hit ever, which might have happened if not our American record company had fired a lot of...ah, never mind.'' `` When Charles Koppelman took over the American (record) company in 1992 more than hundred people got replaced. Those folks who got sacked were the same people who made Roxette happen in 89-90-91.'' -- Gessle, on the downturn of Roxette in the US. The end of 1991 saw the merger of SBK , Chrysalis and EMI record companies, to form EMI Records Group North America. The resulting merger saw many personnel changes that resulted in a downturn in publicity for Roxette. Though Joyride was certified platinum and made impressive worldwide sales, subsequent singles from the album, the ballad `` Spending My Time '' and `` Church of Your Heart '' , failed to reach the heights of previous singles in the US charts. In late 1991, the band was honoured with its own postage stamp in Sweden, along with Lena Philipsson and Jerry Williams . Music tastes in the U.S. were changing, with the emergence of new genres such as new jack swing , grunge , harder-core rap and hip-hop . As William Ruhlmann of AllMusic later wrote, `` Americans probably lost interest (in Roxette) at about the time that Nirvana came roaring in from the Northwest.'' In a 2009 interview with the BBC News , Gessle highlighted Nirvana and grunge music as part of the cause which contributed to Roxette's downturn of success. Although Roxette's commercial momentum in America was slowing down dramatically, elsewhere, singles from the Joyride album continued to become hits when `` Spending My Time'' and `` The Big L. '' charted in many countries. 1992-- 1993: Tourism ( edit ) Roxette continued the Join the Joyride tour through into 1992. It was during this tour that most of the material for Tourism: Songs from Studios, Stages, Hotelrooms & Other Strange Places was recorded. Instead of releasing an album of brand-new material, Gessle and Fredriksson re-mastered older recordings, including several slated for but not included on Look Sharp! and Joyride . They also recorded some of their live performances, recorded a country music inspired version of `` It Must Have Been Love'' in a Los Angeles studio, and recorded new material in various locations around the world -- an empty dance club, a hotel room -- and compiled everything on to the album. Released in October 1992, Gessle and Fredriksson said Tourism was meant to `` capture the energy within the band'' . The first single off the album was `` How Do You Do! '' followed by the ballad `` Queen of Rain '' and an electrified version of the song `` Fingertips'' , originally recorded acoustically for the album and re-titled `` Fingertips ' 93 '' for single release. Singles from Tourism barely dented the American radio and record charts but in the rest of the world, the first single `` How Do You Do!'' , hit the top 5 in most European and South American countries. The album Tourism also charted well outside of the US, reaching No. 1 in Germany and Sweden, No. 2 in the UK as well as peaking at No. 13 in Australia. The duo's success reflected in an ECHO Award nomination for International Group of the Year. At home, Roxette won a Rockbjörnen Award for Best Swedish Group. It remains the last Rockbjörnen the duo has received. In October 1992, Fredriksson released her first solo album in Swedish for five years, titled Den ständiga resan ( The Eternal Journey ). `` Almost Unreal'' Mike Schiller from Popmatters called the song `` awful'' ; and wrote, `` ...not only does it sound like corporate pandering, but it's probably the most forced smash hit wannabe Roxette ever created.'' Problems playing this file? See media help . In early 1993, Roxette became the first non-native-English speaking artists to be featured on MTV 's Unplugged series, though the songs from the performance were never released on an official Unplugged album. In the same year, Roxette recorded and released `` Almost Unreal '' , a song originally slated for the film Hocus Pocus starring Bette Midler . However, the song was moved to the soundtrack of the film based on the Nintendo video game Super Mario Bros. Supported by an expensive video and ultimately receiving respectable airplay, `` Almost Unreal'' managed to briefly reach the lower end of the Billboard Hot 100 but charted highest in the UK reaching the top 10, the group's first time there since `` Joyride '' two years before. Roxette themselves were dismissive about the song, with Fredriksson saying it was `` not one of our most inspired moments.'' On the other hand, Gessle stated: `` I still like the song in a way... but if you wanted to make a parody of Roxette, it would probably sound something like this.'' To coincide with the UK television premiere of the film Pretty Woman , `` It Must Have Been Love'' was re-issued in September 1993 and entered the UK and Irish singles charts for the second time. 1994-- 1998: Crash! Boom! Bang! and Don't Bore US, Get to the Chorus! ( edit ) `` MF: It was just before Christmas ' 93 and we were listening to the first playback of the Crash! Boom! Bang! album and realized we were all missing something. It all sounded so... perfectly grown up. PG: We had worked for a year, much too long, endless hours of studio time... I mean, I loved it but there was too little P-O-P.'' -- Roxette, on the first playback of Crash! Boom! Bang! Roxette changed their musical style with the 1994 release of Crash! Boom! Bang! Bryan Buss of Allmusic wrote, `` They rock harder than on their pop-friendly albums prior to this, and the result shows growth but not the fun that made them so popular in the first place... Though the two have an edge on this album, they almost seem to have become a bit bored.'' Although Crash! Boom! Bang! saw chart success (No. 1 in Sweden, No. 2 in Germany & Australia, No. 3 in the UK ), it sold fewer copies than had their previous albums. EMI America were reluctant to release the album, and instead promoted a shortened 10-track Favorites CD in association with McDonald's . The Favorites of Crash! Boom! Bang! CD reportedly sold about 1 million copies. It was noted by journalists that the McDonald's promotion CD and other CDs by Tina Turner , Garth Brooks and Elton John , led to US music retailers of the time being unhappy with the promotion on several fronts, including that it bypassed established music stores and that the price of the CD was way below normal wholesale costs. Some stores refused to sell the albums published by EMI, with one major chain protesting by temporarily pulling all products from CEMA (EMI's distribution wing) out of its sales and ad campaigns. Relations with EMI's North American subsidiary, never on the best of terms, collapsed after the release of this album. Crash! Boom! Bang! became the last Roxette release EMI would issue in the US, until Greatest Hits was released in 2011 on subsidiary label Capitol Records . The first single release from Crash! Boom! Bang! was `` Sleeping in My Car .'' The distortion guitar-heavy pop song, born out of anger and frustration of the album's grown up nature, reached No. 2 in Canada, as well as the top 10 in 7 European countries (including No. 1 in Sweden) as well as the top 15 in the UK, Australia and Germany. However, in the US, it was less successful, reaching only the Billboard top 50. Subsequent releases-- the album's title selection , `` Fireworks ,'' and `` Run to You '' -- were less successful but managed to reach the charts in some countries. Roxette then embarked on another, albeit scaled-down, worldwide tour, skipping North America in the process. The `` Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour '' saw Roxette becoming the first Western band to be allowed to perform in China ( Workers' Indoor Arena , Beijing ) since Wham! in 1985. The procedure to get permission for this concert had taken over a year, and included self-censoring the lyrics. In 2008 they were ordered to pay 4.5 million kronor in unpaid taxes to the Swedish Tax Agency , for money earned during the German part of 94/95 tour. In October 1995, Roxette released their first greatest hits compilation, Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! This reached the top 5 in many European countries including the UK, as well as the top 10 in Australia . It featured four new songs, three were released as singles, including the ballad `` You Don't Understand Me ,'' co-written by Desmond Child . Also that year, a compilation of demos, B-sides and remixes, alongside some of the 1993 MTV Unplugged material, was released in Japan and parts of South America under the title Rarities . Gessle briefly reunited with Gyllene Tider in 1996, then Roxette took instrumental masters of many of its ballads and recorded translated Spanish lyrics over them. The resulting album, Baladas En Español , sold well in Spanish speaking regions reaching 2× platinum in Spain and platinum in Argentina. The single `` Un día sin ti '' (`` Spending My Time'' ) accompanied by a video directed by Jonas Åkerlund , became their first Latin Pop Airplay chart entry. The duo then released solo albums, I en tid som vår ( In a Time Like Ours ) by Fredriksson and The World According to Gessle by Gessle, with both charting in Sweden. 1999-- 2001: Have a Nice Day and Room Service ( edit ) Gessle and Fredriksson reunited in 1998 to record material for a new Roxette album, Have a Nice Day , which was released in February 1999 and gave Roxette a comeback in continental Europe. It entered at No. 1 in Sweden and No. 2 in Germany. The first single, `` Wish I Could Fly '' , became their highest charting UK single since 1993 (No. 11). In Sweden it charted at No. 4, their best position since `` Sleeping in My Car.'' Although the second single, `` Anyone ,'' did not chart well in Europe, `` Stars ,'' the third single, charted well in Scandinavian and German speaking countries. NME 's review called Have a Nice Day `` ...another clever-clever bastard of an album which defies Doctor Rock.'' A review of `` I Wish I could Fly'' written by Håkan Steen of Aftonbladet said, `` The come-back single is a disappointment. The lyrics which conveys a sense of distance in a relationship, are not particularly engaging.'' The album, according to Billboard magazine, was under discussion for release in the US, but ultimately, it was not released there. In 2000, Fredriksson released a greatest hits compilation called Äntligen ( At Last ), which went on to be a big seller in Sweden, peaking at No. 1 for three weeks. Meanwhile, Roxette signed a US distribution deal with Edel Music , which re-released Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! In doing so, it replaced some non-US hits with songs from Have a Nice Day. To promote the release the duo did a small tour of America, performing at the Boston Mixfest and at the Virgin Megastore in Times Square . The single `` Wish I Could Fly'' included in the album reached No. 27 on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart and No. 40 on the Adult Top 40 tally. Room Service followed in 2001 to a mixed response from critics. `` Probably the best Roxette album since Joyride ,'' wrote Leslie Mathew of Allmusic, `` Room Service is an exciting, immediate, high-gloss pop gem that contains very little filler indeed.'' Per Bjurman from Swedish tabloid Aftonbladet was critical of the album. `` It is not very good.'' he wrote. He did praise the three singles, `` Real Sugar ,'' `` The Centre of the Heart ,'' and `` Milk and Toast and Honey ,'' but he ended the review with the prediction: `` Roxette is not finished. But soon, I suspect.'' Roxette in a 2001 concert in Spain. The album topped the Swedish charts and reached No. 3 in Germany, but it received little attention in the UK. A planned US release through Edel America Records did not happen as the label was disbanded due to financial difficulties, though it did peak at No. 2 on CNN 's Worldbeat album chart. The first single , `` The Centre of the Heart'' topped the charts in Sweden, made the top 10 in Spain, and the top 15 in Finland. The other singles, `` Real Sugar,'' the album's opening track and `` Milk and Toast and Honey'' were less successful. Roxette again went on tour, this time in Europe only, as concerts planned in South Africa were cancelled after the 11 September 2001 attacks . On reviewing their Löfbergs Lila Arena concert , Bjurman from Aftonbladet wrote, `` Roxette succeed in all cases, to never leave the 80s.'' His review criticised Roxette's playlist , which consisted of some of their early hits. Johan Lindqvist from Göteborgs -Posten was more positive, scoring their Munich concert four stars out of five. 2002-- 2008: compilations, solo albums and hiatus ( edit ) In 2002, at the Grammis ceremony, Roxette received a Music Export Prize from the Swedish Government. After that came a set of compilations, The Ballad Hits in late 2002 and The Pop Hits in early 2003. Each set contained a separate CD with material previously available and never heard before tracks. `` A Thing About You '' was released as the lead single from The Ballad Hits . The album was released in the UK on 14 February 2003 to coincide with Valentine's Day and entered the charts there at No. 23 before climbing to its peak position of No. 11 a week later. It also peaked in the top 10 in Germany and The Netherlands. The single `` Opportunity Nox '' was released from The Pop Hits in 2003. The Ballad Hits which sold over a million copies within a year, helped the duo win a World Music Award as the Best selling Scandinavian artist in October 2003. In that year, Roxette were also awarded with achievement medals by King Carl XVI Gustaf of Sweden `` for appreciated achievements in Sweden and internationally'' . In September 2002, Fredriksson was hospitalised after she received concussion during a fainting spell at her home. She was then diagnosed with a brain tumor , which was later successfully removed in surgery. Four months later, Swedish newspaper Expressen reported Fredriksson had been diagnosed with a second tumor. This turned out to be false and the newspaper issued an apology saying its report had no basis but dismissed demands from Fredriksson for compensation. During her recovery, she recorded her first-ever English-language solo album, The Change . The album which was inspired by her brush with mortality, entered the Swedish album chart at No. 1 in October 2004. With Fredriksson's illness and rehabilitation, the duo took a hiatus, allowing Gessle to release Mazarin ( Cupcake ) in 2003. It was his first Swedish-language solo album in 18 years and became very successful in his home country, topping the charts and winning numerous awards. One of the tracks, `` På promenad genom stan '' (`` Strolling Through the Town'' ), featured Fredriksson singing back-up. In 2004, Gessle and Gyllene Tider reunited for a 25th-anniversary celebration that included the band's first album in 20 years, Finn 5 fel! , and another successful tour in Sweden. In 2005, Belgian dance group D.H.T. 's trance-cover of `` Listen to Your Heart '' became a worldwide club hit. Originally released in Belgium in 2003, by the mid-2005, the song reached the top 10 of the Billboard Hot 100, and was certified gold in October by the RIAA. Also that year, several songs were released as re-mixes and covers. Among them: two prominent versions of `` Fading Like a Flower '' , one a trance cover by German group Mysterio and one a sampling by Dancing DJs that reached the UK chart. In November 2005, while Gessle was in the middle of promoting his Son of a Plumber album, he and Fredriksson appeared at the Dorchester Hotel in London for an awards presentation by Broadcast Music Incorporated (BMI). Gessle received two awards, the first for `` It Must Have Been Love'' , which by that time had been played on US radio more than 4 million times, while he and co-songwriter Mats Persson also received an award for Dance Song of the Year for D.H.T.'s cover of `` Listen to Your Heart'' . The ceremony marked the first time Gessle and Fredriksson had appeared in public together since before the onset of Fredriksson's brain tumour and subsequent surgery in 2002. When asked by an Aftonbladet reporter if there would be a Roxette reunion, Gessle replied, `` We haven't decided yet. No doors are closed. We're still young'' . Fredriksson returned in 2006 with an album of Swedish cover songs, titled Min bäste vän ( My Best Friend ), while Gessle recorded two more solo albums, En händig man ( A Handy Man ) (2007) and Party Crasher (2008). `` They were a legitimately popular band, but they don't fit neatly into the story of American pop music. The Swedish duo wasn't a boy band like New Kids on the Block , they weren't glammy enough to be hair metal, and vocalist Marie Fredriksson didn't have the outsize personality to be a diva like Whitney Houston , Mariah Carey , or Janet Jackson . They were far from the only guitar-based pop act on the airwaves in the ' 80s, but they came too late to be mentioned alongside Journey , Survivor , or REO Speedwagon , and they didn't have the rock legacy of Heart or Starship.'' -- Chris Conaton from Popmatters reviewing Greatest Hits In mid-2006, Roxette released to radio `` The Rox Medley'' to promote a forthcoming 20th Anniversary package . The medley included six Roxette hit singles: `` The Look'' , `` Joyride'' , `` Listen to Your Heart'' , `` Dangerous'' , `` It Must Have Been Love'' and `` Fading Like a Flower (Everytime You Leave)'' . It was eventually released as b-side to the single `` One Wish '' and was also available to download. The 20th Anniversary package better known as The Rox Box was released on 18 October 2006 to commemorate Roxette's 20 years in the music industry. Spanning over 4 CDs and single DVD, it included two new singles, `` One Wish '' , which was their first new single in four years, and `` Reveal '' . Both songs were also included on a new greatest hits album, Roxette Hits , which was released at the same time as The Rox Box . Nunstedt of Expressen was disparaging of Roxette Hits , giving the album two stars and ending the review, `` ...the CD subtitle Their Twenty greatest songs is a matter of discussion, I can only count eight hits.'' 2009-- 2010: Night of the Proms and European tour ( edit ) Rumours started of a Roxette reunion when Gessle was interviewed by the BBC in April 2009. `` Yeah, we've talked about it. It's really up to Marie.'' Gessle said. Online news sites also picked up on the possibility of a reunion. On 5 May 2009, an announcement was made that `` Roxette would re-unite after 8 years and play for the first time on the Night of the Proms in Belgium, The Netherlands and Germany'' . The tour started on Friday, 23 October in the Sportpaleis Antwerp . Roxette were due to play the Night of the Proms back in 2002, but Fredriksson's illness meant they had to pull out. Roxette on stage on 6 May 2009 Despite the Night of the Proms announcement, the first appearance of Roxette after 8 years was on 6 May 2009, during Per Gessle's concert in Amsterdam as part of his Party Crasher tour. Almost at the end of the concert, Gessle said: `` I'd like you all to welcome an old friend of mine: Marie Fredriksson'' , then she joined the band to perform `` It Must Have Been Love'' and `` The Look'' . Later she also appeared on stage with him in Stockholm , at the last concert of his solo tour, 9 May 2009. Later in July 2009, they took part in the New Wave festival in Latvia. In January 2010, a concert at The Race Legends event in Sweden on 14 August was announced, followed by confirmation of other concerts in Russia, Denmark and Norway which took place during August and September 2010. On 18 June 2010, Roxette performed a one off set at Stockholm Concert Hall, performing `` The Look'' in front of Victoria, Crown Princess of Sweden , during the gala concert on the day before her wedding . On 4 August 2010, Roxette played a 2-hour secret gig at Leifs Lounge, Hotel Tylösand , just outside Halmstad. This was seen as a dress rehearsal for the upcoming European tour. On 31 December 2010, Roxette performed in Poland at New Year's Eve concert, transmitted live from Warsaw internationally. 2011-- 2012: Charm School , Travelling and world tour ( edit ) Roxette at the Bospop festival in Weert, The Netherlands, 9 July 2011 On 23 October 2009, the Swedish newspaper Expressen reported that Roxette were recording new songs. Per stated that he had been working on new material for an upcoming album since May 2009. In early November 2010, it was announced that the band would undertake their first world tour since 1995. Their eighth studio album, Charm School , was released in Europe on 11 February 2011 and peaked within the top 20 of eleven European album charts. The set also became their first since 1992's Tourism to reach No. 1 on the German album chart, where it was certified gold for shipments in excess of 100,000 units. The album was preceded by the single `` She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio) '' on 10 January 2011, which became Roxette's biggest hit in the German market since `` How Do You Do! '' , and for several weeks was the fourth most-played song on radio in the world. Charm School also received a full commercial release in South America, debuting at No. 1 on the Argentinian album chart . The Charm School World Tour , their first in 15 years, started on 28 February 2011 in Kazan , Russia. The tour eventually comprised 140 concerts plus three corporate gigs and ended on 9 September 2012 in Mexico City , with the band performing to over 800,000 people in the 77 concerts and two corporate gigs held in 2011 alone. On 15 November, Roxette played their first UK gig in 17 years at London's Wembley Arena, and in March 2012, they performed two concerts in China, after the Chinese Ministry of Culture gave them permission to play. In early 2012, Gessle confirmed through his official Twitter account that recording for Roxette's ninth studio album, titled Travelling , had been completed. The fifteen-track album and the first single `` It's Possible '' was released in March 2012. 2013-- present: break, RoXXXette 30th Anniversary tour and good Karma ( edit ) In 2013, Gessle reunited with his former Swedish boy band Gyllene Tider. They released a new album and toured Sweden. Roxette's first Blu-ray/DVD concert titled Roxette Live Travelling The World was released. Meanwhile, Fredriksson promoted her new Swedish solo album Nu which led to a successful tour in the spring. In April 2014, succeeding the announcement of the 25th anniversary of Roxette's first United States #1 hit `` The Look'' they announced they will be embarking on their RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour starting in Russia in late October 2014. The tour ended in February 2016. `` The Look (2015 Remake)'' , a new recording of their 1988 single, was released on 17 July 2015. A physical 7-inch vinyl was released on 26 August 2015. On 18 April 2016, an official statement was released, cancelling the last leg of the RoXXXette 30th Anniversary Tour due to concerns about Marie Fredriksson's health. As her doctors have advised her to refrain from playing live, she will no longer tour with Roxette. Fredriksson stated: `` Sadly, now my touring days are over and I want to take this opportunity to thank our wonderful fans that has followed us on our long and winding journey.'' Gessle added: `` The joyride on the road is over now -- but we sure had fun, didn't we?'' Roxette has also worked in the studio on their tenth studio album, Good Karma . They have worked with young producers from Sweden like Addeboy vs Cliff `` to inject new blood into the Roxette sound'' . Remixes aside, this is the first time that they have allowed anyone outside of the Roxette canon to produce new music. On 8 April 2016, the lead single off the album, `` It Just Happens'' , was released. The album followed on 3 June 2016. Per Gessle has announced a 2018 European tour as `` Per Gessle's Roxette'' . The set will lean heavily on the band's back catalogue. Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee/work Award Result Look Sharp Grammis (Sweden) -- Composer of the Year (Gessle) Won Rockbjörnen (Sweden) -- Best Swedish Album Won Roxette Rockbjörnen (Sweden) -- Best Swedish Group Won Smash Hits Poll Winners Party - Most Promising New Group Nominated `` The Look'' MTV Video Award (USA) -- International Viewer's Choice (Europe) Won Roxette Rockbjörnen (Sweden) -- Best Swedish Group Won Silver Bravo Otto (Germany) -- Best rock/pop Group Won Bronze Bravo Otto -- Best rock/pop group Won 1991 Brit Award (UK) -- Best international group Nominated Silver Bravo Otto -- Best rock/pop group Won Rockbjörnen (Sweden) -- Best Swedish Group Won Joyride Rockbjörnen (Sweden) -- Best Swedish Album Won Grammis -- Pop Group of the Year Won `` Joyride'' MTV Video Award -- International Viewer's Choice (Europe) Won Roxette Australian Music Awards -- Most Popular International Group Won Gold Bravo Otto -- Best rock/pop Group Won Rockbjörnen (Sweden) -- Best Swedish Group Won `` Joyride'' Juno Award (Canada) -- Best Selling Single by a Foreign Artist Nominated Roxette Echo (Germany) -- International Group of the Year Nominated Echo (Germany) -- International Group of the Year Nominated 1995 Echo (Germany) -- International Group of the Year Nominated 1999 `` Wish I Could Fly'' Fono Music Award (Europe) -- European No. 1 Airplay hit Won 2000 Roxette WMA -- Best selling Scandinavian artist Won 2002 Grammis (Sweden) -- Government Music Export Prize Won 2003 WMA -- Best selling Scandinavian artist Won 2006 `` Listen to Your Heart'' BMI Pop Awards - Award-Winning Song Won Discography ( edit ) Main article: Roxette discography Pearls of Passion (1986) Look Sharp! (1988) Joyride (1991) Tourism (1992) Crash! Boom! Bang! (1994) Have a Nice Day (1999) Room Service (2001) Charm School (2011) Travelling (2012) Good Karma (2016) Tours ( edit ) Christoffer Lundquist (guitarist) and Malin Ekstrand (backing vocals), who accompanied Roxette during the 2010 European tour Rock runt riket (`` Rock Around the Kingdom'' ) Swedish Tour (with Eva Dahlgren and Ratata ) (1987) Look Sharp ' 88! Tour Swedish Tour (1988) Look Sharp Live! European Tour (1989) Join the Joyride! Tour (1991-- 92) Join the Summer Joyride -- European Tour (1992) Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour (1994-- 95) Room Service Tour (2001) Night of the Proms (2009) (Classic meets Pop -- headliner, with several artists) The Neverending World Tour (2009-- 16) Per Gessle's Roxette -- European Tour (2018) See also ( edit ) Book: Roxette Further information: List of songs recorded by Roxette Join the Flumeride -- a mockumentary of two fictional bands parodying Roxette and Gyllene Tider, and featuring a cameo appearance by Per Gessle. List of artists who reached number one in the United States List of bands named after other performers' songs List of Billboard number-one singles List of Swedes in music Swedish popular music References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Roxette's UK Chart stats'' . chartstats.com. Archived from the original on 25 May 2012 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . ^ Jump up to: `` Roxette's Billboard chart history'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . ^ Jump up to: `` Roxette Star has brain tumour'' . BBC News. 2002-09-16 . 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Enter Roxette in the search field and then press Enter. ^ Jump up to: `` Gold-/Platin-Datenbank (Roxette)'' (in German). Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . ^ Jump up to: `` Roxette's official website (Click on Biography)'' . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . ^ Jump up to: Hunt, Dennis (1990-05-13). `` Roxette ridicules rumours'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011-12-22 . ^ Jump up to: Lundgren & Wikström : (1992) p.? ^ Jump up to: `` Album notes'' . The Heartland Café (insert). Gyllene Tider . EMI Sweden. 1990. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011 . Retrieved 15 October 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Album notes'' . Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! (booklet). Roxette. EMI. 1995 . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . ^ Jump up to: O Schulman, Ninni (2001-04-13). `` Sagan om Roxette: Här börjar triumftåget '' (Lord of Roxette: Here starts success (part 1)). Expressen (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2002-08-29 . Retrieved 2009-09-28 . Jump up ^ Damas, Jason. `` Allmusic's review of Pearls of Passion '' . Retrieved 2010-12-04 . ^ Jump up to: Pearls of Passion (insert). Roxette. EMI. 1997 . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . ^ Jump up to: `` Swedish charts archive'' . Hung Medien . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . ^ Jump up to: `` Grammis award winners history'' (PDF) (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden . Retrieved 2012-01-12 . ^ Jump up to: `` Rockbjörnen -- tidigare vinnare'' (Previous winners). Aftonbladet / Rockbjörnen . Retrieved 2012-01-09 . ^ Jump up to: O Schulman, Ninni (2001-04-14). `` Sagan om Roxette: Tacka Dean för succén '' (Lord of Roxette: Thank Dean for success (part 2)). Expressen (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2001-04-20 . Retrieved 2011-12-22 . ^ Jump up to: `` BBC news Talking Shop: Roxette's Per Gessle'' . BBC News. 2009-04-15 . Retrieved 2011-12-22 . ^ Jump up to: Considine, J.D. (1989-09-23). `` Sweden's Roxette Is Making It Big Almost by Accident'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011-12-23 . ^ Jump up to: `` Australian charts archive'' . Retrieved 2012-01-27 . Jump up ^ Clover, Joshua (2009). 1989: Bob Dylan Didn't Have This to Sing About . University of California press. p. 106. ISBN 978-0-520-25255-4 . Jump up ^ The Look for Roxette discography confirms `` Listen to Your Heart'' wasn't commercially available on vinyl. `` The Look for Roxette discography'' . Retrieved 2010-03-08 . ^ Jump up to: `` German charts archive'' . Phononet . Retrieved 2012-01-27 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard's 1990 year end chart'' . Billboard . Archived from the original on 2006-10-20. Jump up ^ `` American certifications -- Pretty Woman'' . Recording Industry Association of America . Retrieved 2012-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` American chart positions'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2009-10-09 . Jump up ^ Considine, J.D. (1991-06-27). `` Rolling Stone's review of Joyride '' . Rolling Stone . Archived from the original on 2009-04-21. ^ Jump up to: `` Juno Awards archive'' . Juno Award . Archived from the original on 1 May 2015 . Retrieved 12 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Join The Joyride! World Tour 1991/92'' . roxette20.eu. Archived from the original on 11 April 2009 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Summer Joyride ' 92! European Tour'' . roxette20.eu. Archived from the original on 12 June 2008 . Retrieved 7 May 2009 . ^ Jump up to: `` Album notes'' . Tourism (booklet). Roxette. EMI. 1992 . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . Jump up ^ Hunt, Dennis (1992-03-23). `` Roxette Shows Added Dimension at Universal'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2011-12-23 . Jump up ^ Amter, Charlie (2011-07-04). `` EMI Sets U.S. Release for New Roxette Album'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2012-01-26 . Jump up ^ Goldstein, Patrick (1992-12-29). `` Winners and Losers, Hits and Errors'' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2012-01-26 . Jump up ^ Fabrikant, Geraldine (1991-11-21). `` EMI Music Publishing Fills Chairman's Post'' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012-01-26 . Jump up ^ Brown, Joe (1992-02-28). `` They've got the Look, the Licks'' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-08-15 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette NYC 2012: When Opportunity Nox, You Rox On...'' Wormhole Riders. 2012-09-20 . Retrieved 2017-08-15 . Jump up ^ Ruhlmann, William. `` Allmusic's review of The Ballad Hits '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . ^ Jump up to: `` ECHO Awards search'' . Echo . Retrieved 2012-01-28 . Jump up ^ Schiller, Mike (2007-03-29). `` Roxette Hits review'' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2011-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` Irish charts archive'' . IRMA . Retrieved 2012-01-28 . Jump up ^ `` '' It Must Have Been Love'' on The Look for Roxette`` . thelookforroxette.com . Retrieved 2012-01-28 . Jump up ^ Russ, Bryan. `` Allmusic's review of Crash! Boom! Bang! '' . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . ^ Jump up to: O Schulman, Ninni (2001-04-15). `` Sagan om Roxette: På väg tillbaka -- eller?'' (Lord of Roxette: On the way back -- or?). Expressen (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2001-06-05 . Retrieved 2009-09-28 . Jump up ^ `` Favourites from C!B!B! on The Look for Roxette'' . thelookforroxette.com . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . Jump up ^ Christman, Ed (1995-03-11). `` NARM Nuggets:Virgin Retail, Blockbuster Deal Off In U.S.'' Billboard . p. 54 . Retrieved 2011-12-22 . Jump up ^ Christman, Ed (2000-07-29). `` McDonald's Fries up Another Cheap-CD Deal'' . Billboard . p. 12 . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . Jump up ^ Morris, Chris (1994-07-23). `` McDonald's Not Retailers' Kind of Place'' . Billboard . pp. 6, 127 . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . Jump up ^ Harrington, Richard (1994-10-07). `` McDonald's CD Promotions Irk Retailers'' . The Washington Post . Planetgarth.com . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ Cromer, Ben (1999-04-24). `` Roxette's Per Gessle Continues to Seek Pop ' Magic' on Duo's Have a Nice Day '' . Billboard . p. 45 . Retrieved 2012-01-13 . Jump up ^ Duffy, Thom (1995-04-29). `` EMA Telstar Books Roxette Into Moscow To Close Tour'' . Billboard . p. 61 . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . Jump up ^ Levin, Mike (1995-12-23). `` Hong kong comes into Focus'' . Billboard . p. 66 . Retrieved 2010-10-22 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette lyrics censored in Beijing'' . The Albany Herald . Associated Press . 1995-02-20. p. 2 . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ Grahn, Albin (2008-10-15). `` Roxette förlorade -- döms att betala 4,5 miljoner'' (Roxette lost -- ordered to pay 4.5 million). Svenska Dagbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ Røyseland , Halstein (2008-10-16). `` Roxette skylder millionbeløp '' (Roxette owes millions). VG Nett (in Norwegian) . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 albums -- 2006-- 09'' (PDF) . Promusicae . Retrieved 2012-01-08 . Jump up ^ `` Argentinian Certifications'' . CAPIF . Archived from the original on 6 July 2011 . Retrieved 30 September 2010 . Jump up ^ `` NME's review of Have a Nice Day '' . NME. 1999-03-19 . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . Jump up ^ Steen, Håkan (1999-01-05). `` Sorry, Roxette, det lyfter aldrig'' (Sorry Roxette, it never lifts). Aftonbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . Jump up ^ Pride, Dominic (1999-03-21). `` After Years Together, EMI's Roxette Finds Freedom in Owning it's Rights'' . Billboard . p. 16 . Retrieved 2012-01-13 . ^ Jump up to: `` Rolling Stone article: Roxette Back in the U.S.A.'' Rolling Stone . Jump up ^ Larsson, Mats (2000-09-24). `` USA hade inte glömt Roxette'' (USA had not forgotten Roxette). Expressen (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2002-01-09 . Retrieved 2012-01-31 . Jump up ^ Sörbring , Karin (2000-09-28). `` Roxette på fest med Victoria i natt'' (Roxette at a party with Victoria tonight). Expressen (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2002-11-05 . Retrieved 2012-01-31 . Jump up ^ Mathew, Leslie. `` Allmusic's review of Room Service '' . Retrieved 2010-12-04 . Jump up ^ Bjurman, Per (2001-04-02). `` Roxette är snart slut'' (Roxette is almost over). Aftonbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2010-12-04 . Jump up ^ Lofthus, Kai R. (2001-02-03). `` Global Music Pulse'' . Billboard . p. 71 . Retrieved 2012-01-25 . Jump up ^ Spahr, Wolfgang (2001-04-07). `` Germany's Edel Plans Steps to Cut Costs'' . Billboard . p. 75 . Retrieved 2012-01-25 . Jump up ^ `` CNN's Worldbeat album chart page'' . CNN. Archived from the original on 2001-05-23 . Retrieved 2009-02-05 . Jump up ^ Nielsen Business Media, Inc (2001-04-21). `` Hits of the World'' . Billboard . p. 59 . Retrieved 2012-01-25 . Jump up ^ `` Finnish charts archive'' . Retrieved 2012-01-25 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette's official website-from archive'' . roxette.se. Archived from the original on 22 November 2001. Jump up ^ Bjurman, Per (2001-11-15). `` Sagan Roxette är härmed slut'' (Lord of Roxette is hearby finished). Aftonbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2011-12-22 . Jump up ^ Lindqvist, Johan (2001-09-29). `` Roxette har aldrig varit bättre '' (Roxette has never been better). Göteborgs -Posten (in Swedish). Archived from the original on 2002-08-11 . Retrieved 2011-12-22 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette prisas -- säljer rekordmycket'' . Aftonbladet (in Swedish). 2003-09-24 . Retrieved 2010-12-04 . ^ Jump up to: `` Billboard's list of 2003 World Music Award winners'' . Billboard . Retrieved 2010-12-04 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News: Roxette get king's honour'' . BBC News. 2003-01-30 . Retrieved 2010-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette star's surgery ' a success ' '' . BBC News. 2002-10-04 . Retrieved 2010-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` Tumour story angers Roxette star'' . BBC News. 2003-02-19 . Retrieved 2010-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette star sues newspaper'' . BBC News. 2003-03-18 . Retrieved 2010-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` IFPI Sweden'' (in Swedish). IFPI Sweden. Archived from the original on 27 May 2012 . Retrieved 2 February 2009 . Jump up ^ `` RIAA gold certification of ' Listen to Your Heart ' '' . RIAA . Retrieved 2009-02-03 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 BMI awards ('' It Must Have Been Love`` )'' . BMI . Retrieved 2012-01-11 . Jump up ^ `` BMI Honors Top European Writers & Publishers at 2005 London Awards'' . BMI. 2005-11-28 . Retrieved 2010-11-29 . Jump up ^ Svärdkrona , Zendry (2005-11-30). `` Roxette vill tillbaka'' (Roxette would return). Aftonbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2010-12-04 . Jump up ^ Conaton, Chris (2011-10-14). `` Roxette: Greatest Hits review'' . PopMatters . Retrieved 2011-11-22 . Jump up ^ Nunstedt, Anders (2006-10-18). `` Roxette -- Roxette hits ! review'' . Expressen (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2012-01-12 . Jump up ^ Villeneuve, Phil (27 March 2009). `` Roxette return will happen'' . chartattack.com. Archived from the original on 25 June 2011 . Retrieved 31 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Balls, David (2009-04-15). `` Roxette eye potential comeback'' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 2012-01-31 . ^ Jump up to: `` NOTP official website'' . Night of the Proms. 2009-05-05. Archived from the original on 2010-05-04 . Retrieved 2012-01-31 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette spelar i Sverige i sommar'' . Norrköpings Tidningar (in Swedish). 2010-01-28 . Retrieved 2010-10-16 . Jump up ^ `` Festen fortsatte i Konserthuset'' (in Swedish). Sveriges Television . 18 June 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2011 . Retrieved 22 December 2011 . Jump up ^ Johansson, Annika (2010-08-05). `` Trångt på Roxettes genrep'' . Skånska Dagbladet (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2010-10-16 . Jump up ^ Brask, Christofer (2009-10-23). `` Roxette spelar in nytt material'' (Roxette are recording new material). Expressen (in Swedish) . Retrieved 2012-01-04 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette, Charm School -- German charts archive'' . Media Control Charts . Retrieved 2011-02-21 . ^ Jump up to: Per Gessle and Marie Fredriksson (15 December 2011). `` Oh yeah! -- Merry Christmas from Marie and Per'' . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 16 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Ranking Mensual Pop'' . CAPIF. 1 February 2011. Archived from the original on 23 March 2013 . Retrieved 3 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to: `` List of Roxette's tours'' . The Daily Roxette. Jump up ^ Evensson, Thomas (9 December 2011). `` Roxette returns to South America in 2012'' . The Daily Roxette . Archived from the original on 25 January 2012 . Retrieved 12 December 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nu får Roxette spela i Kina'' (Now Roxette play in china). Hallandsposten (in Swedish). 2012-01-13 . Retrieved 2012-01-14 . Jump up ^ Gessle, Per. `` Gessle's official Twitter account'' . Retrieved 2012-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy'' . Archived from the original on 19 April 2016 . Retrieved 18 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` '' ...Probably our best LP since CBB...'' Per meets TDR 2015 -- Round 4`` . The Daily Roxette. November 12, 2015 . Retrieved November 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.gessle.com/fb_pgo_feed/gessle-tours-europe-with-roxettes-music/ Jump up ^ `` Bravo magazine archive-- Otto awards 1989'' . Bravo (in German) . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo magazine archive-- Otto awards 1990'' . Bravo (in German) . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` 1991 Brit Awards'' . Brit Awards ( BPI ). Archived from the original on 1 April 2012 . Retrieved 18 November 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo magazine archive-- Otto awards 1991'' . Bravo (in German) . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` Bravo magazine archive-- Otto awards 1992'' . Bravo (in German) . Retrieved 2010-02-01 . Jump up ^ `` Roxette fick guldskiva i Tyskland'' . Expressen (in Swedish). 1999-09-01. Archived from the original on 2001-07-07 . Retrieved 2010-03-08 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 WMA winners list'' . WMA. Archived from the original on 2000-06-19 . Retrieved 2012-01-12 . Jump up ^ http://www.gessle.com/fb_pgo_feed/gessle-tours-europe-with-roxettes-music/ Sources Lundgren, Larz; Wikström , Jan-Owe (1992). Roxette: The Book . ISBN 91-46-16211-9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Roxette . Official website Roxette discography at MusicBrainz Roxette Per Gessle Marie Fredriksson Studio albums Pearls of Passion Look Sharp! Joyride Tourism Crash! Boom! Bang! Have a Nice Day Room Service Charm School Travelling Good Karma Compilations Rarities Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! Baladas en español The Ballad Hits The Pop Hits A Collection of Roxette Hits: Their 20 Greatest Songs! The Rox Box/Roxette 86-- 06 The Biggest Hits XXX The RoxBox!: A Collection of Roxette's Greatest Songs Remix albums Dance Passion Live albums Live: Travelling the World Videography Sweden Live Look Sharp Live The Videos Live-Ism Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! -- Roxette's Greatest Video Hits Crash! Boom! Live! All Videos Ever Made & More! Ballad & Pop Hits -- The Complete Video Collection Concert tours Rock runt riket Tour Look Sharp! Live Tour Join the Joyride! Tour Crash! Boom! Bang! Tour Room Service Tour The Neverending World Tour Related articles Discography Songs Clarence Öfwerman Christoffer Lundquist Gyllene Tider The Lonely Boys Helena Josefsson Dea Norberg Book:Roxette Roxette singles Pearls of Passion `` Neverending Love '' `` Goodbye to You '' `` Soul Deep '' `` I Call Your Name '' Look Sharp! `` Dressed for Success '' `` Listen to Your Heart '' `` Chances '' `` The Look '' `` Dangerous '' Joyride `` Joyride '' `` Fading Like a Flower (Every Time You Leave) '' `` The Big L. '' `` Spending My Time '' `` Church of Your Heart '' Tourism `` How Do You Do! '' `` Queen of Rain '' `` Fingertips ' 93 '' Crash! Boom! Bang! `` Sleeping in My Car '' `` Crash! Boom! Bang! '' `` Fireworks '' `` Run to You '' `` Vulnerable '' Don't Bore Us, Get to the Chorus! `` You Don't Understand Me '' `` The Look ' 95 '' `` June Afternoon '' `` She Doesn't Live Here Anymore '' Baladas en español `` Un día sin ti '' `` No sé si es amor '' Have a Nice Day `` Wish I Could Fly '' `` Anyone '' `` Stars '' `` Salvation '' Room Service `` The Centre of the Heart '' `` Real Sugar '' `` Milk and Toast and Honey '' Charm School `` She's Got Nothing On (But the Radio) '' `` Speak to Me '' `` Way Out '' Travelling `` It's Possible '' Good Karma `` It Just Happens'' `` Some Other Summer'' `` Why Don't You Bring Me Flowers?'' Soundtrack `` It Must Have Been Love '' `` Almost Unreal '' Other `` A Thing About You '' `` Opportunity Nox '' `` One Wish '' `` Reveal '' `` The Sweet Hello, the Sad Goodbye'' ( Bassflow Remake) `` The Look'' (2015 Remake) Related articles Singles discography Book: Roxette BNF : cb13906252c (data) GND : 2126184-2 ISNI : 0000 0001 2309 2874 LCCN : n91116086 MusicBrainz : d3b2711f-2baa-441a-be95-14945ca7e6ea SELIBR : 228502 SUDOC : 083488111 VIAF : 142035861 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Roxette&oldid=850379489 '' Categories : Roxette 1986 establishments in Sweden EMI Records artists English-language singers of Sweden Halmstad Musical groups established in 1986 Per Gessle Pop music duos Rock music duos Swedish musical duos Swedish pop rock music groups World Music Awards winners Hidden categories: CS1 Swedish-language sources (sv) CS1 German-language sources (de) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links CS1 Norwegian-language sources (no) Good articles Use dmy dates from May 2012 Articles with hCards Articles with hAudio microformats MusicBrainz artist same as Wikidata Articles with MusicBrainz artist links Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Gàidhlig Galego 한국어 Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Kalaallisut ქართული Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски Bahasa Melayu Монгол Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Basa Sunda Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська TiếngViệt中文45moreEditlinksThispagewaslasteditedon15July2018,at13:49(UTC).TextisavailableundertheCreativeCommonsAttribution-ShareAlikeLicense;additionaltermsmayapply.Byusingthissite,youagreetotheTermsofUseandPrivacyPolicy.Wikipedia®isaregisteredtrademarkoftheWikimediaFoundation,Inc.,anon-profitorganization.AboutWikipedia

