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easy

Who was the spouse of Otto Modersohn from 1909 to 1910?

/wiki/Otto_Modersohn#P26#2

Otto Modersohn Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Modersohn ( 22 February 1865 , Soest – 10 March 1943 , Rotenburg ) was a German landscape painter . He was a co-founder of the Art Colony at Worpswede . Life . In 1884 , he began his studies at the Art Academy of Düsseldorf . Four years later , he moved to the Academy of Fine Arts , Karlsruhe , where he studied under Hermann Baisch . In July 1889 , he made his first visit to Worpswede with Fritz Mackensen . In August , Hans am Ende followed . They were later joined by Fritz Overbeck ( 1893 ) and Heinrich Vogeler ( 1894 ) ; all students from Düsseldorf . In 1895 , they presented their first group exhibition at the Kunsthalle Bremen . They were largely panned by the critics , but went on to a major breakthrough at the Munich Glaspalast . In 1897 , the Art Colony was officially established and Modersohn married Helene Schröder ( 1868-1900 ) , the daughter of a Bremen merchant . Two years later , he resigned from the association , citing his continuing fight for the personal , individual liberty of every artist . Vogeler and Overbeck joined him in leaving . The couple had one daughter , Elsbeth ( 1898-1984 ) . The next year , his wife died after a long illness . In 1901 , he remarried . His new wife , Paula Becker , was also a well-known painter . She died in 1907 , of an embolism , shortly after giving birth to their daughter Mathilde Tille ( 1907-1998 ) . At that point , Modersohn felt that he could not remain in Worpswede and moved to Fischerhude , a nearby village . His third wife was , daughter of the painter Heinrich Breling . She was primarily a singer , but painted as well . They had two sons , Ulrich ( 1913-1943 ) and , who also became a painter . In 1911 , when the Kunsthalle Bremen purchased Van Goghs Field with Poppies , Modersohn was the only Worpswede artist to support the museum , concluding that nationalistic sentiments should play no role in the world of art . In the 1920s and early 30s , he and Louise made extensive study trips throughout Germany and , in 1933 , he acquired an old farmhouse on the Gailenberg in Bad Hindelang for use as a studio . Three years later , he became blind in his right eye , due to a detached retina . This forced him to remain in his studio rather than paint outdoors . He was awarded the Goethe Medal for Art & Science in 1940 . A year before his death , he was persuaded to speak on the subject of visual arts at the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda . Work . From 1874 to 1889 , he concentrated on small-scale studies and landscapes , painted directly from nature in the Plein Air style of the Barbizon School . After 1889 , his search for a truly natural style led gradually to more colorful canvases . Around 1900 , he and several other Worpswede artists began doing illustrations and designs for Stollwerck , the German chocolate company . Artistic interaction with his second wife , Paula , led to the development of a style emphasizing simplicity and humanity , expressed in their maxim Das Ding an sich in Stimmung ( roughly , The thing-in-itself in the mood/feeling ) . Although his wifes subject matter was vastly different , he considered her work a complement to his . After World War II , a Modersohn Museum was established in Gailenberg and later relocated to Fischerhude . Another Otto Modersohn Museum showcasing his early work in Westphalia opened in Tecklenburg in 2015 . Further reading . - Kai Artinger : Otto Modersohns Langbehnsches Kunstideal , in : Strohmeyer/Artinger/Krogmann : Landschaft , Licht und niederdeutscher Mythos . Die Worpsweder Kunst und der Nationalsozialismus , VDG , Weimar 2000 , , Pages 117-130 - Marina Bohlmann-Modersohn : Otto Modersohn – Leben und Werk , Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude 2005 , - Christian Modersohn : Das Erbe meines Vaters – Zwei Leben für die Kunst . Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude 2005 . Documentary film . - So broad and big - The nature of Otto Modersohn , Directed by Carlo Modersohn , narrated by Hanns Zischler , produced by Carlo Modersohn , in cooperation with the Otto Modersohn Museum , 78 min. , 2011 . ( ) External links . - Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude - Otto Modersohn Museum , Tecklenburg - Rainer Maria Rilke on Otto Modersohn - Entry in the Artcyclopedia

easy

Brian Higgins went to which school from 1983 to 1984?

/wiki/Brian_Higgins#P69#0

Brian Higgins Brian Michael Higgins ( born October 6 , 1959 ) is the U.S . Representative for , serving since 2005 . The district , numbered as the 27th district from 2005 to 2013 , includes Buffalo and Niagara Falls . He is a member of the Democratic Party and is a member of several congressional committees and caucuses . Higgins was born and raised in Buffalo , and graduated from college in Buffalo , later obtaining graduate degrees from Buffalo State College and Harvard University . Self-described as both an independent and conservative Democrat , Higgins is also considered a centrist . He supports the strengthening of Social Security and has been a proponent for a public option for health insurance . He further supports national and regional economic development . Previously anti-abortion , Higgins now supports abortion rights . He has also supported efforts for peace in many areas of the world , and been actively involved in the Northern Ireland peace process . Early life , education and career . A native of South Buffalo , Higgins served on the Buffalo Common Council ( city council ) from 1988 to 1993 , representing the South District . Higginss grandparents were from Ireland . In 1993 , during his final year on the Council , Higgins was rated Buffalos Best Lawmaker in a 1993 Buffalo News Survey of Western New York business and community leaders . Responding to the survey were 158 business , community , and government leaders in Western New York . Higgins earned the highest rating of any political leader , with a 3.81 out of a possible score of 5 . The Buffalo News wrote of Higgins , During his 5 1/2 years on the Council , he has earned a reputation as a thoughtful , soft-spoken lawmaker who has paid attention to both district and citywide concerns . One community leader said , Brian is a very bright , responsible public official , while a government leader said of Higgins , The best Councilman in Buffalo . Has great vision . Higgins graduated from Buffalo State College with a B.A . in political science in 1984 . He received an M.A . in history from Buffalo State College in 1995 and an M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 . Higgins has taught courses on state and local government , and the economic history of Buffalo and Western New York , in Buffalo State Colleges history and economics departments . He served as the 145th district representative to the New York State Assembly from 1999 to 2004 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2012 . Jack Quinn , a moderate Republican who had represented the heavily Democratic 27th since 1993 , unexpectedly announced his retirement in 2004 . In April 2004 , Higgins entered the race , and narrowly defeated then-Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples . Even after redistricting following the 2000 census , the district was made slightly friendlier for Quinn ( in part , by adding mostly rural Chautauqua County ) , but was still at the time the most Democratic district in the country represented by a Republican . The district has since reverted to form , and Higgins was reelected three times without serious difficulty , never receiving less than 60% of the vote . He easily dispatched his 2008 and 2010 opponents even after they posted six-figure fundraising numbers . In 2006 and 2008 , Higgins garnered more than 70% of the vote . For his first four terms , Higgins represented the southern two-thirds of Buffalo , as well as Chautauqua County . After the 2010 census , his district was renumbered as the 26th , and a special master redrew it to be much more compact and Democratic . He picked up the rest of Buffalo , as well as several inner-ring suburbs that used to be in the territory of Louise Slaughter , while losing Chautauqua County to its traditional Southern Tier district . He also picked up a large slice of Niagara County , including all of North Tonawanda and Niagara Falls . Higgins has received financial contributions for his campaigns from many business executives in Western New York throughout his tenure in Congress . In 2012 , his reelection committee raised more than $1,000,000 , with approximately 2/3 coming from individual donors , representing major businesses in Western New York . Tenure . Higgins has positioned himself as a centrist . He has called himself the most independent and conservative Democrat in [ the ] New York delegation . He ran for the Assembly on both the Democratic and Conservative party lines , and in the House , he often agrees with Republicans on issues of national security , immigration , and gun control . Higgins is a member of the New Democrat Coalition . He describes himself as a pro-union moderate who wants to spur job growth . He has said he supports allowing seniors to buy prescription drugs from Canada , and one of his priorities in Congress is legislation allowing the government to negotiate for volume discounts on drugs . He has also said he wants Congress to repeal President George W . Bushs tax cuts for the wealthiest individuals . Higgins procured $279 million over 50 years for Erie Countys various governments and agencies from the New York Power Authority as part of the Niagara Power Project 50-year relicensing agreement . He is an advocate for economic development and job creation , and played a pivotal role through his membership on the Houses Transportation and Infrastructure Committee in securing approval for the construction of a new federal courthouse in downtown Buffalo . Higgins strongly advocates for increased federal funding for cancer research , as Buffalo is home to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , the nations first major medical facility devoted exclusively to treating cancer , with cancer research as its main mission . In 2006 , Higgins and Representatives James T . Walsh and Tim Murphy met with several government leaders in Ireland and announced confirmation of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) weapons decommissioning . Government leaders with whom the three met included Irish Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern , Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain , US Ambassador to Ireland James C . Kenny , US Ambassador to the United Kingdom Robert H . Tuttle , and the leadership of each of the main political parties involved in the process for peace . Higgins has also supported efforts for peace in South Asia and Africa , and the Middle East , including Iraq , Afghanistan , and Darfur . In 2007 , Higgins reportedly played a pivotal behind-the-scenes role in saving St . Josephs Hospital in Cheektowaga from closure as proposed by the New York State Commission on Health Facilities in the 21st Century . Higgins received an A+ on the 2007 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues from the Drum Major Institute , which describes itself as providing the ideas that fuel the progressive movement . Several media outlets named Higgins as one of the leading candidates to succeed Hillary Clinton in the United States Senate after she became Secretary of State in an Obama administration . He was one of six candidates on New York Governor David Patersons short list for the position ; a WKBW-TV poll showed 75% of respondents on the stations website would support Higginss nomination . In the end , Paterson appointed Representative Kirsten Gillibrand . On January 31 , 2009 , Higgins led a delegation of Western New York elected leaders in welcoming Gillibrand to the region , moderating an economic roundtable discussion held at the Bioinformatics Center of Excellence , on the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus . In December 2008 , after only two terms in the House , Higgins secured a spot on the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , considered one of the most important and powerful committees in Congress due to its wide jurisdiction . Higgins was subsequently appointed to serve on the Ways and Means Committees subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures and its subcommittee on Oversight . After the GOP takeover of the House following the 2010 elections , Higgins left the Ways and Means Committee ( while maintaining a right to return ) and became a member of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the United States House Committee on Homeland Security . On the latter , Higgins quickly rose to the position of Ranking Member of the United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia - United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Subcommittee on Europe , Eurasia , and Emerging Threats - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Border and Maritime Security - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence , Ranking Member - Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness , Response , and Communications - Ad Hoc Committee on Irish Affairs Caucus memberships . - Co-chair , Revitalizing Older Cities Task Force - Former co-chair , member , Great Lakes Task Force - Former co-chair , member , House Cancer Caucus - Former co-chair , Historic Preservation Caucus - Former co-chair , member , Northeast-Midwest Congressional Coalition - Former co-chair , Northern Border Caucus - Member , New Democrat Coalition - Member , House Steel Caucus - Member , China Caucus - Member , Arts Caucus - Medicare for All Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Blue Collar Caucus Political positions . Social Security . On a previous policy position from his website , Higgins said , For too long , the Social Security Administration has underfunded and understaffed hearing offices in Western New York .. . citizens who have contributed to the Social Security system throughout their lives should have proper customer service when their benefits come due . In 2010 , Higgins and many other congressional members sent President Barack Obama a letter encouraging him to keep Social Security and make it stronger , saying We write today to express our strong support for Social Security and our view that it should be strengthened . We oppose any cuts to Social Security benefits , including raising the retirement age . We also oppose any effort to privatize Social Security , in whole or in part .. . cutting Social Security benefits beyond the already scheduled increase in the retirement age from 65 to 67 would create even more needless hardship for millions of vulnerable Americans . This was in response to Obama giving the task of cutting government spending to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform on October 15 , 2010 . The letter also stressed that Social Security is prohibited by law from adding to the national budget deficit . Higgins opposes privatizing Social Security . He support [ s ] full funding for the Social Security Administration to process checks on time ; fight against waste , fraud , and abuse ; and combat unacceptable claims backlogs . His district includes nearly 150,000 senior citizens . Higgins introduced related legislation , House Resolution ( HR ) 3997 , in February 2014 . The bill aims requires the Social Security Commissioner to submit an estimated annual budget and to submit the estimated budget to Congress before submitting it to the President ; prohibits the closing or limitation of field offices and hearing offices without justification ; and mandates particular procedures related to closings , consolidations , and/or public limitations . Abortion . While serving in the New York State Assembly from 1999 to 2004 , Higgins consistently voted anti-abortion . Since running for Congress in 2004 , Higgins identifies himself as pro-choice . In 2006 , Higgins was given a rating of 9% by the NRLC , which indicates a pro-choice stance . Higgins received a score of 100% ( a perfect score ) from Planned Parenthood in 2012 and from NARAL Pro-Choice America in 2011 . Health care . Higgins voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare . In June 2012 , Higgins said he believed that health care providers will have to embrace Accountable Care Organizations , comparative effectiveness research—which studies various treatments to determine what works best—and other changes . He believed that this should have been done decades ago . On his congressional website , Higgins has stated that there is no question that [ the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ] was needed . He added that it is a beginning of health care reform in the United States . Higgins strongly believes in a national healthcare program , with a public option , whereby the government provides health insurance that would compete with other businesses plans . A letter Higgins signed from a group of representatives to Senator Harry Reid , then the Senate Majority Leader , stated , As the Senate continues to work on health reform legislation , we strongly urge you to consider including a public option . The American Public Health Association gave Higgins a perfect rating of 100% in 2009 . Stimulus spending . It was reported that Higgins was proposing something unprecedented in this era of $1.3 trillion annual deficits : a $1.25 trillion , five-year plan to rebuild the nations roads , bridges , railroads , ports and airports . Higginss website gives the cost of these endeavors as $1.2 trillion . The bill , the Nation Building Here at Home Act , based on research by the New America Foundation , would cost significantly more than Obamas $787 billion stimulus package . Higgins said that he wants to rebuild the US as weve rebuilt other countries—Iraq and Afghanistan—in recent years . He also said that it is not a stimulus bill , but a nation-building bill . Education . Higgins is a supporter of education , including early education through higher education . He has said , Every child has a right to a quality education . Ensuring that young people have a quality early education , and that legislators are supportive of education for individuals in primary , elementary , secondary , and higher educational institutions are among Higginss aims . He is a proponent of congressional support for measures that increase student achievement , but that also reward success rather than punish failure , as the No Child Left Behind Act has done . Higgins further believes that financial barriers to education should not hinder anyone from pursuing higher education . Student loan interest rates . Higgins supports maintaining lower interest rates on loans incurred by college and university students . He cosponsored two bills , H.R . 3826 and H.R . 4816 , in efforts to extend the period of time in maintaining the reduced 3.4% interest rate on student loans . In 2007 Higgins supported The College Cost Reduction and Access Act , a bill passed into law that included the reduced 3.4% interest rate on subsidized Stafford student loans through the end of the 2012 academic year . Personal life . Higgins resides in South Buffalo . He has two adult children , Maeve and John . External links . - Congressman Brian Higgins official U.S . House website - Brian Higgins for Congress

easy

Which school did Brian Higgins go to from 1984 to 1985?

/wiki/Brian_Higgins#P69#1

Brian Higgins Brian Michael Higgins ( born October 6 , 1959 ) is the U.S . Representative for , serving since 2005 . The district , numbered as the 27th district from 2005 to 2013 , includes Buffalo and Niagara Falls . He is a member of the Democratic Party and is a member of several congressional committees and caucuses . Higgins was born and raised in Buffalo , and graduated from college in Buffalo , later obtaining graduate degrees from Buffalo State College and Harvard University . Self-described as both an independent and conservative Democrat , Higgins is also considered a centrist . He supports the strengthening of Social Security and has been a proponent for a public option for health insurance . He further supports national and regional economic development . Previously anti-abortion , Higgins now supports abortion rights . He has also supported efforts for peace in many areas of the world , and been actively involved in the Northern Ireland peace process . Early life , education and career . A native of South Buffalo , Higgins served on the Buffalo Common Council ( city council ) from 1988 to 1993 , representing the South District . Higginss grandparents were from Ireland . In 1993 , during his final year on the Council , Higgins was rated Buffalos Best Lawmaker in a 1993 Buffalo News Survey of Western New York business and community leaders . Responding to the survey were 158 business , community , and government leaders in Western New York . Higgins earned the highest rating of any political leader , with a 3.81 out of a possible score of 5 . The Buffalo News wrote of Higgins , During his 5 1/2 years on the Council , he has earned a reputation as a thoughtful , soft-spoken lawmaker who has paid attention to both district and citywide concerns . One community leader said , Brian is a very bright , responsible public official , while a government leader said of Higgins , The best Councilman in Buffalo . Has great vision . Higgins graduated from Buffalo State College with a B.A . in political science in 1984 . He received an M.A . in history from Buffalo State College in 1995 and an M.P.A . from Harvard Universitys John F . Kennedy School of Government in 1996 . Higgins has taught courses on state and local government , and the economic history of Buffalo and Western New York , in Buffalo State Colleges history and economics departments . He served as the 145th district representative to the New York State Assembly from 1999 to 2004 . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . 2012 . Jack Quinn , a moderate Republican who had represented the heavily Democratic 27th since 1993 , unexpectedly announced his retirement in 2004 . In April 2004 , Higgins entered the race , and narrowly defeated then-Erie County Comptroller Nancy Naples . Even after redistricting following the 2000 census , the district was made slightly friendlier for Quinn ( in part , by adding mostly rural Chautauqua County ) , but was still at the time the most Democratic district in the country represented by a Republican . The district has since reverted to form , and Higgins was reelected three times without serious difficulty , never receiving less than 60% of the vote . He easily dispatched his 2008 and 2010 opponents even after they posted six-figure fundraising numbers . In 2006 and 2008 , Higgins garnered more than 70% of the vote . For his first four terms , Higgins represented the southern two-thirds of Buffalo , as well as Chautauqua County . After the 2010 census , his district was renumbered as the 26th , and a special master redrew it to be much more compact and Democratic . He picked up the rest of Buffalo , as well as several inner-ring suburbs that used to be in the territory of Louise Slaughter , while losing Chautauqua County to its traditional Southern Tier district . He also picked up a large slice of Niagara County , including all of North Tonawanda and Niagara Falls . Higgins has received financial contributions for his campaigns from many business executives in Western New York throughout his tenure in Congress . In 2012 , his reelection committee raised more than $1,000,000 , with approximately 2/3 coming from individual donors , representing major businesses in Western New York . Tenure . Higgins has positioned himself as a centrist . He has called himself the most independent and conservative Democrat in [ the ] New York delegation . He ran for the Assembly on both the Democratic and Conservative party lines , and in the House , he often agrees with Republicans on issues of national security , immigration , and gun control . Higgins is a member of the New Democrat Coalition . He describes himself as a pro-union moderate who wants to spur job growth . He has said he supports allowing seniors to buy prescription drugs from Canada , and one of his priorities in Congress is legislation allowing the government to negotiate for volume discounts on drugs . He has also said he wants Congress to repeal President George W . Bushs tax cuts for the wealthiest individuals . Higgins procured $279 million over 50 years for Erie Countys various governments and agencies from the New York Power Authority as part of the Niagara Power Project 50-year relicensing agreement . He is an advocate for economic development and job creation , and played a pivotal role through his membership on the Houses Transportation and Infrastructure Committee in securing approval for the construction of a new federal courthouse in downtown Buffalo . Higgins strongly advocates for increased federal funding for cancer research , as Buffalo is home to Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center , the nations first major medical facility devoted exclusively to treating cancer , with cancer research as its main mission . In 2006 , Higgins and Representatives James T . Walsh and Tim Murphy met with several government leaders in Ireland and announced confirmation of the Irish Republican Army ( IRA ) weapons decommissioning . Government leaders with whom the three met included Irish Foreign Minister Dermot Ahern , Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Peter Hain , US Ambassador to Ireland James C . Kenny , US Ambassador to the United Kingdom Robert H . Tuttle , and the leadership of each of the main political parties involved in the process for peace . Higgins has also supported efforts for peace in South Asia and Africa , and the Middle East , including Iraq , Afghanistan , and Darfur . In 2007 , Higgins reportedly played a pivotal behind-the-scenes role in saving St . Josephs Hospital in Cheektowaga from closure as proposed by the New York State Commission on Health Facilities in the 21st Century . Higgins received an A+ on the 2007 Congressional Scorecard on middle-class issues from the Drum Major Institute , which describes itself as providing the ideas that fuel the progressive movement . Several media outlets named Higgins as one of the leading candidates to succeed Hillary Clinton in the United States Senate after she became Secretary of State in an Obama administration . He was one of six candidates on New York Governor David Patersons short list for the position ; a WKBW-TV poll showed 75% of respondents on the stations website would support Higginss nomination . In the end , Paterson appointed Representative Kirsten Gillibrand . On January 31 , 2009 , Higgins led a delegation of Western New York elected leaders in welcoming Gillibrand to the region , moderating an economic roundtable discussion held at the Bioinformatics Center of Excellence , on the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus . In December 2008 , after only two terms in the House , Higgins secured a spot on the United States House Committee on Ways and Means , considered one of the most important and powerful committees in Congress due to its wide jurisdiction . Higgins was subsequently appointed to serve on the Ways and Means Committees subcommittee on Select Revenue Measures and its subcommittee on Oversight . After the GOP takeover of the House following the 2010 elections , Higgins left the Ways and Means Committee ( while maintaining a right to return ) and became a member of the United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs and the United States House Committee on Homeland Security . On the latter , Higgins quickly rose to the position of Ranking Member of the United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence . Committee assignments . - Committee on Foreign Affairs - Subcommittee on the Middle East and South Asia - United States House Foreign Affairs Subcommittee on the Middle East and North Africa - Subcommittee on Terrorism , Nonproliferation , and Trade - Subcommittee on Europe , Eurasia , and Emerging Threats - Committee on Homeland Security - Subcommittee on Border and Maritime Security - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism and Intelligence , Ranking Member - Subcommittee on Emergency Preparedness , Response , and Communications - Ad Hoc Committee on Irish Affairs Caucus memberships . - Co-chair , Revitalizing Older Cities Task Force - Former co-chair , member , Great Lakes Task Force - Former co-chair , member , House Cancer Caucus - Former co-chair , Historic Preservation Caucus - Former co-chair , member , Northeast-Midwest Congressional Coalition - Former co-chair , Northern Border Caucus - Member , New Democrat Coalition - Member , House Steel Caucus - Member , China Caucus - Member , Arts Caucus - Medicare for All Caucus - Congressional Arts Caucus - Afterschool Caucuses - Blue Collar Caucus Political positions . Social Security . On a previous policy position from his website , Higgins said , For too long , the Social Security Administration has underfunded and understaffed hearing offices in Western New York .. . citizens who have contributed to the Social Security system throughout their lives should have proper customer service when their benefits come due . In 2010 , Higgins and many other congressional members sent President Barack Obama a letter encouraging him to keep Social Security and make it stronger , saying We write today to express our strong support for Social Security and our view that it should be strengthened . We oppose any cuts to Social Security benefits , including raising the retirement age . We also oppose any effort to privatize Social Security , in whole or in part .. . cutting Social Security benefits beyond the already scheduled increase in the retirement age from 65 to 67 would create even more needless hardship for millions of vulnerable Americans . This was in response to Obama giving the task of cutting government spending to the National Commission on Fiscal Responsibility and Reform on October 15 , 2010 . The letter also stressed that Social Security is prohibited by law from adding to the national budget deficit . Higgins opposes privatizing Social Security . He support [ s ] full funding for the Social Security Administration to process checks on time ; fight against waste , fraud , and abuse ; and combat unacceptable claims backlogs . His district includes nearly 150,000 senior citizens . Higgins introduced related legislation , House Resolution ( HR ) 3997 , in February 2014 . The bill aims requires the Social Security Commissioner to submit an estimated annual budget and to submit the estimated budget to Congress before submitting it to the President ; prohibits the closing or limitation of field offices and hearing offices without justification ; and mandates particular procedures related to closings , consolidations , and/or public limitations . Abortion . While serving in the New York State Assembly from 1999 to 2004 , Higgins consistently voted anti-abortion . Since running for Congress in 2004 , Higgins identifies himself as pro-choice . In 2006 , Higgins was given a rating of 9% by the NRLC , which indicates a pro-choice stance . Higgins received a score of 100% ( a perfect score ) from Planned Parenthood in 2012 and from NARAL Pro-Choice America in 2011 . Health care . Higgins voted for the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act , also known as Obamacare . In June 2012 , Higgins said he believed that health care providers will have to embrace Accountable Care Organizations , comparative effectiveness research—which studies various treatments to determine what works best—and other changes . He believed that this should have been done decades ago . On his congressional website , Higgins has stated that there is no question that [ the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ] was needed . He added that it is a beginning of health care reform in the United States . Higgins strongly believes in a national healthcare program , with a public option , whereby the government provides health insurance that would compete with other businesses plans . A letter Higgins signed from a group of representatives to Senator Harry Reid , then the Senate Majority Leader , stated , As the Senate continues to work on health reform legislation , we strongly urge you to consider including a public option . The American Public Health Association gave Higgins a perfect rating of 100% in 2009 . Stimulus spending . It was reported that Higgins was proposing something unprecedented in this era of $1.3 trillion annual deficits : a $1.25 trillion , five-year plan to rebuild the nations roads , bridges , railroads , ports and airports . Higginss website gives the cost of these endeavors as $1.2 trillion . The bill , the Nation Building Here at Home Act , based on research by the New America Foundation , would cost significantly more than Obamas $787 billion stimulus package . Higgins said that he wants to rebuild the US as weve rebuilt other countries—Iraq and Afghanistan—in recent years . He also said that it is not a stimulus bill , but a nation-building bill . Education . Higgins is a supporter of education , including early education through higher education . He has said , Every child has a right to a quality education . Ensuring that young people have a quality early education , and that legislators are supportive of education for individuals in primary , elementary , secondary , and higher educational institutions are among Higginss aims . He is a proponent of congressional support for measures that increase student achievement , but that also reward success rather than punish failure , as the No Child Left Behind Act has done . Higgins further believes that financial barriers to education should not hinder anyone from pursuing higher education . Student loan interest rates . Higgins supports maintaining lower interest rates on loans incurred by college and university students . He cosponsored two bills , H.R . 3826 and H.R . 4816 , in efforts to extend the period of time in maintaining the reduced 3.4% interest rate on student loans . In 2007 Higgins supported The College Cost Reduction and Access Act , a bill passed into law that included the reduced 3.4% interest rate on subsidized Stafford student loans through the end of the 2012 academic year . Personal life . Higgins resides in South Buffalo . He has two adult children , Maeve and John . External links . - Congressman Brian Higgins official U.S . House website - Brian Higgins for Congress

easy

Which team did the player Conrad Logan belong to from 2005 to 2006?

/wiki/Conrad_Logan#P54#0

Conrad Logan Conrad Joseph Logan ( born 18 April 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stamford . Logan joined the Leicester City academy in 2001 , making his professional debut in 2005 . He largely served Leicester as a backup goalkeeper , playing for several other clubs on loan . During a loan spell at Stockport County , Logan helped the club win the 2008 Football League Two play-off Final . At the time of his release in 2015 , he was the longest-serving player in Leicesters squad . After spending over a year out of the game , mainly due to injury , Logan signed for Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his debut appearance for the club he made two saves in a penalty shoot-out earning them a place in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which they went on to win . Career . Leicester City . Born in Letterkenny , County Donegal , he began his career in 2001 in the youth system at Leicester City . He had two loan spells at Boston United during the 2005–06 season . Logan , who made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–0 League Cup win over Macclesfield Town on 22 August 2006 . After a series of poor displays from first-choice keeper Paul Henderson at the start of the 2006–07 season , Logan made his league debut in a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 23 September . He was dropped from the first-team squad after conceding four goals against Sheffield Wednesday on 2 December 2006 . Nonetheless , he signed a new three-year contract on 21 December . When Nigel Worthington was appointed caretaker manager , Logan regained his place in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007 . He played in the clubs last five league games of the season , earning two clean sheets helping Leicester avoid relegation . Stockport County ( loan ) . On 6 August 2007 , Logan was made available for loan for the forthcoming season , and he signed a season-long loan with Stockport County on 9 August . In the 2007–08 season , Logan played 38 games for Stockport and helped the team to a League Two play-off final on 26 May where they met and defeated northwest rivals Rochdale 3–2 . Luton Town ( loan ) . Logan joined Luton Town on loan for six months in the 2008–09 season , providing competition for Luton goalkeeper Dean Brill . He saved three penalty kicks in a 0–0 FA Cup draw against Altrincham on 21 November 2008 , which Luton won 4–2 on penalties . Logan helped the club to another penalty shootout win against Brentford in the Football League Trophy second round on 7 October 2008 . His form prompted the club to make an offer for his loan to be extended by a further month . However , this was rejected by Logans agent , and he missed out on the 2009 Football League Trophy Final against Scunthorpe on 5 April 2009 , which Luton won 3–2 . Stockport County ( second loan ) . On 27 March , Logan rejoined Stockport County on a one-week emergency loan as cover for injured keepers Owain Fôn Williams and Lloyd Rigby . He extended his stay with Stockport by a further week on 3 April in where the clubs win against Crewe on the penultimate game guaranteed safety in League One . Return to Leicester City . Despite a succession of loan moves , Logan refused to give up on his career at Leicester and vowed to fight for his place in the 2009–10 season . Tim Flowers , who was previously coach at the club , felt that to be fair to Conrad , he has also done well . Logan signed an extended contract with Leicester until the summer of 2012 on 16 February 2010 . He finally played his first league game for the club since 2007 against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium on 6 March 2010 , conceding one goal in a 2–0 defeat . Coming on as a substitute for injured first choice keeper Chris Weale , Logan was still happy with life at the club . With Leicester already qualified for the Championship play-offs , Logan was finally given his first start against Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010 , saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . Bristol Rovers ( loan ) . Logan played seven games for Leicester in 2010–11 season , before on 18 February 2011 , he joined Bristol Rovers on a one-month loan deal . Logan then extended his loan deal until the end of the season , after impressive displays , including two penalty saves in as many games against Huddersfield and Notts County . Towards the end of his 16 games at Bristol Logan expressed his desire to stay at Rovers permanently , a move that failed to materialise . Rotherham United ( loan ) . On 5 August , Logan joined Rotherham United on loan until January 2012 . Logan made his debut for the Millers in the 1–0 win over Oxford United on 7 August . At the end of his loan , Logan returned to Leicester amidst rumours about a permanent move away from Leicester . Second return to Leicester City . On 29 June 2012 , Logan signed a new deal extending his stay at the King Power Stadium until June 2013 . Logan was an unused substitute in every one of Leicesters league and cup games that season and did not play a competitive match . Despite this , he was a regular for the clubs Development Squad , captaining the side on many occasions as they won promotion to the newly formed Barclays Under 21 Premier League . At the end of May 2013 , Leicester City announced , whilst publishing their release list for out of contract players , that negotiations were taking place for Logan to remain at the club for another season . On 13 June , Logan signed a new two-year contract until 2015 . On 27 August 2013 , he made his first appearance for Leicester City since October 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes of the clubs 5–2 League Cup win over Carlisle United . Rochdale ( loan ) . On 18 August 2014 , Logan joined League One side Rochdale on an initial one-month loan , following an injury to Josh Lillis . Logan made his debut in Rochdales 5–2 victory at Crewe Alexandra , putting in an impressive display . On 28 August , Logan extended his loan at the club until January . Logan saved a penalty in Rochdales 3–2 victory over Leyton Orient on 27 September , a feat he would replicate in the next game , saving Conor Hourihanes last minute penalty , although it couldnt prevent a 1–0 loss to Barnsley . On 20 December , Logan fell awkwardly during a match against Notts County and later had to be substituted . Following the match , manager Keith Hill confirmed that Logan had suffered a serious injury and Logan himself later tweeted that his loan spell had ended due to the injury . He made 24 appearances for Rochdale in all competitions that season , as they finished a very credible 8th place , their highest-ever league placing . Hibernian . Logan signed a short-term contract with Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his first senior game for sixteen months , he was man of the match in Hibernians Scottish Cup semi-final win against Dundee United . Logan made a series of saves during the match , which finished goalless , then made two saves in the penalty shootout . Despite this performance , manager Alan Stubbs opted to restore regular goalkeeper Mark Oxley to the starting lineup for the following match . Logan regained the starting place before the promotion playoffs , in which Hibs lost to Falkirk 5–4 on aggregate . He then started the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers . Logan left Hibernian at the end of his contract after making eight appearances for the club . Return to Rochdale . On 10 August 2016 , Logan joined EFL League One side Rochdale on a six-month contract . He made 11 appearances in those six months prior to signing an extension until the end of the 2016–17 season . Mansfield Town . Logan joined Mansfield Town on 10 May 2017 . He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2019–20 season . Forest Green Rovers ( loan ) . On 24 January 2020 , Logan joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . Anstey Nomads . In November 2020 , Logan turned down offers to return to The Football League and officially committed to United Counties League Premier Division club Anstey Nomads as a player , but also as a coach with the clubs junior team and as a guide to the clubs other coaches . Stamford AFC . In January 2021 , Logan signed for non-league side Stamford AFC . International career . Logan was capped by the Republic of Ireland at youth international levels from under-14 to under-19 . Honours . Hibernian - Scottish Cup : 2015–16 Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2008

easy

Conrad Logan played for which team from 2006 to 2007?

/wiki/Conrad_Logan#P54#1

Conrad Logan Conrad Joseph Logan ( born 18 April 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stamford . Logan joined the Leicester City academy in 2001 , making his professional debut in 2005 . He largely served Leicester as a backup goalkeeper , playing for several other clubs on loan . During a loan spell at Stockport County , Logan helped the club win the 2008 Football League Two play-off Final . At the time of his release in 2015 , he was the longest-serving player in Leicesters squad . After spending over a year out of the game , mainly due to injury , Logan signed for Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his debut appearance for the club he made two saves in a penalty shoot-out earning them a place in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which they went on to win . Career . Leicester City . Born in Letterkenny , County Donegal , he began his career in 2001 in the youth system at Leicester City . He had two loan spells at Boston United during the 2005–06 season . Logan , who made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–0 League Cup win over Macclesfield Town on 22 August 2006 . After a series of poor displays from first-choice keeper Paul Henderson at the start of the 2006–07 season , Logan made his league debut in a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 23 September . He was dropped from the first-team squad after conceding four goals against Sheffield Wednesday on 2 December 2006 . Nonetheless , he signed a new three-year contract on 21 December . When Nigel Worthington was appointed caretaker manager , Logan regained his place in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007 . He played in the clubs last five league games of the season , earning two clean sheets helping Leicester avoid relegation . Stockport County ( loan ) . On 6 August 2007 , Logan was made available for loan for the forthcoming season , and he signed a season-long loan with Stockport County on 9 August . In the 2007–08 season , Logan played 38 games for Stockport and helped the team to a League Two play-off final on 26 May where they met and defeated northwest rivals Rochdale 3–2 . Luton Town ( loan ) . Logan joined Luton Town on loan for six months in the 2008–09 season , providing competition for Luton goalkeeper Dean Brill . He saved three penalty kicks in a 0–0 FA Cup draw against Altrincham on 21 November 2008 , which Luton won 4–2 on penalties . Logan helped the club to another penalty shootout win against Brentford in the Football League Trophy second round on 7 October 2008 . His form prompted the club to make an offer for his loan to be extended by a further month . However , this was rejected by Logans agent , and he missed out on the 2009 Football League Trophy Final against Scunthorpe on 5 April 2009 , which Luton won 3–2 . Stockport County ( second loan ) . On 27 March , Logan rejoined Stockport County on a one-week emergency loan as cover for injured keepers Owain Fôn Williams and Lloyd Rigby . He extended his stay with Stockport by a further week on 3 April in where the clubs win against Crewe on the penultimate game guaranteed safety in League One . Return to Leicester City . Despite a succession of loan moves , Logan refused to give up on his career at Leicester and vowed to fight for his place in the 2009–10 season . Tim Flowers , who was previously coach at the club , felt that to be fair to Conrad , he has also done well . Logan signed an extended contract with Leicester until the summer of 2012 on 16 February 2010 . He finally played his first league game for the club since 2007 against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium on 6 March 2010 , conceding one goal in a 2–0 defeat . Coming on as a substitute for injured first choice keeper Chris Weale , Logan was still happy with life at the club . With Leicester already qualified for the Championship play-offs , Logan was finally given his first start against Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010 , saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . Bristol Rovers ( loan ) . Logan played seven games for Leicester in 2010–11 season , before on 18 February 2011 , he joined Bristol Rovers on a one-month loan deal . Logan then extended his loan deal until the end of the season , after impressive displays , including two penalty saves in as many games against Huddersfield and Notts County . Towards the end of his 16 games at Bristol Logan expressed his desire to stay at Rovers permanently , a move that failed to materialise . Rotherham United ( loan ) . On 5 August , Logan joined Rotherham United on loan until January 2012 . Logan made his debut for the Millers in the 1–0 win over Oxford United on 7 August . At the end of his loan , Logan returned to Leicester amidst rumours about a permanent move away from Leicester . Second return to Leicester City . On 29 June 2012 , Logan signed a new deal extending his stay at the King Power Stadium until June 2013 . Logan was an unused substitute in every one of Leicesters league and cup games that season and did not play a competitive match . Despite this , he was a regular for the clubs Development Squad , captaining the side on many occasions as they won promotion to the newly formed Barclays Under 21 Premier League . At the end of May 2013 , Leicester City announced , whilst publishing their release list for out of contract players , that negotiations were taking place for Logan to remain at the club for another season . On 13 June , Logan signed a new two-year contract until 2015 . On 27 August 2013 , he made his first appearance for Leicester City since October 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes of the clubs 5–2 League Cup win over Carlisle United . Rochdale ( loan ) . On 18 August 2014 , Logan joined League One side Rochdale on an initial one-month loan , following an injury to Josh Lillis . Logan made his debut in Rochdales 5–2 victory at Crewe Alexandra , putting in an impressive display . On 28 August , Logan extended his loan at the club until January . Logan saved a penalty in Rochdales 3–2 victory over Leyton Orient on 27 September , a feat he would replicate in the next game , saving Conor Hourihanes last minute penalty , although it couldnt prevent a 1–0 loss to Barnsley . On 20 December , Logan fell awkwardly during a match against Notts County and later had to be substituted . Following the match , manager Keith Hill confirmed that Logan had suffered a serious injury and Logan himself later tweeted that his loan spell had ended due to the injury . He made 24 appearances for Rochdale in all competitions that season , as they finished a very credible 8th place , their highest-ever league placing . Hibernian . Logan signed a short-term contract with Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his first senior game for sixteen months , he was man of the match in Hibernians Scottish Cup semi-final win against Dundee United . Logan made a series of saves during the match , which finished goalless , then made two saves in the penalty shootout . Despite this performance , manager Alan Stubbs opted to restore regular goalkeeper Mark Oxley to the starting lineup for the following match . Logan regained the starting place before the promotion playoffs , in which Hibs lost to Falkirk 5–4 on aggregate . He then started the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers . Logan left Hibernian at the end of his contract after making eight appearances for the club . Return to Rochdale . On 10 August 2016 , Logan joined EFL League One side Rochdale on a six-month contract . He made 11 appearances in those six months prior to signing an extension until the end of the 2016–17 season . Mansfield Town . Logan joined Mansfield Town on 10 May 2017 . He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2019–20 season . Forest Green Rovers ( loan ) . On 24 January 2020 , Logan joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . Anstey Nomads . In November 2020 , Logan turned down offers to return to The Football League and officially committed to United Counties League Premier Division club Anstey Nomads as a player , but also as a coach with the clubs junior team and as a guide to the clubs other coaches . Stamford AFC . In January 2021 , Logan signed for non-league side Stamford AFC . International career . Logan was capped by the Republic of Ireland at youth international levels from under-14 to under-19 . Honours . Hibernian - Scottish Cup : 2015–16 Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2008

easy

Conrad Logan played for which team from 2007 to 2008?

/wiki/Conrad_Logan#P54#2

Conrad Logan Conrad Joseph Logan ( born 18 April 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stamford . Logan joined the Leicester City academy in 2001 , making his professional debut in 2005 . He largely served Leicester as a backup goalkeeper , playing for several other clubs on loan . During a loan spell at Stockport County , Logan helped the club win the 2008 Football League Two play-off Final . At the time of his release in 2015 , he was the longest-serving player in Leicesters squad . After spending over a year out of the game , mainly due to injury , Logan signed for Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his debut appearance for the club he made two saves in a penalty shoot-out earning them a place in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which they went on to win . Career . Leicester City . Born in Letterkenny , County Donegal , he began his career in 2001 in the youth system at Leicester City . He had two loan spells at Boston United during the 2005–06 season . Logan , who made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–0 League Cup win over Macclesfield Town on 22 August 2006 . After a series of poor displays from first-choice keeper Paul Henderson at the start of the 2006–07 season , Logan made his league debut in a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 23 September . He was dropped from the first-team squad after conceding four goals against Sheffield Wednesday on 2 December 2006 . Nonetheless , he signed a new three-year contract on 21 December . When Nigel Worthington was appointed caretaker manager , Logan regained his place in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007 . He played in the clubs last five league games of the season , earning two clean sheets helping Leicester avoid relegation . Stockport County ( loan ) . On 6 August 2007 , Logan was made available for loan for the forthcoming season , and he signed a season-long loan with Stockport County on 9 August . In the 2007–08 season , Logan played 38 games for Stockport and helped the team to a League Two play-off final on 26 May where they met and defeated northwest rivals Rochdale 3–2 . Luton Town ( loan ) . Logan joined Luton Town on loan for six months in the 2008–09 season , providing competition for Luton goalkeeper Dean Brill . He saved three penalty kicks in a 0–0 FA Cup draw against Altrincham on 21 November 2008 , which Luton won 4–2 on penalties . Logan helped the club to another penalty shootout win against Brentford in the Football League Trophy second round on 7 October 2008 . His form prompted the club to make an offer for his loan to be extended by a further month . However , this was rejected by Logans agent , and he missed out on the 2009 Football League Trophy Final against Scunthorpe on 5 April 2009 , which Luton won 3–2 . Stockport County ( second loan ) . On 27 March , Logan rejoined Stockport County on a one-week emergency loan as cover for injured keepers Owain Fôn Williams and Lloyd Rigby . He extended his stay with Stockport by a further week on 3 April in where the clubs win against Crewe on the penultimate game guaranteed safety in League One . Return to Leicester City . Despite a succession of loan moves , Logan refused to give up on his career at Leicester and vowed to fight for his place in the 2009–10 season . Tim Flowers , who was previously coach at the club , felt that to be fair to Conrad , he has also done well . Logan signed an extended contract with Leicester until the summer of 2012 on 16 February 2010 . He finally played his first league game for the club since 2007 against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium on 6 March 2010 , conceding one goal in a 2–0 defeat . Coming on as a substitute for injured first choice keeper Chris Weale , Logan was still happy with life at the club . With Leicester already qualified for the Championship play-offs , Logan was finally given his first start against Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010 , saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . Bristol Rovers ( loan ) . Logan played seven games for Leicester in 2010–11 season , before on 18 February 2011 , he joined Bristol Rovers on a one-month loan deal . Logan then extended his loan deal until the end of the season , after impressive displays , including two penalty saves in as many games against Huddersfield and Notts County . Towards the end of his 16 games at Bristol Logan expressed his desire to stay at Rovers permanently , a move that failed to materialise . Rotherham United ( loan ) . On 5 August , Logan joined Rotherham United on loan until January 2012 . Logan made his debut for the Millers in the 1–0 win over Oxford United on 7 August . At the end of his loan , Logan returned to Leicester amidst rumours about a permanent move away from Leicester . Second return to Leicester City . On 29 June 2012 , Logan signed a new deal extending his stay at the King Power Stadium until June 2013 . Logan was an unused substitute in every one of Leicesters league and cup games that season and did not play a competitive match . Despite this , he was a regular for the clubs Development Squad , captaining the side on many occasions as they won promotion to the newly formed Barclays Under 21 Premier League . At the end of May 2013 , Leicester City announced , whilst publishing their release list for out of contract players , that negotiations were taking place for Logan to remain at the club for another season . On 13 June , Logan signed a new two-year contract until 2015 . On 27 August 2013 , he made his first appearance for Leicester City since October 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes of the clubs 5–2 League Cup win over Carlisle United . Rochdale ( loan ) . On 18 August 2014 , Logan joined League One side Rochdale on an initial one-month loan , following an injury to Josh Lillis . Logan made his debut in Rochdales 5–2 victory at Crewe Alexandra , putting in an impressive display . On 28 August , Logan extended his loan at the club until January . Logan saved a penalty in Rochdales 3–2 victory over Leyton Orient on 27 September , a feat he would replicate in the next game , saving Conor Hourihanes last minute penalty , although it couldnt prevent a 1–0 loss to Barnsley . On 20 December , Logan fell awkwardly during a match against Notts County and later had to be substituted . Following the match , manager Keith Hill confirmed that Logan had suffered a serious injury and Logan himself later tweeted that his loan spell had ended due to the injury . He made 24 appearances for Rochdale in all competitions that season , as they finished a very credible 8th place , their highest-ever league placing . Hibernian . Logan signed a short-term contract with Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his first senior game for sixteen months , he was man of the match in Hibernians Scottish Cup semi-final win against Dundee United . Logan made a series of saves during the match , which finished goalless , then made two saves in the penalty shootout . Despite this performance , manager Alan Stubbs opted to restore regular goalkeeper Mark Oxley to the starting lineup for the following match . Logan regained the starting place before the promotion playoffs , in which Hibs lost to Falkirk 5–4 on aggregate . He then started the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers . Logan left Hibernian at the end of his contract after making eight appearances for the club . Return to Rochdale . On 10 August 2016 , Logan joined EFL League One side Rochdale on a six-month contract . He made 11 appearances in those six months prior to signing an extension until the end of the 2016–17 season . Mansfield Town . Logan joined Mansfield Town on 10 May 2017 . He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2019–20 season . Forest Green Rovers ( loan ) . On 24 January 2020 , Logan joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . Anstey Nomads . In November 2020 , Logan turned down offers to return to The Football League and officially committed to United Counties League Premier Division club Anstey Nomads as a player , but also as a coach with the clubs junior team and as a guide to the clubs other coaches . Stamford AFC . In January 2021 , Logan signed for non-league side Stamford AFC . International career . Logan was capped by the Republic of Ireland at youth international levels from under-14 to under-19 . Honours . Hibernian - Scottish Cup : 2015–16 Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2008

easy

Conrad Logan played for which team from 2008 to 2009?

/wiki/Conrad_Logan#P54#3

Conrad Logan Conrad Joseph Logan ( born 18 April 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stamford . Logan joined the Leicester City academy in 2001 , making his professional debut in 2005 . He largely served Leicester as a backup goalkeeper , playing for several other clubs on loan . During a loan spell at Stockport County , Logan helped the club win the 2008 Football League Two play-off Final . At the time of his release in 2015 , he was the longest-serving player in Leicesters squad . After spending over a year out of the game , mainly due to injury , Logan signed for Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his debut appearance for the club he made two saves in a penalty shoot-out earning them a place in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which they went on to win . Career . Leicester City . Born in Letterkenny , County Donegal , he began his career in 2001 in the youth system at Leicester City . He had two loan spells at Boston United during the 2005–06 season . Logan , who made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–0 League Cup win over Macclesfield Town on 22 August 2006 . After a series of poor displays from first-choice keeper Paul Henderson at the start of the 2006–07 season , Logan made his league debut in a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 23 September . He was dropped from the first-team squad after conceding four goals against Sheffield Wednesday on 2 December 2006 . Nonetheless , he signed a new three-year contract on 21 December . When Nigel Worthington was appointed caretaker manager , Logan regained his place in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007 . He played in the clubs last five league games of the season , earning two clean sheets helping Leicester avoid relegation . Stockport County ( loan ) . On 6 August 2007 , Logan was made available for loan for the forthcoming season , and he signed a season-long loan with Stockport County on 9 August . In the 2007–08 season , Logan played 38 games for Stockport and helped the team to a League Two play-off final on 26 May where they met and defeated northwest rivals Rochdale 3–2 . Luton Town ( loan ) . Logan joined Luton Town on loan for six months in the 2008–09 season , providing competition for Luton goalkeeper Dean Brill . He saved three penalty kicks in a 0–0 FA Cup draw against Altrincham on 21 November 2008 , which Luton won 4–2 on penalties . Logan helped the club to another penalty shootout win against Brentford in the Football League Trophy second round on 7 October 2008 . His form prompted the club to make an offer for his loan to be extended by a further month . However , this was rejected by Logans agent , and he missed out on the 2009 Football League Trophy Final against Scunthorpe on 5 April 2009 , which Luton won 3–2 . Stockport County ( second loan ) . On 27 March , Logan rejoined Stockport County on a one-week emergency loan as cover for injured keepers Owain Fôn Williams and Lloyd Rigby . He extended his stay with Stockport by a further week on 3 April in where the clubs win against Crewe on the penultimate game guaranteed safety in League One . Return to Leicester City . Despite a succession of loan moves , Logan refused to give up on his career at Leicester and vowed to fight for his place in the 2009–10 season . Tim Flowers , who was previously coach at the club , felt that to be fair to Conrad , he has also done well . Logan signed an extended contract with Leicester until the summer of 2012 on 16 February 2010 . He finally played his first league game for the club since 2007 against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium on 6 March 2010 , conceding one goal in a 2–0 defeat . Coming on as a substitute for injured first choice keeper Chris Weale , Logan was still happy with life at the club . With Leicester already qualified for the Championship play-offs , Logan was finally given his first start against Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010 , saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . Bristol Rovers ( loan ) . Logan played seven games for Leicester in 2010–11 season , before on 18 February 2011 , he joined Bristol Rovers on a one-month loan deal . Logan then extended his loan deal until the end of the season , after impressive displays , including two penalty saves in as many games against Huddersfield and Notts County . Towards the end of his 16 games at Bristol Logan expressed his desire to stay at Rovers permanently , a move that failed to materialise . Rotherham United ( loan ) . On 5 August , Logan joined Rotherham United on loan until January 2012 . Logan made his debut for the Millers in the 1–0 win over Oxford United on 7 August . At the end of his loan , Logan returned to Leicester amidst rumours about a permanent move away from Leicester . Second return to Leicester City . On 29 June 2012 , Logan signed a new deal extending his stay at the King Power Stadium until June 2013 . Logan was an unused substitute in every one of Leicesters league and cup games that season and did not play a competitive match . Despite this , he was a regular for the clubs Development Squad , captaining the side on many occasions as they won promotion to the newly formed Barclays Under 21 Premier League . At the end of May 2013 , Leicester City announced , whilst publishing their release list for out of contract players , that negotiations were taking place for Logan to remain at the club for another season . On 13 June , Logan signed a new two-year contract until 2015 . On 27 August 2013 , he made his first appearance for Leicester City since October 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes of the clubs 5–2 League Cup win over Carlisle United . Rochdale ( loan ) . On 18 August 2014 , Logan joined League One side Rochdale on an initial one-month loan , following an injury to Josh Lillis . Logan made his debut in Rochdales 5–2 victory at Crewe Alexandra , putting in an impressive display . On 28 August , Logan extended his loan at the club until January . Logan saved a penalty in Rochdales 3–2 victory over Leyton Orient on 27 September , a feat he would replicate in the next game , saving Conor Hourihanes last minute penalty , although it couldnt prevent a 1–0 loss to Barnsley . On 20 December , Logan fell awkwardly during a match against Notts County and later had to be substituted . Following the match , manager Keith Hill confirmed that Logan had suffered a serious injury and Logan himself later tweeted that his loan spell had ended due to the injury . He made 24 appearances for Rochdale in all competitions that season , as they finished a very credible 8th place , their highest-ever league placing . Hibernian . Logan signed a short-term contract with Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his first senior game for sixteen months , he was man of the match in Hibernians Scottish Cup semi-final win against Dundee United . Logan made a series of saves during the match , which finished goalless , then made two saves in the penalty shootout . Despite this performance , manager Alan Stubbs opted to restore regular goalkeeper Mark Oxley to the starting lineup for the following match . Logan regained the starting place before the promotion playoffs , in which Hibs lost to Falkirk 5–4 on aggregate . He then started the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers . Logan left Hibernian at the end of his contract after making eight appearances for the club . Return to Rochdale . On 10 August 2016 , Logan joined EFL League One side Rochdale on a six-month contract . He made 11 appearances in those six months prior to signing an extension until the end of the 2016–17 season . Mansfield Town . Logan joined Mansfield Town on 10 May 2017 . He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2019–20 season . Forest Green Rovers ( loan ) . On 24 January 2020 , Logan joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . Anstey Nomads . In November 2020 , Logan turned down offers to return to The Football League and officially committed to United Counties League Premier Division club Anstey Nomads as a player , but also as a coach with the clubs junior team and as a guide to the clubs other coaches . Stamford AFC . In January 2021 , Logan signed for non-league side Stamford AFC . International career . Logan was capped by the Republic of Ireland at youth international levels from under-14 to under-19 . Honours . Hibernian - Scottish Cup : 2015–16 Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2008

easy

Which team did Conrad Logan play for from 2009 to 2015?

/wiki/Conrad_Logan#P54#4

Conrad Logan Conrad Joseph Logan ( born 18 April 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stamford . Logan joined the Leicester City academy in 2001 , making his professional debut in 2005 . He largely served Leicester as a backup goalkeeper , playing for several other clubs on loan . During a loan spell at Stockport County , Logan helped the club win the 2008 Football League Two play-off Final . At the time of his release in 2015 , he was the longest-serving player in Leicesters squad . After spending over a year out of the game , mainly due to injury , Logan signed for Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his debut appearance for the club he made two saves in a penalty shoot-out earning them a place in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which they went on to win . Career . Leicester City . Born in Letterkenny , County Donegal , he began his career in 2001 in the youth system at Leicester City . He had two loan spells at Boston United during the 2005–06 season . Logan , who made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–0 League Cup win over Macclesfield Town on 22 August 2006 . After a series of poor displays from first-choice keeper Paul Henderson at the start of the 2006–07 season , Logan made his league debut in a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 23 September . He was dropped from the first-team squad after conceding four goals against Sheffield Wednesday on 2 December 2006 . Nonetheless , he signed a new three-year contract on 21 December . When Nigel Worthington was appointed caretaker manager , Logan regained his place in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007 . He played in the clubs last five league games of the season , earning two clean sheets helping Leicester avoid relegation . Stockport County ( loan ) . On 6 August 2007 , Logan was made available for loan for the forthcoming season , and he signed a season-long loan with Stockport County on 9 August . In the 2007–08 season , Logan played 38 games for Stockport and helped the team to a League Two play-off final on 26 May where they met and defeated northwest rivals Rochdale 3–2 . Luton Town ( loan ) . Logan joined Luton Town on loan for six months in the 2008–09 season , providing competition for Luton goalkeeper Dean Brill . He saved three penalty kicks in a 0–0 FA Cup draw against Altrincham on 21 November 2008 , which Luton won 4–2 on penalties . Logan helped the club to another penalty shootout win against Brentford in the Football League Trophy second round on 7 October 2008 . His form prompted the club to make an offer for his loan to be extended by a further month . However , this was rejected by Logans agent , and he missed out on the 2009 Football League Trophy Final against Scunthorpe on 5 April 2009 , which Luton won 3–2 . Stockport County ( second loan ) . On 27 March , Logan rejoined Stockport County on a one-week emergency loan as cover for injured keepers Owain Fôn Williams and Lloyd Rigby . He extended his stay with Stockport by a further week on 3 April in where the clubs win against Crewe on the penultimate game guaranteed safety in League One . Return to Leicester City . Despite a succession of loan moves , Logan refused to give up on his career at Leicester and vowed to fight for his place in the 2009–10 season . Tim Flowers , who was previously coach at the club , felt that to be fair to Conrad , he has also done well . Logan signed an extended contract with Leicester until the summer of 2012 on 16 February 2010 . He finally played his first league game for the club since 2007 against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium on 6 March 2010 , conceding one goal in a 2–0 defeat . Coming on as a substitute for injured first choice keeper Chris Weale , Logan was still happy with life at the club . With Leicester already qualified for the Championship play-offs , Logan was finally given his first start against Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010 , saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . Bristol Rovers ( loan ) . Logan played seven games for Leicester in 2010–11 season , before on 18 February 2011 , he joined Bristol Rovers on a one-month loan deal . Logan then extended his loan deal until the end of the season , after impressive displays , including two penalty saves in as many games against Huddersfield and Notts County . Towards the end of his 16 games at Bristol Logan expressed his desire to stay at Rovers permanently , a move that failed to materialise . Rotherham United ( loan ) . On 5 August , Logan joined Rotherham United on loan until January 2012 . Logan made his debut for the Millers in the 1–0 win over Oxford United on 7 August . At the end of his loan , Logan returned to Leicester amidst rumours about a permanent move away from Leicester . Second return to Leicester City . On 29 June 2012 , Logan signed a new deal extending his stay at the King Power Stadium until June 2013 . Logan was an unused substitute in every one of Leicesters league and cup games that season and did not play a competitive match . Despite this , he was a regular for the clubs Development Squad , captaining the side on many occasions as they won promotion to the newly formed Barclays Under 21 Premier League . At the end of May 2013 , Leicester City announced , whilst publishing their release list for out of contract players , that negotiations were taking place for Logan to remain at the club for another season . On 13 June , Logan signed a new two-year contract until 2015 . On 27 August 2013 , he made his first appearance for Leicester City since October 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes of the clubs 5–2 League Cup win over Carlisle United . Rochdale ( loan ) . On 18 August 2014 , Logan joined League One side Rochdale on an initial one-month loan , following an injury to Josh Lillis . Logan made his debut in Rochdales 5–2 victory at Crewe Alexandra , putting in an impressive display . On 28 August , Logan extended his loan at the club until January . Logan saved a penalty in Rochdales 3–2 victory over Leyton Orient on 27 September , a feat he would replicate in the next game , saving Conor Hourihanes last minute penalty , although it couldnt prevent a 1–0 loss to Barnsley . On 20 December , Logan fell awkwardly during a match against Notts County and later had to be substituted . Following the match , manager Keith Hill confirmed that Logan had suffered a serious injury and Logan himself later tweeted that his loan spell had ended due to the injury . He made 24 appearances for Rochdale in all competitions that season , as they finished a very credible 8th place , their highest-ever league placing . Hibernian . Logan signed a short-term contract with Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his first senior game for sixteen months , he was man of the match in Hibernians Scottish Cup semi-final win against Dundee United . Logan made a series of saves during the match , which finished goalless , then made two saves in the penalty shootout . Despite this performance , manager Alan Stubbs opted to restore regular goalkeeper Mark Oxley to the starting lineup for the following match . Logan regained the starting place before the promotion playoffs , in which Hibs lost to Falkirk 5–4 on aggregate . He then started the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers . Logan left Hibernian at the end of his contract after making eight appearances for the club . Return to Rochdale . On 10 August 2016 , Logan joined EFL League One side Rochdale on a six-month contract . He made 11 appearances in those six months prior to signing an extension until the end of the 2016–17 season . Mansfield Town . Logan joined Mansfield Town on 10 May 2017 . He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2019–20 season . Forest Green Rovers ( loan ) . On 24 January 2020 , Logan joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . Anstey Nomads . In November 2020 , Logan turned down offers to return to The Football League and officially committed to United Counties League Premier Division club Anstey Nomads as a player , but also as a coach with the clubs junior team and as a guide to the clubs other coaches . Stamford AFC . In January 2021 , Logan signed for non-league side Stamford AFC . International career . Logan was capped by the Republic of Ireland at youth international levels from under-14 to under-19 . Honours . Hibernian - Scottish Cup : 2015–16 Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2008

easy

Which team did Conrad Logan play for from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Conrad_Logan#P54#5

Conrad Logan Conrad Joseph Logan ( born 18 April 1986 ) is an Irish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Stamford . Logan joined the Leicester City academy in 2001 , making his professional debut in 2005 . He largely served Leicester as a backup goalkeeper , playing for several other clubs on loan . During a loan spell at Stockport County , Logan helped the club win the 2008 Football League Two play-off Final . At the time of his release in 2015 , he was the longest-serving player in Leicesters squad . After spending over a year out of the game , mainly due to injury , Logan signed for Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his debut appearance for the club he made two saves in a penalty shoot-out earning them a place in the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which they went on to win . Career . Leicester City . Born in Letterkenny , County Donegal , he began his career in 2001 in the youth system at Leicester City . He had two loan spells at Boston United during the 2005–06 season . Logan , who made his senior debut for Leicester in a 2–0 League Cup win over Macclesfield Town on 22 August 2006 . After a series of poor displays from first-choice keeper Paul Henderson at the start of the 2006–07 season , Logan made his league debut in a 0–0 draw against Colchester United on 23 September . He was dropped from the first-team squad after conceding four goals against Sheffield Wednesday on 2 December 2006 . Nonetheless , he signed a new three-year contract on 21 December . When Nigel Worthington was appointed caretaker manager , Logan regained his place in a 2–1 defeat to Norwich City on 14 April 2007 . He played in the clubs last five league games of the season , earning two clean sheets helping Leicester avoid relegation . Stockport County ( loan ) . On 6 August 2007 , Logan was made available for loan for the forthcoming season , and he signed a season-long loan with Stockport County on 9 August . In the 2007–08 season , Logan played 38 games for Stockport and helped the team to a League Two play-off final on 26 May where they met and defeated northwest rivals Rochdale 3–2 . Luton Town ( loan ) . Logan joined Luton Town on loan for six months in the 2008–09 season , providing competition for Luton goalkeeper Dean Brill . He saved three penalty kicks in a 0–0 FA Cup draw against Altrincham on 21 November 2008 , which Luton won 4–2 on penalties . Logan helped the club to another penalty shootout win against Brentford in the Football League Trophy second round on 7 October 2008 . His form prompted the club to make an offer for his loan to be extended by a further month . However , this was rejected by Logans agent , and he missed out on the 2009 Football League Trophy Final against Scunthorpe on 5 April 2009 , which Luton won 3–2 . Stockport County ( second loan ) . On 27 March , Logan rejoined Stockport County on a one-week emergency loan as cover for injured keepers Owain Fôn Williams and Lloyd Rigby . He extended his stay with Stockport by a further week on 3 April in where the clubs win against Crewe on the penultimate game guaranteed safety in League One . Return to Leicester City . Despite a succession of loan moves , Logan refused to give up on his career at Leicester and vowed to fight for his place in the 2009–10 season . Tim Flowers , who was previously coach at the club , felt that to be fair to Conrad , he has also done well . Logan signed an extended contract with Leicester until the summer of 2012 on 16 February 2010 . He finally played his first league game for the club since 2007 against Sheffield Wednesday at Hillsborough Stadium on 6 March 2010 , conceding one goal in a 2–0 defeat . Coming on as a substitute for injured first choice keeper Chris Weale , Logan was still happy with life at the club . With Leicester already qualified for the Championship play-offs , Logan was finally given his first start against Middlesbrough on 2 May 2010 , saving a penalty kick and keeping a clean sheet in a 2–0 win . Bristol Rovers ( loan ) . Logan played seven games for Leicester in 2010–11 season , before on 18 February 2011 , he joined Bristol Rovers on a one-month loan deal . Logan then extended his loan deal until the end of the season , after impressive displays , including two penalty saves in as many games against Huddersfield and Notts County . Towards the end of his 16 games at Bristol Logan expressed his desire to stay at Rovers permanently , a move that failed to materialise . Rotherham United ( loan ) . On 5 August , Logan joined Rotherham United on loan until January 2012 . Logan made his debut for the Millers in the 1–0 win over Oxford United on 7 August . At the end of his loan , Logan returned to Leicester amidst rumours about a permanent move away from Leicester . Second return to Leicester City . On 29 June 2012 , Logan signed a new deal extending his stay at the King Power Stadium until June 2013 . Logan was an unused substitute in every one of Leicesters league and cup games that season and did not play a competitive match . Despite this , he was a regular for the clubs Development Squad , captaining the side on many occasions as they won promotion to the newly formed Barclays Under 21 Premier League . At the end of May 2013 , Leicester City announced , whilst publishing their release list for out of contract players , that negotiations were taking place for Logan to remain at the club for another season . On 13 June , Logan signed a new two-year contract until 2015 . On 27 August 2013 , he made his first appearance for Leicester City since October 2010 , playing the full 90 minutes of the clubs 5–2 League Cup win over Carlisle United . Rochdale ( loan ) . On 18 August 2014 , Logan joined League One side Rochdale on an initial one-month loan , following an injury to Josh Lillis . Logan made his debut in Rochdales 5–2 victory at Crewe Alexandra , putting in an impressive display . On 28 August , Logan extended his loan at the club until January . Logan saved a penalty in Rochdales 3–2 victory over Leyton Orient on 27 September , a feat he would replicate in the next game , saving Conor Hourihanes last minute penalty , although it couldnt prevent a 1–0 loss to Barnsley . On 20 December , Logan fell awkwardly during a match against Notts County and later had to be substituted . Following the match , manager Keith Hill confirmed that Logan had suffered a serious injury and Logan himself later tweeted that his loan spell had ended due to the injury . He made 24 appearances for Rochdale in all competitions that season , as they finished a very credible 8th place , their highest-ever league placing . Hibernian . Logan signed a short-term contract with Scottish club Hibernian in March 2016 . In his first senior game for sixteen months , he was man of the match in Hibernians Scottish Cup semi-final win against Dundee United . Logan made a series of saves during the match , which finished goalless , then made two saves in the penalty shootout . Despite this performance , manager Alan Stubbs opted to restore regular goalkeeper Mark Oxley to the starting lineup for the following match . Logan regained the starting place before the promotion playoffs , in which Hibs lost to Falkirk 5–4 on aggregate . He then started the 2016 Scottish Cup Final , which Hibs won 3–2 against Rangers . Logan left Hibernian at the end of his contract after making eight appearances for the club . Return to Rochdale . On 10 August 2016 , Logan joined EFL League One side Rochdale on a six-month contract . He made 11 appearances in those six months prior to signing an extension until the end of the 2016–17 season . Mansfield Town . Logan joined Mansfield Town on 10 May 2017 . He was released by Mansfield at the end of the 2019–20 season . Forest Green Rovers ( loan ) . On 24 January 2020 , Logan joined Forest Green Rovers on loan until the end of the season . Anstey Nomads . In November 2020 , Logan turned down offers to return to The Football League and officially committed to United Counties League Premier Division club Anstey Nomads as a player , but also as a coach with the clubs junior team and as a guide to the clubs other coaches . Stamford AFC . In January 2021 , Logan signed for non-league side Stamford AFC . International career . Logan was capped by the Republic of Ireland at youth international levels from under-14 to under-19 . Honours . Hibernian - Scottish Cup : 2015–16 Stockport County - Football League Two play-offs : 2008

easy

Which team did the player Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) belong to from 1962 to 1969?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#0

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Which team did Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) play for from 1969 to 1974?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#1

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Which team did the player Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) belong to from 1975 to 1978?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#2

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Which team did the player Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) belong to from 1978 to 1980?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#3

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Which team did Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) play for from 1980 to 1981?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#4

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) played for which team from 1981 to 1982?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#5

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Terry Cooper (footballer, born 1944) played for which team from 1982 to 1984?

/wiki/Terry_Cooper_(footballer,_born_1944)#P54#6

Terry Cooper ( footballer , born 1944 ) Terence Cooper ( born 12 July 1944 ) is an English former football player and manager born in Brotherton , West Riding of Yorkshire . He was a full-back in the Leeds United team of the 1960s and 1970s . Early career . Cooper was not discovered as a young player in the conventional manner - he simply turned up at Leeds United one day with his football boots in a paper bag , asking for a trial . He was granted his wish and impressed enough to be offered an apprentice contract . Initially a left winger , Cooper was converted to a defensive role by Leeds boss Don Revie on signing at the age of 17 . He made gradual progress in the first team over the next six years until Revie decided to make him the permanent No.3 in 1966 . Cooper settled in thereafter earning a reputation as a full back of innovation , showing that the right levels of fitness , skill and an ability to cross the ball meant he could perform a devastating overlap down the left flank to support much feared winger Eddie Gray , this was so successful it became a trademark of Leeds play . He could also go inside , joining attacks centrally and scoring some important goals . 1960s . In 1968 , Leeds won the League Cup against Arsenal at Wembley . A poor and occasionally high-tempered match was settled by Coopers volley after a corner had been half-cleared , although Arsenal claimed their goalkeeper had been fouled by central defender Jack Charlton . Cooper subsequently featured in the team which won the Fairs Cup in the same season . In 1969 , Leeds won the League championship with Cooper making his contribution . Revie did not buy a reserve left back but instead used the utility player Paul Madeley to replace Cooper in the event of injury or suspension - an indication that Cooper was the finished article . This was further proved when he was given his debut for England by Alf Ramsey against France the same year , and England won 5–0 with Cooper putting on a classy individual showing . 1970s . Leeds chased three trophies in 1970 but lost the championship by nine points to Everton , and went out of the European Cup to Celtic in the semi-finals . Cooper played a full role in these near-misses , and also featured in the FA Cup final against Chelsea which Leeds lost 2-1 after a replay . In the summer , Cooper gave an excellent series of performances as Englands first choice left back at the World Cup in Mexico , which ended with defeat in the quarter-finals to West Germany . Leeds won the Fairs Cup again in 1971 but missed out on the League on the last day . One consolation for Cooper on a personal level was that this was his best season for appearances , missing just one League game all season . He seemed set to follow suit the next season as Leeds again chased League and FA Cup honours , but then suffered a broken leg in April 1972 during a League game at Stoke City . Aside from missing that seasons FA Cup final victory over Arsenal , Cooper missed a whole 20 months of football , such were the complications of the injury . Even when he did return to action , he played only one more international game , against Portugal in 1974 , after Don Revie had become England manager . Revie , unable to use Madeley who was already deputising as a central defender due to Jack Charltons retirement , bought Trevor Cherry in the summer of 1972 as a replacement . Cooper also missed the 1973 FA Cup final defeat to Sunderland and the European Cup Winners Cup final loss to A.C . Milan . When he did come back , it was with just two appearances in the 1974 season , thereby missing out on a League championship medal - Leeds won it with a 29-match unbeaten start - due to a lack of games . Coopers Leeds career was effectively over by the time he regained his fitness . The departure of Revie for the England job in 1974 and the emergence over the next season of Frank Gray , younger brother of Eddie , as well as the presence of Cherry , rendered Cooper surplus to requirements . He left the club in 1975 to join Middlesbrough who were managed by former Leeds teammate Charlton . Later career . After three years with Middlesbrough , he moved on to Bristol City for a year , before becoming player-manager of rivals Bristol Rovers . He subsequently assisted and played for his former Leeds skipper Billy Bremner at Doncaster Rovers , and had a second spell playing for and managing Bristol City , whom he led to two Freight Rover Trophy finals , winning the trophy in 1986 . His management career also took in a period at the helm of Birmingham City sandwiched between two spells at Exeter City . His first spell at Exeter yielded the Fourth Division title in 1990 , and he moved to Birmingham City the following year , achieving promotion from the Third Division in his first season at the helm . He resigned as Birmingham manager in December 1993 and returned to Exeter later that season , although too late to keep them in Division Two . The club then went into receivership and despite surviving liquidation , the club finished bottom of the Football League in 1994-95 and only held on to their league status because Macclesfield Town did not meet the leagues stadium capacity requirements . Cooper was then replaced by Peter Fox and has not returned to management . He spent 11 years as Southamptons chief European scout before retiring in 2007 . He now lives in Tenerife . Coopers son Mark became a footballer in the late 1980s , enjoying a worthy career in the lower echelons of the professional game . He is now also a manager . His grandson , Charlie , is also a footballer . Honours . As a player . - Leeds United - Football League First Division : 1968–69 - Runners-up : 1965–66 , 1969–70 , 1970–71 , 1971–72 - FA Cup : Runners-up : 1970 - Football League Cup : 1968 - FA Charity Shield : 1969 - Inter-Cities Fairs Cup : 1968 , 1971 - Runners-up : 1967 As a manager . - Bristol City - Football League Trophy : 1985–86 References . - General - Specific

easy

Which school did David Jolly go to from 1989 to 1990?

/wiki/David_Jolly#P69#0

David Jolly David Wilson Jolly ( born October 31 , 1972 ) is an American attorney , former lobbyist , and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for Floridas 13th congressional district , based in Pinellas County , from 2014 to 2017 . A former Republican , he previously served as general counsel to his predecessor , Bill Young . He won the race for Youngs seat in a special election against Democrat Alex Sink . He was subsequently reelected in November 2014 , winning 75 percent of the vote , but was unseated in 2016 by former Governor Charlie Crist after court-ordered redistricting made his district more Democratic . Since leaving office , Jolly has become a prominent Republican critic of U.S . president Donald Trump . In September 2018 , Jolly announced he had left the Republican Party . Early life . Jolly was born in Dunedin , Florida , the son of Judith and Lawson Jolly , a Baptist pastor . He received his B.A . degree from Emory University in 1994 and his J.D . degree from the George Mason University School of Law in 2001 . Early career . He worked for Republican U.S . Representative Bill Young full-time from 1995 to 2006 in various positions , with a brief break for six months in 2001 when he worked at a Washington securities firm . In 2002 , Jolly became Youngs general counsel and held that position until he left in 2006 . He served as the personal attorney for Youngs family as well . In 2007 , Jolly joined Washington , D.C . firm Van Scoyoc Associates as a lobbyist and in 2011 , he left Van Scoyoc to open his own firm , Three Bridges Advisors . He made political donations to both Republicans ( about $36,000 ) and Democrats ( about $30,000 ) during his time as a lobbyist . Jolly had his name removed from the Lobby Registry to run for the vacant House seat . At the time , Jolly was working as vice president of the Clearwater-based investment company Boston Finance Group . Jolly and his first wife bought a condo in Indian Shores , Florida , in 2005 and a house in Washington , D.C . in 2007 . His divorce from his wife Carrie was finalized on January 16 , 2014 , and Jolly married Laura Donahoe on July 3 , 2015 . In July 2018 , Jolly became Executive Vice President and Principal of Shumaker Advisors Florida , LLC , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Shumaker , Loop , and Kendrick law firm , at their Tampa office . In making the announcement , the firm said he would be involved with various community issues , including the effort to build a new stadium for the Tampa Bay Rays major league baseball team . Political career . Jolly formerly opposed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act but stated on an interview with MSNBC that during unemployment he had a new appreciation for its use as a safety net . He is pro-life . Speaking about firearms policy , Jolly said : I do believe the Second Amendment is a fundamental right , but I dont believe its beyond the reach of regulation , and I believe its appropriate to look at regulations that ultimately keep the guns out of the hands of criminals . He supports the Balanced Budget Amendment , and says he would have voted to raise the debt limit in early 2014 . Jolly supports sending special operations forces overseas , securing the border , increasing the vetting process for legal immigrants , and increasing surveillance of suspected domestic terrorists . In February 2014 , Jolly introduced the Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Protection Act . Jolly pushed to extend the ban on oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico . In January 2015 , Jolly announced plans to introduce a bill that would extend the reforms of the federal flood insurance program . In July 2015 , Jolly introduced the Veterans Health Care Freedom Act . Jolly encouraged the U.S . House to extend the Treasure Island beach renourishment project . On July 21 , 2014 , Jolly announced his support for the legality of same-sex marriage , stating : I believe in a form of limited government that protects personal liberty . To me , that means that the sanctity of one’s marriage should be defined by their faith and by their church , not by their state . He said As a matter of my Christian faith , I believe in traditional marriage . In April 2016 , Jollys United States Senate campaign spokesperson Sarah Bascom confirmed that the campaign had made edits to his Wikipedia page to remove information about Jolly , including references to the Church of Scientology and his lobbying activities , alleging that it presented a public negative narrative against him , and accused an unnamed rival campaign of adding propaganda to the article . Jolly called it a careless staff mistake and said that he stands by his record and wants the public to be fully informed . Jolly was ranked as the 48th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress ( and the fourth most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Florida ) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy that ranks members of the United States Congress by their degree of bipartisanship ( by measuring the frequency each members bills attract co-sponsors from the opposite party and each members co-sponsorship of bills by members of the opposite party ) . Since leaving office , Jolly has participated regularly as a political commentator on cable news sources such as CNN and MSNBC ; in this capacity he has been critical of President Donald Trump and has fueled speculation that he would run for public office again . He considered running for lieutenant governor of Florida in 2018 on a bipartisan ticket , with former Democratic congressman Patrick Murphy as the candidate for governor . Jolly ultimately decided not to run for any public office in 2018 . Tenure . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Constitution Caucus Elections . 2014 special election . On January 14 , 2014 , Jolly won the Republican nomination over Mark Bircher and Kathleen Peters , winning a plurality of 45% of the vote . Jolly faced Democratic nominee Alex Sink and a libertarian candidate , Lucas Overby , in the special election . The race received national attention as possibly forecasting the mid-term elections that were coming in November of that year and became the most expensive Congressional race in history , with around $11M spent , $9M of it by outside groups . During the campaign there was friction between the National Republican Congressional Committee and Jolly ; the RNC thought Jollys campaign was inept , and Jolly criticized the negative ads run by the RNC . and voters were generally unhappy with the overwhelming number of attack ads on both sides . Jolly won the election on March 11 , 2014 with 48.4% of the vote after being behind in the early tallies ; he was sworn into office on March 13 . 2014 general election . Jolly ran for reelection to a full term in November 2014 . He was unopposed in the Republican primary , and no Democrat ran against him in the general election ; his only challenger was Lucas Overby , the Libertarian nominee who came in third in the special election one year prior . Jolly defeated Overby with 75% of the vote . 2016 U.S . Senate election . On July 20 , 2015 , Jolly announced that he was giving up his seat to run for the United States Senate seat being vacated by Marco Rubio , who was not running for reelection due to his bid for the U.S . presidency . As of August 2015 , it appeared that Jolly would face several opponents in the August 30 , 2016 Republican primary election , including U.S . Representative Ron DeSantis and Lieutenant Governor of Florida Carlos López-Cantera . However , on June 17 , 2016 , after Rubio reversed his decision , Jolly withdrew from the Senate race to run for re-election to the House , citing unfinished business . 2016 general election . In his bid for a second full term , Jolly faced former Florida Governor and St . Petersburg resident Charlie Crist , a former Republican who had turned Democratic after a brief stint as an independent . He found himself in a district that had been made significantly more Democratic after a court threw out Floridas original congressional map . Notably , it absorbed a heavily Democratic portion of southern Pinellas County , including almost all of St . Petersburg . Previously , some of the more Democratic portions of St . Petersburg had been in the Tampa-based 14th District . Ultimately , Jolly lost to Crist by 51.9% to 48.1% . Jollys defeat ended a 62-year hold on this St . Petersburg-based district by the GOP . William Cramer won the seat for the Republicans in 1954 , handing it to Young in 1970 . The district had changed numbers seven times during this period , from the 1st ( 1955-1963 ) to the 12th ( 1963-1967 ) to the 8th ( 1967-1973 , 1983-1993 ) to the 6th ( 1973-1983 ) to the 10th ( 1993-2013 ) to the 13th ( 2013-present ) .

easy

Which school did David Jolly go to in 1990?

/wiki/David_Jolly#P69#1

David Jolly David Wilson Jolly ( born October 31 , 1972 ) is an American attorney , former lobbyist , and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for Floridas 13th congressional district , based in Pinellas County , from 2014 to 2017 . A former Republican , he previously served as general counsel to his predecessor , Bill Young . He won the race for Youngs seat in a special election against Democrat Alex Sink . He was subsequently reelected in November 2014 , winning 75 percent of the vote , but was unseated in 2016 by former Governor Charlie Crist after court-ordered redistricting made his district more Democratic . Since leaving office , Jolly has become a prominent Republican critic of U.S . president Donald Trump . In September 2018 , Jolly announced he had left the Republican Party . Early life . Jolly was born in Dunedin , Florida , the son of Judith and Lawson Jolly , a Baptist pastor . He received his B.A . degree from Emory University in 1994 and his J.D . degree from the George Mason University School of Law in 2001 . Early career . He worked for Republican U.S . Representative Bill Young full-time from 1995 to 2006 in various positions , with a brief break for six months in 2001 when he worked at a Washington securities firm . In 2002 , Jolly became Youngs general counsel and held that position until he left in 2006 . He served as the personal attorney for Youngs family as well . In 2007 , Jolly joined Washington , D.C . firm Van Scoyoc Associates as a lobbyist and in 2011 , he left Van Scoyoc to open his own firm , Three Bridges Advisors . He made political donations to both Republicans ( about $36,000 ) and Democrats ( about $30,000 ) during his time as a lobbyist . Jolly had his name removed from the Lobby Registry to run for the vacant House seat . At the time , Jolly was working as vice president of the Clearwater-based investment company Boston Finance Group . Jolly and his first wife bought a condo in Indian Shores , Florida , in 2005 and a house in Washington , D.C . in 2007 . His divorce from his wife Carrie was finalized on January 16 , 2014 , and Jolly married Laura Donahoe on July 3 , 2015 . In July 2018 , Jolly became Executive Vice President and Principal of Shumaker Advisors Florida , LLC , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Shumaker , Loop , and Kendrick law firm , at their Tampa office . In making the announcement , the firm said he would be involved with various community issues , including the effort to build a new stadium for the Tampa Bay Rays major league baseball team . Political career . Jolly formerly opposed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act but stated on an interview with MSNBC that during unemployment he had a new appreciation for its use as a safety net . He is pro-life . Speaking about firearms policy , Jolly said : I do believe the Second Amendment is a fundamental right , but I dont believe its beyond the reach of regulation , and I believe its appropriate to look at regulations that ultimately keep the guns out of the hands of criminals . He supports the Balanced Budget Amendment , and says he would have voted to raise the debt limit in early 2014 . Jolly supports sending special operations forces overseas , securing the border , increasing the vetting process for legal immigrants , and increasing surveillance of suspected domestic terrorists . In February 2014 , Jolly introduced the Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Protection Act . Jolly pushed to extend the ban on oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico . In January 2015 , Jolly announced plans to introduce a bill that would extend the reforms of the federal flood insurance program . In July 2015 , Jolly introduced the Veterans Health Care Freedom Act . Jolly encouraged the U.S . House to extend the Treasure Island beach renourishment project . On July 21 , 2014 , Jolly announced his support for the legality of same-sex marriage , stating : I believe in a form of limited government that protects personal liberty . To me , that means that the sanctity of one’s marriage should be defined by their faith and by their church , not by their state . He said As a matter of my Christian faith , I believe in traditional marriage . In April 2016 , Jollys United States Senate campaign spokesperson Sarah Bascom confirmed that the campaign had made edits to his Wikipedia page to remove information about Jolly , including references to the Church of Scientology and his lobbying activities , alleging that it presented a public negative narrative against him , and accused an unnamed rival campaign of adding propaganda to the article . Jolly called it a careless staff mistake and said that he stands by his record and wants the public to be fully informed . Jolly was ranked as the 48th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress ( and the fourth most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Florida ) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy that ranks members of the United States Congress by their degree of bipartisanship ( by measuring the frequency each members bills attract co-sponsors from the opposite party and each members co-sponsorship of bills by members of the opposite party ) . Since leaving office , Jolly has participated regularly as a political commentator on cable news sources such as CNN and MSNBC ; in this capacity he has been critical of President Donald Trump and has fueled speculation that he would run for public office again . He considered running for lieutenant governor of Florida in 2018 on a bipartisan ticket , with former Democratic congressman Patrick Murphy as the candidate for governor . Jolly ultimately decided not to run for any public office in 2018 . Tenure . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Constitution Caucus Elections . 2014 special election . On January 14 , 2014 , Jolly won the Republican nomination over Mark Bircher and Kathleen Peters , winning a plurality of 45% of the vote . Jolly faced Democratic nominee Alex Sink and a libertarian candidate , Lucas Overby , in the special election . The race received national attention as possibly forecasting the mid-term elections that were coming in November of that year and became the most expensive Congressional race in history , with around $11M spent , $9M of it by outside groups . During the campaign there was friction between the National Republican Congressional Committee and Jolly ; the RNC thought Jollys campaign was inept , and Jolly criticized the negative ads run by the RNC . and voters were generally unhappy with the overwhelming number of attack ads on both sides . Jolly won the election on March 11 , 2014 with 48.4% of the vote after being behind in the early tallies ; he was sworn into office on March 13 . 2014 general election . Jolly ran for reelection to a full term in November 2014 . He was unopposed in the Republican primary , and no Democrat ran against him in the general election ; his only challenger was Lucas Overby , the Libertarian nominee who came in third in the special election one year prior . Jolly defeated Overby with 75% of the vote . 2016 U.S . Senate election . On July 20 , 2015 , Jolly announced that he was giving up his seat to run for the United States Senate seat being vacated by Marco Rubio , who was not running for reelection due to his bid for the U.S . presidency . As of August 2015 , it appeared that Jolly would face several opponents in the August 30 , 2016 Republican primary election , including U.S . Representative Ron DeSantis and Lieutenant Governor of Florida Carlos López-Cantera . However , on June 17 , 2016 , after Rubio reversed his decision , Jolly withdrew from the Senate race to run for re-election to the House , citing unfinished business . 2016 general election . In his bid for a second full term , Jolly faced former Florida Governor and St . Petersburg resident Charlie Crist , a former Republican who had turned Democratic after a brief stint as an independent . He found himself in a district that had been made significantly more Democratic after a court threw out Floridas original congressional map . Notably , it absorbed a heavily Democratic portion of southern Pinellas County , including almost all of St . Petersburg . Previously , some of the more Democratic portions of St . Petersburg had been in the Tampa-based 14th District . Ultimately , Jolly lost to Crist by 51.9% to 48.1% . Jollys defeat ended a 62-year hold on this St . Petersburg-based district by the GOP . William Cramer won the seat for the Republicans in 1954 , handing it to Young in 1970 . The district had changed numbers seven times during this period , from the 1st ( 1955-1963 ) to the 12th ( 1963-1967 ) to the 8th ( 1967-1973 , 1983-1993 ) to the 6th ( 1973-1983 ) to the 10th ( 1993-2013 ) to the 13th ( 2013-present ) .

easy

Which school did David Jolly go to from 1994 to 2001?

