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Which site was the heritage designation of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge from May 1963 to Oct 1966?

/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge#P1435#0

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge ( NWR ) , and part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex , located just off the western coast of North Hutchinson Island in the Indian River Lagoon east of Sebastian , Florida . The refuge consists of a island that includes an additional of surrounding water and is located off the east coast of Florida of the Indian River Lagoon . Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14 , 1903 , Pelican Island was the first National wildlife refuge in the United States . It was created to protect egrets and other birds from extinction through plume hunting . Management . Pelican Island is administered as part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex along with Archie Carr NWR , Lake Wales Ridge NWR , and the Everglades Headwaters NWR and Conservation Area , created in 2012 ( 556th unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System ) with a donation and other lands covering approximately north of Lake Okeechobee . will be held under conservation easements through the U.S . Department of the Interior and the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . This allows landowners the right to retain ownership of the land , with the ability to continue farming or ranching , ensuring that the land cant be subdivided or developed . Pelican Island NWR has been placed on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance along with other areas of wetlands in the United States . Early history . Pelican Islands bird populations were threatened because of increased American settlement around the area in the mid-19th century . Many of the exotic birds were killed for their feathers , used in the fashion industry . Plumes from the birds were used to adorn ladies hats of the day and at the time were worth more than their weight in gold . Paul Kroegel , a German immigrant , moved to Florida in 1881 and lived on the west bank of Indian River Lagoon . He was fascinated with the pelicans on the island . Being able to see the island from his home , Paul would watch the pelicans and other water birds . He eventually took an interest in the island and its protection . However , there was not any state or federal law to help him so he took control of the situation himself . Kroegel sailed to the island to stand guard and protect the birds and the island . A few naturalists visited Kroegel at Pelican Island . A curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , Frank Chapman , was one of the naturalists showing interest in the island as well . He discovered that Pelican Island was one of the last rookeries of Brown pelicans on the eastern coast of Florida . The American Ornithologists Union and the Florida Audubon Society led a campaign to pass legislation for protection of non-game birds in 1901 . Knowing that the protection of Pelican Island would require more legislation , Chapman and his fellow advocate , William Dutcher went to President Theodore Roosevelt at his home in New York . The two appealed their case to Roosevelts conservative ethics . President Roosevelt signed an executive order that established Pelican Island as the first federal bird reservation . This was the first time that the federal government put land aside for the sake of wildlife . The area , however , was open for big game hunters . Recent threats . During the 1960s , Pelican Island was threatened by attempts to sell the surrounding wetlands and islands to developers . Local citizens led a fight to protect Pelican Island by stopping the sale of the wetlands . The Indian River Area Preservation League , formed by local citrus growers , commercial fishermen , and sportsmen , joined with Florida Audubon Society to convince the State to include the islands as a part of the refuge . Later in 1963 , Pelican Island was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior because of its status as the first federal area set aside specifically to protect wildlife . In 1968 , Florida agreed to expand to include nearly 5000 acres ( 20 km² ) of mangrove islands and other submerged lands . And then in 1970 , Pelican Island became the smallest wilderness area in the National Wilderness Preservation System . Since , the refuge has gained over 500 acres ( 2 km² ) through purchases , management agreements , and conservation easements to provide a buffer against encroaching development and also to be a link to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge . Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge was added to the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971 . Today , Pelican Island is also threatened by shoreline development . Shoreline development has many negative impacts associated with it . Shoreline development can reduce the water quality by increasing the runoff of sediments , fertilizers , and pesticides . These runoffs will cause decline in water quality , and this can directly affect the food base that sustains the islands nesting bird colonies . Waterfront development will also lead to more boat traffic . This extra boat traffic will also negatively affect the birds on the coast . Not only this , development of the shorelines of Pelican Island will permanently flaw the pristine character of this unique National Historic Landmark . Physical environment . The environment of Pelican Island consists of climate , topography , geology , air quality , and waterways . Climate . The climate at Pelican Island NWR is subtropical and temperate and experiences an average temperate of . Pelican Island has long , warm , and humid summers and short , mild winters and has an average rainfall of about annually . Pelican Island may experience tropical storms in the period from May to November . Topography . The elevation of Pelican Island changes from east to west . It rises sharply from sea level to about and then drops back down more slowly to below sea level in the Indian River Lagoon . The land between the Indian River Lagoon and