5302802646991587123

orange is the new black characters yoga lady

Constance Shulman ( born April 4 , 1958 ) is an American actress and singer . She is best known for voicing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug and for her current role as Yoga Jones in Orange Is the New Black . Shulman originated the role of Annelle in the first production of Steel Magnolias Off - Broadway .

Constance Shulman - wikipedia Constance Shulman Jump to: navigation , search Constance Shulman ( 1958-04-04 ) April 4, 1958 (age 60) Johnson City, Tennessee , U.S. Occupation Actress, singer Years active 1989-- present Spouse(s) Reed Birney Children Constance Shulman (born April 4, 1958) is an American actress and singer. She is best known for voicing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug and for her current role as Yoga Jones in Orange Is the New Black . Shulman originated the role of Annelle in the first production of Steel Magnolias Off-Broadway. Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Personal life 3 Filmography 3.1 Film 3.2 Television 4 References 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Shulman was born in Johnson City, Tennessee , to a Jewish family. In 1980, she graduated from the University of Tennessee with a bachelor's degree in both speech and theatre. She moved to New York City to study acting at the Circle in the Square Theatre School and pursue an acting career. In 1989, she made her screen debut in the comedy film Fletch Lives , playing Cindy Mae. She later had supporting parts in films Lost Angels , Men Don't Leave , and Fried Green Tomatoes . On television, Shulman worked as a voice actress, playing Patti Mayonnaise on Doug from 1991 to 1999. In the early 1990s, Shulman appeared in a series of Kraft mayonnaise commercials. She was also a regular cast member in the short-lived 1996 ABC sitcom, The Faculty , playing the best friend of Meredith Baxter 's character. In the late 1990s Shulman left the screen to raise her two children. In 2013, Shulman was cast in a recurring role as `` Yoga Jones'' in the Netflix comedy-drama series, Orange Is the New Black . Along with the rest of the cast, she received a Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series in 2015. Personal life ( edit ) She is married to fellow actor Reed Birney , and their daughter Gus Birney is an actress. Her son Ephraim Birney is also an actor. Filmography ( edit ) Film ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 Fletch Lives Cindy Mae 1989 Lost Angels Beautician 1990 Men Don't Leave Carly 1990 Reversal of Fortune Pharmacist Uncredited 1991 He Said, She Said Make-Up Girl 1991 Fried Green Tomatoes Missy 1991 Lethal Innocence Nell Willis Television film Weekend at Bernie's II Tour Operator 1999 Doug's 1st Movie Patti Mayonnaise (Voice) 1999 Sweet and Lowdown Hazel 2008 A Jersey Christmas Connie 2015 Stereotypically You Unemployment Worker 2015 The Broken Ones Rowland Television ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1989 The Days and Nights of Molly Dodd Bonnie Sayles 2 episodes 1991-- 94, 1996-- 99 Doug Patti Mayonnaise 18 episodes Heavens to Betsy Lilly Walker Unsold TV pilot The Faculty Shelly Ray 13 episodes 2013-- present Orange Is the New Black Yoga Jones 47 episodes Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series 2014 Law & Order: Special Victims Unit Daycare Manager Episode: `` Wednesday's Child'' 2017 Broad City Psychic Episode: `` Sliding Doors'' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gussow, Mel (1987-03-27). `` Stage - ' Steel Magnolias,' A Louisiana Story'' . NYTimes.com . Retrieved 2017-05-27 . ^ Jump up to: Rizzo, Frank. `` Actress Shulman's Career Blossoms As Image Of Southern Belle Withers'' . Hartford Courant . Retrieved June 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ McRary, Amy (29 March 2017). `` ' Orange is New Black' actress says new season ' off the wall ' '' . Knoxville News Sentinel . Retrieved 29 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Brillantes, Mariam. `` ' Orange Is the New Black' Star Constance Shulman Says New Season Looks Golden'' . Blogs.wsj.com . Retrieved May 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` ' Orange Is The New Black' Star Constance Shulman Voiced Patti Mayonnaise On ' Doug' (PHOTO)'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 21, 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Patti Mayonnaise From ' Doug' Is on ' Orange Is the New Black ' '' . The Daily Beast . Retrieved June 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ McCue, Michelle. `` BIRDMAN, DOWNTON ABBEY Big Winners At 21st Screen Actors Guild Awards'' . We Are Movie Geeks . Retrieved June 12, 2015 . Jump up ^ Berman, Nat (June 26, 2017). `` Five Things You Didn't Know About Gus Birney'' . TVOvermind.com . Retrieved June 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Doug (TV Series 1991-- 1994)'' . IMDb.com . Retrieved 25 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Constance Shulman on IMDb ( hide ) Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series (2010-- 2019) Modern Family , season 1 / season 2 (2010): Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 2 / season 3 (2011): Anderson-Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 3 / season 4 (2012): Anderson-Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Modern Family , season 4 / season 5 (2013): Anderson-Emmons , Bowen , Burrell , Ferguson , Gould , Hyland , O'Neill , Rodriguez , Stonestreet , Vergara , Winter Orange Is the New Black , season 2 (2014): Aduba , Biggs , Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin, DeLaria , Fowler , Freeman , Gardner, Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Lake , Lapkus , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , Marsh Garland, McGorry , Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Pimentel, Polanco , Reiner , Roberts , Rodriguez , Rosenblat , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Toussaint , Tucci , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 3 (2015): Aduba , Birbiglia , Blake, Brooks , Cox , Cruz , Curtin, DeLaria , Fowler , Glenn , Golden , Guerrero , Harney , Jeudy , Leyva , Manning , Marsh Garland, Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters, Petty , Pimentel, Polanco , Prepon , Rodriguez , Rose , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Wiley Orange Is the New Black , season 4 (2016): Aduba , Aisenberg, Brooks , Brown , Cruz , DeLaria , Dover, Glenn , Golden , Gómez , Guerrero , Harney , Henke , Jeudy , Lake , Leyva , Lyonne , Manning , McMenamin, Moore , Mulgrew , Myles , Peters, Petty , Pimentel, Polanco , Prepon , Purdy , Rodriguez , Sandow , Savage , Schilling , Shulman , Soules , Stone , Tucci , Wiley Veep , season 6 (2017): Bakkedahl , Chlumsky , Cole , Colin , Dunn , DuVall , Franklin , Hale , Louis-Dreyfus , Richardson , Scheer , Scott , Simons , Sutherland , Walsh Complete list (1994-- 1999) (2000-- 2009) (2010-- 2019) LCCN : no2016146793 VIAF : 2592147907504679210008 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Constance_Shulman&oldid=825690298 '' Categories : 1958 births Living people American television actresses American film actresses American voice actresses Actresses from Tennessee People from Johnson City, Tennessee 20th-century American actresses 21st-century American actresses Jewish American actresses Hidden categories: Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 14 February 2018, at 20:50. About Wikipedia

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who won oscars for whatever happened to baby jane

In the United Kingdom , the film was originally given an X certificate by the BBFC in 1962 , with a few minor cuts . These cuts were waived for a video submission , which was given an 18 certificate in 1988 , meaning no - one under 18 years of age could purchase a copy of the film . However , in 2004 , the film was re-submitted for a theatrical re-release , and it was given a 12A certificate , now meaning persons under 12 years of age could view it if accompanied by an adult . It remains at this category .