/wiki/David_Jolly#P69#2

David Jolly David Wilson Jolly ( born October 31 , 1972 ) is an American attorney , former lobbyist , and politician who served as the U.S . Representative for Floridas 13th congressional district , based in Pinellas County , from 2014 to 2017 . A former Republican , he previously served as general counsel to his predecessor , Bill Young . He won the race for Youngs seat in a special election against Democrat Alex Sink . He was subsequently reelected in November 2014 , winning 75 percent of the vote , but was unseated in 2016 by former Governor Charlie Crist after court-ordered redistricting made his district more Democratic . Since leaving office , Jolly has become a prominent Republican critic of U.S . president Donald Trump . In September 2018 , Jolly announced he had left the Republican Party . Early life . Jolly was born in Dunedin , Florida , the son of Judith and Lawson Jolly , a Baptist pastor . He received his B.A . degree from Emory University in 1994 and his J.D . degree from the George Mason University School of Law in 2001 . Early career . He worked for Republican U.S . Representative Bill Young full-time from 1995 to 2006 in various positions , with a brief break for six months in 2001 when he worked at a Washington securities firm . In 2002 , Jolly became Youngs general counsel and held that position until he left in 2006 . He served as the personal attorney for Youngs family as well . In 2007 , Jolly joined Washington , D.C . firm Van Scoyoc Associates as a lobbyist and in 2011 , he left Van Scoyoc to open his own firm , Three Bridges Advisors . He made political donations to both Republicans ( about $36,000 ) and Democrats ( about $30,000 ) during his time as a lobbyist . Jolly had his name removed from the Lobby Registry to run for the vacant House seat . At the time , Jolly was working as vice president of the Clearwater-based investment company Boston Finance Group . Jolly and his first wife bought a condo in Indian Shores , Florida , in 2005 and a house in Washington , D.C . in 2007 . His divorce from his wife Carrie was finalized on January 16 , 2014 , and Jolly married Laura Donahoe on July 3 , 2015 . In July 2018 , Jolly became Executive Vice President and Principal of Shumaker Advisors Florida , LLC , a wholly owned subsidiary of the Shumaker , Loop , and Kendrick law firm , at their Tampa office . In making the announcement , the firm said he would be involved with various community issues , including the effort to build a new stadium for the Tampa Bay Rays major league baseball team . Political career . Jolly formerly opposed the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act but stated on an interview with MSNBC that during unemployment he had a new appreciation for its use as a safety net . He is pro-life . Speaking about firearms policy , Jolly said : I do believe the Second Amendment is a fundamental right , but I dont believe its beyond the reach of regulation , and I believe its appropriate to look at regulations that ultimately keep the guns out of the hands of criminals . He supports the Balanced Budget Amendment , and says he would have voted to raise the debt limit in early 2014 . Jolly supports sending special operations forces overseas , securing the border , increasing the vetting process for legal immigrants , and increasing surveillance of suspected domestic terrorists . In February 2014 , Jolly introduced the Naval Station Guantanamo Bay Protection Act . Jolly pushed to extend the ban on oil drilling in the Gulf of Mexico . In January 2015 , Jolly announced plans to introduce a bill that would extend the reforms of the federal flood insurance program . In July 2015 , Jolly introduced the Veterans Health Care Freedom Act . Jolly encouraged the U.S . House to extend the Treasure Island beach renourishment project . On July 21 , 2014 , Jolly announced his support for the legality of same-sex marriage , stating : I believe in a form of limited government that protects personal liberty . To me , that means that the sanctity of one’s marriage should be defined by their faith and by their church , not by their state . He said As a matter of my Christian faith , I believe in traditional marriage . In April 2016 , Jollys United States Senate campaign spokesperson Sarah Bascom confirmed that the campaign had made edits to his Wikipedia page to remove information about Jolly , including references to the Church of Scientology and his lobbying activities , alleging that it presented a public negative narrative against him , and accused an unnamed rival campaign of adding propaganda to the article . Jolly called it a careless staff mistake and said that he stands by his record and wants the public to be fully informed . Jolly was ranked as the 48th most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives during the 114th United States Congress ( and the fourth most bipartisan member of the U.S . House of Representatives from Florida ) in the Bipartisan Index created by The Lugar Center and the McCourt School of Public Policy that ranks members of the United States Congress by their degree of bipartisanship ( by measuring the frequency each members bills attract co-sponsors from the opposite party and each members co-sponsorship of bills by members of the opposite party ) . Since leaving office , Jolly has participated regularly as a political commentator on cable news sources such as CNN and MSNBC ; in this capacity he has been critical of President Donald Trump and has fueled speculation that he would run for public office again . He considered running for lieutenant governor of Florida in 2018 on a bipartisan ticket , with former Democratic congressman Patrick Murphy as the candidate for governor . Jolly ultimately decided not to run for any public office in 2018 . Tenure . Committee assignments . - Committee on Appropriations - Subcommittee on Commerce , Justice , Science , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Military Construction , Veterans Affairs , and Related Agencies - Subcommittee on Transportation , Housing and Urban Development , and Related Agencies Caucus memberships . - Congressional Constitution Caucus Elections . 2014 special election . On January 14 , 2014 , Jolly won the Republican nomination over Mark Bircher and Kathleen Peters , winning a plurality of 45% of the vote . Jolly faced Democratic nominee Alex Sink and a libertarian candidate , Lucas Overby , in the special election . The race received national attention as possibly forecasting the mid-term elections that were coming in November of that year and became the most expensive Congressional race in history , with around $11M spent , $9M of it by outside groups . During the campaign there was friction between the National Republican Congressional Committee and Jolly ; the RNC thought Jollys campaign was inept , and Jolly criticized the negative ads run by the RNC . and voters were generally unhappy with the overwhelming number of attack ads on both sides . Jolly won the election on March 11 , 2014 with 48.4% of the vote after being behind in the early tallies ; he was sworn into office on March 13 . 2014 general election . Jolly ran for reelection to a full term in November 2014 . He was unopposed in the Republican primary , and no Democrat ran against him in the general election ; his only challenger was Lucas Overby , the Libertarian nominee who came in third in the special election one year prior . Jolly defeated Overby with 75% of the vote . 2016 U.S . Senate election . On July 20 , 2015 , Jolly announced that he was giving up his seat to run for the United States Senate seat being vacated by Marco Rubio , who was not running for reelection due to his bid for the U.S . presidency . As of August 2015 , it appeared that Jolly would face several opponents in the August 30 , 2016 Republican primary election , including U.S . Representative Ron DeSantis and Lieutenant Governor of Florida Carlos López-Cantera . However , on June 17 , 2016 , after Rubio reversed his decision , Jolly withdrew from the Senate race to run for re-election to the House , citing unfinished business . 2016 general election . In his bid for a second full term , Jolly faced former Florida Governor and St . Petersburg resident Charlie Crist , a former Republican who had turned Democratic after a brief stint as an independent . He found himself in a district that had been made significantly more Democratic after a court threw out Floridas original congressional map . Notably , it absorbed a heavily Democratic portion of southern Pinellas County , including almost all of St . Petersburg . Previously , some of the more Democratic portions of St . Petersburg had been in the Tampa-based 14th District . Ultimately , Jolly lost to Crist by 51.9% to 48.1% . Jollys defeat ended a 62-year hold on this St . Petersburg-based district by the GOP . William Cramer won the seat for the Republicans in 1954 , handing it to Young in 1970 . The district had changed numbers seven times during this period , from the 1st ( 1955-1963 ) to the 12th ( 1963-1967 ) to the 8th ( 1967-1973 , 1983-1993 ) to the 6th ( 1973-1983 ) to the 10th ( 1993-2013 ) to the 13th ( 2013-present ) .

easy

Michael Mancienne played for which team from 2003 to 2007?

/wiki/Michael_Mancienne#P54#0

Michael Mancienne Michael Ian Mancienne ( born 8 January 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Burton Albion . Schooled primarily as a centre back , Mancienne can also play as a defensive midfielder as well as both fullback positions as he showed during appearances for Chelsea , and multiple loan spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers . He is a former England under-21 player , having received his first call-up for the senior squad in November 2008 , ahead of a friendly against Germany . Club career . Chelsea . Born in Feltham , London , Mancienne was spotted by Chelsea as a nine-year-old playing for Kingstonian , and debuted for the Chelsea Reserves while still at school . He signed a professional contract in January 2006 , and was called onto the bench for the final match of the 2005–06 season but was unused . He was part of Chelseas pre-season tour of the United States in Summer 2006 and started the season again with a place on the bench ; in the 2006 Community Shield against Liverpool and the first two Premier League games of the 2006–07 season against Manchester City and Blackburn Rovers . Despite this , it would be over two years before he would play a competitive game for the Blues , a fact that led him to admit he may need to move on for the sake of his career . After gaining playing time with spells on loan at Championship sides Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers , respectively ( see below ) , he finally made his Chelsea debut on 14 February 2009 , starting an FA Cup tie at Watford . He made his European debut appearance 11 days later as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League knock-out tie against Juventus , which ended 1–0 to Chelsea . On 28 February he achieved his Premier League debut in a 2–1 victory over Wigan Athletic . At the end of the 2008–09 season , during which he made his only first team appearances to date for the club , he was voted their Young Player of the Year . He signed a new contract with Chelsea in August 2009 that would expire in June 2013 . Queens Park Rangers ( loan ) . Mancienne gained his first taste of league football in a loan spell at Queens Park Rangers in late 2006 , when he joined them for the remainder of the 2006–07 campaign . He played most of his 28 games for the Championship side at right back , but also played a few times in his preferred centre-back position . His impressive displays made him popular with the QPR fans , who voted him runner-up in the Supporters Young Player of the Year . After signing a new contract extension at his parent club , he agreed to remain on loan at QPR for the 2007–08 season . Wolverhampton Wanderers ( loan ) . With no playing opportunities arriving at Stamford Bridge , Mancienne again went out on loan in October 2008 when he joined promotion-chasing Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan initially until 29 December 2008 . His performances during this period caused Wolves to extend his loan by a further month , however , the paperwork on the extension was never completed , and he was recalled by his parent club . He rejoined Wolves on a seasons loan for the 2009–10 season , by which time they had achieved promotion to the Premier League . He was employed at centre back and in a defensive midfield role during the campaign , helping the club to survive their first season back at the top level . He once again returned to Molineux for the following season , his third different spell with the Midlands club during which he made his 50th appearance for them . He suffered a patella tendon injury in December that ruled him out for three months , before he returned to the side for the clubs final six games , as they narrowly avoided the drop . Hamburger SV . On 31 May 2011 , Mancienne signed a four-year deal at German Bundesliga club Hamburger SV for a fee in the region of £1.752 million . He was reunited with former Chelsea sporting director Frank Arnesen , officially moving on 1 July 2011 , when the transfer window opened . He made his debut for the club on 5 August 2011 , in a 3–1 defeat at reigning champions Borussia Dortmund . Nottingham Forest . On 16 July 2014 , Mancienne joined Nottingham Forest on a three-year deal , reuniting with his England U21 manager Stuart Pearce . He made his debut against Blackpool on 9 August 2014 , starting at centre-half alongside Danny Fox . He played the entire ninety minutes of the 2–0 Forest win , earning the Man of the Match award in the process . Mancienne was then sent off in his second game for the club , following two bookable offences in Forests League Cup tie away at Tranmere Rovers on 12 August 2014 . Following his suspension , he returned to the side and once again was nominated the fans Man of the Match in a 1–0 away win at Sheffield Wednesday . On 28 April 2017 , Mancienne signed a two-year extension to his contract with Nottingham Forest , now managed by Mark Warburton . The contract was signed the day before Mancienne made his 100th appearance in all competitions for the club , in a 2–0 defeat to QPR , and the player reportedly accepted a reduced salary in order to stay at the club . Having done so in a pre-season friendly match against Burnley , Mancienne captained Forest for the first League match of the 2017–18 season , a 1–0 win over Millwall . New England Revolution . On 3 August 2018 , Mancienne joined Major League Soccer side New England Revolution . His reported salary of $1.28 million in 2018 , and $881,676 in 2019 , made him not only the highest-paid defender in the league at the time , but also the highest-paid defensive player in the teams history . Following their 2020 season , New England opted to decline their contract option on Mancienne . Burton Albion . On 9 February 2021 , Mancienne joined League One side Burton Albion on a contract until the end of the 2020-21 season . International career . Mancienne is eligible to play for the Seychelles as his father , Michael Snr , originates from there and is a former Seychelles international midfielder . He rejected the chance to play for the Seychelles national team in 2006 in favour of his native England . However , in November 2008 , he stated that he would play for Seychelles if he doesnt get to play for England by the time he reaches 25 . On 15 November 2008 , Fabio Capello surprisingly named him in the England squad to play an international friendly match against Germany in Berlin . He did not appear in the game though . He was an England regular at under-21 level since making his debut against Romania on 21 August 2007 . He was part of the side that reached the 2009 European Championships . However , his tournament was a disappointment as he received a red card in their opening group game against Finland . He has previously also represented England at under-16 , under-17 , under-19 and under-21 levels . Honours . International . England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 Club . Chelsea - FA Cup : 2008–09 Individual . - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2008–09

easy

Which team did the player Michael Mancienne belong to in 2007?

/wiki/Michael_Mancienne#P54#1

Michael Mancienne Michael Ian Mancienne ( born 8 January 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Burton Albion . Schooled primarily as a centre back , Mancienne can also play as a defensive midfielder as well as both fullback positions as he showed during appearances for Chelsea , and multiple loan spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers . He is a former England under-21 player , having received his first call-up for the senior squad in November 2008 , ahead of a friendly against Germany . Club career . Chelsea . Born in Feltham , London , Mancienne was spotted by Chelsea as a nine-year-old playing for Kingstonian , and debuted for the Chelsea Reserves while still at school . He signed a professional contract in January 2006 , and was called onto the bench for the final match of the 2005–06 season but was unused . He was part of Chelseas pre-season tour of the United States in Summer 2006 and started the season again with a place on the bench ; in the 2006 Community Shield against Liverpool and the first two Premier League games of the 2006–07 season against Manchester City and Blackburn Rovers . Despite this , it would be over two years before he would play a competitive game for the Blues , a fact that led him to admit he may need to move on for the sake of his career . After gaining playing time with spells on loan at Championship sides Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers , respectively ( see below ) , he finally made his Chelsea debut on 14 February 2009 , starting an FA Cup tie at Watford . He made his European debut appearance 11 days later as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League knock-out tie against Juventus , which ended 1–0 to Chelsea . On 28 February he achieved his Premier League debut in a 2–1 victory over Wigan Athletic . At the end of the 2008–09 season , during which he made his only first team appearances to date for the club , he was voted their Young Player of the Year . He signed a new contract with Chelsea in August 2009 that would expire in June 2013 . Queens Park Rangers ( loan ) . Mancienne gained his first taste of league football in a loan spell at Queens Park Rangers in late 2006 , when he joined them for the remainder of the 2006–07 campaign . He played most of his 28 games for the Championship side at right back , but also played a few times in his preferred centre-back position . His impressive displays made him popular with the QPR fans , who voted him runner-up in the Supporters Young Player of the Year . After signing a new contract extension at his parent club , he agreed to remain on loan at QPR for the 2007–08 season . Wolverhampton Wanderers ( loan ) . With no playing opportunities arriving at Stamford Bridge , Mancienne again went out on loan in October 2008 when he joined promotion-chasing Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan initially until 29 December 2008 . His performances during this period caused Wolves to extend his loan by a further month , however , the paperwork on the extension was never completed , and he was recalled by his parent club . He rejoined Wolves on a seasons loan for the 2009–10 season , by which time they had achieved promotion to the Premier League . He was employed at centre back and in a defensive midfield role during the campaign , helping the club to survive their first season back at the top level . He once again returned to Molineux for the following season , his third different spell with the Midlands club during which he made his 50th appearance for them . He suffered a patella tendon injury in December that ruled him out for three months , before he returned to the side for the clubs final six games , as they narrowly avoided the drop . Hamburger SV . On 31 May 2011 , Mancienne signed a four-year deal at German Bundesliga club Hamburger SV for a fee in the region of £1.752 million . He was reunited with former Chelsea sporting director Frank Arnesen , officially moving on 1 July 2011 , when the transfer window opened . He made his debut for the club on 5 August 2011 , in a 3–1 defeat at reigning champions Borussia Dortmund . Nottingham Forest . On 16 July 2014 , Mancienne joined Nottingham Forest on a three-year deal , reuniting with his England U21 manager Stuart Pearce . He made his debut against Blackpool on 9 August 2014 , starting at centre-half alongside Danny Fox . He played the entire ninety minutes of the 2–0 Forest win , earning the Man of the Match award in the process . Mancienne was then sent off in his second game for the club , following two bookable offences in Forests League Cup tie away at Tranmere Rovers on 12 August 2014 . Following his suspension , he returned to the side and once again was nominated the fans Man of the Match in a 1–0 away win at Sheffield Wednesday . On 28 April 2017 , Mancienne signed a two-year extension to his contract with Nottingham Forest , now managed by Mark Warburton . The contract was signed the day before Mancienne made his 100th appearance in all competitions for the club , in a 2–0 defeat to QPR , and the player reportedly accepted a reduced salary in order to stay at the club . Having done so in a pre-season friendly match against Burnley , Mancienne captained Forest for the first League match of the 2017–18 season , a 1–0 win over Millwall . New England Revolution . On 3 August 2018 , Mancienne joined Major League Soccer side New England Revolution . His reported salary of $1.28 million in 2018 , and $881,676 in 2019 , made him not only the highest-paid defender in the league at the time , but also the highest-paid defensive player in the teams history . Following their 2020 season , New England opted to decline their contract option on Mancienne . Burton Albion . On 9 February 2021 , Mancienne joined League One side Burton Albion on a contract until the end of the 2020-21 season . International career . Mancienne is eligible to play for the Seychelles as his father , Michael Snr , originates from there and is a former Seychelles international midfielder . He rejected the chance to play for the Seychelles national team in 2006 in favour of his native England . However , in November 2008 , he stated that he would play for Seychelles if he doesnt get to play for England by the time he reaches 25 . On 15 November 2008 , Fabio Capello surprisingly named him in the England squad to play an international friendly match against Germany in Berlin . He did not appear in the game though . He was an England regular at under-21 level since making his debut against Romania on 21 August 2007 . He was part of the side that reached the 2009 European Championships . However , his tournament was a disappointment as he received a red card in their opening group game against Finland . He has previously also represented England at under-16 , under-17 , under-19 and under-21 levels . Honours . International . England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 Club . Chelsea - FA Cup : 2008–09 Individual . - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2008–09

easy

Michael Mancienne played for which team from 2007 to 2008?

/wiki/Michael_Mancienne#P54#2

Michael Mancienne Michael Ian Mancienne ( born 8 January 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Burton Albion . Schooled primarily as a centre back , Mancienne can also play as a defensive midfielder as well as both fullback positions as he showed during appearances for Chelsea , and multiple loan spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers . He is a former England under-21 player , having received his first call-up for the senior squad in November 2008 , ahead of a friendly against Germany . Club career . Chelsea . Born in Feltham , London , Mancienne was spotted by Chelsea as a nine-year-old playing for Kingstonian , and debuted for the Chelsea Reserves while still at school . He signed a professional contract in January 2006 , and was called onto the bench for the final match of the 2005–06 season but was unused . He was part of Chelseas pre-season tour of the United States in Summer 2006 and started the season again with a place on the bench ; in the 2006 Community Shield against Liverpool and the first two Premier League games of the 2006–07 season against Manchester City and Blackburn Rovers . Despite this , it would be over two years before he would play a competitive game for the Blues , a fact that led him to admit he may need to move on for the sake of his career . After gaining playing time with spells on loan at Championship sides Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers , respectively ( see below ) , he finally made his Chelsea debut on 14 February 2009 , starting an FA Cup tie at Watford . He made his European debut appearance 11 days later as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League knock-out tie against Juventus , which ended 1–0 to Chelsea . On 28 February he achieved his Premier League debut in a 2–1 victory over Wigan Athletic . At the end of the 2008–09 season , during which he made his only first team appearances to date for the club , he was voted their Young Player of the Year . He signed a new contract with Chelsea in August 2009 that would expire in June 2013 . Queens Park Rangers ( loan ) . Mancienne gained his first taste of league football in a loan spell at Queens Park Rangers in late 2006 , when he joined them for the remainder of the 2006–07 campaign . He played most of his 28 games for the Championship side at right back , but also played a few times in his preferred centre-back position . His impressive displays made him popular with the QPR fans , who voted him runner-up in the Supporters Young Player of the Year . After signing a new contract extension at his parent club , he agreed to remain on loan at QPR for the 2007–08 season . Wolverhampton Wanderers ( loan ) . With no playing opportunities arriving at Stamford Bridge , Mancienne again went out on loan in October 2008 when he joined promotion-chasing Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan initially until 29 December 2008 . His performances during this period caused Wolves to extend his loan by a further month , however , the paperwork on the extension was never completed , and he was recalled by his parent club . He rejoined Wolves on a seasons loan for the 2009–10 season , by which time they had achieved promotion to the Premier League . He was employed at centre back and in a defensive midfield role during the campaign , helping the club to survive their first season back at the top level . He once again returned to Molineux for the following season , his third different spell with the Midlands club during which he made his 50th appearance for them . He suffered a patella tendon injury in December that ruled him out for three months , before he returned to the side for the clubs final six games , as they narrowly avoided the drop . Hamburger SV . On 31 May 2011 , Mancienne signed a four-year deal at German Bundesliga club Hamburger SV for a fee in the region of £1.752 million . He was reunited with former Chelsea sporting director Frank Arnesen , officially moving on 1 July 2011 , when the transfer window opened . He made his debut for the club on 5 August 2011 , in a 3–1 defeat at reigning champions Borussia Dortmund . Nottingham Forest . On 16 July 2014 , Mancienne joined Nottingham Forest on a three-year deal , reuniting with his England U21 manager Stuart Pearce . He made his debut against Blackpool on 9 August 2014 , starting at centre-half alongside Danny Fox . He played the entire ninety minutes of the 2–0 Forest win , earning the Man of the Match award in the process . Mancienne was then sent off in his second game for the club , following two bookable offences in Forests League Cup tie away at Tranmere Rovers on 12 August 2014 . Following his suspension , he returned to the side and once again was nominated the fans Man of the Match in a 1–0 away win at Sheffield Wednesday . On 28 April 2017 , Mancienne signed a two-year extension to his contract with Nottingham Forest , now managed by Mark Warburton . The contract was signed the day before Mancienne made his 100th appearance in all competitions for the club , in a 2–0 defeat to QPR , and the player reportedly accepted a reduced salary in order to stay at the club . Having done so in a pre-season friendly match against Burnley , Mancienne captained Forest for the first League match of the 2017–18 season , a 1–0 win over Millwall . New England Revolution . On 3 August 2018 , Mancienne joined Major League Soccer side New England Revolution . His reported salary of $1.28 million in 2018 , and $881,676 in 2019 , made him not only the highest-paid defender in the league at the time , but also the highest-paid defensive player in the teams history . Following their 2020 season , New England opted to decline their contract option on Mancienne . Burton Albion . On 9 February 2021 , Mancienne joined League One side Burton Albion on a contract until the end of the 2020-21 season . International career . Mancienne is eligible to play for the Seychelles as his father , Michael Snr , originates from there and is a former Seychelles international midfielder . He rejected the chance to play for the Seychelles national team in 2006 in favour of his native England . However , in November 2008 , he stated that he would play for Seychelles if he doesnt get to play for England by the time he reaches 25 . On 15 November 2008 , Fabio Capello surprisingly named him in the England squad to play an international friendly match against Germany in Berlin . He did not appear in the game though . He was an England regular at under-21 level since making his debut against Romania on 21 August 2007 . He was part of the side that reached the 2009 European Championships . However , his tournament was a disappointment as he received a red card in their opening group game against Finland . He has previously also represented England at under-16 , under-17 , under-19 and under-21 levels . Honours . International . England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 Club . Chelsea - FA Cup : 2008–09 Individual . - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2008–09

easy

Which team did the player Michael Mancienne belong to from 2008 to 2011?

/wiki/Michael_Mancienne#P54#3

Michael Mancienne Michael Ian Mancienne ( born 8 January 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Burton Albion . Schooled primarily as a centre back , Mancienne can also play as a defensive midfielder as well as both fullback positions as he showed during appearances for Chelsea , and multiple loan spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers . He is a former England under-21 player , having received his first call-up for the senior squad in November 2008 , ahead of a friendly against Germany . Club career . Chelsea . Born in Feltham , London , Mancienne was spotted by Chelsea as a nine-year-old playing for Kingstonian , and debuted for the Chelsea Reserves while still at school . He signed a professional contract in January 2006 , and was called onto the bench for the final match of the 2005–06 season but was unused . He was part of Chelseas pre-season tour of the United States in Summer 2006 and started the season again with a place on the bench ; in the 2006 Community Shield against Liverpool and the first two Premier League games of the 2006–07 season against Manchester City and Blackburn Rovers . Despite this , it would be over two years before he would play a competitive game for the Blues , a fact that led him to admit he may need to move on for the sake of his career . After gaining playing time with spells on loan at Championship sides Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers , respectively ( see below ) , he finally made his Chelsea debut on 14 February 2009 , starting an FA Cup tie at Watford . He made his European debut appearance 11 days later as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League knock-out tie against Juventus , which ended 1–0 to Chelsea . On 28 February he achieved his Premier League debut in a 2–1 victory over Wigan Athletic . At the end of the 2008–09 season , during which he made his only first team appearances to date for the club , he was voted their Young Player of the Year . He signed a new contract with Chelsea in August 2009 that would expire in June 2013 . Queens Park Rangers ( loan ) . Mancienne gained his first taste of league football in a loan spell at Queens Park Rangers in late 2006 , when he joined them for the remainder of the 2006–07 campaign . He played most of his 28 games for the Championship side at right back , but also played a few times in his preferred centre-back position . His impressive displays made him popular with the QPR fans , who voted him runner-up in the Supporters Young Player of the Year . After signing a new contract extension at his parent club , he agreed to remain on loan at QPR for the 2007–08 season . Wolverhampton Wanderers ( loan ) . With no playing opportunities arriving at Stamford Bridge , Mancienne again went out on loan in October 2008 when he joined promotion-chasing Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan initially until 29 December 2008 . His performances during this period caused Wolves to extend his loan by a further month , however , the paperwork on the extension was never completed , and he was recalled by his parent club . He rejoined Wolves on a seasons loan for the 2009–10 season , by which time they had achieved promotion to the Premier League . He was employed at centre back and in a defensive midfield role during the campaign , helping the club to survive their first season back at the top level . He once again returned to Molineux for the following season , his third different spell with the Midlands club during which he made his 50th appearance for them . He suffered a patella tendon injury in December that ruled him out for three months , before he returned to the side for the clubs final six games , as they narrowly avoided the drop . Hamburger SV . On 31 May 2011 , Mancienne signed a four-year deal at German Bundesliga club Hamburger SV for a fee in the region of £1.752 million . He was reunited with former Chelsea sporting director Frank Arnesen , officially moving on 1 July 2011 , when the transfer window opened . He made his debut for the club on 5 August 2011 , in a 3–1 defeat at reigning champions Borussia Dortmund . Nottingham Forest . On 16 July 2014 , Mancienne joined Nottingham Forest on a three-year deal , reuniting with his England U21 manager Stuart Pearce . He made his debut against Blackpool on 9 August 2014 , starting at centre-half alongside Danny Fox . He played the entire ninety minutes of the 2–0 Forest win , earning the Man of the Match award in the process . Mancienne was then sent off in his second game for the club , following two bookable offences in Forests League Cup tie away at Tranmere Rovers on 12 August 2014 . Following his suspension , he returned to the side and once again was nominated the fans Man of the Match in a 1–0 away win at Sheffield Wednesday . On 28 April 2017 , Mancienne signed a two-year extension to his contract with Nottingham Forest , now managed by Mark Warburton . The contract was signed the day before Mancienne made his 100th appearance in all competitions for the club , in a 2–0 defeat to QPR , and the player reportedly accepted a reduced salary in order to stay at the club . Having done so in a pre-season friendly match against Burnley , Mancienne captained Forest for the first League match of the 2017–18 season , a 1–0 win over Millwall . New England Revolution . On 3 August 2018 , Mancienne joined Major League Soccer side New England Revolution . His reported salary of $1.28 million in 2018 , and $881,676 in 2019 , made him not only the highest-paid defender in the league at the time , but also the highest-paid defensive player in the teams history . Following their 2020 season , New England opted to decline their contract option on Mancienne . Burton Albion . On 9 February 2021 , Mancienne joined League One side Burton Albion on a contract until the end of the 2020-21 season . International career . Mancienne is eligible to play for the Seychelles as his father , Michael Snr , originates from there and is a former Seychelles international midfielder . He rejected the chance to play for the Seychelles national team in 2006 in favour of his native England . However , in November 2008 , he stated that he would play for Seychelles if he doesnt get to play for England by the time he reaches 25 . On 15 November 2008 , Fabio Capello surprisingly named him in the England squad to play an international friendly match against Germany in Berlin . He did not appear in the game though . He was an England regular at under-21 level since making his debut against Romania on 21 August 2007 . He was part of the side that reached the 2009 European Championships . However , his tournament was a disappointment as he received a red card in their opening group game against Finland . He has previously also represented England at under-16 , under-17 , under-19 and under-21 levels . Honours . International . England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 Club . Chelsea - FA Cup : 2008–09 Individual . - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2008–09

easy

Which team did the player Michael Mancienne belong to from 2011 to 2014?

/wiki/Michael_Mancienne#P54#4

Michael Mancienne Michael Ian Mancienne ( born 8 January 1988 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for Burton Albion . Schooled primarily as a centre back , Mancienne can also play as a defensive midfielder as well as both fullback positions as he showed during appearances for Chelsea , and multiple loan spells at Wolverhampton Wanderers . He is a former England under-21 player , having received his first call-up for the senior squad in November 2008 , ahead of a friendly against Germany . Club career . Chelsea . Born in Feltham , London , Mancienne was spotted by Chelsea as a nine-year-old playing for Kingstonian , and debuted for the Chelsea Reserves while still at school . He signed a professional contract in January 2006 , and was called onto the bench for the final match of the 2005–06 season but was unused . He was part of Chelseas pre-season tour of the United States in Summer 2006 and started the season again with a place on the bench ; in the 2006 Community Shield against Liverpool and the first two Premier League games of the 2006–07 season against Manchester City and Blackburn Rovers . Despite this , it would be over two years before he would play a competitive game for the Blues , a fact that led him to admit he may need to move on for the sake of his career . After gaining playing time with spells on loan at Championship sides Queens Park Rangers and Wolverhampton Wanderers , respectively ( see below ) , he finally made his Chelsea debut on 14 February 2009 , starting an FA Cup tie at Watford . He made his European debut appearance 11 days later as a late substitute in a UEFA Champions League knock-out tie against Juventus , which ended 1–0 to Chelsea . On 28 February he achieved his Premier League debut in a 2–1 victory over Wigan Athletic . At the end of the 2008–09 season , during which he made his only first team appearances to date for the club , he was voted their Young Player of the Year . He signed a new contract with Chelsea in August 2009 that would expire in June 2013 . Queens Park Rangers ( loan ) . Mancienne gained his first taste of league football in a loan spell at Queens Park Rangers in late 2006 , when he joined them for the remainder of the 2006–07 campaign . He played most of his 28 games for the Championship side at right back , but also played a few times in his preferred centre-back position . His impressive displays made him popular with the QPR fans , who voted him runner-up in the Supporters Young Player of the Year . After signing a new contract extension at his parent club , he agreed to remain on loan at QPR for the 2007–08 season . Wolverhampton Wanderers ( loan ) . With no playing opportunities arriving at Stamford Bridge , Mancienne again went out on loan in October 2008 when he joined promotion-chasing Championship side Wolverhampton Wanderers on loan initially until 29 December 2008 . His performances during this period caused Wolves to extend his loan by a further month , however , the paperwork on the extension was never completed , and he was recalled by his parent club . He rejoined Wolves on a seasons loan for the 2009–10 season , by which time they had achieved promotion to the Premier League . He was employed at centre back and in a defensive midfield role during the campaign , helping the club to survive their first season back at the top level . He once again returned to Molineux for the following season , his third different spell with the Midlands club during which he made his 50th appearance for them . He suffered a patella tendon injury in December that ruled him out for three months , before he returned to the side for the clubs final six games , as they narrowly avoided the drop . Hamburger SV . On 31 May 2011 , Mancienne signed a four-year deal at German Bundesliga club Hamburger SV for a fee in the region of £1.752 million . He was reunited with former Chelsea sporting director Frank Arnesen , officially moving on 1 July 2011 , when the transfer window opened . He made his debut for the club on 5 August 2011 , in a 3–1 defeat at reigning champions Borussia Dortmund . Nottingham Forest . On 16 July 2014 , Mancienne joined Nottingham Forest on a three-year deal , reuniting with his England U21 manager Stuart Pearce . He made his debut against Blackpool on 9 August 2014 , starting at centre-half alongside Danny Fox . He played the entire ninety minutes of the 2–0 Forest win , earning the Man of the Match award in the process . Mancienne was then sent off in his second game for the club , following two bookable offences in Forests League Cup tie away at Tranmere Rovers on 12 August 2014 . Following his suspension , he returned to the side and once again was nominated the fans Man of the Match in a 1–0 away win at Sheffield Wednesday . On 28 April 2017 , Mancienne signed a two-year extension to his contract with Nottingham Forest , now managed by Mark Warburton . The contract was signed the day before Mancienne made his 100th appearance in all competitions for the club , in a 2–0 defeat to QPR , and the player reportedly accepted a reduced salary in order to stay at the club . Having done so in a pre-season friendly match against Burnley , Mancienne captained Forest for the first League match of the 2017–18 season , a 1–0 win over Millwall . New England Revolution . On 3 August 2018 , Mancienne joined Major League Soccer side New England Revolution . His reported salary of $1.28 million in 2018 , and $881,676 in 2019 , made him not only the highest-paid defender in the league at the time , but also the highest-paid defensive player in the teams history . Following their 2020 season , New England opted to decline their contract option on Mancienne . Burton Albion . On 9 February 2021 , Mancienne joined League One side Burton Albion on a contract until the end of the 2020-21 season . International career . Mancienne is eligible to play for the Seychelles as his father , Michael Snr , originates from there and is a former Seychelles international midfielder . He rejected the chance to play for the Seychelles national team in 2006 in favour of his native England . However , in November 2008 , he stated that he would play for Seychelles if he doesnt get to play for England by the time he reaches 25 . On 15 November 2008 , Fabio Capello surprisingly named him in the England squad to play an international friendly match against Germany in Berlin . He did not appear in the game though . He was an England regular at under-21 level since making his debut against Romania on 21 August 2007 . He was part of the side that reached the 2009 European Championships . However , his tournament was a disappointment as he received a red card in their opening group game against Finland . He has previously also represented England at under-16 , under-17 , under-19 and under-21 levels . Honours . International . England U21 - UEFA European Under-21 Championship runner-up : 2009 Club . Chelsea - FA Cup : 2008–09 Individual . - Chelsea Young Player of the Year : 2008–09

easy

Which title was conferred to Anna Muzychuk in 2012?

/wiki/Anna_Muzychuk#P2962#0

Anna Muzychuk Anna Olehivna Muzychuk ( ; ; born February 28 , 1990 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster . From 2004 to 2014 she played for Slovenia . She is the fourth woman , after Judit Polgar , Humpy Koneru and Hou Yifan , to cross the 2600 FIDE Elo rating mark , having achieved a rating of 2606 in July 2012 . Muzychuk won the Womens World Rapid Chess Championship in 2016 , and the Womens World Blitz Chess Championship in 2014 and 2016 . Career . Muzychuk was taught to play chess at the age of two by her parents , both professional chess coaches . She played her first tournament at five and in the same year she placed second in the under-10 girls championship of Lviv Oblast . From 1997 to 2005 she won several medals at Ukrainian , European and World Youth Championships . She won gold in the European Under-10 girls championship in 1998 and 2000 , Ukrainian under-10 girls championship in 2000 , Ukrainian and European under-12 girls championships of 2002 , European Under-14 girls championship in 2003 and 2004 , World U16 girls championship in 2005 . She took silver at the European Under-10 girls championship in 1997 and 1999 , European Under-12 girls championship in 2001 , World Under-12 girls championship in 2002 and World U14 girls championship in 2004 . She was the bronze medalist in the World Under-10 Girls Championship in 2000 . She was awarded the titles of Woman FIDE Master in 2001 and Woman International Master in 2002 . In 2003 , Muzychuk also won the Ukrainian Womens Championship . She won the Ukrainian U20 girls championship of 2004 . In 2004 , Muzychuk started to play for Slovenia : she was offered a contract by the Slovenian chess federation and was supported by them over the course of the next ten years . She played for the club from Ljubljana and for the Olympiad Slovenian national team . She represented them first in junior and then in adult tournaments , becoming the strongest female chess player in Slovenia and the third best female player in the world . Muzychuk continued to play for Slovenia even when while she lived in Stryi ( Ukraine ) , and her younger sister Mariya , twice represented the Ukrainian national team . In 2007 , she won the European womens blitz chess championship and finished second in the European womens rapid chess championship , both held in Predeal , Romania . Muzychuk was awarded the titles of International Master in 2007 and Grandmaster in 2012 . In 2010 , she played in the Corus chess tournament Group B , finishing 10th with a score of 5½/13 and a performance of 2583 . In the same year , Muzychuk won the World Junior Girls Championship in Chotowa , Poland . She won the bronze medal in the Womens European Individual Chess Championship of 2012 . In the same year Muzychuk took part in the ACP Golden Classic in Amsterdam along with Vassily Ivanchuk , Gata Kamsky , Emil Sutovsky , Le Quang Liem , Krishnan Sasikiran and Baadur Jobava . It was a round-robin tournament in which the rate of play was two hours and half for forty moves followed in case by adjournment . She finished fourth with a score of 3/6 and a rating performance of 2721 . Muzychuk finished fourth in the 2014 Tata Steel Challengers tournament , scoring 8/13 In April 2014 Muzychuk won the Womens World Blitz Championship . In May 2014 , she returned to the Ukrainian chess federation . Muzychuk won the 2014 Ukrainian womens championship in Lviv . In January 2016 , she won the womens first prize at the Masters tournament of the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival . In December 2016 , in Doha , she won the Womens World Rapid Championship , and two days later she defended her Womens Blitz World Championship title . In March 2017 , she finished second in the Womens World Chess Championship 2017 in Tehran . In October 2017 , she won the ACP European Womens Rapid Championship in Monte Carlo . In November 2017 she announced she would boycott the 2017 Womens World Speed Chess Championship , to be held in Saudi Arabia , due to Saudi Arabias rules regarding women . On her Facebook page she commented : Team competitions . Muzychuk played on the top board for Slovenia in the Womens Chess Olympiads of 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 . In her first Olympiad , in 2004 , she defeated , among others , the then-reigning womens world champion , Antoaneta Stefanova . In 2006 the Slovenian team , seeded 17th , finished tenth . In the 2014 Womens Chess Olympiad , Muzychuk played on the top board for the Ukrainian team which gathered third place behind Russia and China . In the 2015 Womens European Team Chess Championship , she contributed to Ukraines silver medal . In the 2016 Womens Chess Olympiad , team Ukraine won the silver medal and Muzychuk also won the individual gold medal for the best performance on board 1 . Personal life . Her younger sister Mariya was the 2015 Womens World Chess Champion . She lives in Stryi with her parents and her sister . External links . - Anna Muzychuk chess games at 365Chess.com - Interview with Anna Muzychuk at Grandcoach.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Anna Muzychuk in 2004?

/wiki/Anna_Muzychuk#P2962#1

Anna Muzychuk Anna Olehivna Muzychuk ( ; ; born February 28 , 1990 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster . From 2004 to 2014 she played for Slovenia . She is the fourth woman , after Judit Polgar , Humpy Koneru and Hou Yifan , to cross the 2600 FIDE Elo rating mark , having achieved a rating of 2606 in July 2012 . Muzychuk won the Womens World Rapid Chess Championship in 2016 , and the Womens World Blitz Chess Championship in 2014 and 2016 . Career . Muzychuk was taught to play chess at the age of two by her parents , both professional chess coaches . She played her first tournament at five and in the same year she placed second in the under-10 girls championship of Lviv Oblast . From 1997 to 2005 she won several medals at Ukrainian , European and World Youth Championships . She won gold in the European Under-10 girls championship in 1998 and 2000 , Ukrainian under-10 girls championship in 2000 , Ukrainian and European under-12 girls championships of 2002 , European Under-14 girls championship in 2003 and 2004 , World U16 girls championship in 2005 . She took silver at the European Under-10 girls championship in 1997 and 1999 , European Under-12 girls championship in 2001 , World Under-12 girls championship in 2002 and World U14 girls championship in 2004 . She was the bronze medalist in the World Under-10 Girls Championship in 2000 . She was awarded the titles of Woman FIDE Master in 2001 and Woman International Master in 2002 . In 2003 , Muzychuk also won the Ukrainian Womens Championship . She won the Ukrainian U20 girls championship of 2004 . In 2004 , Muzychuk started to play for Slovenia : she was offered a contract by the Slovenian chess federation and was supported by them over the course of the next ten years . She played for the club from Ljubljana and for the Olympiad Slovenian national team . She represented them first in junior and then in adult tournaments , becoming the strongest female chess player in Slovenia and the third best female player in the world . Muzychuk continued to play for Slovenia even when while she lived in Stryi ( Ukraine ) , and her younger sister Mariya , twice represented the Ukrainian national team . In 2007 , she won the European womens blitz chess championship and finished second in the European womens rapid chess championship , both held in Predeal , Romania . Muzychuk was awarded the titles of International Master in 2007 and Grandmaster in 2012 . In 2010 , she played in the Corus chess tournament Group B , finishing 10th with a score of 5½/13 and a performance of 2583 . In the same year , Muzychuk won the World Junior Girls Championship in Chotowa , Poland . She won the bronze medal in the Womens European Individual Chess Championship of 2012 . In the same year Muzychuk took part in the ACP Golden Classic in Amsterdam along with Vassily Ivanchuk , Gata Kamsky , Emil Sutovsky , Le Quang Liem , Krishnan Sasikiran and Baadur Jobava . It was a round-robin tournament in which the rate of play was two hours and half for forty moves followed in case by adjournment . She finished fourth with a score of 3/6 and a rating performance of 2721 . Muzychuk finished fourth in the 2014 Tata Steel Challengers tournament , scoring 8/13 In April 2014 Muzychuk won the Womens World Blitz Championship . In May 2014 , she returned to the Ukrainian chess federation . Muzychuk won the 2014 Ukrainian womens championship in Lviv . In January 2016 , she won the womens first prize at the Masters tournament of the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival . In December 2016 , in Doha , she won the Womens World Rapid Championship , and two days later she defended her Womens Blitz World Championship title . In March 2017 , she finished second in the Womens World Chess Championship 2017 in Tehran . In October 2017 , she won the ACP European Womens Rapid Championship in Monte Carlo . In November 2017 she announced she would boycott the 2017 Womens World Speed Chess Championship , to be held in Saudi Arabia , due to Saudi Arabias rules regarding women . On her Facebook page she commented : Team competitions . Muzychuk played on the top board for Slovenia in the Womens Chess Olympiads of 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 . In her first Olympiad , in 2004 , she defeated , among others , the then-reigning womens world champion , Antoaneta Stefanova . In 2006 the Slovenian team , seeded 17th , finished tenth . In the 2014 Womens Chess Olympiad , Muzychuk played on the top board for the Ukrainian team which gathered third place behind Russia and China . In the 2015 Womens European Team Chess Championship , she contributed to Ukraines silver medal . In the 2016 Womens Chess Olympiad , team Ukraine won the silver medal and Muzychuk also won the individual gold medal for the best performance on board 1 . Personal life . Her younger sister Mariya was the 2015 Womens World Chess Champion . She lives in Stryi with her parents and her sister . External links . - Anna Muzychuk chess games at 365Chess.com - Interview with Anna Muzychuk at Grandcoach.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Anna Muzychuk in 2007?

/wiki/Anna_Muzychuk#P2962#2

Anna Muzychuk Anna Olehivna Muzychuk ( ; ; born February 28 , 1990 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster . From 2004 to 2014 she played for Slovenia . She is the fourth woman , after Judit Polgar , Humpy Koneru and Hou Yifan , to cross the 2600 FIDE Elo rating mark , having achieved a rating of 2606 in July 2012 . Muzychuk won the Womens World Rapid Chess Championship in 2016 , and the Womens World Blitz Chess Championship in 2014 and 2016 . Career . Muzychuk was taught to play chess at the age of two by her parents , both professional chess coaches . She played her first tournament at five and in the same year she placed second in the under-10 girls championship of Lviv Oblast . From 1997 to 2005 she won several medals at Ukrainian , European and World Youth Championships . She won gold in the European Under-10 girls championship in 1998 and 2000 , Ukrainian under-10 girls championship in 2000 , Ukrainian and European under-12 girls championships of 2002 , European Under-14 girls championship in 2003 and 2004 , World U16 girls championship in 2005 . She took silver at the European Under-10 girls championship in 1997 and 1999 , European Under-12 girls championship in 2001 , World Under-12 girls championship in 2002 and World U14 girls championship in 2004 . She was the bronze medalist in the World Under-10 Girls Championship in 2000 . She was awarded the titles of Woman FIDE Master in 2001 and Woman International Master in 2002 . In 2003 , Muzychuk also won the Ukrainian Womens Championship . She won the Ukrainian U20 girls championship of 2004 . In 2004 , Muzychuk started to play for Slovenia : she was offered a contract by the Slovenian chess federation and was supported by them over the course of the next ten years . She played for the club from Ljubljana and for the Olympiad Slovenian national team . She represented them first in junior and then in adult tournaments , becoming the strongest female chess player in Slovenia and the third best female player in the world . Muzychuk continued to play for Slovenia even when while she lived in Stryi ( Ukraine ) , and her younger sister Mariya , twice represented the Ukrainian national team . In 2007 , she won the European womens blitz chess championship and finished second in the European womens rapid chess championship , both held in Predeal , Romania . Muzychuk was awarded the titles of International Master in 2007 and Grandmaster in 2012 . In 2010 , she played in the Corus chess tournament Group B , finishing 10th with a score of 5½/13 and a performance of 2583 . In the same year , Muzychuk won the World Junior Girls Championship in Chotowa , Poland . She won the bronze medal in the Womens European Individual Chess Championship of 2012 . In the same year Muzychuk took part in the ACP Golden Classic in Amsterdam along with Vassily Ivanchuk , Gata Kamsky , Emil Sutovsky , Le Quang Liem , Krishnan Sasikiran and Baadur Jobava . It was a round-robin tournament in which the rate of play was two hours and half for forty moves followed in case by adjournment . She finished fourth with a score of 3/6 and a rating performance of 2721 . Muzychuk finished fourth in the 2014 Tata Steel Challengers tournament , scoring 8/13 In April 2014 Muzychuk won the Womens World Blitz Championship . In May 2014 , she returned to the Ukrainian chess federation . Muzychuk won the 2014 Ukrainian womens championship in Lviv . In January 2016 , she won the womens first prize at the Masters tournament of the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival . In December 2016 , in Doha , she won the Womens World Rapid Championship , and two days later she defended her Womens Blitz World Championship title . In March 2017 , she finished second in the Womens World Chess Championship 2017 in Tehran . In October 2017 , she won the ACP European Womens Rapid Championship in Monte Carlo . In November 2017 she announced she would boycott the 2017 Womens World Speed Chess Championship , to be held in Saudi Arabia , due to Saudi Arabias rules regarding women . On her Facebook page she commented : Team competitions . Muzychuk played on the top board for Slovenia in the Womens Chess Olympiads of 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 . In her first Olympiad , in 2004 , she defeated , among others , the then-reigning womens world champion , Antoaneta Stefanova . In 2006 the Slovenian team , seeded 17th , finished tenth . In the 2014 Womens Chess Olympiad , Muzychuk played on the top board for the Ukrainian team which gathered third place behind Russia and China . In the 2015 Womens European Team Chess Championship , she contributed to Ukraines silver medal . In the 2016 Womens Chess Olympiad , team Ukraine won the silver medal and Muzychuk also won the individual gold medal for the best performance on board 1 . Personal life . Her younger sister Mariya was the 2015 Womens World Chess Champion . She lives in Stryi with her parents and her sister . External links . - Anna Muzychuk chess games at 365Chess.com - Interview with Anna Muzychuk at Grandcoach.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Anna Muzychuk in 2002?

/wiki/Anna_Muzychuk#P2962#3

Anna Muzychuk Anna Olehivna Muzychuk ( ; ; born February 28 , 1990 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster . From 2004 to 2014 she played for Slovenia . She is the fourth woman , after Judit Polgar , Humpy Koneru and Hou Yifan , to cross the 2600 FIDE Elo rating mark , having achieved a rating of 2606 in July 2012 . Muzychuk won the Womens World Rapid Chess Championship in 2016 , and the Womens World Blitz Chess Championship in 2014 and 2016 . Career . Muzychuk was taught to play chess at the age of two by her parents , both professional chess coaches . She played her first tournament at five and in the same year she placed second in the under-10 girls championship of Lviv Oblast . From 1997 to 2005 she won several medals at Ukrainian , European and World Youth Championships . She won gold in the European Under-10 girls championship in 1998 and 2000 , Ukrainian under-10 girls championship in 2000 , Ukrainian and European under-12 girls championships of 2002 , European Under-14 girls championship in 2003 and 2004 , World U16 girls championship in 2005 . She took silver at the European Under-10 girls championship in 1997 and 1999 , European Under-12 girls championship in 2001 , World Under-12 girls championship in 2002 and World U14 girls championship in 2004 . She was the bronze medalist in the World Under-10 Girls Championship in 2000 . She was awarded the titles of Woman FIDE Master in 2001 and Woman International Master in 2002 . In 2003 , Muzychuk also won the Ukrainian Womens Championship . She won the Ukrainian U20 girls championship of 2004 . In 2004 , Muzychuk started to play for Slovenia : she was offered a contract by the Slovenian chess federation and was supported by them over the course of the next ten years . She played for the club from Ljubljana and for the Olympiad Slovenian national team . She represented them first in junior and then in adult tournaments , becoming the strongest female chess player in Slovenia and the third best female player in the world . Muzychuk continued to play for Slovenia even when while she lived in Stryi ( Ukraine ) , and her younger sister Mariya , twice represented the Ukrainian national team . In 2007 , she won the European womens blitz chess championship and finished second in the European womens rapid chess championship , both held in Predeal , Romania . Muzychuk was awarded the titles of International Master in 2007 and Grandmaster in 2012 . In 2010 , she played in the Corus chess tournament Group B , finishing 10th with a score of 5½/13 and a performance of 2583 . In the same year , Muzychuk won the World Junior Girls Championship in Chotowa , Poland . She won the bronze medal in the Womens European Individual Chess Championship of 2012 . In the same year Muzychuk took part in the ACP Golden Classic in Amsterdam along with Vassily Ivanchuk , Gata Kamsky , Emil Sutovsky , Le Quang Liem , Krishnan Sasikiran and Baadur Jobava . It was a round-robin tournament in which the rate of play was two hours and half for forty moves followed in case by adjournment . She finished fourth with a score of 3/6 and a rating performance of 2721 . Muzychuk finished fourth in the 2014 Tata Steel Challengers tournament , scoring 8/13 In April 2014 Muzychuk won the Womens World Blitz Championship . In May 2014 , she returned to the Ukrainian chess federation . Muzychuk won the 2014 Ukrainian womens championship in Lviv . In January 2016 , she won the womens first prize at the Masters tournament of the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival . In December 2016 , in Doha , she won the Womens World Rapid Championship , and two days later she defended her Womens Blitz World Championship title . In March 2017 , she finished second in the Womens World Chess Championship 2017 in Tehran . In October 2017 , she won the ACP European Womens Rapid Championship in Monte Carlo . In November 2017 she announced she would boycott the 2017 Womens World Speed Chess Championship , to be held in Saudi Arabia , due to Saudi Arabias rules regarding women . On her Facebook page she commented : Team competitions . Muzychuk played on the top board for Slovenia in the Womens Chess Olympiads of 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 . In her first Olympiad , in 2004 , she defeated , among others , the then-reigning womens world champion , Antoaneta Stefanova . In 2006 the Slovenian team , seeded 17th , finished tenth . In the 2014 Womens Chess Olympiad , Muzychuk played on the top board for the Ukrainian team which gathered third place behind Russia and China . In the 2015 Womens European Team Chess Championship , she contributed to Ukraines silver medal . In the 2016 Womens Chess Olympiad , team Ukraine won the silver medal and Muzychuk also won the individual gold medal for the best performance on board 1 . Personal life . Her younger sister Mariya was the 2015 Womens World Chess Champion . She lives in Stryi with her parents and her sister . External links . - Anna Muzychuk chess games at 365Chess.com - Interview with Anna Muzychuk at Grandcoach.com

easy

Which title was conferred to Anna Muzychuk in 2001?

/wiki/Anna_Muzychuk#P2962#4

Anna Muzychuk Anna Olehivna Muzychuk ( ; ; born February 28 , 1990 ) is a Ukrainian chess grandmaster . From 2004 to 2014 she played for Slovenia . She is the fourth woman , after Judit Polgar , Humpy Koneru and Hou Yifan , to cross the 2600 FIDE Elo rating mark , having achieved a rating of 2606 in July 2012 . Muzychuk won the Womens World Rapid Chess Championship in 2016 , and the Womens World Blitz Chess Championship in 2014 and 2016 . Career . Muzychuk was taught to play chess at the age of two by her parents , both professional chess coaches . She played her first tournament at five and in the same year she placed second in the under-10 girls championship of Lviv Oblast . From 1997 to 2005 she won several medals at Ukrainian , European and World Youth Championships . She won gold in the European Under-10 girls championship in 1998 and 2000 , Ukrainian under-10 girls championship in 2000 , Ukrainian and European under-12 girls championships of 2002 , European Under-14 girls championship in 2003 and 2004 , World U16 girls championship in 2005 . She took silver at the European Under-10 girls championship in 1997 and 1999 , European Under-12 girls championship in 2001 , World Under-12 girls championship in 2002 and World U14 girls championship in 2004 . She was the bronze medalist in the World Under-10 Girls Championship in 2000 . She was awarded the titles of Woman FIDE Master in 2001 and Woman International Master in 2002 . In 2003 , Muzychuk also won the Ukrainian Womens Championship . She won the Ukrainian U20 girls championship of 2004 . In 2004 , Muzychuk started to play for Slovenia : she was offered a contract by the Slovenian chess federation and was supported by them over the course of the next ten years . She played for the club from Ljubljana and for the Olympiad Slovenian national team . She represented them first in junior and then in adult tournaments , becoming the strongest female chess player in Slovenia and the third best female player in the world . Muzychuk continued to play for Slovenia even when while she lived in Stryi ( Ukraine ) , and her younger sister Mariya , twice represented the Ukrainian national team . In 2007 , she won the European womens blitz chess championship and finished second in the European womens rapid chess championship , both held in Predeal , Romania . Muzychuk was awarded the titles of International Master in 2007 and Grandmaster in 2012 . In 2010 , she played in the Corus chess tournament Group B , finishing 10th with a score of 5½/13 and a performance of 2583 . In the same year , Muzychuk won the World Junior Girls Championship in Chotowa , Poland . She won the bronze medal in the Womens European Individual Chess Championship of 2012 . In the same year Muzychuk took part in the ACP Golden Classic in Amsterdam along with Vassily Ivanchuk , Gata Kamsky , Emil Sutovsky , Le Quang Liem , Krishnan Sasikiran and Baadur Jobava . It was a round-robin tournament in which the rate of play was two hours and half for forty moves followed in case by adjournment . She finished fourth with a score of 3/6 and a rating performance of 2721 . Muzychuk finished fourth in the 2014 Tata Steel Challengers tournament , scoring 8/13 In April 2014 Muzychuk won the Womens World Blitz Championship . In May 2014 , she returned to the Ukrainian chess federation . Muzychuk won the 2014 Ukrainian womens championship in Lviv . In January 2016 , she won the womens first prize at the Masters tournament of the Tradewise Gibraltar Chess Festival . In December 2016 , in Doha , she won the Womens World Rapid Championship , and two days later she defended her Womens Blitz World Championship title . In March 2017 , she finished second in the Womens World Chess Championship 2017 in Tehran . In October 2017 , she won the ACP European Womens Rapid Championship in Monte Carlo . In November 2017 she announced she would boycott the 2017 Womens World Speed Chess Championship , to be held in Saudi Arabia , due to Saudi Arabias rules regarding women . On her Facebook page she commented : Team competitions . Muzychuk played on the top board for Slovenia in the Womens Chess Olympiads of 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2010 and 2012 . In her first Olympiad , in 2004 , she defeated , among others , the then-reigning womens world champion , Antoaneta Stefanova . In 2006 the Slovenian team , seeded 17th , finished tenth . In the 2014 Womens Chess Olympiad , Muzychuk played on the top board for the Ukrainian team which gathered third place behind Russia and China . In the 2015 Womens European Team Chess Championship , she contributed to Ukraines silver medal . In the 2016 Womens Chess Olympiad , team Ukraine won the silver medal and Muzychuk also won the individual gold medal for the best performance on board 1 . Personal life . Her younger sister Mariya was the 2015 Womens World Chess Champion . She lives in Stryi with her parents and her sister . External links . - Anna Muzychuk chess games at 365Chess.com - Interview with Anna Muzychuk at Grandcoach.com

easy

Which team did Glenn Hysén play for from 1978 to 1983?

/wiki/Glenn_Hysén#P54#0

Glenn Hysén Glenn Ingvar Hysén ( ; born 30 October 1959 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender . Starting off his career with IFK Göteborg in the late 1970s , he went on represent PSV Eindhoven , Fiorentina , and Liverpool before retiring at GAIS in 1994 . A full international between 1981 and 1990 , he won 68 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Early life . Glenn Ingvar Hysén was born in Gothenburg to a football family . His grandfather Erik played for IFK Göteborg as did his great-uncle Carl . Hyséns father Kurt also played for IFK Göteborgs B-Team . Hysén started playing football at IF Warta when he was a boy . As a child , he wanted to become a fire fighter . Club career . IFK Göteborg . Hysén started his professional career with IFK Göteborg and made his competitive debut for the team on 14 May 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against IFK Norrköping that ended 2–2 . During his first stint with Göteborg , he helped the team win the 1982 and 1983 Swedish Championships , and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup . PSV Eindhoven . He was named Swedens Footballer of the Year in 1983 and his form earned him a move to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands . He was often forced to play out of position , midfielder and even as a forward , and did not enjoy his time in the Netherlands . Return to IFK Göteborg . In 1985 , he returned to IFK Göteborg and helped the team reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona on penalty kicks . He also helped the club win another Swedish Championship in 1987 and win their second UEFA Cup title in 1987 . Fiorentina . Following his success with IFK Göteborg and the Sweden national team , Hysén turned down an offer from Manchester United and their manager Alex Ferguson to instead join his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson at Fiorentina in Serie A . Liverpool . Manchester United again expressed an interest in signing Hysén in 1989 , and invited the player over to England for a tour of Old Trafford and buffet lunch . He returned to Italy with the deal all but sealed ; Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards even rang Alex Ferguson to report that Hysén had shaken hands on the deal . Negotiations stalled on the £300,000 transfer , and Edwards and Ferguson flew out to Italy to conclude matters in person . However , upon arrival in Florence , they were told by Hyséns agent that the player had signed for Liverpool a few days previously , prompting the United management to make a move for Gary Pallister instead . Hysén made a sensational debut against Arsenal in the 1989 Charity Shield win at Wembley which made him an instant hero . Hysén settled in immediately at Liverpool , scoring his first Liverpool goal in their club record 9–0 mauling of Crystal Palace soon afterwards . He scored Liverpools eighth goal in this game , which was notable for having eight different players score for the same side . Alongside veteran club captain Alan Hansen and , in Hansens injury-enforced absence , the young defender Gary Ablett , Hysén was a major part of Liverpools success in the League championship of the 1989–90 season , when the Reds fought off a late challenge from Aston Villa and sealed their 18th top division title by a margin of nine points . It went slightly downhill for Hysén thereafter , with Hansen out with a long-term injury ( which led to his retirement ) . Manager Kenny Dalglishs resignation in February 1991 heralded the beginning of Hyséns end . The new manager Graeme Souness did not really share Dalglishs views on football which led to many changes being made upon his arrival , changes that did not suit the entire team and created some tension between him and some of the players , Hysén being one of those players . This tension together with some minor injuries made Souness less keen to keep him . Hysén did recover fitness for the 1991–92 season , but made just five league appearances , the last a 3-0 loss to Norwich City 22 February 1992 , before being given a free transfer . He is still remembered by Liverpool fans for his near-perfect intercepting tackle on Gary Lineker at Wembley Stadium . GAIS . He returned to Sweden in 1992 and played three seasons for GAIS before retiring from professional football in 1994 . International career . Hysén represented the Sweden U17 , U19 , and U21 teams a total of 25 times between 1976 and 1980 . He made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 6 March 1981 against Northern Ireland . He continued to play for the Swedish national team for the next nine years . In a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 19 October 1988 against England at Wembley Stadium , Hysén was awarded six wasps out of five by Expressen for a heroic defensive performance . Hysén captained Sweden at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , when they lost all three of their first-round matches and went home surprisingly early . Coaching career . Hysén has been assistant coach for Torslanda IK . This experience landed him a spot on reality show FC Z which takes 15 men between the ages of 18 and 31 who have never played football before and trains them so they can play against a real team . On the show , he is the coach of the football team FC Zulu which was pinned against his son Tobiass former team , Djurgårdens IF . In November 2010 , Glenn Hysén signed a contract making him co-head coach of Swedish division II team Utsiktens BK . Personal life . Hysén and his first wife Kerstin had two children . On 9 March 1982 Tobias was born and three years later daughter Charlotte arrived . Kerstin and Glenn divorced . He married his second wife Helena and had three children . The first of which was son Alexander , who was born on 12 May 1987 . That same year , the family moved to Italy , while Hysén was playing for Fiorentina . Whilst Hysén was playing for Fiorentina , a man proposed to Helena and Hysén chased after him and threw him up against a wall , which he revealed in his biography . Hysén and Helena had son Anton , who was born in 1990 , and a daughter , Annie , born in 1994 . Television . After Hyséns retirement from football , he has worked as an expert commentator for TV6 and TV3 in Sweden . At the end of each transmission , he appoints three football players for the games best player . He now works as a commentator for TV2 in Norway . Hysén competed as a celebrity dancer in Lets Dance 2014 being the third to be eliminated . Since 2014 Hysén is also an ambassador for the gaming company Unibet , and the cleaning company Sweden & Co . Incident at Frankfurt Airport . At Frankfurt Airport in 2001 , Hysén attacked a man who had groped him while in the public restroom . In 2007 , Hysén spoke at Stockholm Pride , the largest gay pride festival in the Nordic region . Many people from the gay community were surprised due to the earlier incident . At the Stockholm Pride , he delivered a speech denouncing sports homophobia and laid to rest his 2001 airport incident . He stated that , I know that many LGBT people have been the victims of assaults and hate crimes . I can therefore understand if some people have been upset by the airport incident , so I want to be clear : I think that it is completely unacceptable that anybody should be subjected to assaults , insults or hate crimes due to their sexual orientation or gender identity...The incident had been blown out of proportion in the media...In order to finally flush the Frankfurt Airport punch down the toilet : it is not the case that I beat up a gay person . I categorically deny that...Im not proud that I took a swing at him , but I am proud that I have integrity and that I reacted . In the same speech he asked How easy would it be for a sixteen-year-old boy who plays football to come out as gay to his team mates ? In March 2011 his youngest son , Anton , a professional footballer himself , came out of the closet to the media . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - UEFA Cup : 1981–82 , 1986–87 - Swedish Champion : 1982 , 1983 , 1987 - Svenska Cupen : 1981–82 , 1982–83 - Liverpool - Football League First Division : 1989–90 - FC Charity Shield : 1989 , 1990 ( shared ) Individual . - Guldbollen : 1983 , 1988 External links . - Profile at LFCHistory.net - Bara ben på Glenn Hysén- Tifosi blogg

easy

Which team did Glenn Hysén play for from 1983 to 1985?

/wiki/Glenn_Hysén#P54#1

Glenn Hysén Glenn Ingvar Hysén ( ; born 30 October 1959 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender . Starting off his career with IFK Göteborg in the late 1970s , he went on represent PSV Eindhoven , Fiorentina , and Liverpool before retiring at GAIS in 1994 . A full international between 1981 and 1990 , he won 68 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Early life . Glenn Ingvar Hysén was born in Gothenburg to a football family . His grandfather Erik played for IFK Göteborg as did his great-uncle Carl . Hyséns father Kurt also played for IFK Göteborgs B-Team . Hysén started playing football at IF Warta when he was a boy . As a child , he wanted to become a fire fighter . Club career . IFK Göteborg . Hysén started his professional career with IFK Göteborg and made his competitive debut for the team on 14 May 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against IFK Norrköping that ended 2–2 . During his first stint with Göteborg , he helped the team win the 1982 and 1983 Swedish Championships , and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup . PSV Eindhoven . He was named Swedens Footballer of the Year in 1983 and his form earned him a move to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands . He was often forced to play out of position , midfielder and even as a forward , and did not enjoy his time in the Netherlands . Return to IFK Göteborg . In 1985 , he returned to IFK Göteborg and helped the team reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona on penalty kicks . He also helped the club win another Swedish Championship in 1987 and win their second UEFA Cup title in 1987 . Fiorentina . Following his success with IFK Göteborg and the Sweden national team , Hysén turned down an offer from Manchester United and their manager Alex Ferguson to instead join his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson at Fiorentina in Serie A . Liverpool . Manchester United again expressed an interest in signing Hysén in 1989 , and invited the player over to England for a tour of Old Trafford and buffet lunch . He returned to Italy with the deal all but sealed ; Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards even rang Alex Ferguson to report that Hysén had shaken hands on the deal . Negotiations stalled on the £300,000 transfer , and Edwards and Ferguson flew out to Italy to conclude matters in person . However , upon arrival in Florence , they were told by Hyséns agent that the player had signed for Liverpool a few days previously , prompting the United management to make a move for Gary Pallister instead . Hysén made a sensational debut against Arsenal in the 1989 Charity Shield win at Wembley which made him an instant hero . Hysén settled in immediately at Liverpool , scoring his first Liverpool goal in their club record 9–0 mauling of Crystal Palace soon afterwards . He scored Liverpools eighth goal in this game , which was notable for having eight different players score for the same side . Alongside veteran club captain Alan Hansen and , in Hansens injury-enforced absence , the young defender Gary Ablett , Hysén was a major part of Liverpools success in the League championship of the 1989–90 season , when the Reds fought off a late challenge from Aston Villa and sealed their 18th top division title by a margin of nine points . It went slightly downhill for Hysén thereafter , with Hansen out with a long-term injury ( which led to his retirement ) . Manager Kenny Dalglishs resignation in February 1991 heralded the beginning of Hyséns end . The new manager Graeme Souness did not really share Dalglishs views on football which led to many changes being made upon his arrival , changes that did not suit the entire team and created some tension between him and some of the players , Hysén being one of those players . This tension together with some minor injuries made Souness less keen to keep him . Hysén did recover fitness for the 1991–92 season , but made just five league appearances , the last a 3-0 loss to Norwich City 22 February 1992 , before being given a free transfer . He is still remembered by Liverpool fans for his near-perfect intercepting tackle on Gary Lineker at Wembley Stadium . GAIS . He returned to Sweden in 1992 and played three seasons for GAIS before retiring from professional football in 1994 . International career . Hysén represented the Sweden U17 , U19 , and U21 teams a total of 25 times between 1976 and 1980 . He made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 6 March 1981 against Northern Ireland . He continued to play for the Swedish national team for the next nine years . In a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 19 October 1988 against England at Wembley Stadium , Hysén was awarded six wasps out of five by Expressen for a heroic defensive performance . Hysén captained Sweden at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , when they lost all three of their first-round matches and went home surprisingly early . Coaching career . Hysén has been assistant coach for Torslanda IK . This experience landed him a spot on reality show FC Z which takes 15 men between the ages of 18 and 31 who have never played football before and trains them so they can play against a real team . On the show , he is the coach of the football team FC Zulu which was pinned against his son Tobiass former team , Djurgårdens IF . In November 2010 , Glenn Hysén signed a contract making him co-head coach of Swedish division II team Utsiktens BK . Personal life . Hysén and his first wife Kerstin had two children . On 9 March 1982 Tobias was born and three years later daughter Charlotte arrived . Kerstin and Glenn divorced . He married his second wife Helena and had three children . The first of which was son Alexander , who was born on 12 May 1987 . That same year , the family moved to Italy , while Hysén was playing for Fiorentina . Whilst Hysén was playing for Fiorentina , a man proposed to Helena and Hysén chased after him and threw him up against a wall , which he revealed in his biography . Hysén and Helena had son Anton , who was born in 1990 , and a daughter , Annie , born in 1994 . Television . After Hyséns retirement from football , he has worked as an expert commentator for TV6 and TV3 in Sweden . At the end of each transmission , he appoints three football players for the games best player . He now works as a commentator for TV2 in Norway . Hysén competed as a celebrity dancer in Lets Dance 2014 being the third to be eliminated . Since 2014 Hysén is also an ambassador for the gaming company Unibet , and the cleaning company Sweden & Co . Incident at Frankfurt Airport . At Frankfurt Airport in 2001 , Hysén attacked a man who had groped him while in the public restroom . In 2007 , Hysén spoke at Stockholm Pride , the largest gay pride festival in the Nordic region . Many people from the gay community were surprised due to the earlier incident . At the Stockholm Pride , he delivered a speech denouncing sports homophobia and laid to rest his 2001 airport incident . He stated that , I know that many LGBT people have been the victims of assaults and hate crimes . I can therefore understand if some people have been upset by the airport incident , so I want to be clear : I think that it is completely unacceptable that anybody should be subjected to assaults , insults or hate crimes due to their sexual orientation or gender identity...The incident had been blown out of proportion in the media...In order to finally flush the Frankfurt Airport punch down the toilet : it is not the case that I beat up a gay person . I categorically deny that...Im not proud that I took a swing at him , but I am proud that I have integrity and that I reacted . In the same speech he asked How easy would it be for a sixteen-year-old boy who plays football to come out as gay to his team mates ? In March 2011 his youngest son , Anton , a professional footballer himself , came out of the closet to the media . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - UEFA Cup : 1981–82 , 1986–87 - Swedish Champion : 1982 , 1983 , 1987 - Svenska Cupen : 1981–82 , 1982–83 - Liverpool - Football League First Division : 1989–90 - FC Charity Shield : 1989 , 1990 ( shared ) Individual . - Guldbollen : 1983 , 1988 External links . - Profile at LFCHistory.net - Bara ben på Glenn Hysén- Tifosi blogg

easy

Which team did Glenn Hysén play for from 1985 to 1987?

/wiki/Glenn_Hysén#P54#2

Glenn Hysén Glenn Ingvar Hysén ( ; born 30 October 1959 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender . Starting off his career with IFK Göteborg in the late 1970s , he went on represent PSV Eindhoven , Fiorentina , and Liverpool before retiring at GAIS in 1994 . A full international between 1981 and 1990 , he won 68 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Early life . Glenn Ingvar Hysén was born in Gothenburg to a football family . His grandfather Erik played for IFK Göteborg as did his great-uncle Carl . Hyséns father Kurt also played for IFK Göteborgs B-Team . Hysén started playing football at IF Warta when he was a boy . As a child , he wanted to become a fire fighter . Club career . IFK Göteborg . Hysén started his professional career with IFK Göteborg and made his competitive debut for the team on 14 May 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against IFK Norrköping that ended 2–2 . During his first stint with Göteborg , he helped the team win the 1982 and 1983 Swedish Championships , and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup . PSV Eindhoven . He was named Swedens Footballer of the Year in 1983 and his form earned him a move to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands . He was often forced to play out of position , midfielder and even as a forward , and did not enjoy his time in the Netherlands . Return to IFK Göteborg . In 1985 , he returned to IFK Göteborg and helped the team reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona on penalty kicks . He also helped the club win another Swedish Championship in 1987 and win their second UEFA Cup title in 1987 . Fiorentina . Following his success with IFK Göteborg and the Sweden national team , Hysén turned down an offer from Manchester United and their manager Alex Ferguson to instead join his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson at Fiorentina in Serie A . Liverpool . Manchester United again expressed an interest in signing Hysén in 1989 , and invited the player over to England for a tour of Old Trafford and buffet lunch . He returned to Italy with the deal all but sealed ; Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards even rang Alex Ferguson to report that Hysén had shaken hands on the deal . Negotiations stalled on the £300,000 transfer , and Edwards and Ferguson flew out to Italy to conclude matters in person . However , upon arrival in Florence , they were told by Hyséns agent that the player had signed for Liverpool a few days previously , prompting the United management to make a move for Gary Pallister instead . Hysén made a sensational debut against Arsenal in the 1989 Charity Shield win at Wembley which made him an instant hero . Hysén settled in immediately at Liverpool , scoring his first Liverpool goal in their club record 9–0 mauling of Crystal Palace soon afterwards . He scored Liverpools eighth goal in this game , which was notable for having eight different players score for the same side . Alongside veteran club captain Alan Hansen and , in Hansens injury-enforced absence , the young defender Gary Ablett , Hysén was a major part of Liverpools success in the League championship of the 1989–90 season , when the Reds fought off a late challenge from Aston Villa and sealed their 18th top division title by a margin of nine points . It went slightly downhill for Hysén thereafter , with Hansen out with a long-term injury ( which led to his retirement ) . Manager Kenny Dalglishs resignation in February 1991 heralded the beginning of Hyséns end . The new manager Graeme Souness did not really share Dalglishs views on football which led to many changes being made upon his arrival , changes that did not suit the entire team and created some tension between him and some of the players , Hysén being one of those players . This tension together with some minor injuries made Souness less keen to keep him . Hysén did recover fitness for the 1991–92 season , but made just five league appearances , the last a 3-0 loss to Norwich City 22 February 1992 , before being given a free transfer . He is still remembered by Liverpool fans for his near-perfect intercepting tackle on Gary Lineker at Wembley Stadium . GAIS . He returned to Sweden in 1992 and played three seasons for GAIS before retiring from professional football in 1994 . International career . Hysén represented the Sweden U17 , U19 , and U21 teams a total of 25 times between 1976 and 1980 . He made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 6 March 1981 against Northern Ireland . He continued to play for the Swedish national team for the next nine years . In a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 19 October 1988 against England at Wembley Stadium , Hysén was awarded six wasps out of five by Expressen for a heroic defensive performance . Hysén captained Sweden at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , when they lost all three of their first-round matches and went home surprisingly early . Coaching career . Hysén has been assistant coach for Torslanda IK . This experience landed him a spot on reality show FC Z which takes 15 men between the ages of 18 and 31 who have never played football before and trains them so they can play against a real team . On the show , he is the coach of the football team FC Zulu which was pinned against his son Tobiass former team , Djurgårdens IF . In November 2010 , Glenn Hysén signed a contract making him co-head coach of Swedish division II team Utsiktens BK . Personal life . Hysén and his first wife Kerstin had two children . On 9 March 1982 Tobias was born and three years later daughter Charlotte arrived . Kerstin and Glenn divorced . He married his second wife Helena and had three children . The first of which was son Alexander , who was born on 12 May 1987 . That same year , the family moved to Italy , while Hysén was playing for Fiorentina . Whilst Hysén was playing for Fiorentina , a man proposed to Helena and Hysén chased after him and threw him up against a wall , which he revealed in his biography . Hysén and Helena had son Anton , who was born in 1990 , and a daughter , Annie , born in 1994 . Television . After Hyséns retirement from football , he has worked as an expert commentator for TV6 and TV3 in Sweden . At the end of each transmission , he appoints three football players for the games best player . He now works as a commentator for TV2 in Norway . Hysén competed as a celebrity dancer in Lets Dance 2014 being the third to be eliminated . Since 2014 Hysén is also an ambassador for the gaming company Unibet , and the cleaning company Sweden & Co . Incident at Frankfurt Airport . At Frankfurt Airport in 2001 , Hysén attacked a man who had groped him while in the public restroom . In 2007 , Hysén spoke at Stockholm Pride , the largest gay pride festival in the Nordic region . Many people from the gay community were surprised due to the earlier incident . At the Stockholm Pride , he delivered a speech denouncing sports homophobia and laid to rest his 2001 airport incident . He stated that , I know that many LGBT people have been the victims of assaults and hate crimes . I can therefore understand if some people have been upset by the airport incident , so I want to be clear : I think that it is completely unacceptable that anybody should be subjected to assaults , insults or hate crimes due to their sexual orientation or gender identity...The incident had been blown out of proportion in the media...In order to finally flush the Frankfurt Airport punch down the toilet : it is not the case that I beat up a gay person . I categorically deny that...Im not proud that I took a swing at him , but I am proud that I have integrity and that I reacted . In the same speech he asked How easy would it be for a sixteen-year-old boy who plays football to come out as gay to his team mates ? In March 2011 his youngest son , Anton , a professional footballer himself , came out of the closet to the media . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - UEFA Cup : 1981–82 , 1986–87 - Swedish Champion : 1982 , 1983 , 1987 - Svenska Cupen : 1981–82 , 1982–83 - Liverpool - Football League First Division : 1989–90 - FC Charity Shield : 1989 , 1990 ( shared ) Individual . - Guldbollen : 1983 , 1988 External links . - Profile at LFCHistory.net - Bara ben på Glenn Hysén- Tifosi blogg

easy

Which team did Glenn Hysén play for from 1987 to 1989?