St . Sebastian River is . Even further west , there is an ancient dune that rises in elevation from to . Geology . The landscape of Pelican Island area is made of Pleistocene ( glacial ) and Holocene ( recent ) origin . Submerged lands were exposed during the late Pleistocene period , allowing for the spread of flora and fauna from the peninsula . Wetlands , salt marshes , mangroves , and other swampy formations make up the uplands and submerged lands . Soil . The general soils in the Pelican Island Refuge are Canaveral-Captiva-Palm Beach , which is characterized by the gently sloping , somewhat poorly drained to moderately drained sandy soils with shell fragments , and McKee-Quartzipsamments-St . Augustine , which is characterized by level , somewhat poorly drained soils mixed with sand and shell fragments . Other soils include Canaveral Fine Sand , Quartzipsamments , Captiva Fine Sand , McKee Mucky Clay Loam , and Kesson Muck . Air quality . Good air quality is vital for the refuge to maintain itself . A few problems dealing with air pollution are carbon monoxide , lead , nitrogen dioxide , ozone , particulate matter , and sulfur dioxide . The primary producers of these pollutants are vehicle emissions , power plants , and industrial activities . The Indian River Lagoon area is said to have good air quality . Sometimes occasional temperate increases can temporarily degrade the air quality below the accepted levels . Waterways . The Indian River Lagoon stretches from Ponce de Leon south of Daytona Beach to Jupiter Inlet near West Palm Beach , a distance of about , and contains a number of small rivers , creeks , and canals . The Intracoastal Waterway is the deepest part of the Lagoon . St . Sebastian River and Turkey Creek provide freshwater to the Lagoon . Water quality is also a concern in the refuge : cadmium , lead , mercury , nutrients , selenium , thallium , and dissolved oxygen . The water circulation is affected by the Intracoastal Waterway , winds , inlets , and causeways . Within the refuge boundary , the water quality is generally better compared to portions of the Lagoon . Wildlife . Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge holds hundreds of species of animals including birds , fish , plants , and mammals . The wetlands of Pelican Island are a major ecological system supporting the huge biological diversity . Fifteen federally listed threatened and endangered species live in Pelican Island NWR and around Indian River Lagoon . Of the endangered species , West Indian manatees and sea turtles occupy parts of the lagoon . Around the lagoon in the refuge are two wood stork refuges . These birds along with other wading birds that nest on the island thrive on the tremendous fish population . Pelican Island is home to many nesting birds including brown pelicans , great egrets , snowy egrets , reddish egrets , great blue heron , little blue heron , tricolored heron , black-crowned night heron , American white ibis , glossy ibis , double-crested cormorant , anhinga , and American oystercatcher . Visiting . Pelican Island is only accessible by boat or chartered tours . Nesting birds are easily disturbed , so people are not allowed to get too close or to disembark . Visiting during nesting season ( late November through late July ) , one can expect to see brown pelican , wood storks , white ibises , black-crowned night herons , double-crested cormorants , reddish , snowy , and great egrets , and great blue , little blue and tricolored herons . Traveling in the winter , look for lesser scaup , blue-winged teal , mottled ducks , great northern divers , laughing gulls , American white pelicans , and red-breasted mergansers . Summer visitors should watch for roseate spoonbills , magnificent frigatebirds and least terns . Pelican Island also features some marine life in the Indian River including sea turtles , dolphins , and manatees . New public facilities were opened and dedicated on March 14 , 2003 , in ceremonies marking the centennial of Pelican Island and the National Wildlife Refuge System . A 37¢ US Commemorative Stamp in honor of the NWR Centennial was issued as part of the celebration . The new facilities include a 1/4 mile boardwalk and observation tower to view Pelican Island , two salt marsh impoundment foot trails , interpretive signs , informational kiosks , restrooms and parking areas . The facilities are west of Highway A1A on the north end of Historic Jungle Trail . They were produced through a partnership with Indian River County , St . Johns River Water Management District , Florida Inland Navigation District , Florida Power and Light , ConocoPhillips , Wild Birds Unlimited , the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation , and many others . Future plans include additional boardwalks , an overlook , a photo blind and a wildlife drive . Jungle Trail . The historic Jungle Trail is a 7.8 mile sandy road with a section that goes through the refuge . Citrus growers originally built this road in the 1920s and it is now on the National Register of Historic Places . Budget cuts . Pelican Island , along with many other wildlife refuges , has been experiencing budget cuts . Many problems arise from the stagnant budget and lack of maintenance in the wildlife refuges . These are vital to preserve the habitat and the wildlife and to provide public education and recreation . This situation worsened further because of the failure of congress to timely pass federal funding bills . Staffing at Pelican Island is made up of U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . The staff members have recently fallen from six to two which has had many negative consequences . The cuts have led to limiting refuge work and restricting public visitation . Another consequence is the end of 14-year tradition of the wildlife festival . Pelican Island will be losing its only public-use staff and eliminating all active outreach at the nations first wildlife refuge . Pelican Island Refuge manager and project leader Paul Tritaik said in 2006 that reductions to a full-time staff would lead to the end of some refuge activities and the loss of several trails .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge from Oct 1966 to Mar 1993?