What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962 film) - wikipedia What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962 film) Jump to: navigation , search For the 1991 television remake, see What Ever Happened to... What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? Theatrical release poster Directed by Robert Aldrich Produced by Robert Aldrich Screenplay by Lukas Heller Based on What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? by Henry Farrell Starring Bette Davis Joan Crawford Victor Buono Music by Frank DeVol Cinematography Ernest Haller Edited by Michael Luciano Production company Seven Arts Productions Distributed by Warner Bros. Pictures Release date October 31, 1962 ( 1962-10-31 ) Running time 133 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $1 million Box office $9.5 million What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? is a 1962 American psychological thriller -- horror film produced and directed by Robert Aldrich , starring Bette Davis and Joan Crawford , about an aging former actress who holds her paraplegic sister captive in an old Hollywood mansion. The screenplay by Lukas Heller is based on the 1960 novel of the same name by Henry Farrell . Upon the film's release, it was met with widespread critical and box office acclaim and was later nominated for five Academy Awards , winning one for Best Costume Design, Black and White . The intensely bitter Hollywood rivalry between the film's two stars, Davis and Crawford, was heavily important to the film's initial success. This in part led to the revitalization of the then-waning careers of the two stars. In the years after release, critics continued to acclaim the film for its psychologically driven black comedy , camp , and creation of the psycho-biddy subgenre. The film's then unheard of and controversial plot meant that it originally received an X rating in the UK. Because of the appeal of the film's stars, Dave Itzkoff in The New York Times has identified it as being a `` cult classic'' . In 2003 the character of Baby Jane Hudson was ranked No. 44 on the American Film Institute 's list of the 50 Best Villains of American Cinema . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Legacy 5 Critical reception 6 Accolades 7 Box office 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) In 1917, `` Baby Jane'' Hudson is an adored yet ill-tempered vaudevillian child star while her older sister Blanche lives in her shadow. By 1935, their fortunes have reversed: Blanche is a successful film actress and Jane lives in obscurity, her films having failed. One night, Jane mocks Blanche at a party, prompting Blanche to run away in tears. That same night, Blanche is paralyzed from the waist down in a mysterious car accident that is unofficially blamed on Jane, who is found three days later in a drunken stupor. In 1962 a wheelchair-bound Blanche ( Joan Crawford ) and Jane ( Bette Davis ) are living together in Blanche's mansion, purchased with Blanche's movie earnings. By now, Jane has descended into alcoholism and mental illness and treats Blanche with cruelty to punish her for stealing her spotlight. Later, when Blanche informs Jane she may be selling the house, Jane's mental health begins to deteriorate further. During an argument, she removes the telephone from Blanche's bedroom, cutting Blanche off from the outside world . Later, Jane begins denying Blanche food, until she serves Blanche her dead parakeet on a platter-- and, at a later meal, a rat that she killed in the cellar. Jane becomes obsessed with recapturing her childhood stardom and puts an advertisement in the paper for a pianist to accompany her singing, When Jane leaves the house, Blanche tries to get the attention of her neighbor, Mrs. Bates ( Anna Lee ), by writing a note pleading for help and throwing it out her bedroom window. Jane returns in time to notice the note and prevents Mrs. Bates from seeing it. When Jane reads the note, the two sisters quarrel again. When Blanche's caretaker Elvira Stitt ( Maidie Norman ) comes to clean the house, Jane pays her and gives her the day off, but when Elvira returns later on, Jane abruptly fires her and sends her away. After Jane goes to the bank to get some cash, Elvira comes back and finds that Jane has locked Blanche in her room. When Jane returns, a neighbor tells her she saw Elvira go into the house. Jane confronts Elvira. Meanwhile, eccentric and cash-strapped Edwin Flagg ( Victor Buono ) sees Jane's newspaper advertisement and arrives at the mansion, where Jane hires him as her accompanist. Desperate for cash, Edwin insincerely flatters Jane and encourages her to revive her act. While Jane drives Edwin home, Blanche searches the house for food and discovers Jane has been forging her signature on checks. Desperate for help, Blanche crawls down the stairs and calls their doctor, telling him of Jane's erratic behavior and begging him to come to the house. Jane returns in time to find Blanche on the phone and beats her unconscious before imitating her voice over the phone and telling the doctor not to come. She then binds and gags Blanche and locks her back in her upstairs bedroom. Elvira, still suspicious of Jane, returns the next day and discovers Blanche in a weakened and starved state. Before she can rescue her, however, Jane beats Elvira to death with a hammer and disposes of her body. Joan Crawford as Blanche Hudson Days later, the police call upon the Hudson house and tell Jane that her maid's cousin has reported her missing. The panicked Jane prepares to leave, taking Blanche with her. Before they can leave, Edwin shows up uninvited and drunk, and discovers Blanche in her bed, bound and emaciated. Edwin flees to a drugstore where he notifies the authorities. Jane drives Blanche to the beach and reverts to her childhood self. Near death, Blanche confesses that her paralysis is her own fault: on the night of the accident, she had tried to run Jane over because she was angry at her sister for mocking her, and ever since she has let Jane believe she was to blame for her spine being severed when the car struck the iron gate of their house. Pathetically, Jane asks, `` You mean all this time we could have been friends?'' With childlike joy, Jane goes to a beachside snack bar to get ice-cream cones for herself and Blanche, then succumbs completely to her insanity and dances before a crowd of puzzled onlookers, believing she is once again `` Baby Jane'' , performing for her adoring fans. Two police officers, who have come to arrest Jane for Elvira's murder, see Blanche lying motionless in the sand and rush to her. Cast ( edit ) Bette Davis as Jane Hudson Julie Allred as nine-year-old Jane Debbie Burton as young Jane's singing voice Joan Crawford as Blanche Hudson Gina Gillespie as thirteen-year-old Blanche Victor Buono as Edwin Flagg Marjorie Bennett as Dehlia Flagg Maidie Norman as Elvira Stitt Anna Lee as Mrs. Bates B.D. Merrill as Liza Bates Dave Willock as Ray Hudson Anne Barton as Cora Hudson Wesley Addy as Marty McDonald Bert Freed as Ben Golden Robert Cornthwaite as Doctor Shelby Production ( edit ) Bette Davis (left) as Baby Jane Hudson and Joan Crawford as her sister, Blanche Hudson Bette Davis came up with her own makeup for her role. She said that Jane was someone who never washed her face, but just added more makeup. The house exterior of the Hudson mansion is located at 172 South McCadden Place in the neighborhood of Hancock Park, Los Angeles . Other residential exteriors show cottages on DeLongpre Avenue near Harvard Avenue in Hollywood without their current gated courtyards. The scene on the beach was shot in Malibu , reportedly the same site where Aldrich filmed the final scene of Kiss Me Deadly (1955). Footage from the Bette Davis films Parachute Jumper and Ex-Lady (both 1933) and the Joan Crawford film Sadie McKee (1934) was used to represent the film acting of Baby Jane and Blanche respectively. The neighbour's daughter was played by Davis' daughter B.D. Merrill who, following in the footsteps of Crawford's daughter Christina , later wrote a memoir that depicted her mother in an unfavorable light. Crawford was scheduled to appear alongside Davis on a publicity tour of Baby Jane but cancelled at the last minute. Davis claimed that Crawford backed out because she didn't want to share the stage with her. In a 1972 telephone conversation, Crawford related to future author Shaun Considine that after seeing a screening of the film she urged Davis to go and have a look. When she didn't hear back from her co-star, Crawford called Davis and asked her what she thought of the film to which Davis replied, `` You were so right, Joan. The picture is good. And I was terrific.'' Crawford replied, `` That was it. She never said anything about my performance. Not a word.'' Considine alleges that this denial from Davis (with regard to Joan's talent as an actress) prompted Crawford to cancel the publicity tour and upstage Davis at the Oscars. Prior to the Oscars ceremony , Crawford contacted the Best Actress nominees who were unable to attend the ceremonies and offered to accept the award on their behalf should they win. Davis claimed that Crawford lobbied against her among Academy voters. When Anne Bancroft was declared the winner for The Miracle Worker , she was in New York performing in a play, and had agreed to have Crawford accept her award if she won. Crawford triumphantly swept on-stage to pick up the trophy. Davis later commented, `` It would have meant a million more dollars to our film if I had won. Joan was thrilled I hadn't .'' As both Davis and Crawford had accepted lower salaries in exchange for a share of the film's profits, Davis considered it especially foolish of Crawford to have worked against their common interests, especially at a time when roles for actresses of their generation were hard to find. During the filming of Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964), Crawford acknowledged to visiting reporter/author Lawrence J. Quirk the difficulty she was having with Davis because of the Oscar incident but added, `` She acted like Baby Jane was a one-woman show after they nominated her. What was I supposed to do, let her hog all the glory, act like I hadn't even been in the movie? She got the nomination. I didn't begrudge her that, but it would have been nice if she'd been a little gracious in interviews and given me a little credit. I would have done it for her.'' Legacy ( edit ) This section may need to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedia's quality standards . You can help . The discussion page may contain suggestions. (July 2017) The film's success spawned a succession of horror/thriller films featuring psychotic older women, later dubbed the psycho-biddy subgenre, among them Aldrich's Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte , What Ever Happened to Aunt Alice? , and director Curtis Harrington 's Whoever Slew Auntie Roo? and What's the Matter with Helen? . It was parodied by the Italian comedy film What Ever Happened to Baby Toto? Shaun Considine's 1989 book Bette and Joan: The Divine Feud chronicles the actresses' rivalry, including their experience shooting this film. Comedy duo French and Saunders ( Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French ) did a BBC episode called `` Whatever Happened to Baby Dawn'' in 22 March 1990. The film was remade in 1991 as a television film starring real-life sisters Vanessa and Lynn Redgrave . In 2006, Christina Aguilera adopted a new alter ego called Baby Jane after Bette Davis' character in the film. In episode 4 of RuPaul's Drag Race: All Stars (season 2) , the queens' acting chops are tested in parody movie sequels of RuPaul 's favourite movies. A parody of ' ' What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?' ' called ' ' Wha' Ha' Happened To Baby JJ?' ' was made by Alaska and Alyssa Edwards . The backstage battle between Crawford and Davis during the production of the film is the basis for Bette and Joan , the 2017 first season of the Ryan Murphy television series Feud . It stars Jessica Lange as Crawford and Susan Sarandon as Davis. It premiered on March 5, 2017. Critical reception ( edit ) The film received very positive reviews and elicited mixed responses over the Davis/Crawford combination. In his review in The New York Times , Bosley Crowther observed, `` (Davis and Crawford) do get off some amusing and eventually blood-chilling displays of screaming sororal hatred and general monstrousness ... The feeble attempts that Mr. Aldrich has made to suggest the irony of two once idolized and wealthy females living in such depravity, and the pathos of their deep-seated envy having brought them to this, wash out very quickly under the flood of sheer grotesquerie.'' Variety stated, `` Although the results heavily favor Davis (and she earns the credit), it should be recognized that the plot, of necessity, allows her to run unfettered through all the stages of oncoming insanity ... Crawford gives a quiet, remarkably fine interpretation of the crippled Blanche, held in emotionally by the nature and temperament of the role.'' TV Guide awarded the film four stars, calling it `` Star wars, trenchantly served'' and adding, `` If it sometimes looks like a poisonous senior citizen show with over-the-top spoiled ham, just try to look away ... As in the best Hitchcock movies, suspense, rather than actual mayhem, drives the film.'' On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes the film holds an approval rating of 92% based on 48 reviews. Accolades ( edit ) The film was nominated for five Academy Awards, winning one for Best Costume Design. Academy Award for Best Actress (Bette Davis, nominee) Academy Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role (Victor Buono, nominee) Academy Award for Best Costume Design, Black and White ( Norma Koch , winner ) Academy Award for Best Cinematography, Black and White ( Ernest Haller , nominee) Academy Award for Best Sound ( Joseph D. Kelly , nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Crawford, nominee) BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Actress (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Actress - Motion Picture Drama (Davis, nominee) Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture (Buono, nominee) Laurel Award for Golden Laurel for Sleeper of the Year ( Winner ) Golden Palm -- 1963 Cannes Film Festival (nominee) Box office ( edit ) The film was a surprise box office hit, grossing $9 million at the worldwide box office and $4,050,000 in theatrical rentals in North America. Its estimated budget was only $980,000. (1) In the United Kingdom, the film was originally given an X certificate by the BBFC in 1962, with a few minor cuts. These cuts were waived for a video submission, which was given an 18 certificate in 1988, meaning no-one under 18 years of age could purchase a copy of the film. However, in 2004, the film was re-submitted for a theatrical re-release, and it was given a 12A certificate, now meaning persons under 12 years of age could view it if accompanied by an adult. It remains at this category. References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: `` Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (X)'' . British Board of Film Classification . November 30, 1962 . Retrieved September 9, 2011 . Jump up ^ Alain Silver and James Ursini, Whatever Happened to Robert Aldrich? , Limelight, 1995 p 256 ^ Jump up to: Box Office Information for What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? IMDb . Retrieved April 14, 2012. Jump up ^ French box office results for Robert Aldrich films at Box Office Story Jump up ^ allmovie.com Jump up ^ http://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/great-movie-what-ever-happened-to-baby-jane-1962 Jump up ^ https://www.nytimes.com/watching/recommendations/watching-film-what-ever-happened-to-baby-jane ^ Jump up to: `` ' BLU-RAY REVIEW -- `` What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? '' `` . Slant Magazine . November 6, 2012 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Ever Happened To Baby Jane?'' . The A.V. Club . June 6, 2008 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ Itzkoff, Dave (July 12, 2012). `` Whatever Happened to ' Baby Jane' ? It's Getting a Remake'' . New York Times . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AFI'S 100 YEARS...100 HEROES & VILLAINS'' . AFI . July 4, 2003 . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ BETTE AND JOAN by Shaun Considine, Dell, 1989, ISBN 0-440-20776-2 , pp. 347 Jump up ^ BETTE AND JOAN by Shaun Considine, Dell, 1989, ISBN 0-440-20776-2 , pp. 433 Jump up ^ Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis by Whitney Stine, with a running commentary by Bette Davis, Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1974, ISBN 0-8015-5184-6 , pp. 296-- 297 Jump up ^ Mother Goddam: The Story of the Career of Bette Davis by Whitney Stine, with a running commentary by Bette Davis, Hawthorn Books, Inc., 1974, ISBN 0-8015-5184-6 , p. 307 Jump up ^ Joan Crawford: The Essential Biography by Lawrence J. Quirk and William Schoell, University Pr of Kentucky, 2002, ISBN 0813122546 , ISBN 978-0813122540 , pp. 221 Jump up ^ Alberto Anile. I film di Totò (1946-- 1967): la maschera tradita . Le mani, 1998. ISBN 8880120808 . Jump up ^ Rorke, Robert. `` Why Bette Davis and Joan Crawford's Feud Lasted a Lifetime'' . The New York Post . Retrieved February 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ Vineyard, Jennifer (August 23, 2006) `` Christina Clip Got A Boost From Outkast, Role-Playing Dancers'' . Retrieved June 23, 2013. Jump up ^ `` RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars -- Season 2, Ep. 4 -- Drag Movie Shequels -- Full Episode Logo TV'' . Logo TV . Retrieved 2017-04-09 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister, Elizabeth. `` Feud : Ryan Murphy Lands Third FX Anthology With Susan Sarandon, Jessica Lange'' . Variety . Retrieved May 5, 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum, Debra (January 12, 2017). `` FX Sets Premiere Dates for Feud , The Americans , Archer '' . Variety . Retrieved January 12, 2017 . Jump up ^ New York Times review Jump up ^ Variety review Jump up ^ TV Guide review Jump up ^ `` What Ever Happened To Baby Jane? (1962)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 2, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The 35th Academy Awards (1963) Nominees and Winners'' . oscars.org . Retrieved 2011-08-23 . Jump up ^ `` Festival de Cannes: What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?'' . festival-cannes.com . Retrieved 2009-02-27 . Jump up ^ `` All-Time Top Grossers'' , Variety , January 8, 1964, p. 69 Jump up ^ `` Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (12A)'' . British Board of Film Classification . August 27, 2004 . Retrieved September 9, 2011 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Whatever Happened to Baby Jane? (film) . 1960s portal What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? at the American Film Institute Catalog What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? on IMDb What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? at the TCM Movie Database What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? at AllMovie What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? at Rotten Tomatoes ( hide ) Films directed by Robert Aldrich Big Leaguer (1953) World for Ransom (1954) Apache (1954) Vera Cruz (1954) Kiss Me Deadly (1955) The Big Knife (1955) Autumn Leaves (1956) Attack (1956) Ten Seconds to Hell (1959) The Angry Hills (1959) The Last Sunset (1961) Sodom and Gomorrah (1962) What Ever Happened to Baby Jane? (1962) 4 for Texas (1963) Hush... Hush, Sweet Charlotte (1964) The Flight of the Phoenix (1965) The Dirty Dozen (1967) The Legend of Lylah Clare (1968) The Killing of Sister George (1968) Too Late the Hero (1970) The Grissom Gang (1971) Ulzana's Raid (1972) Emperor of the North Pole (1973) The Longest Yard (1974) Hustle (1975) Twilight's Last Gleaming (1977) The Choirboys (1977) The Frisco Kid (1979) ...All the Marbles (1981) GND : 7560390-1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=What_Ever_Happened_to_Baby_Jane%3F_(1962_film)&oldid=795897086 '' Categories : 1962 films English-language films 1960s psychological thriller films American films American black-and-white films American psychological thriller films Film scores by Frank De Vol Films directed by Robert Aldrich Films about actors Films about filmmaking Films about paraplegics or quadriplegics Films about sisters Films based on thriller novels Films based on American novels Films set in 1917 Films set in 1935 Films set in 1962 Films set in Los Angeles Films set on beaches Warner Bros. films Hidden categories: Use mdy dates from August 2016 Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from July 2017 All articles needing rewrite All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Emiliàn e rumagnòl Español فارسی Français Italiano עברית Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 17 August 2017, at 05:23. 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how many types of christian in the world

Messianic Judaism -- 0.35 million

List of Christian denominations by number of members - wikipedia List of Christian denominations by number of members It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of Christian denominations . ( Discuss ) Proposed since September 2017. This is a list of Christian denominations by number of members . It is inevitably partial and generally based on claims by the denominations themselves. The numbers should therefore be considered approximate and the article an ongoing work-in-progress. With about 2.42 billion adherents all over the world, Christianity is the largest religious group in the world . The list includes the Catholic Church including the Eastern Catholic Churches ; all the Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox churches with some recognition and their offshoots; Protestant denominations with at least 0.2 million members; the provinces of the Anglican Communion with at least 0.2 million members; all the other Christian branches with distinct theologies, such as Restorationist and Nontrinitarianian denominations; the independent Catholic denominations ; and the Church of the East . Contents ( hide ) 1 Christianity -- 2.42 billion 1.1 Catholic Church -- 1.285 billion 1.2 Protestantism -- 920 million 1.2.1 Anglicanism -- 85 million 1.3 Eastern Orthodox Church -- 270 million 1.4 Oriental Orthodoxy -- 86 million 1.5 Restorationism and Nontrinitarianism -- 35 million 1.6 Independent Catholicism -- 18 million 1.7 Minor branches -- 1 million 2 See also 3 References 4 External links Christianity -- 2.42 billion ( edit ) Catholic Church -- 1.285 billion ( edit ) A map of Catholicism by population percentage. Catholic population exceeds 1.28 billion. Figures below are in accordance with Church's Book of Statistics (2014). Latin Church -- 1.255 billion This list is incomplete ; you can help by expanding it . Prominent movements: Catholic Charismatic Renewal -- 160 million Blue Army of Our Lady of Fátima -- 20 million Legion of Mary (active and auxiliary) -- 10 million International Catholic Conference of Scouting -- 8 million Cursillo -- 5 million Worldwide Marriage Encounter -- 5 million couples Marian Movement of Priests -- 5 million Militia Immaculatae -- 3 million International Alliance of Catholic Knights -- several million Knights of Columbus -- 1.9 million Schoenstatt Apostolic Movement -- several million Nocturnal Adoration Societies - 2 million Neocatechumenal Way -- 1 million Couples for Christ - 1 million Society of Saint Vincent de Paul -- 0.8 million Secular Franciscan Order -- 0.4 million Young Christian Workers (JOC) - 0.2 million School of the Cross - 0.2 million Focolare Movement -- 0.14 million Christian Life Community - 0.12 million Opus Dei -- 0.095 million Pax Romana (organization) - 0.06 million Community of Sant'Egidio -- 0.05 million Communion and Liberation - 0.05 million Salesian Cooperators Association - 0.03 million Christian Life Movement - 0.025 million Regnum Christi -- 0.02 million Our Lady's Rosary Makers -- 0.017 million Personal Ordinariate for former Anglicans -- 0.012 million Eastern Catholic Churches -- 16.3 million Alexandrian Rite Ethiopian Catholic Church -- 0.2 million Coptic Catholic Church -- 0.2 million Eritrean Catholic Church -- 0.2 million Antiochene Rite Maronite Catholic Church -- 3.1 million Syro-Malankara Catholic Church -- 0.4 million Syriac Catholic Church -- 0.1 million Armenian Rite Armenian Catholic Church -- 0.4 million Byzantine Rite Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church -- 4.3 million Melkite Greek Catholic Church -- 1.3 million Romanian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.7 million Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.5 million Hungarian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.3 million Slovak Greek Catholic Church -- 0.2 million Italo-Albanian Catholic Church -- 0.1 million Belarusian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.1 million Byzantine Catholic Church of Croatia and Serbia -- 0.05 million Georgian Byzantine Catholic Church -- 0.01 million ; not sui iuris Albanian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.01 million Bulgarian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.01 million Greek Byzantine Catholic Church -- 0.01 million Macedonian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.01 million Russian Greek Catholic Church -- 0.01 million Chaldean Rite Syro-Malabar Catholic Church -- 3.8 million Chaldean Catholic Church -- 0.4 million Canonically irregular groups Society of Saint Pius X -- 0.5 million Protestantism -- 920 million ( edit ) A map of Protestantism (including Anglicanism ) by population percentage. Protestantism is the second largest major group of Christians after the Catholic Church by number of followers. Estimates vary considerably, from 400 million up to more than a billion. One of the reasons is the lack of a common agreement among scholars about which denominations constitute Protestantism. For instance, most of the sources but not all of them include Anglicanism as part of Protestantism (see below ). Moreover, Protestant denominations do not form a single communion, comparable to those of the Catholic Church and Eastern Orthodoxy. Nevertheless, 900 million is the most accepted figure among various authors and scholars, and thus is used in this article. Note that 900 million figure also includes Anglicanism , as well as Anabaptists , Baptists and multiple other groups which have in their scope some denominations that might disavow a common `` Protestant'' designation, and would rather prefer to be called, simply, `` Christian'' . Historical Protestantism -- 300-- 400 million Baptist churches -- 75-- 105 million Southern Baptist Convention -- 15.0 million National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. -- 7.5 million Nigerian Baptist Convention -- 5.0 million National Missionary Baptist Convention of America -- 3.1 million National Baptist Convention of America, Inc. -- 3.1 million Baptist Union of Uganda -- 2.5 million Baptist Community of Western Congo -- 2.1 million Baptist General Convention of Texas -- 2.1 million Baptist Convention of Tanzania -- 2.0 million Brazilian Baptist Convention -- 1.6 million Progressive National Baptist Convention -- 1.5 million Council of Baptist Churches in Northeast India -- 1.3 million Baptist Bible Fellowship International -- 1.2 million American Baptist Churches USA -- 1.2 million Lott Carey Foreign Mission Convention -- 1.1 million Baptist Community of the Congo River -- 1.1 million National Primitive Baptist Convention of the U.S.A. -- 1.0 million Myanmar Baptist Convention -- 1.0 million Cooperative Baptist Fellowship -- 0.8 million Baptist General Association of Virginia -- 0.6 million Baptist Convention of Kenya -- 0.6 million Nagaland Baptist Church Council -- 0.6 million Korea Baptist Convention -- 0.5 million Samavesam of Telugu Baptist Churches -- 0.5 million Orissa Evangelical Baptist Crusade -- 0.5 million National Baptist Convention (Brazil) -- 0.4 million Church of Christ in Congo-- Baptist Community of Congo -- 0.4 million Baptist Convention of Malawi -- 0.3 million Garo Baptist Convention -- 0.3 million Convention of Philippine Baptist Churches -- 0.3 Ghana Baptist Convention -- 0.3 Union of Baptist Churches in Rwanda -- 0.3 million Conservative Baptist Association of America -- 0.2 million National Association of Free Will Baptists -- 0.2 million Convention of Visayas and Mindanao of Southern Baptist Churches -- 0.2 million Manipur Baptist Convention -- 0.2 million Baptist Community in Central Africa -- 0.2 million Lutheranism -- 70-- 90 million Evangelical Church in Germany - 21.9 million (11 million United Protestants i.e. Lutheran & Reformed, 10 million Lutherans, 1 million Reformed) Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus -- 8.3 million Evangelical Lutheran Church in Tanzania -- 6.5 million Church of Sweden -- 6.0 million United Evangelical Lutheran Churches in India -- 4.5 million Batak Christian Protestant Church -- 4.5 million Church of Denmark -- 4.3 million Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland -- 3.9 million Church of Norway -- 3.7 million Evangelical Lutheran Church in America -- 3.6 million Malagasy Lutheran Church -- 3.0 million The Lutheran Church of Christ in Nigeria -- 2.2 million Lutheran Church-- Missouri Synod -- 2.0 million Evangelical Lutheran Church of Papua New Guinea -- 1.2 million Evangelical Church of the Lutheran Confession in Brazil -- 0.7 million Evangelical Lutheran Church in Namibia -- 0.7 million Evangelical Lutheran Church in Southern Africa -- 0.6 million The Protestant Christian Church -- 0.5 million The Indonesian Christian Church -- 0.4 million Evangelical Lutheran Church in the Republic of Namibia -- 0.4 million Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod -- 0.4 million Evangelical Free Church of America -- 0.4 million Lutheran Congregations in Mission for Christ -- 0.3 million Evangelical Lutheran Church of Cameroon -- 0.3 million Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria -- 0.3 million Evangelical Lutheran Church in Zimbabwe -- 0.3 million Evangelical Lutheran Church of Latvia -- 0.3 million Christian Protestant Church in Indonesia -- 0.3 million Church of Iceland -- 0.2 million Simalungun Protestant Christian Church -- 0.2 million Evangelical Lutheran Church of Brazil -- 0.2 million Protestant Church of Augsburg Confession of Alsace and Lorraine -- 0.2 million Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Slovakia -- 0.2 million Evangelical-Lutheran Church in Hungary -- 0.2 million Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church -- 0.2 million Methodism -- 60-- 80 million United Methodist Church -- 12 million African Methodist Episcopal Church -- 2.5 million Church of the Nazarene -- 2 million Methodist Church Nigeria -- 2 million The Salvation Army -- 1,797,291 registered members Methodist Church of Southern Africa -- 1.7 million Korean Methodist Church -- 1.5 million African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church -- 1.4 million United Methodist Church of Ivory Coast -- 1 million Free Methodist Church -- 0.9 million Christian Methodist Episcopal Church -- 0.9 million Methodist Church Ghana -- 0.8 million Methodist Church in India -- 0.6 million Methodist Church in Kenya -- 0.5 million Wesleyan Church -- 0.4 million Methodist Church of Great Britain -- 0.2 million Methodist Church in Brazil -- 0.2 million Calvinism (Reformed churches) -- 55-- 100 million Presbyterianism -- 40-- 50 million Presbyterian Church of East Africa -- 4.0 million Presbyterian Church of Nigeria -- 3.8 million Presbyterian Church of Africa -- 3.4 million Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDong) -- 3.0 million Presbyterian Church of Korea (TongHap) -- 2.9 million National Presbyterian Church in Mexico -- 2.8 million Church of Christ in Congo-- Presbyterian Community of Congo -- 2.5 million Presbyterian Church of Cameroon -- 1.8 million Presbyterian Church (USA) -- 1.5 million Presbyterian Church of India -- 1.3 million Church of Central Africa Presbyterian -- 1.3 million Presbyterian Church of Brazil -- 1.0 million Presbyterian Church in Sudan -- 1.0 million Presbyterian Church in Cameroon -- 0.7 million Presbyterian Church in Korea (HapDongBoSu II.) -- 0.7 million Presbyterian Church in Korea (BaekSeok) -- 0.6 million Evangelical Presbyterian Church, Ghana -- 0.6 million United Church of Christ in the Philippines -- 0.5 million Uniting Presbyterian Church in Southern Africa -- 0.5 million United Church of Canada -- 0.4 million Church of Scotland -- 0.4 million Presbyterian Church in America -- 0.4 million Presbyterian Church of Pakistan -- 0.4 million Presbyterian Church in Korea (Koshin) -- 0.4 million Korean Presbyterian Church -- 0.3 million Presbyterian Church in Rwanda -- 0.3 million Uniting Church in Australia -- 0.2 million Presbyterian Church in Taiwan -- 0.2 million Presbyterian Church in Ireland -- 0.2 million Continental Reformed churches -- 20-- 30 million Church of Jesus Christ in Madagascar -- 3.5 million Protestant Church in Indonesia -- 3.1 million United Church in Zambia -- 3.0 million Evangelical Church of Cameroon -- 2.5 million Swiss Reformed Church -- 2.4 million Protestant Church in the Netherlands -- 2.0 million Christian Evangelical Church in Timor -- 2.0 million Dutch Reformed Church in South Africa (NGK) -- 1.1 million Christian Evangelical Church in Minahasa -- 0.7 million United Church in Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands -- 0.6 million Protestant Church in Western Indonesia -- 0.6 million Evangelical Christian Church in Tanah Papua -- 0.6 million Protestant Church of Maluku -- 0.6 million Reformed Church in Hungary -- 0.6 million Reformed Church in Romania -- 0.6 million Uniting Reformed Church in Southern Africa -- 0.5 million Toraja Church -- 0.4 million Reformed Church of France -- 0.4 million Lesotho Evangelical Church -- 0.3 million Evangelical Christian Church in Halmahera -- 0.3 million Christian Church of Sumba -- 0.3 million Karo Batak Protestant Church -- 0.3 million Christian Reformed Church of Nigeria -- 0.3 million Reformed Church in Zambia -- 0.3 million Evangelical Reformed Church in Angola -- 0.2 million Reformed Church in America -- 0.2 million Christian Reformed Church in North America -- 0.2 million Kalimantan Evangelical Church -- 0.2 million Javanese Christian Church -- 0.2 million Indonesia Christian Church -- 0.2 million Church of Christ in the Sudan Among the Tiv -- 0.2 million Church of Lippe -- 0.2 million Evangelical Church of Congo -- 0.2 million Christian Evangelical Church of Sangihe Talaud -- 0.2 million Central Sulawesi Christian Church -- 0.2 million Evangelical Reformed Church in Bavaria and Northwestern Germany -- 0.2 million Congregationalism -- 5 million United Church of Christ -- 0.9 million Evangelical Congregational Church in Angola -- 0.9 million United Congregational Church of Southern Africa -- 0.5 million Anabaptism -- 4.0 million Mennonites -- 2.1 million Schwarzenau Brethren / German Baptists -- 1.5 million Amish -- 0.3 million Hutterites -- 0.05 million Hussites -- 1 million Moravians -- 0.825 million Czechoslovak Hussite Church -- 0.14 million Unity of the Brethren -- 0.035 million Quakers (Religious Society of Friends) -- 0.4 million Modern Protestantism -- 400-- 500 million Pentecostalism -- 280 million Assemblies of God -- 67 million Apostolic Church -- 15 million International Circle of Faith -- 11 million Fangcheng Fellowship -- 10 million China Gospel Fellowship - 10 million Church of God (Cleveland, Tennessee) - 6 million International Church of the Foursquare Gospel - 9 million Church of God in Christ - 6.5 million Jesus Is Lord Church Worldwide -- 5 million International Pentecostal Holiness Church -- 4 million United Pentecostal Church International -- 4 million The Pentecostal Mission -- 2.5 million Christian Congregation of Brazil -- 2.5 million True Jesus Church -- 2.5 million The Church of Pentecost -- 2.1 million Universal Church of the Kingdom of God -- 2 million Pentecostal Assemblies of the World -- 1.5 million Apostolic Faith Mission of South Africa -- 1.2 million Church of God of Prophecy -- 1.5 million Association of Pentecostal Churches of Rwanda -- 1 million God is Love Pentecostal Church -- 0.8 million Nondenominational evangelicalism -- 80 million Calvary Chapel -- 25 million Born Again Movement -- 3 million Association of Vineyard Churches -- 15 million Christian and Missionary Alliance -- 4 million Church of God (Anderson, Indiana) -- 1.2 million African initiated Protestant churches -- 60 million Zion Christian Church -- 15 million Eternal Sacred Order of Cherubim and Seraphim -- 10 million Kimbanguist Church -- 5.5 million Redeemed Christian Church of God -- 5 million Church of the Lord (Aladura) -- 3.6 million Council of African Instituted Churches -- 3 million Church of Christ Light of the Holy Spirit -- 1.4 million African Church of the Holy Spirit -- 0.7 million African Israel Church Nineveh -- 0.5 million Seventh-day Adventist Church -- 20.0 million New Apostolic Church -- 10 million Chinese-originated and Chinese Independent Churches -- 10 million Groups listed have origins in the Lord's Recovery movement associated with Watchman Nee and Witness Lee . The Shouters are an offshoot of the Local churches , considered a dangerous sect by the Chinese government; due to the extremely decentralized nature of both groups, there is controversy over which house churches should be actually considered part of each. Eastern Lightning , which is in turn an offshoot of The Shouters, is very hierarchical (in contrast to its predecessors) and teaches that Christ has already returned as a woman named Lightning Deng . Local churches or Church Assembly Hall -- between 1 and 10 million Eastern Lightning -- 1 million The Shouters -- unknown, probably less than 1 million Restoration Movement -- 7 million Churches of Christ -- 5 million Christian churches and churches of Christ -- 1.1 million Christian Church (Disciples of Christ) -- 0.7 million Community of Disciples of Christ in Congo -- 0.7 million Plymouth Brethren -- 1 million Anglicanism -- 85 million ( edit ) A map of the Anglican Communion (blue), the Porvoo Communion (green), comprising European Anglican and Lutheran churches, and the Union of Utrecht (Old Catholic) (red), a federation of Old Catholic Churches . Anglican Communion -- 80 million Church of England -- 25.0 million Church of Nigeria -- 18.0 million Church of Uganda -- 8.1 million Anglican Church of Kenya -- 5.0 million Episcopal Church of South Sudan and Sudan -- 4.5 million Church of South India -- 3.8 million Anglican Church of Australia -- 3.1 million Anglican Church of Southern Africa -- 2.3 million Anglican Church of Tanzania -- 2.0 million Episcopal Church in the United States -- 1.9 million Anglican Church of Canada -- 1.6 million Church of North India -- 1.5 million Anglican Church of Rwanda -- 1.0 million Church of the Province of Central Africa -- 0.9 million Anglican Church of Burundi -- 0.8 million Church in the Province of the West Indies -- 0.8 million Anglican Church in Aotearoa, New Zealand and Polynesia -- 0.5 million Church of the Province of the Indian Ocean -- 0.5 million Church of Christ in Congo-- Anglican Community of Congo -- 0.5 million Church of Pakistan -- 0.5 million Church of Ireland -- 0.4 million Church of the Province of West Africa -- 0.3 million Anglican Church of Melanesia -- 0.2 million Episcopal Church in the Philippines - 0.1 million Continuing Anglican movement and independent churches -- 0.6 million Traditional Anglican Communion -- 0.4 million Anglican Church in North America -- 0.1 million Reformed Evangelical Anglican Church of South Africa -- 0.1 million Eastern Orthodox Church -- 270 million ( edit ) A map of Eastern Orthodoxy by population percentage. The most common estimate of the number of Eastern Orthodox Christians worldwide is 225-- 300 million, forming a single communion, making it the second largest, single Christian denomination behind the Catholic Church. These are the adherents of the recognized Orthodox jurisdictions (autocephalous and autonomous churches) that are in full communion with each other. In addition, there are some Orthodox splinter groups and non-universally recognized churches. Autocephalous churches -- 224 million Russian Orthodox Church -- 150 million Romanian Orthodox Church -- 23 million Church of Greece -- 15 million Serbian Orthodox Church -- 11.5 million Bulgarian Orthodox Church -- 10 million Georgian Orthodox Church -- 3.5 million Greek Orthodox Church of Constantinople -- 3.5 million Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch -- 2.5 million Greek Orthodox Church of Alexandria -- 1.5 million Orthodox Church in America -- 0.08 million Polish Orthodox Church -- 1 million Albanian Orthodox Church -- 0.8 million Church of Cyprus -- 0.7 million Greek Orthodox Church of Jerusalem -- 0.14 million Czech and Slovak Orthodox Church -- 0.07 million Autonomous churches -- 13 million Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) -- 7.2 million Moldovan Orthodox Church -- 3.2 million Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia -- 1.25 million Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia -- 0.62 million Orthodox Ohrid Archbishopric -- 0.34 million Estonian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) -- 0.3 million Finnish Orthodox Church -- 0.08 million Chinese Orthodox Church -- 0.03 million Japanese Orthodox Church -- 0.02 million Latvian Orthodox Church -- 0.02 million Non-universally recognized churches -- 27 million Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Kyiv Patriarchate) -- 19.5 million Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church -- 0.8 million Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church -- 2.4 million Macedonian Orthodox Church -- 2 million Orthodox Church of Greece (Holy Synod in Resistance) -- 0.75 million Old Calendarist Romanian Orthodox Church -- 0.50 million Old Calendar Bulgarian Orthodox Church -- 0.45 million Orthodox Church in Italy -- 0.12 million Montenegrin Orthodox Church -- 0.05 million Other separated Orthodox groups -- 6 million Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church -- 5.5 million Old Believers -- 5.5 million Greek Old Calendarists -- 0.86 million True Orthodox Church -- 0.85 million Evangelical Orthodox Church -- 0.07 million Oriental Orthodoxy -- 86 million ( edit ) A map of Oriental Orthodoxy by population percentage. Oriental Orthodox churches are the churches descended from those that rejected the Council of Chalcedon in 451. Despite the similar name, they are therefore a different branch of Christianity from the Eastern Orthodox (see above). Autocephalous churches -- 84 million Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church -- 48 million Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria -- 15.5 million Armenian Apostolic Church -- 9 million Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin -- 6 million Holy See of Cilicia -- 1.5 million Armenian Patriarchate of Constantinople -- 0.5-- 0.7 million Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem -- 0.34 million Syriac Orthodox Church -- 6.6 million Jacobite Syrian Christian Church -- 1.2 million Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church - 2.5 million Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church - 2 million Autonomous churches - 1 million French Coptic Orthodox Church -- 0.01 million Churches not in communion -- 1 million Mar Thoma Syrian Church -- 1.1 million Malabar Independent Syrian Church -- 0.06 million British Orthodox Church -- 0.01 million Restorationism and nontrinitarianism -- 35 million ( edit ) Latter Day Saint movement ( Mormonism ) -- 16.3 million The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints -- 16.1 million Community of Christ -- 0.25 million Jehovah's Witnesses -- 8.5 million Oneness Pentecostalism -- 6 million United Pentecostal Church International -- 4 million Pentecostal Assemblies of the World -- 1.5 million Minor denominations -- 4.4 million Iglesia ni Cristo -- 2.3 million La Luz del Mundo -- around million (See La Luz del Mundo#Statistics ) Unitarian Universalism -- 0.6 million Unitarian Universalist Association -- 0.2 million (Unitarian Universalism developed out of Christian traditions but no longer identifies as a Christian denomination.) Church of Christ, Scientist -- 0.4 million Friends of Man -- 0.07 million Christadelphians -- 0.06 million Family International -- 0.01 million Independent catholicism -- 18 million ( edit ) Various denominations self-identifying as Catholic, despite not being affiliated with the Catholic Church itself. Philippine Independent Church -- 6 million Chinese Patriotic Catholic Association -- 5 million Brazilian Catholic Apostolic Church -- 5 million Traditionalist Mexican-American Catholic Church -- 2 million Old Catholic Church -- 0.1 million Polish National Catholic Church -- 0.025 million Apostolic Catholic Church -- 0.005 million Palmarian Catholic Church -- 0.0015 or 0.001 million Minor branches -- 1 million ( edit ) Church of the East ( Nestorianism ) -- 0.6 million Assyrian Church of the East -- 0.5 million Ancient Church of the East -- 0.1 million Messianic Judaism -- 0.35 million See also ( edit ) List of Christian denominations List of the largest Protestant denominations List of current Christian leaders Major religious groups References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Status of Global Mission, 2015, in the Context of AD 1900-- 2050'' (PDF) . International Bulletin of Missionary Research, Vol. 39, No. 1 . Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary. 2015 . Retrieved 2015-10-10 . Jump up ^ `` Global Catholic population exceeds 1.28 billion -- CatholicHerald.co.uk'' . 6 April 2017. Jump up ^ `` Catholic Church Statistics 2016 -- ZENIT -- English'' . Jump up ^ `` The Charismatic Renewal and the Catholic Church'' . Catholicworldreport.com . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Why So Many Rites in the Church -- ZENIT -- English'' . ^ Jump up to: `` The Other Catholics: A Short Guide to the Eastern Catholic Churches'' . Catholiceducation.org . Retrieved 2011-08-13 . Jump up ^ `` Rinunce e nomine'' . Jump up ^ http://www.cnewa.org/source-images/Roberson-eastcath-statistics/eastcatholic-stat10.pdf Jump up ^ `` CCEO: text -- IntraText CT'' . Intratext.com. 2007-05-04 . Retrieved 2011-08-13 . Jump up ^ `` Society Of St. Pius X (SSPX) Criticizes Pope Francis'' . The Huffington Post . 18 April 2013 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's religious Population , CIA World Factbook ^ Jump up to: Global Christianity -- A Report on the Size and Distribution of the World's Christian Population , The Pew Forum on Religion & Public Life, December 2011 Jump up ^ Jay Diamond, Larry. Plattner, Marc F. and Costopoulos, Philip J. World Religions and Democracy . 2005, page 119.( also in PDF file (archived from the original on 2008-04-13), p49), saying `` Not only do Protestants presently constitute 13 percent of the world's population-- about 800 million people-- but since 1900 Protestantism has spread rapidly in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. '' Jump up ^ Hillerbrand, Hans J. (2 August 2004). `` Encyclopedia of Protestantism: 4-volume Set'' . Routledge -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Clarke, Peter B.; Beyer, Peter (7 May 2009). `` The World's Religions: Continuities and Transformations'' . Taylor & Francis -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Brown, Stephen F. (5 September 2017). `` Protestantism'' . Infobase Publishing -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ Noll, Mark A. (25 August 2011). `` Protestantism: A Very Short Introduction'' . OUP Oxford -- via Google Books. Jump up ^ `` Baptist World Alliance'' . community.christianemergencynetwork.org. 2014-08-14. Jump up ^ `` ACP: Worship attendance rises, baptisms decline'' . Baptist Press . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ About Us The National Baptist Convention, USA, Inc. ^ Jump up to: `` Baptist World Alliance -- Statistics'' . ^ Jump up to: Ron Rhodes, The Complete Guide to Christian Denominations , Harvest House, 2007 Jump up ^ `` Church of Christ in Congo -- Baptist Community of Congo'' . Oikoumene.org . Retrieved 2011-08-13 . Jump up ^ `` Conservative Baptist Association of America (CBAmerica) American Denominations The Association of Religion Data Archives'' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 2011-08-13 . Jump up ^ `` National Association of Free Will Baptists American Denominations The Association of Religion Data Archives'' . Thearda.com . Retrieved 2011-08-13 . Jump up ^ Religions of the World: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of Beliefs and . Books.google.it. 2010-09-21. ISBN 9781598842043 . Retrieved 26 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Zahlen und Fakten zum kirchlichen Leben -- 2017'' (PDF) . ekd.de . Retrieved 7 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` '' Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus `` '' . News and Events. EECMY . Retrieved 10 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Tanzania -- The Lutheran World Federation'' . Jump up ^ Medlemmar i Svenska kyrkan 1972 - 2017 Svenska kyrkan Jump up ^ `` Sweden -- The Lutheran World Federation'' . Jump up ^ `` Member Churches (All) -- ::: Welcome to UNITED EVANGELICAL LUTHERAN CHURCHES IN INDIA :::'' . Uelci.org . Retrieved 2011-08-13 . ^ Jump up to: `` Indonesia -- The Lutheran World Federation'' . 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who was the us president when nafta was developed