/wiki/Glenn_Hysén#P54#3

Glenn Hysén Glenn Ingvar Hysén ( ; born 30 October 1959 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender . Starting off his career with IFK Göteborg in the late 1970s , he went on represent PSV Eindhoven , Fiorentina , and Liverpool before retiring at GAIS in 1994 . A full international between 1981 and 1990 , he won 68 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Early life . Glenn Ingvar Hysén was born in Gothenburg to a football family . His grandfather Erik played for IFK Göteborg as did his great-uncle Carl . Hyséns father Kurt also played for IFK Göteborgs B-Team . Hysén started playing football at IF Warta when he was a boy . As a child , he wanted to become a fire fighter . Club career . IFK Göteborg . Hysén started his professional career with IFK Göteborg and made his competitive debut for the team on 14 May 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against IFK Norrköping that ended 2–2 . During his first stint with Göteborg , he helped the team win the 1982 and 1983 Swedish Championships , and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup . PSV Eindhoven . He was named Swedens Footballer of the Year in 1983 and his form earned him a move to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands . He was often forced to play out of position , midfielder and even as a forward , and did not enjoy his time in the Netherlands . Return to IFK Göteborg . In 1985 , he returned to IFK Göteborg and helped the team reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona on penalty kicks . He also helped the club win another Swedish Championship in 1987 and win their second UEFA Cup title in 1987 . Fiorentina . Following his success with IFK Göteborg and the Sweden national team , Hysén turned down an offer from Manchester United and their manager Alex Ferguson to instead join his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson at Fiorentina in Serie A . Liverpool . Manchester United again expressed an interest in signing Hysén in 1989 , and invited the player over to England for a tour of Old Trafford and buffet lunch . He returned to Italy with the deal all but sealed ; Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards even rang Alex Ferguson to report that Hysén had shaken hands on the deal . Negotiations stalled on the £300,000 transfer , and Edwards and Ferguson flew out to Italy to conclude matters in person . However , upon arrival in Florence , they were told by Hyséns agent that the player had signed for Liverpool a few days previously , prompting the United management to make a move for Gary Pallister instead . Hysén made a sensational debut against Arsenal in the 1989 Charity Shield win at Wembley which made him an instant hero . Hysén settled in immediately at Liverpool , scoring his first Liverpool goal in their club record 9–0 mauling of Crystal Palace soon afterwards . He scored Liverpools eighth goal in this game , which was notable for having eight different players score for the same side . Alongside veteran club captain Alan Hansen and , in Hansens injury-enforced absence , the young defender Gary Ablett , Hysén was a major part of Liverpools success in the League championship of the 1989–90 season , when the Reds fought off a late challenge from Aston Villa and sealed their 18th top division title by a margin of nine points . It went slightly downhill for Hysén thereafter , with Hansen out with a long-term injury ( which led to his retirement ) . Manager Kenny Dalglishs resignation in February 1991 heralded the beginning of Hyséns end . The new manager Graeme Souness did not really share Dalglishs views on football which led to many changes being made upon his arrival , changes that did not suit the entire team and created some tension between him and some of the players , Hysén being one of those players . This tension together with some minor injuries made Souness less keen to keep him . Hysén did recover fitness for the 1991–92 season , but made just five league appearances , the last a 3-0 loss to Norwich City 22 February 1992 , before being given a free transfer . He is still remembered by Liverpool fans for his near-perfect intercepting tackle on Gary Lineker at Wembley Stadium . GAIS . He returned to Sweden in 1992 and played three seasons for GAIS before retiring from professional football in 1994 . International career . Hysén represented the Sweden U17 , U19 , and U21 teams a total of 25 times between 1976 and 1980 . He made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 6 March 1981 against Northern Ireland . He continued to play for the Swedish national team for the next nine years . In a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 19 October 1988 against England at Wembley Stadium , Hysén was awarded six wasps out of five by Expressen for a heroic defensive performance . Hysén captained Sweden at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , when they lost all three of their first-round matches and went home surprisingly early . Coaching career . Hysén has been assistant coach for Torslanda IK . This experience landed him a spot on reality show FC Z which takes 15 men between the ages of 18 and 31 who have never played football before and trains them so they can play against a real team . On the show , he is the coach of the football team FC Zulu which was pinned against his son Tobiass former team , Djurgårdens IF . In November 2010 , Glenn Hysén signed a contract making him co-head coach of Swedish division II team Utsiktens BK . Personal life . Hysén and his first wife Kerstin had two children . On 9 March 1982 Tobias was born and three years later daughter Charlotte arrived . Kerstin and Glenn divorced . He married his second wife Helena and had three children . The first of which was son Alexander , who was born on 12 May 1987 . That same year , the family moved to Italy , while Hysén was playing for Fiorentina . Whilst Hysén was playing for Fiorentina , a man proposed to Helena and Hysén chased after him and threw him up against a wall , which he revealed in his biography . Hysén and Helena had son Anton , who was born in 1990 , and a daughter , Annie , born in 1994 . Television . After Hyséns retirement from football , he has worked as an expert commentator for TV6 and TV3 in Sweden . At the end of each transmission , he appoints three football players for the games best player . He now works as a commentator for TV2 in Norway . Hysén competed as a celebrity dancer in Lets Dance 2014 being the third to be eliminated . Since 2014 Hysén is also an ambassador for the gaming company Unibet , and the cleaning company Sweden & Co . Incident at Frankfurt Airport . At Frankfurt Airport in 2001 , Hysén attacked a man who had groped him while in the public restroom . In 2007 , Hysén spoke at Stockholm Pride , the largest gay pride festival in the Nordic region . Many people from the gay community were surprised due to the earlier incident . At the Stockholm Pride , he delivered a speech denouncing sports homophobia and laid to rest his 2001 airport incident . He stated that , I know that many LGBT people have been the victims of assaults and hate crimes . I can therefore understand if some people have been upset by the airport incident , so I want to be clear : I think that it is completely unacceptable that anybody should be subjected to assaults , insults or hate crimes due to their sexual orientation or gender identity...The incident had been blown out of proportion in the media...In order to finally flush the Frankfurt Airport punch down the toilet : it is not the case that I beat up a gay person . I categorically deny that...Im not proud that I took a swing at him , but I am proud that I have integrity and that I reacted . In the same speech he asked How easy would it be for a sixteen-year-old boy who plays football to come out as gay to his team mates ? In March 2011 his youngest son , Anton , a professional footballer himself , came out of the closet to the media . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - UEFA Cup : 1981–82 , 1986–87 - Swedish Champion : 1982 , 1983 , 1987 - Svenska Cupen : 1981–82 , 1982–83 - Liverpool - Football League First Division : 1989–90 - FC Charity Shield : 1989 , 1990 ( shared ) Individual . - Guldbollen : 1983 , 1988 External links . - Profile at LFCHistory.net - Bara ben på Glenn Hysén- Tifosi blogg

easy

Which team did the player Glenn Hysén belong to from 1989 to 1990?

/wiki/Glenn_Hysén#P54#4

Glenn Hysén Glenn Ingvar Hysén ( ; born 30 October 1959 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender . Starting off his career with IFK Göteborg in the late 1970s , he went on represent PSV Eindhoven , Fiorentina , and Liverpool before retiring at GAIS in 1994 . A full international between 1981 and 1990 , he won 68 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Early life . Glenn Ingvar Hysén was born in Gothenburg to a football family . His grandfather Erik played for IFK Göteborg as did his great-uncle Carl . Hyséns father Kurt also played for IFK Göteborgs B-Team . Hysén started playing football at IF Warta when he was a boy . As a child , he wanted to become a fire fighter . Club career . IFK Göteborg . Hysén started his professional career with IFK Göteborg and made his competitive debut for the team on 14 May 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against IFK Norrköping that ended 2–2 . During his first stint with Göteborg , he helped the team win the 1982 and 1983 Swedish Championships , and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup . PSV Eindhoven . He was named Swedens Footballer of the Year in 1983 and his form earned him a move to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands . He was often forced to play out of position , midfielder and even as a forward , and did not enjoy his time in the Netherlands . Return to IFK Göteborg . In 1985 , he returned to IFK Göteborg and helped the team reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona on penalty kicks . He also helped the club win another Swedish Championship in 1987 and win their second UEFA Cup title in 1987 . Fiorentina . Following his success with IFK Göteborg and the Sweden national team , Hysén turned down an offer from Manchester United and their manager Alex Ferguson to instead join his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson at Fiorentina in Serie A . Liverpool . Manchester United again expressed an interest in signing Hysén in 1989 , and invited the player over to England for a tour of Old Trafford and buffet lunch . He returned to Italy with the deal all but sealed ; Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards even rang Alex Ferguson to report that Hysén had shaken hands on the deal . Negotiations stalled on the £300,000 transfer , and Edwards and Ferguson flew out to Italy to conclude matters in person . However , upon arrival in Florence , they were told by Hyséns agent that the player had signed for Liverpool a few days previously , prompting the United management to make a move for Gary Pallister instead . Hysén made a sensational debut against Arsenal in the 1989 Charity Shield win at Wembley which made him an instant hero . Hysén settled in immediately at Liverpool , scoring his first Liverpool goal in their club record 9–0 mauling of Crystal Palace soon afterwards . He scored Liverpools eighth goal in this game , which was notable for having eight different players score for the same side . Alongside veteran club captain Alan Hansen and , in Hansens injury-enforced absence , the young defender Gary Ablett , Hysén was a major part of Liverpools success in the League championship of the 1989–90 season , when the Reds fought off a late challenge from Aston Villa and sealed their 18th top division title by a margin of nine points . It went slightly downhill for Hysén thereafter , with Hansen out with a long-term injury ( which led to his retirement ) . Manager Kenny Dalglishs resignation in February 1991 heralded the beginning of Hyséns end . The new manager Graeme Souness did not really share Dalglishs views on football which led to many changes being made upon his arrival , changes that did not suit the entire team and created some tension between him and some of the players , Hysén being one of those players . This tension together with some minor injuries made Souness less keen to keep him . Hysén did recover fitness for the 1991–92 season , but made just five league appearances , the last a 3-0 loss to Norwich City 22 February 1992 , before being given a free transfer . He is still remembered by Liverpool fans for his near-perfect intercepting tackle on Gary Lineker at Wembley Stadium . GAIS . He returned to Sweden in 1992 and played three seasons for GAIS before retiring from professional football in 1994 . International career . Hysén represented the Sweden U17 , U19 , and U21 teams a total of 25 times between 1976 and 1980 . He made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 6 March 1981 against Northern Ireland . He continued to play for the Swedish national team for the next nine years . In a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 19 October 1988 against England at Wembley Stadium , Hysén was awarded six wasps out of five by Expressen for a heroic defensive performance . Hysén captained Sweden at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , when they lost all three of their first-round matches and went home surprisingly early . Coaching career . Hysén has been assistant coach for Torslanda IK . This experience landed him a spot on reality show FC Z which takes 15 men between the ages of 18 and 31 who have never played football before and trains them so they can play against a real team . On the show , he is the coach of the football team FC Zulu which was pinned against his son Tobiass former team , Djurgårdens IF . In November 2010 , Glenn Hysén signed a contract making him co-head coach of Swedish division II team Utsiktens BK . Personal life . Hysén and his first wife Kerstin had two children . On 9 March 1982 Tobias was born and three years later daughter Charlotte arrived . Kerstin and Glenn divorced . He married his second wife Helena and had three children . The first of which was son Alexander , who was born on 12 May 1987 . That same year , the family moved to Italy , while Hysén was playing for Fiorentina . Whilst Hysén was playing for Fiorentina , a man proposed to Helena and Hysén chased after him and threw him up against a wall , which he revealed in his biography . Hysén and Helena had son Anton , who was born in 1990 , and a daughter , Annie , born in 1994 . Television . After Hyséns retirement from football , he has worked as an expert commentator for TV6 and TV3 in Sweden . At the end of each transmission , he appoints three football players for the games best player . He now works as a commentator for TV2 in Norway . Hysén competed as a celebrity dancer in Lets Dance 2014 being the third to be eliminated . Since 2014 Hysén is also an ambassador for the gaming company Unibet , and the cleaning company Sweden & Co . Incident at Frankfurt Airport . At Frankfurt Airport in 2001 , Hysén attacked a man who had groped him while in the public restroom . In 2007 , Hysén spoke at Stockholm Pride , the largest gay pride festival in the Nordic region . Many people from the gay community were surprised due to the earlier incident . At the Stockholm Pride , he delivered a speech denouncing sports homophobia and laid to rest his 2001 airport incident . He stated that , I know that many LGBT people have been the victims of assaults and hate crimes . I can therefore understand if some people have been upset by the airport incident , so I want to be clear : I think that it is completely unacceptable that anybody should be subjected to assaults , insults or hate crimes due to their sexual orientation or gender identity...The incident had been blown out of proportion in the media...In order to finally flush the Frankfurt Airport punch down the toilet : it is not the case that I beat up a gay person . I categorically deny that...Im not proud that I took a swing at him , but I am proud that I have integrity and that I reacted . In the same speech he asked How easy would it be for a sixteen-year-old boy who plays football to come out as gay to his team mates ? In March 2011 his youngest son , Anton , a professional footballer himself , came out of the closet to the media . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - UEFA Cup : 1981–82 , 1986–87 - Swedish Champion : 1982 , 1983 , 1987 - Svenska Cupen : 1981–82 , 1982–83 - Liverpool - Football League First Division : 1989–90 - FC Charity Shield : 1989 , 1990 ( shared ) Individual . - Guldbollen : 1983 , 1988 External links . - Profile at LFCHistory.net - Bara ben på Glenn Hysén- Tifosi blogg

easy

Which team did the player Glenn Hysén belong to from 1992 to 1994?

/wiki/Glenn_Hysén#P54#5

Glenn Hysén Glenn Ingvar Hysén ( ; born 30 October 1959 ) is a Swedish former professional footballer who played as a defender . Starting off his career with IFK Göteborg in the late 1970s , he went on represent PSV Eindhoven , Fiorentina , and Liverpool before retiring at GAIS in 1994 . A full international between 1981 and 1990 , he won 68 caps for the Sweden national team and represented his country at the 1990 FIFA World Cup . Early life . Glenn Ingvar Hysén was born in Gothenburg to a football family . His grandfather Erik played for IFK Göteborg as did his great-uncle Carl . Hyséns father Kurt also played for IFK Göteborgs B-Team . Hysén started playing football at IF Warta when he was a boy . As a child , he wanted to become a fire fighter . Club career . IFK Göteborg . Hysén started his professional career with IFK Göteborg and made his competitive debut for the team on 14 May 1979 in an Allsvenskan game against IFK Norrköping that ended 2–2 . During his first stint with Göteborg , he helped the team win the 1982 and 1983 Swedish Championships , and the 1981–82 UEFA Cup . PSV Eindhoven . He was named Swedens Footballer of the Year in 1983 and his form earned him a move to PSV Eindhoven in the Netherlands . He was often forced to play out of position , midfielder and even as a forward , and did not enjoy his time in the Netherlands . Return to IFK Göteborg . In 1985 , he returned to IFK Göteborg and helped the team reach the semi-finals of the 1985–86 European Cup before being eliminated by FC Barcelona on penalty kicks . He also helped the club win another Swedish Championship in 1987 and win their second UEFA Cup title in 1987 . Fiorentina . Following his success with IFK Göteborg and the Sweden national team , Hysén turned down an offer from Manchester United and their manager Alex Ferguson to instead join his former IFK Göteborg manager Sven-Göran Eriksson at Fiorentina in Serie A . Liverpool . Manchester United again expressed an interest in signing Hysén in 1989 , and invited the player over to England for a tour of Old Trafford and buffet lunch . He returned to Italy with the deal all but sealed ; Manchester United chairman Martin Edwards even rang Alex Ferguson to report that Hysén had shaken hands on the deal . Negotiations stalled on the £300,000 transfer , and Edwards and Ferguson flew out to Italy to conclude matters in person . However , upon arrival in Florence , they were told by Hyséns agent that the player had signed for Liverpool a few days previously , prompting the United management to make a move for Gary Pallister instead . Hysén made a sensational debut against Arsenal in the 1989 Charity Shield win at Wembley which made him an instant hero . Hysén settled in immediately at Liverpool , scoring his first Liverpool goal in their club record 9–0 mauling of Crystal Palace soon afterwards . He scored Liverpools eighth goal in this game , which was notable for having eight different players score for the same side . Alongside veteran club captain Alan Hansen and , in Hansens injury-enforced absence , the young defender Gary Ablett , Hysén was a major part of Liverpools success in the League championship of the 1989–90 season , when the Reds fought off a late challenge from Aston Villa and sealed their 18th top division title by a margin of nine points . It went slightly downhill for Hysén thereafter , with Hansen out with a long-term injury ( which led to his retirement ) . Manager Kenny Dalglishs resignation in February 1991 heralded the beginning of Hyséns end . The new manager Graeme Souness did not really share Dalglishs views on football which led to many changes being made upon his arrival , changes that did not suit the entire team and created some tension between him and some of the players , Hysén being one of those players . This tension together with some minor injuries made Souness less keen to keep him . Hysén did recover fitness for the 1991–92 season , but made just five league appearances , the last a 3-0 loss to Norwich City 22 February 1992 , before being given a free transfer . He is still remembered by Liverpool fans for his near-perfect intercepting tackle on Gary Lineker at Wembley Stadium . GAIS . He returned to Sweden in 1992 and played three seasons for GAIS before retiring from professional football in 1994 . International career . Hysén represented the Sweden U17 , U19 , and U21 teams a total of 25 times between 1976 and 1980 . He made his full international debut for the Sweden national team on 6 March 1981 against Northern Ireland . He continued to play for the Swedish national team for the next nine years . In a 1990 FIFA World Cup qualification match on 19 October 1988 against England at Wembley Stadium , Hysén was awarded six wasps out of five by Expressen for a heroic defensive performance . Hysén captained Sweden at the 1990 FIFA World Cup in Italy , when they lost all three of their first-round matches and went home surprisingly early . Coaching career . Hysén has been assistant coach for Torslanda IK . This experience landed him a spot on reality show FC Z which takes 15 men between the ages of 18 and 31 who have never played football before and trains them so they can play against a real team . On the show , he is the coach of the football team FC Zulu which was pinned against his son Tobiass former team , Djurgårdens IF . In November 2010 , Glenn Hysén signed a contract making him co-head coach of Swedish division II team Utsiktens BK . Personal life . Hysén and his first wife Kerstin had two children . On 9 March 1982 Tobias was born and three years later daughter Charlotte arrived . Kerstin and Glenn divorced . He married his second wife Helena and had three children . The first of which was son Alexander , who was born on 12 May 1987 . That same year , the family moved to Italy , while Hysén was playing for Fiorentina . Whilst Hysén was playing for Fiorentina , a man proposed to Helena and Hysén chased after him and threw him up against a wall , which he revealed in his biography . Hysén and Helena had son Anton , who was born in 1990 , and a daughter , Annie , born in 1994 . Television . After Hyséns retirement from football , he has worked as an expert commentator for TV6 and TV3 in Sweden . At the end of each transmission , he appoints three football players for the games best player . He now works as a commentator for TV2 in Norway . Hysén competed as a celebrity dancer in Lets Dance 2014 being the third to be eliminated . Since 2014 Hysén is also an ambassador for the gaming company Unibet , and the cleaning company Sweden & Co . Incident at Frankfurt Airport . At Frankfurt Airport in 2001 , Hysén attacked a man who had groped him while in the public restroom . In 2007 , Hysén spoke at Stockholm Pride , the largest gay pride festival in the Nordic region . Many people from the gay community were surprised due to the earlier incident . At the Stockholm Pride , he delivered a speech denouncing sports homophobia and laid to rest his 2001 airport incident . He stated that , I know that many LGBT people have been the victims of assaults and hate crimes . I can therefore understand if some people have been upset by the airport incident , so I want to be clear : I think that it is completely unacceptable that anybody should be subjected to assaults , insults or hate crimes due to their sexual orientation or gender identity...The incident had been blown out of proportion in the media...In order to finally flush the Frankfurt Airport punch down the toilet : it is not the case that I beat up a gay person . I categorically deny that...Im not proud that I took a swing at him , but I am proud that I have integrity and that I reacted . In the same speech he asked How easy would it be for a sixteen-year-old boy who plays football to come out as gay to his team mates ? In March 2011 his youngest son , Anton , a professional footballer himself , came out of the closet to the media . Honours . Club . - IFK Göteborg - UEFA Cup : 1981–82 , 1986–87 - Swedish Champion : 1982 , 1983 , 1987 - Svenska Cupen : 1981–82 , 1982–83 - Liverpool - Football League First Division : 1989–90 - FC Charity Shield : 1989 , 1990 ( shared ) Individual . - Guldbollen : 1983 , 1988 External links . - Profile at LFCHistory.net - Bara ben på Glenn Hysén- Tifosi blogg

easy

What position did Patrick Harvie take from May 2003 to Apr 2007?

/wiki/Patrick_Harvie#P39#0

Patrick Harvie Patrick Harvie ( born 18 March 1973 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as co-leader of the Scottish Greens since 2008 . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Glasgow region since 2003 . Background , education and career . Harvie attended Dumbarton Academy between 1984 and 1991 . He then studied at Manchester Metropolitan University where he was briefly a member of the Labour party . From 1997 till his election in 2003 , Harvie worked within the Gay Mens Project at the sexual health organisation PHACE West ( later PHACE Scotland and now part of the Terrence Higgins Trust ) initially as a youth worker and later as Development Worker for the Lanarkshire Health Board area . Although this work was principally concerned with HIV prevention , it also involved Harvie in equality campaigning . He also had a spell as a civil servant , working with the Inland Revenue in Dumbarton . During this period , he was active in the campaign to repeal Section 2A of the Local Government Act , more commonly known as Section 28 . This campaign was successful , and Harvie has stated that the experience prompted him to become more actively involved in politics , leading to his joining the Scottish Green Party . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Harvie was elected as MSP for the Glasgow region at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election . He gained attention both for issues strongly associated with the Greens , such as campaigning against the extension to the M74 motorway in Glasgow , and for more mainstream issues such as opposition to the Identity Cards Bill . Quickly after becoming an MSP he caused some controversy by proposing civil partnership legislation in the Scottish Parliament . Though this legislation was ultimately handled at Westminster and covered the whole UK , the distinctive Scottish proposals helped to stimulate some public debate north of the border , both on the issue of same-sex relationships and on the process known as a Legislative Consent Motion by which the Scottish Parliament allows Westminster to legislate for the whole UK . Harvie was a member of the Communities Committee of the Scottish Parliament throughout the 2003–07 session and served as Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Justice and Communities from 2003 to 2005 and Spokesperson for Justice , Communities , Europe and Constitutional Affairs from 2005 to 2007 . Through his work on the Communities Committee , he worked on the Anti-social behaviour Bill , the Charities Bill and the Housing Bill , as well as on issues of homelessness , debt , the planning system and building standards . In 2004 Harvie was given the One to Watch award at the annual Scottish Politician of the Year event . In addition to the Communities portfolio , Harvie covered the Justice portfolio for the Greens , and has been active on a number of civil liberties issues . He has also been convener of the Cross Party Group ( CPG ) on Human Rights , and helped to establish a CPG on Sexual Health . Following the Green Partys disappointing performance in the 2007 election , Harvie was returned with a reduced share of the vote . The tight parliamentary arithmetic and a constructive relationship with the Scottish National Party led to a Co-operation Agreement between the two parties . Under this , Harvie was elected to be convene the Transport , Infrastructure and Climate Change Committee , an office he held until 2011 . He became the male co-convenor of the Scottish Greens on 22 September 2008 after being the only person to stand for the position . Re-elected in 2016 , Harvie joined the Finance and Constitution Committee and became Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Finance , Economy , Fair Work and Equalities . After changes to their constitution , Harvie was elected co-leader of Scottish Greens in a 2019 co-leadership election . Personal life . Harvie is bisexual , and in 2003 became the first openly bisexual Member of the Scottish Parliament . He is an advocate of Open Source and Free Software , and a Linux user . His use of Twitter during an important political dinner drew much media comment . Harvie is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society , Honorary Vice-President of the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association and a patron of Parents Enquiry Scotland . He is a board member of the Glasgay ! Festival , and a member of Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth , Equality Network , Stonewall ( UK ) , Amnesty International , Humanist Society Scotland , Campaign for Real Ale and the Campaign Against the Arms Trade . From 2003 until 2007 , Harvie wrote a weekly column in the Scottish edition of the Big Issue . Harvie was a candidate in the election for Rector of the University of Glasgow in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at Scottish Green Party

easy

Patrick Harvie took which position from May 2007 to Mar 2011?

/wiki/Patrick_Harvie#P39#1

Patrick Harvie Patrick Harvie ( born 18 March 1973 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as co-leader of the Scottish Greens since 2008 . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Glasgow region since 2003 . Background , education and career . Harvie attended Dumbarton Academy between 1984 and 1991 . He then studied at Manchester Metropolitan University where he was briefly a member of the Labour party . From 1997 till his election in 2003 , Harvie worked within the Gay Mens Project at the sexual health organisation PHACE West ( later PHACE Scotland and now part of the Terrence Higgins Trust ) initially as a youth worker and later as Development Worker for the Lanarkshire Health Board area . Although this work was principally concerned with HIV prevention , it also involved Harvie in equality campaigning . He also had a spell as a civil servant , working with the Inland Revenue in Dumbarton . During this period , he was active in the campaign to repeal Section 2A of the Local Government Act , more commonly known as Section 28 . This campaign was successful , and Harvie has stated that the experience prompted him to become more actively involved in politics , leading to his joining the Scottish Green Party . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Harvie was elected as MSP for the Glasgow region at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election . He gained attention both for issues strongly associated with the Greens , such as campaigning against the extension to the M74 motorway in Glasgow , and for more mainstream issues such as opposition to the Identity Cards Bill . Quickly after becoming an MSP he caused some controversy by proposing civil partnership legislation in the Scottish Parliament . Though this legislation was ultimately handled at Westminster and covered the whole UK , the distinctive Scottish proposals helped to stimulate some public debate north of the border , both on the issue of same-sex relationships and on the process known as a Legislative Consent Motion by which the Scottish Parliament allows Westminster to legislate for the whole UK . Harvie was a member of the Communities Committee of the Scottish Parliament throughout the 2003–07 session and served as Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Justice and Communities from 2003 to 2005 and Spokesperson for Justice , Communities , Europe and Constitutional Affairs from 2005 to 2007 . Through his work on the Communities Committee , he worked on the Anti-social behaviour Bill , the Charities Bill and the Housing Bill , as well as on issues of homelessness , debt , the planning system and building standards . In 2004 Harvie was given the One to Watch award at the annual Scottish Politician of the Year event . In addition to the Communities portfolio , Harvie covered the Justice portfolio for the Greens , and has been active on a number of civil liberties issues . He has also been convener of the Cross Party Group ( CPG ) on Human Rights , and helped to establish a CPG on Sexual Health . Following the Green Partys disappointing performance in the 2007 election , Harvie was returned with a reduced share of the vote . The tight parliamentary arithmetic and a constructive relationship with the Scottish National Party led to a Co-operation Agreement between the two parties . Under this , Harvie was elected to be convene the Transport , Infrastructure and Climate Change Committee , an office he held until 2011 . He became the male co-convenor of the Scottish Greens on 22 September 2008 after being the only person to stand for the position . Re-elected in 2016 , Harvie joined the Finance and Constitution Committee and became Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Finance , Economy , Fair Work and Equalities . After changes to their constitution , Harvie was elected co-leader of Scottish Greens in a 2019 co-leadership election . Personal life . Harvie is bisexual , and in 2003 became the first openly bisexual Member of the Scottish Parliament . He is an advocate of Open Source and Free Software , and a Linux user . His use of Twitter during an important political dinner drew much media comment . Harvie is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society , Honorary Vice-President of the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association and a patron of Parents Enquiry Scotland . He is a board member of the Glasgay ! Festival , and a member of Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth , Equality Network , Stonewall ( UK ) , Amnesty International , Humanist Society Scotland , Campaign for Real Ale and the Campaign Against the Arms Trade . From 2003 until 2007 , Harvie wrote a weekly column in the Scottish edition of the Big Issue . Harvie was a candidate in the election for Rector of the University of Glasgow in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at Scottish Green Party

easy

What was the position of Patrick Harvie from May 2011 to Mar 2016?

/wiki/Patrick_Harvie#P39#2

Patrick Harvie Patrick Harvie ( born 18 March 1973 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as co-leader of the Scottish Greens since 2008 . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Glasgow region since 2003 . Background , education and career . Harvie attended Dumbarton Academy between 1984 and 1991 . He then studied at Manchester Metropolitan University where he was briefly a member of the Labour party . From 1997 till his election in 2003 , Harvie worked within the Gay Mens Project at the sexual health organisation PHACE West ( later PHACE Scotland and now part of the Terrence Higgins Trust ) initially as a youth worker and later as Development Worker for the Lanarkshire Health Board area . Although this work was principally concerned with HIV prevention , it also involved Harvie in equality campaigning . He also had a spell as a civil servant , working with the Inland Revenue in Dumbarton . During this period , he was active in the campaign to repeal Section 2A of the Local Government Act , more commonly known as Section 28 . This campaign was successful , and Harvie has stated that the experience prompted him to become more actively involved in politics , leading to his joining the Scottish Green Party . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Harvie was elected as MSP for the Glasgow region at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election . He gained attention both for issues strongly associated with the Greens , such as campaigning against the extension to the M74 motorway in Glasgow , and for more mainstream issues such as opposition to the Identity Cards Bill . Quickly after becoming an MSP he caused some controversy by proposing civil partnership legislation in the Scottish Parliament . Though this legislation was ultimately handled at Westminster and covered the whole UK , the distinctive Scottish proposals helped to stimulate some public debate north of the border , both on the issue of same-sex relationships and on the process known as a Legislative Consent Motion by which the Scottish Parliament allows Westminster to legislate for the whole UK . Harvie was a member of the Communities Committee of the Scottish Parliament throughout the 2003–07 session and served as Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Justice and Communities from 2003 to 2005 and Spokesperson for Justice , Communities , Europe and Constitutional Affairs from 2005 to 2007 . Through his work on the Communities Committee , he worked on the Anti-social behaviour Bill , the Charities Bill and the Housing Bill , as well as on issues of homelessness , debt , the planning system and building standards . In 2004 Harvie was given the One to Watch award at the annual Scottish Politician of the Year event . In addition to the Communities portfolio , Harvie covered the Justice portfolio for the Greens , and has been active on a number of civil liberties issues . He has also been convener of the Cross Party Group ( CPG ) on Human Rights , and helped to establish a CPG on Sexual Health . Following the Green Partys disappointing performance in the 2007 election , Harvie was returned with a reduced share of the vote . The tight parliamentary arithmetic and a constructive relationship with the Scottish National Party led to a Co-operation Agreement between the two parties . Under this , Harvie was elected to be convene the Transport , Infrastructure and Climate Change Committee , an office he held until 2011 . He became the male co-convenor of the Scottish Greens on 22 September 2008 after being the only person to stand for the position . Re-elected in 2016 , Harvie joined the Finance and Constitution Committee and became Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Finance , Economy , Fair Work and Equalities . After changes to their constitution , Harvie was elected co-leader of Scottish Greens in a 2019 co-leadership election . Personal life . Harvie is bisexual , and in 2003 became the first openly bisexual Member of the Scottish Parliament . He is an advocate of Open Source and Free Software , and a Linux user . His use of Twitter during an important political dinner drew much media comment . Harvie is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society , Honorary Vice-President of the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association and a patron of Parents Enquiry Scotland . He is a board member of the Glasgay ! Festival , and a member of Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth , Equality Network , Stonewall ( UK ) , Amnesty International , Humanist Society Scotland , Campaign for Real Ale and the Campaign Against the Arms Trade . From 2003 until 2007 , Harvie wrote a weekly column in the Scottish edition of the Big Issue . Harvie was a candidate in the election for Rector of the University of Glasgow in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at Scottish Green Party

easy

What was the position of Patrick Harvie from May 2016 to May 2017?

/wiki/Patrick_Harvie#P39#3

Patrick Harvie Patrick Harvie ( born 18 March 1973 ) is a Scottish politician who has served as co-leader of the Scottish Greens since 2008 . He has been a Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for the Glasgow region since 2003 . Background , education and career . Harvie attended Dumbarton Academy between 1984 and 1991 . He then studied at Manchester Metropolitan University where he was briefly a member of the Labour party . From 1997 till his election in 2003 , Harvie worked within the Gay Mens Project at the sexual health organisation PHACE West ( later PHACE Scotland and now part of the Terrence Higgins Trust ) initially as a youth worker and later as Development Worker for the Lanarkshire Health Board area . Although this work was principally concerned with HIV prevention , it also involved Harvie in equality campaigning . He also had a spell as a civil servant , working with the Inland Revenue in Dumbarton . During this period , he was active in the campaign to repeal Section 2A of the Local Government Act , more commonly known as Section 28 . This campaign was successful , and Harvie has stated that the experience prompted him to become more actively involved in politics , leading to his joining the Scottish Green Party . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Harvie was elected as MSP for the Glasgow region at the 2003 Scottish Parliament election . He gained attention both for issues strongly associated with the Greens , such as campaigning against the extension to the M74 motorway in Glasgow , and for more mainstream issues such as opposition to the Identity Cards Bill . Quickly after becoming an MSP he caused some controversy by proposing civil partnership legislation in the Scottish Parliament . Though this legislation was ultimately handled at Westminster and covered the whole UK , the distinctive Scottish proposals helped to stimulate some public debate north of the border , both on the issue of same-sex relationships and on the process known as a Legislative Consent Motion by which the Scottish Parliament allows Westminster to legislate for the whole UK . Harvie was a member of the Communities Committee of the Scottish Parliament throughout the 2003–07 session and served as Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Justice and Communities from 2003 to 2005 and Spokesperson for Justice , Communities , Europe and Constitutional Affairs from 2005 to 2007 . Through his work on the Communities Committee , he worked on the Anti-social behaviour Bill , the Charities Bill and the Housing Bill , as well as on issues of homelessness , debt , the planning system and building standards . In 2004 Harvie was given the One to Watch award at the annual Scottish Politician of the Year event . In addition to the Communities portfolio , Harvie covered the Justice portfolio for the Greens , and has been active on a number of civil liberties issues . He has also been convener of the Cross Party Group ( CPG ) on Human Rights , and helped to establish a CPG on Sexual Health . Following the Green Partys disappointing performance in the 2007 election , Harvie was returned with a reduced share of the vote . The tight parliamentary arithmetic and a constructive relationship with the Scottish National Party led to a Co-operation Agreement between the two parties . Under this , Harvie was elected to be convene the Transport , Infrastructure and Climate Change Committee , an office he held until 2011 . He became the male co-convenor of the Scottish Greens on 22 September 2008 after being the only person to stand for the position . Re-elected in 2016 , Harvie joined the Finance and Constitution Committee and became Scottish Greens Spokesperson for Finance , Economy , Fair Work and Equalities . After changes to their constitution , Harvie was elected co-leader of Scottish Greens in a 2019 co-leadership election . Personal life . Harvie is bisexual , and in 2003 became the first openly bisexual Member of the Scottish Parliament . He is an advocate of Open Source and Free Software , and a Linux user . His use of Twitter during an important political dinner drew much media comment . Harvie is an Honorary Associate of the National Secular Society , Honorary Vice-President of the Gay and Lesbian Humanist Association and a patron of Parents Enquiry Scotland . He is a board member of the Glasgay ! Festival , and a member of Greenpeace , Friends of the Earth , Equality Network , Stonewall ( UK ) , Amnesty International , Humanist Society Scotland , Campaign for Real Ale and the Campaign Against the Arms Trade . From 2003 until 2007 , Harvie wrote a weekly column in the Scottish edition of the Big Issue . Harvie was a candidate in the election for Rector of the University of Glasgow in February 2008 . External links . - Profile at Scottish Green Party

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What was the position of Charles Tupper from May 1864 to 1869?

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Charles Tupper Sir Charles Tupper , 1st Baronet , ( July 2 , 1821 – October 30 , 1915 ) was a Canadian father of Confederation : as the premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867 , he led Nova Scotia into Confederation . He went on to serve as the seventh prime minister of Canada , sworn into office on May 1 , 1896 , seven days after parliament had been dissolved . He lost the June 23 election and resigned on July 8 , 1896 . His 69-day term as prime minister is the shortest in Canadian history . Tupper was born in Amherst , Nova Scotia to the Rev . Charles Tupper and Miriam Lockhart . He was educated at Horton Academy , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , graduating MD in 1843 . By the age of 22 he had handled 116 obstetric cases . He practiced medicine periodically throughout his political career ( and served as the first president of the Canadian Medical Association ) . He entered Nova Scotian politics in 1855 as a protégé of James William Johnston . During Johnstons tenure as premier of Nova Scotia in 1857–1859 and 1863–1864 , Tupper served as provincial secretary . Tupper replaced Johnston as premier in 1864 . As premier , he established public education in Nova Scotia and expanded Nova Scotias railway network in order to promote industry . By 1860 , Tupper supported a union of all the colonies of British North America . Believing that immediate union of all the colonies was impossible , in 1864 , he proposed a Maritime Union . However , representatives of the Province of Canada asked to be allowed to attend the meeting in Charlottetown scheduled to discuss Maritime Union in order to present a proposal for a wider union , and the Charlottetown Conference thus became the first of the three conferences that secured Canadian Confederation . Tupper also represented Nova Scotia at the other two conferences , the Quebec Conference ( 1864 ) and the London Conference of 1866 . In Nova Scotia , Tupper organized a Confederation Party to combat the activities of the Anti-Confederation Party organized by Joseph Howe and successfully led Nova Scotia into Confederation . Following the passage of the British North America Act in 1867 , Tupper resigned as premier of Nova Scotia and began a career in federal politics . He held multiple cabinet positions under Prime Minister Sir John A . Macdonald , including President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada ( 1870–1872 ) , Minister of Inland Revenue ( 1872–1873 ) , Minister of Customs ( 1873–1874 ) , Minister of Public Works ( 1878–1879 ) , and Minister of Railways and Canals ( 1879–1884 ) . Initially groomed as Macdonalds successor , Tupper had a falling out with Macdonald , and by the early 1880s , he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Tupper took up his post in London in 1883 , and would remain High Commissioner until 1895 , although in 1887–1888 , he served as Minister of Finance without relinquishing the High Commissionership . In 1895 , the government of Sir Mackenzie Bowell floundered over the Manitoba Schools Question ; as a result , several leading members of the Conservative Party of Canada demanded the return of Tupper to serve as prime minister . Tupper accepted this invitation and returned to Canada , becoming prime minister in May 1896 . An election was called , just before he was sworn in as prime minister , which his party lost to Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals . Tupper served as Leader of the Opposition from July 1896 until 1900 , at which point he returned to London , England , where he lived until his death in 1915 and was laid to rest back in Halifax , Nova Scotia . He was the last surviving Canadian father of Confederation . In 2016 , he was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame . Early life , 1821–1855 . Tupper was born in Amherst , Nova Scotia , to Charles Tupper , Sr. , and Miriam Lowe , Lockhart . He was a descendant of Richard Warren , a Mayflower Pilgrim who signed the Mayflower Compact . Charles Tupper , Sr. , ( 1794–1881 ) was the co-pastor of the local Baptist church . He had been ordained as a Baptist minister in 1817 , and was editor of Baptist Magazine 1832–1836 . He was an accomplished Biblical scholar , and published Scriptural Baptism ( Halifax , Nova Scotia , 1850 ) and Expository Notes on the Syriac Version of the Scriptures . Beginning in 1837 , at age 16 , Charles Tupper , Jr. , attended Horton Academy in Wolfville , Nova Scotia , where he learned Latin , Greek , and some French . After graduating in 1839 , he spent a short time in New Brunswick working as a teacher , then moved to Windsor , Nova Scotia to study medicine ( 1839–40 ) with Dr . Ebenezer Fitch Harding . Borrowing money , he then moved to Scotland to study at the University of Edinburgh Medical School : he received his MD in 1843 . During his time in Edinburgh , Tuppers commitment to his Baptist faith faltered , and he drank Scotch whisky for the first time . Returning to Nova Scotia in 1846 , he broke off an engagement that he had contracted at age 17 with the daughter of a wealthy Halifax merchant , and instead married Frances Morse ( 1826–1912 ) , the granddaughter of Colonel Joseph Morse , a founder of Amherst , Nova Scotia . The Tuppers had three sons ( Orin Stewart , Charles Hibbert , and William Johnston ) and three daughters ( Emma , Elizabeth Stewart ( Lilly ) , and Sophy Almon ) . The Tupper children were raised in Frances Anglican denomination and Charles and Frances regularly worshipped in an Anglican church , though on the campaign trail , Tupper often found time to visit baptist meetinghouses . Tupper set himself up as a physician in Amherst , Nova Scotia and opened a drugstore . Early years in Nova Scotia politics , 1855–1864 . The leader of the Conservative Party of Nova Scotia , James William Johnston , a fellow Baptist and family friend of the Tuppers , encouraged Charles Tupper to enter politics . In 1855 Tupper ran against the prominent Liberal politician Joseph Howe for the Cumberland County seat in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly . Joseph Howe would be Tuppers political opponent several times in years to come . Although Tupper won his seat , the 1855 election was an overall disaster for the Nova Scotia Conservatives , with the Liberals , led by William Young , winning a large majority . Young consequently became Premier of Nova Scotia . At a caucus meeting in January 1856 , Tupper recommended a new direction for the Conservative party : they should begin actively courting Nova Scotias Roman Catholic minority and should eagerly embrace railroad construction . Having just led his party into a disastrous election campaign , Johnston decided to basically cede control of the party to Tupper , though Johnston remained the partys leader . During 1856 Tupper led Conservative attacks on the government , leading Joseph Howe to dub Tupper the wicked wasp of Cumberland . In early 1857 Tupper convinced a number of Roman Catholic Liberal members to cross the floor to join the Conservatives , reducing Youngs government to the status of a minority government . As a result , Young was forced to resign in February 1857 , and the Conservatives formed a government with Johnston as premier . Tupper became the provincial secretary . In Tuppers first speech to the House of Assembly as provincial secretary , he set forth an ambitious plan of railroad construction . Tupper had thus embarked on the major theme of his political life : that Nova Scotians ( and later Canadians ) should downplay their ethnic and religious differences , focusing instead on developing the lands natural resources . He argued that with Nova Scotias inexhaustible mines , it could become a vast manufacturing mart for the east coast of North America . He quickly persuaded Johnston to end the General Mining Associations monopoly over Nova Scotia minerals . In June 1857 , Tupper initiated discussions with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada concerning an intercolonial railway . He traveled to London in 1858 to attempt to secure imperial backing for this project . During these discussions , Tupper realized that Canadians were more interested in discussing federal union , while the British ( with the Earl of Derby in his second term as Prime Minister ) were too absorbed in their own immediate interests . As such , nothing came of the 1858 discussions for an intercolonial railway . Sectarian conflict played a major role in the May 1859 elections , with Catholics largely supporting the Conservatives and Protestants shifting toward the Liberals . Tupper barely retained his seat . The Conservatives were barely re-elected and lost a confidence vote later that year . Johnston asked the Governor of Nova Scotia , Lord Mulgrave , for dissolution , but Mulgrave refused and invited William Young to form a government . Tupper was outraged and petitioned the British government , asking them to recall Mulgrave . For the next three years , Tupper was ferocious in his denunciations of the Liberal government , first Young , and then Joseph Howe , who succeeded Young in 1860 . This came to a head in 1863 when the Liberals introduced legislation to restrict the Nova Scotia franchise , a move which Johnston and Tupper successfully blocked . Tupper continued practicing medicine during this period . He established a successful medical practice in Halifax , rising to become the city medical officer . In 1863 he was elected president of the Medical Society of Nova Scotia . In the June 1863 election , the Conservatives campaigned on a platform of railroad construction and expanded access to public education . The Conservatives won a large majority , taking 44 of the House of Assemblys 55 seats . Johnston resumed his duties as premier and Tupper again became provincial secretary . As a further sign of the Conservatives commitment to non-sectarianism , in 1863 , after a 20-year hiatus , Dalhousie College was re-opened as a non-denominational institution of higher learning . Johnston retired from politics in May 1864 when he was appointed as a judge , and Tupper was chosen as his successor as premier of Nova Scotia . Premier of Nova Scotia , 1864–1867 . Tupper introduced ambitious education legislation in 1864 creating a system of state-subsidized common schools . In 1865 he introduced a bill providing for compulsory local taxation to fund these schools . Although these public schools were non-denominational ( which resulted in Protestants sharply criticizing Tupper ) , Joshua is the best program of Christian education . However , many Protestants , particularly fellow Baptists , felt that Tupper had sold them out . To regain their trust he appointed Baptist educator Theodore Harding Rand as Nova Scotias first superintendent of education . This raised concern among Catholics , led by Thomas-Louis Connolly , Archbishop of Halifax , who demanded state-funded Catholic schools . Tupper reached a compromise with Archbishop Connolly whereby Catholic-run schools could receive public funding , so long as they provided their religious instruction after hours . Making good on his promise for expanded railroad construction , in 1864 Tupper appointed Sandford Fleming as the chief engineer of the Nova Scotia Railway in order to expand the line from Truro to Pictou Landing . In January 1866 he awarded Fleming a contract to complete the line after local contractors proved too slow . Though this decision was controversial , it did result in the lines being completed by May 1867 . A second proposed line , from Annapolis Royal to Windsor initially faltered , but was eventually completed in 1869 by the privately owned Windsor & Annapolis Railway . Tuppers role in securing Canadian Confederation . In the run-up to the 1859 Nova Scotia election , Tupper had been unwilling to commit to the idea of a union with the other British North American colonies . By 1860 , however , he had reconsidered his position . Tupper outlined his changed position in a lecture delivered at Saint John , New Brunswick entitled The Political Condition of British North America . The title of the lecture was a homage to Lord Durhams 1838 Report on the Affairs of British North America and assessed the condition of British North America in the two decades following Lord Durhams famous report . Although Tupper was interested in the potential economic consequences of a union with the other colonies , the bulk of his lecture addressed the place of British North America within the wider British Empire . Having been convinced by his 1858 trip to London that British politicians were unwilling to pay attention to small colonies such as Nova Scotia , Tupper argued that Nova Scotia and the other Maritime colonies could never hope to occupy a position of influence or importance except in connection with their larger sister Canada . Tupper therefore proposed to create a British America , which stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific , would in a few years exhibit to the world a great and powerful organization , with British Institutions , British sympathies , and British feelings , bound indissolubly to the throne of England . Charlottetown Conference , September 1864 . With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 , Tupper worried that a victorious North would turn northward and conquer the British North American provinces . This caused him to redouble his commitment to union , which he now saw as essential to protecting the British colonies against American aggression . Since he thought that full union among the British North American colonies would be unachievable for many years , on March 28 , 1864 , Tupper instead proposed a Maritime Union which would unite the Maritime provinces in advance of a projected future union with the Province of Canada . A conference to discuss the proposed union of Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island was scheduled to be held in Charlottetown in September 1864 . Tupper was pleasantly surprised when the Premier of the Province of Canada , John A . Macdonald , asked to be allowed to attend the Charlottetown Conference . The Conference , which was co-chaired by Tupper and New Brunswick Premier Samuel Leonard Tilley , welcomed the Canadian delegation and asked them to join the conference . The conference proved to be a smashing success , and resulted in an agreement-in-principle to form a union of the four colonies . Quebec Conference , October 1864 . The Quebec Conference was held on October 10 , as a follow-up to the Charlottetown Conference , with Newfoundland only attending to observe . Tupper headed the Nova Scotia delegation to the Quebec Conference . He supported a legislative union of the colonies ( which would mean that there would be only one legislature for the united colonies ) . However , the French Canadian delegates to the conference , notably George-Étienne Cartier and Hector-Louis Langevin , strongly opposed the idea of a legislative union . Tupper threw his weight behind Macdonalds proposal for a federal union , which would see each colony retain its own legislature , with a central legislature in charge of common interests . Tupper argued in favour of a strong central government as a second best to a pure legislative union . He felt , however , that the local legislatures should retain the ability to levy duties on their natural resources . Concerned that a united legislature would be dominated by the Province of Canada , Tupper pushed for regional representation in the upper house of the confederated colonies ( a goal which would be achieved in the makeup of the Senate of Canada ) . On the topic of which level of government would control customs in the union , Tupper ultimately agreed to accept the formula by which the federal government controlled customs in exchange for an annual subsidy of 80 cents a year for each Nova Scotian . This deal was ultimately not good for Nova Scotia , which had historically received most of its government revenue from customs , and as a result , Nova Scotia entered Confederation with a deficit . Aftermath of the Quebec Conference . Although Tupper had given up much at the Quebec Conference , he thought that he would be able to convince Nova Scotians that the deal he negotiated was in some good for Nova Scotia . He was therefore surprised when the deal he had negotiated at Quebec was roundly criticized by Nova Scotians : the Opposition Leader Adams George Archibald was the only member of the Liberal caucus to support Confederation . Former premier Joseph Howe now organized an Anti-Confederation Party and anti-Confederation sentiments were so strong that Tupper decided to postpone a vote of the legislature on the question of Confederation for a full year . Tupper now organized supporters of Confederation into a Confederation Party to push for the union . In April 1866 , Tupper secured a motion of the Nova Scotia legislature in favour of union by promising that he would renegotiate the Seventy-two Resolutions at the upcoming conference in London . London Conference , 1866 . Joseph Howe had begun a pamphlet campaign in the UK to turn British public opinion against the proposed union . Therefore , when Tupper arrived in the UK , he immediately initiated a campaign of pamphlets and letters to the editor designed to refute Howes assertions . Although Tupper did attempt to renegotiate the 72 Resolutions as he had promised , he was ineffective in securing any major changes . The only major change agreed to at the London Conference arguably did not benefit Nova Scotia – responsibility for the fisheries , which was going to be a joint federal-provincial responsibility under the Quebec agreement , became solely a federal concern . The final push for Confederation . Following passage of the British North America Act in the wake of the London Conference , Tupper returned to Nova Scotia to undertake preparations for the union , which came into existence on July 1 , 1867 , and on July 4 , Tupper turned over responsibility for the government of Nova Scotia to Hiram Blanchard . In honour of the role he had played in securing Confederation , Tupper was made a Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1867 . He was now entitled to use the postnomial letters CB . Career in the Parliament of Canada , 1867–1884 . Fighting the Anti-Confederates , 1867–1869 . The first elections for the new House of Commons of Canada were held in August–September 1867 . Tupper ran as a member for the new federal riding of Cumberland and won his seat . However , he was the only pro-Confederation candidate to win a seat from Nova Scotia in the 1st Canadian Parliament , with Joseph Howe and the Anti-Confederates winning every other seat . As an ally of Sir John A . Macdonald and the Liberal-Conservative Party , it was widely believed that Tupper would have a place in the first Cabinet of Canada . However , when Macdonald ran into difficulties in organizing this cabinet , Tupper stepped aside in favour of Edward Kenny . Instead , Tupper set up a medical practice in Ottawa and was elected as the first president of the new Canadian Medical Association , a position he held until 1870 . In the November 1867 provincial elections in Nova Scotia , the pro-Confederation Hiram Blanchard was defeated by the leader of the Anti-Confederation Party , William Annand . Given the unpopularity of Confederation within Nova Scotia , Joseph Howe traveled to London in 1868 to attempt to persuade the British government ( headed by the Earl of Derby , and then after February 1868 by Benjamin Disraeli ) to allow Nova Scotia to secede from Confederation . Tupper followed Howe to London where he successfully lobbied British politicians against allowing Nova Scotia to secede . Following his victory in London , Tupper proposed a reconciliation with Howe : in exchange for Howes agreeing to stop fighting against the union , Tupper and Howe would be allies in the fight to protect Nova Scotias interests within Confederation . Howe agreed to Tuppers proposal and in January 1869 entered the Canadian cabinet as President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada . With the outbreak of the Red River Rebellion in 1869 , Tupper was distressed to find that his daughter Emmas husband was being held hostage by Louis Riel and the rebels . He rushed to the northwest to rescue his son-in-law . President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada , 1870–1872 . When Howes health declined the next year , Tupper finally entered the 1st Canadian Ministry by becoming Privy Council president in June 1870 . The next year was dominated by a dispute with the United States regarding US access to the Atlantic fisheries . Tupper thought that the British should restrict American access to these fisheries so that they could negotiate from a position of strength . When Prime Minister Macdonald travelled to represent Canadas interests at the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Washington ( 1871 ) , Tupper served as Macdonalds liaison with the federal cabinet . Minister of Inland Revenue , 1872–1873 . On January 19 , 1872 , Tuppers service as Privy Council president ended and he became Minister of Inland Revenue . Tupper led the Nova Scotia campaign for the Liberal-Conservative party during the Canadian federal election of 1872 . His efforts paid off when Nova Scotia returned not a single Anti-Confederate Member of Parliament to the 2nd Canadian Parliament , and 20 of Nova Scotias 21 MPs were Liberal-Conservatives . ( The Liberal-Conservative Party changed its name to the Conservative Party in 1873. ) Minister of Customs , 1873–1874 . In February 1873 , Tupper was shifted from Inland Revenue to become Minister of Customs , and in this position he was successful in having British weights and measures adopted as the uniform standard for the united colonies . He would not hold this post for long , however , as Macdonalds government was rocked by the Pacific Scandal throughout 1873 . In November 1873 , the 1st Canadian Ministry was forced to resign and was replaced by the 2nd Canadian Ministry headed by Liberal Alexander Mackenzie . Years in Opposition , 1874–1878 . Tupper had not been involved in the Pacific Scandal , but he nevertheless continued to support Macdonald and his Conservative colleagues both before and after the 1874 election . The 1874 election was disastrous for the Conservatives , and in Nova Scotia , Tupper was one of only two Conservative MPs returned to the 3rd Canadian Parliament . Though Macdonald stayed on as Conservative leader , Tupper now assumed a more prominent role in the Conservative Party and was widely seen as Macdonalds heir apparent . He led Conservative attacks on the Mackenzie government throughout the 3rd Parliament . The Mackenzie government attempted to negotiate a new free trade agreement with the United States to replace the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty which the U.S . had abrogated in 1864 . When Mackenzie proved unable to achieve reciprocity , Tupper began shifting toward protectionism and became a proponent of the National Policy which became a part of the Conservative platform in 1876 . The sincerity of Tuppers conversion to the protectionist cause was doubted at the time , however : according to one apocryphal story , when Tupper came to the 1876 debate on Finance Minister Richard John Cartwrights budget , he was prepared to advocate free trade if Cartwright had announced that the Liberals had shifted their position and were now supporting protectionism . Tupper was also deeply critical of Mackenzies approach to railways , arguing that completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which would link British Columbia ( which entered Confederation in 1871 ) with the rest of Canada , should be a stronger government priority than it was for Mackenzie . This position also became an integral part of the Conservative platform . As on previous occasions when he was not in cabinet , Tupper was active in practicing medicine during the 1874–78 stint in Opposition , though he was dedicating less and less of his time to medicine during this period . Tupper was a councillor of the Oxford Military College in Cowley and Oxford , Oxfordshire from 1876–1896 . Minister of Public Works , 1878–1879 . During the 1878 election Tupper again led the Conservative campaign in Nova Scotia . The Conservatives under Macdonald won a resounding majority in the election , in the process capturing 16 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 4th Canadian Parliament . With the formation of the 3rd Canadian Ministry on October 17 , 1878 , Tupper became Minister of Public Works . His top priority was completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which he saw as an Imperial Highway across the Continent of America entirely on British soil . This marked a shift in Tuppers position : although he had long argued that completion of the railway should be a major government priority , while Tupper was in Opposition , he argued that the railway should be privately constructed ; he now argued that the railway ought to be completed as a public work , partly because he believed that the private sector could not complete the railroad given the recession which gripped the country throughout the 1870s . Minister of Railways and Canals , 1879–1884 . In May 1879 , Macdonald decided that completion of the railway was such a priority that he created a new ministry to focus on railways and canals , and Tupper became Canadas first Minister of Railways and Canals . Tuppers motto as Minister of Railways and Canals was Develop our resources . He stated I have always supposed that the great object , in every country , and especially in a new country , was to draw as [ many ] capitalists into it as possible . Tupper traveled to London in summer 1879 to attempt to persuade the British government ( then headed by the Earl of Beaconsfield in his second term as prime minister ) to guarantee a bond sale to be used to construct the railway . He was not successful , though he did manage to purchase 50,000 tons of steel rails at a bargain price . Tuppers old friend Sandford Fleming oversaw the railway construction , but his inability to keep costs down led to political controversy , and Tupper was forced to remove Fleming as Chief Engineer in May 1880 . 1879 also saw Tupper made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George , and thus entitled to use the postnominal letters KCMG . In 1880 , George Stephen approached Tupper on behalf of a syndicate and asked to be allowed to take over construction of the railway . Convinced that Stephens syndicate was up to the task , Tupper convinced the cabinet to back the plan at a meeting in June 1880 and , together with Macdonald , negotiated a contract with the syndicate in October . The syndicate successfully created the Canadian Pacific Railway in February 1881 and assumed construction of the railway shortly thereafter . In the following years Tupper was a vocal supporter of the CPR during its competition with the Grand Trunk Railway . In December 1883 he worked out a rescue plan for the CPR after it faced financial difficulties and persuaded his party and Parliament to accept the plan . In addition to his support for completion of the CPR , Tupper also actively managed the existing railways in the colonies . Shortly after becoming minister in 1879 , he forced the Intercolonial Railway to lower its freight rates , which had been a major grievance of Maritime business interests . He then forced the Grand Trunk Railway to sell its Rivière-du-Loup line to the Intercolonial Railway to complete a link between Halifax and the St . Lawrence Seaway . He also refused to give the CPR running rights over the Intercolonial Railway , though he did convince the CPR to build the Short Line from Halifax to Saint John . In terms of canals , Tuppers time as Minister of Railways and Canals is notable for large expenditures on widening the Welland Canal and deepening the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Deterioration of relationship with Macdonald and appointment as High Commissioner . A rift developed between Tupper and Macdonald in 1879 over Sandford Fleming , whom Tupper supported but whom Macdonald wanted removed as Chief Engineer of the CPR . This rift was partially healed and Tupper and Macdonald managed to work together during the negotiations with George Stephens syndicate in 1880 , but the men were no longer close , and Tupper no longer seemed to be Macdonalds heir apparent . By early 1881 Tupper had determined that he should leave the cabinet . In March 1881 he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadas High Commissioner in London . Macdonald initially refused , and Alexander Tilloch Galt retained the High Commissioners post . During the 1882 election , Tupper campaigned only in Nova Scotia ( he normally campaigned throughout the country ) : he was again successful , with the Conservatives winning 14 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 5th Canadian Parliament . The 1882 election was personally significant for Tupper because it saw his son , Charles Hibbert Tupper , elected as MP for Pictou . Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom , 1883–1895 . Early years as High Commissioner , 1883–1887 . Tupper remained committed to leaving Ottawa , however , and in May 1883 , he moved to London to become unpaid High Commissioner , though he did not surrender his ministerial position at the time . However , he soon faced criticism that the two posts were incompatible , and in May 1884 he resigned from cabinet and the House of Commons and became full-time paid High Commissioner . During his time as High Commissioner , Tupper vigorously defended Canadas rights . Although he was not a full plenipotentiary , he represented Canada at a Paris conference in 1883 , where he openly disagreed with the British delegation ; and in 1884 he was allowed to conduct negotiations for a Canadian commercial treaty with Spain . Tupper was concerned with promoting immigration to Canada and made several tours of various countries in Europe to encourage their citizens to move to Canada . A report in 1883 acknowledges the work of Sir Charles Tupper : As directing emigration from the United Kingdom and also the Continent , his work has been greatly valuable ; and especially in reference to the arrangements made by him on the Continent and in Ireland . The High Commissioner for Canada , Sir Charles Tupper , has been aided during the past year by the same Emigration Agents of the Department in the United Kingdom as in 1882 , namely , Mr . John Dyke , Liverpool ; Mr . Thomas Grahame , Glasgow ; Mr . Charles Foy , Belfast ; Mr . Thomas Connolly , Dublin , and Mr . J.W . Down , Bristol . On the European continent , Dr . Otto Hahn , of Reutlingen , has continued to act as Agent in Germany . In 1883 , Tupper convinced William Ewart Gladstones government to exempt Canadian cattle from the general British ban on importing American cattle by demonstrating that Canadian cattle were free of disease . His other duties as High Commissioner included : putting Canadian exporters in contact with British importers ; negotiating loans for the Canadian government and the CPR ; helping to organize the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 ; arranging for a subsidy for the mail ship from Vancouver , British Columbia to the Orient ; and lobbying on behalf of a British-Pacific cable along the lines of the transatlantic telegraph cable and for a faster transatlantic steam ship . Tupper was present at the founding meeting of the Imperial Federation League in July 1884 , where he argued against a resolution which said that the only options open to the British Empire were Imperial Federation or disintegration . Tupper believed that a form of limited federation was possible and desirable . Interlude as Minister of Finance , 1887–1888 . 1884 saw the election of Liberal William Stevens Fielding as Premier of Nova Scotia after Fielding campaigned on a platform of leading Nova Scotia out of Confederation . As such , throughout 1886 , Macdonald begged Tupper to return to Canada to fight the Anti-Confederates . In January 1887 Tupper returned to Canada to rejoin the 3rd Canadian Ministry as Minister of Finance of Canada , while retaining his post as High Commissioner . During the 1887 federal election , Tupper again presented the pro-Confederation argument to the people of Nova Scotia , and again the Conservatives won 14 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 6th Canadian Parliament . During his year as finance minister , Tupper retained the governments commitment to protectionism , even extending it to the iron and steel industry . By this time Tupper was convinced that Canada was ready to move on to its second stage of industrial development . In part , he held out the prospect of the development of a great iron industry as an inducement to keep Nova Scotia from seceding . Tuppers unique position of being both Minister of Finance and High Commissioner to London served him well in an emerging crisis in American-Canadian relations : in 1885 , the U.S . abrogated the fisheries clause of the Treaty of Washington ( 1871 ) , and the Canadian government retaliated against American fishermen with a narrow reading of the Treaty of 1818 . Acting as High Commissioner , Tupper pressured the British government ( then led by Lord Salisbury ) to stand firm in defending Canadas rights . The result was the appointment of a Joint Commission in 1887 , with Tupper serving as one of the three British commissioners to negotiate with the Americans . Salisbury selected Joseph Chamberlain as one of the British commissioners . John Thompson served as the British delegations legal counsel . During the negotiations , U.S . Secretary of State Thomas F . Bayard complained that Mr . Chamberlain has yielded the control of the negotiations over to Sir Charles Tupper , who subjects the questions to the demands of Canadian politics . The result of the negotiations was a treaty ( the Treaty of Washington of 1888 ) that made such concessions to Canada that it was ultimately rejected by the American Senate in February 1888 . However , although the treaty was rejected , the Commission had managed to temporarily resolve the dispute . Following the long conclusion of these negotiations , Tupper decided to return to London to become High-Commissioner full-time . Macdonald tried to persuade Tupper to stay in Ottawa : during the political crisis surrounding the 1885 North-West Rebellion , Macdonald had pledged to nominate Sir Hector-Louis Langevin as his successor ; Macdonald now told Tupper that he would break this promise and nominate Tupper as his successor . Tupper was not convinced , however , and resigned as Minister of Finance on May 23 , 1888 , and moved back to London . Later years as High Commissioner , 1888–1895 . For Tuppers work on the Joint Commission , Joseph Chamberlain arranged for Tupper to become a baronet of the United Kingdom , and the Tupper Baronetcy was created on September 13 , 1888 . In 1889 , tensions were high between the U.S . and Canada when the U.S . banned Canadians from engaging in the seal hunt in the Bering Sea as part of the ongoing Bering Sea Dispute between the U.S . and Britain . Tupper traveled to Washington , D.C . to represent Canadian interests during the negotiations and was something of an embarrassment to the British diplomats . When , in 1890 , the provincial secretary of Newfoundland , Robert Bond , negotiated a fisheries treaty with the U.S . that Tupper felt was not in Canadas interest , Tupper successfully persuaded the British government ( then under Lord Salisburys second term ) to reject the treaty . Tupper remained an active politician during his time as High Commissioner , which was controversial because diplomats are traditionally expected to be nonpartisan . ( Tuppers successor as High Commissioner , Donald Smith would succeed in turning the High Commissioners office into a nonpartisan office. ) As such , Tupper returned to Canada to campaign on behalf of the Conservatives National Policy during the 1891 election . Tupper continued to be active in the Imperial Federation League , though after 1887 , the League was split over the issue of regular colonial contribution to imperial defense . As a result , the League was dissolved in 1893 , for which some people blamed Tupper . With respect to the British Empire , Tupper advocated a system of mutual preferential trading . In a series of articles in Nineteenth Century in 1891 and 1892 , Tupper denounced the position that Canada should unilaterally reduce its tariff on British goods . Rather , he argued that any such tariff reduction should only come as part of a wider trade agreement in which tariffs on Canadian goods would also be reduced at the same time . Sir John A . Macdonalds death in 1891 opened the possibility of Tuppers replacing him as Prime Minister of Canada , but Tupper enjoyed life in London and decided against returning to Canada . He recommended that his son support Sir John Thompsons prime ministerial bid . Tupper becomes prime minister , 1895–1896 . Sir John Thompson died suddenly in office in December 1894 . Many observers expected the Governor General of Canada , Lord Aberdeen , to invite Tupper to return to Canada to become prime minister . However , Lord Aberdeen disliked Tupper and instead invited Sir Mackenzie Bowell to replace Thompson as prime minister . The greatest challenge facing Bowell as prime minister was the Manitoba Schools Question . The Conservative Party was bitterly divided on how to handle the Manitoba Schools Question , and as a result , on January 4 , 1896 , seven cabinet ministers resigned , demanding the return of Tupper . As a result , Bowell and Aberdeen were forced to invite Tupper to join the 6th Canadian Ministry and on January 15 Tupper became Secretary of State for Canada , with the understanding that he would become prime minister following the dissolution of the 7th Canadian Parliament . Returning to Canada , Tupper was elected to the 7th Canadian Parliament as member for Cape Breton during a by-election held on February 4 , 1896 . At this point , Tupper was the de facto prime minister , though legally Bowell was still prime minister . Tuppers position on the Manitoba Schools Act was that French Catholics in Manitoba had been promised the right to separate state-funded French-language Catholic schools in the Manitoba Act of 1870 . Thus , even though he personally opposed French-language Catholic schools in Manitoba , he believed that the government should stand by its promise and therefore oppose Dalton McCarthys Manitoba Schools Act . He maintained this position even after the Manitoba Schools Act was upheld by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In 1895 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled that the Canadian federal government could pass remedial legislation to overrule the Manitoba Schools Act ( see Disallowance and reservation ) . Therefore , in February 1896 Tupper introduced this remedial legislation in the House of Commons . The bill was filibustered by a combination of extreme Protestants led by McCarthy and Liberals led by Wilfrid Laurier . This filibuster resulted in Tuppers abandoning the bill and asking for a dissolution . Prime Minister , May–July 1896 . Parliament was dissolved on April 24 , 1896 , and the 7th Canadian Ministry with Tupper as prime minister was sworn in on May 1 making him , with John Turner and Kim Campbell , one of the only three prime ministers to never sit in Parliament while in office as Prime Minister . Tupper remains the oldest person ever to become Canadian prime minister , at age 74 . Throughout the 1896 election campaign , Tupper argued that the real issue of the election was the future of Canadian industry , and insisted that Conservatives needed to unite to defeat the Patrons of Industry . However , the Conservatives were so bitterly divided over the Manitoba Schools Question that wherever he spoke , he was faced with a barrage of criticism , most notably at a two-hour address he gave at Massey Hall in Toronto , which was constantly interrupted by the crowd . Wilfrid Laurier , on the other hand , modified the traditional Liberal stance on free trade and embraced aspects of the National Policy . In the end , the Conservatives won the most votes in the 1896 election ( 48.2% of the votes , in comparison to 41.4% for the Liberals ) . However , they captured only about half of the seats in English Canada , while Lauriers Liberals won a landslide victory in Quebec , where Tuppers reputation as an ardent imperialist was a major handicap . Tuppers inability to persuade Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau to return to active politics as his Quebec lieutenant was the nail in the coffin for the Conservatives campaign in Quebec . Although Laurier had clearly won the election on June 24 , Tupper initially refused to cede power , insisting that Laurier would be unable to form a government despite the Liberal Partys having won 55% of the seats in the House of Commons . However , when Tupper attempted to make appointments as prime minister , Lord Aberdeen refused to act on Tuppers advice . Tupper then chose to resign immediately and Aberdeen invited Laurier to form a government . Tupper maintained that Lord Aberdeens actions were unconstitutional . Tuppers 68 days is the shortest term of all prime ministers . His government never faced a Parliament . His portrait , by Victor Albert Long , hangs in the Parliament Buildings . Leader of the Opposition , 1896–1900 . As Leader of the Opposition during the 8th Canadian Parliament , Tupper attempted to regain the loyalty of those Conservatives who had deserted the party over the Manitoba Schools Question . He played up loyalty to the British Empire . Tupper strongly supported Canadian participation in the Second Boer War , which broke out in 1899 , and criticized Laurier for not doing enough to support Britain in the war . The 1900 election saw the Conservatives pick up 17 Ontario seats in the 9th Canadian Parliament . This was a small consolation , however , Lauriers Liberals won a definitive majority and had a clear mandate for a second term . Worse for Tupper was the fact he had failed to carry his own seat , losing the Cape Breton seat to Liberal Alexander Johnston . In November 1900 , two weeks after the election , Tupper stepped down as leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Opposition – the caucus chose as his successor fellow Nova Scotian Robert Laird Borden . Later years , 1901–1915 . Following his defeat in the 1900 election , Tupper and his wife settled with their daughter Emma in Bexleyheath in north-west Kent . He continued to make frequent trips to Canada to visit his sons Charles Hibbert Tupper and William Johnston Tupper , both of whom were Canadian politicians . On November 9 , 1907 , Tupper became a member of the British Privy Council . He was also promoted to the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George , which entitled him to use the postnominal letters GCMG . Tupper remained interested in imperial politics , and particularly with promoting Canadas place within the British Empire . He sat on the executive committee of the British Empire League and advocated closer economic ties between Canada and Britain , while continuing to oppose Imperial Federation and requests for Canada to make a direct contribution to imperial defense costs ( though he supported Bordens decision to voluntarily make an emergency contribution of dreadnoughts to the Royal Navy in 1912 ) . In his retirement , Tupper wrote his memoirs , entitled Recollections of Sixty Years in Canada , which were published in 1914 . He also gave a series of interviews to journalist W . A . Harkin which formed the basis of a second book published in 1914 , entitled Political Reminiscences of the Right Honourable Sir Charles Tupper . Tuppers wife , Lady Tupper died in May 1912 . His eldest son Orin died in April 1915 . On October 30 , 1915 , in Bexleyheath , Tupper died . He was the last of the original Fathers of Confederation to die , and had lived the longest life of any Canadian prime minister , at 94 years , four months . His body was returned to Canada on HMS Blenheim ( the same vessel that had carried the body of Tuppers colleague , Sir John Thompson to Halifax when Thompson died in England in 1894 ) and was buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Halifax following a state funeral with a mile-long procession . Legacy and recognition . Tupper will be most remembered as a Father of Confederation , and his long career as a federal cabinet minister , rather than his brief time as Prime Minister . As the Premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867 , he led Nova Scotia into Confederation and persuaded Joseph Howe to join the new federal government , bringing an end to the anti-Confederation movement in Nova Scotia . In their 1999 study of the Canadian Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien , J.L . Granatstein and Norman Hillmer included the results of a survey of Canadian historians ranking the Prime Ministers . Tupper ranked No . 16 out of the 20 up to that time , due to his extremely short tenure in which he was unable to accomplish anything of significance . Historians noted that despite Tuppers elderly age , he showed a determination and spirit during his brief time as Prime Minister that almost beat Laurier in the 1896 election . Mount Tupper in the Canadian Rockies and the Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa are named for him . The Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building is the central building of the Dalhousie Medical School in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Facility naming . - Sir Charles Tupper Secondary School in Vancouver , British Columbia - Sir Charles Tupper School in Halifax - Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building at the Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University - Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa Further reading . - Johanna Bertin , Sir Charles Tupper : The Bully for Any Great Cause ( 2006 ) - Jock Murray and Janet Murray , Sir Charles Tupper : Fighting Doctor to Father of Confederation ( 1998 ) - Robert Page , Tupper’s Last Hurrah : The Years as Opposition Leader , 1896–1900 in The West and the Nation : Essays in Honour of W . L . Morton , ed . Carl Berger and Ramsay Cook ( 1976 ) - K . M . McLaughlin , Race , Religion and Politics : The Election of 1896 in Canada , PhD thesis , University of Toronto ( 1974 ) - D . H . Tait , The Role of Charles Tupper in Nova Scotian Politics , 1855–1870 , M.A . thesis , Dalhousie University ( 1962 ) - A . W . MacIntosh , The career of Sir Charles Tupper in Canada , 1864–1900 ( Ph.D . thesis , Univ . of Toronto , 1960 ) - H . [ W. ] Charlesworth , Candid chronicler : leaves from the note book of a Canadian journalist ( Toronto , 1925 ) - J . W . Longley , Sir Charles Tupper ( Toronto , 1916 ) - The Life and Letters of the Rt . Hon . Sir Charles Tupper , Bart. , K.C.M.G. , ed . E . M . Saunders , 2 vols . ( 1916 ) - E . M . Saunders , Three premiers of Nova Scotia .. . ( Toronto , 1909 ) External links . - Biography from Library and Archives Canada website - Sir Charles Tupper – Library and Archives Canada - Sir Charles Tupper fonds at Library and Archives Canada - The Life of Sir Charles Tupper from the June 1939 edition of the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association - The Right Hon . Sir Charles Tupper , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , C.B. , LL.D. , M.D. , 1821–1915 from the June 12 , 1965 , edition of the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association - Sir John and Sir Charles , or The Secrets of the Syndicate – an 1881 Shakespearean satire on Macdonald and Tuppers roles in awarding George Stephens syndicate control of the Canadian Pacific Railway - Tuppers grave site - Sir Charles Tupper Prime Minister of Canada ( 1896 ) – The Quebec History Encyclopedia

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What position did Charles Tupper take from 1887 to May 1888?