/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge#P1435#1

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge ( NWR ) , and part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex , located just off the western coast of North Hutchinson Island in the Indian River Lagoon east of Sebastian , Florida . The refuge consists of a island that includes an additional of surrounding water and is located off the east coast of Florida of the Indian River Lagoon . Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14 , 1903 , Pelican Island was the first National wildlife refuge in the United States . It was created to protect egrets and other birds from extinction through plume hunting . Management . Pelican Island is administered as part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex along with Archie Carr NWR , Lake Wales Ridge NWR , and the Everglades Headwaters NWR and Conservation Area , created in 2012 ( 556th unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System ) with a donation and other lands covering approximately north of Lake Okeechobee . will be held under conservation easements through the U.S . Department of the Interior and the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . This allows landowners the right to retain ownership of the land , with the ability to continue farming or ranching , ensuring that the land cant be subdivided or developed . Pelican Island NWR has been placed on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance along with other areas of wetlands in the United States . Early history . Pelican Islands bird populations were threatened because of increased American settlement around the area in the mid-19th century . Many of the exotic birds were killed for their feathers , used in the fashion industry . Plumes from the birds were used to adorn ladies hats of the day and at the time were worth more than their weight in gold . Paul Kroegel , a German immigrant , moved to Florida in 1881 and lived on the west bank of Indian River Lagoon . He was fascinated with the pelicans on the island . Being able to see the island from his home , Paul would watch the pelicans and other water birds . He eventually took an interest in the island and its protection . However , there was not any state or federal law to help him so he took control of the situation himself . Kroegel sailed to the island to stand guard and protect the birds and the island . A few naturalists visited Kroegel at Pelican Island . A curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , Frank Chapman , was one of the naturalists showing interest in the island as well . He discovered that Pelican Island was one of the last rookeries of Brown pelicans on the eastern coast of Florida . The American Ornithologists Union and the Florida Audubon Society led a campaign to pass legislation for protection of non-game birds in 1901 . Knowing that the protection of Pelican Island would require more legislation , Chapman and his fellow advocate , William Dutcher went to President Theodore Roosevelt at his home in New York . The two appealed their case to Roosevelts conservative ethics . President Roosevelt signed an executive order that established Pelican Island as the first federal bird reservation . This was the first time that the federal government put land aside for the sake of wildlife . The area , however , was open for big game hunters . Recent threats . During the 1960s , Pelican Island was threatened by attempts to sell the surrounding wetlands and islands to developers . Local citizens led a fight to protect Pelican Island by stopping the sale of the wetlands . The Indian River Area Preservation League , formed by local citrus growers , commercial fishermen , and sportsmen , joined with Florida Audubon Society to convince the State to include the islands as a part of the refuge . Later in 1963 , Pelican Island was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior because of its status as the first federal area set aside specifically to protect wildlife . In 1968 , Florida agreed to expand to include nearly 5000 acres ( 20 km² ) of mangrove islands and other submerged lands . And then in 1970 , Pelican Island became the smallest wilderness area in the National Wilderness Preservation System . Since , the refuge has gained over 500 acres ( 2 km² ) through purchases , management agreements , and conservation easements to provide a buffer against encroaching development and also to be a link to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge . Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge was added to the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971 . Today , Pelican Island is also threatened by shoreline development . Shoreline development has many negative impacts associated with it . Shoreline development can reduce the water quality by increasing the runoff of sediments , fertilizers , and pesticides . These runoffs will cause decline in water quality , and this can directly affect the food base that sustains the islands nesting bird colonies . Waterfront development will also lead to more boat traffic . This extra boat traffic will also negatively affect the birds on the coast . Not only this , development of the shorelines of Pelican Island will permanently flaw the pristine character of this unique National Historic Landmark . Physical environment . The environment of Pelican Island consists of climate , topography , geology , air quality , and waterways . Climate . The climate at Pelican Island NWR is subtropical and temperate and experiences an average temperate of . Pelican Island has long , warm , and humid summers and short , mild winters and has an average rainfall of about annually . Pelican Island may experience tropical storms in the period from May to November . Topography . The elevation of Pelican Island changes from east to west . It rises sharply from sea level to about and then drops back down more slowly to below sea level in the Indian River Lagoon . The land between the Indian River Lagoon and St . Sebastian River is . Even further west , there is an ancient dune that rises in