The earlier Canada -- United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada , and the 1988 Canadian election involved discussion on the issue . In that election , more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties ( the Liberals and the New Democrats ) but the split caused more seats in parliament to be won by the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives ( PCs ) . Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority and were easily able to pass the 1987 Canada - U.S. FTA and NAFTA bills . However , he was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell . Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien , who had campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA ; however , Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with the new U.S. president . In the U.S. , Bush , who had worked to `` fast track '' the signing prior to the end of his term , ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president Bill Clinton . Prior to sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements , The North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation ( NAALC ) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation ( NAAEC ) , to protect workers and the environment , plus allay the concerns of many House members . It also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own .

North American Free trade Agreement - Wikipedia North American Free trade Agreement Jump to: navigation , search `` NAFTA'' redirects here. For other uses, see Nafta (disambiguation) . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues. Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2012) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Parts of this article (those related to Donald Trump) need to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2017) This article's lead section does not adequately summarize key points of its contents . Please consider expanding the lead to provide an accessible overview of all important aspects of the article. Please discuss this issue on the article's talk page . (April 2017) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) North American Free Trade Agreement Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte ( Spanish ) Accord de Libre-échange Nord-Américain ( French ) Logo of the NAFTA Secretariat Languages English Spanish French Type Free trade area Member states Canada Mexico United States Establishment January 1, 1994 ; 23 years ago ( 1994-01-01 ) Area Total 21,578,137 km (8,331,365 sq mi) Water (%) 7.4 Population 2016 estimate 481,800,000 Density 22.3/km (57.8/sq mi) GDP ( PPP ) 2016 estimate Total $22.567 trillion Per capita $46,839 GDP (nominal) 2016 estimate Total $21.144 trillion Per capita $43,885 HDI (2011) 0.868 very high Website www.naftanow.org NAFTA GDP -- 2012 : IMF -- World Economic Outlook Databases (Oct 2013) The North American Free Trade Agreement ( NAFTA ; Spanish: Tratado de Libre Comercio de América del Norte , TLCAN ; French: Accord de libre-échange nord-américain , ALÉNA ) is an agreement signed by Canada , Mexico , and the United States , creating a trilateral trade bloc in North America . The agreement came into force on January 1, 1994. It superseded the Canada-- United States Free Trade Agreement between the U.S. and Canada. NAFTA has two supplements: the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC) and the North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC). Most economic analyses indicate that NAFTA has been beneficial to the North American economies and the average citizen, but harmed a small minority of workers in industries exposed to trade competition. Economists hold that withdrawing from NAFTA or renegotiating NAFTA in a way that reestablishes trade barriers will adversely affect the U.S. economy and cost jobs. Contents ( hide ) 1 Negotiation and U.S. ratification 2 Provisions 2.1 Intellectual property 2.2 Environment 2.3 Agriculture 2.4 Transportation infrastructure 3 Impact 3.1 Canada 3.2 Mexico 3.3 United States 3.3.1 Trade balances 3.3.2 Investment 3.4 Jobs 3.5 Environment 3.6 Mobility of persons 4 Disputes and controversies 4.1 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot 4.2 Legal disputes 4.2.1 Change in income trust taxation not expropriation 4.3 Impact on Mexican farmers 4.4 Zapatista Uprising in response to NAFTA in Chiapas, Mexico 4.5 Chapter 11 4.6 Chapter 19 4.7 Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates 5 Policy of the Trump administration 5.1 Renegotiation 5.2 Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA 6 Trans-Pacific Partnership 7 See also 8 References 9 Further reading 10 External links Negotiation and U.S. ratification Back row, left to right: Mexican President Carlos Salinas de Gortari , U.S. President George H.W. Bush , and Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney , at the initialing of the draft North American Free Trade Agreement in October 1992. In front are Mexican Secretary of Commerce and Industrial Development Jaime Serra Puche , United States Trade Representative Carla Hills , and Canadian Minister of International Trade Michael Wilson . Following diplomatic negotiations dating back to 1990 among the three nations, U.S. President George H.W. Bush , Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney and Mexican President Carlos Salinas signed the agreement in their respective capitals on December 17, 1992. The signed agreement was then ratified by each nation's legislative or parliamentary branch. The earlier Canada-- United States Free Trade Agreement had been controversial and divisive in Canada, and the 1988 Canadian election involved discussion on the issue. In that election, more Canadians voted for anti-free trade parties (the Liberals and the New Democrats ) but the split caused more seats in parliament to be won by the pro-free trade Progressive Conservatives (PCs). Mulroney and the PCs had a parliamentary majority and were easily able to pass the 1987 Canada-U.S. FTA and NAFTA bills. However, he was replaced as Conservative leader and prime minister by Kim Campbell . Campbell led the PC party into the 1993 election where they were decimated by the Liberal Party under Jean Chrétien , who had campaigned on a promise to renegotiate or abrogate NAFTA; however, Chrétien subsequently negotiated two supplemental agreements with the new U.S. president. In the U.S., Bush, who had worked to `` fast track'' the signing prior to the end of his term, ran out of time and had to pass the required ratification and signing of the implementation law to incoming president Bill Clinton . Prior to sending it to the United States Senate Clinton added two side agreements, The North American Agreement on Labor Cooperation (NAALC) and the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), to protect workers and the environment, plus allay the concerns of many House members. It also required U.S. partners to adhere to environmental practices and regulations similar to its own. After much consideration and emotional discussion, the House of Representatives passed the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act on November 17, 1993, 234-- 200. The agreement's supporters included 132 Republicans and 102 Democrats. The bill passed the Senate on November 20, 1993, 61-- 38. Senate supporters were 34 Republicans and 27 Democrats. Clinton signed it into law on December 8, 1993; the agreement went into effect on January 1, 1994. Clinton, while signing the NAFTA bill, stated that `` NAFTA means jobs. American jobs, and good-paying American jobs. If I didn't believe that, I wouldn't support this agreement.'' This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (December 2009) Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act (December 8, 1993) Play media Bill Clinton 's remarks on the signing of the North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act, December 8, 1993. Remarks on the Signing of the NAFTA Implementation Act (December 8, 1993) Problems playing these files? See media help . Provisions The goal of NAFTA was to eliminate barriers to trade and investment between the U.S., Canada and Mexico. The implementation of NAFTA on January 1, 1994 brought the immediate elimination of tariffs on more than one-half of Mexico's exports to the U.S. and more than one-third of U.S. exports to Mexico. Within 10 years of the implementation of the agreement, all U.S.-Mexico tariffs would be eliminated except for some U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico that were to be phased out within 15 years. Most U.S.-Canada trade was already duty-free. NAFTA also sought to eliminate non-tariff trade barriers and to protect the intellectual property rights on traded products. Chapter 52 provides a procedure for the international resolution of disputes over the application and interpretation of NAFTA. It was modelled after Chapter 69 of the Canada-United States Free Trade Agreement . The roster of NAFTA adjudicators includes many retired judges, such as Alice Desjardins , John Maxwell Evans , Constance Hunt , John Richard , Arlin M. Adams , Susan Getzendanner , George C. Pratt , Charles B. Renfrew and Sandra Day O'Connor . Intellectual property The North American Free Trade Agreement Implementation Act made some changes to the copyright law of the United States , foreshadowing the Uruguay Round Agreements Act of 1994 by restoring copyright (within the NAFTA nations) on certain motion pictures which had entered the public domain. Environment Securing U.S. congressional approval for NAFTA would have been impossible without addressing public concerns about NAFTA's environmental impact. The Clinton administration negotiated a side agreement on the environment with Canada and Mexico, the North American Agreement on Environmental Cooperation (NAAEC), which led to the creation of the Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) in 1994. To alleviate concerns that NAFTA, the first regional trade agreement between a developing country and two developed countries, would have negative environmental impacts, the CEC was given a mandate to conduct ongoing ex post environmental assessment of NAFTA. In response to this mandate, the CEC created a framework for conducting environmental analysis of NAFTA, one of the first ex post frameworks for the environmental assessment of trade liberalization. The framework was designed to produce a focused and systematic body of evidence with respect to the initial hypotheses about NAFTA and the environment, such as the concern that NAFTA would create a `` race to the bottom'' in environmental regulation among the three countries, or the hope that NAFTA would pressure governments to increase their environmental protection mechanisms. The CEC has held four symposia using this framework to evaluate the environmental impacts of NAFTA and has commissioned 47 papers on this subject. In keeping with the CEC's overall strategy of transparency and public involvement, the CEC commissioned these papers from leading independent experts. Agriculture From the earliest negotiation, agriculture was (and still remains) a controversial topic within NAFTA, as it has been with almost all free trade agreements that have been signed within the WTO framework. Agriculture is the only section that was not negotiated trilaterally; instead, three separate agreements were signed between each pair of parties. The Canada-- U.S. agreement contains significant restrictions and tariff quotas on agricultural products (mainly sugar, dairy, and poultry products), whereas the Mexico-- U.S. pact allows for a wider liberalization within a framework of phase-out periods (it was the first North-- South FTA on agriculture to be signed). Transportation infrastructure NAFTA established the CANAMEX Corridor for road transport between Canada and Mexico, also proposed for use by rail, pipeline, and fiber optic telecommunications infrastructure. This became a High Priority Corridor under the U.S. Intermodal Surface Transportation Efficiency Act of 1991. Impact Obama, Peña Nieto and Harper at the IX North American Leaders' Summit (informally known as the Three Amigos Summit ) in Toluca . Canada Like Mexico and the U.S., Canada received a modest positive economic benefit as measured by GDP. Many feared declines failed to materialize, and some industries, like the furniture industry, which were expected to suffer, grew instead. Canadian manufacturing employment held steady despite an international downward trend in developed countries. One of NAFTA's biggest economic effects on U.S.-Canada trade has been to boost bilateral agricultural flows. In the year 2008 alone, Canada exports to the United States and Mexico were at $381.3 billion, and imports from NAFTA were at $245.1 billion. A 2007 study found that NAFTA has `` almost zero welfare impact on member and nonmember countries'' . A 2015 study found that Canada's welfare decreased by 0.06% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions, and that Canada's intra-bloc trade increased by 11%. Mexico Further information: Effects of NAFTA on Mexico Maquiladoras (Mexican assembly plants that take in imported components and produce goods for export) have become the landmark of trade in Mexico. These are plants that moved to this region from the United States, hence the debate over the loss of American jobs. Income in the maquiladora sector has increased 15.5% since the implementation of NAFTA in 1994. Other sectors now benefit from the free trade agreement, and the share of exports from non-border states has increased in the last five years while the share of exports from maquiladora-border states has decreased. This has allowed for the rapid growth of non-border metropolitan areas, such as Toluca , León and Puebla ; all three larger in population than Tijuana , Ciudad Juárez , and Reynosa . The overall effect of the Mexico-- U.S. agricultural agreement is a matter of dispute. Mexico did not invest in the infrastructure necessary for competition, such as efficient rail roads and highways, which resulted in more difficult living conditions for the country's poor. Mexico's agricultural exports increased 9.4 percent annually between 1994 and 2001, while imports increased by only 6.9 percent a year during the same period. One of the most affected agricultural sectors is the meat industry . Mexico has gone from a small player in the pre-1994 U.S. export market to the second largest importer of U.S. agricultural products in 2004, and NAFTA may be credited as a major catalyst for this change. The allowance of free trade removed the hurdles that impeded business between the two countries. As a result, Mexico has provided a growing market for meat for the U.S., leading to an increase in sales and profits for the U.S. meat industry. This coincides with a noticeable increase in Mexican per capita GDP that has created large changes in meat consumption patterns, implying that Mexicans can now afford to buy more meat and thus per capita meat consumption has grown. Production of corn in Mexico has increased since NAFTA's implementation. However, internal corn demand has increased beyond Mexico's sufficiency, and imports have become necessary, far beyond the quotas Mexico had originally negotiated. Zahniser & Coyle have also pointed out that corn prices in Mexico, adjusted for international prices, have drastically decreased, yet through a program of subsidies expanded by former president Vicente Fox , production has remained stable since 2000. Reduction in agricultural subsidies in the developed world, especially corn subsidies, has been suggested as a way to reduce harms to Mexican farmers. A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review of the existing literature found that NAFTA was a net benefit to Mexico. By the year 2003, 80% of the commerce in Mexico was executed only with the U.S. The commercial sales surplus under NAFTA with the U.S., combined with the deficit on the rest of the world, created a dependency in Mexico's exports. These effects were evident in 2001-- 2003; the result of that recession was either a low rate or a negative rate in Mexico's exports. A 2015 study found that Mexico's welfare increased by 1.31% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions, and that Mexico's intra-bloc trade increased by 118%. Inequality and poverty fell in the most globalization-affected regions of Mexico over the introduction of NAFTA. 2013 and 2015 studies show that Mexican small farmers benefitted more on NAFTA than large-scale farmers. NAFTA has also been credited with the rise of the Mexican middle class. A Tufts University study found that NAFTA lowered the average cost of basic necessities in Mexico by up to 50%. This price reduction has increased cash-on-hand for many Mexican families, allowing Mexico to graduate more engineers than Germany each year. The growth from new orders of products indicates that there was an increase in the demand from manufacture products. This increased demand resulted in an expansion of the production and a higher employment rate to satisfy the increment in the demand. The growth in the maquiladora industry and in the manufactory industry has been of 4.7% by August, 2016. Three quarters of the outer market of importation and exportations comes from the U.S. Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner has argued that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American. This has boosted cooperation between the United States and Mexico. United States Economists consider NAFTA to have been beneficial for the United States. In a 2012 survey of leading economists, 95% supported the notion that on average, U.S. citizens benefited on NAFTA. A 2001 Journal of Economic Perspectives review found that NAFTA was a net benefit to the United States. A 2015 study found that US welfare increased by 0.08% as a result of the NAFTA tariff reductions, and that US intra-bloc trade increased by 41%. In 2015, the Congressional Research Service concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP. However, there were worker and firm adjustment costs as the three countries adjusted to more open trade and investment among their economies.'' The report also estimated NAFTA added $80 billion to the US economy in the years since NAFTA's implementation, equivalent to a 0.5% increase in US GDP. The U.S. Chamber of Commerce credits NAFTA with increasing U.S. trade in goods and services with Canada and Mexico from $337 billion in 1993 to $1.2 trillion in 2011, while the AFL-CIO blames the agreement for sending 700,000 American manufacturing jobs to Mexico over that time. University of California, San Diego, economics professor Gordon Hanson has said that NAFTA helped the U.S. compete against China and therefore saved U.S. jobs. While some jobs were lost to Mexico as a result of NAFTA, considerably more would have been lost to China if not for NAFTA. Trade balances The U.S. had a trade surplus with NAFTA countries of $28.3 billion for services in 2009 and a trade deficit of $94.6 billion (36.4% annual increase) for goods in 2010. This trade deficit accounted for 26.8 percent of all U.S. goods trade deficit. In a study published in the August 2008 issue of the American Journal of Agricultural Economics , NAFTA has increased U.S. agricultural exports to Mexico and Canada even though most of this increase occurred a decade after its ratification. The study focused on the effects that gradual `` phase-in'' periods in regional trade agreements, including NAFTA, have on trade flows. Most of the increase in members' agricultural trade, which was only recently brought under the purview of the World Trade Organization, was due to very high trade barriers before NAFTA or other regional trade agreements. Investment The U.S. foreign direct investment (FDI) in NAFTA countries (stock) was $327.5 billion in 2009 (latest data available), up 8.8% from 2008. The U.S. direct investment in NAFTA countries is in nonbank holding companies, and in the manufacturing, finance/insurance, and mining sectors. The foreign direct investment of Canada and Mexico in the United States (stock) was $237.2 billion in 2009 (the latest data available), up 16.5% from 2008. Jobs For impacts specific to the United States, see NAFTA's effect on United States employment . Many American small businesses depend on exporting their products to Canada or Mexico under NAFTA. According to the U.S. Trade Representative , this trade supports over 140,000 small- and medium-sized businesses in the US. According to the Economic Policy Institute , California , Texas , Michigan and other states with high concentrations of manufacturing jobs were most affected by job loss due to NAFTA. EPI economist Robert Scott estimates some 682,900 U.S. jobs have been `` lost or displaced'' as a result of the trade agreement. However, other studies have found that NAFTA only had a modest impact on manufacturing employment, and that automation explains away 87% of the losses in manufacturing jobs. According to University of California, Berkeley professor of economics Brad DeLong , NAFTA had an insignificant impact on US manufacturing. The adverse impact on manufacturing has been way exaggerated in US political discourse according to DeLong, which is something that Harvard economist Dani Rodrik agrees with. Environment For more details on this topic, see NAFTA's Impact on the Environment . According to a study in the Journal of International Economics , NAFTA reduced pollution emitted by the US manufacturing sector: `` On average, nearly two-thirds of the reductions in PM and SO emissions from the U.S. manufacturing sector between 1994 and 1998 can be attributed to trade liberalization following NAFTA.'' According to the Sierra Club , NAFTA contributed to large-scale, export-oriented farming, which led to the increased use of fossil fuels, pesticides and GMO. NAFTA also contributed to environmentally destructive mining practices in Mexico. It prevented Canada from effectively regulating its tar sands industry, and created new legal avenues for transnational corporations to fight environmental legislation. In some cases, environmental policy was neglected in the wake of trade liberalization; in other cases, NAFTA's measures for investment protection, such as Chapter 11, and measures against non-tariff trade barriers threatened to discourage more vigorous environmental policy. The most serious overall increases in pollution due to NAFTA were found in the base metals sector, the Mexican petroleum sector, and the transportation equipment sector in the United States and Mexico, but not in Canada. Mobility of persons According to the Department of Homeland Security Yearbook of Immigration Statistics, during fiscal year 2006 (i.e., October 2005 through September 2006), 73,880 foreign professionals (64,633 Canadians and 9,247 Mexicans) were admitted into the United States for temporary employment under NAFTA (i.e., in the TN status ). Additionally, 17,321 of their family members (13,136 Canadians, 2,904 Mexicans, as well as a number of third-country nationals married to Canadians and Mexicans) entered the U.S. in the treaty national's dependent (TD) status. Because DHS counts the number of the new I-94 arrival records filled at the border, and the TN-1 admission is valid for three years, the number of non-immigrants in TN status present in the U.S. at the end of the fiscal year is approximately equal to the number of admissions during the year. (A discrepancy may be caused by some TN entrants leaving the country or changing status before their three-year admission period has expired, while other immigrants admitted earlier may change their status to TN or TD, or extend TN status granted earlier). According to the International Organization for Migration , deaths of migrants have been on the rise worldwide with 5,604 deaths in 2016. An increased number of undocumented farmworkers in California may be due to the initial passing of NAFTA Canadian authorities estimated that, as of December 1, 2006, a total of 24,830 U.S. citizens and 15,219 Mexican citizens were present in Canada as `` foreign workers'' . These numbers include both entrants under the NAFTA agreement and those who have entered under other provisions of the Canadian immigration law. New entries of foreign workers in 2006 were 16,841 (U.S. citizens) and 13,933 (Mexicans). Nevertheless, the institutional frameworks of the cross-border migrations are weak, so as the institutional roles and responsibilities at both in the national and international levels. Disputes and controversies 1992 U.S. presidential candidate Ross Perot In the second 1992 Presidential Debate, Ross Perot argued: We have got to stop sending jobs overseas. It's pretty simple: If you're paying $12, $13, $14 an hour for factory workers and you can move your factory south of the border, pay a dollar an hour for labor,...have no health care-- that's the most expensive single element in making a car-- have no environmental controls, no pollution controls and no retirement, and you don't care about anything but making money, there will be a giant sucking sound going south. ...when (Mexico's ) jobs come up from a dollar an hour to six dollars an hour, and ours go down to six dollars an hour, and then it's leveled again. But in the meantime, you've wrecked the country with these kinds of deals. Perot ultimately lost the election, and the winner, Bill Clinton , supported NAFTA, which went into effect on January 1, 1994. Legal disputes This article needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (August 2009) In 1996, the gasoline additive MMT was brought into Canada by Ethyl Corporation , an American company. At the time, the Canadian federal government banned the importation of the additive. The American company brought a claim under NAFTA Chapter 11 seeking US$201 million, from the Canadian government and the Canadian provinces under the Agreement on Internal Trade (`` AIT'' ). The American company argued that their additive had not been conclusively linked to any health dangers, and that the prohibition was damaging to their company. Following a finding that the ban was a violation of the AIT, the Canadian federal government repealed the ban and settled with the American company for US$13 million. Studies by Health and Welfare Canada (now Health Canada) on the health effects of MMT in fuel found no significant health effects associated with exposure to these exhaust emissions. Other Canadian researchers and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency disagree with Health Canada, and cite studies that include possible nerve damage. The United States and Canada have been arguing for years over the United States' decision to impose a 27% duty on Canadian softwood lumber imports. Canada had filed numerous motions to have the duty eliminated and the collected duties returned to Canada. After the United States lost an appeal from a NAFTA panel, it responded by saying `` We are, of course, disappointed with the (NAFTA panel's ) decision, but it will have no impact on the anti-dumping and countervailing duty orders.'' (Nick Lifton, spokesman for U.S. Trade Representative Rob Portman) On July 21, 2006, the United States Court of International Trade found that imposition of the duties was contrary to U.S. law. Change in income trust taxation not expropriation On October 30, 2007, American citizens Marvin and Elaine Gottlieb filed a Notice of Intent to Submit a Claim to Arbitration under NAFTA, claiming thousands of U.S. investors lost a total of $5 billion in the fall-out from the Conservative Government's decision the previous year to change the tax rate on income trusts in the energy sector. On April 29, 2009, a determination was made that this change in tax law was not expropriation. Impact on Mexican farmers Several studies have rejected NAFTA as the force responsible for depressing the incomes of poor corn farmers, citing the trend's existence more than a decade before NAFTA's existence, an increase in maize production after NAFTA went into effect in 1994, and the lack of a measurable impact on the price of Mexican corn due to subsidized corn coming into Mexico from the United States, though they agree that the abolition of U.S. agricultural subsidies would benefit Mexican farmers. Zapatista uprising in response to NAFTA in chiapas, Mexico For more details on this topic, see Zapatista Army of National Liberation . The preparations for NAFTA included cancellation of Article 27 of Mexico's constitution, the cornerstone of Emiliano Zapata 's revolution of 1910-- 1919. Under the historic Article 27, Indian communal landholdings were protected from sale or privatization. However, this barrier to investment was incompatible with NAFTA. With the removal of Article 27, Indian farmers feared the loss of their remaining lands, and also feared cheap imports (substitutes) from the US. Thus, the Zapatistas labelled NAFTA as a `` death sentence'' to Indian communities all over Mexico. Then EZLN declared war on the Mexican state on January 1, 1994, the day NAFTA came into force. Chapter 11 Another contentious issue is the impact of the investor state dispute settlement obligations contained in Chapter 11 of the NAFTA. Chapter 11 allows corporations or individuals to sue Mexico, Canada or the United States for compensation when actions taken by those governments (or by those for whom they are responsible at international law, such as provincial, state, or municipal governments) violate the international law. This chapter has been criticized by groups in the U.S., Mexico, and Canada for a variety of reasons, including not taking into account important social and environmental considerations. In Canada, several groups, including the Council of Canadians, challenged the constitutionality of Chapter 11. They lost at the trial level and have subsequently appealed. Methanex Corporation , a Canadian corporation, filed a US$ 970 million suit against the United States, claiming that a California ban on Methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE), a substance that had found its way into many wells in the state, was hurtful to the corporation's sales of methanol . However, the claim was rejected, and the company was ordered to pay US$3 million to the U.S. government in costs. The tribunal based its decision namely on following reasoning: But as a matter of general international law, a non-discriminatory regulation for a public purpose, which is enacted in accordance with due process and, which affects, inter alios , a foreign investor or investment is not deemed expropriatory and compensable unless specific commitments had been given by the regulating government to the then putative foreign investor contemplating investment that the government would refrain from such regulation. In another case, Metalclad , an American corporation, was awarded US$15.6 million from Mexico after a Mexican municipality refused a construction permit for the hazardous waste landfill it intended to construct in Guadalcázar , San Luis Potosí . The construction had already been approved by the federal government with various environmental requirements imposed (see paragraph 48 of the tribunal decision). The NAFTA panel found that the municipality did not have the authority to ban construction on the basis of the environmental concerns. Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada is a US$500mn claim for faulty drug patent legislation. Apotex is suing the U.S. for US$520 million because of lost opportunity in a FDA generic drug decision. Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada has filed a US$250 million claim against Canada, whom it accuses of `` arbitrary, capricious and illegal'' behaviour, because Quebec aims to prevent fracking exploration under the St. Lawrence Seaway . Milos Barutciski , the lawyer who represents Lone Pine, has decried attempts to portray his client as `` another rapacious multinational challenging governments' ability to regulate for health, safety and the environment'' . Lone Pine Resources is incorporated in Delaware but headquartered in Calgary, and had an initial public offering of stock on the NYSE on May 25, 2011, which offered 15 million shares each for $13 and raised US$195 million. Barutciski acknowledged `` that NAFTA and other investor-protection treaties create an anomaly in that Canadian companies that have also seen their permits rescinded by the very same Quebec legislation, which expressly forbids the paying of compensation, do not have the right pursue a NAFTA claim,'' and that winning `` compensation in Canadian courts for domestic companies in this case would be more difficult since the Constitution puts property rights in provincial hands.'' A treaty with China would extend similar rights to Chinese investors, including SOEs . Chapter 19 Also contentious is NAFTA's Chapter 19, which subjects antidumping and countervailing duty (AD/CVD) determinations to binational panel review instead of, or in addition to, conventional judicial review. For example, in the United States, review of agency decisions imposing antidumping and countervailing duties are normally heard before the U.S. Court of International Trade , an Article III court . NAFTA parties, however, have the option of appealing the decisions to binational panels composed of five citizens from the two relevant NAFTA countries. The panelists are generally lawyers experienced in international trade law. Since the NAFTA does not include substantive provisions concerning AD/CVD, the panel is charged with determining whether final agency determinations involving AD/CVD conform with the country's domestic law. Chapter 19 can be considered as somewhat of an anomaly in international dispute settlement since it does not apply international law, but requires a panel composed of individuals from many countries to re-examine the application of one country's domestic law. A Chapter 19 panel is expected to examine whether the agency's determination is supported by `` substantial evidence.'' This standard assumes significant deference to the domestic agency. Some of the most controversial trade disputes in recent years, such as the U.S.-Canada softwood lumber dispute , have been litigated before Chapter 19 panels. Decisions by Chapter 19 panels can be challenged before a NAFTA extraordinary challenge committee. However, an extraordinary challenge committee does not function as an ordinary appeal. Under NAFTA, it will only vacate or remand a decision if the decision involves a significant and material error that threatens the integrity of the NAFTA dispute settlement system. Since January 2006, no NAFTA party has successfully challenged a Chapter 19 panel's decision before an extraordinary challenge committee. Criticism from 2016 U.S. presidential candidates In a 60 Minutes interview in September 2015, the American businessman Donald Trump , having announced his candidacy for the 2016 presidential election just three months earlier, condemned the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), calling it `` the single worst trade deal ever approved in (the United States)'' , going on to say that if elected president, `` We will either renegotiate it, or we will break it.'' Juan Pablo Castañón , president of the Consejo Coordinador Empresarial, expressed his concerns about the renegotiation and the willingness to focus on the car industry that has brought a lot of success A range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S., including reduced access to the U.S.'s biggest export markets, a reduction in economic growth, and increased prices for gasoline, cars, fruits, and vegetables. Members of the private initiative in Mexico said that in order to eliminate NAFTA there are a lot of laws that have to be adapted by the U.S. Congress and this will also eventually result in legal complaints by the World Trade Organization . The Washington Post fact-checker furthermore noted that a Congressional Research Service review of the academic literature on NAFTA concluded that the `` net overall effect of NAFTA on the U.S. economy appears to have been relatively modest, primarily because trade with Canada and Mexico accounts for a small percentage of U.S. GDP.'' Democratic candidate Bernie Sanders is also opposed to the Trans-Pacific Partnership trade agreement, which he has called `` a continuation of other disastrous trade agreements, like NAFTA , CAFTA , and permanent normal trade relations with China.'' He believes that free trade agreements have led to a loss of American jobs and have depressed American wages. Sanders has said that America needs to rebuild its own manufacturing base by using American factories and supporting well-paying jobs for American labor rather than outsourcing to China and other countries. Policy of the Trump administration Renegotiation Shortly after being elected , U.S. President Donald Trump announced his intention to begin renegotiating the terms of NAFTA, seeking to resolve issues with trade outlined during his campaign for the presidency. The leaders of Canada and Mexico have indicated their willingness to work with the Trump administration, and although vague on the exact terms that he will be seeking in a renegotiated NAFTA, Trump has threatened to withdraw from it if negotiations fail. In July 2017, the Trump administration provided a detailed list of changes that it would like to see to NAFTA. The top priority for the administration is the reduction in the United States' trade deficit. The administration also called for the elimination of provisions that allowed Canada and Mexico to appeal duties imposed by the United States and limited the ability of the United States to impose import restrictions on Canada and Mexico. The list also voiced concerns about subsidized state-owned enterprises and currency manipulation. According to Chad Bown of the Peterson Institute for International Economics, the Trump administration's list `` is very consistent with the president's stance on liking trade barriers, liking protectionism. This makes NAFTA in many respects less of a free-trade agreement.'' The concerns over subsidized state-owned enterprises and currency manipulation are not deemed applicable to Canada and Mexico. Jeffrey Schott of the Peterson Institute for International Economics noted that it would not be possible to conclude renegotiations quickly while also addressing all the concerns on the list. He also said that it would be difficult to do anything about trade deficits. Impact of withdrawing from NAFTA Following Donald Trump's election to the presidency , a range of trade experts have said that pulling out of NAFTA as Trump proposed would have a range of unintended consequences for the U.S., including reduced access to the U.S.'s biggest export markets, a reduction in economic growth, and increased prices for gasoline, cars, fruits, and vegetables. The worst affected sectors would be textiles, agriculture and automobiles. According to Tufts University political scientist Daniel W. Drezner, the Trump administration's desire to return relations with Mexico to the pre-NAFTA era are misguided. Drezner argues that NAFTA made it easier for Mexico to transform to a real democracy and become a country that views itself as North American. If Trump acts on many of the threats that he has made against Mexico, it is not inconceivable that Mexicans would turn to left-wing populist strongmen, as several South-American countries have. At the very least, US-Mexico relations would worsen, with adverse implications for cooperation on border security, counterterrorism, drug-war cooperation, deportations and managing Central American migration. According to Chad P. Bown (senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics), `` a renegotiated NAFTA that would reestablish trade barriers is unlikely to help workers who lost their jobs -- regardless of the cause -- take advantage of new employment opportunities.'' According to Harvard economist Marc Melitz, `` recent research estimates that the repeal of NAFTA would not increase car production in the United States.'' Melitz notes that this would cost manufacturing jobs. Trans-Pacific Partnership If the Trans-Pacific Partnership comes into effect, existing agreements like NAFTA will be reduced to those provisions that do not conflict with the TPP, or that require greater trade liberalization than the TPP. However, only Canada and Mexico will have the prospect of becoming members of the TPP after U.S. President Donald Trump withdrew the United States from the agreement in January 2017. In May 2017, the 11 remaining members of the TPP, including Canada and Mexico, agreed to proceed with the trade deal without U.S. participation. See also Economics portal North America portal Canada portal United States portal Mexico portal North American Leaders' Summit Association of Southeast Asian Nations Canada's Global Markets Action Plan The Fight for Canada Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) Economic Community of West African States European Economic Area European Free Trade Association European Union North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Pacific Alliance Trans-Pacific Partnership Free trade debate References Jump up ^ NAFTA Secretariat . Nafta-sec-alena.org (June 9, 2010). Retrieved on July 12, 2013. ^ Jump up to: `` Report for Selected Countries and Subjects'' . 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December 1, 2006. doi : 10.3152/147154606781765048 . Retrieved July 25, 2015 . Jump up ^ Analytic Framework for Assessing the Environmental Effects of the North American Free Trade Agreement . Commission for Environmental Cooperation (1999) Jump up ^ `` Trade and Environment in the Americas'' . Cec.org . Retrieved November 9, 2008 . Jump up ^ Sergie, Mohammed Aly (14 February 2014). `` NAFTA's Economic Impact'' . Council on Foreign Relations think tank . Retrieved 5 August 2014 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA -- Fast Facts: North American Free Trade Agreement'' . NAFTANow.org. April 4, 2012 . Retrieved October 26, 2013 . Jump up ^ Romalis, John (2007-07-12). `` NAFTA's and CUSFTA's Impact on International Trade'' . Review of Economics and Statistics . 89 (3): 416-- 35. doi : 10.1162/rest.89.3.416 . ISSN 0034-6535 . ^ Jump up to: Caliendo, Lorenzo; Parro, Fernando (2015-01-01). `` Estimates of the Trade and Welfare Effects of NAFTA'' . The Review of Economic Studies . 82 (1): 1-- 44. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.189.1365 . doi : 10.1093/restud/rdu035 . ISSN 0034-6527 . Jump up ^ Hufbauer, GC; Schott, JJ (2005). `` NAFTA Revisited'' . Washington, DC: Institute for International Economics Jump up ^ Greening the Americas , Carolyn L. Deere (editor). MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts Jump up ^ `` Clark, Georgia Rae. 2006. Analysis of Mexican demand for Meat: A Post-NAFTA Demand Systems Approach. MS Thesis, Texas Tech University'' (PDF) . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA, Corn, and Mexico's Agricultural Trade Liberalization'' (PDF) . (152 KB) p. 4 Jump up ^ U.S.-Mexico Corn Trade During the NAFTA Era: New Twists to an Old Story USDA Economic Research Service Jump up ^ http://www.nytimes.com/2003/08/27/business/us-corn-subsidies-said-to-damage-mexico.html Jump up ^ Ruiz Nápoles , Pablo. `` El TLCAN y el balance comercial en México '' . Economía Informa. UNAM. 2003 Jump up ^ H, Hanson, Gordon (2007-03-09). `` Globalization, Labor Income, and Poverty in Mexico'' . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library'' . Review of Development Economics . 17 : 594-- 608. doi : 10.1111/rode.12053 . Jump up ^ `` Maintenance page : Wiley Online Library'' . Journal of International Development . 27 : 112-- 132. doi : 10.1002/jid.2814 . Jump up ^ O'Neil , Shannon (March 2013). `` Mexico Makes It'' . Foreign Affairs . 92 (2) . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Taylor, Guy (14 May 2012). `` NAFTA key to economic, social growth in Mexico'' . The Washington Times . The Washington Times, LLC . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Economic Report of the exportations in the manufacturer industry'' Consejo Nacional de Industria Maquiladora Manufacturera A.C. 2016 ^ Jump up to: `` The missing dimension in the NAFTA debate'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-02-12 . Jump up ^ https://www.facebook.com/anaclaireswanson . `` Trump administration formally launches NAFTA renegotiation'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-07-18 . Jump up ^ Frankel, Jeffrey (2017-04-24). `` How to Renegotiate NAFTA'' . Project Syndicate . Retrieved 2017-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)'' (PDF) . Jump up ^ `` Subscribe to read'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` NAFTA's Economic Impact'' . Council on Foreign Relations . Retrieved 2017-02-07 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Eduardo (2016-03-29). `` Nafta May Have Saved Many Autoworkers' Jobs'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-02-07 . ^ Jump up to: `` North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)'' . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved December 3, 2014 . Jump up ^ Newswise: Free Trade Agreement Helped U.S. Farmers Retrieved on June 12, 2008. Jump up ^ http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/policy/nafta/nafta.asp Jump up ^ `` North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) United States Trade Representative'' . ustr.gov . Retrieved 2016-10-12 . Jump up ^ `` NAFTA's Impact on U.S. Workers'' . Economic Policy Institute . Retrieved 2016-10-12 . Jump up ^ U.S. Economy Lost Nearly 700,000 Jobs Because Of NAFTA, EPI Says . The Huffington Post. July 12, 2011. Jump up ^ Long, Heather (2017-02-16). `` U.S. auto workers hate NAFTA ... but love robots'' . CNNMoney . Retrieved 2017-02-21 . ^ Jump up to: DeLong, J. Bradford. `` NAFTA and other trade deals have not gutted American manufacturing -- period'' . Vox . Retrieved 2017-02-07 . Jump up ^ `` What did NAFTA really do?'' . Dani Rodrik's weblog . Retrieved 2017-02-07 . Jump up ^ Cherniwchan, Jevan. `` Trade Liberalization and the Environment: Evidence from NAFTA and U.S. Manufacturing'' . Journal of International Economics . 105 : 130-- 149. doi : 10.1016/j.jinteco.2017.01.005 . ^ Jump up to: `` Environmental Damages Underscore Risks of Unfair Trade'' . Sierraclub.org . Retrieved March 4, 2014 . Jump up ^ `` IngentaConnect NAFTA Commission for Environmental Cooperation: ongoing assessment of trade liberalization in North America'' . Ingentaconnect.com . Retrieved November 9, 2008 . Jump up ^ Kenneth A. Reinert and David W. Roland-Holst The Industrial Pollution Impacts of NAFTA: Some Preliminary Results . Commission for Environmental Cooperation (November 2000) Jump up ^ DHS Yearbook 2006. Supplemental Table 1: Nonimmigrant Admissions (I-94 Only) by Class of Admission and Country of Citizenship: Fiscal Year 2006 Archived February 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jones, Reese. Borders & Walls: Do Barriers Deter Unauthorized Migration. Migration Policy Institute. web page (1) October 5, 2016. Jump up ^ Bacon, David. `` Globalization and NAFTA Caused Migration from Mexico Political Research Associates'' . Retrieved 2017-04-03 . Jump up ^ Facts and Figures 2006 Immigration Overview: Temporary Residents (Citizenship and Immigration Canada) Jump up ^ `` Facts and Figures 2006 -- Immigration Overview: Permanent and Temporary Residents'' . Cic.gc.ca. June 29, 2007. Archived from the original on August 22, 2008 . Retrieved November 9, 2008 . Jump up ^ The Global Perspective of Migration and Development. GMDF Puerto Vallarta and Beyond. Springer Science & Business media. May 23, 2012. Jump up ^ `` THE 1992 CAMPAIGN; Transcript of 2d TV Debate Between Bush, Clinton and Perot'' . The New York Times . New York Times Company. 16 October 1992 . Retrieved 16 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Notice of Arbitration'' (PDF) . (1.71 MB) , ' Ethyl Corporation vs. Government of Canada' Jump up ^ `` '' Agreement on Internal Trade `` '' (PDF) . Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-08-22. (118 KB) Jump up ^ `` Dispute Settlement'' . Dfait-maeci.gc.ca. October 15, 2010 . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` MMT: the controversy over this fuel additive continues'' . canadiandriver.com . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ softwood Lumber Archived June 16, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Statement from USTR Spokesperson Neena Moorjani Regarding the NAFTA Extraordinary Challenge Committee decision in Softwood Lumber Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ' Tembec, Inc vs. United States ' '' (PDF) . (193 KB) Jump up ^ Statement by USTR Spokesman Stephen Norton Regarding CIT Lumber Ruling Archived May 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Canada, Global Affairs; Canada, Affaires mondiales (June 26, 2013). `` Global Affairs Canada'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Fiess, Norbert; Daniel Lederman (November 24, 2004). `` Mexican Corn: The Effects of NAFTA'' (PDF) . Trade Note . The World Bank Group. 18 . Retrieved March 12, 2007 . Jump up ^ Subcomandante Marcos, Ziga Voa! 10 Years of the Zapatista Uprising. AK Press 2004 Jump up ^ `` NAFTA, Chapter 11'' . Sice.oas.org . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada, Global Affairs Canada (July 31, 2002). `` The North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) -- Chapter 11 -- Investment'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)' , Public Citizen '' . Citizen.org. January 1, 1994 . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ Red Mexicana de Accion Frente al Libre Comercio. `` NAFTA and the Mexican Environment'' . Archived from the original on December 16, 2000. Jump up ^ `` The Council of Canadians'' . Canadians.org . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission for Environmental Cooperation. `` The NAFTA environmental agreement: The Intersection of Trade and the Environment'' . Cec.org . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ PEJ News. `` Judge Rebuffs Challenge to NAFTA'S Chapter 11 Investor Claims Process'' . Pej.org . Retrieved July 4, 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Methanex Corporation and United States of America'' (PDF) . (1.45 MB) Archived June 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Arbitration award between Metalclad Corporation and The United Mexican States'' (PDF) . (120 KB) Archived June 16, 2007, at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. `` Eli Lilly and Company v. Government of Canada'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Canada must learn from NAFTA legal battles'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ Government of Canada, Foreign Affairs Trade and Development Canada. `` Lone Pine Resources Inc. v. Government of Canada'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: `` Quebec's St. Lawrence fracking ban challenged under NAFTA'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Stock:Lone Pine Resources'' . Retrieved January 20, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Millán , Juan. `` North American Free Trade Agreement; Invitation for Applications for Inclusion on the Chapter 19 Roster'' (PDF) . Federal Register . Office of the United States Trade Representative . Retrieved 19 March 2016 . Jump up ^ Politico Staff. `` Full transcript: First 2016 presidential debate'' . Politico . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Jill Colvin, Trump: NAFTA trade deal a ' disaster,' says he'd ' break' it , Associated Press (September 25, 2015). Jump up ^ Mark Thoma, Is Donald Trump right to call NAFTA a `` disaster'' ? , CBS News (October 5, 2015). ^ Jump up to: Gonzales, Lilia (November 14, 2016). `` El Economista'' . Jump up ^ Eric Martin, Trump Killing NAFTA Could Mean Big Unintended Consequences for the U.S. , Bloomberg Business (October 1, 2015). Jump up ^ `` Sen. Bernie Sanders on taxes, trade agreements and Islamic State'' . PBS. May 18, 2015 . Retrieved May 20, 2015 . (transcript of interview with Judy Woodruff) Jump up ^ Sanders, Bernie (May 21, 2015). `` The TPP Must Be Defeated'' . The Huffington Post . Retrieved May 22, 2015 . Jump up ^ Cite error: The named reference CNBC2015 was invoked but never defined (see the help page ). Jump up ^ Will Cabaniss for Punditfact. September 2, 2015 How Bernie Sanders, Hillary Clinton differ on the Trans-Pacific Partnership Jump up ^ `` What Is Nafta, and How Might Trump Change It?'' . The New York Times . Retrieved April 5, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Rappeport, Alan (2017-07-17). `` U.S. Calls for ' Much Better Deal' in Nafta Overhaul Plan'' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362-4331 . Retrieved 2017-07-18 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. makes lower trade deficit top priority in NAFTA talks'' . Reuters . July 18, 2017 . Retrieved 2017-07-18 . ^ Jump up to: `` US calls for smaller deficits in new NAFTA talks'' . BBC News . 2017-07-18 . Retrieved 2017-07-18 . Jump up ^ Journal, Julie Wernau Photographs by Mark Mahaney for The Wall Street (2017-02-12). `` Denim Dilemma'' . Wall Street Journal . ISSN 0099-9660 . Retrieved 2017-02-12 . Jump up ^ `` What is NAFTA, and what would happen to U.S. trade without it?'' . Washington Post . Retrieved 2017-02-15 . Jump up ^ Isfeld, Gordon (12 October 2015). `` Forget NAFTA, the TPP is the new ' gold standard' of global trade'' . Financial Post . National Post . Retrieved 31 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Shaffer, Sri Jegarajah, Craig Dale, Leslie (2017-05-21). `` TPP nations agree to pursue trade deal without US'' . CNBC . Retrieved July 4, 2017 . Further reading Edward J. Chambers, Peter H. Smith (2002) NAFTA in the new millennium . University of California, San Diego. Center for U.S.-Mexican Studies ISBN 0-88864-386-1 Maxwell A. Cameron, Brian W. Tomlin (2002) The making of NAFTA: how the deal was done . Cornell University Press. ISBN 0-8014-8781-1 . Gary Clyde Hufbauer and Jeffrey J. Schott (2005) NAFTA Revisited: Achievements and Challenges Washington, D.C.: Institute for International Economics ISBN 0-88132-334-9 M. Angeles Villarreal (2010) NAFTA and the Mexican Economy , Federation of American Scientists Congressional Research Service. RL34733 Berlin Forum on Global Politics (June 2015) Reflecting on NAFTA to better understand TTIP A collaborative photography project External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to North American Free Trade Agreement . Official website Abbott, Frederick M. North American Free Trade Agreement, Case Law ( Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law ). NaftaNow.org , jointly developed by the Governments of Canada, Mexico and the United States of America. Office of the U.S. Trade Representative -- NAFTA statistics page U.S. Department of Agriculture NAFTA links page North American Free Trade Agreement, 1992 Oct. 7 at Project Gutenberg NAFTA document in World Bank 's World Integrated Trade Solution GPTAD database library Trilateral relations of Canada, Mexico, and the United States North American integration Enacted Treaties North American Free Trade Agreement ( Agreement on Environmental Cooperation Agreement on Labor Cooperation ) Official bodies Active Commission for Environmental Cooperation North American Leaders' Summit North American Transportation Statistics Interchange Defunct Security and Prosperity Partnership of North America ( North American Competitiveness Council ) Lobby groups Pro-integration: Independent Task Force on North America North American Forum Anti-integration: The Council of Canadians Theorized projects North American monetary union NAFTA superhighway North American Union North American energy independence Canada-- Mexico relations Canada-- United States relations Mexico-- United States relations United States free-trade agreements Existing Bilateral Australia Bahrain Chile Colombia Israel Jordan Morocco Oman Panama Peru Singapore South Korea Multilateral Dominican Republic-- Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) Proposed Bilateral Ecuador Ghana Indonesia Kenya Kuwait Malaysia Mauritius Mozambique New Zealand Taiwan United Arab Emirates Uruguay Multilateral Free Trade Area of the Americas (FTAA) Middle East Free Trade Area (MEFTA) Transatlantic Free Trade Area (TAFTA) Trade in Services Agreement (TISA) Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership (TTIP) Suspended Southern African Customs Union (on hold since 2006) Thailand (on hold after 2006 coup ) Qatar (on hold since 2006) Defunct or expired Canada (became part of North American Free Trade Agreement ) Canada-- United States Automotive Products Agreement Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) George H.W. 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who are the writers of this is us

Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won

This Is Us (TV series) - wikipedia This Is Us (TV series) This Is Us Genre Drama Created by Dan Fogelman Starring Milo Ventimiglia Mandy Moore Sterling K. Brown Chrissy Metz Justin Hartley Susan Kelechi Watson Chris Sullivan Ron Cephas Jones Jon Huertas Alexandra Breckenridge Niles Fitch Logan Shroyer Hannah Zeile Mackenzie Hancsicsak Parker Bates Eris Baker Faithe Herman Lonnie Chavis Composer(s) Siddhartha Khosla Country of origin United States Original language(s) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 36 ( list of episodes ) Production Executive producer(s) Dan Fogelman Jess Rosenthal Donald Todd Ken Olin Charlie Gogolak John Requa Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker Elizabeth Berger Production location(s) Los Angeles, California Camera setup Single-camera Running time 42 minutes Production company(s) Rhode Island Ave. Productions Zaftig Films 20th Century Fox Television Distributor 20th Television Release Original network NBC Picture format HDTV 1080i Original release September 20, 2016 ( 2016-09-20 ) -- present External links Website This Is Us is an American drama television series created by Dan Fogelman that premiered on NBC on September 20, 2016. The series stars an ensemble cast featuring Milo Ventimiglia , Mandy Moore , Sterling K. Brown , Chrissy Metz , Justin Hartley , Susan Kelechi Watson , Chris Sullivan , Ron Cephas Jones , Jon Huertas , Alexandra Breckenridge , Niles Fitch, Logan Shroyer, Hannah Zeile, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Parker Bates, Lonnie Chavis, Eris Baker, and Faithe Herman. The program details the lives and families of two parents, and their three children born on the same day as their father's birthday. This Is Us is filmed in Los Angeles. The series has been nominated for Best Television Series -- Drama at the 74th Golden Globe Awards and Best Drama Series at the 7th Critics' Choice Awards , as well as being chosen as a Top Television Program by the American Film Institute . Sterling K. Brown has received an Emmy, a Golden Globe, a Critics' Choice Award, and an NAACP Image Award for his acting in the series. Mandy Moore and Chrissy Metz received Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress . In 2017, the series received ten Emmy nominations, including Outstanding Drama Series , with Brown winning for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series . On September 27, 2016, NBC picked up the series for a full season of 18 episodes. In January 2017, NBC renewed the series for two additional seasons of 18 episodes each. The second season premiered on September 26, 2017. The third season is scheduled to premiere on September 25, 2018. Contents 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 3 Episodes 3.1 Series overview 3.2 Season 1 (2016-- 17) 3.3 Season 2 (2017-- 18) 4 Production 4.1 Commitment to diversity 5 Release 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Ratings 6.3 Accolades 7 Notes 8 References 9 External links Premise ( edit ) The series follows the lives of siblings Kevin, Kate, and Randall (known as the `` Big Three'' ), and their parents Jack and Rebecca Pearson. It takes place in the present and using flashbacks , at various times in the past. Kevin and Kate are the two surviving members of a triplet pregnancy, born six weeks premature on Jack's 36th birthday in 1980; their brother is stillborn. Believing they were meant to have three children, Jack and Rebecca, who are white, decide to adopt Randall, a black child born the same day and brought to the same hospital after his biological father abandoned him at a fire station. Jack dies when his children are 17. Most episodes feature a storyline taking place in the present (2016-- 2018, contemporaneous with airing) and a storyline taking place at a set time in the past; but some episodes are set in one time period or use multiple flashback time periods. Flashbacks often focus on Jack and Rebecca c.1980 both before and after their babies' birth, or on the family when the Big Three are children (at least ages 8-- 10) or adolescents; these scenes usually take place in Pittsburgh , where the Big Three are born and raised. Various other time periods and locations have also served a settings. Recently, the show has flashed back to follow the lives of newer characters, such as Randall's foster child, Deja. As adults, Kate lives in Los Angeles , Randall and his family are in New Jersey , and Kevin relocates from Los Angeles to New York City . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article: List of This Is Us characters Main cast members (L-- R) Jones, Watson, Brown, Ventimiglia, Moore, Hartley, Metz, and Sullivan at PaleyFest 2017 Milo Ventimiglia as Jack Pearson: Rebecca's husband, and Kate, Kevin, and Randall's father. Mandy Moore as Rebecca Pearson: Jack's wife, and Kate, Kevin, and Randall's mother. Sterling K. Brown as Randall Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's adopted son, and Kate and Kevin's brother. Also played by Niles Fitch (ages 15-- 17) and Lonnie Chavis (ages 8-- 10). Chrissy Metz as Kate Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's daughter, and Kevin and Randall's sister. Also played by Hannah Zeile (ages 15-- 17) and Mackenzie Hancsicsak (ages 8-- 10). Justin Hartley as Kevin Pearson: Jack and Rebecca's son, and Kate and Randall's brother. Also played by Logan Shroyer (ages 15-- 17) and Parker Bates (ages 8-- 10). Susan Kelechi Watson as Beth Pearson: Randall's wife, and mother of Tess and Annie. Chris Sullivan as Toby Damon: Kate's husband. Ron Cephas Jones as William `` Shakespeare'' Hill: Randall's biological father. Also played by Jermel Nakia as a young adult. Jon Huertas as Miguel Rivas: Jack's best friend and Rebecca's second husband. (recurring season 1; main season 2-- present) Alexandra Breckenridge as Sophie: Kate's childhood best friend as well as Kevin's childhood love and ex-wife. Also played by Amanda Leighton (ages 15-- 17) and Sophia Coto (age 10). (recurring season 1; main season 2-- present) Eris Baker as Tess Pearson: Randall and Beth's older daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2-- present) Faithe Herman as Annie Pearson: Randall and Beth's younger daughter. (recurring season 1; main season 2-- present) Melanie Liburd as Zoe: Kevin's new girlfriend (guest season 2; main season 3-present) Episodes ( edit ) Series overview ( edit ) Season Episodes Originally aired Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Avg. viewership (inc. DVR) (in millions) 18 September 20, 2016 ( 2016-09-20 ) March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) 6 14.70 18 September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) March 13, 2018 ( 2018-03-13 ) 17.43 Season 1 (2016-- 17) ( edit ) Main article: This Is Us (season 1) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) `` Pilot'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman September 20, 2016 ( 2016-09-20 ) 1AZC01 10.07 `` The Big Three'' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 27, 2016 ( 2016-09-27 ) 1AZC02 8.75 `` Kyle'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman October 11, 2016 ( 2016-10-11 ) 1AZC03 9.87 `` The Pool'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman & Donald Todd October 18, 2016 ( 2016-10-18 ) 1AZC04 9.71 5 5 `` The Game Plan'' George Tillman Joe Lawson October 25, 2016 ( 2016-10-25 ) 1AZC05 8.68 6 6 `` Career Days'' Craig Zisk Bekah Brunstetter November 1, 2016 ( 2016-11-01 ) 1AZC06 8.48 7 7 `` The Best Washing Machine in the World'' Silas Howard K.J. Steinberg November 15, 2016 ( 2016-11-15 ) 1AZC07 9.50 8 8 `` Pilgrim Rick'' Sarah Pia Anderson Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger November 22, 2016 ( 2016-11-22 ) 1AZC08 9.00 9 9 `` The Trip'' Uta Briesewitz Vera Herbert November 29, 2016 ( 2016-11-29 ) 1AZC09 10.53 10 10 `` Last Christmas'' Helen Hunt Donald Todd December 6, 2016 ( 2016-12-06 ) 1AZC10 10.95 11 11 `` The Right Thing to Do'' Timothy Busfield Aurin Squire January 10, 2017 ( 2017-01-10 ) 1AZC11 10.48 12 12 `` The Big Day'' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Laura Kenar January 17, 2017 ( 2017-01-17 ) 1AZC12 9.59 13 13 `` Three Sentences'' Chris Koch Joe Lawson & Bekah Brunstetter January 24, 2017 ( 2017-01-24 ) 1AZC13 9.63 14 14 `` I Call Marriage'' George Tillman Jr. Kay Oyegun February 7, 2017 ( 2017-02-07 ) 1AZC14 9.57 15 15 `` Jack Pearson's Son'' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 14, 2017 ( 2017-02-14 ) 1AZC15 9.03 16 16 `` Memphis'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 21, 2017 ( 2017-02-21 ) 1AZC16 9.35 17 17 `` What Now?'' Wendey Stanzler K.J. Steinberg & Vera Herbert March 7, 2017 ( 2017-03-07 ) 1AZC17 11.15 18 18 `` Moonshadow'' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman & Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) 1AZC18 12.84 Season 2 (2017-- 18) ( edit ) Main article: This Is Us (season 2) No. overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod. code U.S. viewers (millions) 19 `` A Father's Advice'' Ken Olin Dan Fogelman September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) 2AZC01 12.94 20 `` A Manny-Splendored Thing'' John Fortenberry Dan Fogelman & Bekah Brunstetter October 3, 2017 ( 2017-10-03 ) 2AZC02 11.06 21 `` Déjà Vu'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger October 10, 2017 ( 2017-10-10 ) 2AZC03 11.02 22 `` Still There'' Ken Olin Vera Herbert October 17, 2017 ( 2017-10-17 ) 2AZC04 10.65 23 5 `` Brothers'' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Tyler Bensinger October 24, 2017 ( 2017-10-24 ) 2AZC05 10.60 24 6 `` The 20's '' Regina King Don Roos October 31, 2017 ( 2017-10-31 ) 2AZC06 8.43 25 7 `` The Most Disappointed Man'' Chris Koch Kay Oyegun November 7, 2017 ( 2017-11-07 ) 2AZC07 9.89 26 8 `` Number One'' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg November 14, 2017 ( 2017-11-14 ) 2AZC08 10.05 27 9 `` Number Two'' Ken Olin K.J. Steinberg & Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 21, 2017 ( 2017-11-21 ) 2AZC09 9.34 28 10 `` Number Three'' Ken Olin Shukree Hassan Tilghman November 28, 2017 ( 2017-11-28 ) 2AZC10 10.94 29 11 `` The Fifth Wheel'' Chris Koch Vera Herbert January 9, 2018 ( 2018-01-09 ) 2AZC11 9.65 30 12 `` Clooney'' Zetna Fuentes Bekah Brunstetter January 16, 2018 ( 2018-01-16 ) 2AZC12 9.82 31 13 `` That'll Be the Day'' Uta Briesewitz Kay Oyegun & Don Roos January 23, 2018 ( 2018-01-23 ) 2AZC13 9.37 32 14 `` Super Bowl Sunday '' John Requa & Glenn Ficarra Dan Fogelman February 4, 2018 ( 2018-02-04 ) 2AZC14 26.97 33 15 `` The Car'' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger February 6, 2018 ( 2018-02-06 ) 2AZC15 10.13 34 16 `` Vegas, Baby'' Joanna Kerns Laura Kenar February 27, 2018 ( 2018-02-27 ) 2AZC16 9.74 35 17 `` This Big, Amazing, Beautiful Life'' Rebecca Asher Kay Oyegun March 6, 2018 ( 2018-03-06 ) 2AZC17 8.90 36 18 `` The Wedding'' Ken Olin Isaac Aptaker & Elizabeth Berger March 13, 2018 ( 2018-03-13 ) 2AZC18 10.94 Production ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . (May 2018) Commitment to diversity ( edit ) Fogelman intentionally recruited behind-the-scenes talent that would reflect the diversity of his cast, with the goal of bringing greater authenticity to the dialog and storylines. These include black directors Regina King and George Tillman, Jr. and black female writers Kay Oyegun and Jas Waters (part of a 30% black core writing staff that far outpaces the industry standard of 5%). In addition, Fogelman's sister Deborah, whose struggles with weight were one of the initial inspirations for the show, serves as a consultant. Release ( edit ) In May 2017, Hulu acquired the SVOD rights to new and past episodes of the series to air exclusively on Hulu, in addition to NBC.com and the NBC app. Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 89% approval rating for the first season with an average rating of 7.72/10 based on 63 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, `` Featuring full-tilt heartstring-tugging family drama, This Is Us will provide a suitable surrogate for those who have felt a void in their lives since Parenthood went off the air.'' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average, assigned the season a score of 76 out of 100 based on 34 reviews, indicating `` generally favorable reviews'' . Season 2 received a 94% approval rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 17 reviews. Entertainment Weekly gave the first few episodes of This Is Us a rating of B, calling it `` a refreshing respite from the relational violence and pessimism that marks the other buzz soaps that have bubbled forth from a culture of divisiveness'' . Moreover, they praised all the actors, specifically Sterling K. Brown , for being able to navigate `` his scenes with such intelligence, authenticity, and charisma'' . Ratings ( edit ) Season Timeslot ( ET ) Episodes First aired Last aired TV season Rank Avg. viewers (millions) 18-- 49 rating (average) Date Viewers (millions) Date Viewers (millions) Tuesday 10:00 pm (1-- 2, 11) Tuesday 9:00 pm (3-- 10, 12-- 18) 18 September 20, 2016 ( 2016-09-20 ) 10.07 March 14, 2017 ( 2017-03-14 ) 12.84 2016-- 17 6 14.70 4.6/16 Tuesday 9:00 pm (1-- 13, 15-- 18) Sunday 10:30 pm (14) 18 September 26, 2017 ( 2017-09-26 ) 12.94 March 13, 2018 10.94 2017-- 18 17.43 5.4 This Is Us : U.S. viewers per episode (millions) Season Episode number 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 10.07 8.75 9.87 9.71 8.68 8.48 9.50 9.00 10.53 10.95 10.48 9.59 9.63 9.57 9.03 9.35 11.15 12.84 12.94 11.06 11.02 10.65 10.60 8.43 9.89 10.05 9.34 10.94 9.65 9.82 9.37 26.97 10.13 9.74 8.90 10.94 Audience measurement performed by Nielsen Media Research . Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee(s) Result Ref. 2016 African-American Critics Association Awards Top Ten TV Show This Is Us Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year This Is Us Won Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Most Exciting New Series This Is Us Won 2017 ACE Eddie Awards Best Edited One Hour Series for Commercial Television David L. Bertman (for `` Pilot'' ) Won American Film Institute Awards Top 10 TV Programs of the Year This Is Us Won Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series Dan Fogelman , Jess Rosenthal, John Requa , Glenn Ficarra , Ken Olin , Donald Todd, Charles Gogolak, KJ Steinberg, Isaac Aptaker, Elizabeth Berger, Joe Lawson , Steve Beers, Vera Herbert, and Bekah Brunstetter Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown (for `` Memphis'' ) Won Milo Ventimiglia (for `` Moonshadow'' ) Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones (for `` Memphis'' ) Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz (for `` Pilot'' ) Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Brian Tyree Henry (for `` Memphis'' ) Nominated Gerald McRaney (for `` The Big Day'' ) Won Denis O'Hare (for `` Last Christmas'' ) Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Drama Series Bernard Telsey and Tiffany Little Canfield Nominated Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic) Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, Judith Lynn Staats, and John Damiani (for `` I Call Marriage'' ) Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Mandy Moore Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Hollywood Music in Media Awards Outstanding Music Supervision -- Television Jennifer Pyken Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Actor in a Show Mandy Moore Nominated Show of the Year This Is Us Nominated Tearjerker Milo Ventimiglia and Lonnie Chavis (Jack and Randall at Karate) Won NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Peabody Awards Entertainment and Children's programs This Is Us Nominated People's Choice Awards Favorite Actor in a New TV Series Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Favorite Actress in a New TV Series Mandy Moore Nominated Favorite New TV Drama This Is Us Won Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Seoul International Drama Awards Best Director Dan Fogelman Nominated Grand Prize This Is Us Won Teen Choice Awards Choice TV: Breakout Star Chrissy Metz Nominated Choice TV Actor: Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Milo Ventimiglia Nominated Choice TV Show: Drama This Is Us Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Individual Achievement in Drama Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Achievement in Drama This Is Us Nominated Outstanding New Program This Is Us Won Program of the Year This Is Us Nominated Writers Guild of America Awards Episodic Drama Vera Herbert (for `` The Trip'' ) Won New Series This Is Us Nominated 2018 Critics' Choice Television Awards Best Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Best Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Chrissy Metz Nominated Golden Globe Awards Best Actor -- Television Series Drama Sterling K. Brown Won Best Supporting Actress -- Series, Miniseries or Television Film Chrissy Metz Nominated Best Television Series -- Drama This Is Us Nominated Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Best Music Supervision in a Television Drama Jennifer Pyken Nominated Best Song/Recording Created for Television `` We Can Always Come Back To This'' Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Musical Moment Kate sings `` Landslide '' Nominated NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Nominated Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Nominated Outstanding Performance by a Youth Lonnie Chavis Nominated Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series Susan Kelechi Watson Nominated Outstanding Writing in a Drama Series Vera Herbert (for `` Still Here'' ) Nominated Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards Outstanding Contemporary Costumes Hala Bahmet and Elinor Bardach Pending Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series Ron Cephas Jones Pending Gerald McRaney Pending Outstanding Makeup for a Single-Camera Series (Non-Prosthetic) Zoe Hay, Heather Plott, Luis Garcia, Elizabeth Hoel-Chang, and Tania McComas Pending Outstanding Music Supervision Jennifer Pyken Pending Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Drama Series This Is Us Pending Outstanding Lead Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Pending Milo Ventimiglia Pending Satellite Awards Best Musical Or Comedy Series This Is Us Nominated Screen Actors Guild Awards Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Drama Series Eris Baker, Alexandra Breckenridge , Sterling K. Brown, Lonnie Chavis, Mackenzie Hancsicsak, Justin Hartley , Faithe Herman, Ron Cephas Jones, Chrissy Metz, Mandy Moore, Chris Sullivan , Milo Ventimiglia, Susan Kelechi Watson, Hannah Zeile Won Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Drama Series Sterling K. Brown Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ In 2017, Hala Bahmet, Marina Ray and Elinor Bardach were nominated for Outstanding Costumes for a Contemporary Series, Limited Series, or Movie . The nomination was rescinded after it was determined that the submitted episode `` Moonshadow'' was primarily set in the 1970s, violating the TV Academy's rule that `` more than 50 percent'' of the episode must be contemporary (within 25 years of the air date). References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Bianco, Robert (September 20, 2016), `` Review: ' This is Us' is heartfelt (if sweet-toothed) family drama'' , USA Today , archived from the original on February 18, 2017 Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/ae/tv-radio/2017/07/12/This-Is-Us-returns-to-Pittsburgh-in-spirit/stories/201707120146 Jump up ^ Andreeva, Nellie (September 27, 2016). `` ' This Is Us' Gets Full-Season Order At NBC For Total Of 18 Episodes'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 28, 2016 . Retrieved September 27, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: Roots, Kimberly (January 18, 2017). `` This Is Us Renewed for Seasons 2 and 3'' . TVLine . Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 18, 2017 . Retrieved January 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Gibson, Kelsie (June 22, 2018). `` Get Ready to Cry Your Eyes Out -- Here's When This Is Us Season 3 Will Premiere'' . PopSugar . Retrieved June 24, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Andreeva, Nellie (June 28, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' : Alexandra Breckenridge, & Jon Huertas Upped To Series Regulars For Season 2 Of NBC Drama'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved June 28, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: de Moraes, Lisa (May 26, 2017). `` Final 2016-- 17 TV Rankings: ' Sunday Night Football' Winning Streak Continues'' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27, 2017 . Retrieved May 26, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2017-18 TV Series Ratings Rankings: NFL Football, ' Big Bang' Top Charts'' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22, 2018 . Retrieved May 23, 2018 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (September 21, 2016). `` Tuesday final ratings: ' NCIS,' ' Brooklyn Nine-Nine' adjust up, ' This Is Us' & ' Bull' steady'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23, 2016 . Retrieved September 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (September 28, 2016). `` Tuesday final ratings: ' The Voice' adjusts up, ' Scream Queens' adjusts down'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 28, 2016 . Retrieved September 28, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 12, 2016). `` ' The Voice,' ' NCIS,' ' Flash' and ABC comedies adjust up, ' No Tomorrow' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 13, 2016 . Retrieved October 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 19, 2016). `` ' American Housewife' and ' The Voice' adjust up, ' Chicago Fire,' ' SHIELD' and ' Real O'Neals ' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 19, 2016 . Retrieved October 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 26, 2016). `` ' American Housewife' adjusts up, final World Series numbers: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on April 13, 2017 . Retrieved October 26, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 2, 2016). `` ' The Flash,' ' Chicago Fire,' ' The Voice,' ' Fresh Off the Boat' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 4, 2016 . Retrieved November 2, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 16, 2016). `` ' New Girl' adjusts up, all others hold: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 17, 2016 . Retrieved November 16, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 23, 2016). `` ' American Housewife' adjusts up, everything else holds: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 24, 2016 . Retrieved November 23, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 1, 2016). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat' & ' American Housewife' adjust up, ' No Tomorrow' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 1, 2016 . Retrieved December 1, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (December 7, 2016). `` ' NCIS' adjusts up, ' Agents of SHIELD' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7, 2016 . Retrieved December 19, 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 11, 2017). `` ' The Mick' and ' This Is Us' adjust up, ' Bones' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 12, 2017 . Retrieved January 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 19, 2017). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat' adjusts up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 20, 2017 . Retrieved January 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 25, 2017). `` ' Chicago Fire' adjusts up, ' Agents of SHIELD' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 26, 2017 . Retrieved January 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 8, 2017). `` ' The Middle,' ' The Wall,' ' This Is Us,' FOX comedies all adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 8, 2017 . Retrieved February 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 15, 2017). `` ' American Housewife' adjusts up, ' Agents of SHIELD' and ' Tough Mudder' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16, 2017 . Retrieved February 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 23, 2017). `` ' The Flash,' ' NCIS,' all others unchanged: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 23, 2017 . Retrieved February 23, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 8, 2017). `` ' The Middle' and ' This Is Us' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 9, 2017 . Retrieved March 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 16, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' finishes with season highs: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17, 2017 . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . ^ Jump up to: Porter, Rick (September 27, 2017). `` ' Bull,' ' Voice,' ' This Is Us' adjust up, ' L&O True Crime' and ' Brooklyn Nine-Nine' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 27, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 4, 2017). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat,' ' Voice' adjust up, ' Brooklyn Nine-Nine,' ' L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 11, 2017). `` ' Voice,' ' Flash,' ' Lethal Weapon' & ' The Mick' adjust up, ' NCIS: New Orleans' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 18, 2017). `` ' NCIS,' ' Voice' and ' This Is Us' adjust up, ' Black-ish' and ' L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (October 25, 2017). `` ' This Is Us,' ' Fresh Off the Boat,' ' Kevin' & World Series adjust up, ' L&O True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 1, 2017). `` ' The Middle' and World Series adjust up, ' Law & Order True Crime' down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 8, 2017). `` ' The Middle' adjusts up, ' The Mayor' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 15, 2017). `` ' Fresh Off the Boat,' ' The Flash' and ' Kevin' adjust up, ' Bull' and ' L&O True Crime' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 22, 2017). `` ' Dancing With the Stars,' ' This Is Us,' all others hold: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (November 30, 2017). `` ' The Flash,' ' This Is Us' and ' Rudolph' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 30, 2017 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 10, 2018). `` ' Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (January 18, 2018). `` Originals all hold, ' Modern Family' rerun adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ Welch, Alex (January 24, 2018). `` ' LA to Vegas' and ' Bull' adjust down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 6, 2018). `` Final numbers for Super Bowl LII and ' This Is Us' : Sunday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 6, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 7, 2018). `` ' NCIS' and ' Bull' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (February 28, 2018). `` ' The Voice' and ' Kevin (Probably) Saves the World' adjust up: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 7, 2018). `` ' This Is Us' adjusts up, ' Lethal Weapon' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7, 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 14, 2018). `` ' This Is Us,' ' The Voice,' ' NCIS,' ' Black-ish' adjust up, ' Rise' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Black Writers Make Up Just 4.8 Percent of TV Writers' Rooms -- Study'' . Jump up ^ `` IMDB:This is Us'' . Jump up ^ `` On Set With This is Us'' . Jump up ^ Snierson, Dan (May 3, 2017). `` This Is Us: Hulu acquires streaming rights to all episodes'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 6, 2017 . Retrieved June 21, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us: Season 1 (2016-- 2017)'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Archived from the original on September 23, 2016 . Retrieved September 21, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us : Season 1'' . Metacritic . Archived from the original on September 16, 2016 . Retrieved September 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` This Is Us: Season 2'' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved November 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Jensen, Jeff (October 27, 2016). `` This Is Us: EW Review'' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 5, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 16, 2017). `` ' This Is Us' finishes with season highs: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 17, 2017 . Retrieved March 16, 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter, Rick (March 14, 2018). `` ' This Is Us,' ' The Voice,' ' NCIS,' ' Black-ish' adjust up, ' Rise' adjusts down: Tuesday final ratings'' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14, 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes, Lisa (May 22, 2018). `` 2017-18 TV Series Ratings Rankings: NFL Football, ' Big Bang' Top Charts'' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved May 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ For the first season, see `` This Is Us: Season One Ratings'' . TV Series Finale . March 16, 2017 . Retrieved August 22, 2018 . For the second season, see `` This Is Us: Season Two Ratings'' . TV Series Finale . March 14, 2018 . Retrieved August 22, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2016 -- Honorees'' . American Film Institute . December 2016 . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Critics' Choice Television Awards: HBO Leads 22 Nominations'' . Indie Wire. November 14, 2016. Archived from the original on January 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 14, 2016 . Jump up ^ Paul Sheehan (January 3, 2017). `` ACE Eddie Awards 2017: Full list of nominations includes Oscar frontrunner ' La La Land ' '' . Gold Derby . Archived from the original on January 4, 2017 . Retrieved January 3, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` AFI Awards 2017'' . American Film Institute . December 7, 2017 . Retrieved December 8, 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 69th Primetime Emmys Nominees'' (PDF) . Emmys.com. Academy of Television Arts & Sciences . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Feinberg, Scott (August 4, 2017). `` Emmys: ' This Is Us' Nomination Revoked (Exclusive)'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4, 2017 . Jump up ^ Webb Mitovich, Matt (December 12, 2016). `` Golden Globes: People v. O.J., Night Manager, This Is Us, black-ish Lead Early TV Nominees'' . TV Line . Archived from the original on December 12, 2016 . Retrieved December 12, 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Hollywood Music in Media Awards: Full Winners List'' . The Hollywood Reporter . November 17, 2017 . Retrieved November 18, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (March 2, 2017). `` 2017 MTV Movie & TV Awards Nominations List -- ' This Is Us,' ' Stranger Things ' '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 7, 2017 . Retrieved April 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Kinane, Ruth (December 13, 2016). `` Beyonce leads the pack of 2017 NAACP Image Award Nominees'' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 16, 2016 . Retrieved December 18, 2016 . Jump up ^ Seitz, Dan (April 5, 2017). `` The Peabody Awards Pretty Much Nailed Their List Of TV Nominees'' . Uproxx . Archived from the original on April 6, 2017 . Retrieved April 6, 2017 . Jump up ^ Hipes, Patrick (November 15, 2016). `` People's Choice Awards Nominees 2017 -- Full List'' . Deadline . Archived from the original on May 27, 2017 . Retrieved November 15, 2016 . Jump up ^ CNN, Lisa Respers France. `` ' Manchester by the Sea' leads film SAG Award nominations'' . Archived from the original on January 7, 2017. Jump up ^ `` ' This is Us' Wins Grand Prize at Seoul Int'l Drama Awards'' . KBS World . September 8, 2017 . Retrieved September 11, 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz, Ryan (5 August 2017). `` TCA Awards: The Handmaid's Tale, Atlanta, Big Little Lies, Carrie Coon Among Big Winners'' . TVLine . Retrieved 6 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwindt, Oriana (December 5, 2016). `` Writers Guild TV Nominations: ' Stranger Things,' ' Westworld,' ' This Is Us,' ' Atlanta' Break Through'' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 6, 2016 . Retrieved December 8, 2016 . Jump up ^ Aiello, McKenna (February 19, 2017). `` Writers Guild Awards 2017 Winners: The Complete List'' . E! News . Archived from the original on February 20, 2017 . Retrieved February 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Tapley, Kristopher (December 2, 2017). `` Netflix, FX's ' Feud' Lead Critics' Choice TV Nominations'' . Variety . Retrieved January 2, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Golden Globes Winners: Complete List'' . Variety . January 7, 2018. Archived from the original on January 8, 2018 . Retrieved January 8, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sufjan Stevens, ' Greatest Showman,' ' Girls' Among Guild of Music Supervisors Awards Nominees'' . Variety . January 11, 2018 . Retrieved January 12, 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2018 MTV Movie & TV Award Winners'' . MTV . June 18, 2018 . Retrieved June 18, 2018 . Jump up ^ THR Staff (20 November 2017). `` NAACP Image Awards: ' Marshall,' ' Get Out,' ' Girls Trip' Dominate Film Nominations'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 20 November 2017 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Michael. `` Emmys: Samira Wiley and Ryan Eggold to Announce Nominations'' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 29, 2018 . Jump up ^ Hammond, Pete (January 22, 2018). `` SAG Awards Analysis: ' Three Billboards' Rebounds From PGA Loss, But Oscar Race Still Too Close To Call; NBC's ' This Is Us' Shakes Things Up On TV Side'' . Deadline . Retrieved January 22, 2018 . 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Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention . Thomas Jefferson was abroad , serving as the minister to France ( nonetheless , Jefferson , in a letter to John Adams , would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi - gods '' ) . John Adams was in Britain , serving as minister to that country , but he wrote home to encourage the delegates . Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia , tending toward the monarchy . '' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states ' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention , which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation , not to write a constitution for a completely new national government .