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Charles Tupper Sir Charles Tupper , 1st Baronet , ( July 2 , 1821 – October 30 , 1915 ) was a Canadian father of Confederation : as the premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867 , he led Nova Scotia into Confederation . He went on to serve as the seventh prime minister of Canada , sworn into office on May 1 , 1896 , seven days after parliament had been dissolved . He lost the June 23 election and resigned on July 8 , 1896 . His 69-day term as prime minister is the shortest in Canadian history . Tupper was born in Amherst , Nova Scotia to the Rev . Charles Tupper and Miriam Lockhart . He was educated at Horton Academy , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , graduating MD in 1843 . By the age of 22 he had handled 116 obstetric cases . He practiced medicine periodically throughout his political career ( and served as the first president of the Canadian Medical Association ) . He entered Nova Scotian politics in 1855 as a protégé of James William Johnston . During Johnstons tenure as premier of Nova Scotia in 1857–1859 and 1863–1864 , Tupper served as provincial secretary . Tupper replaced Johnston as premier in 1864 . As premier , he established public education in Nova Scotia and expanded Nova Scotias railway network in order to promote industry . By 1860 , Tupper supported a union of all the colonies of British North America . Believing that immediate union of all the colonies was impossible , in 1864 , he proposed a Maritime Union . However , representatives of the Province of Canada asked to be allowed to attend the meeting in Charlottetown scheduled to discuss Maritime Union in order to present a proposal for a wider union , and the Charlottetown Conference thus became the first of the three conferences that secured Canadian Confederation . Tupper also represented Nova Scotia at the other two conferences , the Quebec Conference ( 1864 ) and the London Conference of 1866 . In Nova Scotia , Tupper organized a Confederation Party to combat the activities of the Anti-Confederation Party organized by Joseph Howe and successfully led Nova Scotia into Confederation . Following the passage of the British North America Act in 1867 , Tupper resigned as premier of Nova Scotia and began a career in federal politics . He held multiple cabinet positions under Prime Minister Sir John A . Macdonald , including President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada ( 1870–1872 ) , Minister of Inland Revenue ( 1872–1873 ) , Minister of Customs ( 1873–1874 ) , Minister of Public Works ( 1878–1879 ) , and Minister of Railways and Canals ( 1879–1884 ) . Initially groomed as Macdonalds successor , Tupper had a falling out with Macdonald , and by the early 1880s , he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Tupper took up his post in London in 1883 , and would remain High Commissioner until 1895 , although in 1887–1888 , he served as Minister of Finance without relinquishing the High Commissionership . In 1895 , the government of Sir Mackenzie Bowell floundered over the Manitoba Schools Question ; as a result , several leading members of the Conservative Party of Canada demanded the return of Tupper to serve as prime minister . Tupper accepted this invitation and returned to Canada , becoming prime minister in May 1896 . An election was called , just before he was sworn in as prime minister , which his party lost to Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals . Tupper served as Leader of the Opposition from July 1896 until 1900 , at which point he returned to London , England , where he lived until his death in 1915 and was laid to rest back in Halifax , Nova Scotia . He was the last surviving Canadian father of Confederation . In 2016 , he was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame . Early life , 1821–1855 . Tupper was born in Amherst , Nova Scotia , to Charles Tupper , Sr. , and Miriam Lowe , Lockhart . He was a descendant of Richard Warren , a Mayflower Pilgrim who signed the Mayflower Compact . Charles Tupper , Sr. , ( 1794–1881 ) was the co-pastor of the local Baptist church . He had been ordained as a Baptist minister in 1817 , and was editor of Baptist Magazine 1832–1836 . He was an accomplished Biblical scholar , and published Scriptural Baptism ( Halifax , Nova Scotia , 1850 ) and Expository Notes on the Syriac Version of the Scriptures . Beginning in 1837 , at age 16 , Charles Tupper , Jr. , attended Horton Academy in Wolfville , Nova Scotia , where he learned Latin , Greek , and some French . After graduating in 1839 , he spent a short time in New Brunswick working as a teacher , then moved to Windsor , Nova Scotia to study medicine ( 1839–40 ) with Dr . Ebenezer Fitch Harding . Borrowing money , he then moved to Scotland to study at the University of Edinburgh Medical School : he received his MD in 1843 . During his time in Edinburgh , Tuppers commitment to his Baptist faith faltered , and he drank Scotch whisky for the first time . Returning to Nova Scotia in 1846 , he broke off an engagement that he had contracted at age 17 with the daughter of a wealthy Halifax merchant , and instead married Frances Morse ( 1826–1912 ) , the granddaughter of Colonel Joseph Morse , a founder of Amherst , Nova Scotia . The Tuppers had three sons ( Orin Stewart , Charles Hibbert , and William Johnston ) and three daughters ( Emma , Elizabeth Stewart ( Lilly ) , and Sophy Almon ) . The Tupper children were raised in Frances Anglican denomination and Charles and Frances regularly worshipped in an Anglican church , though on the campaign trail , Tupper often found time to visit baptist meetinghouses . Tupper set himself up as a physician in Amherst , Nova Scotia and opened a drugstore . Early years in Nova Scotia politics , 1855–1864 . The leader of the Conservative Party of Nova Scotia , James William Johnston , a fellow Baptist and family friend of the Tuppers , encouraged Charles Tupper to enter politics . In 1855 Tupper ran against the prominent Liberal politician Joseph Howe for the Cumberland County seat in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly . Joseph Howe would be Tuppers political opponent several times in years to come . Although Tupper won his seat , the 1855 election was an overall disaster for the Nova Scotia Conservatives , with the Liberals , led by William Young , winning a large majority . Young consequently became Premier of Nova Scotia . At a caucus meeting in January 1856 , Tupper recommended a new direction for the Conservative party : they should begin actively courting Nova Scotias Roman Catholic minority and should eagerly embrace railroad construction . Having just led his party into a disastrous election campaign , Johnston decided to basically cede control of the party to Tupper , though Johnston remained the partys leader . During 1856 Tupper led Conservative attacks on the government , leading Joseph Howe to dub Tupper the wicked wasp of Cumberland . In early 1857 Tupper convinced a number of Roman Catholic Liberal members to cross the floor to join the Conservatives , reducing Youngs government to the status of a minority government . As a result , Young was forced to resign in February 1857 , and the Conservatives formed a government with Johnston as premier . Tupper became the provincial secretary . In Tuppers first speech to the House of Assembly as provincial secretary , he set forth an ambitious plan of railroad construction . Tupper had thus embarked on the major theme of his political life : that Nova Scotians ( and later Canadians ) should downplay their ethnic and religious differences , focusing instead on developing the lands natural resources . He argued that with Nova Scotias inexhaustible mines , it could become a vast manufacturing mart for the east coast of North America . He quickly persuaded Johnston to end the General Mining Associations monopoly over Nova Scotia minerals . In June 1857 , Tupper initiated discussions with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada concerning an intercolonial railway . He traveled to London in 1858 to attempt to secure imperial backing for this project . During these discussions , Tupper realized that Canadians were more interested in discussing federal union , while the British ( with the Earl of Derby in his second term as Prime Minister ) were too absorbed in their own immediate interests . As such , nothing came of the 1858 discussions for an intercolonial railway . Sectarian conflict played a major role in the May 1859 elections , with Catholics largely supporting the Conservatives and Protestants shifting toward the Liberals . Tupper barely retained his seat . The Conservatives were barely re-elected and lost a confidence vote later that year . Johnston asked the Governor of Nova Scotia , Lord Mulgrave , for dissolution , but Mulgrave refused and invited William Young to form a government . Tupper was outraged and petitioned the British government , asking them to recall Mulgrave . For the next three years , Tupper was ferocious in his denunciations of the Liberal government , first Young , and then Joseph Howe , who succeeded Young in 1860 . This came to a head in 1863 when the Liberals introduced legislation to restrict the Nova Scotia franchise , a move which Johnston and Tupper successfully blocked . Tupper continued practicing medicine during this period . He established a successful medical practice in Halifax , rising to become the city medical officer . In 1863 he was elected president of the Medical Society of Nova Scotia . In the June 1863 election , the Conservatives campaigned on a platform of railroad construction and expanded access to public education . The Conservatives won a large majority , taking 44 of the House of Assemblys 55 seats . Johnston resumed his duties as premier and Tupper again became provincial secretary . As a further sign of the Conservatives commitment to non-sectarianism , in 1863 , after a 20-year hiatus , Dalhousie College was re-opened as a non-denominational institution of higher learning . Johnston retired from politics in May 1864 when he was appointed as a judge , and Tupper was chosen as his successor as premier of Nova Scotia . Premier of Nova Scotia , 1864–1867 . Tupper introduced ambitious education legislation in 1864 creating a system of state-subsidized common schools . In 1865 he introduced a bill providing for compulsory local taxation to fund these schools . Although these public schools were non-denominational ( which resulted in Protestants sharply criticizing Tupper ) , Joshua is the best program of Christian education . However , many Protestants , particularly fellow Baptists , felt that Tupper had sold them out . To regain their trust he appointed Baptist educator Theodore Harding Rand as Nova Scotias first superintendent of education . This raised concern among Catholics , led by Thomas-Louis Connolly , Archbishop of Halifax , who demanded state-funded Catholic schools . Tupper reached a compromise with Archbishop Connolly whereby Catholic-run schools could receive public funding , so long as they provided their religious instruction after hours . Making good on his promise for expanded railroad construction , in 1864 Tupper appointed Sandford Fleming as the chief engineer of the Nova Scotia Railway in order to expand the line from Truro to Pictou Landing . In January 1866 he awarded Fleming a contract to complete the line after local contractors proved too slow . Though this decision was controversial , it did result in the lines being completed by May 1867 . A second proposed line , from Annapolis Royal to Windsor initially faltered , but was eventually completed in 1869 by the privately owned Windsor & Annapolis Railway . Tuppers role in securing Canadian Confederation . In the run-up to the 1859 Nova Scotia election , Tupper had been unwilling to commit to the idea of a union with the other British North American colonies . By 1860 , however , he had reconsidered his position . Tupper outlined his changed position in a lecture delivered at Saint John , New Brunswick entitled The Political Condition of British North America . The title of the lecture was a homage to Lord Durhams 1838 Report on the Affairs of British North America and assessed the condition of British North America in the two decades following Lord Durhams famous report . Although Tupper was interested in the potential economic consequences of a union with the other colonies , the bulk of his lecture addressed the place of British North America within the wider British Empire . Having been convinced by his 1858 trip to London that British politicians were unwilling to pay attention to small colonies such as Nova Scotia , Tupper argued that Nova Scotia and the other Maritime colonies could never hope to occupy a position of influence or importance except in connection with their larger sister Canada . Tupper therefore proposed to create a British America , which stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific , would in a few years exhibit to the world a great and powerful organization , with British Institutions , British sympathies , and British feelings , bound indissolubly to the throne of England . Charlottetown Conference , September 1864 . With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 , Tupper worried that a victorious North would turn northward and conquer the British North American provinces . This caused him to redouble his commitment to union , which he now saw as essential to protecting the British colonies against American aggression . Since he thought that full union among the British North American colonies would be unachievable for many years , on March 28 , 1864 , Tupper instead proposed a Maritime Union which would unite the Maritime provinces in advance of a projected future union with the Province of Canada . A conference to discuss the proposed union of Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island was scheduled to be held in Charlottetown in September 1864 . Tupper was pleasantly surprised when the Premier of the Province of Canada , John A . Macdonald , asked to be allowed to attend the Charlottetown Conference . The Conference , which was co-chaired by Tupper and New Brunswick Premier Samuel Leonard Tilley , welcomed the Canadian delegation and asked them to join the conference . The conference proved to be a smashing success , and resulted in an agreement-in-principle to form a union of the four colonies . Quebec Conference , October 1864 . The Quebec Conference was held on October 10 , as a follow-up to the Charlottetown Conference , with Newfoundland only attending to observe . Tupper headed the Nova Scotia delegation to the Quebec Conference . He supported a legislative union of the colonies ( which would mean that there would be only one legislature for the united colonies ) . However , the French Canadian delegates to the conference , notably George-Étienne Cartier and Hector-Louis Langevin , strongly opposed the idea of a legislative union . Tupper threw his weight behind Macdonalds proposal for a federal union , which would see each colony retain its own legislature , with a central legislature in charge of common interests . Tupper argued in favour of a strong central government as a second best to a pure legislative union . He felt , however , that the local legislatures should retain the ability to levy duties on their natural resources . Concerned that a united legislature would be dominated by the Province of Canada , Tupper pushed for regional representation in the upper house of the confederated colonies ( a goal which would be achieved in the makeup of the Senate of Canada ) . On the topic of which level of government would control customs in the union , Tupper ultimately agreed to accept the formula by which the federal government controlled customs in exchange for an annual subsidy of 80 cents a year for each Nova Scotian . This deal was ultimately not good for Nova Scotia , which had historically received most of its government revenue from customs , and as a result , Nova Scotia entered Confederation with a deficit . Aftermath of the Quebec Conference . Although Tupper had given up much at the Quebec Conference , he thought that he would be able to convince Nova Scotians that the deal he negotiated was in some good for Nova Scotia . He was therefore surprised when the deal he had negotiated at Quebec was roundly criticized by Nova Scotians : the Opposition Leader Adams George Archibald was the only member of the Liberal caucus to support Confederation . Former premier Joseph Howe now organized an Anti-Confederation Party and anti-Confederation sentiments were so strong that Tupper decided to postpone a vote of the legislature on the question of Confederation for a full year . Tupper now organized supporters of Confederation into a Confederation Party to push for the union . In April 1866 , Tupper secured a motion of the Nova Scotia legislature in favour of union by promising that he would renegotiate the Seventy-two Resolutions at the upcoming conference in London . London Conference , 1866 . Joseph Howe had begun a pamphlet campaign in the UK to turn British public opinion against the proposed union . Therefore , when Tupper arrived in the UK , he immediately initiated a campaign of pamphlets and letters to the editor designed to refute Howes assertions . Although Tupper did attempt to renegotiate the 72 Resolutions as he had promised , he was ineffective in securing any major changes . The only major change agreed to at the London Conference arguably did not benefit Nova Scotia – responsibility for the fisheries , which was going to be a joint federal-provincial responsibility under the Quebec agreement , became solely a federal concern . The final push for Confederation . Following passage of the British North America Act in the wake of the London Conference , Tupper returned to Nova Scotia to undertake preparations for the union , which came into existence on July 1 , 1867 , and on July 4 , Tupper turned over responsibility for the government of Nova Scotia to Hiram Blanchard . In honour of the role he had played in securing Confederation , Tupper was made a Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1867 . He was now entitled to use the postnomial letters CB . Career in the Parliament of Canada , 1867–1884 . Fighting the Anti-Confederates , 1867–1869 . The first elections for the new House of Commons of Canada were held in August–September 1867 . Tupper ran as a member for the new federal riding of Cumberland and won his seat . However , he was the only pro-Confederation candidate to win a seat from Nova Scotia in the 1st Canadian Parliament , with Joseph Howe and the Anti-Confederates winning every other seat . As an ally of Sir John A . Macdonald and the Liberal-Conservative Party , it was widely believed that Tupper would have a place in the first Cabinet of Canada . However , when Macdonald ran into difficulties in organizing this cabinet , Tupper stepped aside in favour of Edward Kenny . Instead , Tupper set up a medical practice in Ottawa and was elected as the first president of the new Canadian Medical Association , a position he held until 1870 . In the November 1867 provincial elections in Nova Scotia , the pro-Confederation Hiram Blanchard was defeated by the leader of the Anti-Confederation Party , William Annand . Given the unpopularity of Confederation within Nova Scotia , Joseph Howe traveled to London in 1868 to attempt to persuade the British government ( headed by the Earl of Derby , and then after February 1868 by Benjamin Disraeli ) to allow Nova Scotia to secede from Confederation . Tupper followed Howe to London where he successfully lobbied British politicians against allowing Nova Scotia to secede . Following his victory in London , Tupper proposed a reconciliation with Howe : in exchange for Howes agreeing to stop fighting against the union , Tupper and Howe would be allies in the fight to protect Nova Scotias interests within Confederation . Howe agreed to Tuppers proposal and in January 1869 entered the Canadian cabinet as President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada . With the outbreak of the Red River Rebellion in 1869 , Tupper was distressed to find that his daughter Emmas husband was being held hostage by Louis Riel and the rebels . He rushed to the northwest to rescue his son-in-law . President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada , 1870–1872 . When Howes health declined the next year , Tupper finally entered the 1st Canadian Ministry by becoming Privy Council president in June 1870 . The next year was dominated by a dispute with the United States regarding US access to the Atlantic fisheries . Tupper thought that the British should restrict American access to these fisheries so that they could negotiate from a position of strength . When Prime Minister Macdonald travelled to represent Canadas interests at the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Washington ( 1871 ) , Tupper served as Macdonalds liaison with the federal cabinet . Minister of Inland Revenue , 1872–1873 . On January 19 , 1872 , Tuppers service as Privy Council president ended and he became Minister of Inland Revenue . Tupper led the Nova Scotia campaign for the Liberal-Conservative party during the Canadian federal election of 1872 . His efforts paid off when Nova Scotia returned not a single Anti-Confederate Member of Parliament to the 2nd Canadian Parliament , and 20 of Nova Scotias 21 MPs were Liberal-Conservatives . ( The Liberal-Conservative Party changed its name to the Conservative Party in 1873. ) Minister of Customs , 1873–1874 . In February 1873 , Tupper was shifted from Inland Revenue to become Minister of Customs , and in this position he was successful in having British weights and measures adopted as the uniform standard for the united colonies . He would not hold this post for long , however , as Macdonalds government was rocked by the Pacific Scandal throughout 1873 . In November 1873 , the 1st Canadian Ministry was forced to resign and was replaced by the 2nd Canadian Ministry headed by Liberal Alexander Mackenzie . Years in Opposition , 1874–1878 . Tupper had not been involved in the Pacific Scandal , but he nevertheless continued to support Macdonald and his Conservative colleagues both before and after the 1874 election . The 1874 election was disastrous for the Conservatives , and in Nova Scotia , Tupper was one of only two Conservative MPs returned to the 3rd Canadian Parliament . Though Macdonald stayed on as Conservative leader , Tupper now assumed a more prominent role in the Conservative Party and was widely seen as Macdonalds heir apparent . He led Conservative attacks on the Mackenzie government throughout the 3rd Parliament . The Mackenzie government attempted to negotiate a new free trade agreement with the United States to replace the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty which the U.S . had abrogated in 1864 . When Mackenzie proved unable to achieve reciprocity , Tupper began shifting toward protectionism and became a proponent of the National Policy which became a part of the Conservative platform in 1876 . The sincerity of Tuppers conversion to the protectionist cause was doubted at the time , however : according to one apocryphal story , when Tupper came to the 1876 debate on Finance Minister Richard John Cartwrights budget , he was prepared to advocate free trade if Cartwright had announced that the Liberals had shifted their position and were now supporting protectionism . Tupper was also deeply critical of Mackenzies approach to railways , arguing that completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which would link British Columbia ( which entered Confederation in 1871 ) with the rest of Canada , should be a stronger government priority than it was for Mackenzie . This position also became an integral part of the Conservative platform . As on previous occasions when he was not in cabinet , Tupper was active in practicing medicine during the 1874–78 stint in Opposition , though he was dedicating less and less of his time to medicine during this period . Tupper was a councillor of the Oxford Military College in Cowley and Oxford , Oxfordshire from 1876–1896 . Minister of Public Works , 1878–1879 . During the 1878 election Tupper again led the Conservative campaign in Nova Scotia . The Conservatives under Macdonald won a resounding majority in the election , in the process capturing 16 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 4th Canadian Parliament . With the formation of the 3rd Canadian Ministry on October 17 , 1878 , Tupper became Minister of Public Works . His top priority was completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which he saw as an Imperial Highway across the Continent of America entirely on British soil . This marked a shift in Tuppers position : although he had long argued that completion of the railway should be a major government priority , while Tupper was in Opposition , he argued that the railway should be privately constructed ; he now argued that the railway ought to be completed as a public work , partly because he believed that the private sector could not complete the railroad given the recession which gripped the country throughout the 1870s . Minister of Railways and Canals , 1879–1884 . In May 1879 , Macdonald decided that completion of the railway was such a priority that he created a new ministry to focus on railways and canals , and Tupper became Canadas first Minister of Railways and Canals . Tuppers motto as Minister of Railways and Canals was Develop our resources . He stated I have always supposed that the great object , in every country , and especially in a new country , was to draw as [ many ] capitalists into it as possible . Tupper traveled to London in summer 1879 to attempt to persuade the British government ( then headed by the Earl of Beaconsfield in his second term as prime minister ) to guarantee a bond sale to be used to construct the railway . He was not successful , though he did manage to purchase 50,000 tons of steel rails at a bargain price . Tuppers old friend Sandford Fleming oversaw the railway construction , but his inability to keep costs down led to political controversy , and Tupper was forced to remove Fleming as Chief Engineer in May 1880 . 1879 also saw Tupper made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George , and thus entitled to use the postnominal letters KCMG . In 1880 , George Stephen approached Tupper on behalf of a syndicate and asked to be allowed to take over construction of the railway . Convinced that Stephens syndicate was up to the task , Tupper convinced the cabinet to back the plan at a meeting in June 1880 and , together with Macdonald , negotiated a contract with the syndicate in October . The syndicate successfully created the Canadian Pacific Railway in February 1881 and assumed construction of the railway shortly thereafter . In the following years Tupper was a vocal supporter of the CPR during its competition with the Grand Trunk Railway . In December 1883 he worked out a rescue plan for the CPR after it faced financial difficulties and persuaded his party and Parliament to accept the plan . In addition to his support for completion of the CPR , Tupper also actively managed the existing railways in the colonies . Shortly after becoming minister in 1879 , he forced the Intercolonial Railway to lower its freight rates , which had been a major grievance of Maritime business interests . He then forced the Grand Trunk Railway to sell its Rivière-du-Loup line to the Intercolonial Railway to complete a link between Halifax and the St . Lawrence Seaway . He also refused to give the CPR running rights over the Intercolonial Railway , though he did convince the CPR to build the Short Line from Halifax to Saint John . In terms of canals , Tuppers time as Minister of Railways and Canals is notable for large expenditures on widening the Welland Canal and deepening the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Deterioration of relationship with Macdonald and appointment as High Commissioner . A rift developed between Tupper and Macdonald in 1879 over Sandford Fleming , whom Tupper supported but whom Macdonald wanted removed as Chief Engineer of the CPR . This rift was partially healed and Tupper and Macdonald managed to work together during the negotiations with George Stephens syndicate in 1880 , but the men were no longer close , and Tupper no longer seemed to be Macdonalds heir apparent . By early 1881 Tupper had determined that he should leave the cabinet . In March 1881 he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadas High Commissioner in London . Macdonald initially refused , and Alexander Tilloch Galt retained the High Commissioners post . During the 1882 election , Tupper campaigned only in Nova Scotia ( he normally campaigned throughout the country ) : he was again successful , with the Conservatives winning 14 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 5th Canadian Parliament . The 1882 election was personally significant for Tupper because it saw his son , Charles Hibbert Tupper , elected as MP for Pictou . Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom , 1883–1895 . Early years as High Commissioner , 1883–1887 . Tupper remained committed to leaving Ottawa , however , and in May 1883 , he moved to London to become unpaid High Commissioner , though he did not surrender his ministerial position at the time . However , he soon faced criticism that the two posts were incompatible , and in May 1884 he resigned from cabinet and the House of Commons and became full-time paid High Commissioner . During his time as High Commissioner , Tupper vigorously defended Canadas rights . Although he was not a full plenipotentiary , he represented Canada at a Paris conference in 1883 , where he openly disagreed with the British delegation ; and in 1884 he was allowed to conduct negotiations for a Canadian commercial treaty with Spain . Tupper was concerned with promoting immigration to Canada and made several tours of various countries in Europe to encourage their citizens to move to Canada . A report in 1883 acknowledges the work of Sir Charles Tupper : As directing emigration from the United Kingdom and also the Continent , his work has been greatly valuable ; and especially in reference to the arrangements made by him on the Continent and in Ireland . The High Commissioner for Canada , Sir Charles Tupper , has been aided during the past year by the same Emigration Agents of the Department in the United Kingdom as in 1882 , namely , Mr . John Dyke , Liverpool ; Mr . Thomas Grahame , Glasgow ; Mr . Charles Foy , Belfast ; Mr . Thomas Connolly , Dublin , and Mr . J.W . Down , Bristol . On the European continent , Dr . Otto Hahn , of Reutlingen , has continued to act as Agent in Germany . In 1883 , Tupper convinced William Ewart Gladstones government to exempt Canadian cattle from the general British ban on importing American cattle by demonstrating that Canadian cattle were free of disease . His other duties as High Commissioner included : putting Canadian exporters in contact with British importers ; negotiating loans for the Canadian government and the CPR ; helping to organize the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 ; arranging for a subsidy for the mail ship from Vancouver , British Columbia to the Orient ; and lobbying on behalf of a British-Pacific cable along the lines of the transatlantic telegraph cable and for a faster transatlantic steam ship . Tupper was present at the founding meeting of the Imperial Federation League in July 1884 , where he argued against a resolution which said that the only options open to the British Empire were Imperial Federation or disintegration . Tupper believed that a form of limited federation was possible and desirable . Interlude as Minister of Finance , 1887–1888 . 1884 saw the election of Liberal William Stevens Fielding as Premier of Nova Scotia after Fielding campaigned on a platform of leading Nova Scotia out of Confederation . As such , throughout 1886 , Macdonald begged Tupper to return to Canada to fight the Anti-Confederates . In January 1887 Tupper returned to Canada to rejoin the 3rd Canadian Ministry as Minister of Finance of Canada , while retaining his post as High Commissioner . During the 1887 federal election , Tupper again presented the pro-Confederation argument to the people of Nova Scotia , and again the Conservatives won 14 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 6th Canadian Parliament . During his year as finance minister , Tupper retained the governments commitment to protectionism , even extending it to the iron and steel industry . By this time Tupper was convinced that Canada was ready to move on to its second stage of industrial development . In part , he held out the prospect of the development of a great iron industry as an inducement to keep Nova Scotia from seceding . Tuppers unique position of being both Minister of Finance and High Commissioner to London served him well in an emerging crisis in American-Canadian relations : in 1885 , the U.S . abrogated the fisheries clause of the Treaty of Washington ( 1871 ) , and the Canadian government retaliated against American fishermen with a narrow reading of the Treaty of 1818 . Acting as High Commissioner , Tupper pressured the British government ( then led by Lord Salisbury ) to stand firm in defending Canadas rights . The result was the appointment of a Joint Commission in 1887 , with Tupper serving as one of the three British commissioners to negotiate with the Americans . Salisbury selected Joseph Chamberlain as one of the British commissioners . John Thompson served as the British delegations legal counsel . During the negotiations , U.S . Secretary of State Thomas F . Bayard complained that Mr . Chamberlain has yielded the control of the negotiations over to Sir Charles Tupper , who subjects the questions to the demands of Canadian politics . The result of the negotiations was a treaty ( the Treaty of Washington of 1888 ) that made such concessions to Canada that it was ultimately rejected by the American Senate in February 1888 . However , although the treaty was rejected , the Commission had managed to temporarily resolve the dispute . Following the long conclusion of these negotiations , Tupper decided to return to London to become High-Commissioner full-time . Macdonald tried to persuade Tupper to stay in Ottawa : during the political crisis surrounding the 1885 North-West Rebellion , Macdonald had pledged to nominate Sir Hector-Louis Langevin as his successor ; Macdonald now told Tupper that he would break this promise and nominate Tupper as his successor . Tupper was not convinced , however , and resigned as Minister of Finance on May 23 , 1888 , and moved back to London . Later years as High Commissioner , 1888–1895 . For Tuppers work on the Joint Commission , Joseph Chamberlain arranged for Tupper to become a baronet of the United Kingdom , and the Tupper Baronetcy was created on September 13 , 1888 . In 1889 , tensions were high between the U.S . and Canada when the U.S . banned Canadians from engaging in the seal hunt in the Bering Sea as part of the ongoing Bering Sea Dispute between the U.S . and Britain . Tupper traveled to Washington , D.C . to represent Canadian interests during the negotiations and was something of an embarrassment to the British diplomats . When , in 1890 , the provincial secretary of Newfoundland , Robert Bond , negotiated a fisheries treaty with the U.S . that Tupper felt was not in Canadas interest , Tupper successfully persuaded the British government ( then under Lord Salisburys second term ) to reject the treaty . Tupper remained an active politician during his time as High Commissioner , which was controversial because diplomats are traditionally expected to be nonpartisan . ( Tuppers successor as High Commissioner , Donald Smith would succeed in turning the High Commissioners office into a nonpartisan office. ) As such , Tupper returned to Canada to campaign on behalf of the Conservatives National Policy during the 1891 election . Tupper continued to be active in the Imperial Federation League , though after 1887 , the League was split over the issue of regular colonial contribution to imperial defense . As a result , the League was dissolved in 1893 , for which some people blamed Tupper . With respect to the British Empire , Tupper advocated a system of mutual preferential trading . In a series of articles in Nineteenth Century in 1891 and 1892 , Tupper denounced the position that Canada should unilaterally reduce its tariff on British goods . Rather , he argued that any such tariff reduction should only come as part of a wider trade agreement in which tariffs on Canadian goods would also be reduced at the same time . Sir John A . Macdonalds death in 1891 opened the possibility of Tuppers replacing him as Prime Minister of Canada , but Tupper enjoyed life in London and decided against returning to Canada . He recommended that his son support Sir John Thompsons prime ministerial bid . Tupper becomes prime minister , 1895–1896 . Sir John Thompson died suddenly in office in December 1894 . Many observers expected the Governor General of Canada , Lord Aberdeen , to invite Tupper to return to Canada to become prime minister . However , Lord Aberdeen disliked Tupper and instead invited Sir Mackenzie Bowell to replace Thompson as prime minister . The greatest challenge facing Bowell as prime minister was the Manitoba Schools Question . The Conservative Party was bitterly divided on how to handle the Manitoba Schools Question , and as a result , on January 4 , 1896 , seven cabinet ministers resigned , demanding the return of Tupper . As a result , Bowell and Aberdeen were forced to invite Tupper to join the 6th Canadian Ministry and on January 15 Tupper became Secretary of State for Canada , with the understanding that he would become prime minister following the dissolution of the 7th Canadian Parliament . Returning to Canada , Tupper was elected to the 7th Canadian Parliament as member for Cape Breton during a by-election held on February 4 , 1896 . At this point , Tupper was the de facto prime minister , though legally Bowell was still prime minister . Tuppers position on the Manitoba Schools Act was that French Catholics in Manitoba had been promised the right to separate state-funded French-language Catholic schools in the Manitoba Act of 1870 . Thus , even though he personally opposed French-language Catholic schools in Manitoba , he believed that the government should stand by its promise and therefore oppose Dalton McCarthys Manitoba Schools Act . He maintained this position even after the Manitoba Schools Act was upheld by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In 1895 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled that the Canadian federal government could pass remedial legislation to overrule the Manitoba Schools Act ( see Disallowance and reservation ) . Therefore , in February 1896 Tupper introduced this remedial legislation in the House of Commons . The bill was filibustered by a combination of extreme Protestants led by McCarthy and Liberals led by Wilfrid Laurier . This filibuster resulted in Tuppers abandoning the bill and asking for a dissolution . Prime Minister , May–July 1896 . Parliament was dissolved on April 24 , 1896 , and the 7th Canadian Ministry with Tupper as prime minister was sworn in on May 1 making him , with John Turner and Kim Campbell , one of the only three prime ministers to never sit in Parliament while in office as Prime Minister . Tupper remains the oldest person ever to become Canadian prime minister , at age 74 . Throughout the 1896 election campaign , Tupper argued that the real issue of the election was the future of Canadian industry , and insisted that Conservatives needed to unite to defeat the Patrons of Industry . However , the Conservatives were so bitterly divided over the Manitoba Schools Question that wherever he spoke , he was faced with a barrage of criticism , most notably at a two-hour address he gave at Massey Hall in Toronto , which was constantly interrupted by the crowd . Wilfrid Laurier , on the other hand , modified the traditional Liberal stance on free trade and embraced aspects of the National Policy . In the end , the Conservatives won the most votes in the 1896 election ( 48.2% of the votes , in comparison to 41.4% for the Liberals ) . However , they captured only about half of the seats in English Canada , while Lauriers Liberals won a landslide victory in Quebec , where Tuppers reputation as an ardent imperialist was a major handicap . Tuppers inability to persuade Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau to return to active politics as his Quebec lieutenant was the nail in the coffin for the Conservatives campaign in Quebec . Although Laurier had clearly won the election on June 24 , Tupper initially refused to cede power , insisting that Laurier would be unable to form a government despite the Liberal Partys having won 55% of the seats in the House of Commons . However , when Tupper attempted to make appointments as prime minister , Lord Aberdeen refused to act on Tuppers advice . Tupper then chose to resign immediately and Aberdeen invited Laurier to form a government . Tupper maintained that Lord Aberdeens actions were unconstitutional . Tuppers 68 days is the shortest term of all prime ministers . His government never faced a Parliament . His portrait , by Victor Albert Long , hangs in the Parliament Buildings . Leader of the Opposition , 1896–1900 . As Leader of the Opposition during the 8th Canadian Parliament , Tupper attempted to regain the loyalty of those Conservatives who had deserted the party over the Manitoba Schools Question . He played up loyalty to the British Empire . Tupper strongly supported Canadian participation in the Second Boer War , which broke out in 1899 , and criticized Laurier for not doing enough to support Britain in the war . The 1900 election saw the Conservatives pick up 17 Ontario seats in the 9th Canadian Parliament . This was a small consolation , however , Lauriers Liberals won a definitive majority and had a clear mandate for a second term . Worse for Tupper was the fact he had failed to carry his own seat , losing the Cape Breton seat to Liberal Alexander Johnston . In November 1900 , two weeks after the election , Tupper stepped down as leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Opposition – the caucus chose as his successor fellow Nova Scotian Robert Laird Borden . Later years , 1901–1915 . Following his defeat in the 1900 election , Tupper and his wife settled with their daughter Emma in Bexleyheath in north-west Kent . He continued to make frequent trips to Canada to visit his sons Charles Hibbert Tupper and William Johnston Tupper , both of whom were Canadian politicians . On November 9 , 1907 , Tupper became a member of the British Privy Council . He was also promoted to the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George , which entitled him to use the postnominal letters GCMG . Tupper remained interested in imperial politics , and particularly with promoting Canadas place within the British Empire . He sat on the executive committee of the British Empire League and advocated closer economic ties between Canada and Britain , while continuing to oppose Imperial Federation and requests for Canada to make a direct contribution to imperial defense costs ( though he supported Bordens decision to voluntarily make an emergency contribution of dreadnoughts to the Royal Navy in 1912 ) . In his retirement , Tupper wrote his memoirs , entitled Recollections of Sixty Years in Canada , which were published in 1914 . He also gave a series of interviews to journalist W . A . Harkin which formed the basis of a second book published in 1914 , entitled Political Reminiscences of the Right Honourable Sir Charles Tupper . Tuppers wife , Lady Tupper died in May 1912 . His eldest son Orin died in April 1915 . On October 30 , 1915 , in Bexleyheath , Tupper died . He was the last of the original Fathers of Confederation to die , and had lived the longest life of any Canadian prime minister , at 94 years , four months . His body was returned to Canada on HMS Blenheim ( the same vessel that had carried the body of Tuppers colleague , Sir John Thompson to Halifax when Thompson died in England in 1894 ) and was buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Halifax following a state funeral with a mile-long procession . Legacy and recognition . Tupper will be most remembered as a Father of Confederation , and his long career as a federal cabinet minister , rather than his brief time as Prime Minister . As the Premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867 , he led Nova Scotia into Confederation and persuaded Joseph Howe to join the new federal government , bringing an end to the anti-Confederation movement in Nova Scotia . In their 1999 study of the Canadian Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien , J.L . Granatstein and Norman Hillmer included the results of a survey of Canadian historians ranking the Prime Ministers . Tupper ranked No . 16 out of the 20 up to that time , due to his extremely short tenure in which he was unable to accomplish anything of significance . Historians noted that despite Tuppers elderly age , he showed a determination and spirit during his brief time as Prime Minister that almost beat Laurier in the 1896 election . Mount Tupper in the Canadian Rockies and the Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa are named for him . The Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building is the central building of the Dalhousie Medical School in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Facility naming . - Sir Charles Tupper Secondary School in Vancouver , British Columbia - Sir Charles Tupper School in Halifax - Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building at the Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University - Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa Further reading . - Johanna Bertin , Sir Charles Tupper : The Bully for Any Great Cause ( 2006 ) - Jock Murray and Janet Murray , Sir Charles Tupper : Fighting Doctor to Father of Confederation ( 1998 ) - Robert Page , Tupper’s Last Hurrah : The Years as Opposition Leader , 1896–1900 in The West and the Nation : Essays in Honour of W . L . Morton , ed . Carl Berger and Ramsay Cook ( 1976 ) - K . M . McLaughlin , Race , Religion and Politics : The Election of 1896 in Canada , PhD thesis , University of Toronto ( 1974 ) - D . H . Tait , The Role of Charles Tupper in Nova Scotian Politics , 1855–1870 , M.A . thesis , Dalhousie University ( 1962 ) - A . W . MacIntosh , The career of Sir Charles Tupper in Canada , 1864–1900 ( Ph.D . thesis , Univ . of Toronto , 1960 ) - H . [ W. ] Charlesworth , Candid chronicler : leaves from the note book of a Canadian journalist ( Toronto , 1925 ) - J . W . Longley , Sir Charles Tupper ( Toronto , 1916 ) - The Life and Letters of the Rt . Hon . Sir Charles Tupper , Bart. , K.C.M.G. , ed . E . M . Saunders , 2 vols . ( 1916 ) - E . M . Saunders , Three premiers of Nova Scotia .. . ( Toronto , 1909 ) External links . - Biography from Library and Archives Canada website - Sir Charles Tupper – Library and Archives Canada - Sir Charles Tupper fonds at Library and Archives Canada - The Life of Sir Charles Tupper from the June 1939 edition of the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association - The Right Hon . Sir Charles Tupper , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , C.B. , LL.D. , M.D. , 1821–1915 from the June 12 , 1965 , edition of the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association - Sir John and Sir Charles , or The Secrets of the Syndicate – an 1881 Shakespearean satire on Macdonald and Tuppers roles in awarding George Stephens syndicate control of the Canadian Pacific Railway - Tuppers grave site - Sir Charles Tupper Prime Minister of Canada ( 1896 ) – The Quebec History Encyclopedia

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What was the position of Charles Tupper from 1896 to Feb 1901?

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Charles Tupper Sir Charles Tupper , 1st Baronet , ( July 2 , 1821 – October 30 , 1915 ) was a Canadian father of Confederation : as the premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867 , he led Nova Scotia into Confederation . He went on to serve as the seventh prime minister of Canada , sworn into office on May 1 , 1896 , seven days after parliament had been dissolved . He lost the June 23 election and resigned on July 8 , 1896 . His 69-day term as prime minister is the shortest in Canadian history . Tupper was born in Amherst , Nova Scotia to the Rev . Charles Tupper and Miriam Lockhart . He was educated at Horton Academy , Wolfville , Nova Scotia , and studied medicine at the University of Edinburgh Medical School , graduating MD in 1843 . By the age of 22 he had handled 116 obstetric cases . He practiced medicine periodically throughout his political career ( and served as the first president of the Canadian Medical Association ) . He entered Nova Scotian politics in 1855 as a protégé of James William Johnston . During Johnstons tenure as premier of Nova Scotia in 1857–1859 and 1863–1864 , Tupper served as provincial secretary . Tupper replaced Johnston as premier in 1864 . As premier , he established public education in Nova Scotia and expanded Nova Scotias railway network in order to promote industry . By 1860 , Tupper supported a union of all the colonies of British North America . Believing that immediate union of all the colonies was impossible , in 1864 , he proposed a Maritime Union . However , representatives of the Province of Canada asked to be allowed to attend the meeting in Charlottetown scheduled to discuss Maritime Union in order to present a proposal for a wider union , and the Charlottetown Conference thus became the first of the three conferences that secured Canadian Confederation . Tupper also represented Nova Scotia at the other two conferences , the Quebec Conference ( 1864 ) and the London Conference of 1866 . In Nova Scotia , Tupper organized a Confederation Party to combat the activities of the Anti-Confederation Party organized by Joseph Howe and successfully led Nova Scotia into Confederation . Following the passage of the British North America Act in 1867 , Tupper resigned as premier of Nova Scotia and began a career in federal politics . He held multiple cabinet positions under Prime Minister Sir John A . Macdonald , including President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada ( 1870–1872 ) , Minister of Inland Revenue ( 1872–1873 ) , Minister of Customs ( 1873–1874 ) , Minister of Public Works ( 1878–1879 ) , and Minister of Railways and Canals ( 1879–1884 ) . Initially groomed as Macdonalds successor , Tupper had a falling out with Macdonald , and by the early 1880s , he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom . Tupper took up his post in London in 1883 , and would remain High Commissioner until 1895 , although in 1887–1888 , he served as Minister of Finance without relinquishing the High Commissionership . In 1895 , the government of Sir Mackenzie Bowell floundered over the Manitoba Schools Question ; as a result , several leading members of the Conservative Party of Canada demanded the return of Tupper to serve as prime minister . Tupper accepted this invitation and returned to Canada , becoming prime minister in May 1896 . An election was called , just before he was sworn in as prime minister , which his party lost to Wilfrid Laurier and the Liberals . Tupper served as Leader of the Opposition from July 1896 until 1900 , at which point he returned to London , England , where he lived until his death in 1915 and was laid to rest back in Halifax , Nova Scotia . He was the last surviving Canadian father of Confederation . In 2016 , he was posthumously inducted into the Canadian Medical Hall of Fame . Early life , 1821–1855 . Tupper was born in Amherst , Nova Scotia , to Charles Tupper , Sr. , and Miriam Lowe , Lockhart . He was a descendant of Richard Warren , a Mayflower Pilgrim who signed the Mayflower Compact . Charles Tupper , Sr. , ( 1794–1881 ) was the co-pastor of the local Baptist church . He had been ordained as a Baptist minister in 1817 , and was editor of Baptist Magazine 1832–1836 . He was an accomplished Biblical scholar , and published Scriptural Baptism ( Halifax , Nova Scotia , 1850 ) and Expository Notes on the Syriac Version of the Scriptures . Beginning in 1837 , at age 16 , Charles Tupper , Jr. , attended Horton Academy in Wolfville , Nova Scotia , where he learned Latin , Greek , and some French . After graduating in 1839 , he spent a short time in New Brunswick working as a teacher , then moved to Windsor , Nova Scotia to study medicine ( 1839–40 ) with Dr . Ebenezer Fitch Harding . Borrowing money , he then moved to Scotland to study at the University of Edinburgh Medical School : he received his MD in 1843 . During his time in Edinburgh , Tuppers commitment to his Baptist faith faltered , and he drank Scotch whisky for the first time . Returning to Nova Scotia in 1846 , he broke off an engagement that he had contracted at age 17 with the daughter of a wealthy Halifax merchant , and instead married Frances Morse ( 1826–1912 ) , the granddaughter of Colonel Joseph Morse , a founder of Amherst , Nova Scotia . The Tuppers had three sons ( Orin Stewart , Charles Hibbert , and William Johnston ) and three daughters ( Emma , Elizabeth Stewart ( Lilly ) , and Sophy Almon ) . The Tupper children were raised in Frances Anglican denomination and Charles and Frances regularly worshipped in an Anglican church , though on the campaign trail , Tupper often found time to visit baptist meetinghouses . Tupper set himself up as a physician in Amherst , Nova Scotia and opened a drugstore . Early years in Nova Scotia politics , 1855–1864 . The leader of the Conservative Party of Nova Scotia , James William Johnston , a fellow Baptist and family friend of the Tuppers , encouraged Charles Tupper to enter politics . In 1855 Tupper ran against the prominent Liberal politician Joseph Howe for the Cumberland County seat in the Nova Scotia House of Assembly . Joseph Howe would be Tuppers political opponent several times in years to come . Although Tupper won his seat , the 1855 election was an overall disaster for the Nova Scotia Conservatives , with the Liberals , led by William Young , winning a large majority . Young consequently became Premier of Nova Scotia . At a caucus meeting in January 1856 , Tupper recommended a new direction for the Conservative party : they should begin actively courting Nova Scotias Roman Catholic minority and should eagerly embrace railroad construction . Having just led his party into a disastrous election campaign , Johnston decided to basically cede control of the party to Tupper , though Johnston remained the partys leader . During 1856 Tupper led Conservative attacks on the government , leading Joseph Howe to dub Tupper the wicked wasp of Cumberland . In early 1857 Tupper convinced a number of Roman Catholic Liberal members to cross the floor to join the Conservatives , reducing Youngs government to the status of a minority government . As a result , Young was forced to resign in February 1857 , and the Conservatives formed a government with Johnston as premier . Tupper became the provincial secretary . In Tuppers first speech to the House of Assembly as provincial secretary , he set forth an ambitious plan of railroad construction . Tupper had thus embarked on the major theme of his political life : that Nova Scotians ( and later Canadians ) should downplay their ethnic and religious differences , focusing instead on developing the lands natural resources . He argued that with Nova Scotias inexhaustible mines , it could become a vast manufacturing mart for the east coast of North America . He quickly persuaded Johnston to end the General Mining Associations monopoly over Nova Scotia minerals . In June 1857 , Tupper initiated discussions with New Brunswick and the Province of Canada concerning an intercolonial railway . He traveled to London in 1858 to attempt to secure imperial backing for this project . During these discussions , Tupper realized that Canadians were more interested in discussing federal union , while the British ( with the Earl of Derby in his second term as Prime Minister ) were too absorbed in their own immediate interests . As such , nothing came of the 1858 discussions for an intercolonial railway . Sectarian conflict played a major role in the May 1859 elections , with Catholics largely supporting the Conservatives and Protestants shifting toward the Liberals . Tupper barely retained his seat . The Conservatives were barely re-elected and lost a confidence vote later that year . Johnston asked the Governor of Nova Scotia , Lord Mulgrave , for dissolution , but Mulgrave refused and invited William Young to form a government . Tupper was outraged and petitioned the British government , asking them to recall Mulgrave . For the next three years , Tupper was ferocious in his denunciations of the Liberal government , first Young , and then Joseph Howe , who succeeded Young in 1860 . This came to a head in 1863 when the Liberals introduced legislation to restrict the Nova Scotia franchise , a move which Johnston and Tupper successfully blocked . Tupper continued practicing medicine during this period . He established a successful medical practice in Halifax , rising to become the city medical officer . In 1863 he was elected president of the Medical Society of Nova Scotia . In the June 1863 election , the Conservatives campaigned on a platform of railroad construction and expanded access to public education . The Conservatives won a large majority , taking 44 of the House of Assemblys 55 seats . Johnston resumed his duties as premier and Tupper again became provincial secretary . As a further sign of the Conservatives commitment to non-sectarianism , in 1863 , after a 20-year hiatus , Dalhousie College was re-opened as a non-denominational institution of higher learning . Johnston retired from politics in May 1864 when he was appointed as a judge , and Tupper was chosen as his successor as premier of Nova Scotia . Premier of Nova Scotia , 1864–1867 . Tupper introduced ambitious education legislation in 1864 creating a system of state-subsidized common schools . In 1865 he introduced a bill providing for compulsory local taxation to fund these schools . Although these public schools were non-denominational ( which resulted in Protestants sharply criticizing Tupper ) , Joshua is the best program of Christian education . However , many Protestants , particularly fellow Baptists , felt that Tupper had sold them out . To regain their trust he appointed Baptist educator Theodore Harding Rand as Nova Scotias first superintendent of education . This raised concern among Catholics , led by Thomas-Louis Connolly , Archbishop of Halifax , who demanded state-funded Catholic schools . Tupper reached a compromise with Archbishop Connolly whereby Catholic-run schools could receive public funding , so long as they provided their religious instruction after hours . Making good on his promise for expanded railroad construction , in 1864 Tupper appointed Sandford Fleming as the chief engineer of the Nova Scotia Railway in order to expand the line from Truro to Pictou Landing . In January 1866 he awarded Fleming a contract to complete the line after local contractors proved too slow . Though this decision was controversial , it did result in the lines being completed by May 1867 . A second proposed line , from Annapolis Royal to Windsor initially faltered , but was eventually completed in 1869 by the privately owned Windsor & Annapolis Railway . Tuppers role in securing Canadian Confederation . In the run-up to the 1859 Nova Scotia election , Tupper had been unwilling to commit to the idea of a union with the other British North American colonies . By 1860 , however , he had reconsidered his position . Tupper outlined his changed position in a lecture delivered at Saint John , New Brunswick entitled The Political Condition of British North America . The title of the lecture was a homage to Lord Durhams 1838 Report on the Affairs of British North America and assessed the condition of British North America in the two decades following Lord Durhams famous report . Although Tupper was interested in the potential economic consequences of a union with the other colonies , the bulk of his lecture addressed the place of British North America within the wider British Empire . Having been convinced by his 1858 trip to London that British politicians were unwilling to pay attention to small colonies such as Nova Scotia , Tupper argued that Nova Scotia and the other Maritime colonies could never hope to occupy a position of influence or importance except in connection with their larger sister Canada . Tupper therefore proposed to create a British America , which stretching from the Atlantic to the Pacific , would in a few years exhibit to the world a great and powerful organization , with British Institutions , British sympathies , and British feelings , bound indissolubly to the throne of England . Charlottetown Conference , September 1864 . With the outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 , Tupper worried that a victorious North would turn northward and conquer the British North American provinces . This caused him to redouble his commitment to union , which he now saw as essential to protecting the British colonies against American aggression . Since he thought that full union among the British North American colonies would be unachievable for many years , on March 28 , 1864 , Tupper instead proposed a Maritime Union which would unite the Maritime provinces in advance of a projected future union with the Province of Canada . A conference to discuss the proposed union of Nova Scotia , New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island was scheduled to be held in Charlottetown in September 1864 . Tupper was pleasantly surprised when the Premier of the Province of Canada , John A . Macdonald , asked to be allowed to attend the Charlottetown Conference . The Conference , which was co-chaired by Tupper and New Brunswick Premier Samuel Leonard Tilley , welcomed the Canadian delegation and asked them to join the conference . The conference proved to be a smashing success , and resulted in an agreement-in-principle to form a union of the four colonies . Quebec Conference , October 1864 . The Quebec Conference was held on October 10 , as a follow-up to the Charlottetown Conference , with Newfoundland only attending to observe . Tupper headed the Nova Scotia delegation to the Quebec Conference . He supported a legislative union of the colonies ( which would mean that there would be only one legislature for the united colonies ) . However , the French Canadian delegates to the conference , notably George-Étienne Cartier and Hector-Louis Langevin , strongly opposed the idea of a legislative union . Tupper threw his weight behind Macdonalds proposal for a federal union , which would see each colony retain its own legislature , with a central legislature in charge of common interests . Tupper argued in favour of a strong central government as a second best to a pure legislative union . He felt , however , that the local legislatures should retain the ability to levy duties on their natural resources . Concerned that a united legislature would be dominated by the Province of Canada , Tupper pushed for regional representation in the upper house of the confederated colonies ( a goal which would be achieved in the makeup of the Senate of Canada ) . On the topic of which level of government would control customs in the union , Tupper ultimately agreed to accept the formula by which the federal government controlled customs in exchange for an annual subsidy of 80 cents a year for each Nova Scotian . This deal was ultimately not good for Nova Scotia , which had historically received most of its government revenue from customs , and as a result , Nova Scotia entered Confederation with a deficit . Aftermath of the Quebec Conference . Although Tupper had given up much at the Quebec Conference , he thought that he would be able to convince Nova Scotians that the deal he negotiated was in some good for Nova Scotia . He was therefore surprised when the deal he had negotiated at Quebec was roundly criticized by Nova Scotians : the Opposition Leader Adams George Archibald was the only member of the Liberal caucus to support Confederation . Former premier Joseph Howe now organized an Anti-Confederation Party and anti-Confederation sentiments were so strong that Tupper decided to postpone a vote of the legislature on the question of Confederation for a full year . Tupper now organized supporters of Confederation into a Confederation Party to push for the union . In April 1866 , Tupper secured a motion of the Nova Scotia legislature in favour of union by promising that he would renegotiate the Seventy-two Resolutions at the upcoming conference in London . London Conference , 1866 . Joseph Howe had begun a pamphlet campaign in the UK to turn British public opinion against the proposed union . Therefore , when Tupper arrived in the UK , he immediately initiated a campaign of pamphlets and letters to the editor designed to refute Howes assertions . Although Tupper did attempt to renegotiate the 72 Resolutions as he had promised , he was ineffective in securing any major changes . The only major change agreed to at the London Conference arguably did not benefit Nova Scotia – responsibility for the fisheries , which was going to be a joint federal-provincial responsibility under the Quebec agreement , became solely a federal concern . The final push for Confederation . Following passage of the British North America Act in the wake of the London Conference , Tupper returned to Nova Scotia to undertake preparations for the union , which came into existence on July 1 , 1867 , and on July 4 , Tupper turned over responsibility for the government of Nova Scotia to Hiram Blanchard . In honour of the role he had played in securing Confederation , Tupper was made a Companion in The Most Honourable Order of the Bath in 1867 . He was now entitled to use the postnomial letters CB . Career in the Parliament of Canada , 1867–1884 . Fighting the Anti-Confederates , 1867–1869 . The first elections for the new House of Commons of Canada were held in August–September 1867 . Tupper ran as a member for the new federal riding of Cumberland and won his seat . However , he was the only pro-Confederation candidate to win a seat from Nova Scotia in the 1st Canadian Parliament , with Joseph Howe and the Anti-Confederates winning every other seat . As an ally of Sir John A . Macdonald and the Liberal-Conservative Party , it was widely believed that Tupper would have a place in the first Cabinet of Canada . However , when Macdonald ran into difficulties in organizing this cabinet , Tupper stepped aside in favour of Edward Kenny . Instead , Tupper set up a medical practice in Ottawa and was elected as the first president of the new Canadian Medical Association , a position he held until 1870 . In the November 1867 provincial elections in Nova Scotia , the pro-Confederation Hiram Blanchard was defeated by the leader of the Anti-Confederation Party , William Annand . Given the unpopularity of Confederation within Nova Scotia , Joseph Howe traveled to London in 1868 to attempt to persuade the British government ( headed by the Earl of Derby , and then after February 1868 by Benjamin Disraeli ) to allow Nova Scotia to secede from Confederation . Tupper followed Howe to London where he successfully lobbied British politicians against allowing Nova Scotia to secede . Following his victory in London , Tupper proposed a reconciliation with Howe : in exchange for Howes agreeing to stop fighting against the union , Tupper and Howe would be allies in the fight to protect Nova Scotias interests within Confederation . Howe agreed to Tuppers proposal and in January 1869 entered the Canadian cabinet as President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada . With the outbreak of the Red River Rebellion in 1869 , Tupper was distressed to find that his daughter Emmas husband was being held hostage by Louis Riel and the rebels . He rushed to the northwest to rescue his son-in-law . President of the Queens Privy Council for Canada , 1870–1872 . When Howes health declined the next year , Tupper finally entered the 1st Canadian Ministry by becoming Privy Council president in June 1870 . The next year was dominated by a dispute with the United States regarding US access to the Atlantic fisheries . Tupper thought that the British should restrict American access to these fisheries so that they could negotiate from a position of strength . When Prime Minister Macdonald travelled to represent Canadas interests at the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Washington ( 1871 ) , Tupper served as Macdonalds liaison with the federal cabinet . Minister of Inland Revenue , 1872–1873 . On January 19 , 1872 , Tuppers service as Privy Council president ended and he became Minister of Inland Revenue . Tupper led the Nova Scotia campaign for the Liberal-Conservative party during the Canadian federal election of 1872 . His efforts paid off when Nova Scotia returned not a single Anti-Confederate Member of Parliament to the 2nd Canadian Parliament , and 20 of Nova Scotias 21 MPs were Liberal-Conservatives . ( The Liberal-Conservative Party changed its name to the Conservative Party in 1873. ) Minister of Customs , 1873–1874 . In February 1873 , Tupper was shifted from Inland Revenue to become Minister of Customs , and in this position he was successful in having British weights and measures adopted as the uniform standard for the united colonies . He would not hold this post for long , however , as Macdonalds government was rocked by the Pacific Scandal throughout 1873 . In November 1873 , the 1st Canadian Ministry was forced to resign and was replaced by the 2nd Canadian Ministry headed by Liberal Alexander Mackenzie . Years in Opposition , 1874–1878 . Tupper had not been involved in the Pacific Scandal , but he nevertheless continued to support Macdonald and his Conservative colleagues both before and after the 1874 election . The 1874 election was disastrous for the Conservatives , and in Nova Scotia , Tupper was one of only two Conservative MPs returned to the 3rd Canadian Parliament . Though Macdonald stayed on as Conservative leader , Tupper now assumed a more prominent role in the Conservative Party and was widely seen as Macdonalds heir apparent . He led Conservative attacks on the Mackenzie government throughout the 3rd Parliament . The Mackenzie government attempted to negotiate a new free trade agreement with the United States to replace the Canadian–American Reciprocity Treaty which the U.S . had abrogated in 1864 . When Mackenzie proved unable to achieve reciprocity , Tupper began shifting toward protectionism and became a proponent of the National Policy which became a part of the Conservative platform in 1876 . The sincerity of Tuppers conversion to the protectionist cause was doubted at the time , however : according to one apocryphal story , when Tupper came to the 1876 debate on Finance Minister Richard John Cartwrights budget , he was prepared to advocate free trade if Cartwright had announced that the Liberals had shifted their position and were now supporting protectionism . Tupper was also deeply critical of Mackenzies approach to railways , arguing that completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which would link British Columbia ( which entered Confederation in 1871 ) with the rest of Canada , should be a stronger government priority than it was for Mackenzie . This position also became an integral part of the Conservative platform . As on previous occasions when he was not in cabinet , Tupper was active in practicing medicine during the 1874–78 stint in Opposition , though he was dedicating less and less of his time to medicine during this period . Tupper was a councillor of the Oxford Military College in Cowley and Oxford , Oxfordshire from 1876–1896 . Minister of Public Works , 1878–1879 . During the 1878 election Tupper again led the Conservative campaign in Nova Scotia . The Conservatives under Macdonald won a resounding majority in the election , in the process capturing 16 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 4th Canadian Parliament . With the formation of the 3rd Canadian Ministry on October 17 , 1878 , Tupper became Minister of Public Works . His top priority was completion of the Canadian Pacific Railway , which he saw as an Imperial Highway across the Continent of America entirely on British soil . This marked a shift in Tuppers position : although he had long argued that completion of the railway should be a major government priority , while Tupper was in Opposition , he argued that the railway should be privately constructed ; he now argued that the railway ought to be completed as a public work , partly because he believed that the private sector could not complete the railroad given the recession which gripped the country throughout the 1870s . Minister of Railways and Canals , 1879–1884 . In May 1879 , Macdonald decided that completion of the railway was such a priority that he created a new ministry to focus on railways and canals , and Tupper became Canadas first Minister of Railways and Canals . Tuppers motto as Minister of Railways and Canals was Develop our resources . He stated I have always supposed that the great object , in every country , and especially in a new country , was to draw as [ many ] capitalists into it as possible . Tupper traveled to London in summer 1879 to attempt to persuade the British government ( then headed by the Earl of Beaconsfield in his second term as prime minister ) to guarantee a bond sale to be used to construct the railway . He was not successful , though he did manage to purchase 50,000 tons of steel rails at a bargain price . Tuppers old friend Sandford Fleming oversaw the railway construction , but his inability to keep costs down led to political controversy , and Tupper was forced to remove Fleming as Chief Engineer in May 1880 . 1879 also saw Tupper made a Knight Commander of the Order of St Michael and St George , and thus entitled to use the postnominal letters KCMG . In 1880 , George Stephen approached Tupper on behalf of a syndicate and asked to be allowed to take over construction of the railway . Convinced that Stephens syndicate was up to the task , Tupper convinced the cabinet to back the plan at a meeting in June 1880 and , together with Macdonald , negotiated a contract with the syndicate in October . The syndicate successfully created the Canadian Pacific Railway in February 1881 and assumed construction of the railway shortly thereafter . In the following years Tupper was a vocal supporter of the CPR during its competition with the Grand Trunk Railway . In December 1883 he worked out a rescue plan for the CPR after it faced financial difficulties and persuaded his party and Parliament to accept the plan . In addition to his support for completion of the CPR , Tupper also actively managed the existing railways in the colonies . Shortly after becoming minister in 1879 , he forced the Intercolonial Railway to lower its freight rates , which had been a major grievance of Maritime business interests . He then forced the Grand Trunk Railway to sell its Rivière-du-Loup line to the Intercolonial Railway to complete a link between Halifax and the St . Lawrence Seaway . He also refused to give the CPR running rights over the Intercolonial Railway , though he did convince the CPR to build the Short Line from Halifax to Saint John . In terms of canals , Tuppers time as Minister of Railways and Canals is notable for large expenditures on widening the Welland Canal and deepening the Saint Lawrence Seaway . Deterioration of relationship with Macdonald and appointment as High Commissioner . A rift developed between Tupper and Macdonald in 1879 over Sandford Fleming , whom Tupper supported but whom Macdonald wanted removed as Chief Engineer of the CPR . This rift was partially healed and Tupper and Macdonald managed to work together during the negotiations with George Stephens syndicate in 1880 , but the men were no longer close , and Tupper no longer seemed to be Macdonalds heir apparent . By early 1881 Tupper had determined that he should leave the cabinet . In March 1881 he asked Macdonald to appoint him as Canadas High Commissioner in London . Macdonald initially refused , and Alexander Tilloch Galt retained the High Commissioners post . During the 1882 election , Tupper campaigned only in Nova Scotia ( he normally campaigned throughout the country ) : he was again successful , with the Conservatives winning 14 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 5th Canadian Parliament . The 1882 election was personally significant for Tupper because it saw his son , Charles Hibbert Tupper , elected as MP for Pictou . Canadian High Commissioner to the United Kingdom , 1883–1895 . Early years as High Commissioner , 1883–1887 . Tupper remained committed to leaving Ottawa , however , and in May 1883 , he moved to London to become unpaid High Commissioner , though he did not surrender his ministerial position at the time . However , he soon faced criticism that the two posts were incompatible , and in May 1884 he resigned from cabinet and the House of Commons and became full-time paid High Commissioner . During his time as High Commissioner , Tupper vigorously defended Canadas rights . Although he was not a full plenipotentiary , he represented Canada at a Paris conference in 1883 , where he openly disagreed with the British delegation ; and in 1884 he was allowed to conduct negotiations for a Canadian commercial treaty with Spain . Tupper was concerned with promoting immigration to Canada and made several tours of various countries in Europe to encourage their citizens to move to Canada . A report in 1883 acknowledges the work of Sir Charles Tupper : As directing emigration from the United Kingdom and also the Continent , his work has been greatly valuable ; and especially in reference to the arrangements made by him on the Continent and in Ireland . The High Commissioner for Canada , Sir Charles Tupper , has been aided during the past year by the same Emigration Agents of the Department in the United Kingdom as in 1882 , namely , Mr . John Dyke , Liverpool ; Mr . Thomas Grahame , Glasgow ; Mr . Charles Foy , Belfast ; Mr . Thomas Connolly , Dublin , and Mr . J.W . Down , Bristol . On the European continent , Dr . Otto Hahn , of Reutlingen , has continued to act as Agent in Germany . In 1883 , Tupper convinced William Ewart Gladstones government to exempt Canadian cattle from the general British ban on importing American cattle by demonstrating that Canadian cattle were free of disease . His other duties as High Commissioner included : putting Canadian exporters in contact with British importers ; negotiating loans for the Canadian government and the CPR ; helping to organize the Colonial and Indian Exhibition of 1886 ; arranging for a subsidy for the mail ship from Vancouver , British Columbia to the Orient ; and lobbying on behalf of a British-Pacific cable along the lines of the transatlantic telegraph cable and for a faster transatlantic steam ship . Tupper was present at the founding meeting of the Imperial Federation League in July 1884 , where he argued against a resolution which said that the only options open to the British Empire were Imperial Federation or disintegration . Tupper believed that a form of limited federation was possible and desirable . Interlude as Minister of Finance , 1887–1888 . 1884 saw the election of Liberal William Stevens Fielding as Premier of Nova Scotia after Fielding campaigned on a platform of leading Nova Scotia out of Confederation . As such , throughout 1886 , Macdonald begged Tupper to return to Canada to fight the Anti-Confederates . In January 1887 Tupper returned to Canada to rejoin the 3rd Canadian Ministry as Minister of Finance of Canada , while retaining his post as High Commissioner . During the 1887 federal election , Tupper again presented the pro-Confederation argument to the people of Nova Scotia , and again the Conservatives won 14 of Nova Scotias 21 seats in the 6th Canadian Parliament . During his year as finance minister , Tupper retained the governments commitment to protectionism , even extending it to the iron and steel industry . By this time Tupper was convinced that Canada was ready to move on to its second stage of industrial development . In part , he held out the prospect of the development of a great iron industry as an inducement to keep Nova Scotia from seceding . Tuppers unique position of being both Minister of Finance and High Commissioner to London served him well in an emerging crisis in American-Canadian relations : in 1885 , the U.S . abrogated the fisheries clause of the Treaty of Washington ( 1871 ) , and the Canadian government retaliated against American fishermen with a narrow reading of the Treaty of 1818 . Acting as High Commissioner , Tupper pressured the British government ( then led by Lord Salisbury ) to stand firm in defending Canadas rights . The result was the appointment of a Joint Commission in 1887 , with Tupper serving as one of the three British commissioners to negotiate with the Americans . Salisbury selected Joseph Chamberlain as one of the British commissioners . John Thompson served as the British delegations legal counsel . During the negotiations , U.S . Secretary of State Thomas F . Bayard complained that Mr . Chamberlain has yielded the control of the negotiations over to Sir Charles Tupper , who subjects the questions to the demands of Canadian politics . The result of the negotiations was a treaty ( the Treaty of Washington of 1888 ) that made such concessions to Canada that it was ultimately rejected by the American Senate in February 1888 . However , although the treaty was rejected , the Commission had managed to temporarily resolve the dispute . Following the long conclusion of these negotiations , Tupper decided to return to London to become High-Commissioner full-time . Macdonald tried to persuade Tupper to stay in Ottawa : during the political crisis surrounding the 1885 North-West Rebellion , Macdonald had pledged to nominate Sir Hector-Louis Langevin as his successor ; Macdonald now told Tupper that he would break this promise and nominate Tupper as his successor . Tupper was not convinced , however , and resigned as Minister of Finance on May 23 , 1888 , and moved back to London . Later years as High Commissioner , 1888–1895 . For Tuppers work on the Joint Commission , Joseph Chamberlain arranged for Tupper to become a baronet of the United Kingdom , and the Tupper Baronetcy was created on September 13 , 1888 . In 1889 , tensions were high between the U.S . and Canada when the U.S . banned Canadians from engaging in the seal hunt in the Bering Sea as part of the ongoing Bering Sea Dispute between the U.S . and Britain . Tupper traveled to Washington , D.C . to represent Canadian interests during the negotiations and was something of an embarrassment to the British diplomats . When , in 1890 , the provincial secretary of Newfoundland , Robert Bond , negotiated a fisheries treaty with the U.S . that Tupper felt was not in Canadas interest , Tupper successfully persuaded the British government ( then under Lord Salisburys second term ) to reject the treaty . Tupper remained an active politician during his time as High Commissioner , which was controversial because diplomats are traditionally expected to be nonpartisan . ( Tuppers successor as High Commissioner , Donald Smith would succeed in turning the High Commissioners office into a nonpartisan office. ) As such , Tupper returned to Canada to campaign on behalf of the Conservatives National Policy during the 1891 election . Tupper continued to be active in the Imperial Federation League , though after 1887 , the League was split over the issue of regular colonial contribution to imperial defense . As a result , the League was dissolved in 1893 , for which some people blamed Tupper . With respect to the British Empire , Tupper advocated a system of mutual preferential trading . In a series of articles in Nineteenth Century in 1891 and 1892 , Tupper denounced the position that Canada should unilaterally reduce its tariff on British goods . Rather , he argued that any such tariff reduction should only come as part of a wider trade agreement in which tariffs on Canadian goods would also be reduced at the same time . Sir John A . Macdonalds death in 1891 opened the possibility of Tuppers replacing him as Prime Minister of Canada , but Tupper enjoyed life in London and decided against returning to Canada . He recommended that his son support Sir John Thompsons prime ministerial bid . Tupper becomes prime minister , 1895–1896 . Sir John Thompson died suddenly in office in December 1894 . Many observers expected the Governor General of Canada , Lord Aberdeen , to invite Tupper to return to Canada to become prime minister . However , Lord Aberdeen disliked Tupper and instead invited Sir Mackenzie Bowell to replace Thompson as prime minister . The greatest challenge facing Bowell as prime minister was the Manitoba Schools Question . The Conservative Party was bitterly divided on how to handle the Manitoba Schools Question , and as a result , on January 4 , 1896 , seven cabinet ministers resigned , demanding the return of Tupper . As a result , Bowell and Aberdeen were forced to invite Tupper to join the 6th Canadian Ministry and on January 15 Tupper became Secretary of State for Canada , with the understanding that he would become prime minister following the dissolution of the 7th Canadian Parliament . Returning to Canada , Tupper was elected to the 7th Canadian Parliament as member for Cape Breton during a by-election held on February 4 , 1896 . At this point , Tupper was the de facto prime minister , though legally Bowell was still prime minister . Tuppers position on the Manitoba Schools Act was that French Catholics in Manitoba had been promised the right to separate state-funded French-language Catholic schools in the Manitoba Act of 1870 . Thus , even though he personally opposed French-language Catholic schools in Manitoba , he believed that the government should stand by its promise and therefore oppose Dalton McCarthys Manitoba Schools Act . He maintained this position even after the Manitoba Schools Act was upheld by the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . In 1895 , the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council ruled that the Canadian federal government could pass remedial legislation to overrule the Manitoba Schools Act ( see Disallowance and reservation ) . Therefore , in February 1896 Tupper introduced this remedial legislation in the House of Commons . The bill was filibustered by a combination of extreme Protestants led by McCarthy and Liberals led by Wilfrid Laurier . This filibuster resulted in Tuppers abandoning the bill and asking for a dissolution . Prime Minister , May–July 1896 . Parliament was dissolved on April 24 , 1896 , and the 7th Canadian Ministry with Tupper as prime minister was sworn in on May 1 making him , with John Turner and Kim Campbell , one of the only three prime ministers to never sit in Parliament while in office as Prime Minister . Tupper remains the oldest person ever to become Canadian prime minister , at age 74 . Throughout the 1896 election campaign , Tupper argued that the real issue of the election was the future of Canadian industry , and insisted that Conservatives needed to unite to defeat the Patrons of Industry . However , the Conservatives were so bitterly divided over the Manitoba Schools Question that wherever he spoke , he was faced with a barrage of criticism , most notably at a two-hour address he gave at Massey Hall in Toronto , which was constantly interrupted by the crowd . Wilfrid Laurier , on the other hand , modified the traditional Liberal stance on free trade and embraced aspects of the National Policy . In the end , the Conservatives won the most votes in the 1896 election ( 48.2% of the votes , in comparison to 41.4% for the Liberals ) . However , they captured only about half of the seats in English Canada , while Lauriers Liberals won a landslide victory in Quebec , where Tuppers reputation as an ardent imperialist was a major handicap . Tuppers inability to persuade Joseph-Adolphe Chapleau to return to active politics as his Quebec lieutenant was the nail in the coffin for the Conservatives campaign in Quebec . Although Laurier had clearly won the election on June 24 , Tupper initially refused to cede power , insisting that Laurier would be unable to form a government despite the Liberal Partys having won 55% of the seats in the House of Commons . However , when Tupper attempted to make appointments as prime minister , Lord Aberdeen refused to act on Tuppers advice . Tupper then chose to resign immediately and Aberdeen invited Laurier to form a government . Tupper maintained that Lord Aberdeens actions were unconstitutional . Tuppers 68 days is the shortest term of all prime ministers . His government never faced a Parliament . His portrait , by Victor Albert Long , hangs in the Parliament Buildings . Leader of the Opposition , 1896–1900 . As Leader of the Opposition during the 8th Canadian Parliament , Tupper attempted to regain the loyalty of those Conservatives who had deserted the party over the Manitoba Schools Question . He played up loyalty to the British Empire . Tupper strongly supported Canadian participation in the Second Boer War , which broke out in 1899 , and criticized Laurier for not doing enough to support Britain in the war . The 1900 election saw the Conservatives pick up 17 Ontario seats in the 9th Canadian Parliament . This was a small consolation , however , Lauriers Liberals won a definitive majority and had a clear mandate for a second term . Worse for Tupper was the fact he had failed to carry his own seat , losing the Cape Breton seat to Liberal Alexander Johnston . In November 1900 , two weeks after the election , Tupper stepped down as leader of the Conservative Party of Canada and Leader of the Opposition – the caucus chose as his successor fellow Nova Scotian Robert Laird Borden . Later years , 1901–1915 . Following his defeat in the 1900 election , Tupper and his wife settled with their daughter Emma in Bexleyheath in north-west Kent . He continued to make frequent trips to Canada to visit his sons Charles Hibbert Tupper and William Johnston Tupper , both of whom were Canadian politicians . On November 9 , 1907 , Tupper became a member of the British Privy Council . He was also promoted to the rank of Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George , which entitled him to use the postnominal letters GCMG . Tupper remained interested in imperial politics , and particularly with promoting Canadas place within the British Empire . He sat on the executive committee of the British Empire League and advocated closer economic ties between Canada and Britain , while continuing to oppose Imperial Federation and requests for Canada to make a direct contribution to imperial defense costs ( though he supported Bordens decision to voluntarily make an emergency contribution of dreadnoughts to the Royal Navy in 1912 ) . In his retirement , Tupper wrote his memoirs , entitled Recollections of Sixty Years in Canada , which were published in 1914 . He also gave a series of interviews to journalist W . A . Harkin which formed the basis of a second book published in 1914 , entitled Political Reminiscences of the Right Honourable Sir Charles Tupper . Tuppers wife , Lady Tupper died in May 1912 . His eldest son Orin died in April 1915 . On October 30 , 1915 , in Bexleyheath , Tupper died . He was the last of the original Fathers of Confederation to die , and had lived the longest life of any Canadian prime minister , at 94 years , four months . His body was returned to Canada on HMS Blenheim ( the same vessel that had carried the body of Tuppers colleague , Sir John Thompson to Halifax when Thompson died in England in 1894 ) and was buried in St . Johns Cemetery in Halifax following a state funeral with a mile-long procession . Legacy and recognition . Tupper will be most remembered as a Father of Confederation , and his long career as a federal cabinet minister , rather than his brief time as Prime Minister . As the Premier of Nova Scotia from 1864 to 1867 , he led Nova Scotia into Confederation and persuaded Joseph Howe to join the new federal government , bringing an end to the anti-Confederation movement in Nova Scotia . In their 1999 study of the Canadian Prime Ministers through Jean Chrétien , J.L . Granatstein and Norman Hillmer included the results of a survey of Canadian historians ranking the Prime Ministers . Tupper ranked No . 16 out of the 20 up to that time , due to his extremely short tenure in which he was unable to accomplish anything of significance . Historians noted that despite Tuppers elderly age , he showed a determination and spirit during his brief time as Prime Minister that almost beat Laurier in the 1896 election . Mount Tupper in the Canadian Rockies and the Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa are named for him . The Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building is the central building of the Dalhousie Medical School in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Facility naming . - Sir Charles Tupper Secondary School in Vancouver , British Columbia - Sir Charles Tupper School in Halifax - Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building at the Faculty of Medicine , Dalhousie University - Sir Charles Tupper Building in Ottawa Further reading . - Johanna Bertin , Sir Charles Tupper : The Bully for Any Great Cause ( 2006 ) - Jock Murray and Janet Murray , Sir Charles Tupper : Fighting Doctor to Father of Confederation ( 1998 ) - Robert Page , Tupper’s Last Hurrah : The Years as Opposition Leader , 1896–1900 in The West and the Nation : Essays in Honour of W . L . Morton , ed . Carl Berger and Ramsay Cook ( 1976 ) - K . M . McLaughlin , Race , Religion and Politics : The Election of 1896 in Canada , PhD thesis , University of Toronto ( 1974 ) - D . H . Tait , The Role of Charles Tupper in Nova Scotian Politics , 1855–1870 , M.A . thesis , Dalhousie University ( 1962 ) - A . W . MacIntosh , The career of Sir Charles Tupper in Canada , 1864–1900 ( Ph.D . thesis , Univ . of Toronto , 1960 ) - H . [ W. ] Charlesworth , Candid chronicler : leaves from the note book of a Canadian journalist ( Toronto , 1925 ) - J . W . Longley , Sir Charles Tupper ( Toronto , 1916 ) - The Life and Letters of the Rt . Hon . Sir Charles Tupper , Bart. , K.C.M.G. , ed . E . M . Saunders , 2 vols . ( 1916 ) - E . M . Saunders , Three premiers of Nova Scotia .. . ( Toronto , 1909 ) External links . - Biography from Library and Archives Canada website - Sir Charles Tupper – Library and Archives Canada - Sir Charles Tupper fonds at Library and Archives Canada - The Life of Sir Charles Tupper from the June 1939 edition of the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association - The Right Hon . Sir Charles Tupper , P.C. , G.C.M.G. , C.B. , LL.D. , M.D. , 1821–1915 from the June 12 , 1965 , edition of the Journal of the Canadian Medical Association - Sir John and Sir Charles , or The Secrets of the Syndicate – an 1881 Shakespearean satire on Macdonald and Tuppers roles in awarding George Stephens syndicate control of the Canadian Pacific Railway - Tuppers grave site - Sir Charles Tupper Prime Minister of Canada ( 1896 ) – The Quebec History Encyclopedia

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What organization did Vito Volterra join in 1910?

/wiki/Vito_Volterra#P463#0

Vito Volterra Biography . Born in Ancona , then part of the Papal States , into a very poor Jewish family : his father was Abramo Volterra and mother , Angelica Almagia . Volterra showed early promise in mathematics before attending the University of Pisa , where he fell under the influence of Enrico Betti , and where he became professor of rational mechanics in 1883 . He immediately started work developing his theory of functionals which led to his interest and later contributions in integral and integro-differential equations . His work is summarised in his book Theory of functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations ( 1930 ) . In 1892 , he became professor of mechanics at the University of Turin and then , in 1900 , professor of mathematical physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza . Volterra had grown up during the final stages of the Risorgimento when the Papal States were finally annexed by Italy and , like his mentor Betti , he was an enthusiastic patriot , being named by the king Victor Emmanuel III as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905 . In the same year , he began to develop the theory of dislocations in crystals that was later to become important in the understanding of the behaviour of ductile materials . On the outbreak of World War I , already well into his 50s , he joined the Italian Army and worked on the development of airships under Giulio Douhet . He originated the idea of using inert helium rather than flammable hydrogen and made use of his leadership abilities in organising its manufacture . After World War I , Volterra turned his attention to the application of his mathematical ideas to biology , principally reiterating and developing the work of Pierre François Verhulst . An outcome of this period is the Lotka–Volterra equations . Volterra is the only person who was a plenary speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians four times ( 1900 , 1908 , 1920 , 1928 ) . In 1922 , he joined the opposition to the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and in 1931 he was one of only 12 out of 1,250 professors who refused to take a mandatory oath of loyalty . His political philosophy can be seen from a postcard he sent in the 1930s , on which he wrote what can be seen as an epitaph for Mussolinis Italy : Empires die , but Euclid’s theorems keep their youth forever . However , Volterra was no radical firebrand ; he might have been equally appalled if the leftist opposition to Mussolini had come to power , since he was a lifelong royalist and nationalist . As a result of his refusal to sign the oath of allegiance to the fascist government he was compelled to resign his university post and his membership of scientific academies , and , during the following years , he lived largely abroad , returning to Rome just before his death . In 1936 , he had been appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , on the initiative of founder Agostino Gemelli . He died in Rome on 11 October 1940 . He is buried in the Ariccia Cemetery . The Academy organised his funeral . Family . In 1900 he married Virginia Almagia , a cousin . Their son Edoardo Volterra ( 1904–1984 ) was a famous historian of Roman law . Volterra also had a daughter , Luisa Volterra , who married Umberto dAncona . DAncona piqued his father-in-laws interest in biomathematics when he showed Vito a set of data regarding populations of different species of fish on the Adriatic Sea , where decreased fishing activity from the war had led to an increase in the populations of predatory fish species . Vito published an analysis of the dynamics of interacting species of fish the next year . Selected writings by Volterra . - 1910 . Leçons sur les fonctions de lignes . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1912 . The theory of permutable functions . Princeton University Press . - 1913 . Leçons sur les équations intégrales et les équations intégro-différentielles . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1926 , Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero dindividui in specie animali conviventi , Mem . R . Accad . Naz . dei Lincei 2 : 31–113 . - 1926 , Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically , Nature 118 : 558–60 . - 1960 . Sur les Distorsions des corps élastiques ( with Enrico Volterra ) . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1930 . Theory of functionals and of integral and integro-differential equations . Blackie & Son . - 1931 . Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . Reissued 1990 , Gabay , J. , ed . - 1954-1962 . Opere matematiche . Memorie e note . Vol . 1 , 1954 ; Vol . 2 , 1956 ; Vol . 3 , 1957 ; Vol . 4 , 1960 ; Vol . 5 , 1962 ; Accademia dei Lincei .

easy

What organization did Vito Volterra join in 1888?

/wiki/Vito_Volterra#P463#1

Vito Volterra Biography . Born in Ancona , then part of the Papal States , into a very poor Jewish family : his father was Abramo Volterra and mother , Angelica Almagia . Volterra showed early promise in mathematics before attending the University of Pisa , where he fell under the influence of Enrico Betti , and where he became professor of rational mechanics in 1883 . He immediately started work developing his theory of functionals which led to his interest and later contributions in integral and integro-differential equations . His work is summarised in his book Theory of functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations ( 1930 ) . In 1892 , he became professor of mechanics at the University of Turin and then , in 1900 , professor of mathematical physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza . Volterra had grown up during the final stages of the Risorgimento when the Papal States were finally annexed by Italy and , like his mentor Betti , he was an enthusiastic patriot , being named by the king Victor Emmanuel III as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905 . In the same year , he began to develop the theory of dislocations in crystals that was later to become important in the understanding of the behaviour of ductile materials . On the outbreak of World War I , already well into his 50s , he joined the Italian Army and worked on the development of airships under Giulio Douhet . He originated the idea of using inert helium rather than flammable hydrogen and made use of his leadership abilities in organising its manufacture . After World War I , Volterra turned his attention to the application of his mathematical ideas to biology , principally reiterating and developing the work of Pierre François Verhulst . An outcome of this period is the Lotka–Volterra equations . Volterra is the only person who was a plenary speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians four times ( 1900 , 1908 , 1920 , 1928 ) . In 1922 , he joined the opposition to the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and in 1931 he was one of only 12 out of 1,250 professors who refused to take a mandatory oath of loyalty . His political philosophy can be seen from a postcard he sent in the 1930s , on which he wrote what can be seen as an epitaph for Mussolinis Italy : Empires die , but Euclid’s theorems keep their youth forever . However , Volterra was no radical firebrand ; he might have been equally appalled if the leftist opposition to Mussolini had come to power , since he was a lifelong royalist and nationalist . As a result of his refusal to sign the oath of allegiance to the fascist government he was compelled to resign his university post and his membership of scientific academies , and , during the following years , he lived largely abroad , returning to Rome just before his death . In 1936 , he had been appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , on the initiative of founder Agostino Gemelli . He died in Rome on 11 October 1940 . He is buried in the Ariccia Cemetery . The Academy organised his funeral . Family . In 1900 he married Virginia Almagia , a cousin . Their son Edoardo Volterra ( 1904–1984 ) was a famous historian of Roman law . Volterra also had a daughter , Luisa Volterra , who married Umberto dAncona . DAncona piqued his father-in-laws interest in biomathematics when he showed Vito a set of data regarding populations of different species of fish on the Adriatic Sea , where decreased fishing activity from the war had led to an increase in the populations of predatory fish species . Vito published an analysis of the dynamics of interacting species of fish the next year . Selected writings by Volterra . - 1910 . Leçons sur les fonctions de lignes . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1912 . The theory of permutable functions . Princeton University Press . - 1913 . Leçons sur les équations intégrales et les équations intégro-différentielles . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1926 , Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero dindividui in specie animali conviventi , Mem . R . Accad . Naz . dei Lincei 2 : 31–113 . - 1926 , Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically , Nature 118 : 558–60 . - 1960 . Sur les Distorsions des corps élastiques ( with Enrico Volterra ) . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1930 . Theory of functionals and of integral and integro-differential equations . Blackie & Son . - 1931 . Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . Reissued 1990 , Gabay , J. , ed . - 1954-1962 . Opere matematiche . Memorie e note . Vol . 1 , 1954 ; Vol . 2 , 1956 ; Vol . 3 , 1957 ; Vol . 4 , 1960 ; Vol . 5 , 1962 ; Accademia dei Lincei .

easy

Vito Volterra became a member of what organization or association in 1936?

/wiki/Vito_Volterra#P463#2

Vito Volterra Biography . Born in Ancona , then part of the Papal States , into a very poor Jewish family : his father was Abramo Volterra and mother , Angelica Almagia . Volterra showed early promise in mathematics before attending the University of Pisa , where he fell under the influence of Enrico Betti , and where he became professor of rational mechanics in 1883 . He immediately started work developing his theory of functionals which led to his interest and later contributions in integral and integro-differential equations . His work is summarised in his book Theory of functionals and of Integral and Integro-Differential Equations ( 1930 ) . In 1892 , he became professor of mechanics at the University of Turin and then , in 1900 , professor of mathematical physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza . Volterra had grown up during the final stages of the Risorgimento when the Papal States were finally annexed by Italy and , like his mentor Betti , he was an enthusiastic patriot , being named by the king Victor Emmanuel III as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905 . In the same year , he began to develop the theory of dislocations in crystals that was later to become important in the understanding of the behaviour of ductile materials . On the outbreak of World War I , already well into his 50s , he joined the Italian Army and worked on the development of airships under Giulio Douhet . He originated the idea of using inert helium rather than flammable hydrogen and made use of his leadership abilities in organising its manufacture . After World War I , Volterra turned his attention to the application of his mathematical ideas to biology , principally reiterating and developing the work of Pierre François Verhulst . An outcome of this period is the Lotka–Volterra equations . Volterra is the only person who was a plenary speaker in the International Congress of Mathematicians four times ( 1900 , 1908 , 1920 , 1928 ) . In 1922 , he joined the opposition to the Fascist regime of Benito Mussolini and in 1931 he was one of only 12 out of 1,250 professors who refused to take a mandatory oath of loyalty . His political philosophy can be seen from a postcard he sent in the 1930s , on which he wrote what can be seen as an epitaph for Mussolinis Italy : Empires die , but Euclid’s theorems keep their youth forever . However , Volterra was no radical firebrand ; he might have been equally appalled if the leftist opposition to Mussolini had come to power , since he was a lifelong royalist and nationalist . As a result of his refusal to sign the oath of allegiance to the fascist government he was compelled to resign his university post and his membership of scientific academies , and , during the following years , he lived largely abroad , returning to Rome just before his death . In 1936 , he had been appointed a member of the Pontifical Academy of Sciences , on the initiative of founder Agostino Gemelli . He died in Rome on 11 October 1940 . He is buried in the Ariccia Cemetery . The Academy organised his funeral . Family . In 1900 he married Virginia Almagia , a cousin . Their son Edoardo Volterra ( 1904–1984 ) was a famous historian of Roman law . Volterra also had a daughter , Luisa Volterra , who married Umberto dAncona . DAncona piqued his father-in-laws interest in biomathematics when he showed Vito a set of data regarding populations of different species of fish on the Adriatic Sea , where decreased fishing activity from the war had led to an increase in the populations of predatory fish species . Vito published an analysis of the dynamics of interacting species of fish the next year . Selected writings by Volterra . - 1910 . Leçons sur les fonctions de lignes . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1912 . The theory of permutable functions . Princeton University Press . - 1913 . Leçons sur les équations intégrales et les équations intégro-différentielles . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1926 , Variazioni e fluttuazioni del numero dindividui in specie animali conviventi , Mem . R . Accad . Naz . dei Lincei 2 : 31–113 . - 1926 , Fluctuations in the abundance of a species considered mathematically , Nature 118 : 558–60 . - 1960 . Sur les Distorsions des corps élastiques ( with Enrico Volterra ) . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . - 1930 . Theory of functionals and of integral and integro-differential equations . Blackie & Son . - 1931 . Leçons sur la théorie mathématique de la lutte pour la vie . Paris : Gauthier-Villars . Reissued 1990 , Gabay , J. , ed . - 1954-1962 . Opere matematiche . Memorie e note . Vol . 1 , 1954 ; Vol . 2 , 1956 ; Vol . 3 , 1957 ; Vol . 4 , 1960 ; Vol . 5 , 1962 ; Accademia dei Lincei .

easy

Where was Robert Dallek educated from 1954 to 1955?

/wiki/Robert_Dallek#P69#0

Robert Dallek Robert A . Dallek ( born May 16 , 1934 ) is an American historian specializing in the presidents of the United States , including Franklin D . Roosevelt , John F . Kennedy , Lyndon B . Johnson , and Richard Nixon . He retired as a history professor at Boston University in 2004 and previously taught at Columbia University , the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , and Oxford University . He won the Bancroft Prize for his 1979 book Franklin D . Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932–1945 as well as other awards for scholarship and teaching . Personal life . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Dallek is the son of Rubin ( a business-machine dealer ) and Esther ( Fisher ) Dallek . Dallek attended the University of Illinois , graduating with a B.A . in history in June 1955 . He did graduate work at Columbia University , earning an M.A . in February 1957 , and a Ph.D . in June 1964 . While working on his Ph.D. , he was a history instructor at Columbia . He married Geraldine Kronmal ( a policy health analyst ) on August 22 , 1965 . Academic career . In 1964-1994 Dallek advanced from assistant to full professor of history at the Department of History at University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) . From 1966 to 1968 he was a graduate adviser . From 1972 to 1974 he served as vice chair of the department . From 1981 to 1985 he was a research associate at the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute . In 1993 he was a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology , and from 1994 to 1995 he was the Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University , which in 1995 awarded him an honorary M.A . Since 1996 Dallek has been a visiting professor at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas , and a professor of history at Boston University . From 2004 to 2005 he was Montgomery Fellow and a visiting professor in the history and government departments at Dartmouth College . Dallek is a member of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations . An Unfinished Life : John F . Kennedy , 1917-1963 . In 2003 , Dallek published the New York Times Bestseller , the first major biography of John F . Kennedy in almost 40 years . Based on archival resources and unprecedented access to his medical records , it revealed his secret struggle with major health problems as well as his love affairs , the backstage role of his father , his appointment of his brother Robert F . Kennedy to the office of United States Attorney General , and speculations about what the President would have done about the Vietnam War if he had lived . Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power . In 2007 Dallek published Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , which claims that they were visionaries and cynics at the same time , in an attempt to explain the ups and down of their diplomatic careers . The careers of both Nixon and Kissinger reflect the extent to which great accomplishments and public wrongdoing can spring from inner lives . The book was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in History . Works . Books . - Democrat and Diplomat : The Life of William E . Dodd ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 ) read online - 1898 : McKinleys Decision – The United States Declares War on Spain ( New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1969 ) read online - The Roosevelt Diplomacy and World War II ( New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ) read online - The Dynamics of World Power : Western Europe ( with Robert N . Burr and Walter LaFeber ) ( New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1973 ) read online - The Dynamics of World Power : A Documentary History of United States Foreign Policy , 1945-1973 ( ed . Arthur M . Schlesinger , Jr. , with Robert N . Burr , and Walter LaFeber ) ( New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1973 ) read online - Franklin D . Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932–1945 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1979 ) ( Bancroft Prize ) read online - The American Style of Foreign Policy : Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs ( New York : Knopf , 1983 ) read online - Ronald Reagan : The Politics of Symbolism ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1984 , ) read online - Lone Star Rising : Lyndon Johnson and his Times , 1908–1960 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 ) read online read online - Franklin D . Roosevelt as World Leader : An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 16 May 1995 ( New York : Clarendon Press , 1995 ) - Hail to the Chief : The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents ( New York : Hyperion , 1996 ) read online - Flawed Giant : Lyndon Johnson and his Times , 1961–1973 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) read online - ( Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 2003 ) - Lyndon B . Johnson : Portrait of a President ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) read online - Lessons from the Lives and Times of Presidents ( Richmond , Virginia : University of Richmond , 2004 ) read online - Let Every Nation Know : John F . Kennedy in His Own Words ( with Terry Golway ) ( Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks , 2006 ) read online - Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power ( New York : HarperCollins , 2007 ) Review in New York Times - Harry S . Truman : The 33rd President , 1945-1953 ( Times Books , 2008 , ) - The Lost Peace : Leadership in a Time of Horror and Hope , 1945–1953 ( HarperCollins , 2010 , ) Review in Foreign Affairs - Camelots Court : Inside the Kennedy White House ( New York : HarperCollins , 2013 ) Review in Washington Post - Franklin D . Roosevelt : A Political Life ( New York : Viking , 2017 , ) Journal articles . - Franklin Roosevelt as world leader , The American Historical Review , 76 ( 1971 ) : 1503–1513 - National mood and American foreign policy : a suggestive essay , American Quarterly , 34 ( 1982 ) : 229–261 - Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam : the making of a tragedy , Diplomatic History , 20 ( 1996 ) : 147 - Tales of the tapes , Reviews in American History , 26 ( 1998 ) : 333–338 - John F . Kennedys Civil Rights Quandary . American History 38.3 ( 2003 ) : 36 Essays in edited volumes . - American perceptions of the Soviet Union , in Abbott Gleason ( ed. ) , Cold War-Cold Peace : Soviet American Relations , 1933–1983 ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1975 ) - Triumphant America in a shaken world , in Sanford J . Ungar ( ed. ) , Estrangement : America and the World ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) - When Presidents Become Weak , in Walter Isaacson ( ed. ) , Profiles in Leadership : Historians on the Elusive Quality of Greatness ( New York : W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 ) TV appearances . Dallek appeared on The Daily Show in July 2007 . He has made numerous appearances on CNN and on public television and radio , including several on-camera comments included the History Channels JFK:A Presidency Revealed and the American Experience biographies F.D.R . and LBJ . External links . - UCLA Profile - Booknotes interview with Dallek on Lone Star Rising , September 22 , 1991 - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Dallek on Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , April 29 , 2007 - Robert Dallek on Three Last Questions about JFK ( audiocast )

easy

Robert Dallek went to which school from 1955 to 1964?