elevation from to . Geology . The landscape of Pelican Island area is made of Pleistocene ( glacial ) and Holocene ( recent ) origin . Submerged lands were exposed during the late Pleistocene period , allowing for the spread of flora and fauna from the peninsula . Wetlands , salt marshes , mangroves , and other swampy formations make up the uplands and submerged lands . Soil . The general soils in the Pelican Island Refuge are Canaveral-Captiva-Palm Beach , which is characterized by the gently sloping , somewhat poorly drained to moderately drained sandy soils with shell fragments , and McKee-Quartzipsamments-St . Augustine , which is characterized by level , somewhat poorly drained soils mixed with sand and shell fragments . Other soils include Canaveral Fine Sand , Quartzipsamments , Captiva Fine Sand , McKee Mucky Clay Loam , and Kesson Muck . Air quality . Good air quality is vital for the refuge to maintain itself . A few problems dealing with air pollution are carbon monoxide , lead , nitrogen dioxide , ozone , particulate matter , and sulfur dioxide . The primary producers of these pollutants are vehicle emissions , power plants , and industrial activities . The Indian River Lagoon area is said to have good air quality . Sometimes occasional temperate increases can temporarily degrade the air quality below the accepted levels . Waterways . The Indian River Lagoon stretches from Ponce de Leon south of Daytona Beach to Jupiter Inlet near West Palm Beach , a distance of about , and contains a number of small rivers , creeks , and canals . The Intracoastal Waterway is the deepest part of the Lagoon . St . Sebastian River and Turkey Creek provide freshwater to the Lagoon . Water quality is also a concern in the refuge : cadmium , lead , mercury , nutrients , selenium , thallium , and dissolved oxygen . The water circulation is affected by the Intracoastal Waterway , winds , inlets , and causeways . Within the refuge boundary , the water quality is generally better compared to portions of the Lagoon . Wildlife . Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge holds hundreds of species of animals including birds , fish , plants , and mammals . The wetlands of Pelican Island are a major ecological system supporting the huge biological diversity . Fifteen federally listed threatened and endangered species live in Pelican Island NWR and around Indian River Lagoon . Of the endangered species , West Indian manatees and sea turtles occupy parts of the lagoon . Around the lagoon in the refuge are two wood stork refuges . These birds along with other wading birds that nest on the island thrive on the tremendous fish population . Pelican Island is home to many nesting birds including brown pelicans , great egrets , snowy egrets , reddish egrets , great blue heron , little blue heron , tricolored heron , black-crowned night heron , American white ibis , glossy ibis , double-crested cormorant , anhinga , and American oystercatcher . Visiting . Pelican Island is only accessible by boat or chartered tours . Nesting birds are easily disturbed , so people are not allowed to get too close or to disembark . Visiting during nesting season ( late November through late July ) , one can expect to see brown pelican , wood storks , white ibises , black-crowned night herons , double-crested cormorants , reddish , snowy , and great egrets , and great blue , little blue and tricolored herons . Traveling in the winter , look for lesser scaup , blue-winged teal , mottled ducks , great northern divers , laughing gulls , American white pelicans , and red-breasted mergansers . Summer visitors should watch for roseate spoonbills , magnificent frigatebirds and least terns . Pelican Island also features some marine life in the Indian River including sea turtles , dolphins , and manatees . New public facilities were opened and dedicated on March 14 , 2003 , in ceremonies marking the centennial of Pelican Island and the National Wildlife Refuge System . A 37¢ US Commemorative Stamp in honor of the NWR Centennial was issued as part of the celebration . The new facilities include a 1/4 mile boardwalk and observation tower to view Pelican Island , two salt marsh impoundment foot trails , interpretive signs , informational kiosks , restrooms and parking areas . The facilities are west of Highway A1A on the north end of Historic Jungle Trail . They were produced through a partnership with Indian River County , St . Johns River Water Management District , Florida Inland Navigation District , Florida Power and Light , ConocoPhillips , Wild Birds Unlimited , the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation , and many others . Future plans include additional boardwalks , an overlook , a photo blind and a wildlife drive . Jungle Trail . The historic Jungle Trail is a 7.8 mile sandy road with a section that goes through the refuge . Citrus growers originally built this road in the 1920s and it is now on the National Register of Historic Places . Budget cuts . Pelican Island , along with many other wildlife refuges , has been experiencing budget cuts . Many problems arise from the stagnant budget and lack of maintenance in the wildlife refuges . These are vital to preserve the habitat and the wildlife and to provide public education and recreation . This situation worsened further because of the failure of congress to timely pass federal funding bills . Staffing at Pelican Island is made up of U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . The staff members have recently fallen from six to two which has had many negative consequences . The cuts have led to limiting refuge work and restricting public visitation . Another consequence is the end of 14-year tradition of the wildlife festival . Pelican Island will be losing its only public-use staff and eliminating all active outreach at the nations first wildlife refuge . Pelican Island Refuge manager and project leader Paul Tritaik said in 2006 that reductions to a full-time staff would lead to the end of some refuge activities and the loss of several trails .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge from Mar 1993 to Mar 1994?