Constitutional Convention (United states) - wikipedia Constitutional Convention (United states) Jump to: navigation , search This article is about the original convention that created the U.S. Constitution. For that Constitution's method of changing itself, see Article Five of the United States Constitution . `` Federal Convention'' redirects here. For other uses, see Federal Convention (disambiguation) . Scene at the Signing of the Constitution of the United States The Constitutional Convention (also known as the Philadelphia Convention , the Federal Convention , or the Grand Convention at Philadelphia ) took place from May 25 to September 17, 1787, in the old Pennsylvania State House (later known as Independence Hall because of the adoption of the Declaration of Independence there eleven years before) in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania . Although the Convention was intended to revise the league of states and first system of government under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , (which were first proposed in 1776, adopted by the Second Continental Congress in 1778 and only finally unanimously ratified by the Original Thirteen States by 1781), the intention from the outset of many of its proponents, chief among them James Madison of Virginia and Alexander Hamilton of New York , was to create a new government rather than fix the existing one. The delegates elected George Washington of Virginia , former commanding general of the Continental Army in the late American Revolutionary War (1775-1783), to preside over the Convention. The result of the Convention was the creation of the Constitution of the United States , placing the Convention among the most significant events in the history of the United States and indeed of worldwide historical, political and social influence. The most contentious disputes revolved around composition and election of the upper legislative house in the future bicameral Congress , to be known as the Senate , how `` proportional representation'' was to be defined (whether to include slaves or other property), whether to divide the executive power between three persons or invest the power into a single chief executive to be called the President, how to elect the President, how long his term was to be and whether he could run for reelection, what offenses should be impeachable, the nature of a fugitive slave clause, whether to allow the abolition of the slave trade, and whether judges should be chosen by the legislature or executive. Most of the time during the Convention was spent on deciding these issues, while the powers of legislature, executive, and judiciary were not heavily disputed. Once the Convention began, the delegates first agreed on the principles of the Convention, then they agreed on Madison's proposed Virginia Plan and began to modify it. A Committee of Detail , assembled during the July 4th recess, eventually produced a rough draft of the constitution. Most of the rough draft remained in place, and can be found in the final version of the constitution. After the final issues were resolved, the Committee on Style produced the final version, and it was voted on by the delegates, inscribed on parchment with engraving for printing and sent to the states and their legislatures. Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical context 2 The Convention 2.1 James Madison's blueprint 2.2 The early debate 2.3 The first draft 2.4 Further modifications and concluding debate 2.5 Drafting and signing 3 Proposed plans 3.1 Virginia Plan 3.2 New Jersey Plan 3.3 Hamilton's plan 3.4 Pinckney's plan 3.5 Connecticut Compromise 4 Slavery 4.1 Commerce and Slave Trade Compromise 4.2 Three-Fifths Compromise 5 Framers of the Constitution 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links Historical context ( edit ) Before the Constitution was drafted, the nearly 4 million inhabitants of the 13 newly independent states were governed under the Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union , created by the Second Continental Congress . It soon became evident to nearly all that the chronically underfunded Confederation government, as originally organized, was inadequate for managing the various conflicts that arose among the states. As the Articles of Confederation could only be amended by unanimous vote of the states, any state had effective veto power over any proposed change. In addition, the Articles gave the weak federal government no taxing power: it was wholly dependent on the states for its money, and had no power to force delinquent states to pay. Once the immediate task of winning the American Revolutionary War of 1775 to 1783 had passed, the states began to look to their own interests, and disputes arose. These included a dispute between Maryland and Virginia over the Potomac River and opposition to Rhode Island 's imposing taxes on all traffic passing through it on the post road . James Madison suggested that state governments should appoint commissioners `` to take into consideration the trade of the United States; to examine the relative situation and trade of said states; to consider how far a uniform system in their commercial regulations may be necessary to their common interests and permanent harmony'' . Another impetus for the convention was Shays' Rebellion of 1786-1787. A political conflict between Boston merchants and rural farmers over issues including tax debts had broken out into an open rebellion. This rebellion was led by a former Revolutionary War captain, Daniel Shays , a small farmer with tax debts, who had never received payment for his service in the Continental Army . The rebellion took months for Massachusetts to put down completely, and some desired a federal army that would be able to put down such insurrections. In September 1786, at the Annapolis Convention , delegates from five states called for a Constitutional Convention in order to discuss possible improvements to the Articles of Confederation. The subsequent Constitutional Convention took place in Philadelphia, convening in the Old Pennsylvania State House (then becoming known as Independence Hall ) on May 14, 1787. Rhode Island, fearing that the Convention would work to its disadvantage, boycotted the Convention and, when the Constitution was put to the states during the next year of controversial debates, initially refused to ratify it, waiting until May 1790 to become the thirteenth, a year after the new federal government commenced. The Convention ( edit ) Independence Hall's Assembly Room Due to the difficulty of travel in the late 18th century, very few of the selected delegates were present on the designated day of May 14, 1787, and it was not until May 25 that a quorum of seven states was secured. (New Hampshire delegates would not join the Convention until more than halfway through the proceedings, on July 23.) James Madison arrived first, and soon most of the Virginia delegation arrived. While waiting for the other delegates, the Virginia delegation produced the Virginia Plan , which was designed and written by James Madison . On May 25, the delegations convened in the Pennsylvania State House . George Washington was unanimously elected president of the Convention, and it was agreed that the discussions and votes would be kept secret until the conclusion of the meeting. Despite the sweltering summer heat, the windows of the meeting hall were nailed shut to keep the proceedings a secret from the public. Although William Jackson was elected as secretary, his records were brief and included very little detail. Madison's Notes of Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 , supplemented by the notes of Robert Yates , remain the most complete record of the Convention. Throughout the debate, delegates constantly referred to precedents from history in support of their position. Most commonly, they referred to the history of England , in particular the Glorious Revolution (often simply called `` The Revolution'' ), classical history (mainly the Roman Republic and the leagues of Greek city-states ), and recent precedents from Holland and Germany . Outside the Convention in Philadelphia, there was a national convening of the Society of the Cincinnati . Washington was said to be embarrassed. The 1776 `` old republican'' delegates like Elbridge Gerry (MA) found anything military or hereditary anathema . The Presbyterian Synod of Philadelphia and New York convention was meeting to redefine its Confession, dropping the faith requirement for civil authority to prohibit false worship. Protestant Episcopalian Washington attended a Roman Catholic Mass and dinner. Revolution veteran Jonas Phillips , of the Mikveh Israel Synagogue , petitioned the Convention to avoid a national oath including belief in both Old and New Testaments. Merchants of Providence, Rhode Island, petitioned for consideration, though their Assembly had not sent a delegation. Manasseh Cutler came directly from the capital in New York and found himself a frequent dinner guest among the delegates. He carried grants of five million acres to parcel out among The Ohio Company and `` speculators'' , including some who were attending the Convention. A Philadelphia guest of Robert Morris, Noah Webster would write a pamphlet immediately after the signing. `` Leading Principles of the Federal Convention'' advocated adoption of the Constitution. It was published much earlier and more widely circulated than today's better known Federalist Papers . James Madison's blueprint ( edit ) While waiting for the Convention to formally begin, James Madison sketched out his initial draft, which became known as the Virginia Plan and reflected his views as a strong nationalist. By the time the rest of the Virginia delegation arrived, most of the Pennsylvania delegation had arrived as well. They agreed on Madison's plan, and formed what came to be the predominant coalition. By the time the Convention started, the only blueprints that had been assembled were Madison's Virginia Plan, and Charles Pinckney's plan. As Pinckney didn't have a coalition behind his plan, Madison's plan was the starting point for deliberations. James Madison, the author of the Virginia Plan The Convention agreed on several principles. Most importantly, they agreed that the Convention should go beyond its mandate merely to amend the Articles of Confederation , and instead should produce a new constitution outright. While some delegates thought this illegal, the Articles of Confederation were closer to a treaty between sovereign states than they were to a national constitution, so the genuine legal problems were limited. Another principle they agreed on was that the new government would have all the powers of the Confederation Congress, plus additional powers over the states. Once agreeing on these principles, the Convention voted on the Virginia plan and signaled their approval for it. Once this was done, they began modifying it. Madison's plan operated on several assumptions that were not seriously challenged. During the deliberations, few raised serious objections to the planned bicameral congress, nor the separate executive function , nor the separate judicial function. As English law had typically recognized government as having two separate functions, law making embodied in the legislature, and law executing embodied in the king and his courts, the division of the legislature from the executive and judiciary was a natural and uncontested point. The division of the legislature into an upper and lower house wasn't questioned either, despite the obscure origins of the English House of Lords and its role as the representative of the hereditary nobility. Americans had seldom known any but bicameral legislatures, both in Britain and in most state governments. The main exceptions to this were the dysfunctional Confederation Congress and the unicameral Pennsylvania legislature , which was seen as quickly vacillating between partisan extremes after each election. Experience had convinced the delegates that an upper house was necessary to tame the passions of the lower classes against the interests of wealthy merchants and landowners. Since America had no native hereditary aristocracy , the character of this upper house was designed to protect the interests of this wealthy elite, the `` minority of the opulent,'' against the interests of the lower classes, who constituted the majority of the population. In England, at this day, if elections were open to all classes of people, the property of landed proprietors would be insecure. An agrarian law would soon take place. If these observations be just, our government ought to secure the permanent interests of the country against innovation. Landholders ought to have a share in the government, to support these invaluable interests, and to balance and check the other. They ought to be so constituted as to protect the minority of the opulent against the majority. The Senate, therefore, ought to be this body; and to answer these purposes, they ought to have permanency and stability. -- James Madison, quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates On Thursday, June 7, it was proposed that senators should be chosen directly by the state legislatures, instead of by popular vote, as this method was more likely to preserve the power of the upper classes. Convention delegate Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts observed that `` the great mercantile interest and of stockholders, is not provided for in any mode of election-they will however be better represented if the State legislatures choose the second branch.'' The proposal was carried unanimously. The delegates also agreed with Madison that the executive function had to be independent of the legislature. In their aversion to kingly power, American legislatures had created state governments where the executive was beholden to the legislature, and by the late 1780s this was widely seen as being a source of paralysis. The Confederation government was the ultimate example of this. Furthermore, in the English tradition, judges were seen as being agents of the King and his court, who represented him throughout his realm. Madison believed that in the American states, this direct link between state executives and judges was a source of corruption through patronage , and thought the link had to be severed between the two, thus creating the `` third branch'' of the judiciary which had been without any direct precedent before this point. Madison, however, did not believe that the judiciary should be truly independent, but rather beholden to the legislature rather than the executive. At the Convention, some sided with Madison that the legislature should choose judges, while others believed the president should choose judges. A compromise was eventually reached that the president should choose judges and the Senate confirm them. In a few areas, Madison's plan included provisions that had little support among the delegates. Few agreed with Madison that the legislature should be able to invalidate state laws, so the idea was dropped. While most thought there should be some mechanism to invalidate bad laws by congress, few agreed with Madison that a board of the executive and judges should decide on this. Instead, the power was given solely to the executive in the form of the veto. Many also thought this would be useful to protect the executive, whom many worried might become beholden to an imperial legislature. Also, during the deliberations, the New Jersey Plan was introduced, although it was more of a protest to the excessive national character of the Virginia plan, and was not seriously considered. The office of Vice President was also included later in the deliberations, mainly to provide the president a successor if he was unable to complete his term but also to provide presidential electors with an incentive to vote for at least one out of state candidate in addition to a `` favorite son'' from their own state or region. The early debate ( edit ) Each state was allowed to cast a single vote either for or against a proposal during the debates in accordance with the majority opinion of the state's delegates. Throughout the Convention, delegates would regularly come and go, with only 30-- 40 being present on a typical day. Consequently, if a state's delegates were equally divided in their views on a given proposal, or if too few of the state's delegates were in attendance to establish a quorum for the delegation when votes were being cast on a particular proposal, that state's delegation had essentially no effect on the outcome of the vote on the proposal. Thus, for example, after two of New York's three delegates abandoned the Convention in mid July with no intention of returning, New York was left unable to vote on any further proposals at the Convention, although Hamilton would continue to periodically attend and occasionally to speak during the debates. All communities divide themselves into the few and the many. The first are the rich and well born, the other the mass of the people. The voice of the people has been said to be the voice of God; and however generally this maxim has been quoted and believed, it is not true in fact. The people are turbulent and changing; they seldom judge or determine right. Give therefore to the first class a distinct, permanent share in the government. They will check the unsteadiness of the second, and as they cannot receive any advantage by a change, they therefore will ever maintain good government. Can a democratic assembly, who annually revolve in the mass of the people, be supposed steadily to pursue the public good? Nothing but a permanent body can check the imprudence of democracy. Their turbulent and uncontroling disposition requires checks. -- Alexander Hamilton, quoted in Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 by Robert Yates The first area of major dispute was the manner by which the lower house would be apportioned . A minority wanted it to be apportioned so that all states would have equal weight, though this was never seriously considered. Most wanted it apportioned in accordance with some mixture of property and population. Though there was discussion on how to calculate property for this purpose, the issue of property was later dropped because of its difficulty, and an assumption that property would closely correlate to population. Most accepted the desire among the slave states to count slaves as part of the population, although their servile status was raised as a major objection against this. The Three-Fifths Compromise assessing population by adding the number of free persons to three-fifths of `` all other persons'' (slaves) was agreed to without serious dispute. In 1783, when attempting to assess a national taxation system, the Confederation Congress had considered a three fifths ratio, which did not achieve unanimity. This compromise resulted in a large coalition of states, including the small slave states of South Carolina and Georgia, backing the Virginia plan and thus expanding the power of the primary coalition. That the lower house was to be elected directly by the voters was also accepted without major dispute. More contentious than the lower house was the question of the upper house. Few agreed with Madison that its members should be elected by the lower house. James Wilson suggested election by popular vote versus election by state legislature, but his proposal was shot down 10-- 1 by the delegates. Most delegates didn't question the intelligence of the voters, rather what concerned them was the slowness by which information spread in the late 18th century. At the time of the Convention, they noted that local newspapers said little of current events, and what little they had was sketchy and dated. Local papers even said little about the meeting of the Convention. Alexander Hamilton proposed extending the term in office for senators to life, considering earlier proposals of four and seven years inefficient to enable the `` rich and well born'' to have a `` distinct, permanent share in the government,'' which could `` check the imprudence of democracy.'' Moreover, Hamilton proposed that senators not be elected directly by the general public, but by `` electors'' chosen for that purpose. Front side of the Virginia Plan Besides the problems of direct election, the new Constitution was seen as such a radical break with the old system, by which delegates were elected to the Confederation Congress by state legislatures, that the Convention agreed to retain this method of electing senators to make the constitutional change less radical. The more difficult problem was the issue of apportionment. The Connecticut delegation offered a compromise , whereby the number of representatives for each state in the lower house would be apportioned based on the relative size of the state's population, while the number of representatives in the upper house would be the same for all of the states, irrespective of size. The large states, fearing a diminution of their influence in the legislature under this plan, opposed this proposal. Unable to reach agreement, the delegates decided to leave this issue for further consideration later during the meeting. The delegates couldn't agree on whether the executive should be a single person, or a board of three . Many wished to limit the power of the executive and thus supported the proposal to divide the executive power between three persons. The possible problems of this system, in addition to the knowledge that George Washington would probably be the first president, calmed the fears enough so that the proponents of a singular executive could accumulate a large coalition. This issue came up occasionally after the matter was settled, but was never again seriously doubted. Another issue concerned the election of the president. Few agreed with Madison that the executive should be elected by the legislature. There was widespread concern with direct election, because information diffused so slowly in the late 18th century, and because of concerns that people would only vote for candidates from their state or region. A vocal minority wanted the national executive to be chosen by the governors of the states. The issue was one of the last major issues to be resolved, and was done so in the electoral college . At the time, before the formation of modern political parties , there was widespread concern that candidates would routinely fail to secure a majority of electors in the electoral college. The method of resolving this problem therefore was a contested issue. Most thought that the house should then choose the president, since it most closely reflected the will of the people. This caused dissension among delegates from smaller states, who realized that this would put their states at a disadvantage. To resolve this dispute, the Convention agreed that the house would elect the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority, but that each state delegation would vote as a bloc, rather than individually. As the Convention was entering its second full month of deliberations, it was decided that further consideration of the prickly question of how to apportion representatives in the national legislature should be referred to a committee composed of one delegate from each of the eleven states that were present at that time at the Convention. The members of this `` Grand Committee,'' as it has come to be known, included Elbridge Gerry , Oliver Ellsworth , Robert Yates , William Paterson , Gunning Bedford, Jr. , George Mason , William Davie , John Rutledge , Abraham Baldwin , and Benjamin Franklin . In its report to the Convention on July 5, the committee offered a compromise. The large states had opposed the Connecticut Compromise , because they felt it gave too much power to the smaller states. The Grand Committee's proposal added the requirement that revenue bills originate in the lower house and not be subject to modification by the upper house (although this Origination Clause would later be modified so that revenue bills could be amended in the upper house, or Senate). With this modification, the Convention in a close vote adopted the compromise on July 16. Nationalist delegates remained bitterly opposed, however, until on July 23 they succeeded in further modifying the compromise to give members of the Senate individual voting power, rather than having votes taken by each state's representatives en bloc, as had occurred in Congress under the Articles of Confederation. This accomplished the nationalist goal of preventing state governments from having a direct say in Congress's choice to make national laws. The final document was thus a mixture of Madison's original `` national'' constitution and the desired `` federal'' Constitution that many of the delegates sought. The first draft ( edit ) The Convention adjourned from July 26 to August 6 to await the report of the Committee of Detail , which was to produce a first draft of the Constitution. It was chaired by John Rutledge , with the other members including Edmund Randolph , Oliver Ellsworth , James Wilson , and Nathaniel Gorham . Though the committee did not record minutes of its proceedings, three key surviving documents offer clues to the committee's handiwork: an outline by Randolph with edits by Rutledge, extensive notes and a second draft by Wilson, also with Rutledge's edits, and the committee's final report to the Convention. From this evidence it is thought that the committee used the original Virginia Plan, the decisions of the Convention on modifications to that plan, and other sources, such as the Articles of Confederation , provisions of the state constitutions, and even Charles Pinckney's plan, to produce the first full draft, which author David O. Stewart has called a `` remarkable copy-and-paste job.'' Randolph adopted two rules in preparing his initial outline: that the Constitution should only include essential principles, avoiding minor provisions that would change over time, and that it should be stated in simple and precise language. Much of what was included in the committee's report consisted of numerous details that the Convention had never discussed but which the committee correctly viewed as uncontroversial and unlikely to be challenged; and as such, much of the committee's proposal would ultimately be incorporated into the final version of the Constitution without debate. Examples of these details included the Speech and Debate Clause , which grants members of Congress immunity for comments made in their jobs, and the rules for organizing the House of Representatives and the Senate. However, Rutledge, himself a former state governor, was determined that while the new national government should be stronger than the Confederation government had been, the national government's power over the states should not be limitless; and at Rutledge's urging, the committee went beyond what the Convention had proposed. As Stewart describes it, the committee `` hijacked'' and remade the Constitution, altering critical agreements the Convention delegates had already made, enhancing the powers of the states at the expense of the national government, and adding several far-reaching provisions that the Convention had never discussed. John Rutledge , a judge and former governor of South Carolina, chaired the committee that wrote the first draft of the Constitution. He argued for a federal government of limited power. The first major change, insisted on by Rutledge, was meant to sharply curtail the essentially unlimited powers to legislate `` in all cases for the general interests of the Union'' that the Convention only two weeks earlier had agreed to grant the Congress. Rutledge and Randolph worried that the broad powers implied in the language agreed on by the Convention would have given the national government too much power at the expense of the states. In Randolph's outline the committee replaced that language with a list of 18 specific `` enumerated'' powers, many adopted from the Articles of Confederation, that would strictly limit the Congress' authority to measures such as imposing taxes, making treaties, going to war, and establishing post offices. Rutledge, however, was not able to completely convince all of the members of the committee to accept the change. Over the course of a series of drafts, a catchall provision (the `` Necessary and Proper Clause '' ) was eventually added, most likely by Wilson, a nationalist little concerned with the sovereignty of individual states, giving the Congress the broad power `` to make all Laws that shall be necessary and proper for carrying into execution the foregoing powers, and all other powers vested by this Constitution in the government of the United States, or in any department or officer thereof.'' Another revision of Wilson's draft also placed eight specific limits on the states, such as barring them from independently entering into treaties and from printing their own money, providing a certain degree of balance to the limits on the national government intended by Rutledge's list of enumerated powers. In addition, Wilson's draft modified the language of the Supremacy Clause adopted by the Convention, to ensure that national law would take precedence over inconsistent state laws. These changes set the final balance between the national and state governments that would be entered into the final document, as the Convention never challenged this dual-sovereignty between nation and state that had been fashioned by Rutledge and Wilson. Another set of radical changes introduced by the Committee of Detail proved far more contentious when the committee's report was presented to the Convention. On the day the Convention had agreed to appoint the committee, Southerner Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, of South Carolina, had warned of dire consequences should the committee fail to include protections for slavery in the Southern states, or allow for taxing of Southern agricultural exports. Pinckney and his fellow Southern delegates must have been delighted to see that the committee had included three provisions that explicitly restricted the Congress' authority in ways favorable to Southern interests. The proposed language would bar the Congress from ever interfering with the slave trade. It would also prohibit taxation of exports, and would require that any legislation concerning regulation of foreign commerce through tariffs or quotas (that is, any laws akin to England's `` Navigation Acts '' ) pass only with two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress. While much of the rest of the committee's report would be accepted without serious challenge on the Convention floor, these last three proposals would provoke outrage from Northern delegates and slavery opponents. The final report of the committee, which became the first draft of the Constitution, was the first workable constitutional plan, as Madison's Virginia Plan had simply been an outline of goals and a broad structure. Even after it issued this report, the committee continued to meet off and on until early September. Further modifications and concluding debate ( edit ) Another month of discussion and relatively minor refinement followed, during which several attempts were made to alter the Rutledge draft, though few were successful. Some wanted to add property qualifications for people to hold office, while others wanted to prevent the national government from issuing paper money. Madison in particular wanted to push the Constitution back in the direction of his Virginia plan. One important change that did make it into the final version included the agreement between northern and southern delegates to empower Congress to end the slave trade starting in 1808. Southern and northern delegates also agreed to strengthen the Fugitive Slave Clause in exchange for removing a requirement that two-thirds of Congress agree on `` navigation acts'' (regulations of commerce between states and foreign governments). The two-thirds requirement was favored by southern delegates, who thought Congress might pass navigation acts that would be economically harmful to slaveholders. Once the Convention had finished amending the first draft from the Committee of Detail, a new set of unresolved