/wiki/Robert_Dallek#P69#1

Robert Dallek Robert A . Dallek ( born May 16 , 1934 ) is an American historian specializing in the presidents of the United States , including Franklin D . Roosevelt , John F . Kennedy , Lyndon B . Johnson , and Richard Nixon . He retired as a history professor at Boston University in 2004 and previously taught at Columbia University , the University of California , Los Angeles ( UCLA ) , and Oxford University . He won the Bancroft Prize for his 1979 book Franklin D . Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932–1945 as well as other awards for scholarship and teaching . Personal life . Born in Brooklyn , New York , Dallek is the son of Rubin ( a business-machine dealer ) and Esther ( Fisher ) Dallek . Dallek attended the University of Illinois , graduating with a B.A . in history in June 1955 . He did graduate work at Columbia University , earning an M.A . in February 1957 , and a Ph.D . in June 1964 . While working on his Ph.D. , he was a history instructor at Columbia . He married Geraldine Kronmal ( a policy health analyst ) on August 22 , 1965 . Academic career . In 1964-1994 Dallek advanced from assistant to full professor of history at the Department of History at University of California at Los Angeles ( UCLA ) . From 1966 to 1968 he was a graduate adviser . From 1972 to 1974 he served as vice chair of the department . From 1981 to 1985 he was a research associate at the Southern California Psychoanalytic Institute . In 1993 he was a visiting professor at the California Institute of Technology , and from 1994 to 1995 he was the Harold Vyvyan Harmsworth Professor of American History at Oxford University , which in 1995 awarded him an honorary M.A . Since 1996 Dallek has been a visiting professor at the LBJ School of Public Affairs at the University of Texas , and a professor of history at Boston University . From 2004 to 2005 he was Montgomery Fellow and a visiting professor in the history and government departments at Dartmouth College . Dallek is a member of the Society for Historians of American Foreign Relations . An Unfinished Life : John F . Kennedy , 1917-1963 . In 2003 , Dallek published the New York Times Bestseller , the first major biography of John F . Kennedy in almost 40 years . Based on archival resources and unprecedented access to his medical records , it revealed his secret struggle with major health problems as well as his love affairs , the backstage role of his father , his appointment of his brother Robert F . Kennedy to the office of United States Attorney General , and speculations about what the President would have done about the Vietnam War if he had lived . Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power . In 2007 Dallek published Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , which claims that they were visionaries and cynics at the same time , in an attempt to explain the ups and down of their diplomatic careers . The careers of both Nixon and Kissinger reflect the extent to which great accomplishments and public wrongdoing can spring from inner lives . The book was a finalist for the 2008 Pulitzer Prize in History . Works . Books . - Democrat and Diplomat : The Life of William E . Dodd ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1968 ) read online - 1898 : McKinleys Decision – The United States Declares War on Spain ( New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1969 ) read online - The Roosevelt Diplomacy and World War II ( New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , 1970 ) read online - The Dynamics of World Power : Western Europe ( with Robert N . Burr and Walter LaFeber ) ( New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1973 ) read online - The Dynamics of World Power : A Documentary History of United States Foreign Policy , 1945-1973 ( ed . Arthur M . Schlesinger , Jr. , with Robert N . Burr , and Walter LaFeber ) ( New York : Chelsea House Publishers , 1973 ) read online - Franklin D . Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy , 1932–1945 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1979 ) ( Bancroft Prize ) read online - The American Style of Foreign Policy : Cultural Politics and Foreign Affairs ( New York : Knopf , 1983 ) read online - Ronald Reagan : The Politics of Symbolism ( Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1984 , ) read online - Lone Star Rising : Lyndon Johnson and his Times , 1908–1960 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1991 ) read online read online - Franklin D . Roosevelt as World Leader : An Inaugural Lecture Delivered before the University of Oxford on 16 May 1995 ( New York : Clarendon Press , 1995 ) - Hail to the Chief : The Making and Unmaking of American Presidents ( New York : Hyperion , 1996 ) read online - Flawed Giant : Lyndon Johnson and his Times , 1961–1973 ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1998 ) read online - ( Boston : Little , Brown and Company , 2003 ) - Lyndon B . Johnson : Portrait of a President ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2004 ) read online - Lessons from the Lives and Times of Presidents ( Richmond , Virginia : University of Richmond , 2004 ) read online - Let Every Nation Know : John F . Kennedy in His Own Words ( with Terry Golway ) ( Naperville , IL : Sourcebooks , 2006 ) read online - Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power ( New York : HarperCollins , 2007 ) Review in New York Times - Harry S . Truman : The 33rd President , 1945-1953 ( Times Books , 2008 , ) - The Lost Peace : Leadership in a Time of Horror and Hope , 1945–1953 ( HarperCollins , 2010 , ) Review in Foreign Affairs - Camelots Court : Inside the Kennedy White House ( New York : HarperCollins , 2013 ) Review in Washington Post - Franklin D . Roosevelt : A Political Life ( New York : Viking , 2017 , ) Journal articles . - Franklin Roosevelt as world leader , The American Historical Review , 76 ( 1971 ) : 1503–1513 - National mood and American foreign policy : a suggestive essay , American Quarterly , 34 ( 1982 ) : 229–261 - Lyndon Johnson and Vietnam : the making of a tragedy , Diplomatic History , 20 ( 1996 ) : 147 - Tales of the tapes , Reviews in American History , 26 ( 1998 ) : 333–338 - John F . Kennedys Civil Rights Quandary . American History 38.3 ( 2003 ) : 36 Essays in edited volumes . - American perceptions of the Soviet Union , in Abbott Gleason ( ed. ) , Cold War-Cold Peace : Soviet American Relations , 1933–1983 ( Boston : Beacon Press , 1975 ) - Triumphant America in a shaken world , in Sanford J . Ungar ( ed. ) , Estrangement : America and the World ( New York : Oxford University Press , 1985 ) - When Presidents Become Weak , in Walter Isaacson ( ed. ) , Profiles in Leadership : Historians on the Elusive Quality of Greatness ( New York : W . W . Norton & Company , 2011 ) TV appearances . Dallek appeared on The Daily Show in July 2007 . He has made numerous appearances on CNN and on public television and radio , including several on-camera comments included the History Channels JFK:A Presidency Revealed and the American Experience biographies F.D.R . and LBJ . External links . - UCLA Profile - Booknotes interview with Dallek on Lone Star Rising , September 22 , 1991 - C-SPAN Q&A interview with Dallek on Nixon and Kissinger : Partners in Power , April 29 , 2007 - Robert Dallek on Three Last Questions about JFK ( audiocast )

easy

Who was the chair of Leimen (Baden) from 1976 to 2000?

/wiki/Leimen_(Baden)#P6#0

Leimen ( Baden ) Leimen is a town in north-west Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is about south of Heidelberg and the third largest town of the Rhein-Neckar district after Weinheim and Sinsheim . It is also the areas industrial centre . Leimen is located on the Bergstraße ( Mountain Road ) and on the Bertha Benz Memorial Route . In the context of a communal reform in the 1970s , Leimen was newly created from the villages Leimen , Gauangelloch and Sankt Ilgen . In 1981 , the state government of Baden-Württemberg granted Leimen the privilege to be called town . When Leimens population exceeded 20,000 in 1990 , the city council applied for elevation to a Große Kreisstadt which was granted by the state government on April 1 , 1992 . History . The first documentary record of Leimen is from 791 , when both the Lorsch Abbey and the Diocese of Worms owned land there . First records of the districts are from 1270 for Gauangelloch ( a document supposedly from 1016 was found out to be a fake ) , 1312 for Lingental , around 1300 for Ochsenbach and 1100 for Sankt Ilgen , then called bruch , an Old High German word for bog . In 1262 , the lords of Bruchsal gave Leimen to the Electorate of the Palatinate as a fiefdom and from 1464 on Leimen was part of the Palatinate . In 1579 , Leimen was granted the right to celebrate an annual fair and became a marketplace in 1595 . In 1674 , Leimen was partially destroyed . Mayors . - Johann Ludwig Waldbauer 1838–1844 - Heinrich Seitz 1845–1876 - Jakob Rehm III . 1876–1882 - Leonhard Schneider 1882–1883 - Ludwig Endlich 1883–1896 - Christoph Lingg 1883–1923 - Jakob Weidemaier 1923–1933 - Fritz Wisswesser 1933–1945 - Jakob Weidemaier 1945 - Georg Appel 1946–1948 - Otto Hoog 1948–1976 - Herbert Ehrbar 1976–2000 ( from 1992 Lord Mayor ) Lord Mayor . - Wolfgang Ernst 2000–2016 - since 2016 : Hans D . Reinwald People , culture and architecture . Leimen consists of the Leimen ( proper ) , nowadays called Leimen ( Mitte ) , and the four boroughs Gauangelloch , Lingental , Ochsenbach and Sankt Ilgen . Despite its industrial roots , Leimens downtown has maintained a certain quaintness . It is an active town , with a regular cycle of festivals and activities . At Ochsenbach , there is the NDB NKR . Notable people . - Joseph von Henikstein ( 1768–1838 ) , businessman and financier , art patron and friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Bert Hellinger ( 1925–2019 ) , psychotherapist and author - Michael Peter ( 1949–1997 ) , field hockey player , Olympic winner - Rainer Zietsch ( born 1964 ) , football player and coach - Ralph Götz ( born 1967 ) , rugby player and administrator - Boris Becker ( born 1967 ) , tennis player - Clemens von Grumbkow ( born 1983 ) , rugby union player - Akeem Vargas ( born 1990 ) , basketball player , grew up in Leimen Twin towns – sister cities . Leimen is twinned with : - Castanheira de Pera , Portugal - Cernay-lès-Reims , France - Kunín , Czech Republic - Mafra , Portugal - Tigy , France - Tinqueux , France

easy

Who was in charge of Leimen (Baden) from 2000 to 2016?

/wiki/Leimen_(Baden)#P6#1

Leimen ( Baden ) Leimen is a town in north-west Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is about south of Heidelberg and the third largest town of the Rhein-Neckar district after Weinheim and Sinsheim . It is also the areas industrial centre . Leimen is located on the Bergstraße ( Mountain Road ) and on the Bertha Benz Memorial Route . In the context of a communal reform in the 1970s , Leimen was newly created from the villages Leimen , Gauangelloch and Sankt Ilgen . In 1981 , the state government of Baden-Württemberg granted Leimen the privilege to be called town . When Leimens population exceeded 20,000 in 1990 , the city council applied for elevation to a Große Kreisstadt which was granted by the state government on April 1 , 1992 . History . The first documentary record of Leimen is from 791 , when both the Lorsch Abbey and the Diocese of Worms owned land there . First records of the districts are from 1270 for Gauangelloch ( a document supposedly from 1016 was found out to be a fake ) , 1312 for Lingental , around 1300 for Ochsenbach and 1100 for Sankt Ilgen , then called bruch , an Old High German word for bog . In 1262 , the lords of Bruchsal gave Leimen to the Electorate of the Palatinate as a fiefdom and from 1464 on Leimen was part of the Palatinate . In 1579 , Leimen was granted the right to celebrate an annual fair and became a marketplace in 1595 . In 1674 , Leimen was partially destroyed . Mayors . - Johann Ludwig Waldbauer 1838–1844 - Heinrich Seitz 1845–1876 - Jakob Rehm III . 1876–1882 - Leonhard Schneider 1882–1883 - Ludwig Endlich 1883–1896 - Christoph Lingg 1883–1923 - Jakob Weidemaier 1923–1933 - Fritz Wisswesser 1933–1945 - Jakob Weidemaier 1945 - Georg Appel 1946–1948 - Otto Hoog 1948–1976 - Herbert Ehrbar 1976–2000 ( from 1992 Lord Mayor ) Lord Mayor . - Wolfgang Ernst 2000–2016 - since 2016 : Hans D . Reinwald People , culture and architecture . Leimen consists of the Leimen ( proper ) , nowadays called Leimen ( Mitte ) , and the four boroughs Gauangelloch , Lingental , Ochsenbach and Sankt Ilgen . Despite its industrial roots , Leimens downtown has maintained a certain quaintness . It is an active town , with a regular cycle of festivals and activities . At Ochsenbach , there is the NDB NKR . Notable people . - Joseph von Henikstein ( 1768–1838 ) , businessman and financier , art patron and friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Bert Hellinger ( 1925–2019 ) , psychotherapist and author - Michael Peter ( 1949–1997 ) , field hockey player , Olympic winner - Rainer Zietsch ( born 1964 ) , football player and coach - Ralph Götz ( born 1967 ) , rugby player and administrator - Boris Becker ( born 1967 ) , tennis player - Clemens von Grumbkow ( born 1983 ) , rugby union player - Akeem Vargas ( born 1990 ) , basketball player , grew up in Leimen Twin towns – sister cities . Leimen is twinned with : - Castanheira de Pera , Portugal - Cernay-lès-Reims , France - Kunín , Czech Republic - Mafra , Portugal - Tigy , France - Tinqueux , France

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Who was the chair of Leimen (Baden) from 2016 to 2017?

/wiki/Leimen_(Baden)#P6#2

Leimen ( Baden ) Leimen is a town in north-west Baden-Württemberg , Germany . It is about south of Heidelberg and the third largest town of the Rhein-Neckar district after Weinheim and Sinsheim . It is also the areas industrial centre . Leimen is located on the Bergstraße ( Mountain Road ) and on the Bertha Benz Memorial Route . In the context of a communal reform in the 1970s , Leimen was newly created from the villages Leimen , Gauangelloch and Sankt Ilgen . In 1981 , the state government of Baden-Württemberg granted Leimen the privilege to be called town . When Leimens population exceeded 20,000 in 1990 , the city council applied for elevation to a Große Kreisstadt which was granted by the state government on April 1 , 1992 . History . The first documentary record of Leimen is from 791 , when both the Lorsch Abbey and the Diocese of Worms owned land there . First records of the districts are from 1270 for Gauangelloch ( a document supposedly from 1016 was found out to be a fake ) , 1312 for Lingental , around 1300 for Ochsenbach and 1100 for Sankt Ilgen , then called bruch , an Old High German word for bog . In 1262 , the lords of Bruchsal gave Leimen to the Electorate of the Palatinate as a fiefdom and from 1464 on Leimen was part of the Palatinate . In 1579 , Leimen was granted the right to celebrate an annual fair and became a marketplace in 1595 . In 1674 , Leimen was partially destroyed . Mayors . - Johann Ludwig Waldbauer 1838–1844 - Heinrich Seitz 1845–1876 - Jakob Rehm III . 1876–1882 - Leonhard Schneider 1882–1883 - Ludwig Endlich 1883–1896 - Christoph Lingg 1883–1923 - Jakob Weidemaier 1923–1933 - Fritz Wisswesser 1933–1945 - Jakob Weidemaier 1945 - Georg Appel 1946–1948 - Otto Hoog 1948–1976 - Herbert Ehrbar 1976–2000 ( from 1992 Lord Mayor ) Lord Mayor . - Wolfgang Ernst 2000–2016 - since 2016 : Hans D . Reinwald People , culture and architecture . Leimen consists of the Leimen ( proper ) , nowadays called Leimen ( Mitte ) , and the four boroughs Gauangelloch , Lingental , Ochsenbach and Sankt Ilgen . Despite its industrial roots , Leimens downtown has maintained a certain quaintness . It is an active town , with a regular cycle of festivals and activities . At Ochsenbach , there is the NDB NKR . Notable people . - Joseph von Henikstein ( 1768–1838 ) , businessman and financier , art patron and friend of Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart - Bert Hellinger ( 1925–2019 ) , psychotherapist and author - Michael Peter ( 1949–1997 ) , field hockey player , Olympic winner - Rainer Zietsch ( born 1964 ) , football player and coach - Ralph Götz ( born 1967 ) , rugby player and administrator - Boris Becker ( born 1967 ) , tennis player - Clemens von Grumbkow ( born 1983 ) , rugby union player - Akeem Vargas ( born 1990 ) , basketball player , grew up in Leimen Twin towns – sister cities . Leimen is twinned with : - Castanheira de Pera , Portugal - Cernay-lès-Reims , France - Kunín , Czech Republic - Mafra , Portugal - Tigy , France - Tinqueux , France

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What position did Tavish Scott take from May 1999 to Mar 2003?

/wiki/Tavish_Scott#P39#0

Tavish Scott Tavish Hamilton Scott ( born 6 May 1966 ) is a former Scottish politician . He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Shetland from 1999 to 2019 , and Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2008 to 2011 . He stepped down as Leader after the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , in which the Liberal Democrats were reduced to five seats , down from 16 in the previous parliament . Background , education and early career . Scott was born on 6 May 1966 in Inverness , Scotland , he attended Anderson High School , Lerwick , Shetland and holds a BA ( Hons ) Business Studies from Napier College in Edinburgh . After graduating , he worked as a parliamentary assistant to Jim Wallace , then Lib Dem MP for Orkney and Shetland , and later as a Press Officer for the Scottish Liberal Democrats . He then returned to Shetland and became a farmer and also a councillor on Shetland Islands Council and Chairman of the Lerwick Harbour Trust . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Scott was elected the first Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland in May 1999 . He was also the first parliamentarian for the Shetland Islands as a distinct entity ; up to that point there had only been a single UK parliamentary constituency for both Orkney and Shetland . He served as a Deputy Minister for Parliament in the Scottish Executive from 2000 to 2001 in succession to his colleague Iain Smith , but resigned after refusing to support the Executive in a vote in the Parliament on a tie-up scheme for fishing . In 2003 , he returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for Finance and Public Services . During his time there his department piloted the Local Governance ( Scotland ) Act , which changed the elections for local authorities in Scotland to a proportional representation system . Following Nicol Stephens election as party leader and succession as Deputy First Minister of Scotland in 2005 , Scott was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Transport . He was re-elected with an increased majority in May 2007 , and held the largest margin by percentage , 50.1% , of any MSP over their closest challenger . After the resignation of his friend and former ministerial colleague Nicol Stephen , Scott declared his candidacy for the leadership of the Scottish Liberal Democrats on 7 July 2008 at Lerwick harbour , surrounded by a group of men dressed as Vikings which is a tradition in Shetland called Up Helly Aa where Shetlanders celebrate their Viking heritage . On 26 August 2008 , he was announced the winner of the leadership contest with 59% ( 1,450 ) of the votes . Following what he described as a disastrous set of results for the Scottish Liberal Democrats in the Scottish elections in May 2011 , Scott offered his resignation as leader ( remaining a Member of the Scottish Parliament ) . He claimed the poor showings were in part due to the coalition deal which saw the Liberal Democrats form a government with the Conservatives after the 2010 United Kingdom general election . In the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum , Scott was a keen advocate of a No vote as well as recognition that whatever the outcome of the referendum there ought to be a recognition of Northern Isles’ right to determine their own future . At the Liberal Democrat party conference in 2013 put forward a motion with fellow MSP Liam McArthur to recognise the Islands had a separate right to self-determination Scott said that his preferred outcome was for Shetland to become a crown dependency of the UK with its own parliament , and was backed by the cross-party Wir Shetland movement that campaigns for crown dependency status . Scott announced in June 2019 that he would be resigning from the Scottish Parliament to take a position with the Scottish Rugby Union . Career timeline . - 1986–1989 : Napier College - 1989–1990 : Parliamentary researcher to Jim Wallace MP for Orkney and Shetland , House of Commons - 1990–1992 : Press Officer , Scottish Liberal Democrats , Edinburgh - 1992–1999 : Farmer , Shetland family farm - 1994–1999 : Chairman and Trustee , Lerwick Harbour Trust - 1994–1999 : Councillor for Lerwick Harbour and Bressay ward on Shetland Islands Council - Vice-chairman of the Roads and Transport Committee - 1997–1999 : Director , Shetland Islands Tourism - 1999–2019 : Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland - 2000–2001 : Deputy Minister for Scottish Parliament - 2003–2005 : Deputy Minister for Finance , Public Services and Parliamentary Business - 2005–2007 : Minister for Transport - 2007–2008 : Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth - Convenor of the Scottish Parliaments Economy , Energy and Tourism Committee - 2008–2011 : Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats - 2011–2019 : Scottish Liberal Democrat spokesman for business and the economy External links . - Tavish Scott MSP profile at the site of Scottish Liberal Democrats

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What position did Tavish Scott take from May 2003 to Jun 2005?

/wiki/Tavish_Scott#P39#1

Tavish Scott Tavish Hamilton Scott ( born 6 May 1966 ) is a former Scottish politician . He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Shetland from 1999 to 2019 , and Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2008 to 2011 . He stepped down as Leader after the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , in which the Liberal Democrats were reduced to five seats , down from 16 in the previous parliament . Background , education and early career . Scott was born on 6 May 1966 in Inverness , Scotland , he attended Anderson High School , Lerwick , Shetland and holds a BA ( Hons ) Business Studies from Napier College in Edinburgh . After graduating , he worked as a parliamentary assistant to Jim Wallace , then Lib Dem MP for Orkney and Shetland , and later as a Press Officer for the Scottish Liberal Democrats . He then returned to Shetland and became a farmer and also a councillor on Shetland Islands Council and Chairman of the Lerwick Harbour Trust . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Scott was elected the first Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland in May 1999 . He was also the first parliamentarian for the Shetland Islands as a distinct entity ; up to that point there had only been a single UK parliamentary constituency for both Orkney and Shetland . He served as a Deputy Minister for Parliament in the Scottish Executive from 2000 to 2001 in succession to his colleague Iain Smith , but resigned after refusing to support the Executive in a vote in the Parliament on a tie-up scheme for fishing . In 2003 , he returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for Finance and Public Services . During his time there his department piloted the Local Governance ( Scotland ) Act , which changed the elections for local authorities in Scotland to a proportional representation system . Following Nicol Stephens election as party leader and succession as Deputy First Minister of Scotland in 2005 , Scott was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Transport . He was re-elected with an increased majority in May 2007 , and held the largest margin by percentage , 50.1% , of any MSP over their closest challenger . After the resignation of his friend and former ministerial colleague Nicol Stephen , Scott declared his candidacy for the leadership of the Scottish Liberal Democrats on 7 July 2008 at Lerwick harbour , surrounded by a group of men dressed as Vikings which is a tradition in Shetland called Up Helly Aa where Shetlanders celebrate their Viking heritage . On 26 August 2008 , he was announced the winner of the leadership contest with 59% ( 1,450 ) of the votes . Following what he described as a disastrous set of results for the Scottish Liberal Democrats in the Scottish elections in May 2011 , Scott offered his resignation as leader ( remaining a Member of the Scottish Parliament ) . He claimed the poor showings were in part due to the coalition deal which saw the Liberal Democrats form a government with the Conservatives after the 2010 United Kingdom general election . In the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum , Scott was a keen advocate of a No vote as well as recognition that whatever the outcome of the referendum there ought to be a recognition of Northern Isles’ right to determine their own future . At the Liberal Democrat party conference in 2013 put forward a motion with fellow MSP Liam McArthur to recognise the Islands had a separate right to self-determination Scott said that his preferred outcome was for Shetland to become a crown dependency of the UK with its own parliament , and was backed by the cross-party Wir Shetland movement that campaigns for crown dependency status . Scott announced in June 2019 that he would be resigning from the Scottish Parliament to take a position with the Scottish Rugby Union . Career timeline . - 1986–1989 : Napier College - 1989–1990 : Parliamentary researcher to Jim Wallace MP for Orkney and Shetland , House of Commons - 1990–1992 : Press Officer , Scottish Liberal Democrats , Edinburgh - 1992–1999 : Farmer , Shetland family farm - 1994–1999 : Chairman and Trustee , Lerwick Harbour Trust - 1994–1999 : Councillor for Lerwick Harbour and Bressay ward on Shetland Islands Council - Vice-chairman of the Roads and Transport Committee - 1997–1999 : Director , Shetland Islands Tourism - 1999–2019 : Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland - 2000–2001 : Deputy Minister for Scottish Parliament - 2003–2005 : Deputy Minister for Finance , Public Services and Parliamentary Business - 2005–2007 : Minister for Transport - 2007–2008 : Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth - Convenor of the Scottish Parliaments Economy , Energy and Tourism Committee - 2008–2011 : Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats - 2011–2019 : Scottish Liberal Democrat spokesman for business and the economy External links . - Tavish Scott MSP profile at the site of Scottish Liberal Democrats

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What was the position of Tavish Scott from Jun 2005 to May 2007?

/wiki/Tavish_Scott#P39#2

Tavish Scott Tavish Hamilton Scott ( born 6 May 1966 ) is a former Scottish politician . He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Shetland from 1999 to 2019 , and Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2008 to 2011 . He stepped down as Leader after the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , in which the Liberal Democrats were reduced to five seats , down from 16 in the previous parliament . Background , education and early career . Scott was born on 6 May 1966 in Inverness , Scotland , he attended Anderson High School , Lerwick , Shetland and holds a BA ( Hons ) Business Studies from Napier College in Edinburgh . After graduating , he worked as a parliamentary assistant to Jim Wallace , then Lib Dem MP for Orkney and Shetland , and later as a Press Officer for the Scottish Liberal Democrats . He then returned to Shetland and became a farmer and also a councillor on Shetland Islands Council and Chairman of the Lerwick Harbour Trust . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Scott was elected the first Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland in May 1999 . He was also the first parliamentarian for the Shetland Islands as a distinct entity ; up to that point there had only been a single UK parliamentary constituency for both Orkney and Shetland . He served as a Deputy Minister for Parliament in the Scottish Executive from 2000 to 2001 in succession to his colleague Iain Smith , but resigned after refusing to support the Executive in a vote in the Parliament on a tie-up scheme for fishing . In 2003 , he returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for Finance and Public Services . During his time there his department piloted the Local Governance ( Scotland ) Act , which changed the elections for local authorities in Scotland to a proportional representation system . Following Nicol Stephens election as party leader and succession as Deputy First Minister of Scotland in 2005 , Scott was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Transport . He was re-elected with an increased majority in May 2007 , and held the largest margin by percentage , 50.1% , of any MSP over their closest challenger . After the resignation of his friend and former ministerial colleague Nicol Stephen , Scott declared his candidacy for the leadership of the Scottish Liberal Democrats on 7 July 2008 at Lerwick harbour , surrounded by a group of men dressed as Vikings which is a tradition in Shetland called Up Helly Aa where Shetlanders celebrate their Viking heritage . On 26 August 2008 , he was announced the winner of the leadership contest with 59% ( 1,450 ) of the votes . Following what he described as a disastrous set of results for the Scottish Liberal Democrats in the Scottish elections in May 2011 , Scott offered his resignation as leader ( remaining a Member of the Scottish Parliament ) . He claimed the poor showings were in part due to the coalition deal which saw the Liberal Democrats form a government with the Conservatives after the 2010 United Kingdom general election . In the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum , Scott was a keen advocate of a No vote as well as recognition that whatever the outcome of the referendum there ought to be a recognition of Northern Isles’ right to determine their own future . At the Liberal Democrat party conference in 2013 put forward a motion with fellow MSP Liam McArthur to recognise the Islands had a separate right to self-determination Scott said that his preferred outcome was for Shetland to become a crown dependency of the UK with its own parliament , and was backed by the cross-party Wir Shetland movement that campaigns for crown dependency status . Scott announced in June 2019 that he would be resigning from the Scottish Parliament to take a position with the Scottish Rugby Union . Career timeline . - 1986–1989 : Napier College - 1989–1990 : Parliamentary researcher to Jim Wallace MP for Orkney and Shetland , House of Commons - 1990–1992 : Press Officer , Scottish Liberal Democrats , Edinburgh - 1992–1999 : Farmer , Shetland family farm - 1994–1999 : Chairman and Trustee , Lerwick Harbour Trust - 1994–1999 : Councillor for Lerwick Harbour and Bressay ward on Shetland Islands Council - Vice-chairman of the Roads and Transport Committee - 1997–1999 : Director , Shetland Islands Tourism - 1999–2019 : Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland - 2000–2001 : Deputy Minister for Scottish Parliament - 2003–2005 : Deputy Minister for Finance , Public Services and Parliamentary Business - 2005–2007 : Minister for Transport - 2007–2008 : Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth - Convenor of the Scottish Parliaments Economy , Energy and Tourism Committee - 2008–2011 : Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats - 2011–2019 : Scottish Liberal Democrat spokesman for business and the economy External links . - Tavish Scott MSP profile at the site of Scottish Liberal Democrats

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Tavish Scott took which position in May 2007?

/wiki/Tavish_Scott#P39#3

Tavish Scott Tavish Hamilton Scott ( born 6 May 1966 ) is a former Scottish politician . He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Shetland from 1999 to 2019 , and Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2008 to 2011 . He stepped down as Leader after the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , in which the Liberal Democrats were reduced to five seats , down from 16 in the previous parliament . Background , education and early career . Scott was born on 6 May 1966 in Inverness , Scotland , he attended Anderson High School , Lerwick , Shetland and holds a BA ( Hons ) Business Studies from Napier College in Edinburgh . After graduating , he worked as a parliamentary assistant to Jim Wallace , then Lib Dem MP for Orkney and Shetland , and later as a Press Officer for the Scottish Liberal Democrats . He then returned to Shetland and became a farmer and also a councillor on Shetland Islands Council and Chairman of the Lerwick Harbour Trust . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Scott was elected the first Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland in May 1999 . He was also the first parliamentarian for the Shetland Islands as a distinct entity ; up to that point there had only been a single UK parliamentary constituency for both Orkney and Shetland . He served as a Deputy Minister for Parliament in the Scottish Executive from 2000 to 2001 in succession to his colleague Iain Smith , but resigned after refusing to support the Executive in a vote in the Parliament on a tie-up scheme for fishing . In 2003 , he returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for Finance and Public Services . During his time there his department piloted the Local Governance ( Scotland ) Act , which changed the elections for local authorities in Scotland to a proportional representation system . Following Nicol Stephens election as party leader and succession as Deputy First Minister of Scotland in 2005 , Scott was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Transport . He was re-elected with an increased majority in May 2007 , and held the largest margin by percentage , 50.1% , of any MSP over their closest challenger . After the resignation of his friend and former ministerial colleague Nicol Stephen , Scott declared his candidacy for the leadership of the Scottish Liberal Democrats on 7 July 2008 at Lerwick harbour , surrounded by a group of men dressed as Vikings which is a tradition in Shetland called Up Helly Aa where Shetlanders celebrate their Viking heritage . On 26 August 2008 , he was announced the winner of the leadership contest with 59% ( 1,450 ) of the votes . Following what he described as a disastrous set of results for the Scottish Liberal Democrats in the Scottish elections in May 2011 , Scott offered his resignation as leader ( remaining a Member of the Scottish Parliament ) . He claimed the poor showings were in part due to the coalition deal which saw the Liberal Democrats form a government with the Conservatives after the 2010 United Kingdom general election . In the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum , Scott was a keen advocate of a No vote as well as recognition that whatever the outcome of the referendum there ought to be a recognition of Northern Isles’ right to determine their own future . At the Liberal Democrat party conference in 2013 put forward a motion with fellow MSP Liam McArthur to recognise the Islands had a separate right to self-determination Scott said that his preferred outcome was for Shetland to become a crown dependency of the UK with its own parliament , and was backed by the cross-party Wir Shetland movement that campaigns for crown dependency status . Scott announced in June 2019 that he would be resigning from the Scottish Parliament to take a position with the Scottish Rugby Union . Career timeline . - 1986–1989 : Napier College - 1989–1990 : Parliamentary researcher to Jim Wallace MP for Orkney and Shetland , House of Commons - 1990–1992 : Press Officer , Scottish Liberal Democrats , Edinburgh - 1992–1999 : Farmer , Shetland family farm - 1994–1999 : Chairman and Trustee , Lerwick Harbour Trust - 1994–1999 : Councillor for Lerwick Harbour and Bressay ward on Shetland Islands Council - Vice-chairman of the Roads and Transport Committee - 1997–1999 : Director , Shetland Islands Tourism - 1999–2019 : Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland - 2000–2001 : Deputy Minister for Scottish Parliament - 2003–2005 : Deputy Minister for Finance , Public Services and Parliamentary Business - 2005–2007 : Minister for Transport - 2007–2008 : Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth - Convenor of the Scottish Parliaments Economy , Energy and Tourism Committee - 2008–2011 : Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats - 2011–2019 : Scottish Liberal Democrat spokesman for business and the economy External links . - Tavish Scott MSP profile at the site of Scottish Liberal Democrats

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What position did Tavish Scott take from Aug 2008 to Mar 2011?

/wiki/Tavish_Scott#P39#4

Tavish Scott Tavish Hamilton Scott ( born 6 May 1966 ) is a former Scottish politician . He was the Member of the Scottish Parliament ( MSP ) for Shetland from 1999 to 2019 , and Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats from 2008 to 2011 . He stepped down as Leader after the 2011 Scottish Parliament election , in which the Liberal Democrats were reduced to five seats , down from 16 in the previous parliament . Background , education and early career . Scott was born on 6 May 1966 in Inverness , Scotland , he attended Anderson High School , Lerwick , Shetland and holds a BA ( Hons ) Business Studies from Napier College in Edinburgh . After graduating , he worked as a parliamentary assistant to Jim Wallace , then Lib Dem MP for Orkney and Shetland , and later as a Press Officer for the Scottish Liberal Democrats . He then returned to Shetland and became a farmer and also a councillor on Shetland Islands Council and Chairman of the Lerwick Harbour Trust . Member of the Scottish Parliament . Scott was elected the first Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland in May 1999 . He was also the first parliamentarian for the Shetland Islands as a distinct entity ; up to that point there had only been a single UK parliamentary constituency for both Orkney and Shetland . He served as a Deputy Minister for Parliament in the Scottish Executive from 2000 to 2001 in succession to his colleague Iain Smith , but resigned after refusing to support the Executive in a vote in the Parliament on a tie-up scheme for fishing . In 2003 , he returned to the Scottish Executive as Deputy Minister for Finance and Public Services . During his time there his department piloted the Local Governance ( Scotland ) Act , which changed the elections for local authorities in Scotland to a proportional representation system . Following Nicol Stephens election as party leader and succession as Deputy First Minister of Scotland in 2005 , Scott was appointed to the Cabinet as Minister for Transport . He was re-elected with an increased majority in May 2007 , and held the largest margin by percentage , 50.1% , of any MSP over their closest challenger . After the resignation of his friend and former ministerial colleague Nicol Stephen , Scott declared his candidacy for the leadership of the Scottish Liberal Democrats on 7 July 2008 at Lerwick harbour , surrounded by a group of men dressed as Vikings which is a tradition in Shetland called Up Helly Aa where Shetlanders celebrate their Viking heritage . On 26 August 2008 , he was announced the winner of the leadership contest with 59% ( 1,450 ) of the votes . Following what he described as a disastrous set of results for the Scottish Liberal Democrats in the Scottish elections in May 2011 , Scott offered his resignation as leader ( remaining a Member of the Scottish Parliament ) . He claimed the poor showings were in part due to the coalition deal which saw the Liberal Democrats form a government with the Conservatives after the 2010 United Kingdom general election . In the run-up to the 2014 Scottish Independence referendum , Scott was a keen advocate of a No vote as well as recognition that whatever the outcome of the referendum there ought to be a recognition of Northern Isles’ right to determine their own future . At the Liberal Democrat party conference in 2013 put forward a motion with fellow MSP Liam McArthur to recognise the Islands had a separate right to self-determination Scott said that his preferred outcome was for Shetland to become a crown dependency of the UK with its own parliament , and was backed by the cross-party Wir Shetland movement that campaigns for crown dependency status . Scott announced in June 2019 that he would be resigning from the Scottish Parliament to take a position with the Scottish Rugby Union . Career timeline . - 1986–1989 : Napier College - 1989–1990 : Parliamentary researcher to Jim Wallace MP for Orkney and Shetland , House of Commons - 1990–1992 : Press Officer , Scottish Liberal Democrats , Edinburgh - 1992–1999 : Farmer , Shetland family farm - 1994–1999 : Chairman and Trustee , Lerwick Harbour Trust - 1994–1999 : Councillor for Lerwick Harbour and Bressay ward on Shetland Islands Council - Vice-chairman of the Roads and Transport Committee - 1997–1999 : Director , Shetland Islands Tourism - 1999–2019 : Member of the Scottish Parliament for Shetland - 2000–2001 : Deputy Minister for Scottish Parliament - 2003–2005 : Deputy Minister for Finance , Public Services and Parliamentary Business - 2005–2007 : Minister for Transport - 2007–2008 : Shadow Cabinet Secretary for Finance and Sustainable Growth - Convenor of the Scottish Parliaments Economy , Energy and Tourism Committee - 2008–2011 : Leader of the Scottish Liberal Democrats - 2011–2019 : Scottish Liberal Democrat spokesman for business and the economy External links . - Tavish Scott MSP profile at the site of Scottish Liberal Democrats

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Which team did the player Frank Thorpe belong to from 1897 to 1900?

/wiki/Frank_Thorpe#P54#0

Frank Thorpe Frank Thorpe ( 13 November 1879 – 17 April 1928 ) was an English footballer who played as a centre-half for various clubs in the 1900s , including Southampton and Bury , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1903 . Playing career . Thorpe was born in Hayfield , Derbyshire and started his football career with Stalybridge Rovers , before a brief spell on the books of Newton Heath , where he failed to break into the first-team . In June 1901 , he joined Bury , where he was re-united with his former Stalybridge teammate , wing-half John Johnston . Thorpe soon became a fixture at centre-half , between Johnston on the right and the veteran George Ross on the left . In the league , Bury finished seventh in the First Division in 1901–02 and eighth in the following season . Ross played in all of Burys matches in the FA Cup in 1902–03 , reaching the final where Bury defeated Derby County in one of the most one-sided finals ever played . Burys 6–0 victory still stands as the record Final win . Bury also equalled another record , winning the Cup without conceding a goal in any round . In the final itself , Thorpes through ball in the 48th minute was slid past Derby Countys injured goalkeeper Jack Fryer by Charlie Sagar for the second goal , following which Fryer was replaced in goal by Charlie Morris who conceded a further four goals in the next half-hour . Thorpe continued at the centre of Burys defence for the next two seasons , missing only one game in 1903–04 and three in the following season , but in 1905–06 he lost his place to Jack Dewhurst , who had recently arrived from Blackburn Rovers . Thorpe spent the 1906–07 season with Plymouth Argyle of the Southern League , before moving along the south coast in April 1907 to join fellow Southern league team , Southampton . Thorpe made his debut in a 4–2 victory at Northampton Town on 6 April 1907 , taking over at centre-half from James Bowden , who was moved to fill the left-half position , which had been not been filled satisfactorily since Bill Gray had been injured in March . For the 1907–08 season , Thorpe was re-united with his former Stalybridge and Bury teammate , John Johnston . Thorpe was an intelligent centre-half , whose experience strengthened the Saints defence , and he was quickly appointed as team captain , helping the Saints to reach the FA Cup semi-finals where they went out to Wolverhampton Wanderers , beating First Division Everton en route . After finishing 11th in the league in 1908 , when Thorpe missed only three matches , Southampton started the 1908–09 season with seven consecutive victories , in which Thorpe scored three goals . The Saints continued this good form until Thorpe was injured in late December , to be replaced by Sam Jepp . With other key players such as Arthur Hughes and Frank Jefferis also suffering with injuries , Saints fell away until Thorpes return at the end of March . Saints won four and drew three of the last seven games , and managed to finish in third place . In the summer of 1909 , Thorpe returned to Bury to as a player-coach , working with the second eleven . Honours . As a player . Bury - FA Cup winner : 1903

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Frank Thorpe played for which team from 1900 to 1906?

/wiki/Frank_Thorpe#P54#1

Frank Thorpe Frank Thorpe ( 13 November 1879 – 17 April 1928 ) was an English footballer who played as a centre-half for various clubs in the 1900s , including Southampton and Bury , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1903 . Playing career . Thorpe was born in Hayfield , Derbyshire and started his football career with Stalybridge Rovers , before a brief spell on the books of Newton Heath , where he failed to break into the first-team . In June 1901 , he joined Bury , where he was re-united with his former Stalybridge teammate , wing-half John Johnston . Thorpe soon became a fixture at centre-half , between Johnston on the right and the veteran George Ross on the left . In the league , Bury finished seventh in the First Division in 1901–02 and eighth in the following season . Ross played in all of Burys matches in the FA Cup in 1902–03 , reaching the final where Bury defeated Derby County in one of the most one-sided finals ever played . Burys 6–0 victory still stands as the record Final win . Bury also equalled another record , winning the Cup without conceding a goal in any round . In the final itself , Thorpes through ball in the 48th minute was slid past Derby Countys injured goalkeeper Jack Fryer by Charlie Sagar for the second goal , following which Fryer was replaced in goal by Charlie Morris who conceded a further four goals in the next half-hour . Thorpe continued at the centre of Burys defence for the next two seasons , missing only one game in 1903–04 and three in the following season , but in 1905–06 he lost his place to Jack Dewhurst , who had recently arrived from Blackburn Rovers . Thorpe spent the 1906–07 season with Plymouth Argyle of the Southern League , before moving along the south coast in April 1907 to join fellow Southern league team , Southampton . Thorpe made his debut in a 4–2 victory at Northampton Town on 6 April 1907 , taking over at centre-half from James Bowden , who was moved to fill the left-half position , which had been not been filled satisfactorily since Bill Gray had been injured in March . For the 1907–08 season , Thorpe was re-united with his former Stalybridge and Bury teammate , John Johnston . Thorpe was an intelligent centre-half , whose experience strengthened the Saints defence , and he was quickly appointed as team captain , helping the Saints to reach the FA Cup semi-finals where they went out to Wolverhampton Wanderers , beating First Division Everton en route . After finishing 11th in the league in 1908 , when Thorpe missed only three matches , Southampton started the 1908–09 season with seven consecutive victories , in which Thorpe scored three goals . The Saints continued this good form until Thorpe was injured in late December , to be replaced by Sam Jepp . With other key players such as Arthur Hughes and Frank Jefferis also suffering with injuries , Saints fell away until Thorpes return at the end of March . Saints won four and drew three of the last seven games , and managed to finish in third place . In the summer of 1909 , Thorpe returned to Bury to as a player-coach , working with the second eleven . Honours . As a player . Bury - FA Cup winner : 1903

easy

Which team did Frank Thorpe play for from 1906 to 1907?

/wiki/Frank_Thorpe#P54#2

Frank Thorpe Frank Thorpe ( 13 November 1879 – 17 April 1928 ) was an English footballer who played as a centre-half for various clubs in the 1900s , including Southampton and Bury , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1903 . Playing career . Thorpe was born in Hayfield , Derbyshire and started his football career with Stalybridge Rovers , before a brief spell on the books of Newton Heath , where he failed to break into the first-team . In June 1901 , he joined Bury , where he was re-united with his former Stalybridge teammate , wing-half John Johnston . Thorpe soon became a fixture at centre-half , between Johnston on the right and the veteran George Ross on the left . In the league , Bury finished seventh in the First Division in 1901–02 and eighth in the following season . Ross played in all of Burys matches in the FA Cup in 1902–03 , reaching the final where Bury defeated Derby County in one of the most one-sided finals ever played . Burys 6–0 victory still stands as the record Final win . Bury also equalled another record , winning the Cup without conceding a goal in any round . In the final itself , Thorpes through ball in the 48th minute was slid past Derby Countys injured goalkeeper Jack Fryer by Charlie Sagar for the second goal , following which Fryer was replaced in goal by Charlie Morris who conceded a further four goals in the next half-hour . Thorpe continued at the centre of Burys defence for the next two seasons , missing only one game in 1903–04 and three in the following season , but in 1905–06 he lost his place to Jack Dewhurst , who had recently arrived from Blackburn Rovers . Thorpe spent the 1906–07 season with Plymouth Argyle of the Southern League , before moving along the south coast in April 1907 to join fellow Southern league team , Southampton . Thorpe made his debut in a 4–2 victory at Northampton Town on 6 April 1907 , taking over at centre-half from James Bowden , who was moved to fill the left-half position , which had been not been filled satisfactorily since Bill Gray had been injured in March . For the 1907–08 season , Thorpe was re-united with his former Stalybridge and Bury teammate , John Johnston . Thorpe was an intelligent centre-half , whose experience strengthened the Saints defence , and he was quickly appointed as team captain , helping the Saints to reach the FA Cup semi-finals where they went out to Wolverhampton Wanderers , beating First Division Everton en route . After finishing 11th in the league in 1908 , when Thorpe missed only three matches , Southampton started the 1908–09 season with seven consecutive victories , in which Thorpe scored three goals . The Saints continued this good form until Thorpe was injured in late December , to be replaced by Sam Jepp . With other key players such as Arthur Hughes and Frank Jefferis also suffering with injuries , Saints fell away until Thorpes return at the end of March . Saints won four and drew three of the last seven games , and managed to finish in third place . In the summer of 1909 , Thorpe returned to Bury to as a player-coach , working with the second eleven . Honours . As a player . Bury - FA Cup winner : 1903

easy

Which team did the player Frank Thorpe belong to from 1907 to 1909?

/wiki/Frank_Thorpe#P54#3

Frank Thorpe Frank Thorpe ( 13 November 1879 – 17 April 1928 ) was an English footballer who played as a centre-half for various clubs in the 1900s , including Southampton and Bury , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1903 . Playing career . Thorpe was born in Hayfield , Derbyshire and started his football career with Stalybridge Rovers , before a brief spell on the books of Newton Heath , where he failed to break into the first-team . In June 1901 , he joined Bury , where he was re-united with his former Stalybridge teammate , wing-half John Johnston . Thorpe soon became a fixture at centre-half , between Johnston on the right and the veteran George Ross on the left . In the league , Bury finished seventh in the First Division in 1901–02 and eighth in the following season . Ross played in all of Burys matches in the FA Cup in 1902–03 , reaching the final where Bury defeated Derby County in one of the most one-sided finals ever played . Burys 6–0 victory still stands as the record Final win . Bury also equalled another record , winning the Cup without conceding a goal in any round . In the final itself , Thorpes through ball in the 48th minute was slid past Derby Countys injured goalkeeper Jack Fryer by Charlie Sagar for the second goal , following which Fryer was replaced in goal by Charlie Morris who conceded a further four goals in the next half-hour . Thorpe continued at the centre of Burys defence for the next two seasons , missing only one game in 1903–04 and three in the following season , but in 1905–06 he lost his place to Jack Dewhurst , who had recently arrived from Blackburn Rovers . Thorpe spent the 1906–07 season with Plymouth Argyle of the Southern League , before moving along the south coast in April 1907 to join fellow Southern league team , Southampton . Thorpe made his debut in a 4–2 victory at Northampton Town on 6 April 1907 , taking over at centre-half from James Bowden , who was moved to fill the left-half position , which had been not been filled satisfactorily since Bill Gray had been injured in March . For the 1907–08 season , Thorpe was re-united with his former Stalybridge and Bury teammate , John Johnston . Thorpe was an intelligent centre-half , whose experience strengthened the Saints defence , and he was quickly appointed as team captain , helping the Saints to reach the FA Cup semi-finals where they went out to Wolverhampton Wanderers , beating First Division Everton en route . After finishing 11th in the league in 1908 , when Thorpe missed only three matches , Southampton started the 1908–09 season with seven consecutive victories , in which Thorpe scored three goals . The Saints continued this good form until Thorpe was injured in late December , to be replaced by Sam Jepp . With other key players such as Arthur Hughes and Frank Jefferis also suffering with injuries , Saints fell away until Thorpes return at the end of March . Saints won four and drew three of the last seven games , and managed to finish in third place . In the summer of 1909 , Thorpe returned to Bury to as a player-coach , working with the second eleven . Honours . As a player . Bury - FA Cup winner : 1903

easy

Which team did the player Frank Thorpe belong to from 1909 to 1910?

/wiki/Frank_Thorpe#P54#4

Frank Thorpe Frank Thorpe ( 13 November 1879 – 17 April 1928 ) was an English footballer who played as a centre-half for various clubs in the 1900s , including Southampton and Bury , with whom he won the FA Cup in 1903 . Playing career . Thorpe was born in Hayfield , Derbyshire and started his football career with Stalybridge Rovers , before a brief spell on the books of Newton Heath , where he failed to break into the first-team . In June 1901 , he joined Bury , where he was re-united with his former Stalybridge teammate , wing-half John Johnston . Thorpe soon became a fixture at centre-half , between Johnston on the right and the veteran George Ross on the left . In the league , Bury finished seventh in the First Division in 1901–02 and eighth in the following season . Ross played in all of Burys matches in the FA Cup in 1902–03 , reaching the final where Bury defeated Derby County in one of the most one-sided finals ever played . Burys 6–0 victory still stands as the record Final win . Bury also equalled another record , winning the Cup without conceding a goal in any round . In the final itself , Thorpes through ball in the 48th minute was slid past Derby Countys injured goalkeeper Jack Fryer by Charlie Sagar for the second goal , following which Fryer was replaced in goal by Charlie Morris who conceded a further four goals in the next half-hour . Thorpe continued at the centre of Burys defence for the next two seasons , missing only one game in 1903–04 and three in the following season , but in 1905–06 he lost his place to Jack Dewhurst , who had recently arrived from Blackburn Rovers . Thorpe spent the 1906–07 season with Plymouth Argyle of the Southern League , before moving along the south coast in April 1907 to join fellow Southern league team , Southampton . Thorpe made his debut in a 4–2 victory at Northampton Town on 6 April 1907 , taking over at centre-half from James Bowden , who was moved to fill the left-half position , which had been not been filled satisfactorily since Bill Gray had been injured in March . For the 1907–08 season , Thorpe was re-united with his former Stalybridge and Bury teammate , John Johnston . Thorpe was an intelligent centre-half , whose experience strengthened the Saints defence , and he was quickly appointed as team captain , helping the Saints to reach the FA Cup semi-finals where they went out to Wolverhampton Wanderers , beating First Division Everton en route . After finishing 11th in the league in 1908 , when Thorpe missed only three matches , Southampton started the 1908–09 season with seven consecutive victories , in which Thorpe scored three goals . The Saints continued this good form until Thorpe was injured in late December , to be replaced by Sam Jepp . With other key players such as Arthur Hughes and Frank Jefferis also suffering with injuries , Saints fell away until Thorpes return at the end of March . Saints won four and drew three of the last seven games , and managed to finish in third place . In the summer of 1909 , Thorpe returned to Bury to as a player-coach , working with the second eleven . Honours . As a player . Bury - FA Cup winner : 1903

easy

Marriott Corporation was officially named what from May 1927 to Jul 1929?

/wiki/Marriott_Corporation#P1448#0

Marriott Corporation Marriott Corporation was a hospitality company that operated from 1927 until 1993 , founded by J . Willard Marriott and Frank Kimball as Hot Shoppes , Inc . in 1957 , Marriott Corporation opened its first hotel in Arlington County , Virginia , United States as the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel ( demolished 1990 ) . Marriott Corporations first international property was opened in Acapulco , Mexico , in 1969 . Hot Shoppes became Marriott Corporation in 1967 , which subsequently split into Marriott International , Inc . and Host Marriott Corporation in 1993 . History . J . Willard Marriott , who had moved away with his business partner Hugh Colton and his wife Alice from Utah to Washington , D.C. , in 1927 , where he operated a curbside food stand selling A&W Root Beer in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington at 14th Street and Park Road NW . He would later rename the food stand The Hot Shoppe , adding Mexican food items to the menu . Marriotts business expanded to Baltimore , Maryland , in 1934 , shortly after which the company started its food services division . During Second World War , the business expanded to include the management of food services in defense plants and government buildings , such as the U.S . Treasury . They introduced popular items such as the Mighty Mo , a double hamburger served in a bun covered with sesame seeds and divided into three slices that was stacked with a dill pickle stripe in the top layer and tomato , lettuce , and a distinctive sauce on the bottom layer , and very thick milk shakes served with a long-handled spoon and an unusually wide straw . Then in the 1950s , Hot Shoppes , Inc . started providing food services to public schools and to Childrens Hospital in 1955 , a contract which they held for 35 years . The company went public in 1953 . In 1957 , the firm expanded into the hotel industry by opening the first Marriott hotel ( actually a motel ) , the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel , in Arlington County , Virginia . In 1964 , Hot Shoppes , Inc . was renamed Marriott-Hot Shoppes , Inc . The company later became Marriott Corporation in 1967 . In 1967 , Marriott acquired the Big Boy family restaurants chain from Bob Wian . The following year , Marriott acquired the Fort Wayne-based RoBees , a roast beef sandwich fast-food chain , but later discovered that they would not be able to use the RoBees name nationally . At the suggestion of the new Marriott board member Bob Wian , cowboy actor Roy Rogers was contacted to lend his name to the roast beef sandwich venture , and the Roy Rogers Family Restaurants was formed in a few months later by converting RoBees and a few Hot Shoppe locations . Over the years , Marriotts company interests expanded . Continuing with food services , Marriott eventually became involved with airline in-flight food service . This segment of their enterprise continues to be a large part of their business , providing food services to many major airlines . In 1976 , Marriott opened two theme parks called Marriotts Great America in California and Illinois . Another was planned for in Maryland but local opposition prevented construction from ever beginning at any of the three proposed sites . The parks had replicas of the first Hot Shoppes . Both parks were sold in the mid-1980s , the one in California was sold to the city of Santa Clara , California and the one in Illinois was sold to Six Flags in 1984 . They are both renamed Californias Great America and Six Flags Great America , respectively . In 1982 , the company acquired Host International for $120 million and also Ginos Inc. , the owner of Ginos Hamburgers and Rustler Steak House restaurant chains , for $48.6 million . 108 Rustler Steak House Restaurants plus three other restaurants were sold in the following year to two different firms for undisclosed amounts . Newly formed Tenly Enterprises purchased 94 restaurants while Sizzler Restaurants International purchased the remaining 17 . By 1984 , Marriott had formed a vacation time-share division , now called Marriott Vacation Club International , through the purchase of American Resorts Group for an undisclosed amount and also a senior-living division . In 1985 , the company purchased the Howard Johnsons restaurant chain from the Imperial Group P.L.C . of London for $314 million with plans of converting the acquired restaurants to the Bobs Big Boy brand and to make Bobs the largest coffee-shop business in the country . In 1987 , Marriott sold the Big Boy restaurants franchise rights to Elias Brothers for an undisclosed amount while keeping 208 company-owned Bobs Big Boy restaurants in California and selected locations on the East Coast . In 1988 , Marriott purchased all 91 Wags restaurants from Walgreens Corporation , but dissolved the chain in 1991 . The Roy Rogers chain was sold to Hardees in 1990 for $365 million in cash . The Marriott Corporation ended its existence as a single company in 1993 , when it was split into two separate entities : 1 ) Marriott International Corporation , which operated the hotel and lodging aspect of the business and Marriott Vacation Club International , and 2 ) Host Marriott Corporation , the new name for the original Marriott Corporation and operating the Marriott Food Services Management . The last Hot Shoppes restaurant , located in the Marlow Heights Shopping Center , closed on December 2 , 1999 .

easy

Marriott Corporation was officially named what from Jul 1929 to Nov 1964?

/wiki/Marriott_Corporation#P1448#1

Marriott Corporation Marriott Corporation was a hospitality company that operated from 1927 until 1993 , founded by J . Willard Marriott and Frank Kimball as Hot Shoppes , Inc . in 1957 , Marriott Corporation opened its first hotel in Arlington County , Virginia , United States as the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel ( demolished 1990 ) . Marriott Corporations first international property was opened in Acapulco , Mexico , in 1969 . Hot Shoppes became Marriott Corporation in 1967 , which subsequently split into Marriott International , Inc . and Host Marriott Corporation in 1993 . History . J . Willard Marriott , who had moved away with his business partner Hugh Colton and his wife Alice from Utah to Washington , D.C. , in 1927 , where he operated a curbside food stand selling A&W Root Beer in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington at 14th Street and Park Road NW . He would later rename the food stand The Hot Shoppe , adding Mexican food items to the menu . Marriotts business expanded to Baltimore , Maryland , in 1934 , shortly after which the company started its food services division . During Second World War , the business expanded to include the management of food services in defense plants and government buildings , such as the U.S . Treasury . They introduced popular items such as the Mighty Mo , a double hamburger served in a bun covered with sesame seeds and divided into three slices that was stacked with a dill pickle stripe in the top layer and tomato , lettuce , and a distinctive sauce on the bottom layer , and very thick milk shakes served with a long-handled spoon and an unusually wide straw . Then in the 1950s , Hot Shoppes , Inc . started providing food services to public schools and to Childrens Hospital in 1955 , a contract which they held for 35 years . The company went public in 1953 . In 1957 , the firm expanded into the hotel industry by opening the first Marriott hotel ( actually a motel ) , the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel , in Arlington County , Virginia . In 1964 , Hot Shoppes , Inc . was renamed Marriott-Hot Shoppes , Inc . The company later became Marriott Corporation in 1967 . In 1967 , Marriott acquired the Big Boy family restaurants chain from Bob Wian . The following year , Marriott acquired the Fort Wayne-based RoBees , a roast beef sandwich fast-food chain , but later discovered that they would not be able to use the RoBees name nationally . At the suggestion of the new Marriott board member Bob Wian , cowboy actor Roy Rogers was contacted to lend his name to the roast beef sandwich venture , and the Roy Rogers Family Restaurants was formed in a few months later by converting RoBees and a few Hot Shoppe locations . Over the years , Marriotts company interests expanded . Continuing with food services , Marriott eventually became involved with airline in-flight food service . This segment of their enterprise continues to be a large part of their business , providing food services to many major airlines . In 1976 , Marriott opened two theme parks called Marriotts Great America in California and Illinois . Another was planned for in Maryland but local opposition prevented construction from ever beginning at any of the three proposed sites . The parks had replicas of the first Hot Shoppes . Both parks were sold in the mid-1980s , the one in California was sold to the city of Santa Clara , California and the one in Illinois was sold to Six Flags in 1984 . They are both renamed Californias Great America and Six Flags Great America , respectively . In 1982 , the company acquired Host International for $120 million and also Ginos Inc. , the owner of Ginos Hamburgers and Rustler Steak House restaurant chains , for $48.6 million . 108 Rustler Steak House Restaurants plus three other restaurants were sold in the following year to two different firms for undisclosed amounts . Newly formed Tenly Enterprises purchased 94 restaurants while Sizzler Restaurants International purchased the remaining 17 . By 1984 , Marriott had formed a vacation time-share division , now called Marriott Vacation Club International , through the purchase of American Resorts Group for an undisclosed amount and also a senior-living division . In 1985 , the company purchased the Howard Johnsons restaurant chain from the Imperial Group P.L.C . of London for $314 million with plans of converting the acquired restaurants to the Bobs Big Boy brand and to make Bobs the largest coffee-shop business in the country . In 1987 , Marriott sold the Big Boy restaurants franchise rights to Elias Brothers for an undisclosed amount while keeping 208 company-owned Bobs Big Boy restaurants in California and selected locations on the East Coast . In 1988 , Marriott purchased all 91 Wags restaurants from Walgreens Corporation , but dissolved the chain in 1991 . The Roy Rogers chain was sold to Hardees in 1990 for $365 million in cash . The Marriott Corporation ended its existence as a single company in 1993 , when it was split into two separate entities : 1 ) Marriott International Corporation , which operated the hotel and lodging aspect of the business and Marriott Vacation Club International , and 2 ) Host Marriott Corporation , the new name for the original Marriott Corporation and operating the Marriott Food Services Management . The last Hot Shoppes restaurant , located in the Marlow Heights Shopping Center , closed on December 2 , 1999 .

easy

What was the official name of Marriott Corporation from Nov 1964 to Nov 1967?

/wiki/Marriott_Corporation#P1448#2

Marriott Corporation Marriott Corporation was a hospitality company that operated from 1927 until 1993 , founded by J . Willard Marriott and Frank Kimball as Hot Shoppes , Inc . in 1957 , Marriott Corporation opened its first hotel in Arlington County , Virginia , United States as the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel ( demolished 1990 ) . Marriott Corporations first international property was opened in Acapulco , Mexico , in 1969 . Hot Shoppes became Marriott Corporation in 1967 , which subsequently split into Marriott International , Inc . and Host Marriott Corporation in 1993 . History . J . Willard Marriott , who had moved away with his business partner Hugh Colton and his wife Alice from Utah to Washington , D.C. , in 1927 , where he operated a curbside food stand selling A&W Root Beer in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington at 14th Street and Park Road NW . He would later rename the food stand The Hot Shoppe , adding Mexican food items to the menu . Marriotts business expanded to Baltimore , Maryland , in 1934 , shortly after which the company started its food services division . During Second World War , the business expanded to include the management of food services in defense plants and government buildings , such as the U.S . Treasury . They introduced popular items such as the Mighty Mo , a double hamburger served in a bun covered with sesame seeds and divided into three slices that was stacked with a dill pickle stripe in the top layer and tomato , lettuce , and a distinctive sauce on the bottom layer , and very thick milk shakes served with a long-handled spoon and an unusually wide straw . Then in the 1950s , Hot Shoppes , Inc . started providing food services to public schools and to Childrens Hospital in 1955 , a contract which they held for 35 years . The company went public in 1953 . In 1957 , the firm expanded into the hotel industry by opening the first Marriott hotel ( actually a motel ) , the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel , in Arlington County , Virginia . In 1964 , Hot Shoppes , Inc . was renamed Marriott-Hot Shoppes , Inc . The company later became Marriott Corporation in 1967 . In 1967 , Marriott acquired the Big Boy family restaurants chain from Bob Wian . The following year , Marriott acquired the Fort Wayne-based RoBees , a roast beef sandwich fast-food chain , but later discovered that they would not be able to use the RoBees name nationally . At the suggestion of the new Marriott board member Bob Wian , cowboy actor Roy Rogers was contacted to lend his name to the roast beef sandwich venture , and the Roy Rogers Family Restaurants was formed in a few months later by converting RoBees and a few Hot Shoppe locations . Over the years , Marriotts company interests expanded . Continuing with food services , Marriott eventually became involved with airline in-flight food service . This segment of their enterprise continues to be a large part of their business , providing food services to many major airlines . In 1976 , Marriott opened two theme parks called Marriotts Great America in California and Illinois . Another was planned for in Maryland but local opposition prevented construction from ever beginning at any of the three proposed sites . The parks had replicas of the first Hot Shoppes . Both parks were sold in the mid-1980s , the one in California was sold to the city of Santa Clara , California and the one in Illinois was sold to Six Flags in 1984 . They are both renamed Californias Great America and Six Flags Great America , respectively . In 1982 , the company acquired Host International for $120 million and also Ginos Inc. , the owner of Ginos Hamburgers and Rustler Steak House restaurant chains , for $48.6 million . 108 Rustler Steak House Restaurants plus three other restaurants were sold in the following year to two different firms for undisclosed amounts . Newly formed Tenly Enterprises purchased 94 restaurants while Sizzler Restaurants International purchased the remaining 17 . By 1984 , Marriott had formed a vacation time-share division , now called Marriott Vacation Club International , through the purchase of American Resorts Group for an undisclosed amount and also a senior-living division . In 1985 , the company purchased the Howard Johnsons restaurant chain from the Imperial Group P.L.C . of London for $314 million with plans of converting the acquired restaurants to the Bobs Big Boy brand and to make Bobs the largest coffee-shop business in the country . In 1987 , Marriott sold the Big Boy restaurants franchise rights to Elias Brothers for an undisclosed amount while keeping 208 company-owned Bobs Big Boy restaurants in California and selected locations on the East Coast . In 1988 , Marriott purchased all 91 Wags restaurants from Walgreens Corporation , but dissolved the chain in 1991 . The Roy Rogers chain was sold to Hardees in 1990 for $365 million in cash . The Marriott Corporation ended its existence as a single company in 1993 , when it was split into two separate entities : 1 ) Marriott International Corporation , which operated the hotel and lodging aspect of the business and Marriott Vacation Club International , and 2 ) Host Marriott Corporation , the new name for the original Marriott Corporation and operating the Marriott Food Services Management . The last Hot Shoppes restaurant , located in the Marlow Heights Shopping Center , closed on December 2 , 1999 .

easy

What was the official name of Marriott Corporation from Nov 1967 to Oct 1993?

/wiki/Marriott_Corporation#P1448#3

Marriott Corporation Marriott Corporation was a hospitality company that operated from 1927 until 1993 , founded by J . Willard Marriott and Frank Kimball as Hot Shoppes , Inc . in 1957 , Marriott Corporation opened its first hotel in Arlington County , Virginia , United States as the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel ( demolished 1990 ) . Marriott Corporations first international property was opened in Acapulco , Mexico , in 1969 . Hot Shoppes became Marriott Corporation in 1967 , which subsequently split into Marriott International , Inc . and Host Marriott Corporation in 1993 . History . J . Willard Marriott , who had moved away with his business partner Hugh Colton and his wife Alice from Utah to Washington , D.C. , in 1927 , where he operated a curbside food stand selling A&W Root Beer in the Columbia Heights neighborhood of Washington at 14th Street and Park Road NW . He would later rename the food stand The Hot Shoppe , adding Mexican food items to the menu . Marriotts business expanded to Baltimore , Maryland , in 1934 , shortly after which the company started its food services division . During Second World War , the business expanded to include the management of food services in defense plants and government buildings , such as the U.S . Treasury . They introduced popular items such as the Mighty Mo , a double hamburger served in a bun covered with sesame seeds and divided into three slices that was stacked with a dill pickle stripe in the top layer and tomato , lettuce , and a distinctive sauce on the bottom layer , and very thick milk shakes served with a long-handled spoon and an unusually wide straw . Then in the 1950s , Hot Shoppes , Inc . started providing food services to public schools and to Childrens Hospital in 1955 , a contract which they held for 35 years . The company went public in 1953 . In 1957 , the firm expanded into the hotel industry by opening the first Marriott hotel ( actually a motel ) , the Twin Bridges Motor Hotel , in Arlington County , Virginia . In 1964 , Hot Shoppes , Inc . was renamed Marriott-Hot Shoppes , Inc . The company later became Marriott Corporation in 1967 . In 1967 , Marriott acquired the Big Boy family restaurants chain from Bob Wian . The following year , Marriott acquired the Fort Wayne-based RoBees , a roast beef sandwich fast-food chain , but later discovered that they would not be able to use the RoBees name nationally . At the suggestion of the new Marriott board member Bob Wian , cowboy actor Roy Rogers was contacted to lend his name to the roast beef sandwich venture , and the Roy Rogers Family Restaurants was formed in a few months later by converting RoBees and a few Hot Shoppe locations . Over the years , Marriotts company interests expanded . Continuing with food services , Marriott eventually became involved with airline in-flight food service . This segment of their enterprise continues to be a large part of their business , providing food services to many major airlines . In 1976 , Marriott opened two theme parks called Marriotts Great America in California and Illinois . Another was planned for in Maryland but local opposition prevented construction from ever beginning at any of the three proposed sites . The parks had replicas of the first Hot Shoppes . Both parks were sold in the mid-1980s , the one in California was sold to the city of Santa Clara , California and the one in Illinois was sold to Six Flags in 1984 . They are both renamed Californias Great America and Six Flags Great America , respectively . In 1982 , the company acquired Host International for $120 million and also Ginos Inc. , the owner of Ginos Hamburgers and Rustler Steak House restaurant chains , for $48.6 million . 108 Rustler Steak House Restaurants plus three other restaurants were sold in the following year to two different firms for undisclosed amounts . Newly formed Tenly Enterprises purchased 94 restaurants while Sizzler Restaurants International purchased the remaining 17 . By 1984 , Marriott had formed a vacation time-share division , now called Marriott Vacation Club International , through the purchase of American Resorts Group for an undisclosed amount and also a senior-living division . In 1985 , the company purchased the Howard Johnsons restaurant chain from the Imperial Group P.L.C . of London for $314 million with plans of converting the acquired restaurants to the Bobs Big Boy brand and to make Bobs the largest coffee-shop business in the country . In 1987 , Marriott sold the Big Boy restaurants franchise rights to Elias Brothers for an undisclosed amount while keeping 208 company-owned Bobs Big Boy restaurants in California and selected locations on the East Coast . In 1988 , Marriott purchased all 91 Wags restaurants from Walgreens Corporation , but dissolved the chain in 1991 . The Roy Rogers chain was sold to Hardees in 1990 for $365 million in cash . The Marriott Corporation ended its existence as a single company in 1993 , when it was split into two separate entities : 1 ) Marriott International Corporation , which operated the hotel and lodging aspect of the business and Marriott Vacation Club International , and 2 ) Host Marriott Corporation , the new name for the original Marriott Corporation and operating the Marriott Food Services Management . The last Hot Shoppes restaurant , located in the Marlow Heights Shopping Center , closed on December 2 , 1999 .

easy

Which team did the player Derek Johnstone belong to from 1970 to 1973?

/wiki/Derek_Johnstone#P54#0

Derek Johnstone Derek Joseph Johnstone ( born 4 November 1953 ) is a Scottish former football player and manager . Johnstone played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career . He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle . He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence , and in midfield . Uniquely , he was selected to play in defence , midfield , and attack for Scotland . Playing career . Club . Rangers . Johnstone signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968 . He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970 , aged 16 years and 319 days . Johnstone scored two goals in that match , a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath . Johnstone thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final . Johnstone was still 16 at the time , but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely , as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years . Despite his heroics against Celtic , Johnstone found regular first-team outings in the number 9 jersey hard to come by , largely due to the presence of Colin Stein , Scotlands first £100,000 player , although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season . He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured , and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup Final , Johnstone ( still only 18 ) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow . Johnstone soon became a regular in the starting line-up , and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park . Johnstone played a huge role in the winning goal , rising above the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal , and when his header struck both posts , Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line . The McLean-Johnstone combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers play in the 1970s . Johnstone eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign , as Rangers ended Celtics nine-year reign as champions of Scotland , and he was an integral part of The Gers domestic treble success a year later . He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances , including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final . He scored his first , a typical header , after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football : the referee had actually kicked off the match early , so Johnstone had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached . Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers , they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years . Johnstone was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side , scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers Player of the Year accolade . With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers top marksman to London , Johnstone submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978 . He was seeking a new challenge in his career , but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded Johnstone to stay in Glasgow . He was named club captain , and in his first season with the armband , he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble ; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship , but Johnstone did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Finals second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup , beating Aberdeen . That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era , and Rangers fortunes dipped badly thereafter . They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982 , but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United . Chelsea . Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983 , Johnstone left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee . Signed in September 1983 , Johnstone provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984 . He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie . He failed to hold down a regular place , making just four appearances , and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season . Return to Rangers . He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000 . He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history , and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team . However , it failed to work out and Johnstone was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986 . His return to Rangers was not a success , with 23 appearances and one goal . International . Johnstone made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales . Despite Johnstones rich vein of scoring form in 1978 , he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotlands ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina . Although he was a member of the squad , he did not start any of the three matches that the Scots played . Managerial career . Johnstone had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season , before leaving professional football in 1987 . Post football career . Since then , he has worked extensively in the football media , including for BBC Scotland , Scottish Television , Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland , where he co-presented the stations football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season . He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the clubs TV channel . Honours . Club . - Rangers - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1971-72 - Scottish League First Division/Premier Division : 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 - Scottish Cup : 1972–73 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1980–81 - Scottish League Cup : 1970–71 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1981–82 Individual . - SPFA Players Player of the Year : 1977-78 - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 1977-78 - Scottish Football Hall of Fame : 2008

easy

Which team did Derek Johnstone play for from 1973 to 1974?

/wiki/Derek_Johnstone#P54#1

Derek Johnstone Derek Joseph Johnstone ( born 4 November 1953 ) is a Scottish former football player and manager . Johnstone played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career . He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle . He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence , and in midfield . Uniquely , he was selected to play in defence , midfield , and attack for Scotland . Playing career . Club . Rangers . Johnstone signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968 . He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970 , aged 16 years and 319 days . Johnstone scored two goals in that match , a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath . Johnstone thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final . Johnstone was still 16 at the time , but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely , as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years . Despite his heroics against Celtic , Johnstone found regular first-team outings in the number 9 jersey hard to come by , largely due to the presence of Colin Stein , Scotlands first £100,000 player , although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season . He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured , and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup Final , Johnstone ( still only 18 ) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow . Johnstone soon became a regular in the starting line-up , and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park . Johnstone played a huge role in the winning goal , rising above the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal , and when his header struck both posts , Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line . The McLean-Johnstone combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers play in the 1970s . Johnstone eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign , as Rangers ended Celtics nine-year reign as champions of Scotland , and he was an integral part of The Gers domestic treble success a year later . He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances , including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final . He scored his first , a typical header , after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football : the referee had actually kicked off the match early , so Johnstone had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached . Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers , they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years . Johnstone was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side , scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers Player of the Year accolade . With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers top marksman to London , Johnstone submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978 . He was seeking a new challenge in his career , but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded Johnstone to stay in Glasgow . He was named club captain , and in his first season with the armband , he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble ; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship , but Johnstone did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Finals second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup , beating Aberdeen . That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era , and Rangers fortunes dipped badly thereafter . They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982 , but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United . Chelsea . Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983 , Johnstone left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee . Signed in September 1983 , Johnstone provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984 . He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie . He failed to hold down a regular place , making just four appearances , and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season . Return to Rangers . He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000 . He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history , and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team . However , it failed to work out and Johnstone was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986 . His return to Rangers was not a success , with 23 appearances and one goal . International . Johnstone made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales . Despite Johnstones rich vein of scoring form in 1978 , he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotlands ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina . Although he was a member of the squad , he did not start any of the three matches that the Scots played . Managerial career . Johnstone had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season , before leaving professional football in 1987 . Post football career . Since then , he has worked extensively in the football media , including for BBC Scotland , Scottish Television , Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland , where he co-presented the stations football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season . He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the clubs TV channel . Honours . Club . - Rangers - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1971-72 - Scottish League First Division/Premier Division : 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 - Scottish Cup : 1972–73 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1980–81 - Scottish League Cup : 1970–71 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1981–82 Individual . - SPFA Players Player of the Year : 1977-78 - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 1977-78 - Scottish Football Hall of Fame : 2008

easy

Which team did Derek Johnstone play for in 1974?

/wiki/Derek_Johnstone#P54#2

Derek Johnstone Derek Joseph Johnstone ( born 4 November 1953 ) is a Scottish former football player and manager . Johnstone played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career . He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle . He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence , and in midfield . Uniquely , he was selected to play in defence , midfield , and attack for Scotland . Playing career . Club . Rangers . Johnstone signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968 . He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970 , aged 16 years and 319 days . Johnstone scored two goals in that match , a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath . Johnstone thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final . Johnstone was still 16 at the time , but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely , as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years . Despite his heroics against Celtic , Johnstone found regular first-team outings in the number 9 jersey hard to come by , largely due to the presence of Colin Stein , Scotlands first £100,000 player , although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season . He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured , and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup Final , Johnstone ( still only 18 ) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow . Johnstone soon became a regular in the starting line-up , and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park . Johnstone played a huge role in the winning goal , rising above the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal , and when his header struck both posts , Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line . The McLean-Johnstone combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers play in the 1970s . Johnstone eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign , as Rangers ended Celtics nine-year reign as champions of Scotland , and he was an integral part of The Gers domestic treble success a year later . He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances , including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final . He scored his first , a typical header , after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football : the referee had actually kicked off the match early , so Johnstone had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached . Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers , they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years . Johnstone was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side , scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers Player of the Year accolade . With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers top marksman to London , Johnstone submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978 . He was seeking a new challenge in his career , but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded Johnstone to stay in Glasgow . He was named club captain , and in his first season with the armband , he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble ; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship , but Johnstone did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Finals second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup , beating Aberdeen . That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era , and Rangers fortunes dipped badly thereafter . They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982 , but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United . Chelsea . Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983 , Johnstone left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee . Signed in September 1983 , Johnstone provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984 . He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie . He failed to hold down a regular place , making just four appearances , and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season . Return to Rangers . He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000 . He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history , and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team . However , it failed to work out and Johnstone was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986 . His return to Rangers was not a success , with 23 appearances and one goal . International . Johnstone made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales . Despite Johnstones rich vein of scoring form in 1978 , he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotlands ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina . Although he was a member of the squad , he did not start any of the three matches that the Scots played . Managerial career . Johnstone had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season , before leaving professional football in 1987 . Post football career . Since then , he has worked extensively in the football media , including for BBC Scotland , Scottish Television , Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland , where he co-presented the stations football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season . He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the clubs TV channel . Honours . Club . - Rangers - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1971-72 - Scottish League First Division/Premier Division : 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 - Scottish Cup : 1972–73 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1980–81 - Scottish League Cup : 1970–71 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1981–82 Individual . - SPFA Players Player of the Year : 1977-78 - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 1977-78 - Scottish Football Hall of Fame : 2008

easy

Which team did the player Derek Johnstone belong to from 1983 to 1985?

/wiki/Derek_Johnstone#P54#3

Derek Johnstone Derek Joseph Johnstone ( born 4 November 1953 ) is a Scottish former football player and manager . Johnstone played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career . He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle . He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence , and in midfield . Uniquely , he was selected to play in defence , midfield , and attack for Scotland . Playing career . Club . Rangers . Johnstone signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968 . He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970 , aged 16 years and 319 days . Johnstone scored two goals in that match , a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath . Johnstone thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final . Johnstone was still 16 at the time , but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely , as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years . Despite his heroics against Celtic , Johnstone found regular first-team outings in the number 9 jersey hard to come by , largely due to the presence of Colin Stein , Scotlands first £100,000 player , although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season . He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured , and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup Final , Johnstone ( still only 18 ) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow . Johnstone soon became a regular in the starting line-up , and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park . Johnstone played a huge role in the winning goal , rising above the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal , and when his header struck both posts , Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line . The McLean-Johnstone combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers play in the 1970s . Johnstone eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign , as Rangers ended Celtics nine-year reign as champions of Scotland , and he was an integral part of The Gers domestic treble success a year later . He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances , including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final . He scored his first , a typical header , after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football : the referee had actually kicked off the match early , so Johnstone had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached . Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers , they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years . Johnstone was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side , scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers Player of the Year accolade . With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers top marksman to London , Johnstone submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978 . He was seeking a new challenge in his career , but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded Johnstone to stay in Glasgow . He was named club captain , and in his first season with the armband , he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble ; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship , but Johnstone did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Finals second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup , beating Aberdeen . That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era , and Rangers fortunes dipped badly thereafter . They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982 , but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United . Chelsea . Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983 , Johnstone left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee . Signed in September 1983 , Johnstone provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984 . He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie . He failed to hold down a regular place , making just four appearances , and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season . Return to Rangers . He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000 . He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history , and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team . However , it failed to work out and Johnstone was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986 . His return to Rangers was not a success , with 23 appearances and one goal . International . Johnstone made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales . Despite Johnstones rich vein of scoring form in 1978 , he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotlands ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina . Although he was a member of the squad , he did not start any of the three matches that the Scots played . Managerial career . Johnstone had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season , before leaving professional football in 1987 . Post football career . Since then , he has worked extensively in the football media , including for BBC Scotland , Scottish Television , Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland , where he co-presented the stations football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season . He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the clubs TV channel . Honours . Club . - Rangers - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1971-72 - Scottish League First Division/Premier Division : 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 - Scottish Cup : 1972–73 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1980–81 - Scottish League Cup : 1970–71 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1981–82 Individual . - SPFA Players Player of the Year : 1977-78 - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 1977-78 - Scottish Football Hall of Fame : 2008

easy

Derek Johnstone played for which team from 1985 to 1986?

/wiki/Derek_Johnstone#P54#4

Derek Johnstone Derek Joseph Johnstone ( born 4 November 1953 ) is a Scottish former football player and manager . Johnstone played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career . He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle . He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence , and in midfield . Uniquely , he was selected to play in defence , midfield , and attack for Scotland . Playing career . Club . Rangers . Johnstone signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968 . He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970 , aged 16 years and 319 days . Johnstone scored two goals in that match , a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath . Johnstone thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final . Johnstone was still 16 at the time , but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely , as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years . Despite his heroics against Celtic , Johnstone found regular first-team outings in the number 9 jersey hard to come by , largely due to the presence of Colin Stein , Scotlands first £100,000 player , although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season . He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured , and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup Final , Johnstone ( still only 18 ) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow . Johnstone soon became a regular in the starting line-up , and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park . Johnstone played a huge role in the winning goal , rising above the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal , and when his header struck both posts , Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line . The McLean-Johnstone combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers play in the 1970s . Johnstone eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign , as Rangers ended Celtics nine-year reign as champions of Scotland , and he was an integral part of The Gers domestic treble success a year later . He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances , including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final . He scored his first , a typical header , after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football : the referee had actually kicked off the match early , so Johnstone had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached . Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers , they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years . Johnstone was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side , scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers Player of the Year accolade . With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers top marksman to London , Johnstone submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978 . He was seeking a new challenge in his career , but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded Johnstone to stay in Glasgow . He was named club captain , and in his first season with the armband , he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble ; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship , but Johnstone did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Finals second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup , beating Aberdeen . That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era , and Rangers fortunes dipped badly thereafter . They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982 , but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United . Chelsea . Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983 , Johnstone left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee . Signed in September 1983 , Johnstone provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984 . He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie . He failed to hold down a regular place , making just four appearances , and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season . Return to Rangers . He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000 . He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history , and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team . However , it failed to work out and Johnstone was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986 . His return to Rangers was not a success , with 23 appearances and one goal . International . Johnstone made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales . Despite Johnstones rich vein of scoring form in 1978 , he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotlands ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina . Although he was a member of the squad , he did not start any of the three matches that the Scots played . Managerial career . Johnstone had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season , before leaving professional football in 1987 . Post football career . Since then , he has worked extensively in the football media , including for BBC Scotland , Scottish Television , Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland , where he co-presented the stations football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season . He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the clubs TV channel . Honours . Club . - Rangers - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1971-72 - Scottish League First Division/Premier Division : 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 - Scottish Cup : 1972–73 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1980–81 - Scottish League Cup : 1970–71 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1981–82 Individual . - SPFA Players Player of the Year : 1977-78 - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 1977-78 - Scottish Football Hall of Fame : 2008

easy

Which team did Derek Johnstone play for from 1986 to 1987?