/wiki/Pelican_Island_National_Wildlife_Refuge#P1435#2

Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge is a United States National Wildlife Refuge ( NWR ) , and part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex , located just off the western coast of North Hutchinson Island in the Indian River Lagoon east of Sebastian , Florida . The refuge consists of a island that includes an additional of surrounding water and is located off the east coast of Florida of the Indian River Lagoon . Established by an executive order of President Theodore Roosevelt on March 14 , 1903 , Pelican Island was the first National wildlife refuge in the United States . It was created to protect egrets and other birds from extinction through plume hunting . Management . Pelican Island is administered as part of the Everglades Headwaters NWR complex along with Archie Carr NWR , Lake Wales Ridge NWR , and the Everglades Headwaters NWR and Conservation Area , created in 2012 ( 556th unit of the National Wildlife Refuge System ) with a donation and other lands covering approximately north of Lake Okeechobee . will be held under conservation easements through the U.S . Department of the Interior and the U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . This allows landowners the right to retain ownership of the land , with the ability to continue farming or ranching , ensuring that the land cant be subdivided or developed . Pelican Island NWR has been placed on the List of Ramsar wetlands of international importance along with other areas of wetlands in the United States . Early history . Pelican Islands bird populations were threatened because of increased American settlement around the area in the mid-19th century . Many of the exotic birds were killed for their feathers , used in the fashion industry . Plumes from the birds were used to adorn ladies hats of the day and at the time were worth more than their weight in gold . Paul Kroegel , a German immigrant , moved to Florida in 1881 and lived on the west bank of Indian River Lagoon . He was fascinated with the pelicans on the island . Being able to see the island from his home , Paul would watch the pelicans and other water birds . He eventually took an interest in the island and its protection . However , there was not any state or federal law to help him so he took control of the situation himself . Kroegel sailed to the island to stand guard and protect the birds and the island . A few naturalists visited Kroegel at Pelican Island . A curator at the American Museum of Natural History in New York , Frank Chapman , was one of the naturalists showing interest in the island as well . He discovered that Pelican Island was one of the last rookeries of Brown pelicans on the eastern coast of Florida . The American Ornithologists Union and the Florida Audubon Society led a campaign to pass legislation for protection of non-game birds in 1901 . Knowing that the protection of Pelican Island would require more legislation , Chapman and his fellow advocate , William Dutcher went to President Theodore Roosevelt at his home in New York . The two appealed their case to Roosevelts conservative ethics . President Roosevelt signed an executive order that established Pelican Island as the first federal bird reservation . This was the first time that the federal government put land aside for the sake of wildlife . The area , however , was open for big game hunters . Recent threats . During the 1960s , Pelican Island was threatened by attempts to sell the surrounding wetlands and islands to developers . Local citizens led a fight to protect Pelican Island by stopping the sale of the wetlands . The Indian River Area Preservation League , formed by local citrus growers , commercial fishermen , and sportsmen , joined with Florida Audubon Society to convince the State to include the islands as a part of the refuge . Later in 1963 , Pelican Island was designated as a National Historic Landmark by the Secretary of the Interior because of its status as the first federal area set aside specifically to protect wildlife . In 1968 , Florida agreed to expand to include nearly 5000 acres ( 20 km² ) of mangrove islands and other submerged lands . And then in 1970 , Pelican Island became the smallest wilderness area in the National Wilderness Preservation System . Since , the refuge has gained over 500 acres ( 2 km² ) through purchases , management agreements , and conservation easements to provide a buffer against encroaching development and also to be a link to the Archie Carr National Wildlife Refuge . Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge was added to the list of wetlands of international importance under the Ramsar Convention signed in 1971 . Today , Pelican Island is also threatened by shoreline development . Shoreline development has many negative impacts associated with it . Shoreline development can reduce the water quality by increasing the runoff of sediments , fertilizers , and pesticides . These runoffs will cause decline in water quality , and this can directly affect the food base that sustains the islands nesting bird colonies . Waterfront development will also lead to more boat traffic . This extra boat traffic will also negatively affect the birds on the coast . Not only this , development of the shorelines of Pelican Island will permanently flaw the pristine character of this unique National Historic Landmark . Physical environment . The environment of Pelican Island consists of climate , topography , geology , air quality , and waterways . Climate . The climate at Pelican Island NWR is subtropical and temperate and experiences an average temperate of . Pelican Island has long , warm , and humid summers and short , mild winters and has an average rainfall of about annually . Pelican Island may experience tropical storms in the period from May to November . Topography . The elevation of Pelican Island changes from east to west . It rises sharply from sea level to about and then drops back down more slowly to below sea level in the Indian River Lagoon . The land between the Indian River Lagoon