questions were sent to several different committees for resolution. The Committee of Detail was considering several questions related to habeas corpus , freedom of the press , and an executive council to advise the president. Two committees addressed questions related to the slave trade and the assumption of war debts. A new committee was created, the Committee on Postponed Parts, to address other questions that had been postponed. Its members, such as Madison, were delegates who had shown a greater desire for compromise and were chosen for this reason as most in the Convention wanted to finish their work and go home. The committee dealt with questions related to the taxes, war making, patents and copyrights, relations with Indian tribes, and Franklin's compromise to require money bills to originate in the House. The biggest issue they addressed was the presidency, and the final compromise was written by Madison with the committee's input. They adopted Wilson's earlier plan for choosing the president by an electoral college, and settled on the method of choosing the president if no candidate had an electoral college majority, which many such as Madison thought would be `` nineteen times out of twenty'' . The committee also shortened the president's term from seven years to four years, freed the president to seek re-election after an initial term, and moved impeachment trials from the courts to the Senate. They also created the office of the vice president, whose only roles were to succeed a president unable to complete a term of office, to preside over the Senate, and to cast tie-breaking votes in the Senate. The committee transferred important powers from the Senate to the president, for example the power to make treaties and appoint ambassadors. One controversial issue throughout much of the Convention had been the length of the president's term, and whether the president was to be term limited . The problem had resulted from the understanding that the president would be chosen by Congress; the decision to have the president be chosen instead by an electoral college reduced the chance of the president becoming beholden to Congress, so a shorter term with eligibility for re-election became a viable option. Near the end of the Convention, Gerry, Randolph, and Mason emerged as the main force of opposition. Their fears were increased as the Convention moved from Madison's vague Virginia Plan to the concrete plan of Rutledge's Committee of Detail. Some have argued that Randolph's attacks on the Constitution were motivated by political ambition, in particular his anticipation of possibly facing rival Patrick Henry in a future election. The main objection of the three was the compromise that would allow Congress to pass `` navigation acts'' with a simple majority in exchange for strengthened slave provisions. Among their other objections was an opposition to the office of vice president. Though most of their complaints did not result in changes, a couple did. Mason succeeded in adding `` high crimes and misdemeanors'' to the impeachment clause. Gerry also convinced the Convention to include a second method for ratification of amendments. The report out of the Committee of Detail had included only one mechanism for constitutional amendment, in which two-thirds of the states had to ask Congress to convene a convention for consideration of amendments. Upon Gerry's urging, the Convention added back the Virginia Plan's original method whereby Congress would propose amendments that the states would then ratify. All amendments to the Constitution, save the 21st amendment , have been made through this latter method. Despite their successes, these three dissenters grew increasingly unpopular as most other delegates wanted to bring the Convention's business to an end and return home. As the Convention was drawing to a conclusion, and delegates prepared to refer the Constitution to the Committee on Style to pen the final version, one delegate raised an objection over civil trials. He wanted to guarantee the right to a jury trial in civil matters, and Mason saw in this a larger opportunity. Mason told the Convention that the constitution should include a bill of rights , which he thought could be prepared in a few hours. Gerry agreed, though the rest of the committee overruled them. They wanted to go home, and thought this was nothing more than another delaying tactic. Few at the time realized how important the issue would become, with the absence of a bill of rights becoming the main argument of the anti-Federalists against ratification. Most of the Convention's delegates thought that states already protected individual rights, and that the Constitution did not authorize the national government to take away rights, so there was no need to include protections of rights. Once the Convention moved beyond this point, the delegates addressed a couple of last-minute issues. Importantly, they modified the language that required spending bills to originate in the House of Representatives and be flatly accepted or rejected, unmodified, by the Senate. The new language empowered the Senate to modify spending bills proposed by the House. Drafting and signing ( edit ) U.S. Postage, Issue of 1937, depicting Delegates at the signing of the Constitution, engraving after a painting by Junius Brutus Stearns Once the final modifications had been made, the Committee of Style and Arrangement was appointed `` to revise the style of and arrange the articles which had been agreed to by the house.'' Unlike other committees, whose members were named so the committees included members from different regions, this final committee included no champions of the small states. Its members were mostly in favor of a strong national government and unsympathetic to calls for states' rights. They were William Samuel Johnson (Connecticut), Alexander Hamilton (New York), Gouverneur Morris (Pennsylvania), James Madison (Virginia), and Rufus King (Massachusetts). On Wednesday, September 12, the report of the `` committee of style'' was ordered printed for the convenience of the delegates. For three days, the Convention compared this final version with the proceedings of the Convention. The Constitution was then ordered engrossed on Saturday, September 15 by Jacob Shallus, and was submitted for signing on September 17. It made at least one important change to what the Convention had agreed to; King wanted to prevent states from interfering in contracts. Although the Convention never took up the matter, his language was now inserted, creating the contract clause . Gouverneur Morris is credited, both now and then, as the chief draftsman of the final document, including the stirring preamble. Not all the delegates were pleased with the results; thirteen left before the ceremony, and three of those remaining refused to sign: Edmund Randolph of Virginia , George Mason of Virginia , and Elbridge Gerry of Massachusetts . George Mason demanded a Bill of Rights if he was to support the Constitution. The Bill of Rights was not included in the Constitution submitted to the states for ratification, but many states ratified the Constitution with the understanding that a bill of rights would soon follow. Shortly before the document was to be signed, Gorham proposed to lower the size of congressional districts from 40,000 to 30,000 citizens. A similar measure had been proposed earlier, and failed by one vote. George Washington spoke up here, making his only substantive contribution to the text of the Constitution in supporting this move. The Convention adopted it without further debate. Gorham would sign the document, although he had openly doubted whether the United States would remain a single, unified nation for more than 150 years. Ultimately, 39 of the original 55 delegates ended up signing, but it is likely that none were completely satisfied. Their views were summed up by Benjamin Franklin , who said, I confess that There are several parts of this Constitution which I do not at present approve, but I am not sure I shall never approve them... I doubt too whether any other Convention we can obtain, may be able to make a better Constitution... It therefore astonishes me, Sir, to find this system approaching so near to perfection as it does; and I think it will astonish our enemies ... Rhode Island never sent delegates, and two of New York's three delegates did not stay at the Convention for long. Therefore, as George Washington stated, the document was executed by `` eleven states, and Colonel Hamilton.'' Washington signed the document first, and then moving by state delegation from north to south, as had been the custom throughout the Convention, the delegates filed to the front of the room to sign their names. At the time the document was signed, Franklin gave a persuasive speech involving an anecdote on a sun that was painted on the back of Washington's Chippendale chair . As recounted in Madison's notes: Whilst the last members were signing it Doctor. Franklin looking towards the Presidents Chair, at the back of which a rising sun happened to be painted, observed to a few members near him, that Painters had found it difficult to distinguish in their art a rising from a setting sun. I have said he, often and often in the course of the Session, and the vicissitudes of my hopes and fears as to its issue, looked at that behind the President without being able to tell whether it was rising or setting: But now at length I have the happiness to know that it is a rising and not a setting Sun. The Constitution was then submitted to the states for ratification, pursuant to its own Article VII . Proposed plans ( edit ) Several plans were introduced, with the most important plan being that of James Madison (the Virginia Plan). The Convention's work was mostly a matter of modifying this plan. Charles Pinckney also introduced a plan, although this wasn't considered and its exact character has been lost to history. After the Convention was well under way, the New Jersey Plan was introduced though never seriously considered. It was mainly a protest to what some delegates thought was the excessively radical change from the Articles of Confederation. Alexander Hamilton also offered a plan after the Convention was well under way, though it included an executive serving for life and therefore the delegates felt it too closely resembled a monarchy. Historians are unsure how serious he was about this, and some have speculated that he may have done it to make Madison's plan look moderate by comparison. The Connecticut Compromise wasn't a plan but one of several compromises offered by the Connecticut delegation. It was key to the ultimate ratification of the constitution, but was only included after being modified by Benjamin Franklin in order to make it more appealing to larger states. Virginia plan ( edit ) Main article: Virginia Plan The Virginia Plan Prior to the start of the Convention, the Virginian delegates met and, drawing largely from Madison's suggestions, came up with what came to be known as the Virginia Plan, also known as the Large State Plan. For this reason, James Madison is sometimes called the Father of the Constitution. Presented by Virginia governor Edmund Randolph on May 29, 1787, the Virginia Plan proposed a very powerful bicameral legislature. Both houses of the legislature would be determined proportionately. The lower house would be elected by the people, and the upper house would be elected by the lower house. The executive would exist solely to ensure that the will of the legislature was carried out and would therefore be selected by the legislature. The Virginia Plan also created a judiciary, and gave both the executive and some of the judiciary the power to veto, subject to override. New Jersey plan ( edit ) Main article: New Jersey Plan The New Jersey Plan After the Virginia Plan was introduced, New Jersey delegate William Paterson asked for an adjournment to contemplate the Plan. Under the Articles of Confederation , each state had equal representation in Congress, exercising one vote each. The Virginia Plan threatened to limit the smaller states' power by making both houses of the legislature proportionate to population. On June 14 and 15, 1787, a small-state caucus met to create a response to the Virginia Plan. The result was the New Jersey Plan, otherwise known as the Small State Plan. Paterson's New Jersey Plan was ultimately a rebuttal to the Virginia Plan, and was much closer to the initial call for the Convention: drafting amendments to the Articles of Confederation to fix the problems in it. Under the New Jersey Plan, the existing Continental Congress would remain, but it would be granted new powers, such as the power to levy taxes and force their collection. An executive branch was created, to be elected by Congress (the plan allowed for a multi-person executive). The executives would serve a single term and were subject to recall on the request of state governors. The plan also created a judiciary that would serve for life, to be appointed by the executives. Lastly, any laws set by Congress would take precedence over state laws. When Paterson reported the plan to the Convention on June 15, 1787, it was ultimately rejected, but it gave the smaller states a rallying point for their interests. Hamilton's plan ( edit ) The Hamilton Plan Unsatisfied with the New Jersey Plan and the Virginia Plan, Alexander Hamilton proposed his own plan. It also was known as the British Plan, because of its resemblance to the British system of strong centralized government. In his plan, Hamilton advocated virtually doing away with state sovereignty and consolidating the states into a single nation. The plan featured a bicameral legislature, the lower house elected by the people for three years. The upper house would be elected by electors chosen by the people and would serve for life. The plan also gave the Governor, an executive elected by electors for a life-term of service, an absolute veto over bills. State governors would be appointed by the national legislature, and the national legislature had veto power over any state legislation. Hamilton presented his plan to the Convention on June 18, 1787. The plan was perceived as a well-thought-out plan, but it was not considered, because it resembled the British system too closely. It also contemplated the loss of most state authority, which the states were unwilling to allow. Pinckney's plan ( edit ) The Pinckney Plan Immediately after Randolph finished laying out the Virginia Plan, Charles Pinckney of South Carolina presented his own plan to the Convention. As Pinckney did not write it down, the only evidence of the plan are Madison's notes, so the details are somewhat vague. It was a confederation, or treaty, among the thirteen states. There was to be a bicameral legislature made up of a Senate and a House of Delegates. The House would have one member for every one thousand inhabitants. The House would elect Senators who would serve by rotation for four years and represent one of four regions. Congress would meet in a joint session to elect a President, and would also appoint members of the cabinet. Congress, in joint session, would serve as the court of appeal of last resort in disputes between states. Pinckney did also provide for a supreme Federal Judicial Court. The Pinckney plan was not debated, but it may have been referred to by the Committee of Detail . Connecticut compromise ( edit ) Main article: Connecticut Compromise The Connecticut Compromise , forged by Roger Sherman from Connecticut, was proposed on June 11. In a sense it blended the Virginia (large-state) and New Jersey (small-state) proposals. Ultimately, however, its main contribution was in determining the apportionment of the Senate, and thus retaining a federal character in the constitution. Sherman sided with the two-house national legislature of the Virginia Plan, but proposed `` That the proportion of suffrage in the 1st. branch (house) should be according to the respective numbers of free inhabitants; and that in the second branch or Senate, each State should have one vote and no more.'' This plan failed at first, but on July 23 the question was finally settled. What was ultimately included in the constitution was a modified form of this plan. In the Grand Committee, Benjamin Franklin successfully proposed the requirement that revenue bills originate in the house. But the final July 16 vote on the compromise still left the Senate looking like the Confederation Congress. In the preceding weeks of debate, Madison, King, and Gouverneur Morris each vigorously opposed the compromise for this reason. Then on July 23, just before most of the convention's work was referred to the Committee of Detail, Morris and King moved that state representatives in the Senate be given individual votes, rather than voting en bloc, as they had in the Confederation Congress. Oliver Ellsworth of Connecticut, a leading proponent of the compromise, supported their motion, and the Convention adopted it. As the personally powerful senators were to receive terms much longer than the state legislators who appointed them, they became substantially independent. The compromise nonetheless continued to serve the self-interest of small-state political leaders, who were assured of access to more seats in the Senate than they might otherwise have obtained. Slavery ( edit ) Among the most controversial issues confronting the delegates was that of slavery . Slavery was widespread in the states at the time of the Convention. At least a third of the Convention's 55 delegates owned slaves, including all of the delegates from Virginia and South Carolina. Slaves comprised approximately one-fifth of the population of the states; and apart from northernmost New England, where slavery had largely been eliminated, slaves lived throughout all regions of the country. The majority of the slaves (more than 90%), however, lived in the South, where approximately 1 in 3 families owned slaves (in the largest and wealthiest state, Virginia, that figure was nearly 1 in 2 families). The entire agrarian economy of the South was based on slave labor, and the Southern delegates to the Convention were unwilling to accept any proposals that they believed would threaten the institution. Commerce and slave trade compromise ( edit ) Quaker John Dickinson argued forcefully against slavery during the Convention. Once Delaware's largest slaveholder, he had freed all of his slaves by 1787. Whether slavery was to be regulated under the new Constitution was a matter of such intense conflict between the North and South that several Southern states refused to join the Union if slavery were not to be allowed. Delegates opposed to slavery were forced to yield in their demands that slavery practiced within the confines of the new nation be completely outlawed. However, they continued to argue that the Constitution should prohibit the states from participating in the international slave trade, including in the importation of new slaves from Africa and the export of slaves to other countries. The Convention postponed making a final decision on the international slave trade until late in the deliberations because of the contentious nature of the issue. During the Convention's late July recess, the Committee of Detail had inserted language that would prohibit the federal government from attempting to ban international slave trading and from imposing taxes on the purchase or sale of slaves. The Convention could not agree on these provisions when the subject came up again in late August, so they referred the matter to an eleven-member committee for further discussion. This committee helped work out a compromise: Congress would have the power to ban the international slave trade, but not for another twenty years (that is, not until 1808). In exchange for this concession, the federal government's power to regulate foreign commerce would be strengthened by provisions that allowed for taxation of slave trades in the international market and that reduced the requirement for passage of navigation acts from two-thirds majorities of both houses of Congress to simple majorities. Three-fifths compromise ( edit ) Main article: Three-Fifths Compromise Another contentious slavery-related question was whether slaves would be counted as part of the population in determining representation of the states in the Congress, or would instead be considered property and as such not be considered for purposes of representation. Delegates from states with a large population of slaves argued that slaves should be considered persons in determining representation, but as property if the new government were to levy taxes on the states on the basis of population. Delegates from states where slavery had become rare argued that slaves should be included in taxation, but not in determining representation. Finally, delegate James Wilson proposed the Three-Fifths Compromise . This was eventually adopted by the Convention. Framers of the Constitution ( edit ) Fifty-five delegates attended sessions of the Constitutional Convention, and are considered the Framers of the Constitution, although only 39 delegates actually signed. The states had originally appointed 70 representatives to the Convention, but a number of the appointees did not accept or could not attend, leaving 55 who would ultimately craft the Constitution. Almost all of the 55 Framers had taken part in the Revolution, with at least 29 having served in the Continental forces, most in positions of command. All but two or three had served in colonial or state government during their careers. The vast majority (about 75%) of the delegates were or had been members of the Confederation Congress, and many had been members of the Continental Congress during the Revolution. Several had been state governors. Just two delegates, Roger Sherman and Robert Morris , would be signatories to all three of the nation's founding documents: the Declaration of Independence, the Articles of Confederation, and the Constitution. More than half of the delegates had trained as lawyers (several had even been judges), although only about a quarter had practiced law as their principal means of business. There were also merchants, manufacturers, shippers, land speculators, bankers or financiers, two or three physicians, a minister, and several small farmers. Of the 25 who owned slaves, 16 depended on slave labor to run the plantations or other businesses that formed the mainstay of their income. Most of the delegates were landowners with substantial holdings, and most, with the possible exception of Roger Sherman and William Few, were very comfortably wealthy. George Washington and Robert Morris were among the wealthiest men in the entire country. Connecticut Oliver Ellsworth * William Samuel Johnson Roger Sherman Delaware Richard Bassett Gunning Bedford, Jr. Jacob Broom John Dickinson George Read Georgia Abraham Baldwin William Few William Houstoun * William Pierce * Maryland Daniel Carroll Luther Martin * James McHenry John Francis Mercer * Daniel of St. Thomas Jenifer Massachusetts Elbridge Gerry * Nathaniel Gorham Rufus King Caleb Strong * New Hampshire Nicholas Gilman John Langdon New Jersey David Brearley Jonathan Dayton William Houston * William Livingston William Paterson New York Alexander Hamilton John Lansing, Jr. * Robert Yates * North Carolina William Blount William Richardson Davie * Alexander Martin * Richard Dobbs Spaight Hugh Williamson Pennsylvania George Clymer Thomas Fitzsimons Benjamin Franklin Jared Ingersoll Thomas Mifflin Gouverneur Morris Robert Morris James Wilson South Carolina Pierce Butler Charles Cotesworth Pinckney Charles Pinckney John Rutledge Virginia John Blair James Madison George Mason * James McClurg * Edmund Randolph * George Washington George Wythe * Rhode Island Rhode Island did not send delegates to the Convention. (*) Did not sign the final draft of the U.S. Constitution. Randolph, Mason, and Gerry were the only three present in Philadelphia at the time who refused to sign. Several prominent Founders are notable for not participating in the Constitutional Convention. Thomas Jefferson was abroad, serving as the minister to France (nonetheless, Jefferson, in a letter to John Adams, would describe the delegates approvingly as a gathering of `` demi-gods'' ). John Adams was in Britain, serving as minister to that country, but he wrote home to encourage the delegates. Patrick Henry refused to participate because he `` smelt a rat in Philadelphia, tending toward the monarchy.'' Also absent were John Hancock and Samuel Adams . Many of the states' older and more experienced leaders may have simply been too busy with the local affairs of their states to attend the Convention, which had originally been planned to strengthen the existing Articles of Confederation, not to write a constitution for a completely new national government. See also ( edit ) Confederation Period Constitution Day (United States) Convention to propose amendments to the United States Constitution The Federalist Papers Founding Fathers of the United States History of the United States Constitution History of the United States National Constitution Center Timeline of drafting and ratification of the United States Constitution United States Bill of Rights Syng inkstand Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Manasseh Cutler was a Congregationalists minister and former Army chaplain from Massachusetts. He arrived directly from lobbying success in New York City during the Northwest Ordinance negotiations at the Articles Congress. Jump up ^ History Alive! Pursuing American Ideals . Rancho Cordova, CA: Teachers' Curriculum Institute. April 2013. p. 56. access-date= requires url= ( help ) References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Jillson, Calvin C. (2009). American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change (5th ed.) . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-88702-8 . Jump up ^ Odesser-Torpey, Marilyn (2013). Insiders' Guide to Philadelphia & Pennsylvania Dutch Country . Morris Book Publishing, LLC. p. 26. ISBN 9780762756995 . Retrieved November 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ Rossiter, Clinton (1987). 1787: The Grand Convention . W.W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-30404-6 . Retrieved November 10, 2015 . Jump up ^ U.S. Census Bureau (2017). `` Pop Culture: 1790'' . History: Fast Facts . Archived from the original on 2017-10-09. ^ Jump up to: Larson, Edward J.; Winship, Michael P. (2005). The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7517-0 . ^ Jump up to: Beeman, Richard (2009). Plain Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6570-7 . ^ Jump up to: Articles of Confederation, Art. 13. Jump up ^ Hunt, Gaillard (1902). The Life of James Madison . Doubleday. Jump up ^ The Ratification of the Constitution National Archives ^ Jump up to: Padover, Saul K. (1995). Landynski, Jacob W., ed. The Living U.S. Constitution: Historical Background, Landmark Supreme Court Decisions, with Introductions, Indexed Guide, Pen Portraits of the Signers (3rd rev. ed.). New York: Meridian. ISBN 978-0452011472 . Jump up ^ Irons, Lee., The 1788 American Revision of the Westminster Standards , viewed September 15, 2011. Referencing `` Records of the Presbyterian Church in the United States of America 1706-- 1788'' (1969). Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , p. 22. Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 19-- 20, 37, 173-- 76, 216-- 17. Jump up ^ Bowen 2010 , pp. 37, 173-- 76, 216-- 17. Jump up ^ Teaching American History.org, A citizen of America: an examination into the leading principles of America , viewed October 20, 2011. Scudder, Horace Elisha. Noah Webster , 1885 ed., p. 129. ^ Jump up to: Notes of the Secret Debates of the Federal Convention of 1787 . Robert Yates. http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/yates.asp Jump up ^ The Three-Fifth Compromise Digitalhistory.uh.edu Jump up ^ Farrand, Max, ed. (1911). The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Volume 1 . New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 155. ^ Jump up to: Farrand, Max, ed. (1911). The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Volume 2 . New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 94-- 95. ^ Jump up to: See Laurence Claus, Power Enumeration and the Silences of Constitutional Federalism http://ssrn.com/abstract=2837390 ^ Jump up to: Stewart, David O. (2007). The Summer of 1787 . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-8692-3 . Jump up ^ United States Postage Stamps Jump up ^ National Archives. `` Bill of Rights'' . Retrieved March 7, 2016 . Jump up ^ Speech of Benjamin Franklin -- The U_S_ Constitution Online -- USConstitution_net ^ Jump up to: `` Rising Sun'' in The Constitutional Convention of 1787: A Comprehensive Encyclopedia of America's Founding , Vol. 1 (ed. John R. Vile: ABC-CLIO, 2005), p. 681. Jump up ^ Madison Notes for September 17, 1787 . Jump up ^ Akhil Reed Amar (2006). America's Constitution: A Biography . Random House Digital, Inc. p. 29. ISBN 978-0-8129-7272-6 . ^ Jump up to: US Constitution.net. `` Constitutional Topic: The Constitutional Convention'' . Retrieved October 17, 2007 . Jump up ^ The Plan of Charles Pinckney (South Carolina), Presented to the Federal Convention, May 29, 1787. `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School'' . Archived from the original on 2017-04-24 . Retrieved August 19, 2017 . CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ The Debates in the Federal Convention of 1787 reported by James Madison : May 29. `` The Avalon Project at Yale Law School'' . Archived from the original on 2017-08-15 . Retrieved August 19, 2017 . Jump up ^ Farrand, Max, ed. (1911). The Records of the Federal Convention of 1787, Volume 1 . New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 489, 490, 551. ^ Jump up to: United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census (1909). A Century of Population Growth: From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790-- 1900 . D.C.: Government Printing Office. ^ Jump up to: Constitutional Rights Foundation. `` The Constitution and Slavery'' . Archived from the original on February 25, 2004 . Retrieved September 15, 2016 . ^ Jump up to: `` Meet the Framers of the Constitution'' . America's Founding Documents . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. 2017. Archived from the original on 2017-08-27. Jump up ^ Rodell, Fred (1986). 55 Men: The Story of the Constitution, Based on the Day-by-Day Notes of James Madison . Stackpole Books. p. 4. ISBN 978-0-8117-4409-6 . ^ Jump up to: `` The Founding Fathers: A Brief Overview'' . The Charters of Freedom . U.S. National Archives and Records Administration. Archived from the original on 2016-10-06. Jump up ^ Farrand, Max (1913). The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven: Yale University Press. Bibliography ( edit ) Beeman, Richard (2009). Plain Honest Men: The Making of the American Constitution . New York: Random House. ISBN 978-1-4000-6570-7 . Bowen, Catherine Drinker, Miracle At Philadelphia: The Story of the Constitutional Convention (Little, Brown 1966) Farrand, Max (1913). The Framing of the Constitution of the United States . New Haven: Yale University Press. Hunt, Gaillard (1902). The Life of James Madison . Doubleday. Jillson, Calvin C. (2009). American Government: Political Development and Institutional Change (5th ed.) . Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-203-88702-8 . Larson, Edward J.; Winship, Michael P. (2005). The Constitutional Convention: A Narrative History from the Notes of James Madison . New York: The Modern Library. ISBN 0-8129-7517-0 . Stewart, David O. (2007). The Summer of 1787 . New York: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0-7432-8692-3 . United States Department of Labor and Commerce Bureau of the Census (1909). A Century of Population Growth: From the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790-- 1900 . Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office. External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Constitutional Convention (United States) . 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when was the dawn is at hand published