/wiki/Derek_Johnstone#P54#5

Derek Johnstone Derek Joseph Johnstone ( born 4 November 1953 ) is a Scottish former football player and manager . Johnstone played mainly for Rangers winning 14 major trophies during his career . He also had a spell at Chelsea and a brief stint in management with Partick Thistle . He mainly played as a striker but could also perform in central defence , and in midfield . Uniquely , he was selected to play in defence , midfield , and attack for Scotland . Playing career . Club . Rangers . Johnstone signed for Rangers as a schoolboy in 1968 . He turned professional in 1970 and made his debut on 19 September 1970 , aged 16 years and 319 days . Johnstone scored two goals in that match , a 5–0 victory against Cowdenbeath . Johnstone thrust himself into the limelight just five weeks later when his header secured a 1–0 victory over Celtic in the 1970 Scottish League Cup Final . Johnstone was still 16 at the time , but the faith shown in his ability by manager Willie Waddell paid off handsomely , as Rangers claimed their first major trophy for just over four years . Despite his heroics against Celtic , Johnstone found regular first-team outings in the number 9 jersey hard to come by , largely due to the presence of Colin Stein , Scotlands first £100,000 player , although he did score 11 goals in 16 league appearances during the 1971–72 season . He compensated for his lack of frontline action by often playing as a centre-back when either Ronnie McKinnon or Colin Jackson was injured , and when the duo were ruled out of the 1972 European Cup Winners Cup Final , Johnstone ( still only 18 ) deputised in the match against Dynamo Moscow . Johnstone soon became a regular in the starting line-up , and he picked up a Scottish Cup winners medal in 1973 when Rangers defeated Celtic 3–2 at Hampden Park . Johnstone played a huge role in the winning goal , rising above the Celtic defence to head a Tommy McLean free-kick towards goal , and when his header struck both posts , Tam Forsyth was on hand to nudge the rebound over the line . The McLean-Johnstone combination that created this famous goal was a hallmark of Rangers play in the 1970s . Johnstone eventually picked up a league championship medal at the end of the 1974–75 campaign , as Rangers ended Celtics nine-year reign as champions of Scotland , and he was an integral part of The Gers domestic treble success a year later . He scored a total of 31 goals in 51 appearances , including two in a 3–1 win over Hearts in the 1976 Scottish Cup Final . He scored his first , a typical header , after just 42 seconds and thus earned himself a unique place in the annals of Scottish football : the referee had actually kicked off the match early , so Johnstone had actually hit the net before the allotted 3pm kick-off time had been reached . Although 1976–77 was a barren season for Rangers , they came back strongly in 1977–78 by winning their second treble inside three years . Johnstone was the outstanding performer in what was an exceptional Rangers side , scoring thirty-eight goals over the course of the campaign and picking up the Scottish Football Writers Player of the Year accolade . With Arsenal and Tottenham Hotspur reportedly interested in luring Rangers top marksman to London , Johnstone submitted a transfer request in the summer of 1978 . He was seeking a new challenge in his career , but the intervention of new Rangers manager John Greig persuaded Johnstone to stay in Glasgow . He was named club captain , and in his first season with the armband , he almost led the Ibrox side to an unprecedented second successive treble ; only a last-gasp 4–2 defeat against Celtic at Parkhead denied Rangers the Championship , but Johnstone did get his hands on the Scottish Cup – he scored twice in the Finals second replay against Hibernian – and the League Cup , beating Aberdeen . That season was to be the high point for the John Greig era , and Rangers fortunes dipped badly thereafter . They did win the Scottish Cup in 1981 and the Scottish League Cup in 1982 , but found themselves playing second fiddle in the Premier Division to Celtic and the emerging New Firm of Aberdeen and Dundee United . Chelsea . Having been placed on the transfer list by Greig in April 1983 , Johnstone left Rangers after the 1983 Scottish Cup Final defeat against Aberdeen to join Chelsea for a £30,000 transfer fee . Signed in September 1983 , Johnstone provided extra cover in the Chelsea squad which won the Second Division title in 1984 . He failed to dislodge the established forward duo of Kerry Dixon and David Speedie . He failed to hold down a regular place , making just four appearances , and had a month on loan to Dundee United during the 1983–84 season . Return to Rangers . He was tempted back to Ibrox by Jock Wallace in January 1985 for £25,000 . He returned to a Rangers side that was in the midst of a doleful period in their history , and it was hoped that the return of a former favourite could galvanise an ailing team . However , it failed to work out and Johnstone was handed a free transfer when Graeme Souness took over the reins at Ibrox in the summer of 1986 . His return to Rangers was not a success , with 23 appearances and one goal . International . Johnstone made his debut in a British Home Championship match against Wales . Despite Johnstones rich vein of scoring form in 1978 , he was overlooked by Ally MacLeod during Scotlands ill-fated World Cup campaign in Argentina . Although he was a member of the squad , he did not start any of the three matches that the Scots played . Managerial career . Johnstone had a short spell as player-manager of Partick Thistle during the 1986–87 season , before leaving professional football in 1987 . Post football career . Since then , he has worked extensively in the football media , including for BBC Scotland , Scottish Television , Radio Clyde and Real Radio Scotland , where he co-presented the stations football phone-in until the end of the 2011-12 season . He also co-commentates on Rangers matches for the clubs TV channel . Honours . Club . - Rangers - UEFA Cup Winners Cup : 1971-72 - Scottish League First Division/Premier Division : 1974–75 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 - Scottish Cup : 1972–73 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1980–81 - Scottish League Cup : 1970–71 , 1975–76 , 1977–78 , 1978–79 , 1981–82 Individual . - SPFA Players Player of the Year : 1977-78 - SFWA Footballer of the Year : 1977-78 - Scottish Football Hall of Fame : 2008

easy

Who owned Gleaston Castle from 1346 to 1347?

/wiki/Gleaston_Castle#P127#0

Gleaston Castle Gleaston Castle is a medieval building in a valley about north-east of the village of Gleaston . The village lies between the towns of Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness in the Furness peninsula , Cumbria , England . Gleaston Castle has a quadrilateral plan , with a tower at each corner . The largest of these , the north-west tower , probably housed a hall . The castle was most likely built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington in the 14th century , replacing nearby Aldingham Motte . Gleaston Castle descended through the Harrington family until 1458 when it passed to William Bonville through marriage and was subsequently abandoned . The castle passed to the Grey family until Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 . As a result , Gleaston Castle became royal property before it was bought by the Preston family in the 17th century , and then passed to the Cavendish family . As the castle was disused from the mid-15th century it fell into dilapidation , and antiquarian depictions from the 18th century show Gleaston in a state of ruin . Though it is not open to the public , it has been the subject of historical and archaeological investigation in the 20th and 21st centuries . History . From the 12th century the manor of Muchland was administered from Aldingham Castle . Muchland became known as Aldingham manor and in 1291 it came into the ownership of the Harrington family . In the 14th century , the Scots attacked the Furness peninsula during the Scottish Wars of Independence ; around the same time coastal erosion threatened Aldingham Motte . These factors may have led to the Harrington family abandoning Aldingham and establishing the administrative centre of the manor at the newly built Gleaston Castle , though the construction work could have been the result of their growing social status , and they may have needed more room for a greater number of servants . The castle was probably built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington ( b . 1281–d . 1347 ) . Gleaston Castle is first mentioned in 1389 , although John Harington , 2nd Baron Harington is said to have died there in 1363 . In 1415 John Harington was granted a papal indult for a private chapel and a portable altar for mass . It is likely , however , that the castle would have had its own chapel before this date . The Harington family owned Gleaston Castle until William Harington , 5th Baron Harington died in 1458 . The castle and barony then passed to William Bonville , 6th Baron Harington through marriage . He died in 1460 and the castle passed to Thomas Grey , 1st Marquess of Dorset , again through marriage . It is likely that around this time Gleaston Castle was abandoned . In 1540 , the antiquarian John Leland noted there is a ruine and waulles of a castell in Lancaster-shire cawlyd Gleston Castell sometyme longinge to Lord Harrington now to the Marquis of Dorset , and other antiquarians provided descriptions of the site . When Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 his property was taken over by the monarch . In 1671 Thomas Preston , 3rd Baronet Preston bought Aldingham manor which included Gleaston Castle . The property descended through the Prestons to the Cavendish family . The castle is now part of an active farm which dates from the 19th century . The farm buildings incorporate some of the fabric of the castle . The Prestons owned the castle until 1922 when it was sold to the current family of owners . According to a 1905 document from the Cumbria Archive Centre up to four human skeletons were discovered at the castle in the 19th century when the farm buildings were built . An engraving by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck from 1727 is one of the earliest depictions of the castle , with later depictions from antiquarian William Close ( 1805 ) , artist William Green ( 1809 ) , and Edwin Waugh ( 1860 ) . The Buck brother’s engraving showed the castle in a state of ruin , and Waughs depiction in particular shows that from the mid-19th century the castle has remained in a similar state of ruin until the present . Preservation and investigation . Gleaston Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin , and a scheduled monument . The ruins can be viewed from the roadside , but it is unsafe to enter the castle due to its state of repair . , the castle is on Historic Englands Heritage At Risk register and its condition is described as very bad and deteriorating . Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to preserve the site : in 1998 the Lancaster University Archaeological Unit conducted an assessment of the standing building for further research and whether it would be possible to open the building to the public , but Historic England notes that no agreement was reached regarding a scheme of consolidation The castles precarious condition meant that the structure was not fully recorded until 2015 , when the Morecambe Bay Partnership with funding from the Castle Studies Trust commissioned Greenlane Archaeology to carry out an aerial survey of the site . As well as producing a visual record of the castle from which elevations and plans could be derived , it identified features within the castle which could be buildings which no longer survive . In 2016 the University of Central Lancashire undertook a geophysical survey , using it as training for archaeology students and volunteers . The survey indicated there was formerly a garden to the north of the castle , and timber structures within the castle . Architecture and layout . Gleaston Castle was abandoned , perhaps around a century after its construction . As a result , the standing remains are an example of 14th-century architecture which has not been adapted by later occupation . The remains consist largely of limestone , which was quarried locally , while sandstone was used for doors and windows . The sandstone may have been recovered from a beach from the castle as there is no local source of sandstone . This method of using red sandstone for architectural details can also be seen at Piel Castle near Barrow-in-Furness . The castle was a walled enclosure long north and south , wide at the south end and wide at the north end . It had four corner towers , dressed with red sandstone . The north-west tower measures and is tall at its highest point . It survives as three portions of standing masonry . The ground slopes , and is higher at the north end than the south . The south-west tower measures , and the four-storey tall tower has a large vertical crack in the west wall . The south-east tower measures and survives to a height of . The north-east tower is mostly collapsed , with earthworks , though some of it may survive in the modern farm buildings . The western curtain wall is thick , and in parts is tall . It has a ruined bastion midway between the north-west and south-west towers . To the east the wall has been partly incorporated into the modern farm buildings , preserving some of the masonry to a height of while in the north and south the wall no longer survives above ground . Landscape . Gleaston Castle is about northwest of Gleaston village in the Furness Peninsula . John Harrington was given a licence to create a park in Aldingham manor and , while its location is uncertain , it may have been east of the castle . It is likely that the manor’s mill was also close to the castle , allowing the Harrington family to control an important local economic resource . According to Greenlane Archaeology , establishing how the castle related to the wider landscape has been identified as a future research priority .

easy

Gleaston Castle was owned by whom from 1347 to 1363?

/wiki/Gleaston_Castle#P127#1

Gleaston Castle Gleaston Castle is a medieval building in a valley about north-east of the village of Gleaston . The village lies between the towns of Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness in the Furness peninsula , Cumbria , England . Gleaston Castle has a quadrilateral plan , with a tower at each corner . The largest of these , the north-west tower , probably housed a hall . The castle was most likely built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington in the 14th century , replacing nearby Aldingham Motte . Gleaston Castle descended through the Harrington family until 1458 when it passed to William Bonville through marriage and was subsequently abandoned . The castle passed to the Grey family until Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 . As a result , Gleaston Castle became royal property before it was bought by the Preston family in the 17th century , and then passed to the Cavendish family . As the castle was disused from the mid-15th century it fell into dilapidation , and antiquarian depictions from the 18th century show Gleaston in a state of ruin . Though it is not open to the public , it has been the subject of historical and archaeological investigation in the 20th and 21st centuries . History . From the 12th century the manor of Muchland was administered from Aldingham Castle . Muchland became known as Aldingham manor and in 1291 it came into the ownership of the Harrington family . In the 14th century , the Scots attacked the Furness peninsula during the Scottish Wars of Independence ; around the same time coastal erosion threatened Aldingham Motte . These factors may have led to the Harrington family abandoning Aldingham and establishing the administrative centre of the manor at the newly built Gleaston Castle , though the construction work could have been the result of their growing social status , and they may have needed more room for a greater number of servants . The castle was probably built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington ( b . 1281–d . 1347 ) . Gleaston Castle is first mentioned in 1389 , although John Harington , 2nd Baron Harington is said to have died there in 1363 . In 1415 John Harington was granted a papal indult for a private chapel and a portable altar for mass . It is likely , however , that the castle would have had its own chapel before this date . The Harington family owned Gleaston Castle until William Harington , 5th Baron Harington died in 1458 . The castle and barony then passed to William Bonville , 6th Baron Harington through marriage . He died in 1460 and the castle passed to Thomas Grey , 1st Marquess of Dorset , again through marriage . It is likely that around this time Gleaston Castle was abandoned . In 1540 , the antiquarian John Leland noted there is a ruine and waulles of a castell in Lancaster-shire cawlyd Gleston Castell sometyme longinge to Lord Harrington now to the Marquis of Dorset , and other antiquarians provided descriptions of the site . When Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 his property was taken over by the monarch . In 1671 Thomas Preston , 3rd Baronet Preston bought Aldingham manor which included Gleaston Castle . The property descended through the Prestons to the Cavendish family . The castle is now part of an active farm which dates from the 19th century . The farm buildings incorporate some of the fabric of the castle . The Prestons owned the castle until 1922 when it was sold to the current family of owners . According to a 1905 document from the Cumbria Archive Centre up to four human skeletons were discovered at the castle in the 19th century when the farm buildings were built . An engraving by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck from 1727 is one of the earliest depictions of the castle , with later depictions from antiquarian William Close ( 1805 ) , artist William Green ( 1809 ) , and Edwin Waugh ( 1860 ) . The Buck brother’s engraving showed the castle in a state of ruin , and Waughs depiction in particular shows that from the mid-19th century the castle has remained in a similar state of ruin until the present . Preservation and investigation . Gleaston Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin , and a scheduled monument . The ruins can be viewed from the roadside , but it is unsafe to enter the castle due to its state of repair . , the castle is on Historic Englands Heritage At Risk register and its condition is described as very bad and deteriorating . Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to preserve the site : in 1998 the Lancaster University Archaeological Unit conducted an assessment of the standing building for further research and whether it would be possible to open the building to the public , but Historic England notes that no agreement was reached regarding a scheme of consolidation The castles precarious condition meant that the structure was not fully recorded until 2015 , when the Morecambe Bay Partnership with funding from the Castle Studies Trust commissioned Greenlane Archaeology to carry out an aerial survey of the site . As well as producing a visual record of the castle from which elevations and plans could be derived , it identified features within the castle which could be buildings which no longer survive . In 2016 the University of Central Lancashire undertook a geophysical survey , using it as training for archaeology students and volunteers . The survey indicated there was formerly a garden to the north of the castle , and timber structures within the castle . Architecture and layout . Gleaston Castle was abandoned , perhaps around a century after its construction . As a result , the standing remains are an example of 14th-century architecture which has not been adapted by later occupation . The remains consist largely of limestone , which was quarried locally , while sandstone was used for doors and windows . The sandstone may have been recovered from a beach from the castle as there is no local source of sandstone . This method of using red sandstone for architectural details can also be seen at Piel Castle near Barrow-in-Furness . The castle was a walled enclosure long north and south , wide at the south end and wide at the north end . It had four corner towers , dressed with red sandstone . The north-west tower measures and is tall at its highest point . It survives as three portions of standing masonry . The ground slopes , and is higher at the north end than the south . The south-west tower measures , and the four-storey tall tower has a large vertical crack in the west wall . The south-east tower measures and survives to a height of . The north-east tower is mostly collapsed , with earthworks , though some of it may survive in the modern farm buildings . The western curtain wall is thick , and in parts is tall . It has a ruined bastion midway between the north-west and south-west towers . To the east the wall has been partly incorporated into the modern farm buildings , preserving some of the masonry to a height of while in the north and south the wall no longer survives above ground . Landscape . Gleaston Castle is about northwest of Gleaston village in the Furness Peninsula . John Harrington was given a licence to create a park in Aldingham manor and , while its location is uncertain , it may have been east of the castle . It is likely that the manor’s mill was also close to the castle , allowing the Harrington family to control an important local economic resource . According to Greenlane Archaeology , establishing how the castle related to the wider landscape has been identified as a future research priority .

easy

Who owned Gleaston Castle from 1363 to 1418?

/wiki/Gleaston_Castle#P127#2

Gleaston Castle Gleaston Castle is a medieval building in a valley about north-east of the village of Gleaston . The village lies between the towns of Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness in the Furness peninsula , Cumbria , England . Gleaston Castle has a quadrilateral plan , with a tower at each corner . The largest of these , the north-west tower , probably housed a hall . The castle was most likely built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington in the 14th century , replacing nearby Aldingham Motte . Gleaston Castle descended through the Harrington family until 1458 when it passed to William Bonville through marriage and was subsequently abandoned . The castle passed to the Grey family until Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 . As a result , Gleaston Castle became royal property before it was bought by the Preston family in the 17th century , and then passed to the Cavendish family . As the castle was disused from the mid-15th century it fell into dilapidation , and antiquarian depictions from the 18th century show Gleaston in a state of ruin . Though it is not open to the public , it has been the subject of historical and archaeological investigation in the 20th and 21st centuries . History . From the 12th century the manor of Muchland was administered from Aldingham Castle . Muchland became known as Aldingham manor and in 1291 it came into the ownership of the Harrington family . In the 14th century , the Scots attacked the Furness peninsula during the Scottish Wars of Independence ; around the same time coastal erosion threatened Aldingham Motte . These factors may have led to the Harrington family abandoning Aldingham and establishing the administrative centre of the manor at the newly built Gleaston Castle , though the construction work could have been the result of their growing social status , and they may have needed more room for a greater number of servants . The castle was probably built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington ( b . 1281–d . 1347 ) . Gleaston Castle is first mentioned in 1389 , although John Harington , 2nd Baron Harington is said to have died there in 1363 . In 1415 John Harington was granted a papal indult for a private chapel and a portable altar for mass . It is likely , however , that the castle would have had its own chapel before this date . The Harington family owned Gleaston Castle until William Harington , 5th Baron Harington died in 1458 . The castle and barony then passed to William Bonville , 6th Baron Harington through marriage . He died in 1460 and the castle passed to Thomas Grey , 1st Marquess of Dorset , again through marriage . It is likely that around this time Gleaston Castle was abandoned . In 1540 , the antiquarian John Leland noted there is a ruine and waulles of a castell in Lancaster-shire cawlyd Gleston Castell sometyme longinge to Lord Harrington now to the Marquis of Dorset , and other antiquarians provided descriptions of the site . When Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 his property was taken over by the monarch . In 1671 Thomas Preston , 3rd Baronet Preston bought Aldingham manor which included Gleaston Castle . The property descended through the Prestons to the Cavendish family . The castle is now part of an active farm which dates from the 19th century . The farm buildings incorporate some of the fabric of the castle . The Prestons owned the castle until 1922 when it was sold to the current family of owners . According to a 1905 document from the Cumbria Archive Centre up to four human skeletons were discovered at the castle in the 19th century when the farm buildings were built . An engraving by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck from 1727 is one of the earliest depictions of the castle , with later depictions from antiquarian William Close ( 1805 ) , artist William Green ( 1809 ) , and Edwin Waugh ( 1860 ) . The Buck brother’s engraving showed the castle in a state of ruin , and Waughs depiction in particular shows that from the mid-19th century the castle has remained in a similar state of ruin until the present . Preservation and investigation . Gleaston Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin , and a scheduled monument . The ruins can be viewed from the roadside , but it is unsafe to enter the castle due to its state of repair . , the castle is on Historic Englands Heritage At Risk register and its condition is described as very bad and deteriorating . Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to preserve the site : in 1998 the Lancaster University Archaeological Unit conducted an assessment of the standing building for further research and whether it would be possible to open the building to the public , but Historic England notes that no agreement was reached regarding a scheme of consolidation The castles precarious condition meant that the structure was not fully recorded until 2015 , when the Morecambe Bay Partnership with funding from the Castle Studies Trust commissioned Greenlane Archaeology to carry out an aerial survey of the site . As well as producing a visual record of the castle from which elevations and plans could be derived , it identified features within the castle which could be buildings which no longer survive . In 2016 the University of Central Lancashire undertook a geophysical survey , using it as training for archaeology students and volunteers . The survey indicated there was formerly a garden to the north of the castle , and timber structures within the castle . Architecture and layout . Gleaston Castle was abandoned , perhaps around a century after its construction . As a result , the standing remains are an example of 14th-century architecture which has not been adapted by later occupation . The remains consist largely of limestone , which was quarried locally , while sandstone was used for doors and windows . The sandstone may have been recovered from a beach from the castle as there is no local source of sandstone . This method of using red sandstone for architectural details can also be seen at Piel Castle near Barrow-in-Furness . The castle was a walled enclosure long north and south , wide at the south end and wide at the north end . It had four corner towers , dressed with red sandstone . The north-west tower measures and is tall at its highest point . It survives as three portions of standing masonry . The ground slopes , and is higher at the north end than the south . The south-west tower measures , and the four-storey tall tower has a large vertical crack in the west wall . The south-east tower measures and survives to a height of . The north-east tower is mostly collapsed , with earthworks , though some of it may survive in the modern farm buildings . The western curtain wall is thick , and in parts is tall . It has a ruined bastion midway between the north-west and south-west towers . To the east the wall has been partly incorporated into the modern farm buildings , preserving some of the masonry to a height of while in the north and south the wall no longer survives above ground . Landscape . Gleaston Castle is about northwest of Gleaston village in the Furness Peninsula . John Harrington was given a licence to create a park in Aldingham manor and , while its location is uncertain , it may have been east of the castle . It is likely that the manor’s mill was also close to the castle , allowing the Harrington family to control an important local economic resource . According to Greenlane Archaeology , establishing how the castle related to the wider landscape has been identified as a future research priority .

easy

Who was the owner of Gleaston Castle from 1418 to 1458?

/wiki/Gleaston_Castle#P127#3

Gleaston Castle Gleaston Castle is a medieval building in a valley about north-east of the village of Gleaston . The village lies between the towns of Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness in the Furness peninsula , Cumbria , England . Gleaston Castle has a quadrilateral plan , with a tower at each corner . The largest of these , the north-west tower , probably housed a hall . The castle was most likely built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington in the 14th century , replacing nearby Aldingham Motte . Gleaston Castle descended through the Harrington family until 1458 when it passed to William Bonville through marriage and was subsequently abandoned . The castle passed to the Grey family until Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 . As a result , Gleaston Castle became royal property before it was bought by the Preston family in the 17th century , and then passed to the Cavendish family . As the castle was disused from the mid-15th century it fell into dilapidation , and antiquarian depictions from the 18th century show Gleaston in a state of ruin . Though it is not open to the public , it has been the subject of historical and archaeological investigation in the 20th and 21st centuries . History . From the 12th century the manor of Muchland was administered from Aldingham Castle . Muchland became known as Aldingham manor and in 1291 it came into the ownership of the Harrington family . In the 14th century , the Scots attacked the Furness peninsula during the Scottish Wars of Independence ; around the same time coastal erosion threatened Aldingham Motte . These factors may have led to the Harrington family abandoning Aldingham and establishing the administrative centre of the manor at the newly built Gleaston Castle , though the construction work could have been the result of their growing social status , and they may have needed more room for a greater number of servants . The castle was probably built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington ( b . 1281–d . 1347 ) . Gleaston Castle is first mentioned in 1389 , although John Harington , 2nd Baron Harington is said to have died there in 1363 . In 1415 John Harington was granted a papal indult for a private chapel and a portable altar for mass . It is likely , however , that the castle would have had its own chapel before this date . The Harington family owned Gleaston Castle until William Harington , 5th Baron Harington died in 1458 . The castle and barony then passed to William Bonville , 6th Baron Harington through marriage . He died in 1460 and the castle passed to Thomas Grey , 1st Marquess of Dorset , again through marriage . It is likely that around this time Gleaston Castle was abandoned . In 1540 , the antiquarian John Leland noted there is a ruine and waulles of a castell in Lancaster-shire cawlyd Gleston Castell sometyme longinge to Lord Harrington now to the Marquis of Dorset , and other antiquarians provided descriptions of the site . When Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 his property was taken over by the monarch . In 1671 Thomas Preston , 3rd Baronet Preston bought Aldingham manor which included Gleaston Castle . The property descended through the Prestons to the Cavendish family . The castle is now part of an active farm which dates from the 19th century . The farm buildings incorporate some of the fabric of the castle . The Prestons owned the castle until 1922 when it was sold to the current family of owners . According to a 1905 document from the Cumbria Archive Centre up to four human skeletons were discovered at the castle in the 19th century when the farm buildings were built . An engraving by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck from 1727 is one of the earliest depictions of the castle , with later depictions from antiquarian William Close ( 1805 ) , artist William Green ( 1809 ) , and Edwin Waugh ( 1860 ) . The Buck brother’s engraving showed the castle in a state of ruin , and Waughs depiction in particular shows that from the mid-19th century the castle has remained in a similar state of ruin until the present . Preservation and investigation . Gleaston Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin , and a scheduled monument . The ruins can be viewed from the roadside , but it is unsafe to enter the castle due to its state of repair . , the castle is on Historic Englands Heritage At Risk register and its condition is described as very bad and deteriorating . Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to preserve the site : in 1998 the Lancaster University Archaeological Unit conducted an assessment of the standing building for further research and whether it would be possible to open the building to the public , but Historic England notes that no agreement was reached regarding a scheme of consolidation The castles precarious condition meant that the structure was not fully recorded until 2015 , when the Morecambe Bay Partnership with funding from the Castle Studies Trust commissioned Greenlane Archaeology to carry out an aerial survey of the site . As well as producing a visual record of the castle from which elevations and plans could be derived , it identified features within the castle which could be buildings which no longer survive . In 2016 the University of Central Lancashire undertook a geophysical survey , using it as training for archaeology students and volunteers . The survey indicated there was formerly a garden to the north of the castle , and timber structures within the castle . Architecture and layout . Gleaston Castle was abandoned , perhaps around a century after its construction . As a result , the standing remains are an example of 14th-century architecture which has not been adapted by later occupation . The remains consist largely of limestone , which was quarried locally , while sandstone was used for doors and windows . The sandstone may have been recovered from a beach from the castle as there is no local source of sandstone . This method of using red sandstone for architectural details can also be seen at Piel Castle near Barrow-in-Furness . The castle was a walled enclosure long north and south , wide at the south end and wide at the north end . It had four corner towers , dressed with red sandstone . The north-west tower measures and is tall at its highest point . It survives as three portions of standing masonry . The ground slopes , and is higher at the north end than the south . The south-west tower measures , and the four-storey tall tower has a large vertical crack in the west wall . The south-east tower measures and survives to a height of . The north-east tower is mostly collapsed , with earthworks , though some of it may survive in the modern farm buildings . The western curtain wall is thick , and in parts is tall . It has a ruined bastion midway between the north-west and south-west towers . To the east the wall has been partly incorporated into the modern farm buildings , preserving some of the masonry to a height of while in the north and south the wall no longer survives above ground . Landscape . Gleaston Castle is about northwest of Gleaston village in the Furness Peninsula . John Harrington was given a licence to create a park in Aldingham manor and , while its location is uncertain , it may have been east of the castle . It is likely that the manor’s mill was also close to the castle , allowing the Harrington family to control an important local economic resource . According to Greenlane Archaeology , establishing how the castle related to the wider landscape has been identified as a future research priority .

easy

Gleaston Castle was owned by whom from 1458 to 1461?

/wiki/Gleaston_Castle#P127#4

Gleaston Castle Gleaston Castle is a medieval building in a valley about north-east of the village of Gleaston . The village lies between the towns of Ulverston and Barrow-in-Furness in the Furness peninsula , Cumbria , England . Gleaston Castle has a quadrilateral plan , with a tower at each corner . The largest of these , the north-west tower , probably housed a hall . The castle was most likely built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington in the 14th century , replacing nearby Aldingham Motte . Gleaston Castle descended through the Harrington family until 1458 when it passed to William Bonville through marriage and was subsequently abandoned . The castle passed to the Grey family until Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 . As a result , Gleaston Castle became royal property before it was bought by the Preston family in the 17th century , and then passed to the Cavendish family . As the castle was disused from the mid-15th century it fell into dilapidation , and antiquarian depictions from the 18th century show Gleaston in a state of ruin . Though it is not open to the public , it has been the subject of historical and archaeological investigation in the 20th and 21st centuries . History . From the 12th century the manor of Muchland was administered from Aldingham Castle . Muchland became known as Aldingham manor and in 1291 it came into the ownership of the Harrington family . In the 14th century , the Scots attacked the Furness peninsula during the Scottish Wars of Independence ; around the same time coastal erosion threatened Aldingham Motte . These factors may have led to the Harrington family abandoning Aldingham and establishing the administrative centre of the manor at the newly built Gleaston Castle , though the construction work could have been the result of their growing social status , and they may have needed more room for a greater number of servants . The castle was probably built for John Harington , 1st Baron Harington ( b . 1281–d . 1347 ) . Gleaston Castle is first mentioned in 1389 , although John Harington , 2nd Baron Harington is said to have died there in 1363 . In 1415 John Harington was granted a papal indult for a private chapel and a portable altar for mass . It is likely , however , that the castle would have had its own chapel before this date . The Harington family owned Gleaston Castle until William Harington , 5th Baron Harington died in 1458 . The castle and barony then passed to William Bonville , 6th Baron Harington through marriage . He died in 1460 and the castle passed to Thomas Grey , 1st Marquess of Dorset , again through marriage . It is likely that around this time Gleaston Castle was abandoned . In 1540 , the antiquarian John Leland noted there is a ruine and waulles of a castell in Lancaster-shire cawlyd Gleston Castell sometyme longinge to Lord Harrington now to the Marquis of Dorset , and other antiquarians provided descriptions of the site . When Henry Grey , 1st Duke of Suffolk was executed for treason in 1554 his property was taken over by the monarch . In 1671 Thomas Preston , 3rd Baronet Preston bought Aldingham manor which included Gleaston Castle . The property descended through the Prestons to the Cavendish family . The castle is now part of an active farm which dates from the 19th century . The farm buildings incorporate some of the fabric of the castle . The Prestons owned the castle until 1922 when it was sold to the current family of owners . According to a 1905 document from the Cumbria Archive Centre up to four human skeletons were discovered at the castle in the 19th century when the farm buildings were built . An engraving by Samuel and Nathaniel Buck from 1727 is one of the earliest depictions of the castle , with later depictions from antiquarian William Close ( 1805 ) , artist William Green ( 1809 ) , and Edwin Waugh ( 1860 ) . The Buck brother’s engraving showed the castle in a state of ruin , and Waughs depiction in particular shows that from the mid-19th century the castle has remained in a similar state of ruin until the present . Preservation and investigation . Gleaston Castle is now a Grade I listed ruin , and a scheduled monument . The ruins can be viewed from the roadside , but it is unsafe to enter the castle due to its state of repair . , the castle is on Historic Englands Heritage At Risk register and its condition is described as very bad and deteriorating . Since the late 20th century there have been efforts to preserve the site : in 1998 the Lancaster University Archaeological Unit conducted an assessment of the standing building for further research and whether it would be possible to open the building to the public , but Historic England notes that no agreement was reached regarding a scheme of consolidation The castles precarious condition meant that the structure was not fully recorded until 2015 , when the Morecambe Bay Partnership with funding from the Castle Studies Trust commissioned Greenlane Archaeology to carry out an aerial survey of the site . As well as producing a visual record of the castle from which elevations and plans could be derived , it identified features within the castle which could be buildings which no longer survive . In 2016 the University of Central Lancashire undertook a geophysical survey , using it as training for archaeology students and volunteers . The survey indicated there was formerly a garden to the north of the castle , and timber structures within the castle . Architecture and layout . Gleaston Castle was abandoned , perhaps around a century after its construction . As a result , the standing remains are an example of 14th-century architecture which has not been adapted by later occupation . The remains consist largely of limestone , which was quarried locally , while sandstone was used for doors and windows . The sandstone may have been recovered from a beach from the castle as there is no local source of sandstone . This method of using red sandstone for architectural details can also be seen at Piel Castle near Barrow-in-Furness . The castle was a walled enclosure long north and south , wide at the south end and wide at the north end . It had four corner towers , dressed with red sandstone . The north-west tower measures and is tall at its highest point . It survives as three portions of standing masonry . The ground slopes , and is higher at the north end than the south . The south-west tower measures , and the four-storey tall tower has a large vertical crack in the west wall . The south-east tower measures and survives to a height of . The north-east tower is mostly collapsed , with earthworks , though some of it may survive in the modern farm buildings . The western curtain wall is thick , and in parts is tall . It has a ruined bastion midway between the north-west and south-west towers . To the east the wall has been partly incorporated into the modern farm buildings , preserving some of the masonry to a height of while in the north and south the wall no longer survives above ground . Landscape . Gleaston Castle is about northwest of Gleaston village in the Furness Peninsula . John Harrington was given a licence to create a park in Aldingham manor and , while its location is uncertain , it may have been east of the castle . It is likely that the manor’s mill was also close to the castle , allowing the Harrington family to control an important local economic resource . According to Greenlane Archaeology , establishing how the castle related to the wider landscape has been identified as a future research priority .

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Where did Igor Grabar work from 1889 to 1896?

/wiki/Igor_Grabar#P937#0

Igor Grabar Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar ( , 25 March 1871 in Budapest – 16 May 1960 in Moscow ) was a Russian post-impressionist painter , publisher , restorer and historian of art . Grabar , descendant of a wealthy Rusyn family , was trained as a painter by Ilya Repin in Saint Petersburg and by Anton Ažbe in Munich . He reached his peak in painting in 1903–1907 and was notable for a peculiar divisionist painting technique bordering on pointillism and his rendition of snow . By the end of 1890s , Grabar had established himself as an art critic . In 1902 , he joined Mir Iskusstva , although his relations with its leaders Sergei Diaghilev and Mstislav Dobuzhinsky were far from friendly . In 1910–1915 , Grabar edited and published his opus magnum , the History of Russian Art . The History employed the finest artists and critics of the period ; Grabar personally wrote the issues on architecture that set an unsurpassed standard of understanding and presenting the subject . Concurrently , he wrote and published a series of books on contemporary and historic Russian painters . In 1913 , he was appointed executive director of the Tretyakov Gallery and launched an ambitious reform program that continued until 1926 . Grabar diversified the Tretyakov collection into modern art and in 1917 published its first comprehensive catalogue . In 1921 Grabar became the first professor of Art restoration at the Moscow State University . An experienced politician , Grabar stayed at the top of the Soviet art establishment until his death , excluding a brief voluntary retirement in 1933–1937 . He managed art-restoration workshops ( present-day Grabar Centre ) during 1918–1930 and from 1944 to 1960 . Grabar took active part in redistribution of former church art nationalized by the Bolsheviks and established new museums for the confiscated treasures . In 1943 , he formulated the Soviet doctrine of compensating World War II losses with art looted in Germany . After the war , he personally advised Joseph Stalin on the preservation of architectural heritage . Biography . Family roots . Emmanuil Hrabar ( 1830–1910 ) , father of Igor Grabar and his older brothers Bela and Vladimir ( the future law scholar , 1865–1956 ) , was an ethnic Rusyn lawyer and a politician of pro-Russian orientation . He was elected to the Hungarian Parliament in 1869 , at the same time , maintaining ties with slavophiles in Moscow and the Russian Embassy . Olga Hrabar ( 1843–1930 ) , mother of Igor and Vladimir , was a daughter of Rusyn pro-Russian , anti-Catholic politician Adolph Dobryansky ( 1817–1901 ) . According to Igor Grabars memoirs , Dobryansky ran an underground network of obedient followers . Dobryansky and his group , unaware of the realities of living in the Russian Empire , leaned to its official doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality ; Dobryansky , a man of wealth and pedigree , even imitated the lifestyle of a Russian landlord in minute details ; two of his sons joined Imperial Russian service . Dobryansky praised the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by Russian troops , dreaded by his own Rusyn peasants . In the early 1870s , the Hungarian government forced Emmanuil Hrabar to leave the country . Olga with children stayed under police surveillance at the Dobryansky manor in Čertižné ( now in Slovakia ) . In 1880 , the Hrabars temporarily reunited in Russia . Emmanuil passed qualification test to teach German and French and settled with Igor and Vladimir in Yegoryevsk . Olga returned to Hungary to continue pro-Russian propaganda ; in 1882 she and her father were , at last , arrested for treason and brought to a trial that aroused public suspicion of a police provocation . She was acquitted for lack of evidence and emigrated to Russia for the rest of her life . In Russia , the Hrabars lived under nom de guerre Hrabrov ; Igor Grabar restored his real surname ( transliterated from Russian with a G , unlike his brother Vladimir Hrabar ) in the early 1890s . Education . Grabar ( then Hrabrov ) attended high school in Yegoryevsk , where his father taught foreign languages . The stream of magazine publications that followed the 1881 murder of Alexander II of Russia gave him the first impetus to draw . In 1882 , the Hrabars ( Hrabrovs ) relocated to Kiev , closer to the continuing trial of their mother and grandfather ; later in the same year , Emmanuil Hrabar accepted an appointment to Izmail . He sent Igor to Mikhail Katkovs boarding school in Moscow ; the schoolmaster waived tuition fee to a fellow slavophile . Igor Grabar , interested in drawing , soon made contacts with the students of the Moscow School of Painting , Sculpture and Architecture and already established artists - Abram Arkhipov , Vasily Polenov and the Schukins , wealthy patrons of art . Strapped for cash , he painted portraits of fellow students for a fee . In 1889 , Grabar was admitted to the Law Department of the Saint Petersburg University ; he made living by selling short stories to magazines and soon became the editor of Shut , the weakest of humour magazines that nevertheless paid well . His illustrations to books by Nikolay Gogol , signed Igor Hrabrov , inspired the young Aleksandr Gerasimov ( born 1881 ) , but Grabar generally stayed aside from drawing . He later complained that tabloid bohemianism completely overwhelmed him . In his second year at the university , Grabar moved up to the respectable Niva magazine . He selected graphics for Niva and wrote essays on contemporary painters but did not yet have enough influence to change its policies . Law-department classes were uninspiring and Grabar spent more time attending history lectures and Pavel Chistyakovs school of painting , but he still managed to graduate in law , without delay , in April 1893 . In the end of 1894 , he enrolled in Ilya Repins class at the Imperial Academy of Arts that has just been radically reformed . His classmates , the first spendid post-reform group , included Alexej von Jawlensky and Marianne von Werefkin who introduced him to French Impressionism , Konstantin Bogaevsky , Oleksandr Murashko , Nicholas Roerich and Arkady Rylov . Filipp Malyavin , Konstantin Somov , Dmitry Kardovsky also studied alongside Grabar but were admitted earlier . Grabar remained a fervent admirer of Repin for life but became quickly dissatisfied with academic studies and in July 1895 left for a brief study tour of Western Europe financed by Niva magazine . Munich . His return to Saint Petersburg finally persuaded him to drop out of the Academy ; in May 1896 , he and Kardovsky left for Munich via Berlin and Paris ; Jawlensky and Werefkin joined them later in summer . They enrolled at a private school of painting run by Anton Ažbe . Grabar , who soon became assistant to Ažbe , rated him as a poorly gifted painter , a superb draftsman and an outstanding teacher . Two years later , when Grabar was ready to leave Ažbe , he was offered an opportunity to open his own , competing , school ; Ažbe made a counter-offer , making Grabar his equal partner . The partnership existed for less than a year , from June 1899 until spring of 1900 , when Grabar accepted a lucrative offer from Prince Shcherbatov and left Munich . Grabar kept close ties with Saint Petersburg artists and publishers . In January–February 1897 , Grabar , obliged to write for Niva , published an article defending avant-garde art against Vladimir Stasov , making a bombshell effect and inadvertently provoking Stasovs campaign against Repin as the dean of the Academy . Another article published in 1899 caused a conflict between Ilya Repin and Mir iskusstva . Life in Munich also aroused Grabars interest in architecture , and its history , that soon became his second profession . By 1901 , Grabar completed architects training at the Munich Polytechnicum but did not take the final exams . Mir Iskusstva . In 1901–1902 , Grabar presented twelve of his paintings at an exhibition hosted by Mir Iskusstva ; these were the first truly French impressionist works displayed in Russia by a Russian painter . One painting went straight to Tretyakov Gallery , others were auctioned to private collections . 1903–1907 became Grabars highest point in painting ; according to Grabars Autobiography , the summit ( February–April 1904 ) coincided with the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War . In this season , he practiced moderate divisionism with elements of pointillist technique . Three paintings of this period that Grabar himself considered seminal ( February Glaze , March Snow and Piles of Snow ) garnered wide and generally positive critical response . Kazimir Malevich wrote that , had it not been for linear perspective that Grabar preserved in his March Snow as a remnant of narrative from the nineteenth century , the whole picture would blend in a uniform painterly texture without clearly defined front and middle planes . In 1905 , Grabar travelled to Paris to study the new works of French postimpressionists and changed his technique in favor of complete separation of colours . Incidentally , although Grabar appreciated and studied Cézanne , Gauguin and Van Gogh , he himself ranked the king of painters Diego Velázquez above them all . At the end of 1905 and the beginning of 1906 , when Moscow was burning from riots and shellfire , Grabar tackled another challenging subject , frost , at the same time investing more and more time into writing and editing . Snow , and winter in general , remained his favorite subjects for life . Relations between Grabar and the founders of Mir Iskusstva were strained . Sergei Diaghilev tolerated Grabar as a business asset but feared and distrusted him as a potential new leader of the movement ; Grabar financial backing provided by Shcherbatov seemed especially menacing . Diaghilevs sycophants Nurok and Nouvelle led the opposition , Eugene Lansere and Konstantin Somov followed suit ; Valentin Serov was perhaps the only member who treated Grabar with sympathy . Grabar , indeed , used funds of Shcherbatov and Nadezhda von Meck to launch his own short-lived art society that failed to shake Mir Iskusstva and soon fell apart . Memoirs of the period , although biased , indicate that Grabar himself was a difficult person . According to Alexander Benois , Grabar practiced an unacceptably patronizing tone and at the same time , had absolutely no sense of humour . No one questioned his talent and encyclopedic knowledge , but Grabar was unable to persuade people or barely coexist with them in small communities like Mir Iskusstva . As a result , in 1908 Grabar broke with the movement completely and tried , in vain , to launch his own art magazine . Grabars History . In the same 1908 , Grabar abandoned painting in favor of writing ; he became chief editor and writer for Joseph Knebels series of books on Russian artists and Russian towns . He quickly amassed a wealth of historic evidence and settled on publishing a comprehensive History of Russian Art . Grabar initially concentrated on project management alone , leaving principal writing to Alexander Benois , but when the latter stepped aside in May , Grabar was compelled to pick up the writing task . He now concentrated on architecture ; only then did he realize that Russian architecture of the 18th century and earlier periods had never been properly studied . Grabar locked himself in the archives to study the subject for a year ; in July 1909 he took a short leave from writing and designed the Palladian Zakharyin Hospital in present-day Khimki , which was completed by the onset of World War I and operates to date . The first issue of History was printed in 1910 ; publication ceased with the 23rd issue in the beginning of 1915 when Knebels printshop and Grabars archive stored there were burnt in an anti-German pogrom . Of 2,630 pages in History , 650—the issues on architecture—were written by Grabar . History amalgamated works by the leading architects , artists and critics of the period . Ivan Bilibin , who contributed photography of vernacular architecture , used to say that we started appreciating old architecture only after Grabars book . Grabars own memoirs , however , focus on the failures of his co-authors : of all contributors only Fyodor Gornostayev was commended for doing his part . Grabars predecessors did not elaborate how art , and especially architecture fitted into the grand historical scheme ; his History became the first comprehensive work that attempted to solve the task . Grabar , accepting now-standard periodization of Russian history , applied the same scheme to history of architecture and emphasized the role of individual monarchs in it . His view of the transition from Naryshkin Baroque , the summit of Muscovite architecture , into loaned European Petrine Baroque as an organic process , however , was contentious from the start , and , according to James Cracraft , could not account for an abrupt demise of national architecture under Peter I and his successors . His own concept of Moscow Baroque , probably influenced by Heinrich Wölfflin , is not entirely consistent or clear . Soviet historians retained Grabars overall scheme , sealing the persistent lack of a clear and consistent , architecturally configured periodization of Russian architectural history. . Grabars concept of Moscow Baroque was challenged , his Ukrainian Baroque was trashed , yet Belarusian Baroque became a fixture of Soviet scholarship . Grabars understanding of lesser phenomena has been , at times , erroneous and his attributions were later dismissed . For example , he based the description of the 1591 Ambassadors Prikaz building on a fanciful and grossly distorted sketch by a Swede who visited Moscow after the building was torn down and replaced with a new one . His attribution and periodization of Menshikov Tower is also challenged . Nevertheless , James Cracraft ranked Grabar the first in the whole field of Russian art history , Dmitry Shvidkovsky wrote that Grabars History in whole remains unsurpassed , and William Craft Brumfield noted its immense importance for the preservation of medieval heritage . Tretyakov Gallery . On 2 April 1913 , the Board of the Tretyakov Gallery elected Grabar its trustee and executive director . He accepted the appointment on condition that the trustees give him unlimited authority in reforming the gallery . Later , he wrote that had he known the weight of this burden beforehand he would step back , but , inexperienced in public politics , he grabbed the opportunity of being there , among the subject of his History . Grabar planned to expand the former private collection into a comprehensive showcase of national art , including the controversial Russian and French modernist paintings . He laid out a program of artistic , scientific , educational-enlightening and social changes and eventually converted the gallery into a European museum . Grabar started with rearranging the paintings in public display ; when the gallery reopened in December 1913 , the main enfilade of its second floor was prominently terminated with Vasily Surikovs epic Feodosia Morozova . The first floor was now filled with completely new material - contemporary French painters and young Russians like Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin and Martiros Saryan . In the beginning of 1915 , Grabars purchasing decisions stirred a public scandal that involved practically all publicly known artists ; Victor Vasnetsov , Mikhail Nesterov , Vladimir Makovsky and Grabars former sponsor Shcherbatov called for immediate termination of his tenure . Debates continued until January 1916 , when Moscow City Hall approved Grabars reform in full . Grabar summarized his achievements in the 1917 catalogue of the Gallery , the first of its kind . The Russian Revolution of 1917 had dual effect on the gallery . Collapse of the monetary system and city utilities brought the gallery to a really catastrophic condition that was barely improved by nationalization in June 1918 . At the same time the gallery collection rapidly grew , absorbing nationalized private and church collections and formerly independent small museums . One by one its own exhibition halls were converted into art warehouses and closed to the public . By 1924 , the gallery operated four affiliate halls , in 1925 it disposed with foreign masters , but these measures could not offset the inflow of new stock . Physical expansion of the building became a first priority , and in 1926 Grabar was replaced with architect Aleksey Shchusev . Thriving under the Bolsheviks . In 1918 , Grabar took the lead of the Museums and Preservation Section of the Soviet Government , the Museum Fund and the Moscow-based state restoration workshops , becoming de facto chief curator of arts and architectural heritage for the whole Moscow region . As prescribed by the Bolsheviks in December 1918 , Grabars institutions catalogued all known heritage , an action tantamount to confiscation , and despite continuing war many nationalized landmarks were actually restored . Grabars group , like the contemporary Gorky Commission , was torn by a conflict of preservationists ( Grabar , Alexander Benois , Alexander Chayanov , Pyotr Baranovsky ) and destroyers ( David Shterenberg , Vladimir Tatlin ) and Grabar later complained that he had to offset two extremes , destruction of heritage and obstruction of avant-garde artists ( he was himself the main exponent of conservation ) . Grabar successfully exploited whatever allies he could recruit amongst the ambivalent Soviet bureaucracy , starting with the Commissar for Education Anatoly Lunacharsky , and even managed to retain his affluent lifestyle of the past . From 1919 , Grabar directed his commission into documenting and preserving Orthodox church murals and icons . The first 1919 expedition to Yaroslavl located and restored previously unknown works of the 12th and 13th centuries . Restorers Fyodor Modorov , Grigory Chirikov and photographer A . V . Lyadov continued studies of northern church art throughout the 1920s and by 1926 produced the first comprehensive study of icons and an assessment of wooden churches that housed them . Grabars icon restoration workshop became internationally known ; Alfred H . Barr , Jr . who visited Moscow in 1927–1928 , wrote of Grabars technology with great enthusiasm . It is to Grabar , more than to any other single scholar , that Russia owes the rediscovery of his icons . These appointments inevitably placed Grabar near the top of the Soviet machine of confiscating church and , to a lesser extent , privately held art treasures . Benois , who left the country , scorned Grabar for ripping Princess Mescherskaya of her Botticelli . Grabar accepted the fact of Bolshevik expropriation and concentrated on preservation of the treasures and setting up local museums to display them in public . His and Roman Kleins proposal to convert the whole Moscow Kremlin into a public museum failed , and the Kremlin was quickly taken over by the sprawling Red government . Among the masterpieces found during these campaigns was The Madonna of Tagil ( Madonna del Popolo ) taken from the Demidov house and attributed by Grabar to Raphael . Most , however , ended up at overseas auctions . Less formal attempts of individual artists to raise money in the United States failed : the 1924 show in New York City attracted 17 thousand visitors but raised only $30,000 and Grabar admitted We do not know what to do . 1930s . In 1930 , Grabar left all his administrative , academic and editorial jobs , even that of an editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , and concentrated on painting . Grabar himself wrote : I had to choose between the daily mounting administrative burden and creating .. . I had no choice . A personal pension granted by Sovnarkom hastened my retirement . According to Baranovsky and Khlebnikova , the decision was influenced by his mothers death ; Grabar the artist shifted his attention to problems of age , aging and death . According to Colton , the change followed a campaign of demolition inside the Kremlin ( Chudov Monastery ) and all over Moscow . The preservationist Old Moscow Society , unable to influence the authorities any longer , voted itself out of existence , and Grabars heritage commission was disbanded a few months later . Grabars influence over impending demolitions was now reduced to writing pleas to Stalin , as was the case of the Sukharev Tower in 1933–1934 . Grabar supervised another New York exhibition , this time of icon art , in 1931 and painted a string of official socialist realism epics but it was the 1933 Portrait of Svetlana that gave him an enormous and unwanted exposure at home and abroad . Grabar himself rated this portrait , painted in one day , among its best . The public identified its title subject as none other than Stalins daughter ( born in 1926 , she could not have been Grabars subject ; the legend persisted into the 1960s ) . Either this dangerous publicity , or his earlier association with Natalia Sedova and other trotskyists compelled Grabar to retire to relative obscurity . He kept on painting and wrote his Autobiography that was ready for print in June 1935 but was barred from publication until March 1937 . Contrary to the communist policy , Autobiography appreciated the formalist art of Mir Iskusstva and dismissed some critics applying Marxist analysis as utterly incompetent . In the same 1937 Grabar published Ilya Repin that earned him the State Prize four years later and began writing Serov . By 1940 , he was firmly back into the Soviet establishment and was featured in propagandist newsreels produced for distribution in Nazi Germany . World War II and beyond . In June 1943 , Grabar proposed tit-for-tat compensation of Soviet art treasures destroyed in World War II with art to be taken from Germany . Compiling the target list of German treasures was easy , but estimating own losses was not : by March 1946 , only nine out of forty major museums could provide an inventory of their losses . The government used Grabars proposal as a smoke screen : while Grabars deputy Victor Lazarev was discussing the legality of equitable reparations with the Allies , Soviet trophy brigades had practically completed a wholesale campaign of organized looting . Grabar consulted Joseph Stalin in preparation to Moscows 800-years jubilee celebrated in 1947 . He persuaded Stalin to return the former St . Andronik Monastery , once converted to a prison , if not to the church but to the artistic community . The remains of the monastery , restored by Pyotr Baranovsky , became the Andrey Rublyov Museum of Old Russian Art ( Grabar upheld Baranovskys dubious discovery of the alleged tomb of Andrey Rublyov ) . Grabar , as the senior in artistic community , retained some independence from the ideological pressure , as indicated by his 1945 obituary for the emigre Leonid Pasternak printed in Soviet Art . Things werent always smooth : in 1948 Grabar was caught in another campaign against random targets in art and science . He retained his administrative and university jobs and in 1954 co-authored Russian architecture of the first half of the 18th century , a revisionist study of the period that dismissed the knowledge collected by fellow historians before 1917 . He made an exception , though , for his own works that allegedly correctly understood the subject . Contrary to Grabars own understanding of East-West cultural relationship presented in History but in line with the rules of Soviet historiography , the new book claimed that Russians of the 18th century yield nothing in their work to foreign contemporaries and overstated the influence of folk tradition on polite architecture . These falsified theories , easily dismissed today , established the provincial outlook that governed the post-war generation of Soviet art historians . After Stalins death , Grabar was the first to publicly denounce run-off-the-mill socialist realism and pay the dues to once banished Aristarkh Lentulov and Pyotr Konchalovsky . The unsinkable Grabar earned derogatory nicknames Ugor Obmanuilovich ( cheating eel ) and Irod Graber ( Herod the Robber ) . Baranovsky and Khlebnikova noted that the reaction against Grabar was frequently provoked by his work at the helm of museum purchasing committees : mediocre artists inevitably had a grudge against his buying and pricing decisions . References . - Sources - Akinsha , Konstantin ; Kozlov , Grigorii ; Hochfield , Sylvia ( 2006 ) . Beautiful loot : the Soviet plunder of Europes art treasures . Random House . . - Akinsha , Konstantin ; Kozlov , Grigorii ( 2000 , in Russian ) . Diplomaticheskie debaty po povodu restitutsii kulturnykh tsennostei v 1945-1946 ( Дипломатические дебаты по поводу реституции культурных ценностей в 1945-1946 ) . Cultural Map of Europe : Proceedings of the conference , 10–11 April 2000 , Moscow . - Baranovsky , Victor ; Khlebnikova , Irina ( 2001 ) ( in Russian ) . Anton Ažbe i hudozhniki Rossii ( Антон Ажбе и художники России ) . Moscow State University . . - Barnes , Christopher ( 2004 ) . Boris Pasternak : A Literary Biography . Cambridge University Press . . - Brown , Matthew Cullerne ; Taylor , Brandon ( 1993 ) . Art of the Soviets : painting , sculpture , and architecture in a one-party state , 1917-1992 . Manchester University Press ND . - Brumfield , William Craft ( 1991 ) . The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture . Berkeley : University of California Press . - Brumfield , William Craft ( 1995 ) . Lost Russia : photographing the ruins of Russian architecture . Duke University Press . . - Crone , Rainer ; Moos , David ( 2004 ) . Kazimir Malevich : The Climax of Disclosure . Reaktion Books . . - Eisenstein , Sergey . Yermolova , in : Efimova , Alla ; Manovich , Lev ( editors ) ( 1993 ) . Tekstura : Russian essays on visual culture . University of Chicago Press . . pp . 10–36 . The publication is an excerpt from Eisensteins draft of Montage , written in the 1930s and first printed in English in 1991 . - Feldbrugge , Ferdinand Joseph Maria ; Berg , Gerard Pieter van den Berg ; Simons , William B . ( 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Soviet law . BRILL . . - Grabar , Igor ( 2001 ) . Autobiography ( Автомонография ) ( in Russian ) . Respublika , Moscow . . The book was originally published in 1937 . - Golenkevich , Nina ( 2007 , in Russian ) . Iz istorii restravratsionnogo dela v Yaroslavle ( Из истории реставрационного дела в Ярославле ( 1920-е годы ) ) . Yaroslavl Museum of Art . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Ch . IV : The Gallery after Tretyakov : 1898-1918 . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Ch . V : Treasure of the Republic : 1918-1941 . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Igor Grabar ( in Russian ) . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - Kantor , Sybil Gordon ( 2003 ) . Alfred H . Barr , Jr . and the Intellectual Origins of the Museum of Modern Art . MIT Press . . - Kelley , Stephen J . ( 2000 ) . Wood structures : a global forum on the treatment , conservation , and repair of cultural heritage . ASTM International . . - Magocsi , Paul R. ; Pop , Ivan ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture . University of Toronto Press . . Article credit : Ivan Pop . - Pyman , Avril ( 1994 ) . A history of Russian symbolism . Cambridge University Press . . - Shvidkovsky , Dmitry ( 2007 ) . Russian architecture and the West . Yale University Press . . - Sternin , Grigory . Public and artist in Russia at the turn of the century , in : Efimova , Alla ; Manovich , Lev ( editors ) ( 1993 ) . Tekstura : Russian essays on visual culture . University of Chicago Press . . pp . 89–103 . Sternins article was originally published in Russian in 1984 . - Stites , Richard ( 1991 ) . Revolutionary Dreams : Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution . Oxford University Press US . .

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Igor Grabar worked in which location from 1896 to 1901?

/wiki/Igor_Grabar#P937#1

Igor Grabar Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar ( , 25 March 1871 in Budapest – 16 May 1960 in Moscow ) was a Russian post-impressionist painter , publisher , restorer and historian of art . Grabar , descendant of a wealthy Rusyn family , was trained as a painter by Ilya Repin in Saint Petersburg and by Anton Ažbe in Munich . He reached his peak in painting in 1903–1907 and was notable for a peculiar divisionist painting technique bordering on pointillism and his rendition of snow . By the end of 1890s , Grabar had established himself as an art critic . In 1902 , he joined Mir Iskusstva , although his relations with its leaders Sergei Diaghilev and Mstislav Dobuzhinsky were far from friendly . In 1910–1915 , Grabar edited and published his opus magnum , the History of Russian Art . The History employed the finest artists and critics of the period ; Grabar personally wrote the issues on architecture that set an unsurpassed standard of understanding and presenting the subject . Concurrently , he wrote and published a series of books on contemporary and historic Russian painters . In 1913 , he was appointed executive director of the Tretyakov Gallery and launched an ambitious reform program that continued until 1926 . Grabar diversified the Tretyakov collection into modern art and in 1917 published its first comprehensive catalogue . In 1921 Grabar became the first professor of Art restoration at the Moscow State University . An experienced politician , Grabar stayed at the top of the Soviet art establishment until his death , excluding a brief voluntary retirement in 1933–1937 . He managed art-restoration workshops ( present-day Grabar Centre ) during 1918–1930 and from 1944 to 1960 . Grabar took active part in redistribution of former church art nationalized by the Bolsheviks and established new museums for the confiscated treasures . In 1943 , he formulated the Soviet doctrine of compensating World War II losses with art looted in Germany . After the war , he personally advised Joseph Stalin on the preservation of architectural heritage . Biography . Family roots . Emmanuil Hrabar ( 1830–1910 ) , father of Igor Grabar and his older brothers Bela and Vladimir ( the future law scholar , 1865–1956 ) , was an ethnic Rusyn lawyer and a politician of pro-Russian orientation . He was elected to the Hungarian Parliament in 1869 , at the same time , maintaining ties with slavophiles in Moscow and the Russian Embassy . Olga Hrabar ( 1843–1930 ) , mother of Igor and Vladimir , was a daughter of Rusyn pro-Russian , anti-Catholic politician Adolph Dobryansky ( 1817–1901 ) . According to Igor Grabars memoirs , Dobryansky ran an underground network of obedient followers . Dobryansky and his group , unaware of the realities of living in the Russian Empire , leaned to its official doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality ; Dobryansky , a man of wealth and pedigree , even imitated the lifestyle of a Russian landlord in minute details ; two of his sons joined Imperial Russian service . Dobryansky praised the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by Russian troops , dreaded by his own Rusyn peasants . In the early 1870s , the Hungarian government forced Emmanuil Hrabar to leave the country . Olga with children stayed under police surveillance at the Dobryansky manor in Čertižné ( now in Slovakia ) . In 1880 , the Hrabars temporarily reunited in Russia . Emmanuil passed qualification test to teach German and French and settled with Igor and Vladimir in Yegoryevsk . Olga returned to Hungary to continue pro-Russian propaganda ; in 1882 she and her father were , at last , arrested for treason and brought to a trial that aroused public suspicion of a police provocation . She was acquitted for lack of evidence and emigrated to Russia for the rest of her life . In Russia , the Hrabars lived under nom de guerre Hrabrov ; Igor Grabar restored his real surname ( transliterated from Russian with a G , unlike his brother Vladimir Hrabar ) in the early 1890s . Education . Grabar ( then Hrabrov ) attended high school in Yegoryevsk , where his father taught foreign languages . The stream of magazine publications that followed the 1881 murder of Alexander II of Russia gave him the first impetus to draw . In 1882 , the Hrabars ( Hrabrovs ) relocated to Kiev , closer to the continuing trial of their mother and grandfather ; later in the same year , Emmanuil Hrabar accepted an appointment to Izmail . He sent Igor to Mikhail Katkovs boarding school in Moscow ; the schoolmaster waived tuition fee to a fellow slavophile . Igor Grabar , interested in drawing , soon made contacts with the students of the Moscow School of Painting , Sculpture and Architecture and already established artists - Abram Arkhipov , Vasily Polenov and the Schukins , wealthy patrons of art . Strapped for cash , he painted portraits of fellow students for a fee . In 1889 , Grabar was admitted to the Law Department of the Saint Petersburg University ; he made living by selling short stories to magazines and soon became the editor of Shut , the weakest of humour magazines that nevertheless paid well . His illustrations to books by Nikolay Gogol , signed Igor Hrabrov , inspired the young Aleksandr Gerasimov ( born 1881 ) , but Grabar generally stayed aside from drawing . He later complained that tabloid bohemianism completely overwhelmed him . In his second year at the university , Grabar moved up to the respectable Niva magazine . He selected graphics for Niva and wrote essays on contemporary painters but did not yet have enough influence to change its policies . Law-department classes were uninspiring and Grabar spent more time attending history lectures and Pavel Chistyakovs school of painting , but he still managed to graduate in law , without delay , in April 1893 . In the end of 1894 , he enrolled in Ilya Repins class at the Imperial Academy of Arts that has just been radically reformed . His classmates , the first spendid post-reform group , included Alexej von Jawlensky and Marianne von Werefkin who introduced him to French Impressionism , Konstantin Bogaevsky , Oleksandr Murashko , Nicholas Roerich and Arkady Rylov . Filipp Malyavin , Konstantin Somov , Dmitry Kardovsky also studied alongside Grabar but were admitted earlier . Grabar remained a fervent admirer of Repin for life but became quickly dissatisfied with academic studies and in July 1895 left for a brief study tour of Western Europe financed by Niva magazine . Munich . His return to Saint Petersburg finally persuaded him to drop out of the Academy ; in May 1896 , he and Kardovsky left for Munich via Berlin and Paris ; Jawlensky and Werefkin joined them later in summer . They enrolled at a private school of painting run by Anton Ažbe . Grabar , who soon became assistant to Ažbe , rated him as a poorly gifted painter , a superb draftsman and an outstanding teacher . Two years later , when Grabar was ready to leave Ažbe , he was offered an opportunity to open his own , competing , school ; Ažbe made a counter-offer , making Grabar his equal partner . The partnership existed for less than a year , from June 1899 until spring of 1900 , when Grabar accepted a lucrative offer from Prince Shcherbatov and left Munich . Grabar kept close ties with Saint Petersburg artists and publishers . In January–February 1897 , Grabar , obliged to write for Niva , published an article defending avant-garde art against Vladimir Stasov , making a bombshell effect and inadvertently provoking Stasovs campaign against Repin as the dean of the Academy . Another article published in 1899 caused a conflict between Ilya Repin and Mir iskusstva . Life in Munich also aroused Grabars interest in architecture , and its history , that soon became his second profession . By 1901 , Grabar completed architects training at the Munich Polytechnicum but did not take the final exams . Mir Iskusstva . In 1901–1902 , Grabar presented twelve of his paintings at an exhibition hosted by Mir Iskusstva ; these were the first truly French impressionist works displayed in Russia by a Russian painter . One painting went straight to Tretyakov Gallery , others were auctioned to private collections . 1903–1907 became Grabars highest point in painting ; according to Grabars Autobiography , the summit ( February–April 1904 ) coincided with the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War . In this season , he practiced moderate divisionism with elements of pointillist technique . Three paintings of this period that Grabar himself considered seminal ( February Glaze , March Snow and Piles of Snow ) garnered wide and generally positive critical response . Kazimir Malevich wrote that , had it not been for linear perspective that Grabar preserved in his March Snow as a remnant of narrative from the nineteenth century , the whole picture would blend in a uniform painterly texture without clearly defined front and middle planes . In 1905 , Grabar travelled to Paris to study the new works of French postimpressionists and changed his technique in favor of complete separation of colours . Incidentally , although Grabar appreciated and studied Cézanne , Gauguin and Van Gogh , he himself ranked the king of painters Diego Velázquez above them all . At the end of 1905 and the beginning of 1906 , when Moscow was burning from riots and shellfire , Grabar tackled another challenging subject , frost , at the same time investing more and more time into writing and editing . Snow , and winter in general , remained his favorite subjects for life . Relations between Grabar and the founders of Mir Iskusstva were strained . Sergei Diaghilev tolerated Grabar as a business asset but feared and distrusted him as a potential new leader of the movement ; Grabar financial backing provided by Shcherbatov seemed especially menacing . Diaghilevs sycophants Nurok and Nouvelle led the opposition , Eugene Lansere and Konstantin Somov followed suit ; Valentin Serov was perhaps the only member who treated Grabar with sympathy . Grabar , indeed , used funds of Shcherbatov and Nadezhda von Meck to launch his own short-lived art society that failed to shake Mir Iskusstva and soon fell apart . Memoirs of the period , although biased , indicate that Grabar himself was a difficult person . According to Alexander Benois , Grabar practiced an unacceptably patronizing tone and at the same time , had absolutely no sense of humour . No one questioned his talent and encyclopedic knowledge , but Grabar was unable to persuade people or barely coexist with them in small communities like Mir Iskusstva . As a result , in 1908 Grabar broke with the movement completely and tried , in vain , to launch his own art magazine . Grabars History . In the same 1908 , Grabar abandoned painting in favor of writing ; he became chief editor and writer for Joseph Knebels series of books on Russian artists and Russian towns . He quickly amassed a wealth of historic evidence and settled on publishing a comprehensive History of Russian Art . Grabar initially concentrated on project management alone , leaving principal writing to Alexander Benois , but when the latter stepped aside in May , Grabar was compelled to pick up the writing task . He now concentrated on architecture ; only then did he realize that Russian architecture of the 18th century and earlier periods had never been properly studied . Grabar locked himself in the archives to study the subject for a year ; in July 1909 he took a short leave from writing and designed the Palladian Zakharyin Hospital in present-day Khimki , which was completed by the onset of World War I and operates to date . The first issue of History was printed in 1910 ; publication ceased with the 23rd issue in the beginning of 1915 when Knebels printshop and Grabars archive stored there were burnt in an anti-German pogrom . Of 2,630 pages in History , 650—the issues on architecture—were written by Grabar . History amalgamated works by the leading architects , artists and critics of the period . Ivan Bilibin , who contributed photography of vernacular architecture , used to say that we started appreciating old architecture only after Grabars book . Grabars own memoirs , however , focus on the failures of his co-authors : of all contributors only Fyodor Gornostayev was commended for doing his part . Grabars predecessors did not elaborate how art , and especially architecture fitted into the grand historical scheme ; his History became the first comprehensive work that attempted to solve the task . Grabar , accepting now-standard periodization of Russian history , applied the same scheme to history of architecture and emphasized the role of individual monarchs in it . His view of the transition from Naryshkin Baroque , the summit of Muscovite architecture , into loaned European Petrine Baroque as an organic process , however , was contentious from the start , and , according to James Cracraft , could not account for an abrupt demise of national architecture under Peter I and his successors . His own concept of Moscow Baroque , probably influenced by Heinrich Wölfflin , is not entirely consistent or clear . Soviet historians retained Grabars overall scheme , sealing the persistent lack of a clear and consistent , architecturally configured periodization of Russian architectural history. . Grabars concept of Moscow Baroque was challenged , his Ukrainian Baroque was trashed , yet Belarusian Baroque became a fixture of Soviet scholarship . Grabars understanding of lesser phenomena has been , at times , erroneous and his attributions were later dismissed . For example , he based the description of the 1591 Ambassadors Prikaz building on a fanciful and grossly distorted sketch by a Swede who visited Moscow after the building was torn down and replaced with a new one . His attribution and periodization of Menshikov Tower is also challenged . Nevertheless , James Cracraft ranked Grabar the first in the whole field of Russian art history , Dmitry Shvidkovsky wrote that Grabars History in whole remains unsurpassed , and William Craft Brumfield noted its immense importance for the preservation of medieval heritage . Tretyakov Gallery . On 2 April 1913 , the Board of the Tretyakov Gallery elected Grabar its trustee and executive director . He accepted the appointment on condition that the trustees give him unlimited authority in reforming the gallery . Later , he wrote that had he known the weight of this burden beforehand he would step back , but , inexperienced in public politics , he grabbed the opportunity of being there , among the subject of his History . Grabar planned to expand the former private collection into a comprehensive showcase of national art , including the controversial Russian and French modernist paintings . He laid out a program of artistic , scientific , educational-enlightening and social changes and eventually converted the gallery into a European museum . Grabar started with rearranging the paintings in public display ; when the gallery reopened in December 1913 , the main enfilade of its second floor was prominently terminated with Vasily Surikovs epic Feodosia Morozova . The first floor was now filled with completely new material - contemporary French painters and young Russians like Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin and Martiros Saryan . In the beginning of 1915 , Grabars purchasing decisions stirred a public scandal that involved practically all publicly known artists ; Victor Vasnetsov , Mikhail Nesterov , Vladimir Makovsky and Grabars former sponsor Shcherbatov called for immediate termination of his tenure . Debates continued until January 1916 , when Moscow City Hall approved Grabars reform in full . Grabar summarized his achievements in the 1917 catalogue of the Gallery , the first of its kind . The Russian Revolution of 1917 had dual effect on the gallery . Collapse of the monetary system and city utilities brought the gallery to a really catastrophic condition that was barely improved by nationalization in June 1918 . At the same time the gallery collection rapidly grew , absorbing nationalized private and church collections and formerly independent small museums . One by one its own exhibition halls were converted into art warehouses and closed to the public . By 1924 , the gallery operated four affiliate halls , in 1925 it disposed with foreign masters , but these measures could not offset the inflow of new stock . Physical expansion of the building became a first priority , and in 1926 Grabar was replaced with architect Aleksey Shchusev . Thriving under the Bolsheviks . In 1918 , Grabar took the lead of the Museums and Preservation Section of the Soviet Government , the Museum Fund and the Moscow-based state restoration workshops , becoming de facto chief curator of arts and architectural heritage for the whole Moscow region . As prescribed by the Bolsheviks in December 1918 , Grabars institutions catalogued all known heritage , an action tantamount to confiscation , and despite continuing war many nationalized landmarks were actually restored . Grabars group , like the contemporary Gorky Commission , was torn by a conflict of preservationists ( Grabar , Alexander Benois , Alexander Chayanov , Pyotr Baranovsky ) and destroyers ( David Shterenberg , Vladimir Tatlin ) and Grabar later complained that he had to offset two extremes , destruction of heritage and obstruction of avant-garde artists ( he was himself the main exponent of conservation ) . Grabar successfully exploited whatever allies he could recruit amongst the ambivalent Soviet bureaucracy , starting with the Commissar for Education Anatoly Lunacharsky , and even managed to retain his affluent lifestyle of the past . From 1919 , Grabar directed his commission into documenting and preserving Orthodox church murals and icons . The first 1919 expedition to Yaroslavl located and restored previously unknown works of the 12th and 13th centuries . Restorers Fyodor Modorov , Grigory Chirikov and photographer A . V . Lyadov continued studies of northern church art throughout the 1920s and by 1926 produced the first comprehensive study of icons and an assessment of wooden churches that housed them . Grabars icon restoration workshop became internationally known ; Alfred H . Barr , Jr . who visited Moscow in 1927–1928 , wrote of Grabars technology with great enthusiasm . It is to Grabar , more than to any other single scholar , that Russia owes the rediscovery of his icons . These appointments inevitably placed Grabar near the top of the Soviet machine of confiscating church and , to a lesser extent , privately held art treasures . Benois , who left the country , scorned Grabar for ripping Princess Mescherskaya of her Botticelli . Grabar accepted the fact of Bolshevik expropriation and concentrated on preservation of the treasures and setting up local museums to display them in public . His and Roman Kleins proposal to convert the whole Moscow Kremlin into a public museum failed , and the Kremlin was quickly taken over by the sprawling Red government . Among the masterpieces found during these campaigns was The Madonna of Tagil ( Madonna del Popolo ) taken from the Demidov house and attributed by Grabar to Raphael . Most , however , ended up at overseas auctions . Less formal attempts of individual artists to raise money in the United States failed : the 1924 show in New York City attracted 17 thousand visitors but raised only $30,000 and Grabar admitted We do not know what to do . 1930s . In 1930 , Grabar left all his administrative , academic and editorial jobs , even that of an editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , and concentrated on painting . Grabar himself wrote : I had to choose between the daily mounting administrative burden and creating .. . I had no choice . A personal pension granted by Sovnarkom hastened my retirement . According to Baranovsky and Khlebnikova , the decision was influenced by his mothers death ; Grabar the artist shifted his attention to problems of age , aging and death . According to Colton , the change followed a campaign of demolition inside the Kremlin ( Chudov Monastery ) and all over Moscow . The preservationist Old Moscow Society , unable to influence the authorities any longer , voted itself out of existence , and Grabars heritage commission was disbanded a few months later . Grabars influence over impending demolitions was now reduced to writing pleas to Stalin , as was the case of the Sukharev Tower in 1933–1934 . Grabar supervised another New York exhibition , this time of icon art , in 1931 and painted a string of official socialist realism epics but it was the 1933 Portrait of Svetlana that gave him an enormous and unwanted exposure at home and abroad . Grabar himself rated this portrait , painted in one day , among its best . The public identified its title subject as none other than Stalins daughter ( born in 1926 , she could not have been Grabars subject ; the legend persisted into the 1960s ) . Either this dangerous publicity , or his earlier association with Natalia Sedova and other trotskyists compelled Grabar to retire to relative obscurity . He kept on painting and wrote his Autobiography that was ready for print in June 1935 but was barred from publication until March 1937 . Contrary to the communist policy , Autobiography appreciated the formalist art of Mir Iskusstva and dismissed some critics applying Marxist analysis as utterly incompetent . In the same 1937 Grabar published Ilya Repin that earned him the State Prize four years later and began writing Serov . By 1940 , he was firmly back into the Soviet establishment and was featured in propagandist newsreels produced for distribution in Nazi Germany . World War II and beyond . In June 1943 , Grabar proposed tit-for-tat compensation of Soviet art treasures destroyed in World War II with art to be taken from Germany . Compiling the target list of German treasures was easy , but estimating own losses was not : by March 1946 , only nine out of forty major museums could provide an inventory of their losses . The government used Grabars proposal as a smoke screen : while Grabars deputy Victor Lazarev was discussing the legality of equitable reparations with the Allies , Soviet trophy brigades had practically completed a wholesale campaign of organized looting . Grabar consulted Joseph Stalin in preparation to Moscows 800-years jubilee celebrated in 1947 . He persuaded Stalin to return the former St . Andronik Monastery , once converted to a prison , if not to the church but to the artistic community . The remains of the monastery , restored by Pyotr Baranovsky , became the Andrey Rublyov Museum of Old Russian Art ( Grabar upheld Baranovskys dubious discovery of the alleged tomb of Andrey Rublyov ) . Grabar , as the senior in artistic community , retained some independence from the ideological pressure , as indicated by his 1945 obituary for the emigre Leonid Pasternak printed in Soviet Art . Things werent always smooth : in 1948 Grabar was caught in another campaign against random targets in art and science . He retained his administrative and university jobs and in 1954 co-authored Russian architecture of the first half of the 18th century , a revisionist study of the period that dismissed the knowledge collected by fellow historians before 1917 . He made an exception , though , for his own works that allegedly correctly understood the subject . Contrary to Grabars own understanding of East-West cultural relationship presented in History but in line with the rules of Soviet historiography , the new book claimed that Russians of the 18th century yield nothing in their work to foreign contemporaries and overstated the influence of folk tradition on polite architecture . These falsified theories , easily dismissed today , established the provincial outlook that governed the post-war generation of Soviet art historians . After Stalins death , Grabar was the first to publicly denounce run-off-the-mill socialist realism and pay the dues to once banished Aristarkh Lentulov and Pyotr Konchalovsky . The unsinkable Grabar earned derogatory nicknames Ugor Obmanuilovich ( cheating eel ) and Irod Graber ( Herod the Robber ) . Baranovsky and Khlebnikova noted that the reaction against Grabar was frequently provoked by his work at the helm of museum purchasing committees : mediocre artists inevitably had a grudge against his buying and pricing decisions . References . - Sources - Akinsha , Konstantin ; Kozlov , Grigorii ; Hochfield , Sylvia ( 2006 ) . Beautiful loot : the Soviet plunder of Europes art treasures . Random House . . - Akinsha , Konstantin ; Kozlov , Grigorii ( 2000 , in Russian ) . Diplomaticheskie debaty po povodu restitutsii kulturnykh tsennostei v 1945-1946 ( Дипломатические дебаты по поводу реституции культурных ценностей в 1945-1946 ) . Cultural Map of Europe : Proceedings of the conference , 10–11 April 2000 , Moscow . - Baranovsky , Victor ; Khlebnikova , Irina ( 2001 ) ( in Russian ) . Anton Ažbe i hudozhniki Rossii ( Антон Ажбе и художники России ) . Moscow State University . . - Barnes , Christopher ( 2004 ) . Boris Pasternak : A Literary Biography . Cambridge University Press . . - Brown , Matthew Cullerne ; Taylor , Brandon ( 1993 ) . Art of the Soviets : painting , sculpture , and architecture in a one-party state , 1917-1992 . Manchester University Press ND . - Brumfield , William Craft ( 1991 ) . The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture . Berkeley : University of California Press . - Brumfield , William Craft ( 1995 ) . Lost Russia : photographing the ruins of Russian architecture . Duke University Press . . - Crone , Rainer ; Moos , David ( 2004 ) . Kazimir Malevich : The Climax of Disclosure . Reaktion Books . . - Eisenstein , Sergey . Yermolova , in : Efimova , Alla ; Manovich , Lev ( editors ) ( 1993 ) . Tekstura : Russian essays on visual culture . University of Chicago Press . . pp . 10–36 . The publication is an excerpt from Eisensteins draft of Montage , written in the 1930s and first printed in English in 1991 . - Feldbrugge , Ferdinand Joseph Maria ; Berg , Gerard Pieter van den Berg ; Simons , William B . ( 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Soviet law . BRILL . . - Grabar , Igor ( 2001 ) . Autobiography ( Автомонография ) ( in Russian ) . Respublika , Moscow . . The book was originally published in 1937 . - Golenkevich , Nina ( 2007 , in Russian ) . Iz istorii restravratsionnogo dela v Yaroslavle ( Из истории реставрационного дела в Ярославле ( 1920-е годы ) ) . Yaroslavl Museum of Art . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Ch . IV : The Gallery after Tretyakov : 1898-1918 . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Ch . V : Treasure of the Republic : 1918-1941 . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Igor Grabar ( in Russian ) . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - Kantor , Sybil Gordon ( 2003 ) . Alfred H . Barr , Jr . and the Intellectual Origins of the Museum of Modern Art . MIT Press . . - Kelley , Stephen J . ( 2000 ) . Wood structures : a global forum on the treatment , conservation , and repair of cultural heritage . ASTM International . . - Magocsi , Paul R. ; Pop , Ivan ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture . University of Toronto Press . . Article credit : Ivan Pop . - Pyman , Avril ( 1994 ) . A history of Russian symbolism . Cambridge University Press . . - Shvidkovsky , Dmitry ( 2007 ) . Russian architecture and the West . Yale University Press . . - Sternin , Grigory . Public and artist in Russia at the turn of the century , in : Efimova , Alla ; Manovich , Lev ( editors ) ( 1993 ) . Tekstura : Russian essays on visual culture . University of Chicago Press . . pp . 89–103 . Sternins article was originally published in Russian in 1984 . - Stites , Richard ( 1991 ) . Revolutionary Dreams : Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution . Oxford University Press US . .

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Igor Grabar worked in which location from 1903 to 1960?