and St . Sebastian River is . Even further west , there is an ancient dune that rises in elevation from to . Geology . The landscape of Pelican Island area is made of Pleistocene ( glacial ) and Holocene ( recent ) origin . Submerged lands were exposed during the late Pleistocene period , allowing for the spread of flora and fauna from the peninsula . Wetlands , salt marshes , mangroves , and other swampy formations make up the uplands and submerged lands . Soil . The general soils in the Pelican Island Refuge are Canaveral-Captiva-Palm Beach , which is characterized by the gently sloping , somewhat poorly drained to moderately drained sandy soils with shell fragments , and McKee-Quartzipsamments-St . Augustine , which is characterized by level , somewhat poorly drained soils mixed with sand and shell fragments . Other soils include Canaveral Fine Sand , Quartzipsamments , Captiva Fine Sand , McKee Mucky Clay Loam , and Kesson Muck . Air quality . Good air quality is vital for the refuge to maintain itself . A few problems dealing with air pollution are carbon monoxide , lead , nitrogen dioxide , ozone , particulate matter , and sulfur dioxide . The primary producers of these pollutants are vehicle emissions , power plants , and industrial activities . The Indian River Lagoon area is said to have good air quality . Sometimes occasional temperate increases can temporarily degrade the air quality below the accepted levels . Waterways . The Indian River Lagoon stretches from Ponce de Leon south of Daytona Beach to Jupiter Inlet near West Palm Beach , a distance of about , and contains a number of small rivers , creeks , and canals . The Intracoastal Waterway is the deepest part of the Lagoon . St . Sebastian River and Turkey Creek provide freshwater to the Lagoon . Water quality is also a concern in the refuge : cadmium , lead , mercury , nutrients , selenium , thallium , and dissolved oxygen . The water circulation is affected by the Intracoastal Waterway , winds , inlets , and causeways . Within the refuge boundary , the water quality is generally better compared to portions of the Lagoon . Wildlife . Pelican Island National Wildlife Refuge holds hundreds of species of animals including birds , fish , plants , and mammals . The wetlands of Pelican Island are a major ecological system supporting the huge biological diversity . Fifteen federally listed threatened and endangered species live in Pelican Island NWR and around Indian River Lagoon . Of the endangered species , West Indian manatees and sea turtles occupy parts of the lagoon . Around the lagoon in the refuge are two wood stork refuges . These birds along with other wading birds that nest on the island thrive on the tremendous fish population . Pelican Island is home to many nesting birds including brown pelicans , great egrets , snowy egrets , reddish egrets , great blue heron , little blue heron , tricolored heron , black-crowned night heron , American white ibis , glossy ibis , double-crested cormorant , anhinga , and American oystercatcher . Visiting . Pelican Island is only accessible by boat or chartered tours . Nesting birds are easily disturbed , so people are not allowed to get too close or to disembark . Visiting during nesting season ( late November through late July ) , one can expect to see brown pelican , wood storks , white ibises , black-crowned night herons , double-crested cormorants , reddish , snowy , and great egrets , and great blue , little blue and tricolored herons . Traveling in the winter , look for lesser scaup , blue-winged teal , mottled ducks , great northern divers , laughing gulls , American white pelicans , and red-breasted mergansers . Summer visitors should watch for roseate spoonbills , magnificent frigatebirds and least terns . Pelican Island also features some marine life in the Indian River including sea turtles , dolphins , and manatees . New public facilities were opened and dedicated on March 14 , 2003 , in ceremonies marking the centennial of Pelican Island and the National Wildlife Refuge System . A 37¢ US Commemorative Stamp in honor of the NWR Centennial was issued as part of the celebration . The new facilities include a 1/4 mile boardwalk and observation tower to view Pelican Island , two salt marsh impoundment foot trails , interpretive signs , informational kiosks , restrooms and parking areas . The facilities are west of Highway A1A on the north end of Historic Jungle Trail . They were produced through a partnership with Indian River County , St . Johns River Water Management District , Florida Inland Navigation District , Florida Power and Light , ConocoPhillips , Wild Birds Unlimited , the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation , and many others . Future plans include additional boardwalks , an overlook , a photo blind and a wildlife drive . Jungle Trail . The historic Jungle Trail is a 7.8 mile sandy road with a section that goes through the refuge . Citrus growers originally built this road in the 1920s and it is now on the National Register of Historic Places . Budget cuts . Pelican Island , along with many other wildlife refuges , has been experiencing budget cuts . Many problems arise from the stagnant budget and lack of maintenance in the wildlife refuges . These are vital to preserve the habitat and the wildlife and to provide public education and recreation . This situation worsened further because of the failure of congress to timely pass federal funding bills . Staffing at Pelican Island is made up of U.S . Fish and Wildlife Service . The staff members have recently fallen from six to two which has had many negative consequences . The cuts have led to limiting refuge work and restricting public visitation . Another consequence is the end of 14-year tradition of the wildlife festival . Pelican Island will be losing its only public-use staff and eliminating all active outreach at the nations first wildlife refuge . Pelican Island Refuge manager and project leader Paul Tritaik said in 2006 that reductions to a full-time staff would lead to the end of some refuge activities and the loss of several trails .