The Past ( 1970 ) Municipal Gum ( 1960 ) `` A Song of Hope '' ( 1960 ) We are Going : Poems ( 1964 ) The Dawn is at Hand : Poems ( 1966 ) My People : A Kath Walker collection ( 1970 ) No more boomerang ( 1985 ) Kath Walker in China ( 1988 ) The Colour Bar ( 1990 ) Oodgeroo ( 1994 ) Let Us Not Be Bitter ( 1990 ) White Australia ( 1970 ) All One Race ( 1970 ) Freedom ( 1970 ) The Unhappy Race ( 1989 ) Then and Now ( 1970 ) Last of His Tribe ( 1970 )

Oodgeroo Noonuccal - wikipedia Oodgeroo Noonuccal Jump to: navigation , search Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath Walker) Oodgeroo Noonuccal at Brisbane 's King George Square, March 1975 Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska 3 November 1920 Minjerribah ( North Stradbroke Island ), Queensland , Australia 16 September 1993 ( 1993-09-16 ) (aged 72) Residence Moongalba Nationality Aboriginal of the Noonuccal tribe in Australian Other names Kath Walker and Kathleen Ruska Education book keeping, typing, & shorthand Occupation Domestic Servant, AWAS Full Corporal, Writer, Teacher, Poet Employer Australian Women's Army Service, Noonuccal-Nughie Education Cultural Centre Known for poetry, acting, writing, Aboriginal rights activism Political party Communist Party of Australia Australian Labor Party Australian Democrats Board member of Federal Council for the Advancement of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders ( FCAATSI ) Spouse(s) Bruce Walker Children Denis Walker , Vivian Walker Parent(s) Ted and Lucy Ruska Notes Mary Gilmore Medal (1970) * Jessie Litchfield Award (1975) * International Acting Award * Fellowship of Australian Writers' Award * Member of the Order of the British Empire * Honorary Doctorate ( Queensland University of Technology ) * Honorary Doctorate ( Macquarie University ) * Doctorate ( Griffith University ) Oodgeroo Noonuccal ( / ˈʊdɡəruː ˈnuːnəkəl / UUD -gə -roo NOO -nə -kəl ; born Kathleen Jean Mary Ruska , formerly Kath Walker ) (3 November 1920 -- 16 September 1993) was an Australian poet, political activist, artist and educator. She was also a campaigner for Aboriginal rights. Oodgeroo was best known for her poetry, and was the first Aboriginal Australian to publish a book of verse. Contents ( hide ) 1 Life as a poet, artist, writer and activist 2 In culture 3 Awards 4 Her work 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Life as a poet, artist, writer and activist ( edit ) Oodgeroo Noonuccal joined the Australian Women's Army Service in 1942, after her two brothers were captured by the Japanese at the fall of Singapore. Serving as a signaller in Brisbane she met many black American soldiers, as well as European Australians. These contacts helped to lay the foundations for her later advocacy of Aboriginal rights. (retrieved from https://www.awm.gov.au/articles/encyclopedia/indigenous ) During the 1960s Kath Walker emerged as a prominent political activist and writer. She was Queensland state secretary of the Federal Council for the Advancement of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders (FCAATSI), and was involved in a number of other political organisations. She was a key figure in the campaign for the reform of the Australian constitution to allow Aboriginal people full citizenship, lobbying Prime Minister Robert Menzies in 1965, and his successor Harold Holt in 1966. At one deputation in 1963, she taught Robert Menzies a lesson in the realities of Aboriginal life. After the Prime Minister offered the deputation an alcoholic drink, he was startled to learn from her that in Queensland he could be jailed for this. She wrote many books, beginning with We Are Going (1964), the first book to be published by an Aboriginal woman. The title poem concludes: The scrubs are gone, the hunting and the laughter. The eagle is gone, the emu and the kangaroo are gone from this place. The bora ring is gone. The corroboree is gone. And we are going. This first book of poetry was extraordinarily successful, selling out in several editions, and setting Oodgeroo well on the way to be Australia's highest-selling poet alongside C.J. Dennis . Critics' responses, however, were mixed, with some questioning whether Oodgeroo, as an Aboriginal person, could really have written it herself. Others were disturbed by the activism of the poems, and found that they were `` propaganda '' rather than what they considered to be real poetry. Oodgeroo embraced the idea of her poetry as propaganda, and described her own style as `` sloganistic, civil-writerish, plain and simple.'' She wanted to convey pride in her Aboriginality to the broadest possible audience, and to popularise equality and Aboriginal rights through her writing. In 1972 she bought a property on North Stradbroke Island (also known as Minjerribah ) which she called Moongalba (' sitting-down place' ), and established the Noonuccal-Nughie Education and Cultural Centre. And in 1977, a documentary about her, called Shadow Sister , was released. It was directed and produced by Frank Heimans and photographed by Geoff Burton . It describes her return to Moongalba and her life there. In a 1987 interview, she described her education program at Moongalba, saying that over `` the last seventeen years I've had 26,500 children on the island. White kids as well as black. And if there were green ones, I'd like them too ... I'm colour blind, you see. I teach them about Aboriginal culture. I teach them about the balance of nature.'' Oodgeroo was committed to education at all levels, and collaborated with universities in creating programs for teacher education that would lead to better teaching in Australian schools. In 1974 Noonuccal was aboard a British Airways flight that was hijacked by terrorists campaigning for Palestinian liberation. The hijackers shot a crew member and a passenger and forced the plane to fly to several different African destinations. During her three days in captivity, she used a blunt pencil and an airline sickbag from the seat pocket to write two poems, ' Commonplace' and ' Yusuf (Hijacker)' . In 1983 Noonuccal ran in the Queensland state election for the Australian Democrats political party in the Electoral district of Redlands . Her campaign focused around policies promoting the environment and Aboriginal rights. In 1988 she adopted a traditional name: Oodgeroo (meaning `` paperbark tree '' ) Noonuccal (her tribe's name). She died in 1993 in Victoria aged 72. In 2016 the Queensland Poetry Festival introduced an indigenous program which included the inaugural Oodgeroo Noonuccal Indigenous Poetry Prize. In culture ( edit ) A play has been written by Sam Watson entitled Oodgeroo: Bloodline to Country commemorating Oodgeroo Noonuccal's life, being a play based on Oodgeroo Noonuccal's real life experience as an Aboriginal woman on board a flight hijacked by Palestinian terrorists on her way home from a committee meeting in Nigeria for the World Black and African Festival of Arts and Culture Noonuccal's poetry has been set to music by numerous composers, including Christopher Gordon , Clare Maclean , Stephen Leek , Andrew Ford , Paul Stanhope , Mary Mageau , and Joseph Twist . Awards ( edit ) Oodgeroo won several literary awards, including the Mary Gilmore Medal (1970), the Jessie Litchfield Award (1975), and the Fellowship of Australian Writers' Award. In 1979, she was awarded the Sixth Annual Oscar at the Micheaux Awards Ceremony, hosted by the US Black Filmmakers Hall of Fame and in the same year received the International Acting Award for the film Shadow Sisters. She was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire in 1970, returning it in 1987 to protest the Australian Bicentenary celebrations, and to make a political statement at the condition of her people. In 2009 as part of the Q150 celebrations, Oodgeroo Noonuccal was announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for her role as an `` Influential Artists'' . The electoral district of Oodgeroo created in the 2017 Queensland state electoral redistribution was named after her. Her work ( edit ) Poetry The Past (1970) Municipal Gum (1960) `` A Song of Hope'' (1960) We are Going: Poems (1964) The Dawn is at Hand: Poems (1966) My People: A Kath Walker collection (1970) No more boomerang (1985) Kath Walker in China (1988) The Colour Bar (1990) Oodgeroo (1994) Let Us Not Be Bitter (1990) White Australia (1970) All One Race (1970) Freedom (1970) The Unhappy Race (1989) Then and Now (1970) Last of His Tribe (1970) For children Stradbroke Dreamtime (1972) Father Sky and Mother Earth (1981) Little Fella (1986) The Rainbow Serpent (1988) Non fiction Towards a Global Village in the Southern Hemisphere (1989) The Spirit of Australia (1989) Australian Legends And Landscapes (1990) Australia's Unwritten History: More legends of our land (1992) Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to: Land, Clare (16 September 2013). `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal (1920-- 1993)'' . Australian Women's Archives Project . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal.'' Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement , Vol. 27. Gale, 2007 Jump up ^ Cochrane, (1994), p. 67; Elaine Darling , They spoke out pretty good: politics and gender in the Brisbane Aboriginal Rights Movement 1958-- 1962 (St Kilda, Vic.: Janoan Media Exchange, c1998.), p. 189. Jump up ^ Cochrane, (1994), p. 63. Jump up ^ `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal (Kath (Ruska) Walker)'' . Reconciliation Australia . Archived from the original on 5 April 2012 . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Maori and Aboriginal Women in the Public Eye: Representing Difference, 1950-2000'' . ANU E Press . Retrieved 2014-02-23 . Jump up ^ Mitchell, (1987), pp. 200-- 2. Jump up ^ Rooney, Brigid, Literary activists: writer-intellectuals and Australian public life (St Lucia, Qld.) : University of Queensland Press, 2009, pp. 68-- 9 Jump up ^ Kath Walker, `` Aboriginal Literature'' Identity 2.3 (1975) pp. 39-- 40 Jump up ^ Cochrane, (1994), p. 37 Jump up ^ `` Shadow Sister: A Film Biography of Aboriginal Poet Kath Walker (Oodgeroo Noonuccal), MBE'' . Archived from the original on 19 July 2008 . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Mitchell, (1987), p. 206. Jump up ^ Rhonda Craven, `` The role of teachers in the Year of Indigenous people: Oodgeroo of the Tribe Noonuccal (Kath Walker)'' , Aboriginal Studies Association Journal , No. 3 (1994), p. 55-56. Jump up ^ Powell, Marg; Rickertt, Jeff. `` Kath Walker - Sick Bag Poem - Treasures from the Fryer Library'' . Library.uq.edu.au. Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 . Retrieved 2012-01-12 . Jump up ^ Floyd, B., Inside Story , p. 71, Boolarong Press, Salisbury. ^ Jump up to: `` Encyclopedia of World Biography Supplement: Supplement (Mi-So): Oodgeroo Noonuccal Biography'' . Notable Biographies . Retrieved 23 February 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Queensland Poetry Festival'' . ATSICHS . Retrieved 24 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Oodgeroo - Bloodline To Country'' . AustralianPlays.org . Retrieved 2012-01-12 . Jump up ^ `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal : Australian Music Centre'' . Retrieved 14 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Who's Who of Australian Women . Methuen Australia Pty Ltd. 1982. ISBN 0454004370 . Jump up ^ Bligh, Anna (10 June 2009). `` PREMIER UNVEILS QUEENSLAND'S 150 ICONS'' . Queensland Government . Archived from the original on 24 May 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2017 . Jump up ^ Queensland Redistribution Commission (26 May 2017). `` Determination of Queensland's Legislative Assembly Electoral Districts'' (PDF) . Queensland Government Gazette . p. 177. Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 October 2017 . Retrieved 29 October 2017 . References ( edit ) Cochrane, Kathie; Wright, Judith (1994). Oodgeroo . St Lucia, Queensland: University of Queensland Press. ISBN 0-7022-2621-1 . Mitchell, Susan (1987). The Matriarchs : Twelve Australian Women Talk about their Lives to Susan Mitchell . Ringwood, Victoria: Penguin Australia. ISBN 0-14-008659-5 . Di Blasio, Francesca; Zanoletti, Margherita (2013). Oodgeroo Noonuccal: con `` We are Going'' (Oodgeroo Noonuccal: with `` We are Going'' ) . Trento, Italy: Università degli Studi di Trento. ISBN 978-8884-435-071 . Secondary sources Beier, Ulli . Quandamooka, the art of Kath Walker (1985) ISBN 0-949267-12-0 Shoemaker, Adam (Ed.) Oodgeroo: A tribute (1994) ISBN 0-7022-2800-1 External links ( edit ) Oodgeroo Noonuccal at The Encyclopedia of Women and Leadership in Twentieth-Century Australia University of Queensland's Fryer Library Online Exhibition `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal Kath Walker 1920-- 1993'' University of Queensland Fryer Library Online Exhibition `` 1967 Referendum: Queensland organisations and activists'' Interview from 1981. `` Oodgeroo Noonuccal: Legacy of a True National Treasure of Australia.'' With profile. Guide to the Papers of Oodgeroo Noonuccal Catalogue of manuscripts at Fryer Library ( University of Queensland ) Videoclip from ' This is your life' Article discussing Sam Watson's play about OodOodgeroo Noonuccal McIlroy, Jim; Wynter, Coral (26 July 2009). `` Oodgeroo: ' A keeper of the law, a teller of stories ' '' . Green Left Weekly . Retrieved 20 May 2016 . Listen to a recording of Oodgeroo Noonuccal reading her poem ' We Are Going' on australianscreen online ' We Are Going' was added to the National Film and Sound Archive 's Sounds of Australia registry in 2010 VIAF : 46844943 LCCN : n86029295 ISNI : 0000 0000 8379 4889 GND : 119204495 SELIBR : 242493 SUDOC : 033052883 BNF : cb12395838x (data) BIBSYS : 90765767 NDL : 00460058 IATH : w69z959s Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Oodgeroo_Noonuccal&oldid=816887730 '' Categories : 1920 births 1993 deaths Australian communists Australian human rights activists Australian non-fiction writers Indigenous Australian writers Australian Members of the Order of the British Empire People from South East Queensland Australian indigenous rights activists Australian women poets 20th-century women writers 20th-century Australian poets Communist women writers Writers from Queensland People from the Redlands, Queensland Hidden categories: Use dmy dates from July 2011 Pages using infobox person with unknown parameters Infobox person using ethnicity Infobox person using religion Articles with hCards All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from December 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Articles with dead external links from May 2016 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with SELIBR identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with BIBSYS identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC-ID identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español Galego Italiano Simple English 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 December 2017, at 11:42. 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