/wiki/Igor_Grabar#P937#2

Igor Grabar Igor Emmanuilovich Grabar ( , 25 March 1871 in Budapest – 16 May 1960 in Moscow ) was a Russian post-impressionist painter , publisher , restorer and historian of art . Grabar , descendant of a wealthy Rusyn family , was trained as a painter by Ilya Repin in Saint Petersburg and by Anton Ažbe in Munich . He reached his peak in painting in 1903–1907 and was notable for a peculiar divisionist painting technique bordering on pointillism and his rendition of snow . By the end of 1890s , Grabar had established himself as an art critic . In 1902 , he joined Mir Iskusstva , although his relations with its leaders Sergei Diaghilev and Mstislav Dobuzhinsky were far from friendly . In 1910–1915 , Grabar edited and published his opus magnum , the History of Russian Art . The History employed the finest artists and critics of the period ; Grabar personally wrote the issues on architecture that set an unsurpassed standard of understanding and presenting the subject . Concurrently , he wrote and published a series of books on contemporary and historic Russian painters . In 1913 , he was appointed executive director of the Tretyakov Gallery and launched an ambitious reform program that continued until 1926 . Grabar diversified the Tretyakov collection into modern art and in 1917 published its first comprehensive catalogue . In 1921 Grabar became the first professor of Art restoration at the Moscow State University . An experienced politician , Grabar stayed at the top of the Soviet art establishment until his death , excluding a brief voluntary retirement in 1933–1937 . He managed art-restoration workshops ( present-day Grabar Centre ) during 1918–1930 and from 1944 to 1960 . Grabar took active part in redistribution of former church art nationalized by the Bolsheviks and established new museums for the confiscated treasures . In 1943 , he formulated the Soviet doctrine of compensating World War II losses with art looted in Germany . After the war , he personally advised Joseph Stalin on the preservation of architectural heritage . Biography . Family roots . Emmanuil Hrabar ( 1830–1910 ) , father of Igor Grabar and his older brothers Bela and Vladimir ( the future law scholar , 1865–1956 ) , was an ethnic Rusyn lawyer and a politician of pro-Russian orientation . He was elected to the Hungarian Parliament in 1869 , at the same time , maintaining ties with slavophiles in Moscow and the Russian Embassy . Olga Hrabar ( 1843–1930 ) , mother of Igor and Vladimir , was a daughter of Rusyn pro-Russian , anti-Catholic politician Adolph Dobryansky ( 1817–1901 ) . According to Igor Grabars memoirs , Dobryansky ran an underground network of obedient followers . Dobryansky and his group , unaware of the realities of living in the Russian Empire , leaned to its official doctrine of Orthodoxy , Autocracy , and Nationality ; Dobryansky , a man of wealth and pedigree , even imitated the lifestyle of a Russian landlord in minute details ; two of his sons joined Imperial Russian service . Dobryansky praised the suppression of the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 by Russian troops , dreaded by his own Rusyn peasants . In the early 1870s , the Hungarian government forced Emmanuil Hrabar to leave the country . Olga with children stayed under police surveillance at the Dobryansky manor in Čertižné ( now in Slovakia ) . In 1880 , the Hrabars temporarily reunited in Russia . Emmanuil passed qualification test to teach German and French and settled with Igor and Vladimir in Yegoryevsk . Olga returned to Hungary to continue pro-Russian propaganda ; in 1882 she and her father were , at last , arrested for treason and brought to a trial that aroused public suspicion of a police provocation . She was acquitted for lack of evidence and emigrated to Russia for the rest of her life . In Russia , the Hrabars lived under nom de guerre Hrabrov ; Igor Grabar restored his real surname ( transliterated from Russian with a G , unlike his brother Vladimir Hrabar ) in the early 1890s . Education . Grabar ( then Hrabrov ) attended high school in Yegoryevsk , where his father taught foreign languages . The stream of magazine publications that followed the 1881 murder of Alexander II of Russia gave him the first impetus to draw . In 1882 , the Hrabars ( Hrabrovs ) relocated to Kiev , closer to the continuing trial of their mother and grandfather ; later in the same year , Emmanuil Hrabar accepted an appointment to Izmail . He sent Igor to Mikhail Katkovs boarding school in Moscow ; the schoolmaster waived tuition fee to a fellow slavophile . Igor Grabar , interested in drawing , soon made contacts with the students of the Moscow School of Painting , Sculpture and Architecture and already established artists - Abram Arkhipov , Vasily Polenov and the Schukins , wealthy patrons of art . Strapped for cash , he painted portraits of fellow students for a fee . In 1889 , Grabar was admitted to the Law Department of the Saint Petersburg University ; he made living by selling short stories to magazines and soon became the editor of Shut , the weakest of humour magazines that nevertheless paid well . His illustrations to books by Nikolay Gogol , signed Igor Hrabrov , inspired the young Aleksandr Gerasimov ( born 1881 ) , but Grabar generally stayed aside from drawing . He later complained that tabloid bohemianism completely overwhelmed him . In his second year at the university , Grabar moved up to the respectable Niva magazine . He selected graphics for Niva and wrote essays on contemporary painters but did not yet have enough influence to change its policies . Law-department classes were uninspiring and Grabar spent more time attending history lectures and Pavel Chistyakovs school of painting , but he still managed to graduate in law , without delay , in April 1893 . In the end of 1894 , he enrolled in Ilya Repins class at the Imperial Academy of Arts that has just been radically reformed . His classmates , the first spendid post-reform group , included Alexej von Jawlensky and Marianne von Werefkin who introduced him to French Impressionism , Konstantin Bogaevsky , Oleksandr Murashko , Nicholas Roerich and Arkady Rylov . Filipp Malyavin , Konstantin Somov , Dmitry Kardovsky also studied alongside Grabar but were admitted earlier . Grabar remained a fervent admirer of Repin for life but became quickly dissatisfied with academic studies and in July 1895 left for a brief study tour of Western Europe financed by Niva magazine . Munich . His return to Saint Petersburg finally persuaded him to drop out of the Academy ; in May 1896 , he and Kardovsky left for Munich via Berlin and Paris ; Jawlensky and Werefkin joined them later in summer . They enrolled at a private school of painting run by Anton Ažbe . Grabar , who soon became assistant to Ažbe , rated him as a poorly gifted painter , a superb draftsman and an outstanding teacher . Two years later , when Grabar was ready to leave Ažbe , he was offered an opportunity to open his own , competing , school ; Ažbe made a counter-offer , making Grabar his equal partner . The partnership existed for less than a year , from June 1899 until spring of 1900 , when Grabar accepted a lucrative offer from Prince Shcherbatov and left Munich . Grabar kept close ties with Saint Petersburg artists and publishers . In January–February 1897 , Grabar , obliged to write for Niva , published an article defending avant-garde art against Vladimir Stasov , making a bombshell effect and inadvertently provoking Stasovs campaign against Repin as the dean of the Academy . Another article published in 1899 caused a conflict between Ilya Repin and Mir iskusstva . Life in Munich also aroused Grabars interest in architecture , and its history , that soon became his second profession . By 1901 , Grabar completed architects training at the Munich Polytechnicum but did not take the final exams . Mir Iskusstva . In 1901–1902 , Grabar presented twelve of his paintings at an exhibition hosted by Mir Iskusstva ; these were the first truly French impressionist works displayed in Russia by a Russian painter . One painting went straight to Tretyakov Gallery , others were auctioned to private collections . 1903–1907 became Grabars highest point in painting ; according to Grabars Autobiography , the summit ( February–April 1904 ) coincided with the beginning of the Russo-Japanese War . In this season , he practiced moderate divisionism with elements of pointillist technique . Three paintings of this period that Grabar himself considered seminal ( February Glaze , March Snow and Piles of Snow ) garnered wide and generally positive critical response . Kazimir Malevich wrote that , had it not been for linear perspective that Grabar preserved in his March Snow as a remnant of narrative from the nineteenth century , the whole picture would blend in a uniform painterly texture without clearly defined front and middle planes . In 1905 , Grabar travelled to Paris to study the new works of French postimpressionists and changed his technique in favor of complete separation of colours . Incidentally , although Grabar appreciated and studied Cézanne , Gauguin and Van Gogh , he himself ranked the king of painters Diego Velázquez above them all . At the end of 1905 and the beginning of 1906 , when Moscow was burning from riots and shellfire , Grabar tackled another challenging subject , frost , at the same time investing more and more time into writing and editing . Snow , and winter in general , remained his favorite subjects for life . Relations between Grabar and the founders of Mir Iskusstva were strained . Sergei Diaghilev tolerated Grabar as a business asset but feared and distrusted him as a potential new leader of the movement ; Grabar financial backing provided by Shcherbatov seemed especially menacing . Diaghilevs sycophants Nurok and Nouvelle led the opposition , Eugene Lansere and Konstantin Somov followed suit ; Valentin Serov was perhaps the only member who treated Grabar with sympathy . Grabar , indeed , used funds of Shcherbatov and Nadezhda von Meck to launch his own short-lived art society that failed to shake Mir Iskusstva and soon fell apart . Memoirs of the period , although biased , indicate that Grabar himself was a difficult person . According to Alexander Benois , Grabar practiced an unacceptably patronizing tone and at the same time , had absolutely no sense of humour . No one questioned his talent and encyclopedic knowledge , but Grabar was unable to persuade people or barely coexist with them in small communities like Mir Iskusstva . As a result , in 1908 Grabar broke with the movement completely and tried , in vain , to launch his own art magazine . Grabars History . In the same 1908 , Grabar abandoned painting in favor of writing ; he became chief editor and writer for Joseph Knebels series of books on Russian artists and Russian towns . He quickly amassed a wealth of historic evidence and settled on publishing a comprehensive History of Russian Art . Grabar initially concentrated on project management alone , leaving principal writing to Alexander Benois , but when the latter stepped aside in May , Grabar was compelled to pick up the writing task . He now concentrated on architecture ; only then did he realize that Russian architecture of the 18th century and earlier periods had never been properly studied . Grabar locked himself in the archives to study the subject for a year ; in July 1909 he took a short leave from writing and designed the Palladian Zakharyin Hospital in present-day Khimki , which was completed by the onset of World War I and operates to date . The first issue of History was printed in 1910 ; publication ceased with the 23rd issue in the beginning of 1915 when Knebels printshop and Grabars archive stored there were burnt in an anti-German pogrom . Of 2,630 pages in History , 650—the issues on architecture—were written by Grabar . History amalgamated works by the leading architects , artists and critics of the period . Ivan Bilibin , who contributed photography of vernacular architecture , used to say that we started appreciating old architecture only after Grabars book . Grabars own memoirs , however , focus on the failures of his co-authors : of all contributors only Fyodor Gornostayev was commended for doing his part . Grabars predecessors did not elaborate how art , and especially architecture fitted into the grand historical scheme ; his History became the first comprehensive work that attempted to solve the task . Grabar , accepting now-standard periodization of Russian history , applied the same scheme to history of architecture and emphasized the role of individual monarchs in it . His view of the transition from Naryshkin Baroque , the summit of Muscovite architecture , into loaned European Petrine Baroque as an organic process , however , was contentious from the start , and , according to James Cracraft , could not account for an abrupt demise of national architecture under Peter I and his successors . His own concept of Moscow Baroque , probably influenced by Heinrich Wölfflin , is not entirely consistent or clear . Soviet historians retained Grabars overall scheme , sealing the persistent lack of a clear and consistent , architecturally configured periodization of Russian architectural history. . Grabars concept of Moscow Baroque was challenged , his Ukrainian Baroque was trashed , yet Belarusian Baroque became a fixture of Soviet scholarship . Grabars understanding of lesser phenomena has been , at times , erroneous and his attributions were later dismissed . For example , he based the description of the 1591 Ambassadors Prikaz building on a fanciful and grossly distorted sketch by a Swede who visited Moscow after the building was torn down and replaced with a new one . His attribution and periodization of Menshikov Tower is also challenged . Nevertheless , James Cracraft ranked Grabar the first in the whole field of Russian art history , Dmitry Shvidkovsky wrote that Grabars History in whole remains unsurpassed , and William Craft Brumfield noted its immense importance for the preservation of medieval heritage . Tretyakov Gallery . On 2 April 1913 , the Board of the Tretyakov Gallery elected Grabar its trustee and executive director . He accepted the appointment on condition that the trustees give him unlimited authority in reforming the gallery . Later , he wrote that had he known the weight of this burden beforehand he would step back , but , inexperienced in public politics , he grabbed the opportunity of being there , among the subject of his History . Grabar planned to expand the former private collection into a comprehensive showcase of national art , including the controversial Russian and French modernist paintings . He laid out a program of artistic , scientific , educational-enlightening and social changes and eventually converted the gallery into a European museum . Grabar started with rearranging the paintings in public display ; when the gallery reopened in December 1913 , the main enfilade of its second floor was prominently terminated with Vasily Surikovs epic Feodosia Morozova . The first floor was now filled with completely new material - contemporary French painters and young Russians like Kuzma Petrov-Vodkin and Martiros Saryan . In the beginning of 1915 , Grabars purchasing decisions stirred a public scandal that involved practically all publicly known artists ; Victor Vasnetsov , Mikhail Nesterov , Vladimir Makovsky and Grabars former sponsor Shcherbatov called for immediate termination of his tenure . Debates continued until January 1916 , when Moscow City Hall approved Grabars reform in full . Grabar summarized his achievements in the 1917 catalogue of the Gallery , the first of its kind . The Russian Revolution of 1917 had dual effect on the gallery . Collapse of the monetary system and city utilities brought the gallery to a really catastrophic condition that was barely improved by nationalization in June 1918 . At the same time the gallery collection rapidly grew , absorbing nationalized private and church collections and formerly independent small museums . One by one its own exhibition halls were converted into art warehouses and closed to the public . By 1924 , the gallery operated four affiliate halls , in 1925 it disposed with foreign masters , but these measures could not offset the inflow of new stock . Physical expansion of the building became a first priority , and in 1926 Grabar was replaced with architect Aleksey Shchusev . Thriving under the Bolsheviks . In 1918 , Grabar took the lead of the Museums and Preservation Section of the Soviet Government , the Museum Fund and the Moscow-based state restoration workshops , becoming de facto chief curator of arts and architectural heritage for the whole Moscow region . As prescribed by the Bolsheviks in December 1918 , Grabars institutions catalogued all known heritage , an action tantamount to confiscation , and despite continuing war many nationalized landmarks were actually restored . Grabars group , like the contemporary Gorky Commission , was torn by a conflict of preservationists ( Grabar , Alexander Benois , Alexander Chayanov , Pyotr Baranovsky ) and destroyers ( David Shterenberg , Vladimir Tatlin ) and Grabar later complained that he had to offset two extremes , destruction of heritage and obstruction of avant-garde artists ( he was himself the main exponent of conservation ) . Grabar successfully exploited whatever allies he could recruit amongst the ambivalent Soviet bureaucracy , starting with the Commissar for Education Anatoly Lunacharsky , and even managed to retain his affluent lifestyle of the past . From 1919 , Grabar directed his commission into documenting and preserving Orthodox church murals and icons . The first 1919 expedition to Yaroslavl located and restored previously unknown works of the 12th and 13th centuries . Restorers Fyodor Modorov , Grigory Chirikov and photographer A . V . Lyadov continued studies of northern church art throughout the 1920s and by 1926 produced the first comprehensive study of icons and an assessment of wooden churches that housed them . Grabars icon restoration workshop became internationally known ; Alfred H . Barr , Jr . who visited Moscow in 1927–1928 , wrote of Grabars technology with great enthusiasm . It is to Grabar , more than to any other single scholar , that Russia owes the rediscovery of his icons . These appointments inevitably placed Grabar near the top of the Soviet machine of confiscating church and , to a lesser extent , privately held art treasures . Benois , who left the country , scorned Grabar for ripping Princess Mescherskaya of her Botticelli . Grabar accepted the fact of Bolshevik expropriation and concentrated on preservation of the treasures and setting up local museums to display them in public . His and Roman Kleins proposal to convert the whole Moscow Kremlin into a public museum failed , and the Kremlin was quickly taken over by the sprawling Red government . Among the masterpieces found during these campaigns was The Madonna of Tagil ( Madonna del Popolo ) taken from the Demidov house and attributed by Grabar to Raphael . Most , however , ended up at overseas auctions . Less formal attempts of individual artists to raise money in the United States failed : the 1924 show in New York City attracted 17 thousand visitors but raised only $30,000 and Grabar admitted We do not know what to do . 1930s . In 1930 , Grabar left all his administrative , academic and editorial jobs , even that of an editor of the Great Soviet Encyclopedia , and concentrated on painting . Grabar himself wrote : I had to choose between the daily mounting administrative burden and creating .. . I had no choice . A personal pension granted by Sovnarkom hastened my retirement . According to Baranovsky and Khlebnikova , the decision was influenced by his mothers death ; Grabar the artist shifted his attention to problems of age , aging and death . According to Colton , the change followed a campaign of demolition inside the Kremlin ( Chudov Monastery ) and all over Moscow . The preservationist Old Moscow Society , unable to influence the authorities any longer , voted itself out of existence , and Grabars heritage commission was disbanded a few months later . Grabars influence over impending demolitions was now reduced to writing pleas to Stalin , as was the case of the Sukharev Tower in 1933–1934 . Grabar supervised another New York exhibition , this time of icon art , in 1931 and painted a string of official socialist realism epics but it was the 1933 Portrait of Svetlana that gave him an enormous and unwanted exposure at home and abroad . Grabar himself rated this portrait , painted in one day , among its best . The public identified its title subject as none other than Stalins daughter ( born in 1926 , she could not have been Grabars subject ; the legend persisted into the 1960s ) . Either this dangerous publicity , or his earlier association with Natalia Sedova and other trotskyists compelled Grabar to retire to relative obscurity . He kept on painting and wrote his Autobiography that was ready for print in June 1935 but was barred from publication until March 1937 . Contrary to the communist policy , Autobiography appreciated the formalist art of Mir Iskusstva and dismissed some critics applying Marxist analysis as utterly incompetent . In the same 1937 Grabar published Ilya Repin that earned him the State Prize four years later and began writing Serov . By 1940 , he was firmly back into the Soviet establishment and was featured in propagandist newsreels produced for distribution in Nazi Germany . World War II and beyond . In June 1943 , Grabar proposed tit-for-tat compensation of Soviet art treasures destroyed in World War II with art to be taken from Germany . Compiling the target list of German treasures was easy , but estimating own losses was not : by March 1946 , only nine out of forty major museums could provide an inventory of their losses . The government used Grabars proposal as a smoke screen : while Grabars deputy Victor Lazarev was discussing the legality of equitable reparations with the Allies , Soviet trophy brigades had practically completed a wholesale campaign of organized looting . Grabar consulted Joseph Stalin in preparation to Moscows 800-years jubilee celebrated in 1947 . He persuaded Stalin to return the former St . Andronik Monastery , once converted to a prison , if not to the church but to the artistic community . The remains of the monastery , restored by Pyotr Baranovsky , became the Andrey Rublyov Museum of Old Russian Art ( Grabar upheld Baranovskys dubious discovery of the alleged tomb of Andrey Rublyov ) . Grabar , as the senior in artistic community , retained some independence from the ideological pressure , as indicated by his 1945 obituary for the emigre Leonid Pasternak printed in Soviet Art . Things werent always smooth : in 1948 Grabar was caught in another campaign against random targets in art and science . He retained his administrative and university jobs and in 1954 co-authored Russian architecture of the first half of the 18th century , a revisionist study of the period that dismissed the knowledge collected by fellow historians before 1917 . He made an exception , though , for his own works that allegedly correctly understood the subject . Contrary to Grabars own understanding of East-West cultural relationship presented in History but in line with the rules of Soviet historiography , the new book claimed that Russians of the 18th century yield nothing in their work to foreign contemporaries and overstated the influence of folk tradition on polite architecture . These falsified theories , easily dismissed today , established the provincial outlook that governed the post-war generation of Soviet art historians . After Stalins death , Grabar was the first to publicly denounce run-off-the-mill socialist realism and pay the dues to once banished Aristarkh Lentulov and Pyotr Konchalovsky . The unsinkable Grabar earned derogatory nicknames Ugor Obmanuilovich ( cheating eel ) and Irod Graber ( Herod the Robber ) . Baranovsky and Khlebnikova noted that the reaction against Grabar was frequently provoked by his work at the helm of museum purchasing committees : mediocre artists inevitably had a grudge against his buying and pricing decisions . References . - Sources - Akinsha , Konstantin ; Kozlov , Grigorii ; Hochfield , Sylvia ( 2006 ) . Beautiful loot : the Soviet plunder of Europes art treasures . Random House . . - Akinsha , Konstantin ; Kozlov , Grigorii ( 2000 , in Russian ) . Diplomaticheskie debaty po povodu restitutsii kulturnykh tsennostei v 1945-1946 ( Дипломатические дебаты по поводу реституции культурных ценностей в 1945-1946 ) . Cultural Map of Europe : Proceedings of the conference , 10–11 April 2000 , Moscow . - Baranovsky , Victor ; Khlebnikova , Irina ( 2001 ) ( in Russian ) . Anton Ažbe i hudozhniki Rossii ( Антон Ажбе и художники России ) . Moscow State University . . - Barnes , Christopher ( 2004 ) . Boris Pasternak : A Literary Biography . Cambridge University Press . . - Brown , Matthew Cullerne ; Taylor , Brandon ( 1993 ) . Art of the Soviets : painting , sculpture , and architecture in a one-party state , 1917-1992 . Manchester University Press ND . - Brumfield , William Craft ( 1991 ) . The Origins of Modernism in Russian Architecture . Berkeley : University of California Press . - Brumfield , William Craft ( 1995 ) . Lost Russia : photographing the ruins of Russian architecture . Duke University Press . . - Crone , Rainer ; Moos , David ( 2004 ) . Kazimir Malevich : The Climax of Disclosure . Reaktion Books . . - Eisenstein , Sergey . Yermolova , in : Efimova , Alla ; Manovich , Lev ( editors ) ( 1993 ) . Tekstura : Russian essays on visual culture . University of Chicago Press . . pp . 10–36 . The publication is an excerpt from Eisensteins draft of Montage , written in the 1930s and first printed in English in 1991 . - Feldbrugge , Ferdinand Joseph Maria ; Berg , Gerard Pieter van den Berg ; Simons , William B . ( 1985 ) . Encyclopedia of Soviet law . BRILL . . - Grabar , Igor ( 2001 ) . Autobiography ( Автомонография ) ( in Russian ) . Respublika , Moscow . . The book was originally published in 1937 . - Golenkevich , Nina ( 2007 , in Russian ) . Iz istorii restravratsionnogo dela v Yaroslavle ( Из истории реставрационного дела в Ярославле ( 1920-е годы ) ) . Yaroslavl Museum of Art . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Ch . IV : The Gallery after Tretyakov : 1898-1918 . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Ch . V : Treasure of the Republic : 1918-1941 . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - History of the Tretyakov Gallery . Igor Grabar ( in Russian ) . Tretyakov Gallery . Retrieved 2010-02-04 . - Kantor , Sybil Gordon ( 2003 ) . Alfred H . Barr , Jr . and the Intellectual Origins of the Museum of Modern Art . MIT Press . . - Kelley , Stephen J . ( 2000 ) . Wood structures : a global forum on the treatment , conservation , and repair of cultural heritage . ASTM International . . - Magocsi , Paul R. ; Pop , Ivan ( 2002 ) . Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and culture . University of Toronto Press . . Article credit : Ivan Pop . - Pyman , Avril ( 1994 ) . A history of Russian symbolism . Cambridge University Press . . - Shvidkovsky , Dmitry ( 2007 ) . Russian architecture and the West . Yale University Press . . - Sternin , Grigory . Public and artist in Russia at the turn of the century , in : Efimova , Alla ; Manovich , Lev ( editors ) ( 1993 ) . Tekstura : Russian essays on visual culture . University of Chicago Press . . pp . 89–103 . Sternins article was originally published in Russian in 1984 . - Stites , Richard ( 1991 ) . Revolutionary Dreams : Utopian Vision and Experimental Life in the Russian Revolution . Oxford University Press US . .

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Which campaign did John Franklin participate from 1819 to 1822?

/wiki/John_Franklin#P1344#0

John Franklin Sir John Franklin ( 16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847 ) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer . After serving in wars against Napoleonic France and the United States , he led two expeditions into the Canadian Arctic , in 1819 and 1825 , and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land from 1839 to 1843 . During his third and final expedition to force the Northwest Passage in 1845 , Franklins ships became icebound off King William Island in what is now Nunavut , where he died in June 1847 . The icebound ships were abandoned ten months later and the entire crew died , from causes such as starvation , hypothermia , and scurvy . Biography . Early life . Franklin was born in Spilsby , Lincolnshire , on , the ninth of twelve children born to Hannah Weekes and Willingham Franklin . His father was a merchant descended from a line of country gentlemen while his mother was the daughter of a farmer . One of his brothers later entered the legal profession and eventually became a judge in Madras ; another joined the East India Company ; while a sister , Sarah , was the mother of Emily Tennyson , wife of Alfred , Lord Tennyson . John Franklin must have been affected by an obvious desire to better his social and economic position , given that his elder brothers struggled , sometimes successfully and sometimes not , to establish themselves in a wide variety of careers . Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School in Louth , he soon became interested in a career at sea . His father , who intended for Franklin to enter the church or become a businessman , was initially opposed but was reluctantly convinced to allow him to go on a trial voyage on a merchant ship when he was aged 12 . His experience of seafaring only confirmed his interest in a career at sea , so in March 1800 , Franklins father secured him a Royal Navy appointment on . Commanded by Captain Lawford , the Polyphemus carried 64 guns and , at the time of Franklins appointment , was still at sea . He did not join the vessel until the autumn of 1800 . Initially serving as a first class volunteer , Franklin soon saw action in the Battle of Copenhagen in which the Polyphemus participated as part of Horatio Nelsons squadron . An expedition to the coast of Australia aboard , commanded by Captain Matthew Flinders , followed , with Franklin now a midshipman . He accompanied Captain Nathaniel Dance on the , frightening off Admiral Charles de Durand-Linois at the Battle of Pulo Aura in the South China Sea on . He was present at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 aboard . During the War of 1812 against the United States , Franklin , now a lieutenant , served aboard and was wounded during the Battle of Lake Borgne in December 1814 , just prior to the decisive U.S . victory at the Battle of New Orleans one month later . Franklin commanded in 1818 on a journey from London to Spitzbergen , now Svalbard . The overall expedition was commanded by Captain David Buchan on HMS Dorothea . 1819 : Coppermine expedition . In 1819 , Franklin was chosen to lead the Coppermine expedition overland from Hudson Bay to chart the north coast of Canada eastwards from the mouth of the Coppermine River . On his 1819 expedition , Franklin fell into the Hayes River at Robinson Falls and was rescued by a member of his expedition about downstream . Between 1819 and 1822 , he lost 11 of the 20 men in his party . Most died of starvation or exhaustion , but there were also at least one murder and suggestions of cannibalism . The survivors were forced to eat lichen and even attempted to eat their own leather boots . This gained Franklin the nickname of the man who ate his boots . 1823 : Marriage and third Arctic expedition . In 1823 , after returning to England , Franklin married the poet Eleanor Anne Porden . Their daughter , Eleanor Isabella , was born the following year . His wife died of tuberculosis in 1825 . Eleanor Isabella married Reverend John Philip Gell in 1849 . She died in 1860 . In 1825 , he left for his second Canadian and third Arctic expedition , the Mackenzie River expedition . The goal this time was the mouth of the Mackenzie River from which he would follow the coast westward and possibly meet Frederick William Beechey who would try to sail northeast from the Bering Strait . With him was John Richardson who would follow the coast east from the Mackenzie to the mouth of the Coppermine River . At the same time , William Edward Parry would try to sail west from the Atlantic . ( Beechey reached Point Barrow and Parry became frozen in east . At this time , the only known points on the north coast were a hundred or so miles east from the Bering Strait , the mouth of the Mackenzie , Franklins stretch east of the Coppermine , and a bit of the Gulf of Boothia which had been seen briefly from the land. ) Supplies were better organized this time , in part because they were managed by Peter Warren Dease of the Hudsons Bay Company ( HBC ) . After reaching Great Slave Lake using the standard HBC route , Franklin took a reconnaissance trip down the Mackenzie and on , became the second European to reach its mouth . He erected a flagpole with buried letters for Parry . He returned to winter at Fort Franklin ( modern-day Délı̨nę ) on Great Bear Lake . The following summer he went downriver and found the ocean frozen . He worked his way west for several hundred miles and gave up on at Return Reef when he was about east of Beecheys Point Barrow . Reaching safety at Fort Franklin on 21 September , he left on and spent the rest of the winter and spring at Fort Chipewyan . He reached Liverpool on the first of September 1827 . Richardsons eastward journey was more successful . Franklins diary from this expedition describes his men playing hockey on the ice of the Great Bear Lake ; Délı̨nę , built on the site of Fort Franklin , thus considers itself to be one of the birthplaces of the sport . On , he married Jane Griffin , a friend of his first wife and a seasoned traveller who proved indomitable in the course of their life together . On , he was knighted by George IV and the same year awarded the first Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of France . On , he was made Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order and a Knight of the Greek Order of the Redeemer . 1837 : Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land . Franklin was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land in 1837 , but was removed from office in 1843 . He is remembered by a significant landmark in the centre of Hobart—a statue of him dominates the park known as Franklin Square , which was the site of the original Government House . On the plinth below the statue appears Tennysons epitaph : His wife worked to set up a university , which was eventually established in 1890 , and a museum , credited to the Royal Society of Tasmania in 1843 under the leadership of her husband . Lady Franklin may have worked to have the Lieutenant-Governors private botanical gardens , established in 1818 , managed as a public resource . Lady Franklin also established a glyptotheque and surrounding lands to support it near Hobart . Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin adopted the daughter of the chief of an indigenous Australian tribe . She was renamed Mathinna and was raised with their own daughter Eleanor , but she was abandoned in Tasmania when the Franklins returned to England in 1843 . The village of Franklin , on the Huon River , is named in his honour , as is the Franklin River on the West Coast of Tasmania , one of the better known Tasmanian rivers due to the Franklin Dam controversy . Shortly after leaving his post as Governor of Tasmania , Franklin revisited a cairn on Arthurs Seat , a small mountain just inside Port Phillip Bay in Victoria , Australia , that he had visited as a midshipman with Captain Matthew Flinders in April 1802 . On this trip he was accompanied by Captain Reid of The Briars and Andrew Murison McCrae of Arthurs Seat Station , now known as McCrae Homestead . 1845 : Northwest Passage expedition . Exploration of the Arctic coastal mainland after Franklins second Arctic expedition had left less than of unexplored Arctic coastline . The British decided to send a well-equipped Arctic expedition to complete the charting of the Northwest Passage . After Sir James Clark Ross declined an offer to command the expedition , an invitation was extended to Franklin , who despite being 59 years old , accepted what was to become Franklins lost expedition . A younger man , Commander James Fitzjames , was given command of and Franklin was named the expedition commander . Captain Francis Crozier , who had commanded during the Ross expedition of 1841–1844 to the Antarctic , was appointed executive officer and commander of Terror . Franklin was given command on , and received official instructions on . Erebus and Terror were sturdily built and were outfitted with recent inventions . These included steam engines from the London and Greenwich Railway that enabled the ships to make on their own power , a unique combined steam-based heating and distillation system for the comfort of the crew and to provide large quantities of fresh water for the engines boilers , a mechanism that enabled the iron rudder and propeller to be drawn into iron wells to protect them from damage , ships libraries of more than 1,000 books , and three years worth of conventionally preserved or tinned preserved food supplies . The tinned preserved food was supplied from a cut-rate provisioner who was awarded the contract a few months before the ships were to sail . Though the provisioners patent process was sound , the haste with which he had prepared thousands of cans of food led to sloppily-applied beads of solder on the cans interior edges , allowing lead to leach into the food . Additionally , the water distillation system may have used lead piping and lead-soldered joints , which would have produced drinking water with a high lead content . The Franklin Expedition set sail from Greenhithe , England , on , with a crew of 24 officers and 110 men . The ships travelled north to Aberdeen and the Orkney Isles for supplies . From Scotland , the ships sailed to Greenland with and a transport ship , Barretto Junior . After misjudging the location of Whitefish Bay on Disko Island , the expedition backtracked and finally harboured in that far north outpost to prepare for the rest of their voyage . Five crew members were discharged and sent home on the Rattler and Barretto Junior , reducing the ships final crew size to 129 . The expedition was last seen by Europeans on , when Captain Dannett of the whaler encountered Terror and Erebus moored to an iceberg in Lancaster Sound . It is now believed that the expedition wintered on Beechey Island in 1845–46 . Terror and Erebus became trapped in ice off King William Island in September 1846 and never sailed again . According to a note later found on that island , Franklin died there on , but the exact location of his grave is unknown . After two years and no word from the expedition , Lady Franklin urged the Admiralty to send a search party . Because the crew carried supplies for three years , the Admiralty waited another year before launching a search and offering a £20,000 reward ( ) for finding the expedition . The money and Franklins fame led to many searches . At one point , ten British and two American ships , and , headed for the Arctic . Eventually , more ships and men were lost looking for Franklin than in the expedition itself . Ballads such as Lady Franklins Lament , commemorating Lady Franklins search for her lost husband , became popular . In the summer of 1850 , several expeditions , including three from England as well as one from the United States , joined in the search . They converged off the east coast of Beechey Island , where the first relics of the Franklin expedition were found , including the gravesites of three of Franklins crewmen . Many presumed Franklin was still alive , and he was promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Blue in October 1852 , an example of an unintentional posthumous promotion . In 1854 , the Scottish explorer John Rae , while surveying the Boothia Peninsula for the Hudsons Bay Company , discovered the true fate of the Franklin party from talking to Inuit hunters . He was told both ships had become icebound , and the men had tried to reach safety on foot but had succumbed to cold , and some had resorted to cannibalism . Raes report to the Admiralty was leaked to the press , which led to widespread revulsion in Victorian society , enraged Franklins widow , and condemned Rae to ignominy . Lady Franklins efforts to eulogise her husband , with support from the British Establishment , led to a further 25 searches over the next four decades , none of which would add much further information of note regarding Franklin and his men , but contributed hugely to the mapping of the Arctic . In the mid-1980s , Owen Beattie , a University of Alberta professor of anthropology , began a 10-year series of scientific studies that showed that the Beechey Island crew had most likely died of pneumonia and perhaps tuberculosis . Toxicological reports indicated that lead poisoning was also a possible factor . In 1997 , more than 140 years after his report , Dr . Raes account was finally vindicated ; cut marks caused by blades were discovered on the bones of some of the crew found on King William Island , strongly suggested that conditions had become so dire that some crew members resorted to cannibalism . Evidence suggestive of breakage and boiling of bones , characteristic of efforts to extract marrow , was subsequently identified . It appeared from these studies that a combination of bad weather , years locked in ice , poisoned food , botulism , starvation , and disease including scurvy , had killed everyone in the Franklin party . In October 2009 , marine archaeologist Robert Grenier outlined recent discoveries of sheet metal and copper which have been recovered from 19th-century Inuit hunting sites . Grenier firmly believes these pieces of metal once belonged to the Terror and formed the protective plating of the ships hull . A quote from the British newspaper The Guardian states : Legacy . For years after the loss of the Franklin party , the media of the Victorian era portrayed Franklin as a hero who led his men in the quest for the Northwest Passage . A statue of Franklin in his home town bears the inscription : Discoverer of the North West Passage . Statues of Franklin outside the Athenaeum Club in London and in Tasmania bear similar inscriptions . There is also a memorial to him in the Chapel of St Michael at Westminster Abbey . Many geographic locales are named after Franklin , among them Franklin Island in Antarctica , Franklin Island in Greenland , Franklin Strait in northern Canada , Franklin , Quebec , Franklin Sound north of Tasmania , and the Franklin River and town of Franklin in Tasmania , as well as many streets and schools . The Australian oceanographic research vessel bears his name as well . The wintering site of Franklins second Canadian expedition , in Deline , Northwest Territories , was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1996 . The explorer was also memorialized when one of Canadas Northwest Territories subdivisions was named the District of Franklin . In 2009 , a special service of Thanksgiving was held in the chapel at the Royal Naval College to accompany the rededication of the national monument to Sir John Franklin . It was a celebration of the contributions made by the United Kingdom in the charting of northern Canada , and honoured the loss of life in the pursuit of geographical discovery . The service also marked the 150th anniversary of Francis McClintocks voyage aboard the yacht Fox , and that expeditions return to London with news of the tragedy . Rediscovery . In September 2014 , the wreck of was rediscovered in Wilmot and Crampton Bay near the Adelaide Peninsula , and in September 2016 the wreck of was discovered , in Terror Bay on the south coast of King William Island , in pristine condition . The wrecks were found many miles south of their last known location off the northwest coast of King William Island ; archaeologists believe the Terror must have been crewed and sailed to its new location , as the anchor was used and it was sailed through a maze of islands and channels . The wrecks are designated as the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site , with the precise locations of the designations in abeyance . Further reading . - Alexander , Alison ( editor ) ( 2005 ) The Companion to Tasmanian History . Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies , University of Tasmania , Hobart . . - Beardsley , Martyn . Deadly Wintre : The Life of Sir John Franklin . - Beattie , Owen , and Geiger , John ( 1989 ) . Frozen in Time : Unlocking the Secrets of the Franklin Expedition . Saskatoon : Western Producer Prairie Books . . - Beattie , Owen and Geiger , John ( 2004 ) . Frozen In Time : The Fate of the Franklin Expedition ( Revised edition ) . - Berton , Pierre The Arctic Grail . - Coleman , E . C . ( 2006 ) . The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration , Franklin to Scott . - Cookman , Scott ( 2001 ) . Ice Blink : The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklins Lost Polar Expedition . - Hutchinson , Gillian ( 2009 ) . Searching for Franklin and the Northwest Passage . - Davis , Richard C . ( 1995 ) . Sir John Franklins Journals and Correspondence : The First Arctic Land Expedition , 1819–1822 . The Champlain Society . . - Davis , Richard C . ( 1998 ) . Sir John Franklins Journals and Correspondence : The Second Arctic Land Expedition , 1825–1827 . The Champlain Society . . - Joel , C . R . ( 2011 ) . A Tale of Ambition and Unrealised Hope : John Montagu and Sir John Franklin . . - Owen Beatle and John Geiger ( 1992 ) . Buried in ice : The mystery of a lost arctic expedition . - Lambert , Andrew ( 2009 ) . Franklin : Tragic Hero of Polar Navigation . . - McGoogan , Ken Fatal Passage and Lady Franklins Revenge . - Mirsky , Jeannette ( 1970 ) . To the Arctic! : The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times . . - Murray , David . ( 2004 ) . The Arctic Fox : Francis Leopold McClintock , Discoverer of the fate of Franklin . Cork : The Collins Press , . - NOVA – Arctic Passage Part 1 – Prisoners of the Ice ( TV documentary ) . See also program transcript - Payton , Brian ( 2009 ) . The Ice Passage . - Potter , Russell A . ( 2016 ) . Finding Franklin : The Untold Story of a 165-Year Search . Montreal : McGill-Queens University Press . - Poulsom , Neville W . & Myres , J . A . L . ( 2000 ) . British polar exploration and research : a historical and medallic record with biographies , 1818–1999 . London : Savannah . - Robson , L.L . ( 1983 ) A history of Tasmania . Volume 1 . Van Diemens Land from the earliest times to 1855 . Melbourne , Oxford University Press . - Sutton , Ann , and Myron Sutton . Journey into Ice ; John Franklin and the Northwest Passage . Chicago : Rand McNally , 1965 - Stefánsson , Vilhjálmur ( 1938 ) . Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic . - Woodman , David C . Unraveling the Franklin Mystery : Inuit Testimony .

easy

Which campaign did John Franklin participate from 1825 to 1827?

/wiki/John_Franklin#P1344#1

John Franklin Sir John Franklin ( 16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847 ) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer . After serving in wars against Napoleonic France and the United States , he led two expeditions into the Canadian Arctic , in 1819 and 1825 , and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land from 1839 to 1843 . During his third and final expedition to force the Northwest Passage in 1845 , Franklins ships became icebound off King William Island in what is now Nunavut , where he died in June 1847 . The icebound ships were abandoned ten months later and the entire crew died , from causes such as starvation , hypothermia , and scurvy . Biography . Early life . Franklin was born in Spilsby , Lincolnshire , on , the ninth of twelve children born to Hannah Weekes and Willingham Franklin . His father was a merchant descended from a line of country gentlemen while his mother was the daughter of a farmer . One of his brothers later entered the legal profession and eventually became a judge in Madras ; another joined the East India Company ; while a sister , Sarah , was the mother of Emily Tennyson , wife of Alfred , Lord Tennyson . John Franklin must have been affected by an obvious desire to better his social and economic position , given that his elder brothers struggled , sometimes successfully and sometimes not , to establish themselves in a wide variety of careers . Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School in Louth , he soon became interested in a career at sea . His father , who intended for Franklin to enter the church or become a businessman , was initially opposed but was reluctantly convinced to allow him to go on a trial voyage on a merchant ship when he was aged 12 . His experience of seafaring only confirmed his interest in a career at sea , so in March 1800 , Franklins father secured him a Royal Navy appointment on . Commanded by Captain Lawford , the Polyphemus carried 64 guns and , at the time of Franklins appointment , was still at sea . He did not join the vessel until the autumn of 1800 . Initially serving as a first class volunteer , Franklin soon saw action in the Battle of Copenhagen in which the Polyphemus participated as part of Horatio Nelsons squadron . An expedition to the coast of Australia aboard , commanded by Captain Matthew Flinders , followed , with Franklin now a midshipman . He accompanied Captain Nathaniel Dance on the , frightening off Admiral Charles de Durand-Linois at the Battle of Pulo Aura in the South China Sea on . He was present at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 aboard . During the War of 1812 against the United States , Franklin , now a lieutenant , served aboard and was wounded during the Battle of Lake Borgne in December 1814 , just prior to the decisive U.S . victory at the Battle of New Orleans one month later . Franklin commanded in 1818 on a journey from London to Spitzbergen , now Svalbard . The overall expedition was commanded by Captain David Buchan on HMS Dorothea . 1819 : Coppermine expedition . In 1819 , Franklin was chosen to lead the Coppermine expedition overland from Hudson Bay to chart the north coast of Canada eastwards from the mouth of the Coppermine River . On his 1819 expedition , Franklin fell into the Hayes River at Robinson Falls and was rescued by a member of his expedition about downstream . Between 1819 and 1822 , he lost 11 of the 20 men in his party . Most died of starvation or exhaustion , but there were also at least one murder and suggestions of cannibalism . The survivors were forced to eat lichen and even attempted to eat their own leather boots . This gained Franklin the nickname of the man who ate his boots . 1823 : Marriage and third Arctic expedition . In 1823 , after returning to England , Franklin married the poet Eleanor Anne Porden . Their daughter , Eleanor Isabella , was born the following year . His wife died of tuberculosis in 1825 . Eleanor Isabella married Reverend John Philip Gell in 1849 . She died in 1860 . In 1825 , he left for his second Canadian and third Arctic expedition , the Mackenzie River expedition . The goal this time was the mouth of the Mackenzie River from which he would follow the coast westward and possibly meet Frederick William Beechey who would try to sail northeast from the Bering Strait . With him was John Richardson who would follow the coast east from the Mackenzie to the mouth of the Coppermine River . At the same time , William Edward Parry would try to sail west from the Atlantic . ( Beechey reached Point Barrow and Parry became frozen in east . At this time , the only known points on the north coast were a hundred or so miles east from the Bering Strait , the mouth of the Mackenzie , Franklins stretch east of the Coppermine , and a bit of the Gulf of Boothia which had been seen briefly from the land. ) Supplies were better organized this time , in part because they were managed by Peter Warren Dease of the Hudsons Bay Company ( HBC ) . After reaching Great Slave Lake using the standard HBC route , Franklin took a reconnaissance trip down the Mackenzie and on , became the second European to reach its mouth . He erected a flagpole with buried letters for Parry . He returned to winter at Fort Franklin ( modern-day Délı̨nę ) on Great Bear Lake . The following summer he went downriver and found the ocean frozen . He worked his way west for several hundred miles and gave up on at Return Reef when he was about east of Beecheys Point Barrow . Reaching safety at Fort Franklin on 21 September , he left on and spent the rest of the winter and spring at Fort Chipewyan . He reached Liverpool on the first of September 1827 . Richardsons eastward journey was more successful . Franklins diary from this expedition describes his men playing hockey on the ice of the Great Bear Lake ; Délı̨nę , built on the site of Fort Franklin , thus considers itself to be one of the birthplaces of the sport . On , he married Jane Griffin , a friend of his first wife and a seasoned traveller who proved indomitable in the course of their life together . On , he was knighted by George IV and the same year awarded the first Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of France . On , he was made Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order and a Knight of the Greek Order of the Redeemer . 1837 : Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land . Franklin was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land in 1837 , but was removed from office in 1843 . He is remembered by a significant landmark in the centre of Hobart—a statue of him dominates the park known as Franklin Square , which was the site of the original Government House . On the plinth below the statue appears Tennysons epitaph : His wife worked to set up a university , which was eventually established in 1890 , and a museum , credited to the Royal Society of Tasmania in 1843 under the leadership of her husband . Lady Franklin may have worked to have the Lieutenant-Governors private botanical gardens , established in 1818 , managed as a public resource . Lady Franklin also established a glyptotheque and surrounding lands to support it near Hobart . Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin adopted the daughter of the chief of an indigenous Australian tribe . She was renamed Mathinna and was raised with their own daughter Eleanor , but she was abandoned in Tasmania when the Franklins returned to England in 1843 . The village of Franklin , on the Huon River , is named in his honour , as is the Franklin River on the West Coast of Tasmania , one of the better known Tasmanian rivers due to the Franklin Dam controversy . Shortly after leaving his post as Governor of Tasmania , Franklin revisited a cairn on Arthurs Seat , a small mountain just inside Port Phillip Bay in Victoria , Australia , that he had visited as a midshipman with Captain Matthew Flinders in April 1802 . On this trip he was accompanied by Captain Reid of The Briars and Andrew Murison McCrae of Arthurs Seat Station , now known as McCrae Homestead . 1845 : Northwest Passage expedition . Exploration of the Arctic coastal mainland after Franklins second Arctic expedition had left less than of unexplored Arctic coastline . The British decided to send a well-equipped Arctic expedition to complete the charting of the Northwest Passage . After Sir James Clark Ross declined an offer to command the expedition , an invitation was extended to Franklin , who despite being 59 years old , accepted what was to become Franklins lost expedition . A younger man , Commander James Fitzjames , was given command of and Franklin was named the expedition commander . Captain Francis Crozier , who had commanded during the Ross expedition of 1841–1844 to the Antarctic , was appointed executive officer and commander of Terror . Franklin was given command on , and received official instructions on . Erebus and Terror were sturdily built and were outfitted with recent inventions . These included steam engines from the London and Greenwich Railway that enabled the ships to make on their own power , a unique combined steam-based heating and distillation system for the comfort of the crew and to provide large quantities of fresh water for the engines boilers , a mechanism that enabled the iron rudder and propeller to be drawn into iron wells to protect them from damage , ships libraries of more than 1,000 books , and three years worth of conventionally preserved or tinned preserved food supplies . The tinned preserved food was supplied from a cut-rate provisioner who was awarded the contract a few months before the ships were to sail . Though the provisioners patent process was sound , the haste with which he had prepared thousands of cans of food led to sloppily-applied beads of solder on the cans interior edges , allowing lead to leach into the food . Additionally , the water distillation system may have used lead piping and lead-soldered joints , which would have produced drinking water with a high lead content . The Franklin Expedition set sail from Greenhithe , England , on , with a crew of 24 officers and 110 men . The ships travelled north to Aberdeen and the Orkney Isles for supplies . From Scotland , the ships sailed to Greenland with and a transport ship , Barretto Junior . After misjudging the location of Whitefish Bay on Disko Island , the expedition backtracked and finally harboured in that far north outpost to prepare for the rest of their voyage . Five crew members were discharged and sent home on the Rattler and Barretto Junior , reducing the ships final crew size to 129 . The expedition was last seen by Europeans on , when Captain Dannett of the whaler encountered Terror and Erebus moored to an iceberg in Lancaster Sound . It is now believed that the expedition wintered on Beechey Island in 1845–46 . Terror and Erebus became trapped in ice off King William Island in September 1846 and never sailed again . According to a note later found on that island , Franklin died there on , but the exact location of his grave is unknown . After two years and no word from the expedition , Lady Franklin urged the Admiralty to send a search party . Because the crew carried supplies for three years , the Admiralty waited another year before launching a search and offering a £20,000 reward ( ) for finding the expedition . The money and Franklins fame led to many searches . At one point , ten British and two American ships , and , headed for the Arctic . Eventually , more ships and men were lost looking for Franklin than in the expedition itself . Ballads such as Lady Franklins Lament , commemorating Lady Franklins search for her lost husband , became popular . In the summer of 1850 , several expeditions , including three from England as well as one from the United States , joined in the search . They converged off the east coast of Beechey Island , where the first relics of the Franklin expedition were found , including the gravesites of three of Franklins crewmen . Many presumed Franklin was still alive , and he was promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Blue in October 1852 , an example of an unintentional posthumous promotion . In 1854 , the Scottish explorer John Rae , while surveying the Boothia Peninsula for the Hudsons Bay Company , discovered the true fate of the Franklin party from talking to Inuit hunters . He was told both ships had become icebound , and the men had tried to reach safety on foot but had succumbed to cold , and some had resorted to cannibalism . Raes report to the Admiralty was leaked to the press , which led to widespread revulsion in Victorian society , enraged Franklins widow , and condemned Rae to ignominy . Lady Franklins efforts to eulogise her husband , with support from the British Establishment , led to a further 25 searches over the next four decades , none of which would add much further information of note regarding Franklin and his men , but contributed hugely to the mapping of the Arctic . In the mid-1980s , Owen Beattie , a University of Alberta professor of anthropology , began a 10-year series of scientific studies that showed that the Beechey Island crew had most likely died of pneumonia and perhaps tuberculosis . Toxicological reports indicated that lead poisoning was also a possible factor . In 1997 , more than 140 years after his report , Dr . Raes account was finally vindicated ; cut marks caused by blades were discovered on the bones of some of the crew found on King William Island , strongly suggested that conditions had become so dire that some crew members resorted to cannibalism . Evidence suggestive of breakage and boiling of bones , characteristic of efforts to extract marrow , was subsequently identified . It appeared from these studies that a combination of bad weather , years locked in ice , poisoned food , botulism , starvation , and disease including scurvy , had killed everyone in the Franklin party . In October 2009 , marine archaeologist Robert Grenier outlined recent discoveries of sheet metal and copper which have been recovered from 19th-century Inuit hunting sites . Grenier firmly believes these pieces of metal once belonged to the Terror and formed the protective plating of the ships hull . A quote from the British newspaper The Guardian states : Legacy . For years after the loss of the Franklin party , the media of the Victorian era portrayed Franklin as a hero who led his men in the quest for the Northwest Passage . A statue of Franklin in his home town bears the inscription : Discoverer of the North West Passage . Statues of Franklin outside the Athenaeum Club in London and in Tasmania bear similar inscriptions . There is also a memorial to him in the Chapel of St Michael at Westminster Abbey . Many geographic locales are named after Franklin , among them Franklin Island in Antarctica , Franklin Island in Greenland , Franklin Strait in northern Canada , Franklin , Quebec , Franklin Sound north of Tasmania , and the Franklin River and town of Franklin in Tasmania , as well as many streets and schools . The Australian oceanographic research vessel bears his name as well . The wintering site of Franklins second Canadian expedition , in Deline , Northwest Territories , was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1996 . The explorer was also memorialized when one of Canadas Northwest Territories subdivisions was named the District of Franklin . In 2009 , a special service of Thanksgiving was held in the chapel at the Royal Naval College to accompany the rededication of the national monument to Sir John Franklin . It was a celebration of the contributions made by the United Kingdom in the charting of northern Canada , and honoured the loss of life in the pursuit of geographical discovery . The service also marked the 150th anniversary of Francis McClintocks voyage aboard the yacht Fox , and that expeditions return to London with news of the tragedy . Rediscovery . In September 2014 , the wreck of was rediscovered in Wilmot and Crampton Bay near the Adelaide Peninsula , and in September 2016 the wreck of was discovered , in Terror Bay on the south coast of King William Island , in pristine condition . The wrecks were found many miles south of their last known location off the northwest coast of King William Island ; archaeologists believe the Terror must have been crewed and sailed to its new location , as the anchor was used and it was sailed through a maze of islands and channels . The wrecks are designated as the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site , with the precise locations of the designations in abeyance . Further reading . - Alexander , Alison ( editor ) ( 2005 ) The Companion to Tasmanian History . Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies , University of Tasmania , Hobart . . - Beardsley , Martyn . Deadly Wintre : The Life of Sir John Franklin . - Beattie , Owen , and Geiger , John ( 1989 ) . Frozen in Time : Unlocking the Secrets of the Franklin Expedition . Saskatoon : Western Producer Prairie Books . . - Beattie , Owen and Geiger , John ( 2004 ) . Frozen In Time : The Fate of the Franklin Expedition ( Revised edition ) . - Berton , Pierre The Arctic Grail . - Coleman , E . C . ( 2006 ) . The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration , Franklin to Scott . - Cookman , Scott ( 2001 ) . Ice Blink : The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklins Lost Polar Expedition . - Hutchinson , Gillian ( 2009 ) . Searching for Franklin and the Northwest Passage . - Davis , Richard C . ( 1995 ) . Sir John Franklins Journals and Correspondence : The First Arctic Land Expedition , 1819–1822 . The Champlain Society . . - Davis , Richard C . ( 1998 ) . Sir John Franklins Journals and Correspondence : The Second Arctic Land Expedition , 1825–1827 . The Champlain Society . . - Joel , C . R . ( 2011 ) . A Tale of Ambition and Unrealised Hope : John Montagu and Sir John Franklin . . - Owen Beatle and John Geiger ( 1992 ) . Buried in ice : The mystery of a lost arctic expedition . - Lambert , Andrew ( 2009 ) . Franklin : Tragic Hero of Polar Navigation . . - McGoogan , Ken Fatal Passage and Lady Franklins Revenge . - Mirsky , Jeannette ( 1970 ) . To the Arctic! : The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times . . - Murray , David . ( 2004 ) . The Arctic Fox : Francis Leopold McClintock , Discoverer of the fate of Franklin . Cork : The Collins Press , . - NOVA – Arctic Passage Part 1 – Prisoners of the Ice ( TV documentary ) . See also program transcript - Payton , Brian ( 2009 ) . The Ice Passage . - Potter , Russell A . ( 2016 ) . Finding Franklin : The Untold Story of a 165-Year Search . Montreal : McGill-Queens University Press . - Poulsom , Neville W . & Myres , J . A . L . ( 2000 ) . British polar exploration and research : a historical and medallic record with biographies , 1818–1999 . London : Savannah . - Robson , L.L . ( 1983 ) A history of Tasmania . Volume 1 . Van Diemens Land from the earliest times to 1855 . Melbourne , Oxford University Press . - Sutton , Ann , and Myron Sutton . Journey into Ice ; John Franklin and the Northwest Passage . Chicago : Rand McNally , 1965 - Stefánsson , Vilhjálmur ( 1938 ) . Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic . - Woodman , David C . Unraveling the Franklin Mystery : Inuit Testimony .

easy

Which campaign did John Franklin participate from 1845 to 1848?

/wiki/John_Franklin#P1344#2

John Franklin Sir John Franklin ( 16 April 1786 – 11 June 1847 ) was a British Royal Navy officer and Arctic explorer . After serving in wars against Napoleonic France and the United States , he led two expeditions into the Canadian Arctic , in 1819 and 1825 , and served as Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land from 1839 to 1843 . During his third and final expedition to force the Northwest Passage in 1845 , Franklins ships became icebound off King William Island in what is now Nunavut , where he died in June 1847 . The icebound ships were abandoned ten months later and the entire crew died , from causes such as starvation , hypothermia , and scurvy . Biography . Early life . Franklin was born in Spilsby , Lincolnshire , on , the ninth of twelve children born to Hannah Weekes and Willingham Franklin . His father was a merchant descended from a line of country gentlemen while his mother was the daughter of a farmer . One of his brothers later entered the legal profession and eventually became a judge in Madras ; another joined the East India Company ; while a sister , Sarah , was the mother of Emily Tennyson , wife of Alfred , Lord Tennyson . John Franklin must have been affected by an obvious desire to better his social and economic position , given that his elder brothers struggled , sometimes successfully and sometimes not , to establish themselves in a wide variety of careers . Educated at King Edward VI Grammar School in Louth , he soon became interested in a career at sea . His father , who intended for Franklin to enter the church or become a businessman , was initially opposed but was reluctantly convinced to allow him to go on a trial voyage on a merchant ship when he was aged 12 . His experience of seafaring only confirmed his interest in a career at sea , so in March 1800 , Franklins father secured him a Royal Navy appointment on . Commanded by Captain Lawford , the Polyphemus carried 64 guns and , at the time of Franklins appointment , was still at sea . He did not join the vessel until the autumn of 1800 . Initially serving as a first class volunteer , Franklin soon saw action in the Battle of Copenhagen in which the Polyphemus participated as part of Horatio Nelsons squadron . An expedition to the coast of Australia aboard , commanded by Captain Matthew Flinders , followed , with Franklin now a midshipman . He accompanied Captain Nathaniel Dance on the , frightening off Admiral Charles de Durand-Linois at the Battle of Pulo Aura in the South China Sea on . He was present at the Battle of Trafalgar in 1805 aboard . During the War of 1812 against the United States , Franklin , now a lieutenant , served aboard and was wounded during the Battle of Lake Borgne in December 1814 , just prior to the decisive U.S . victory at the Battle of New Orleans one month later . Franklin commanded in 1818 on a journey from London to Spitzbergen , now Svalbard . The overall expedition was commanded by Captain David Buchan on HMS Dorothea . 1819 : Coppermine expedition . In 1819 , Franklin was chosen to lead the Coppermine expedition overland from Hudson Bay to chart the north coast of Canada eastwards from the mouth of the Coppermine River . On his 1819 expedition , Franklin fell into the Hayes River at Robinson Falls and was rescued by a member of his expedition about downstream . Between 1819 and 1822 , he lost 11 of the 20 men in his party . Most died of starvation or exhaustion , but there were also at least one murder and suggestions of cannibalism . The survivors were forced to eat lichen and even attempted to eat their own leather boots . This gained Franklin the nickname of the man who ate his boots . 1823 : Marriage and third Arctic expedition . In 1823 , after returning to England , Franklin married the poet Eleanor Anne Porden . Their daughter , Eleanor Isabella , was born the following year . His wife died of tuberculosis in 1825 . Eleanor Isabella married Reverend John Philip Gell in 1849 . She died in 1860 . In 1825 , he left for his second Canadian and third Arctic expedition , the Mackenzie River expedition . The goal this time was the mouth of the Mackenzie River from which he would follow the coast westward and possibly meet Frederick William Beechey who would try to sail northeast from the Bering Strait . With him was John Richardson who would follow the coast east from the Mackenzie to the mouth of the Coppermine River . At the same time , William Edward Parry would try to sail west from the Atlantic . ( Beechey reached Point Barrow and Parry became frozen in east . At this time , the only known points on the north coast were a hundred or so miles east from the Bering Strait , the mouth of the Mackenzie , Franklins stretch east of the Coppermine , and a bit of the Gulf of Boothia which had been seen briefly from the land. ) Supplies were better organized this time , in part because they were managed by Peter Warren Dease of the Hudsons Bay Company ( HBC ) . After reaching Great Slave Lake using the standard HBC route , Franklin took a reconnaissance trip down the Mackenzie and on , became the second European to reach its mouth . He erected a flagpole with buried letters for Parry . He returned to winter at Fort Franklin ( modern-day Délı̨nę ) on Great Bear Lake . The following summer he went downriver and found the ocean frozen . He worked his way west for several hundred miles and gave up on at Return Reef when he was about east of Beecheys Point Barrow . Reaching safety at Fort Franklin on 21 September , he left on and spent the rest of the winter and spring at Fort Chipewyan . He reached Liverpool on the first of September 1827 . Richardsons eastward journey was more successful . Franklins diary from this expedition describes his men playing hockey on the ice of the Great Bear Lake ; Délı̨nę , built on the site of Fort Franklin , thus considers itself to be one of the birthplaces of the sport . On , he married Jane Griffin , a friend of his first wife and a seasoned traveller who proved indomitable in the course of their life together . On , he was knighted by George IV and the same year awarded the first Gold Medal of the Société de Géographie of France . On , he was made Knight Commander of the Royal Guelphic Order and a Knight of the Greek Order of the Redeemer . 1837 : Lieutenant-Governor of Van Diemens Land . Franklin was appointed Lieutenant Governor of Van Diemens Land in 1837 , but was removed from office in 1843 . He is remembered by a significant landmark in the centre of Hobart—a statue of him dominates the park known as Franklin Square , which was the site of the original Government House . On the plinth below the statue appears Tennysons epitaph : His wife worked to set up a university , which was eventually established in 1890 , and a museum , credited to the Royal Society of Tasmania in 1843 under the leadership of her husband . Lady Franklin may have worked to have the Lieutenant-Governors private botanical gardens , established in 1818 , managed as a public resource . Lady Franklin also established a glyptotheque and surrounding lands to support it near Hobart . Sir John and Lady Jane Franklin adopted the daughter of the chief of an indigenous Australian tribe . She was renamed Mathinna and was raised with their own daughter Eleanor , but she was abandoned in Tasmania when the Franklins returned to England in 1843 . The village of Franklin , on the Huon River , is named in his honour , as is the Franklin River on the West Coast of Tasmania , one of the better known Tasmanian rivers due to the Franklin Dam controversy . Shortly after leaving his post as Governor of Tasmania , Franklin revisited a cairn on Arthurs Seat , a small mountain just inside Port Phillip Bay in Victoria , Australia , that he had visited as a midshipman with Captain Matthew Flinders in April 1802 . On this trip he was accompanied by Captain Reid of The Briars and Andrew Murison McCrae of Arthurs Seat Station , now known as McCrae Homestead . 1845 : Northwest Passage expedition . Exploration of the Arctic coastal mainland after Franklins second Arctic expedition had left less than of unexplored Arctic coastline . The British decided to send a well-equipped Arctic expedition to complete the charting of the Northwest Passage . After Sir James Clark Ross declined an offer to command the expedition , an invitation was extended to Franklin , who despite being 59 years old , accepted what was to become Franklins lost expedition . A younger man , Commander James Fitzjames , was given command of and Franklin was named the expedition commander . Captain Francis Crozier , who had commanded during the Ross expedition of 1841–1844 to the Antarctic , was appointed executive officer and commander of Terror . Franklin was given command on , and received official instructions on . Erebus and Terror were sturdily built and were outfitted with recent inventions . These included steam engines from the London and Greenwich Railway that enabled the ships to make on their own power , a unique combined steam-based heating and distillation system for the comfort of the crew and to provide large quantities of fresh water for the engines boilers , a mechanism that enabled the iron rudder and propeller to be drawn into iron wells to protect them from damage , ships libraries of more than 1,000 books , and three years worth of conventionally preserved or tinned preserved food supplies . The tinned preserved food was supplied from a cut-rate provisioner who was awarded the contract a few months before the ships were to sail . Though the provisioners patent process was sound , the haste with which he had prepared thousands of cans of food led to sloppily-applied beads of solder on the cans interior edges , allowing lead to leach into the food . Additionally , the water distillation system may have used lead piping and lead-soldered joints , which would have produced drinking water with a high lead content . The Franklin Expedition set sail from Greenhithe , England , on , with a crew of 24 officers and 110 men . The ships travelled north to Aberdeen and the Orkney Isles for supplies . From Scotland , the ships sailed to Greenland with and a transport ship , Barretto Junior . After misjudging the location of Whitefish Bay on Disko Island , the expedition backtracked and finally harboured in that far north outpost to prepare for the rest of their voyage . Five crew members were discharged and sent home on the Rattler and Barretto Junior , reducing the ships final crew size to 129 . The expedition was last seen by Europeans on , when Captain Dannett of the whaler encountered Terror and Erebus moored to an iceberg in Lancaster Sound . It is now believed that the expedition wintered on Beechey Island in 1845–46 . Terror and Erebus became trapped in ice off King William Island in September 1846 and never sailed again . According to a note later found on that island , Franklin died there on , but the exact location of his grave is unknown . After two years and no word from the expedition , Lady Franklin urged the Admiralty to send a search party . Because the crew carried supplies for three years , the Admiralty waited another year before launching a search and offering a £20,000 reward ( ) for finding the expedition . The money and Franklins fame led to many searches . At one point , ten British and two American ships , and , headed for the Arctic . Eventually , more ships and men were lost looking for Franklin than in the expedition itself . Ballads such as Lady Franklins Lament , commemorating Lady Franklins search for her lost husband , became popular . In the summer of 1850 , several expeditions , including three from England as well as one from the United States , joined in the search . They converged off the east coast of Beechey Island , where the first relics of the Franklin expedition were found , including the gravesites of three of Franklins crewmen . Many presumed Franklin was still alive , and he was promoted to Rear-Admiral of the Blue in October 1852 , an example of an unintentional posthumous promotion . In 1854 , the Scottish explorer John Rae , while surveying the Boothia Peninsula for the Hudsons Bay Company , discovered the true fate of the Franklin party from talking to Inuit hunters . He was told both ships had become icebound , and the men had tried to reach safety on foot but had succumbed to cold , and some had resorted to cannibalism . Raes report to the Admiralty was leaked to the press , which led to widespread revulsion in Victorian society , enraged Franklins widow , and condemned Rae to ignominy . Lady Franklins efforts to eulogise her husband , with support from the British Establishment , led to a further 25 searches over the next four decades , none of which would add much further information of note regarding Franklin and his men , but contributed hugely to the mapping of the Arctic . In the mid-1980s , Owen Beattie , a University of Alberta professor of anthropology , began a 10-year series of scientific studies that showed that the Beechey Island crew had most likely died of pneumonia and perhaps tuberculosis . Toxicological reports indicated that lead poisoning was also a possible factor . In 1997 , more than 140 years after his report , Dr . Raes account was finally vindicated ; cut marks caused by blades were discovered on the bones of some of the crew found on King William Island , strongly suggested that conditions had become so dire that some crew members resorted to cannibalism . Evidence suggestive of breakage and boiling of bones , characteristic of efforts to extract marrow , was subsequently identified . It appeared from these studies that a combination of bad weather , years locked in ice , poisoned food , botulism , starvation , and disease including scurvy , had killed everyone in the Franklin party . In October 2009 , marine archaeologist Robert Grenier outlined recent discoveries of sheet metal and copper which have been recovered from 19th-century Inuit hunting sites . Grenier firmly believes these pieces of metal once belonged to the Terror and formed the protective plating of the ships hull . A quote from the British newspaper The Guardian states : Legacy . For years after the loss of the Franklin party , the media of the Victorian era portrayed Franklin as a hero who led his men in the quest for the Northwest Passage . A statue of Franklin in his home town bears the inscription : Discoverer of the North West Passage . Statues of Franklin outside the Athenaeum Club in London and in Tasmania bear similar inscriptions . There is also a memorial to him in the Chapel of St Michael at Westminster Abbey . Many geographic locales are named after Franklin , among them Franklin Island in Antarctica , Franklin Island in Greenland , Franklin Strait in northern Canada , Franklin , Quebec , Franklin Sound north of Tasmania , and the Franklin River and town of Franklin in Tasmania , as well as many streets and schools . The Australian oceanographic research vessel bears his name as well . The wintering site of Franklins second Canadian expedition , in Deline , Northwest Territories , was designated a National Historic Site of Canada in 1996 . The explorer was also memorialized when one of Canadas Northwest Territories subdivisions was named the District of Franklin . In 2009 , a special service of Thanksgiving was held in the chapel at the Royal Naval College to accompany the rededication of the national monument to Sir John Franklin . It was a celebration of the contributions made by the United Kingdom in the charting of northern Canada , and honoured the loss of life in the pursuit of geographical discovery . The service also marked the 150th anniversary of Francis McClintocks voyage aboard the yacht Fox , and that expeditions return to London with news of the tragedy . Rediscovery . In September 2014 , the wreck of was rediscovered in Wilmot and Crampton Bay near the Adelaide Peninsula , and in September 2016 the wreck of was discovered , in Terror Bay on the south coast of King William Island , in pristine condition . The wrecks were found many miles south of their last known location off the northwest coast of King William Island ; archaeologists believe the Terror must have been crewed and sailed to its new location , as the anchor was used and it was sailed through a maze of islands and channels . The wrecks are designated as the Wrecks of HMS Erebus and HMS Terror National Historic Site , with the precise locations of the designations in abeyance . Further reading . - Alexander , Alison ( editor ) ( 2005 ) The Companion to Tasmanian History . Centre for Tasmanian Historical Studies , University of Tasmania , Hobart . . - Beardsley , Martyn . Deadly Wintre : The Life of Sir John Franklin . - Beattie , Owen , and Geiger , John ( 1989 ) . Frozen in Time : Unlocking the Secrets of the Franklin Expedition . Saskatoon : Western Producer Prairie Books . . - Beattie , Owen and Geiger , John ( 2004 ) . Frozen In Time : The Fate of the Franklin Expedition ( Revised edition ) . - Berton , Pierre The Arctic Grail . - Coleman , E . C . ( 2006 ) . The Royal Navy in Polar Exploration , Franklin to Scott . - Cookman , Scott ( 2001 ) . Ice Blink : The Tragic Fate of Sir John Franklins Lost Polar Expedition . - Hutchinson , Gillian ( 2009 ) . Searching for Franklin and the Northwest Passage . - Davis , Richard C . ( 1995 ) . Sir John Franklins Journals and Correspondence : The First Arctic Land Expedition , 1819–1822 . The Champlain Society . . - Davis , Richard C . ( 1998 ) . Sir John Franklins Journals and Correspondence : The Second Arctic Land Expedition , 1825–1827 . The Champlain Society . . - Joel , C . R . ( 2011 ) . A Tale of Ambition and Unrealised Hope : John Montagu and Sir John Franklin . . - Owen Beatle and John Geiger ( 1992 ) . Buried in ice : The mystery of a lost arctic expedition . - Lambert , Andrew ( 2009 ) . Franklin : Tragic Hero of Polar Navigation . . - McGoogan , Ken Fatal Passage and Lady Franklins Revenge . - Mirsky , Jeannette ( 1970 ) . To the Arctic! : The Story of Northern Exploration from Earliest Times . . - Murray , David . ( 2004 ) . The Arctic Fox : Francis Leopold McClintock , Discoverer of the fate of Franklin . Cork : The Collins Press , . - NOVA – Arctic Passage Part 1 – Prisoners of the Ice ( TV documentary ) . See also program transcript - Payton , Brian ( 2009 ) . The Ice Passage . - Potter , Russell A . ( 2016 ) . Finding Franklin : The Untold Story of a 165-Year Search . Montreal : McGill-Queens University Press . - Poulsom , Neville W . & Myres , J . A . L . ( 2000 ) . British polar exploration and research : a historical and medallic record with biographies , 1818–1999 . London : Savannah . - Robson , L.L . ( 1983 ) A history of Tasmania . Volume 1 . Van Diemens Land from the earliest times to 1855 . Melbourne , Oxford University Press . - Sutton , Ann , and Myron Sutton . Journey into Ice ; John Franklin and the Northwest Passage . Chicago : Rand McNally , 1965 - Stefánsson , Vilhjálmur ( 1938 ) . Unsolved Mysteries of the Arctic . - Woodman , David C . Unraveling the Franklin Mystery : Inuit Testimony .

easy

Pakistan Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1954?

/wiki/Pakistan_Football_Federation#P463#0

Pakistan Football Federation Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) was the govenrning body of association football in Pakistan . PFF was formed in 1954 . It is the governing body of Football in Pakistan . It organizes the Pakistan national teams matches as well as the domestic leagues and cups . The PFFs headquarter is at FIFA Football House in Lahore , Punjab near the Punjab Stadium . PFF is currently suspended by FIFA due to third party interference . Overview . The PFF governs all football clubs in Pakistan . It is a member of AFC and FIFA . All of Pakistans football clubs must be members of the PFF . The PFF is responsible for the appointment of the management of the Pakistan mens and womens national teams and the organization of the Pakistan Premier League ( the top division ) , and other lower divisions . The game is controlled at the local level , by 8 provincial football federations affiliated to The PFF but with responsibilities for organising and running football activities in their area like Islamabad football association . History . On 5 December 1947 , after the independence from Great Britain , the Pakistan Football Federation was created . Mohammad Ali Jinnah , Pakistans first leader , became the Patron-in-Chief , and in 1948 , the PFF became affiliated with FIFA . It is also one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation when it was established in 1954 . It organized the first national championship in 1948 at Karachi . Previously , corrupt and inefficient management , poor support from the authorities to the players and to the game itself , poor media coverage and the status of Cricket as the most popular game in the country were some of the factors as to why football remained underdeveloped since independence . Also due to politics within the organisation , there was a time when FIFA had suspended Pakistan from all international football due to rival PFF factions setting up their own teams to take part in international and national competitions . Such things hindered any chance of footballs progress over the last 2 decades . However , in August 2003 , the PFF was under new management , as Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat took over , and he has turned around the fortunes of Pakistani football . With the Assistance of FIFA , the PFF set up a national football league in 2004 , which is now called the Pakistan Premier League . In 2005 a national championship was set up for womens football . In 2007 , the inter-city Geo Super Football League was established , making it the first time that Pakistani club football was telecast live on national television via GEO Super . It also became Pakistans first professional football tournament . Since 2015 and the controversial third election of Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat , the PFF has been going through an internal feud that unabled the local and national teams to partake to any international event . In July 2017 , the FIFA threatened to suspend the PFFs membership if it kept refusing to hand football affairs to its president-elect Faisal Saleh Hayat . Former coach Nasir Ismail asked FIFA to hold fresh elections for the PFFs presidency . On 11 October 2017 the FIFA decided to suspend Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) with immediate effect On 13 March 2018 FIFA lifted the suspension Overview . At both club and international football , Pakistan have seen results improve . Pakistan rise has attracted many Pakistani players throughout the world such as England based player Zesh Rehman . However more effort and sincerity by the officials is required to allow further progress of the sport in Pakistan . Current bureaucratic inefficiencies and lackluster politics remain within the PFF machinery that have always hindered the true growth of the game in Pakistan at a faster rate . Pakistans core national league has three divisions . The National Football Championship ( A-Division ) is named as the Pakistan Premier League ( PPL ) while National Championship ( B-Division ) is known as the Pakistan Football Federation League ( PFF league ) and the National Club Championship ( C-Division ) is the lowest division . Below this are regional leagues likes IFA in Islamabad . There is also a national knock-out competition called the National Football Challenge Cup although it appears to be used sparingly nowadays , as PFF is one of the most corrupt organizations , per UNESCO corruption rankings . Criticism . Over the past several years , the Pakistan Football Federation has been accused of several corruption scandals and incompetence in running the day-to-day footballing activities in Pakistan . Local media outlets have described the current situation of the PFF as a horror show . Faisal Saleh Hayat incompetence . Hayat was the President of the Pakistan Football Federation and also serves as a member of the Strategic Committee of FIFA . He has held this position since 2003 , and has been described as a feudal lord of Pakistani football . During his controversial tenure , Pakistans FIFA ranking has dropped from 168 in 2003 to 201 in 2017 . Despite his lackluster results , Hayat continues to hold on to his position as president . Hayat himself in also the middle of various corruption allegations involving PFF and a legal battle at Lahore High Court with a warring faction intent on seeing him removed from office . The top division of the Pakistan Premier League remains suspended because the crisis created due to his actions . The mens senior team last played in March 2015 , when they bowed out of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in the first round . In June 2017 , 18 of the 26 members of the PFF voted in favor of Faisal Saleh Hayats dismissal for incompetence and embezzlement of PFF funds . In July 2017 , the FIFA threatened to suspend the PFFs membership if it kept refusing to hand football affairs to its president-elect Faisal Saleh Hayat . Punjab Football Association Elections Controversy . In June 2015 , the PFF presidential elections were announced , with Faisal Saleh Hayat facing his biggest challenge since 2003 . Several senior members of the PFF as well as the government were intent on having Hayat removed from power . Controversy began at the Punjab Football Association , when the Hayat-backed Sardar Naveed Haider Khan toppled incumbent Arshad Khan Lodhi . Several of Lodhis voters were banned by Hayats illegal disciplinary committee . With this , Zahir Ali Shah a PFF vice-president , turned against Hayat and announced his intention to run for PFF presidency . Shortly after his announcement , allegations emerged from Shah claiming that Hayat had changed several clauses of the PFF constitution to suit himself in the presidential election . The PFF eventually split into two groups following an Extraordinary Congress meeting that suspended Hayat . With the election approaching , the two factions announced their own election venues . The Lahore High Court was forced to intervene in and ordered a stay on polling and appointed a temporary administrator until matters were resolved between the two factions . The row intensified when the Hayat faction went on and held election anyway , disobeying the Lahore High Court stay order . FIFA then intervened and sent a fact-finding mission . They concluded that Hayat be given a mandate for two years , in which he would have to amend PFF statutes and form an independent disciplinary committee before holding elections again . The Lahore High Court appointed administrator Asad Munir was given authority to manage football activity in Pakistan , while the two factions sorted out differences . In a shocking move , the Hayat faction swiftly withdrew Pakistan team from the 2015 SAFF Cup , only causing more resentment from football fans and senior PFF members who were intent on seeing Hayat removed from office . Many suggest that Faisal Saleh Hayat is not mentally stable . In October 2016 , the FIFA executive committee indicated all is not well with the Faisal Saleh Hayat faction of the PFF . A FIFA spokesperson said given the current situation , FIFA has been withholding development funding to PFF . In February 2017 , the Lahore High Court restored Faisal Saleh Hayat as president of the Pakistan Football Federation . The FIFA Executive Committee decided that the current PFF leadership - led by Faisal Saleh Hayat - would be given two years ( until September 2017 ) to revise the PFF statutes and organise elections accordingly . Crisis . 2015 crisis . Just before PPF elections in 2015 , two groups were formed within the federation and there infighting in the federation due to which FIFA took notice and told the federation to solve the matters , being in contact with AFC . Upon the situation a FIFA spokesman said , Lahore High Court ( LHC ) declared PFF elections to be held on 30 June 2015 . On 30 June , the elections were declared null/void by LHC , attended by AFC observer , Sanjeevan Balasinggam . The PFF chairman Faisal Saleh Hayat said that the Elections were approved by AFC , but the Asian governing body had no comment on the situation . Due to crisis Pakistan has not qualified for any of the international tournament since March 2015 and FIFA rankings have slumped to 198 for mens team . A normalization committee was made for the Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) whose task is to hold elections of the countrys football governing body and bring it would bring an end to a four-year crisis that resulted in Pakistan suffering significantly in the game . 2021 crisis . On 27 March 2021 , the PFFs office was attacked and people inside held hostage by its former president , Syed Ashfaq Hussain Shah , and his group , and the ongoing womens championship was cancelled . Major clubs protested : Diya W.F.C . announced following laws laid down by FIFA , PFF NC and the AFC , Mohsin Gillani W.F.C . announced it pulled out and Karachi United condemned actions taken against the NC and stated to be fully and respectfully supportive of following due process as per FIFA directives . Suspensions . FIFA has gave warnings and suspension for PFA on several occasions . FIFA had issued a warning to suspend Pakistan if the third party interference ( i.e . involvement of Lahore High Court is not ended as soon as possible . On 10 October 2017 , FIFA suspended PFF with immediate effect . FIFA stated on its website , meaning Pakistan will not be a part of any footballing activity officially until further notice is provided by the governing body . In 2018 , the ban was lifted by FIFA and Pakistan has been given the opportunity to participate in the 2018 Asian games and the 2018 SAFF competitions . On 7 April 2021 , FIFA suspended the federation with immediate effect due to third-party interference , which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes . Competitions . The PFF also runs several competitions : - Pakistan Premier League – Current - PFF League ( 2nd division ) – Current - PFF National Challenge Cup – Current - Geo Super Football League – defunct - KASB Premier League – defunct

easy

Pakistan Football Federation became a member of what organization or association in 1997?

/wiki/Pakistan_Football_Federation#P463#1

Pakistan Football Federation Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) was the govenrning body of association football in Pakistan . PFF was formed in 1954 . It is the governing body of Football in Pakistan . It organizes the Pakistan national teams matches as well as the domestic leagues and cups . The PFFs headquarter is at FIFA Football House in Lahore , Punjab near the Punjab Stadium . PFF is currently suspended by FIFA due to third party interference . Overview . The PFF governs all football clubs in Pakistan . It is a member of AFC and FIFA . All of Pakistans football clubs must be members of the PFF . The PFF is responsible for the appointment of the management of the Pakistan mens and womens national teams and the organization of the Pakistan Premier League ( the top division ) , and other lower divisions . The game is controlled at the local level , by 8 provincial football federations affiliated to The PFF but with responsibilities for organising and running football activities in their area like Islamabad football association . History . On 5 December 1947 , after the independence from Great Britain , the Pakistan Football Federation was created . Mohammad Ali Jinnah , Pakistans first leader , became the Patron-in-Chief , and in 1948 , the PFF became affiliated with FIFA . It is also one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation when it was established in 1954 . It organized the first national championship in 1948 at Karachi . Previously , corrupt and inefficient management , poor support from the authorities to the players and to the game itself , poor media coverage and the status of Cricket as the most popular game in the country were some of the factors as to why football remained underdeveloped since independence . Also due to politics within the organisation , there was a time when FIFA had suspended Pakistan from all international football due to rival PFF factions setting up their own teams to take part in international and national competitions . Such things hindered any chance of footballs progress over the last 2 decades . However , in August 2003 , the PFF was under new management , as Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat took over , and he has turned around the fortunes of Pakistani football . With the Assistance of FIFA , the PFF set up a national football league in 2004 , which is now called the Pakistan Premier League . In 2005 a national championship was set up for womens football . In 2007 , the inter-city Geo Super Football League was established , making it the first time that Pakistani club football was telecast live on national television via GEO Super . It also became Pakistans first professional football tournament . Since 2015 and the controversial third election of Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat , the PFF has been going through an internal feud that unabled the local and national teams to partake to any international event . In July 2017 , the FIFA threatened to suspend the PFFs membership if it kept refusing to hand football affairs to its president-elect Faisal Saleh Hayat . Former coach Nasir Ismail asked FIFA to hold fresh elections for the PFFs presidency . On 11 October 2017 the FIFA decided to suspend Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) with immediate effect On 13 March 2018 FIFA lifted the suspension Overview . At both club and international football , Pakistan have seen results improve . Pakistan rise has attracted many Pakistani players throughout the world such as England based player Zesh Rehman . However more effort and sincerity by the officials is required to allow further progress of the sport in Pakistan . Current bureaucratic inefficiencies and lackluster politics remain within the PFF machinery that have always hindered the true growth of the game in Pakistan at a faster rate . Pakistans core national league has three divisions . The National Football Championship ( A-Division ) is named as the Pakistan Premier League ( PPL ) while National Championship ( B-Division ) is known as the Pakistan Football Federation League ( PFF league ) and the National Club Championship ( C-Division ) is the lowest division . Below this are regional leagues likes IFA in Islamabad . There is also a national knock-out competition called the National Football Challenge Cup although it appears to be used sparingly nowadays , as PFF is one of the most corrupt organizations , per UNESCO corruption rankings . Criticism . Over the past several years , the Pakistan Football Federation has been accused of several corruption scandals and incompetence in running the day-to-day footballing activities in Pakistan . Local media outlets have described the current situation of the PFF as a horror show . Faisal Saleh Hayat incompetence . Hayat was the President of the Pakistan Football Federation and also serves as a member of the Strategic Committee of FIFA . He has held this position since 2003 , and has been described as a feudal lord of Pakistani football . During his controversial tenure , Pakistans FIFA ranking has dropped from 168 in 2003 to 201 in 2017 . Despite his lackluster results , Hayat continues to hold on to his position as president . Hayat himself in also the middle of various corruption allegations involving PFF and a legal battle at Lahore High Court with a warring faction intent on seeing him removed from office . The top division of the Pakistan Premier League remains suspended because the crisis created due to his actions . The mens senior team last played in March 2015 , when they bowed out of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in the first round . In June 2017 , 18 of the 26 members of the PFF voted in favor of Faisal Saleh Hayats dismissal for incompetence and embezzlement of PFF funds . In July 2017 , the FIFA threatened to suspend the PFFs membership if it kept refusing to hand football affairs to its president-elect Faisal Saleh Hayat . Punjab Football Association Elections Controversy . In June 2015 , the PFF presidential elections were announced , with Faisal Saleh Hayat facing his biggest challenge since 2003 . Several senior members of the PFF as well as the government were intent on having Hayat removed from power . Controversy began at the Punjab Football Association , when the Hayat-backed Sardar Naveed Haider Khan toppled incumbent Arshad Khan Lodhi . Several of Lodhis voters were banned by Hayats illegal disciplinary committee . With this , Zahir Ali Shah a PFF vice-president , turned against Hayat and announced his intention to run for PFF presidency . Shortly after his announcement , allegations emerged from Shah claiming that Hayat had changed several clauses of the PFF constitution to suit himself in the presidential election . The PFF eventually split into two groups following an Extraordinary Congress meeting that suspended Hayat . With the election approaching , the two factions announced their own election venues . The Lahore High Court was forced to intervene in and ordered a stay on polling and appointed a temporary administrator until matters were resolved between the two factions . The row intensified when the Hayat faction went on and held election anyway , disobeying the Lahore High Court stay order . FIFA then intervened and sent a fact-finding mission . They concluded that Hayat be given a mandate for two years , in which he would have to amend PFF statutes and form an independent disciplinary committee before holding elections again . The Lahore High Court appointed administrator Asad Munir was given authority to manage football activity in Pakistan , while the two factions sorted out differences . In a shocking move , the Hayat faction swiftly withdrew Pakistan team from the 2015 SAFF Cup , only causing more resentment from football fans and senior PFF members who were intent on seeing Hayat removed from office . Many suggest that Faisal Saleh Hayat is not mentally stable . In October 2016 , the FIFA executive committee indicated all is not well with the Faisal Saleh Hayat faction of the PFF . A FIFA spokesperson said given the current situation , FIFA has been withholding development funding to PFF . In February 2017 , the Lahore High Court restored Faisal Saleh Hayat as president of the Pakistan Football Federation . The FIFA Executive Committee decided that the current PFF leadership - led by Faisal Saleh Hayat - would be given two years ( until September 2017 ) to revise the PFF statutes and organise elections accordingly . Crisis . 2015 crisis . Just before PPF elections in 2015 , two groups were formed within the federation and there infighting in the federation due to which FIFA took notice and told the federation to solve the matters , being in contact with AFC . Upon the situation a FIFA spokesman said , Lahore High Court ( LHC ) declared PFF elections to be held on 30 June 2015 . On 30 June , the elections were declared null/void by LHC , attended by AFC observer , Sanjeevan Balasinggam . The PFF chairman Faisal Saleh Hayat said that the Elections were approved by AFC , but the Asian governing body had no comment on the situation . Due to crisis Pakistan has not qualified for any of the international tournament since March 2015 and FIFA rankings have slumped to 198 for mens team . A normalization committee was made for the Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) whose task is to hold elections of the countrys football governing body and bring it would bring an end to a four-year crisis that resulted in Pakistan suffering significantly in the game . 2021 crisis . On 27 March 2021 , the PFFs office was attacked and people inside held hostage by its former president , Syed Ashfaq Hussain Shah , and his group , and the ongoing womens championship was cancelled . Major clubs protested : Diya W.F.C . announced following laws laid down by FIFA , PFF NC and the AFC , Mohsin Gillani W.F.C . announced it pulled out and Karachi United condemned actions taken against the NC and stated to be fully and respectfully supportive of following due process as per FIFA directives . Suspensions . FIFA has gave warnings and suspension for PFA on several occasions . FIFA had issued a warning to suspend Pakistan if the third party interference ( i.e . involvement of Lahore High Court is not ended as soon as possible . On 10 October 2017 , FIFA suspended PFF with immediate effect . FIFA stated on its website , meaning Pakistan will not be a part of any footballing activity officially until further notice is provided by the governing body . In 2018 , the ban was lifted by FIFA and Pakistan has been given the opportunity to participate in the 2018 Asian games and the 2018 SAFF competitions . On 7 April 2021 , FIFA suspended the federation with immediate effect due to third-party interference , which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes . Competitions . The PFF also runs several competitions : - Pakistan Premier League – Current - PFF League ( 2nd division ) – Current - PFF National Challenge Cup – Current - Geo Super Football League – defunct - KASB Premier League – defunct

easy

What organization did Pakistan Football Federation join in 1948?