easy

Which position did Jerzy Ossoliński hold from 1630 to 1639?

/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoliński#P39#0

Jerzy Ossoliński Prince Jerzy Ossoliński h . Topór ( 15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650 ) was a Polish nobleman ( szlachcic ) , Crown Court Treasurer from 1632 , governor ( voivode ) of Sandomierz from 1636 , Reichsfürst ( Imperial Prince ) since 1634 , Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1639 , Great Crown Chancellor from 1643 , sheriff ( starost ) of Bydgoszcz ( 1633 ) , Lubomel ( 1639 ) , Puck and Bolim ( 1647 ) , magnate , politician and diplomat . Famous for being extensively educated , he was a skillful politician and a persuasive public speaker . Biography . He was sent with diplomatic missions to the Pope in Rome in 1633 . He negotiated with Brandenburgians of Duchy of Prussia in 1635 and led another diplomatic mission to Emperor Ferdinand II and his parliament in Regensburg ( Polish : Ratyzbona ) in 1636 . As a leader of the pro-Habsburg faction at the royal court , he found an ally in the first wife of Władysław IV Waza , Cecilia Renata of Austria , daughter of Ferdinand II . In 1639 and 1641 he once again negotiated with envoys from the Duchy of Prussia . A Catholic , he opposed Protestants and advocated limiting their rights and privileges . In his pro-Habsburg and anti-Protestant stance he was allied with Chancellor Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and Queen Cecilia Renata . In 1643 he was appointed Chancellor of the Crown . A close royal adviser , he often supported king Władysław IV Waza from the House of Vasa , arguing for increasing monarch power , although he was known for limiting and withdrawing his support if he knew it was impossible to win . Nonetheless he was among the few who supported Władysławs plans in the late 1640s to wage an offensive war on the Ottoman Empire . He had few friends among the lesser szlachta , whom he mostly disliked and treated the Sejm and regional sejmiks as a necessary evil , although he rarely broke any laws . From 1644 he switched his alignment from pro-Habsburg to pro-French and supported the second marriage of King Władysław with Ludwika Maria Gonzaga . During his life he became the enemy of Adam Kazanowski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , whose power diminished with the marriage between Władysław and Cecylia in 1637 . Rival of bishop and chancellor Piotr Gembicki , whom he eventually forced to retire from politics in 1642 , receiving his position of Great Crown Chancellor . He was not the wealthiest of magnates , his possessions were very small compared to those of Radziwiłłs or Wiśniowieckis , but almost none of them were mortgaged or loaned . In 1635 he funded the expansion of his family castle in Ossolin . Between 1639–1642 he funded the palace in the capital city of Warsaw . After the death of Władysław IV in 1648 he supported the election of his half brother John Casimir and was instrumental in his election . Ossoliński also was in favour of treaties with the Cossacks , he took part in the negotiations and was an important contributor to the Treaty of Zborów in 1649 . He was a well regarded speaker and orator ( he served twice as the Speaker of the Sejm in 1631 and 1635 ) . He was also an author of : - Orationess.. . ( 1647 ) - Mercurius Sarmatiae ( 1716 ) - Pamiętnik ( The Diary or Memoires ) 1595–1621 ( 1952 ) He also wrote the diaries of the embassy to Germany ( 1877 ) and to Rome ( 1883 ) . Brother of Krzysztof Ossoliński ( 1587–1645 ) , voivode of Sandomierz ( 1638 ) , and Maksymilian Ossoliński ( 1588–1665 ) , chorąży sandomierski ( 1624 ) , Deputy Court Treasurer . Marriage and issue . Jerzy married Izabella Daniłłowicz h . Sas in 1620 in Lwów and had four children : - Prince Franciszek Ossoliński ( died 1648 ) , married to Katarzyna Działyńska h . Ogończyk - Princess Urszula Brygida Ossolińska , married to Samuel Kalinowski h . Kalinowa ( died at the Batih massacre ) , son of Hetman Marcin Kalinowski - Princess Helena Tekla Ossolińska ( died 1687 ) , married to Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski - Princess Anna Teresa Ossolińska ( died 1651 ) , married to Zygmunt Doenhoff , son of Kasper Doenhoff Bibliography . - Błażejewski Stanisław , Kutta Janusz , Romaniuk Marek : Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny . Tom III . Bydgoszcz 1996 . , str . 107-109 - Bohomolec Franciszek , Życie Jerzego Ossolińskiego , kanclerza wielkiego koronnego , lubelskiego , lubomskiego , lubaczowskiego , bogusławskiego , brodnickiego , ryckiego , derpskiego , adzielskiego , stanisławowskiego i bydgoskiego starosty T . 1 i 2 Kraków 1860 - Ludwik Kubala , Szkice historyczne seria 1 , wyd.3 Kraków 1896 ; Jerzy Ossoliński Lwów 1883 T . 1 , T . 2 , Jerzy Ossoliński wyd . 2 rozszerzone , Warszawa Ossolineum 1924 . - Polski Słownik Biograficzny t . 24 s . 403 - A True Copy of the Latine Oration of the Excellent George Ossolinski , Count Palatine of Tenizyn , and Sendomyria , Chamberlain to the Kings Maiestie of Poland , and Suethland , and Embassadour to the Kings most Excellent Maiesty . As it was pronounced to his Maiestie at White-Hall by the said Embassadour , on Sunday the 11 . of March , 1620 . External links . - Ossolinski Gallery of Portraits

easy

Jerzy Ossoliński took which position from 1639 to 1643?