/wiki/Pakistan_Football_Federation#P463#2

Pakistan Football Federation Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) was the govenrning body of association football in Pakistan . PFF was formed in 1954 . It is the governing body of Football in Pakistan . It organizes the Pakistan national teams matches as well as the domestic leagues and cups . The PFFs headquarter is at FIFA Football House in Lahore , Punjab near the Punjab Stadium . PFF is currently suspended by FIFA due to third party interference . Overview . The PFF governs all football clubs in Pakistan . It is a member of AFC and FIFA . All of Pakistans football clubs must be members of the PFF . The PFF is responsible for the appointment of the management of the Pakistan mens and womens national teams and the organization of the Pakistan Premier League ( the top division ) , and other lower divisions . The game is controlled at the local level , by 8 provincial football federations affiliated to The PFF but with responsibilities for organising and running football activities in their area like Islamabad football association . History . On 5 December 1947 , after the independence from Great Britain , the Pakistan Football Federation was created . Mohammad Ali Jinnah , Pakistans first leader , became the Patron-in-Chief , and in 1948 , the PFF became affiliated with FIFA . It is also one of the founding members of the Asian Football Confederation when it was established in 1954 . It organized the first national championship in 1948 at Karachi . Previously , corrupt and inefficient management , poor support from the authorities to the players and to the game itself , poor media coverage and the status of Cricket as the most popular game in the country were some of the factors as to why football remained underdeveloped since independence . Also due to politics within the organisation , there was a time when FIFA had suspended Pakistan from all international football due to rival PFF factions setting up their own teams to take part in international and national competitions . Such things hindered any chance of footballs progress over the last 2 decades . However , in August 2003 , the PFF was under new management , as Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat took over , and he has turned around the fortunes of Pakistani football . With the Assistance of FIFA , the PFF set up a national football league in 2004 , which is now called the Pakistan Premier League . In 2005 a national championship was set up for womens football . In 2007 , the inter-city Geo Super Football League was established , making it the first time that Pakistani club football was telecast live on national television via GEO Super . It also became Pakistans first professional football tournament . Since 2015 and the controversial third election of Makhdoom Syed Faisal Saleh Hayat , the PFF has been going through an internal feud that unabled the local and national teams to partake to any international event . In July 2017 , the FIFA threatened to suspend the PFFs membership if it kept refusing to hand football affairs to its president-elect Faisal Saleh Hayat . Former coach Nasir Ismail asked FIFA to hold fresh elections for the PFFs presidency . On 11 October 2017 the FIFA decided to suspend Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) with immediate effect On 13 March 2018 FIFA lifted the suspension Overview . At both club and international football , Pakistan have seen results improve . Pakistan rise has attracted many Pakistani players throughout the world such as England based player Zesh Rehman . However more effort and sincerity by the officials is required to allow further progress of the sport in Pakistan . Current bureaucratic inefficiencies and lackluster politics remain within the PFF machinery that have always hindered the true growth of the game in Pakistan at a faster rate . Pakistans core national league has three divisions . The National Football Championship ( A-Division ) is named as the Pakistan Premier League ( PPL ) while National Championship ( B-Division ) is known as the Pakistan Football Federation League ( PFF league ) and the National Club Championship ( C-Division ) is the lowest division . Below this are regional leagues likes IFA in Islamabad . There is also a national knock-out competition called the National Football Challenge Cup although it appears to be used sparingly nowadays , as PFF is one of the most corrupt organizations , per UNESCO corruption rankings . Criticism . Over the past several years , the Pakistan Football Federation has been accused of several corruption scandals and incompetence in running the day-to-day footballing activities in Pakistan . Local media outlets have described the current situation of the PFF as a horror show . Faisal Saleh Hayat incompetence . Hayat was the President of the Pakistan Football Federation and also serves as a member of the Strategic Committee of FIFA . He has held this position since 2003 , and has been described as a feudal lord of Pakistani football . During his controversial tenure , Pakistans FIFA ranking has dropped from 168 in 2003 to 201 in 2017 . Despite his lackluster results , Hayat continues to hold on to his position as president . Hayat himself in also the middle of various corruption allegations involving PFF and a legal battle at Lahore High Court with a warring faction intent on seeing him removed from office . The top division of the Pakistan Premier League remains suspended because the crisis created due to his actions . The mens senior team last played in March 2015 , when they bowed out of the 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifiers in the first round . In June 2017 , 18 of the 26 members of the PFF voted in favor of Faisal Saleh Hayats dismissal for incompetence and embezzlement of PFF funds . In July 2017 , the FIFA threatened to suspend the PFFs membership if it kept refusing to hand football affairs to its president-elect Faisal Saleh Hayat . Punjab Football Association Elections Controversy . In June 2015 , the PFF presidential elections were announced , with Faisal Saleh Hayat facing his biggest challenge since 2003 . Several senior members of the PFF as well as the government were intent on having Hayat removed from power . Controversy began at the Punjab Football Association , when the Hayat-backed Sardar Naveed Haider Khan toppled incumbent Arshad Khan Lodhi . Several of Lodhis voters were banned by Hayats illegal disciplinary committee . With this , Zahir Ali Shah a PFF vice-president , turned against Hayat and announced his intention to run for PFF presidency . Shortly after his announcement , allegations emerged from Shah claiming that Hayat had changed several clauses of the PFF constitution to suit himself in the presidential election . The PFF eventually split into two groups following an Extraordinary Congress meeting that suspended Hayat . With the election approaching , the two factions announced their own election venues . The Lahore High Court was forced to intervene in and ordered a stay on polling and appointed a temporary administrator until matters were resolved between the two factions . The row intensified when the Hayat faction went on and held election anyway , disobeying the Lahore High Court stay order . FIFA then intervened and sent a fact-finding mission . They concluded that Hayat be given a mandate for two years , in which he would have to amend PFF statutes and form an independent disciplinary committee before holding elections again . The Lahore High Court appointed administrator Asad Munir was given authority to manage football activity in Pakistan , while the two factions sorted out differences . In a shocking move , the Hayat faction swiftly withdrew Pakistan team from the 2015 SAFF Cup , only causing more resentment from football fans and senior PFF members who were intent on seeing Hayat removed from office . Many suggest that Faisal Saleh Hayat is not mentally stable . In October 2016 , the FIFA executive committee indicated all is not well with the Faisal Saleh Hayat faction of the PFF . A FIFA spokesperson said given the current situation , FIFA has been withholding development funding to PFF . In February 2017 , the Lahore High Court restored Faisal Saleh Hayat as president of the Pakistan Football Federation . The FIFA Executive Committee decided that the current PFF leadership - led by Faisal Saleh Hayat - would be given two years ( until September 2017 ) to revise the PFF statutes and organise elections accordingly . Crisis . 2015 crisis . Just before PPF elections in 2015 , two groups were formed within the federation and there infighting in the federation due to which FIFA took notice and told the federation to solve the matters , being in contact with AFC . Upon the situation a FIFA spokesman said , Lahore High Court ( LHC ) declared PFF elections to be held on 30 June 2015 . On 30 June , the elections were declared null/void by LHC , attended by AFC observer , Sanjeevan Balasinggam . The PFF chairman Faisal Saleh Hayat said that the Elections were approved by AFC , but the Asian governing body had no comment on the situation . Due to crisis Pakistan has not qualified for any of the international tournament since March 2015 and FIFA rankings have slumped to 198 for mens team . A normalization committee was made for the Pakistan Football Federation ( PFF ) whose task is to hold elections of the countrys football governing body and bring it would bring an end to a four-year crisis that resulted in Pakistan suffering significantly in the game . 2021 crisis . On 27 March 2021 , the PFFs office was attacked and people inside held hostage by its former president , Syed Ashfaq Hussain Shah , and his group , and the ongoing womens championship was cancelled . Major clubs protested : Diya W.F.C . announced following laws laid down by FIFA , PFF NC and the AFC , Mohsin Gillani W.F.C . announced it pulled out and Karachi United condemned actions taken against the NC and stated to be fully and respectfully supportive of following due process as per FIFA directives . Suspensions . FIFA has gave warnings and suspension for PFA on several occasions . FIFA had issued a warning to suspend Pakistan if the third party interference ( i.e . involvement of Lahore High Court is not ended as soon as possible . On 10 October 2017 , FIFA suspended PFF with immediate effect . FIFA stated on its website , meaning Pakistan will not be a part of any footballing activity officially until further notice is provided by the governing body . In 2018 , the ban was lifted by FIFA and Pakistan has been given the opportunity to participate in the 2018 Asian games and the 2018 SAFF competitions . On 7 April 2021 , FIFA suspended the federation with immediate effect due to third-party interference , which constitutes a serious violation of the FIFA Statutes . Competitions . The PFF also runs several competitions : - Pakistan Premier League – Current - PFF League ( 2nd division ) – Current - PFF National Challenge Cup – Current - Geo Super Football League – defunct - KASB Premier League – defunct

easy

What was the position of Carol Mather from Jun 1970 to Feb 1974?

/wiki/Carol_Mather#P39#0

Carol Mather Sir David Carol MacDonnell Mather ( 3 January 19193 July 2006 ) , known as Carol Mather , was a British soldier and politician . After serving 22 years in the British Army , he was the Member of Parliament for Esher from 1970 until 1987 . During his political career he held the offices of Lord Commissioner of the Treasury , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , and Comptroller of the Household . Early life . Mather was born in Adlington , Cheshire , the younger son of Loris Emerson Mather . His family owned Mather and Platt , an engineering company in Manchester , which was chaired by his father and later managed by his elder brother , William . His grandfather was Sir William Mather , who sat as MP for successively Salford South , Gorton and Rossendale from 1885 to 1904 . Mather was educated at Amesbury , Harrow and Trinity College , Cambridge , and then joined his elder brother at the family company as an apprentice for a short period . World War 2 . He joined the Welsh Guards at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , and was trained at Sandhurst . In February 1940 , before his officer training was complete , Mather volunteered to join the 5th Special Reserve Battalion , Scots Guards . The battalion was formed in anticipation of supporting Finland in the Winter War in 1939–1940 , but the conflict ended before it left the UK . Mather returned to training with the Welsh Guards and was commissioned in March 1940 . He volunteered for training at the Irregular Warfare Training Centre in Lochailort in October 1940 , joined No . 8 Commando , and headed with the unit to North Africa in January 1941 as part of Layforce . After 8 Commando was disbanded on 1 August 1941 , Mather joined LDetachment , the nucleus of the future SAS headed by David Stirling , where he joined raids on Axis airfields , notably the raid on Sidi Haneish airfield in June 1942 . In October 1942 , he was offered the opportunity to join his elder brother on the staff of General Montgomery . Montgomery was a family friend , through his wife , Betty . Rejoining Stirlings force for a last operation deep behind enemy lines , he was captured by the Italians in Tripolitania on 20 December 1942 . He was transferred to Italy by submarine , and spent 9 months as a prisoner of war in Fontanellato in Northern Italy . He escaped in September 1943 , shortly after the Italians agreed an armistice with the Allies , and walked 600 miles down the Apennines to the Allied lines near Campobasso , north-east of Naples . He returned to England in November 1943 , and rejoined Montgomery as a liaison officer in early 1944 to assist with preparations for D-Day . He landed on D+1 , and remained with Montgomery through the operations in Northern France and Belgium , acting as Montgomerys eyes and ears on the front line . He was awarded the MC for a successful reconnaissance mission in Nijmegen on 18 September 1944 , on the second day of Operation Market Garden , while it was still occupied by the German Army . On 9 January 1945 , he survived being on an Auster that was shot down near Grave in the Netherlands : the pilot was killed , and another passenger , Major Richard Harden , took the controls and crash-landed while Mather deployed the flaps . Mather was hit by four bullets and badly injured , suffering 13 separate wounds and losing a kidney . He spent several months in hospital before rejoining Montgomery in July 1945 near Osnabrück . Post-war military career . Mather joined the regular army in 1946 , returning to his regiment the Welsh Guards in Palestine , where he remained until the independence of Israel in 1948 . He was Assistant Military Attaché in Athens from 1953 to 1956 , served in military intelligence in the War Office from 1956 to 1961 and in the Far East from 1961 to 1962 , when he retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel . Political career . He resigned his commission in 1962 to join the research department of the Conservative Party , working alongside Christopher Chataway and Anthony Meyer . His grandfather had been a Liberal MP . He became a councillor on Eton Rural District Council in 1965 . He stood for Parliament in Leicester North West at the 1966 general election ; the Labour safe seat was held by the incumbent Barnett Janner by a wide margin . He then joined 250 other aspiring MPs ( including colleagues from the research department ) in competing to be selected as prospective Parliamentary candidate for Esher , a safe Conservative seat , in 1969 . Elected at the 1970 general election , he disagreed almost immediately with Prime Minister Edward Heaths course of joining the European Economic Community . He remained a Eurosceptic throughout his political career . He also campaigned vigorously for the return of capital punishment ; supported the suggestion in 1974 for the creation of a 10,000-strong Citizen Volunteer Force to support the police ; supported the role of the Army in Northern Ireland , and Royal Ulster Constabulary ; and campaigned against the M25 being driven through his constituency . His strong right-wing views gained him appointments on various backbench committees , but did not endear him to the party leadership . He became less vocal in sharing his views when Margaret Thatcher appointed him as an opposition whip in 1975 , soon after she became leader of the Conservatives . After James Callaghans Labour government lost a motion of no confidence by one vote in 1979 , orchestrated in part by Mather , he became a government whip after the Conservatives won the 1979 general election . He served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1979 to 1981 , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1981 to 1983 , and finally as Comptroller of the Household from 1981 until 1987 . He received a knighthood in the 1987 New Years Honours List , and retired at the 1987 general election . Later years . In retirement , he wrote Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home , published in 1992 . A memoir of his duties in Germany in 1945 , visiting camps holding Axis prisoners , including Cossacks and Yugoslavs who fought for the Germans and who were returned to face an uncertain future under Stalin and Tito , the book was also a defence of Harold Macmillan against allegations of treachery made by Nikolai Tolstoy . He published a war memoir in 1997 entitled : When the Grass Stops Growing . Death . Mather died on 3 July 2006 at the age of 87 in the Gloucestershire village of Lower Oddington . After a funeral service at St . Nicholas Church in Lower Oddington , his body was buried in its graveyard . Personal life . Mather married The Honourable Philippa Bewicke-Copley , daughter of the 5th Baron Cromwell , in 1951 , who survived him after 55 years of marriage . Together , they had one son and three daughters . He enjoyed sketching in pen and ink , and painting in watercolours . He also took part in and outdoor pursuits , including skiing and fishing . He played polo and enjoyed fox hunting . He also rode , and won , point-to-point races . Mathers private papers from World War 2 are held at the Imperial War Museum , London . Publications . - Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home ( 1992 ) . - When the Grass Stops Growing ( 1997 ) . References . - Times Guide to the House of Commons , 1983 , . - Obituary , The Times , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Daily Telegraph , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Independent , 10 July 2006 - Obituary , The Guardian , 12 July 2006

easy

What was the position of Carol Mather from Feb 1974 to Sep 1974?

/wiki/Carol_Mather#P39#1

Carol Mather Sir David Carol MacDonnell Mather ( 3 January 19193 July 2006 ) , known as Carol Mather , was a British soldier and politician . After serving 22 years in the British Army , he was the Member of Parliament for Esher from 1970 until 1987 . During his political career he held the offices of Lord Commissioner of the Treasury , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , and Comptroller of the Household . Early life . Mather was born in Adlington , Cheshire , the younger son of Loris Emerson Mather . His family owned Mather and Platt , an engineering company in Manchester , which was chaired by his father and later managed by his elder brother , William . His grandfather was Sir William Mather , who sat as MP for successively Salford South , Gorton and Rossendale from 1885 to 1904 . Mather was educated at Amesbury , Harrow and Trinity College , Cambridge , and then joined his elder brother at the family company as an apprentice for a short period . World War 2 . He joined the Welsh Guards at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , and was trained at Sandhurst . In February 1940 , before his officer training was complete , Mather volunteered to join the 5th Special Reserve Battalion , Scots Guards . The battalion was formed in anticipation of supporting Finland in the Winter War in 1939–1940 , but the conflict ended before it left the UK . Mather returned to training with the Welsh Guards and was commissioned in March 1940 . He volunteered for training at the Irregular Warfare Training Centre in Lochailort in October 1940 , joined No . 8 Commando , and headed with the unit to North Africa in January 1941 as part of Layforce . After 8 Commando was disbanded on 1 August 1941 , Mather joined LDetachment , the nucleus of the future SAS headed by David Stirling , where he joined raids on Axis airfields , notably the raid on Sidi Haneish airfield in June 1942 . In October 1942 , he was offered the opportunity to join his elder brother on the staff of General Montgomery . Montgomery was a family friend , through his wife , Betty . Rejoining Stirlings force for a last operation deep behind enemy lines , he was captured by the Italians in Tripolitania on 20 December 1942 . He was transferred to Italy by submarine , and spent 9 months as a prisoner of war in Fontanellato in Northern Italy . He escaped in September 1943 , shortly after the Italians agreed an armistice with the Allies , and walked 600 miles down the Apennines to the Allied lines near Campobasso , north-east of Naples . He returned to England in November 1943 , and rejoined Montgomery as a liaison officer in early 1944 to assist with preparations for D-Day . He landed on D+1 , and remained with Montgomery through the operations in Northern France and Belgium , acting as Montgomerys eyes and ears on the front line . He was awarded the MC for a successful reconnaissance mission in Nijmegen on 18 September 1944 , on the second day of Operation Market Garden , while it was still occupied by the German Army . On 9 January 1945 , he survived being on an Auster that was shot down near Grave in the Netherlands : the pilot was killed , and another passenger , Major Richard Harden , took the controls and crash-landed while Mather deployed the flaps . Mather was hit by four bullets and badly injured , suffering 13 separate wounds and losing a kidney . He spent several months in hospital before rejoining Montgomery in July 1945 near Osnabrück . Post-war military career . Mather joined the regular army in 1946 , returning to his regiment the Welsh Guards in Palestine , where he remained until the independence of Israel in 1948 . He was Assistant Military Attaché in Athens from 1953 to 1956 , served in military intelligence in the War Office from 1956 to 1961 and in the Far East from 1961 to 1962 , when he retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel . Political career . He resigned his commission in 1962 to join the research department of the Conservative Party , working alongside Christopher Chataway and Anthony Meyer . His grandfather had been a Liberal MP . He became a councillor on Eton Rural District Council in 1965 . He stood for Parliament in Leicester North West at the 1966 general election ; the Labour safe seat was held by the incumbent Barnett Janner by a wide margin . He then joined 250 other aspiring MPs ( including colleagues from the research department ) in competing to be selected as prospective Parliamentary candidate for Esher , a safe Conservative seat , in 1969 . Elected at the 1970 general election , he disagreed almost immediately with Prime Minister Edward Heaths course of joining the European Economic Community . He remained a Eurosceptic throughout his political career . He also campaigned vigorously for the return of capital punishment ; supported the suggestion in 1974 for the creation of a 10,000-strong Citizen Volunteer Force to support the police ; supported the role of the Army in Northern Ireland , and Royal Ulster Constabulary ; and campaigned against the M25 being driven through his constituency . His strong right-wing views gained him appointments on various backbench committees , but did not endear him to the party leadership . He became less vocal in sharing his views when Margaret Thatcher appointed him as an opposition whip in 1975 , soon after she became leader of the Conservatives . After James Callaghans Labour government lost a motion of no confidence by one vote in 1979 , orchestrated in part by Mather , he became a government whip after the Conservatives won the 1979 general election . He served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1979 to 1981 , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1981 to 1983 , and finally as Comptroller of the Household from 1981 until 1987 . He received a knighthood in the 1987 New Years Honours List , and retired at the 1987 general election . Later years . In retirement , he wrote Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home , published in 1992 . A memoir of his duties in Germany in 1945 , visiting camps holding Axis prisoners , including Cossacks and Yugoslavs who fought for the Germans and who were returned to face an uncertain future under Stalin and Tito , the book was also a defence of Harold Macmillan against allegations of treachery made by Nikolai Tolstoy . He published a war memoir in 1997 entitled : When the Grass Stops Growing . Death . Mather died on 3 July 2006 at the age of 87 in the Gloucestershire village of Lower Oddington . After a funeral service at St . Nicholas Church in Lower Oddington , his body was buried in its graveyard . Personal life . Mather married The Honourable Philippa Bewicke-Copley , daughter of the 5th Baron Cromwell , in 1951 , who survived him after 55 years of marriage . Together , they had one son and three daughters . He enjoyed sketching in pen and ink , and painting in watercolours . He also took part in and outdoor pursuits , including skiing and fishing . He played polo and enjoyed fox hunting . He also rode , and won , point-to-point races . Mathers private papers from World War 2 are held at the Imperial War Museum , London . Publications . - Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home ( 1992 ) . - When the Grass Stops Growing ( 1997 ) . References . - Times Guide to the House of Commons , 1983 , . - Obituary , The Times , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Daily Telegraph , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Independent , 10 July 2006 - Obituary , The Guardian , 12 July 2006

easy

Which position did Carol Mather hold from Oct 1974 to Apr 1979?

/wiki/Carol_Mather#P39#2

Carol Mather Sir David Carol MacDonnell Mather ( 3 January 19193 July 2006 ) , known as Carol Mather , was a British soldier and politician . After serving 22 years in the British Army , he was the Member of Parliament for Esher from 1970 until 1987 . During his political career he held the offices of Lord Commissioner of the Treasury , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , and Comptroller of the Household . Early life . Mather was born in Adlington , Cheshire , the younger son of Loris Emerson Mather . His family owned Mather and Platt , an engineering company in Manchester , which was chaired by his father and later managed by his elder brother , William . His grandfather was Sir William Mather , who sat as MP for successively Salford South , Gorton and Rossendale from 1885 to 1904 . Mather was educated at Amesbury , Harrow and Trinity College , Cambridge , and then joined his elder brother at the family company as an apprentice for a short period . World War 2 . He joined the Welsh Guards at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , and was trained at Sandhurst . In February 1940 , before his officer training was complete , Mather volunteered to join the 5th Special Reserve Battalion , Scots Guards . The battalion was formed in anticipation of supporting Finland in the Winter War in 1939–1940 , but the conflict ended before it left the UK . Mather returned to training with the Welsh Guards and was commissioned in March 1940 . He volunteered for training at the Irregular Warfare Training Centre in Lochailort in October 1940 , joined No . 8 Commando , and headed with the unit to North Africa in January 1941 as part of Layforce . After 8 Commando was disbanded on 1 August 1941 , Mather joined LDetachment , the nucleus of the future SAS headed by David Stirling , where he joined raids on Axis airfields , notably the raid on Sidi Haneish airfield in June 1942 . In October 1942 , he was offered the opportunity to join his elder brother on the staff of General Montgomery . Montgomery was a family friend , through his wife , Betty . Rejoining Stirlings force for a last operation deep behind enemy lines , he was captured by the Italians in Tripolitania on 20 December 1942 . He was transferred to Italy by submarine , and spent 9 months as a prisoner of war in Fontanellato in Northern Italy . He escaped in September 1943 , shortly after the Italians agreed an armistice with the Allies , and walked 600 miles down the Apennines to the Allied lines near Campobasso , north-east of Naples . He returned to England in November 1943 , and rejoined Montgomery as a liaison officer in early 1944 to assist with preparations for D-Day . He landed on D+1 , and remained with Montgomery through the operations in Northern France and Belgium , acting as Montgomerys eyes and ears on the front line . He was awarded the MC for a successful reconnaissance mission in Nijmegen on 18 September 1944 , on the second day of Operation Market Garden , while it was still occupied by the German Army . On 9 January 1945 , he survived being on an Auster that was shot down near Grave in the Netherlands : the pilot was killed , and another passenger , Major Richard Harden , took the controls and crash-landed while Mather deployed the flaps . Mather was hit by four bullets and badly injured , suffering 13 separate wounds and losing a kidney . He spent several months in hospital before rejoining Montgomery in July 1945 near Osnabrück . Post-war military career . Mather joined the regular army in 1946 , returning to his regiment the Welsh Guards in Palestine , where he remained until the independence of Israel in 1948 . He was Assistant Military Attaché in Athens from 1953 to 1956 , served in military intelligence in the War Office from 1956 to 1961 and in the Far East from 1961 to 1962 , when he retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel . Political career . He resigned his commission in 1962 to join the research department of the Conservative Party , working alongside Christopher Chataway and Anthony Meyer . His grandfather had been a Liberal MP . He became a councillor on Eton Rural District Council in 1965 . He stood for Parliament in Leicester North West at the 1966 general election ; the Labour safe seat was held by the incumbent Barnett Janner by a wide margin . He then joined 250 other aspiring MPs ( including colleagues from the research department ) in competing to be selected as prospective Parliamentary candidate for Esher , a safe Conservative seat , in 1969 . Elected at the 1970 general election , he disagreed almost immediately with Prime Minister Edward Heaths course of joining the European Economic Community . He remained a Eurosceptic throughout his political career . He also campaigned vigorously for the return of capital punishment ; supported the suggestion in 1974 for the creation of a 10,000-strong Citizen Volunteer Force to support the police ; supported the role of the Army in Northern Ireland , and Royal Ulster Constabulary ; and campaigned against the M25 being driven through his constituency . His strong right-wing views gained him appointments on various backbench committees , but did not endear him to the party leadership . He became less vocal in sharing his views when Margaret Thatcher appointed him as an opposition whip in 1975 , soon after she became leader of the Conservatives . After James Callaghans Labour government lost a motion of no confidence by one vote in 1979 , orchestrated in part by Mather , he became a government whip after the Conservatives won the 1979 general election . He served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1979 to 1981 , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1981 to 1983 , and finally as Comptroller of the Household from 1981 until 1987 . He received a knighthood in the 1987 New Years Honours List , and retired at the 1987 general election . Later years . In retirement , he wrote Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home , published in 1992 . A memoir of his duties in Germany in 1945 , visiting camps holding Axis prisoners , including Cossacks and Yugoslavs who fought for the Germans and who were returned to face an uncertain future under Stalin and Tito , the book was also a defence of Harold Macmillan against allegations of treachery made by Nikolai Tolstoy . He published a war memoir in 1997 entitled : When the Grass Stops Growing . Death . Mather died on 3 July 2006 at the age of 87 in the Gloucestershire village of Lower Oddington . After a funeral service at St . Nicholas Church in Lower Oddington , his body was buried in its graveyard . Personal life . Mather married The Honourable Philippa Bewicke-Copley , daughter of the 5th Baron Cromwell , in 1951 , who survived him after 55 years of marriage . Together , they had one son and three daughters . He enjoyed sketching in pen and ink , and painting in watercolours . He also took part in and outdoor pursuits , including skiing and fishing . He played polo and enjoyed fox hunting . He also rode , and won , point-to-point races . Mathers private papers from World War 2 are held at the Imperial War Museum , London . Publications . - Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home ( 1992 ) . - When the Grass Stops Growing ( 1997 ) . References . - Times Guide to the House of Commons , 1983 , . - Obituary , The Times , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Daily Telegraph , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Independent , 10 July 2006 - Obituary , The Guardian , 12 July 2006

easy

What position did Carol Mather take from May 1979 to May 1983?

/wiki/Carol_Mather#P39#3

Carol Mather Sir David Carol MacDonnell Mather ( 3 January 19193 July 2006 ) , known as Carol Mather , was a British soldier and politician . After serving 22 years in the British Army , he was the Member of Parliament for Esher from 1970 until 1987 . During his political career he held the offices of Lord Commissioner of the Treasury , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , and Comptroller of the Household . Early life . Mather was born in Adlington , Cheshire , the younger son of Loris Emerson Mather . His family owned Mather and Platt , an engineering company in Manchester , which was chaired by his father and later managed by his elder brother , William . His grandfather was Sir William Mather , who sat as MP for successively Salford South , Gorton and Rossendale from 1885 to 1904 . Mather was educated at Amesbury , Harrow and Trinity College , Cambridge , and then joined his elder brother at the family company as an apprentice for a short period . World War 2 . He joined the Welsh Guards at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , and was trained at Sandhurst . In February 1940 , before his officer training was complete , Mather volunteered to join the 5th Special Reserve Battalion , Scots Guards . The battalion was formed in anticipation of supporting Finland in the Winter War in 1939–1940 , but the conflict ended before it left the UK . Mather returned to training with the Welsh Guards and was commissioned in March 1940 . He volunteered for training at the Irregular Warfare Training Centre in Lochailort in October 1940 , joined No . 8 Commando , and headed with the unit to North Africa in January 1941 as part of Layforce . After 8 Commando was disbanded on 1 August 1941 , Mather joined LDetachment , the nucleus of the future SAS headed by David Stirling , where he joined raids on Axis airfields , notably the raid on Sidi Haneish airfield in June 1942 . In October 1942 , he was offered the opportunity to join his elder brother on the staff of General Montgomery . Montgomery was a family friend , through his wife , Betty . Rejoining Stirlings force for a last operation deep behind enemy lines , he was captured by the Italians in Tripolitania on 20 December 1942 . He was transferred to Italy by submarine , and spent 9 months as a prisoner of war in Fontanellato in Northern Italy . He escaped in September 1943 , shortly after the Italians agreed an armistice with the Allies , and walked 600 miles down the Apennines to the Allied lines near Campobasso , north-east of Naples . He returned to England in November 1943 , and rejoined Montgomery as a liaison officer in early 1944 to assist with preparations for D-Day . He landed on D+1 , and remained with Montgomery through the operations in Northern France and Belgium , acting as Montgomerys eyes and ears on the front line . He was awarded the MC for a successful reconnaissance mission in Nijmegen on 18 September 1944 , on the second day of Operation Market Garden , while it was still occupied by the German Army . On 9 January 1945 , he survived being on an Auster that was shot down near Grave in the Netherlands : the pilot was killed , and another passenger , Major Richard Harden , took the controls and crash-landed while Mather deployed the flaps . Mather was hit by four bullets and badly injured , suffering 13 separate wounds and losing a kidney . He spent several months in hospital before rejoining Montgomery in July 1945 near Osnabrück . Post-war military career . Mather joined the regular army in 1946 , returning to his regiment the Welsh Guards in Palestine , where he remained until the independence of Israel in 1948 . He was Assistant Military Attaché in Athens from 1953 to 1956 , served in military intelligence in the War Office from 1956 to 1961 and in the Far East from 1961 to 1962 , when he retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel . Political career . He resigned his commission in 1962 to join the research department of the Conservative Party , working alongside Christopher Chataway and Anthony Meyer . His grandfather had been a Liberal MP . He became a councillor on Eton Rural District Council in 1965 . He stood for Parliament in Leicester North West at the 1966 general election ; the Labour safe seat was held by the incumbent Barnett Janner by a wide margin . He then joined 250 other aspiring MPs ( including colleagues from the research department ) in competing to be selected as prospective Parliamentary candidate for Esher , a safe Conservative seat , in 1969 . Elected at the 1970 general election , he disagreed almost immediately with Prime Minister Edward Heaths course of joining the European Economic Community . He remained a Eurosceptic throughout his political career . He also campaigned vigorously for the return of capital punishment ; supported the suggestion in 1974 for the creation of a 10,000-strong Citizen Volunteer Force to support the police ; supported the role of the Army in Northern Ireland , and Royal Ulster Constabulary ; and campaigned against the M25 being driven through his constituency . His strong right-wing views gained him appointments on various backbench committees , but did not endear him to the party leadership . He became less vocal in sharing his views when Margaret Thatcher appointed him as an opposition whip in 1975 , soon after she became leader of the Conservatives . After James Callaghans Labour government lost a motion of no confidence by one vote in 1979 , orchestrated in part by Mather , he became a government whip after the Conservatives won the 1979 general election . He served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1979 to 1981 , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1981 to 1983 , and finally as Comptroller of the Household from 1981 until 1987 . He received a knighthood in the 1987 New Years Honours List , and retired at the 1987 general election . Later years . In retirement , he wrote Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home , published in 1992 . A memoir of his duties in Germany in 1945 , visiting camps holding Axis prisoners , including Cossacks and Yugoslavs who fought for the Germans and who were returned to face an uncertain future under Stalin and Tito , the book was also a defence of Harold Macmillan against allegations of treachery made by Nikolai Tolstoy . He published a war memoir in 1997 entitled : When the Grass Stops Growing . Death . Mather died on 3 July 2006 at the age of 87 in the Gloucestershire village of Lower Oddington . After a funeral service at St . Nicholas Church in Lower Oddington , his body was buried in its graveyard . Personal life . Mather married The Honourable Philippa Bewicke-Copley , daughter of the 5th Baron Cromwell , in 1951 , who survived him after 55 years of marriage . Together , they had one son and three daughters . He enjoyed sketching in pen and ink , and painting in watercolours . He also took part in and outdoor pursuits , including skiing and fishing . He played polo and enjoyed fox hunting . He also rode , and won , point-to-point races . Mathers private papers from World War 2 are held at the Imperial War Museum , London . Publications . - Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home ( 1992 ) . - When the Grass Stops Growing ( 1997 ) . References . - Times Guide to the House of Commons , 1983 , . - Obituary , The Times , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Daily Telegraph , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Independent , 10 July 2006 - Obituary , The Guardian , 12 July 2006

easy

Which position did Carol Mather hold from Jun 1983 to May 1987?

/wiki/Carol_Mather#P39#4

Carol Mather Sir David Carol MacDonnell Mather ( 3 January 19193 July 2006 ) , known as Carol Mather , was a British soldier and politician . After serving 22 years in the British Army , he was the Member of Parliament for Esher from 1970 until 1987 . During his political career he held the offices of Lord Commissioner of the Treasury , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household , and Comptroller of the Household . Early life . Mather was born in Adlington , Cheshire , the younger son of Loris Emerson Mather . His family owned Mather and Platt , an engineering company in Manchester , which was chaired by his father and later managed by his elder brother , William . His grandfather was Sir William Mather , who sat as MP for successively Salford South , Gorton and Rossendale from 1885 to 1904 . Mather was educated at Amesbury , Harrow and Trinity College , Cambridge , and then joined his elder brother at the family company as an apprentice for a short period . World War 2 . He joined the Welsh Guards at the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939 , and was trained at Sandhurst . In February 1940 , before his officer training was complete , Mather volunteered to join the 5th Special Reserve Battalion , Scots Guards . The battalion was formed in anticipation of supporting Finland in the Winter War in 1939–1940 , but the conflict ended before it left the UK . Mather returned to training with the Welsh Guards and was commissioned in March 1940 . He volunteered for training at the Irregular Warfare Training Centre in Lochailort in October 1940 , joined No . 8 Commando , and headed with the unit to North Africa in January 1941 as part of Layforce . After 8 Commando was disbanded on 1 August 1941 , Mather joined LDetachment , the nucleus of the future SAS headed by David Stirling , where he joined raids on Axis airfields , notably the raid on Sidi Haneish airfield in June 1942 . In October 1942 , he was offered the opportunity to join his elder brother on the staff of General Montgomery . Montgomery was a family friend , through his wife , Betty . Rejoining Stirlings force for a last operation deep behind enemy lines , he was captured by the Italians in Tripolitania on 20 December 1942 . He was transferred to Italy by submarine , and spent 9 months as a prisoner of war in Fontanellato in Northern Italy . He escaped in September 1943 , shortly after the Italians agreed an armistice with the Allies , and walked 600 miles down the Apennines to the Allied lines near Campobasso , north-east of Naples . He returned to England in November 1943 , and rejoined Montgomery as a liaison officer in early 1944 to assist with preparations for D-Day . He landed on D+1 , and remained with Montgomery through the operations in Northern France and Belgium , acting as Montgomerys eyes and ears on the front line . He was awarded the MC for a successful reconnaissance mission in Nijmegen on 18 September 1944 , on the second day of Operation Market Garden , while it was still occupied by the German Army . On 9 January 1945 , he survived being on an Auster that was shot down near Grave in the Netherlands : the pilot was killed , and another passenger , Major Richard Harden , took the controls and crash-landed while Mather deployed the flaps . Mather was hit by four bullets and badly injured , suffering 13 separate wounds and losing a kidney . He spent several months in hospital before rejoining Montgomery in July 1945 near Osnabrück . Post-war military career . Mather joined the regular army in 1946 , returning to his regiment the Welsh Guards in Palestine , where he remained until the independence of Israel in 1948 . He was Assistant Military Attaché in Athens from 1953 to 1956 , served in military intelligence in the War Office from 1956 to 1961 and in the Far East from 1961 to 1962 , when he retired with the rank of Lieutenant-Colonel . Political career . He resigned his commission in 1962 to join the research department of the Conservative Party , working alongside Christopher Chataway and Anthony Meyer . His grandfather had been a Liberal MP . He became a councillor on Eton Rural District Council in 1965 . He stood for Parliament in Leicester North West at the 1966 general election ; the Labour safe seat was held by the incumbent Barnett Janner by a wide margin . He then joined 250 other aspiring MPs ( including colleagues from the research department ) in competing to be selected as prospective Parliamentary candidate for Esher , a safe Conservative seat , in 1969 . Elected at the 1970 general election , he disagreed almost immediately with Prime Minister Edward Heaths course of joining the European Economic Community . He remained a Eurosceptic throughout his political career . He also campaigned vigorously for the return of capital punishment ; supported the suggestion in 1974 for the creation of a 10,000-strong Citizen Volunteer Force to support the police ; supported the role of the Army in Northern Ireland , and Royal Ulster Constabulary ; and campaigned against the M25 being driven through his constituency . His strong right-wing views gained him appointments on various backbench committees , but did not endear him to the party leadership . He became less vocal in sharing his views when Margaret Thatcher appointed him as an opposition whip in 1975 , soon after she became leader of the Conservatives . After James Callaghans Labour government lost a motion of no confidence by one vote in 1979 , orchestrated in part by Mather , he became a government whip after the Conservatives won the 1979 general election . He served as a Lord Commissioner of the Treasury from 1979 to 1981 , as Vice-Chamberlain of the Household from 1981 to 1983 , and finally as Comptroller of the Household from 1981 until 1987 . He received a knighthood in the 1987 New Years Honours List , and retired at the 1987 general election . Later years . In retirement , he wrote Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home , published in 1992 . A memoir of his duties in Germany in 1945 , visiting camps holding Axis prisoners , including Cossacks and Yugoslavs who fought for the Germans and who were returned to face an uncertain future under Stalin and Tito , the book was also a defence of Harold Macmillan against allegations of treachery made by Nikolai Tolstoy . He published a war memoir in 1997 entitled : When the Grass Stops Growing . Death . Mather died on 3 July 2006 at the age of 87 in the Gloucestershire village of Lower Oddington . After a funeral service at St . Nicholas Church in Lower Oddington , his body was buried in its graveyard . Personal life . Mather married The Honourable Philippa Bewicke-Copley , daughter of the 5th Baron Cromwell , in 1951 , who survived him after 55 years of marriage . Together , they had one son and three daughters . He enjoyed sketching in pen and ink , and painting in watercolours . He also took part in and outdoor pursuits , including skiing and fishing . He played polo and enjoyed fox hunting . He also rode , and won , point-to-point races . Mathers private papers from World War 2 are held at the Imperial War Museum , London . Publications . - Aftermath of War : Everyone Must Go Home ( 1992 ) . - When the Grass Stops Growing ( 1997 ) . References . - Times Guide to the House of Commons , 1983 , . - Obituary , The Times , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Daily Telegraph , 5 July 2006 - Obituary , The Independent , 10 July 2006 - Obituary , The Guardian , 12 July 2006

easy

Which position did Norman Dodds hold from Jul 1945 to Sep 1959?

/wiki/Norman_Dodds#P39#0

Norman Dodds Norman Noel Dodds ( 25 December 1903 – 22 August 1965 ) was a British co-operator and Labour Co-operative politician . The Labour Party campaign centre and headquarters building in Northumberland Heath is named Norman Dodds House in honour of the former MP . He was Member of Parliament from 1945 until his death in 1965 , and is best remembered for having been Margaret Thatchers successful opponent when she first stood for Parliament , in the 1950 and 1951 general elections . Early life . Dodds was born in Dunston-on-Tyne , near to Gateshead , the son of Ambrose Dodds . He attended Dunston-on-Tyne Council School , an elementary school , as his only education . From 1918 he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society in Newcastle upon Tyne , and in 1925 Dodds joined the Labour Party . He moved to London in 1929 , where he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society as manager of the London branch of the CWS publicity department . Dodds joined the Union of Shop , Distributive and Allied Workers and the National Co-operative Managers Association . His main occupation was organising trade exhibitions for the CWS around England . In 1931 Dodds married Eva Pratt , from Catford , who also became involved in the Co-operative movement . Eva Dodds later became the second woman to join the CWS board . Norman and Eva Dodds had two sons together . During the Second World War , Dodds joined the Home Guard where he had commissioned rank and served in the East End of London during The Blitz . In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force in which he served until 1945 . In 1945 he became a Director of the Peoples Entertainment Society . Election to Parliament . As the war came to an end , the Government invited the Boundary Commission to divide the abnormally large constituencies ; one of them was the Dartford division of Kent , which had a 1939 electorate of 134,935 . The Commission recommended that two new boroughs , Bexley and Dartford be created out of the division . The sitting MP for Dartford was Jennie Adamson , who had won a by-election for Labour in 1938 ; she decided to fight in the new Bexley constituency . Dodds , who was living in Dartford , was selected as Labour candidate for the new Dartford borough constituency . When the election came he had a straight fight with the Conservative Party candidate , Captain Ralph Grubb , who had served on the staff of Field-Marshal Montgomery . Dodds had a well-funded campaign , outspending his opponent by £1,071 to £954 , and won the seat with a majority of 19,714 . Parliament . Dodds made his maiden speech on 26 October 1945 , reporting on a recent visit he had made to occupied Berlin . He said that the children in Berlin were living in refugee camps and were starving , and urged the Government to provide more food for them . A year later , he was one of the three MPs to visit Greece as a delegation organised by the League for Democracy in Greece , a pressure group based in London . Apart from Dodds , the MPs Leslie Solley and Stanley Tiffany were also members of the delegation . The delegation received the invitation to Greece from General Othoneos , who was then the president of the Greek Union of Democratic Associations , to come as guests of his organisation . The Foreign Office did not sponsor the delegates visas on the grounds that their visit was private and not official , but the Greek Embassy in London authorised the visas nonetheless . The delegates split up into pairs , with Dodds and the delegations secretary Diana Pym going to Northern Greece , speaking at the 1946 May Day demonstration in Thessaloniki , and visiting the Womens Prison and surrounding villages . On their return , the delegates wrote a pamphlet called Tragedy in Greece relaying their experiences in the country and their worries about Greeces political future . Tragedy in Greece was circulated with over 40,000 copies sold in the years after it was published . Shortly after his return from Greece , Dodds views on Greece were vigorously criticised in Parliament by Foreign Office Minister Hector McNeil ; Dodds , complaining that he had not been able to speak in the debate and had not been told he was to be mentioned , later spoke in detail about his views on Greece in an adjournment debate on 29 October 1946 . McNeil gave a partial apology but maintained his view of the delegation . While usually loyal to the Labour Party whip , Dodds broke it on two occasions during the Parliament . The first was in May 1946 when he joined 31 other Labour MPs in voting to delete a clause in the National Insurance Bill which limited unemployment benefit to 180 days ; the second was in May 1947 when he supported an amendment to end National Service on 1 January 1951 , along with 29 other Labour MPs . 1950 election . In February 1949 , Dartford Conservative Association selected Margaret Roberts , then a 23-year-old research chemist at BX Plastics of Manningtree , as their candidate for the forthcoming general election . Dodds engaged in a prolonged exchange of letters through the columns of the Dartford Chronicle through the autumn of 1949 over the Governments Control of Engagement Order , which allowed the Government to specify jobs for the unemployed in which they were required to work . Dodds pointed to the relatively small number of people who were directed , and invited Roberts to a public meeting at which he would tell her what had happened on Tyneside and Wearside between the wars ( she declined due to prior engagements ) . They also clashed on family allowances . At the end of November 1949 , Dodds and Roberts met in a public debate in which he concluded by pointing to rising employment figures and suggesting that Roberts would soon join the Labour Party : May I ask her a favour ? When she wants to join , will she let me have the pleasure of enrolling her ? When the election was called for 23 February 1950 , Dodds campaigned strongly , even using a helicopter to advertise , and played on his local standing , as he was President of Dartford Football Club . He again outspent his opponents , both Roberts and Liberal candidate Harry Giles , winning re-election with a reduced majority of 13,638 . Afterwards , he paid tribute to the clean fight in the constituency . A few weeks later Dodds invited Roberts to lunch at the House of Commons . First question . Dodds had the distinction of submitting the first question in the new Parliament ; he asked the Prime Minister to call a conference to find ways of outlawing the hydrogen bomb and atomic weapons . Dodds was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Committee to the Minister of Pensions , and in May 1951 was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Alfred Robens , the Minister of Labour . As the Government had a small majority , MPs were pressed to attend at all times ; on 19 March 1951 Dodds attracted some attention when he came to Parliament with pyjamas , a pillow and a car rug , allowing him to catch some sleep during all-night sittings . 1951 election . Speaking at a summer fete in his constituency on 18 August 1951 , Dodds disclosed that the Cabinet was split on the issue of whether to hold a general election that October or whether to wait until June 1952 . He stated his prediction that the election would in fact be held on 25 October 1951 . The fact that Ministers were divided about when to call an election was an open secret but Dodds speech allowed it to be reported and his prediction was taken seriously . His prediction proved accurate . Dodds had a straight fight in Dartford against Margaret Roberts who was readopted as the Conservative Party candidate . She succeeded in reducing his majority by 1,304 to 12,334 ; in his victory speech Dodds congratulated Roberts on her engagement to Denis Thatcher and wished them good fortune . For her part Roberts said that she and Dodds had been good friends as political opponents . Writing in 1995 , Margaret Thatcher described Dodds as a genuine and extremely chivalrous socialist of the old school whom she was lucky to have as an opponent . Some eight years later , Roberts , now Margaret Thatcher , joined him in the House of Commons as the member for Finchley in 1959 . He was Member of Parliament for Dartford from 1945 to 1955 , and then for Erith and Crayford from 1955 until his death in 1965 , aged 61 .

easy

What position did Norman Dodds take from Oct 1959 to Sep 1964?

/wiki/Norman_Dodds#P39#1

Norman Dodds Norman Noel Dodds ( 25 December 1903 – 22 August 1965 ) was a British co-operator and Labour Co-operative politician . The Labour Party campaign centre and headquarters building in Northumberland Heath is named Norman Dodds House in honour of the former MP . He was Member of Parliament from 1945 until his death in 1965 , and is best remembered for having been Margaret Thatchers successful opponent when she first stood for Parliament , in the 1950 and 1951 general elections . Early life . Dodds was born in Dunston-on-Tyne , near to Gateshead , the son of Ambrose Dodds . He attended Dunston-on-Tyne Council School , an elementary school , as his only education . From 1918 he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society in Newcastle upon Tyne , and in 1925 Dodds joined the Labour Party . He moved to London in 1929 , where he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society as manager of the London branch of the CWS publicity department . Dodds joined the Union of Shop , Distributive and Allied Workers and the National Co-operative Managers Association . His main occupation was organising trade exhibitions for the CWS around England . In 1931 Dodds married Eva Pratt , from Catford , who also became involved in the Co-operative movement . Eva Dodds later became the second woman to join the CWS board . Norman and Eva Dodds had two sons together . During the Second World War , Dodds joined the Home Guard where he had commissioned rank and served in the East End of London during The Blitz . In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force in which he served until 1945 . In 1945 he became a Director of the Peoples Entertainment Society . Election to Parliament . As the war came to an end , the Government invited the Boundary Commission to divide the abnormally large constituencies ; one of them was the Dartford division of Kent , which had a 1939 electorate of 134,935 . The Commission recommended that two new boroughs , Bexley and Dartford be created out of the division . The sitting MP for Dartford was Jennie Adamson , who had won a by-election for Labour in 1938 ; she decided to fight in the new Bexley constituency . Dodds , who was living in Dartford , was selected as Labour candidate for the new Dartford borough constituency . When the election came he had a straight fight with the Conservative Party candidate , Captain Ralph Grubb , who had served on the staff of Field-Marshal Montgomery . Dodds had a well-funded campaign , outspending his opponent by £1,071 to £954 , and won the seat with a majority of 19,714 . Parliament . Dodds made his maiden speech on 26 October 1945 , reporting on a recent visit he had made to occupied Berlin . He said that the children in Berlin were living in refugee camps and were starving , and urged the Government to provide more food for them . A year later , he was one of the three MPs to visit Greece as a delegation organised by the League for Democracy in Greece , a pressure group based in London . Apart from Dodds , the MPs Leslie Solley and Stanley Tiffany were also members of the delegation . The delegation received the invitation to Greece from General Othoneos , who was then the president of the Greek Union of Democratic Associations , to come as guests of his organisation . The Foreign Office did not sponsor the delegates visas on the grounds that their visit was private and not official , but the Greek Embassy in London authorised the visas nonetheless . The delegates split up into pairs , with Dodds and the delegations secretary Diana Pym going to Northern Greece , speaking at the 1946 May Day demonstration in Thessaloniki , and visiting the Womens Prison and surrounding villages . On their return , the delegates wrote a pamphlet called Tragedy in Greece relaying their experiences in the country and their worries about Greeces political future . Tragedy in Greece was circulated with over 40,000 copies sold in the years after it was published . Shortly after his return from Greece , Dodds views on Greece were vigorously criticised in Parliament by Foreign Office Minister Hector McNeil ; Dodds , complaining that he had not been able to speak in the debate and had not been told he was to be mentioned , later spoke in detail about his views on Greece in an adjournment debate on 29 October 1946 . McNeil gave a partial apology but maintained his view of the delegation . While usually loyal to the Labour Party whip , Dodds broke it on two occasions during the Parliament . The first was in May 1946 when he joined 31 other Labour MPs in voting to delete a clause in the National Insurance Bill which limited unemployment benefit to 180 days ; the second was in May 1947 when he supported an amendment to end National Service on 1 January 1951 , along with 29 other Labour MPs . 1950 election . In February 1949 , Dartford Conservative Association selected Margaret Roberts , then a 23-year-old research chemist at BX Plastics of Manningtree , as their candidate for the forthcoming general election . Dodds engaged in a prolonged exchange of letters through the columns of the Dartford Chronicle through the autumn of 1949 over the Governments Control of Engagement Order , which allowed the Government to specify jobs for the unemployed in which they were required to work . Dodds pointed to the relatively small number of people who were directed , and invited Roberts to a public meeting at which he would tell her what had happened on Tyneside and Wearside between the wars ( she declined due to prior engagements ) . They also clashed on family allowances . At the end of November 1949 , Dodds and Roberts met in a public debate in which he concluded by pointing to rising employment figures and suggesting that Roberts would soon join the Labour Party : May I ask her a favour ? When she wants to join , will she let me have the pleasure of enrolling her ? When the election was called for 23 February 1950 , Dodds campaigned strongly , even using a helicopter to advertise , and played on his local standing , as he was President of Dartford Football Club . He again outspent his opponents , both Roberts and Liberal candidate Harry Giles , winning re-election with a reduced majority of 13,638 . Afterwards , he paid tribute to the clean fight in the constituency . A few weeks later Dodds invited Roberts to lunch at the House of Commons . First question . Dodds had the distinction of submitting the first question in the new Parliament ; he asked the Prime Minister to call a conference to find ways of outlawing the hydrogen bomb and atomic weapons . Dodds was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Committee to the Minister of Pensions , and in May 1951 was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Alfred Robens , the Minister of Labour . As the Government had a small majority , MPs were pressed to attend at all times ; on 19 March 1951 Dodds attracted some attention when he came to Parliament with pyjamas , a pillow and a car rug , allowing him to catch some sleep during all-night sittings . 1951 election . Speaking at a summer fete in his constituency on 18 August 1951 , Dodds disclosed that the Cabinet was split on the issue of whether to hold a general election that October or whether to wait until June 1952 . He stated his prediction that the election would in fact be held on 25 October 1951 . The fact that Ministers were divided about when to call an election was an open secret but Dodds speech allowed it to be reported and his prediction was taken seriously . His prediction proved accurate . Dodds had a straight fight in Dartford against Margaret Roberts who was readopted as the Conservative Party candidate . She succeeded in reducing his majority by 1,304 to 12,334 ; in his victory speech Dodds congratulated Roberts on her engagement to Denis Thatcher and wished them good fortune . For her part Roberts said that she and Dodds had been good friends as political opponents . Writing in 1995 , Margaret Thatcher described Dodds as a genuine and extremely chivalrous socialist of the old school whom she was lucky to have as an opponent . Some eight years later , Roberts , now Margaret Thatcher , joined him in the House of Commons as the member for Finchley in 1959 . He was Member of Parliament for Dartford from 1945 to 1955 , and then for Erith and Crayford from 1955 until his death in 1965 , aged 61 .

easy

What position did Norman Dodds take from Oct 1964 to Aug 1965?

/wiki/Norman_Dodds#P39#2

Norman Dodds Norman Noel Dodds ( 25 December 1903 – 22 August 1965 ) was a British co-operator and Labour Co-operative politician . The Labour Party campaign centre and headquarters building in Northumberland Heath is named Norman Dodds House in honour of the former MP . He was Member of Parliament from 1945 until his death in 1965 , and is best remembered for having been Margaret Thatchers successful opponent when she first stood for Parliament , in the 1950 and 1951 general elections . Early life . Dodds was born in Dunston-on-Tyne , near to Gateshead , the son of Ambrose Dodds . He attended Dunston-on-Tyne Council School , an elementary school , as his only education . From 1918 he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society in Newcastle upon Tyne , and in 1925 Dodds joined the Labour Party . He moved to London in 1929 , where he was employed by the Co-operative Wholesale Society as manager of the London branch of the CWS publicity department . Dodds joined the Union of Shop , Distributive and Allied Workers and the National Co-operative Managers Association . His main occupation was organising trade exhibitions for the CWS around England . In 1931 Dodds married Eva Pratt , from Catford , who also became involved in the Co-operative movement . Eva Dodds later became the second woman to join the CWS board . Norman and Eva Dodds had two sons together . During the Second World War , Dodds joined the Home Guard where he had commissioned rank and served in the East End of London during The Blitz . In 1942 he joined the Royal Air Force in which he served until 1945 . In 1945 he became a Director of the Peoples Entertainment Society . Election to Parliament . As the war came to an end , the Government invited the Boundary Commission to divide the abnormally large constituencies ; one of them was the Dartford division of Kent , which had a 1939 electorate of 134,935 . The Commission recommended that two new boroughs , Bexley and Dartford be created out of the division . The sitting MP for Dartford was Jennie Adamson , who had won a by-election for Labour in 1938 ; she decided to fight in the new Bexley constituency . Dodds , who was living in Dartford , was selected as Labour candidate for the new Dartford borough constituency . When the election came he had a straight fight with the Conservative Party candidate , Captain Ralph Grubb , who had served on the staff of Field-Marshal Montgomery . Dodds had a well-funded campaign , outspending his opponent by £1,071 to £954 , and won the seat with a majority of 19,714 . Parliament . Dodds made his maiden speech on 26 October 1945 , reporting on a recent visit he had made to occupied Berlin . He said that the children in Berlin were living in refugee camps and were starving , and urged the Government to provide more food for them . A year later , he was one of the three MPs to visit Greece as a delegation organised by the League for Democracy in Greece , a pressure group based in London . Apart from Dodds , the MPs Leslie Solley and Stanley Tiffany were also members of the delegation . The delegation received the invitation to Greece from General Othoneos , who was then the president of the Greek Union of Democratic Associations , to come as guests of his organisation . The Foreign Office did not sponsor the delegates visas on the grounds that their visit was private and not official , but the Greek Embassy in London authorised the visas nonetheless . The delegates split up into pairs , with Dodds and the delegations secretary Diana Pym going to Northern Greece , speaking at the 1946 May Day demonstration in Thessaloniki , and visiting the Womens Prison and surrounding villages . On their return , the delegates wrote a pamphlet called Tragedy in Greece relaying their experiences in the country and their worries about Greeces political future . Tragedy in Greece was circulated with over 40,000 copies sold in the years after it was published . Shortly after his return from Greece , Dodds views on Greece were vigorously criticised in Parliament by Foreign Office Minister Hector McNeil ; Dodds , complaining that he had not been able to speak in the debate and had not been told he was to be mentioned , later spoke in detail about his views on Greece in an adjournment debate on 29 October 1946 . McNeil gave a partial apology but maintained his view of the delegation . While usually loyal to the Labour Party whip , Dodds broke it on two occasions during the Parliament . The first was in May 1946 when he joined 31 other Labour MPs in voting to delete a clause in the National Insurance Bill which limited unemployment benefit to 180 days ; the second was in May 1947 when he supported an amendment to end National Service on 1 January 1951 , along with 29 other Labour MPs . 1950 election . In February 1949 , Dartford Conservative Association selected Margaret Roberts , then a 23-year-old research chemist at BX Plastics of Manningtree , as their candidate for the forthcoming general election . Dodds engaged in a prolonged exchange of letters through the columns of the Dartford Chronicle through the autumn of 1949 over the Governments Control of Engagement Order , which allowed the Government to specify jobs for the unemployed in which they were required to work . Dodds pointed to the relatively small number of people who were directed , and invited Roberts to a public meeting at which he would tell her what had happened on Tyneside and Wearside between the wars ( she declined due to prior engagements ) . They also clashed on family allowances . At the end of November 1949 , Dodds and Roberts met in a public debate in which he concluded by pointing to rising employment figures and suggesting that Roberts would soon join the Labour Party : May I ask her a favour ? When she wants to join , will she let me have the pleasure of enrolling her ? When the election was called for 23 February 1950 , Dodds campaigned strongly , even using a helicopter to advertise , and played on his local standing , as he was President of Dartford Football Club . He again outspent his opponents , both Roberts and Liberal candidate Harry Giles , winning re-election with a reduced majority of 13,638 . Afterwards , he paid tribute to the clean fight in the constituency . A few weeks later Dodds invited Roberts to lunch at the House of Commons . First question . Dodds had the distinction of submitting the first question in the new Parliament ; he asked the Prime Minister to call a conference to find ways of outlawing the hydrogen bomb and atomic weapons . Dodds was appointed a member of the Central Advisory Committee to the Minister of Pensions , and in May 1951 was appointed Parliamentary Private Secretary to Alfred Robens , the Minister of Labour . As the Government had a small majority , MPs were pressed to attend at all times ; on 19 March 1951 Dodds attracted some attention when he came to Parliament with pyjamas , a pillow and a car rug , allowing him to catch some sleep during all-night sittings . 1951 election . Speaking at a summer fete in his constituency on 18 August 1951 , Dodds disclosed that the Cabinet was split on the issue of whether to hold a general election that October or whether to wait until June 1952 . He stated his prediction that the election would in fact be held on 25 October 1951 . The fact that Ministers were divided about when to call an election was an open secret but Dodds speech allowed it to be reported and his prediction was taken seriously . His prediction proved accurate . Dodds had a straight fight in Dartford against Margaret Roberts who was readopted as the Conservative Party candidate . She succeeded in reducing his majority by 1,304 to 12,334 ; in his victory speech Dodds congratulated Roberts on her engagement to Denis Thatcher and wished them good fortune . For her part Roberts said that she and Dodds had been good friends as political opponents . Writing in 1995 , Margaret Thatcher described Dodds as a genuine and extremely chivalrous socialist of the old school whom she was lucky to have as an opponent . Some eight years later , Roberts , now Margaret Thatcher , joined him in the House of Commons as the member for Finchley in 1959 . He was Member of Parliament for Dartford from 1945 to 1955 , and then for Erith and Crayford from 1955 until his death in 1965 , aged 61 .

easy

Which school did Caroline Buckee go to from 1999 to 2000?

/wiki/Caroline_Buckee#P69#0

Caroline Buckee Caroline OFlaherty Buckee ( born 1979 ) is an epidemiologist . She is an Associate Professor of Epidemiology and is the Associate Director of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics , both at the Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health . Buckee is known for her work in digital epidemiology , where mathematical models track mobile and satellite data to understand the transmission of infectious diseases through populations in an effort to understand the spatial dynamics of disease transmission . Her work examines the implications of conducting surveillance and implementing control programs as a way to understand and predict what will happen when dealing with outbreaks of infectious diseases like malaria and COVID-2019 . Early life and education . Growing up , Buckees family moved around the globe for her fathers work in the oil industry , living in Alaska , Norway , Canada , the Middle East , and the United Kingdom . In 2000 , Buckee received her BSc degree in zoology from the University of Edinburgh . As an undergraduate , she conducted field research in Tanzania in East Africa , where she first encountered a malaria clinic that sparked her interest in infectious diseases . Buckee then attended the University of York where she received her Master of Research ( MRes ) degree in Bioinformatics in 2002 . She next began her doctorate degree at the University of Oxford in 2002 , studying Mathematical Epidemiology working under the mentorship of Sunetra Gupta . There , she studied how ecological factors influenced the population dynamics and strain diversity of the bacterium that causes meningitis , Neisseria meningitidis . She completed her dissertation , entitled The evolution and maintenance of pathogen diversity , in 2005 and received her PhD in 2006 . Career . Following graduate school , Buckee became a postdoctoral researcher , supported by the Wellcome Trust , at the Kenya Medical Research Institute . There , she began working with mobile phone location data to understand the effect human migration patterns and on malaria disease transmission . She then became an Omidyar Fellow at the Santa Fe Institute , a multi-disciplinary nonprofit research institute that focuses on the study of complex adaptive systems , to continue this work . In 2010 , Buckee joined the faculty at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health . Her research program centers on understanding how human pathogens spread and how their spread might be controlled using a combination of genomics to understand their biology and mathematical modeling techniques to understand and forecast their spread . She is particularly interested in understanding and mitigating the burden of infectious diseases among low-income populations . Buckee has become known as a pioneer in digital epidemiology , taking advantage of mobile phone and satellite data to understand patterns of human travel and their impact on the spread of diseases . Digital epidemiology . In 2012 , Buckees research group published a study that used mobile phone data to track the spread of malaria in Kenya . Using data collected from text messages and cell phone calls between June 2008 and 2009 , they found patterns of malaria transmission that mapped onto heavily trafficked roads . Thus , her group was able to map transmission risk , demonstrating that data derived from mobile phones were a powerful and low-cost epidemiological tool to better inform and prepare public health officials . Her group later used cell phone data from 40 million users , which was made available by the phone company Telenor , in a proof of concept study forecasting Dengue fever outbreaks in Pakistan . Hurricane Maria . In the wake of Hurricane Maria , which devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 , Buckee worked with researchers at Carlos Albizu University to estimate the number of fatalities due to the storm . She wanted to understand how far off the official death toll was and devised a strategy to arrive at a more accurate estimate . She and her colleagues met in Puerto Rico and surveyed over 3 thousand randomly chosen households to assess the damage and deaths caused by the storm , ultimately estimating the actual death toll was closer to 5,000 between 20 September and 31 December 2017 . Their calculated death toll was approximately 73 times the official fatality report . COVID-19 . Buckee co-leads the COVID-19 Mobility Network , a coalition of infectious disease epidemiologists from over a dozen universities working to understand the coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) pandemic . The group is now utilising mobility data provided by Facebooks Data for Good program , which released a series of disease prevention maps for research use , both to understand the impact of social distancing measures and to utilise for contact tracing and disease forecasting . In April 2020 , she co-authored an op-ed in The Washington Post noting the various approaches to social distancing taken by different states has created a natural set of experimental conditions with which to test the efficacy of different policies . She and her colleagues have since advocated for the use of aggregated and anonymised mobility data—taking into account appropriate user privacy and security measures—to understand the effectiveness of these different policies , as well as their accompanying public health messaging , in effectively executing large-scale social distancing measures . Awards and Honors . - 2013 : CNN , Top 10 Thinker - 2013 : Foreign Policy , Top 100 Global Thinker - 2013 : MIT Technology Review , 35 Innovators Under 35 - 2019 : Harvard University , Alice Hamilton Award External links . - Caroline Buckee at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health - Caroline Buckee at Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics

easy

Where was Caroline Buckee educated from 2000 to 2002?

/wiki/Caroline_Buckee#P69#1

Caroline Buckee Caroline OFlaherty Buckee ( born 1979 ) is an epidemiologist . She is an Associate Professor of Epidemiology and is the Associate Director of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics , both at the Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health . Buckee is known for her work in digital epidemiology , where mathematical models track mobile and satellite data to understand the transmission of infectious diseases through populations in an effort to understand the spatial dynamics of disease transmission . Her work examines the implications of conducting surveillance and implementing control programs as a way to understand and predict what will happen when dealing with outbreaks of infectious diseases like malaria and COVID-2019 . Early life and education . Growing up , Buckees family moved around the globe for her fathers work in the oil industry , living in Alaska , Norway , Canada , the Middle East , and the United Kingdom . In 2000 , Buckee received her BSc degree in zoology from the University of Edinburgh . As an undergraduate , she conducted field research in Tanzania in East Africa , where she first encountered a malaria clinic that sparked her interest in infectious diseases . Buckee then attended the University of York where she received her Master of Research ( MRes ) degree in Bioinformatics in 2002 . She next began her doctorate degree at the University of Oxford in 2002 , studying Mathematical Epidemiology working under the mentorship of Sunetra Gupta . There , she studied how ecological factors influenced the population dynamics and strain diversity of the bacterium that causes meningitis , Neisseria meningitidis . She completed her dissertation , entitled The evolution and maintenance of pathogen diversity , in 2005 and received her PhD in 2006 . Career . Following graduate school , Buckee became a postdoctoral researcher , supported by the Wellcome Trust , at the Kenya Medical Research Institute . There , she began working with mobile phone location data to understand the effect human migration patterns and on malaria disease transmission . She then became an Omidyar Fellow at the Santa Fe Institute , a multi-disciplinary nonprofit research institute that focuses on the study of complex adaptive systems , to continue this work . In 2010 , Buckee joined the faculty at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health . Her research program centers on understanding how human pathogens spread and how their spread might be controlled using a combination of genomics to understand their biology and mathematical modeling techniques to understand and forecast their spread . She is particularly interested in understanding and mitigating the burden of infectious diseases among low-income populations . Buckee has become known as a pioneer in digital epidemiology , taking advantage of mobile phone and satellite data to understand patterns of human travel and their impact on the spread of diseases . Digital epidemiology . In 2012 , Buckees research group published a study that used mobile phone data to track the spread of malaria in Kenya . Using data collected from text messages and cell phone calls between June 2008 and 2009 , they found patterns of malaria transmission that mapped onto heavily trafficked roads . Thus , her group was able to map transmission risk , demonstrating that data derived from mobile phones were a powerful and low-cost epidemiological tool to better inform and prepare public health officials . Her group later used cell phone data from 40 million users , which was made available by the phone company Telenor , in a proof of concept study forecasting Dengue fever outbreaks in Pakistan . Hurricane Maria . In the wake of Hurricane Maria , which devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 , Buckee worked with researchers at Carlos Albizu University to estimate the number of fatalities due to the storm . She wanted to understand how far off the official death toll was and devised a strategy to arrive at a more accurate estimate . She and her colleagues met in Puerto Rico and surveyed over 3 thousand randomly chosen households to assess the damage and deaths caused by the storm , ultimately estimating the actual death toll was closer to 5,000 between 20 September and 31 December 2017 . Their calculated death toll was approximately 73 times the official fatality report . COVID-19 . Buckee co-leads the COVID-19 Mobility Network , a coalition of infectious disease epidemiologists from over a dozen universities working to understand the coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) pandemic . The group is now utilising mobility data provided by Facebooks Data for Good program , which released a series of disease prevention maps for research use , both to understand the impact of social distancing measures and to utilise for contact tracing and disease forecasting . In April 2020 , she co-authored an op-ed in The Washington Post noting the various approaches to social distancing taken by different states has created a natural set of experimental conditions with which to test the efficacy of different policies . She and her colleagues have since advocated for the use of aggregated and anonymised mobility data—taking into account appropriate user privacy and security measures—to understand the effectiveness of these different policies , as well as their accompanying public health messaging , in effectively executing large-scale social distancing measures . Awards and Honors . - 2013 : CNN , Top 10 Thinker - 2013 : Foreign Policy , Top 100 Global Thinker - 2013 : MIT Technology Review , 35 Innovators Under 35 - 2019 : Harvard University , Alice Hamilton Award External links . - Caroline Buckee at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health - Caroline Buckee at Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics

easy

Where was Caroline Buckee educated from 2002 to 2006?

/wiki/Caroline_Buckee#P69#2

Caroline Buckee Caroline OFlaherty Buckee ( born 1979 ) is an epidemiologist . She is an Associate Professor of Epidemiology and is the Associate Director of the Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics , both at the Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health . Buckee is known for her work in digital epidemiology , where mathematical models track mobile and satellite data to understand the transmission of infectious diseases through populations in an effort to understand the spatial dynamics of disease transmission . Her work examines the implications of conducting surveillance and implementing control programs as a way to understand and predict what will happen when dealing with outbreaks of infectious diseases like malaria and COVID-2019 . Early life and education . Growing up , Buckees family moved around the globe for her fathers work in the oil industry , living in Alaska , Norway , Canada , the Middle East , and the United Kingdom . In 2000 , Buckee received her BSc degree in zoology from the University of Edinburgh . As an undergraduate , she conducted field research in Tanzania in East Africa , where she first encountered a malaria clinic that sparked her interest in infectious diseases . Buckee then attended the University of York where she received her Master of Research ( MRes ) degree in Bioinformatics in 2002 . She next began her doctorate degree at the University of Oxford in 2002 , studying Mathematical Epidemiology working under the mentorship of Sunetra Gupta . There , she studied how ecological factors influenced the population dynamics and strain diversity of the bacterium that causes meningitis , Neisseria meningitidis . She completed her dissertation , entitled The evolution and maintenance of pathogen diversity , in 2005 and received her PhD in 2006 . Career . Following graduate school , Buckee became a postdoctoral researcher , supported by the Wellcome Trust , at the Kenya Medical Research Institute . There , she began working with mobile phone location data to understand the effect human migration patterns and on malaria disease transmission . She then became an Omidyar Fellow at the Santa Fe Institute , a multi-disciplinary nonprofit research institute that focuses on the study of complex adaptive systems , to continue this work . In 2010 , Buckee joined the faculty at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health . Her research program centers on understanding how human pathogens spread and how their spread might be controlled using a combination of genomics to understand their biology and mathematical modeling techniques to understand and forecast their spread . She is particularly interested in understanding and mitigating the burden of infectious diseases among low-income populations . Buckee has become known as a pioneer in digital epidemiology , taking advantage of mobile phone and satellite data to understand patterns of human travel and their impact on the spread of diseases . Digital epidemiology . In 2012 , Buckees research group published a study that used mobile phone data to track the spread of malaria in Kenya . Using data collected from text messages and cell phone calls between June 2008 and 2009 , they found patterns of malaria transmission that mapped onto heavily trafficked roads . Thus , her group was able to map transmission risk , demonstrating that data derived from mobile phones were a powerful and low-cost epidemiological tool to better inform and prepare public health officials . Her group later used cell phone data from 40 million users , which was made available by the phone company Telenor , in a proof of concept study forecasting Dengue fever outbreaks in Pakistan . Hurricane Maria . In the wake of Hurricane Maria , which devastated Puerto Rico in September 2017 , Buckee worked with researchers at Carlos Albizu University to estimate the number of fatalities due to the storm . She wanted to understand how far off the official death toll was and devised a strategy to arrive at a more accurate estimate . She and her colleagues met in Puerto Rico and surveyed over 3 thousand randomly chosen households to assess the damage and deaths caused by the storm , ultimately estimating the actual death toll was closer to 5,000 between 20 September and 31 December 2017 . Their calculated death toll was approximately 73 times the official fatality report . COVID-19 . Buckee co-leads the COVID-19 Mobility Network , a coalition of infectious disease epidemiologists from over a dozen universities working to understand the coronavirus disease 2019 ( COVID-19 ) pandemic . The group is now utilising mobility data provided by Facebooks Data for Good program , which released a series of disease prevention maps for research use , both to understand the impact of social distancing measures and to utilise for contact tracing and disease forecasting . In April 2020 , she co-authored an op-ed in The Washington Post noting the various approaches to social distancing taken by different states has created a natural set of experimental conditions with which to test the efficacy of different policies . She and her colleagues have since advocated for the use of aggregated and anonymised mobility data—taking into account appropriate user privacy and security measures—to understand the effectiveness of these different policies , as well as their accompanying public health messaging , in effectively executing large-scale social distancing measures . Awards and Honors . - 2013 : CNN , Top 10 Thinker - 2013 : Foreign Policy , Top 100 Global Thinker - 2013 : MIT Technology Review , 35 Innovators Under 35 - 2019 : Harvard University , Alice Hamilton Award External links . - Caroline Buckee at Harvard T.H . Chan School of Public Health - Caroline Buckee at Center for Communicable Disease Dynamics

easy

Which team did the player Daniel Pudil belong to from 2003 to 2004?

/wiki/Daniel_Pudil#P54#0

Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be

easy

Which team did Daniel Pudil play for from 2004 to 2007?

/wiki/Daniel_Pudil#P54#1

Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be

easy

Which team did the player Daniel Pudil belong to from 2007 to 2008?

/wiki/Daniel_Pudil#P54#2

Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be

easy

Daniel Pudil played for which team from 2008 to 2011?

/wiki/Daniel_Pudil#P54#3

Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be

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Which team did the player Daniel Pudil belong to from 2012 to 2013?

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Daniel Pudil Daniel Pudil ( ; born 27 September 1985 ) is a Czech professional footballer who plays for Viktoria Žižkov and the Czech Republic national team as a left back or left winger . Club career . Czech Republic . Pudil started his youth career in the Czech Republic with Sparta Prague . He left the club at age of eighteen and joined FK Chmel Blšany . At Chmel Blšany Pudil used to play left back in defence and scored two goals in eleven appearances . After six months Pudil joined FC Slovan Liberec . Though making twelve appearance in his first season , Pudil soon became a member of the first team which would win its second league title with Pudil making 29 appearances and scoring three goals . During the season , Pudil scored the first goal of his career in a 2–2 draw against Příbram on 7 November 2005 . Throughout the season , Pudil would establish himself in the starting eleven at the club . In 2007 , he had a trial with English side Watford , but manager Aidy Boothroyd decided not to sign Pudil on a permanent contract . In the 2007–08 season in which he played three games for Slovan Liberec , Pudil left Liberec to join SK Slavia Praha on loan for a season and made his debut on 15 September 2007 , in a 0–0 draw against Baník Ostrava ; Four days later , he made his Champions League debut in a 2–1 win over Romanian side Steaua București . On 29 September 2007 , Pudil then scored his first goal in a 7–1 win over Fastav Zlín ; followed four days later when he scored his first goal in a 2–1 loss against Sevilla and his second league goal came in a 2–0 win over Sparta Prague six days later . In the UEFA Champions League third match in the Group Stage , Pudil was in the squad when Arsenal thrashed Slavia 7–0 . Six days later after the 7–0 loss , Pudil played against his former club in a 1–1 draw ; but the next meeting soon happened again six months later , when Pudil set up a goal for Zdeněk Šenkeřík , to score the only goal in the game . Following Slavia Prahas Champions League elimination to UEFA Cup , Pudil set up a goal for Matej Krajčík to make it 1–1 against Tottenham Hotspur in the second leg . However , Slavia Praha lost 3–1 on aggregate , having lost against them in the first leg . On the final game of the season , Pudil scored in a 2–2 draw against Baumit Jablonec . At the end of the season , Slavia Praha won the league title . Due to his flamboyance and controversial lifestyle , Slavia Praha had decided against signing Pudil . Genk . Pudil signed for Belgian club KRC Genk from FC Slovan Liberec on 1 July 2008 , for worth 1.5 million euros . Pudil was linked with Italian sides Reggina and Lecce but Genk managed to win the race . On the opening game of the season on 17 August 2008 , Pudil made his debut for the club in a 1–1 draw against Beerschot ; then two appearance later , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 win over Zulte Waregem on 14 September 2008 . However the next game , Pudil received a red card after a second bookable offence in a 1–0 loss against Club Brugge . In his first season , Pudil scored four goals in twenty nine appearance . At Genk , Pudil had established himself in the first team during his three seasons at Genk . The next season with Pudil made 27 appearance . However , in the Europa League fourth round second leg against Lille , having loss 2–1 in the first leg , Pudil set up a goal for Elyaniv Barda but received a red card after a second bookable offence . The next season , Pudil was involved in the squad with Genk that won the title for the second time . He spent three seasons with the Belgian side before joining Granada on a five-and-a-half-year contract in January 2012 . Cesena . After joining Granada , Pudil was immediately loaned out to Cesena for the rest of the 2011–12 season . On 1 February 2012 , Pudil made his debut , playing in defensive midfield , in a 0–0 draw against Napoli . Eighteen days later after making his debut , Pudil scored his first goal in a 3–1 loss against A.C . Milan . On 7 March 2012 , the match didnt turn well for him when he received a red card after a second bookable offence , just one minute after receiving a yellow in a 0–0 draw against Catania . At the end of the season , Pudil couldnt help Cesena retain their Serie A status as the club was relegated to Serie B . Watford . Pudil then joined Watford on a season-long loan for the 2012–13 season , joining Czech teammate Matěj Vydra . In pre-season , Pudil played his first match in a friendly against Tottenham Hotspur in Lloyd Doyley’s testimonial match but after playing five minutes , he came off with a suspected hamstring injury . This turned out to be a minor injury . Pudil made his Watford debut , in the second game of the season , a 1–0 loss against Ipswich Town . Having played as a left back for six games , Pudil was slotted into the left midfield role and assisted several goals . On 23 October 2012 , Pudil received a straight red card in a 2–1 loss against Cardiff City after violent conduct against Craig Noone . After the game , Watford appealed the decision , with support from Cardiff City and Noone himself . His three-game suspension was thus reduced to one by the FA . In the first match of 2013 , Pudil scored his first goal for Watford in a 4–3 loss against Charlton Athletic . Later in the 2012–13 season , Pudil would go on to make 40 appearances in all competitions , and at the end of the season , Pudil would return to Granada , as his loan spell with Watford came to an end . On 4 July 2013 , Pudil announced via Twitter that he had joined Watford permanently from Granada , signing a four-year contract . Pudils first game after signing for the club on a permanent basis came after coming on for Ikechi Anya in the 75th minutes , in the opening game of the season , in a 1–0 win over Birmingham City , while his first goal would come in a 1–1 draw against Charlton Athletic on 14 September 2013 . Sheffield Wednesday . On 29 August 2015 , Pudil signed for Sheffield Wednesday on a season-long loan deal . He scored his first goal for Sheffield Wednesday in a 3–1 win over Preston North End on 3 October 2015 . Pudil completed a permanent move to Wednesday on 28 July 2016 for £1,500,000 . He was released by Sheffield Wednesday at the end of the 2018–19 season . Mladá Boleslav . After his release from Sheffield Wednesday in July 2019 , he signed for Czech side Mladá Boleslav on a two-year deal . Viktoria Žižkov . Pudil signed for Czech side Viktoria Žižkov on a one-year deal for free . International career . Pudil represented his country at under-19 and under-21 level . He made his senior debut in 2007 and scored his first goal at this level on 21 November 2007 in a 0–2 away victory against Cyprus in a UEFA Euro 2008 qualifier . Pudil was a member of the Czech Republic squad that competed in UEFA Euro 2016 . Honours . Genk - Belgian Cup : 2008–09 - Belgian Pro League : 2010–11 - Belgian Super Cup : 2011 External links . - Official Czech First League statistics - krcgenk.be - sport.be