/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoliński#P39#1

Jerzy Ossoliński Prince Jerzy Ossoliński h . Topór ( 15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650 ) was a Polish nobleman ( szlachcic ) , Crown Court Treasurer from 1632 , governor ( voivode ) of Sandomierz from 1636 , Reichsfürst ( Imperial Prince ) since 1634 , Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1639 , Great Crown Chancellor from 1643 , sheriff ( starost ) of Bydgoszcz ( 1633 ) , Lubomel ( 1639 ) , Puck and Bolim ( 1647 ) , magnate , politician and diplomat . Famous for being extensively educated , he was a skillful politician and a persuasive public speaker . Biography . He was sent with diplomatic missions to the Pope in Rome in 1633 . He negotiated with Brandenburgians of Duchy of Prussia in 1635 and led another diplomatic mission to Emperor Ferdinand II and his parliament in Regensburg ( Polish : Ratyzbona ) in 1636 . As a leader of the pro-Habsburg faction at the royal court , he found an ally in the first wife of Władysław IV Waza , Cecilia Renata of Austria , daughter of Ferdinand II . In 1639 and 1641 he once again negotiated with envoys from the Duchy of Prussia . A Catholic , he opposed Protestants and advocated limiting their rights and privileges . In his pro-Habsburg and anti-Protestant stance he was allied with Chancellor Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and Queen Cecilia Renata . In 1643 he was appointed Chancellor of the Crown . A close royal adviser , he often supported king Władysław IV Waza from the House of Vasa , arguing for increasing monarch power , although he was known for limiting and withdrawing his support if he knew it was impossible to win . Nonetheless he was among the few who supported Władysławs plans in the late 1640s to wage an offensive war on the Ottoman Empire . He had few friends among the lesser szlachta , whom he mostly disliked and treated the Sejm and regional sejmiks as a necessary evil , although he rarely broke any laws . From 1644 he switched his alignment from pro-Habsburg to pro-French and supported the second marriage of King Władysław with Ludwika Maria Gonzaga . During his life he became the enemy of Adam Kazanowski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , whose power diminished with the marriage between Władysław and Cecylia in 1637 . Rival of bishop and chancellor Piotr Gembicki , whom he eventually forced to retire from politics in 1642 , receiving his position of Great Crown Chancellor . He was not the wealthiest of magnates , his possessions were very small compared to those of Radziwiłłs or Wiśniowieckis , but almost none of them were mortgaged or loaned . In 1635 he funded the expansion of his family castle in Ossolin . Between 1639–1642 he funded the palace in the capital city of Warsaw . After the death of Władysław IV in 1648 he supported the election of his half brother John Casimir and was instrumental in his election . Ossoliński also was in favour of treaties with the Cossacks , he took part in the negotiations and was an important contributor to the Treaty of Zborów in 1649 . He was a well regarded speaker and orator ( he served twice as the Speaker of the Sejm in 1631 and 1635 ) . He was also an author of : - Orationess.. . ( 1647 ) - Mercurius Sarmatiae ( 1716 ) - Pamiętnik ( The Diary or Memoires ) 1595–1621 ( 1952 ) He also wrote the diaries of the embassy to Germany ( 1877 ) and to Rome ( 1883 ) . Brother of Krzysztof Ossoliński ( 1587–1645 ) , voivode of Sandomierz ( 1638 ) , and Maksymilian Ossoliński ( 1588–1665 ) , chorąży sandomierski ( 1624 ) , Deputy Court Treasurer . Marriage and issue . Jerzy married Izabella Daniłłowicz h . Sas in 1620 in Lwów and had four children : - Prince Franciszek Ossoliński ( died 1648 ) , married to Katarzyna Działyńska h . Ogończyk - Princess Urszula Brygida Ossolińska , married to Samuel Kalinowski h . Kalinowa ( died at the Batih massacre ) , son of Hetman Marcin Kalinowski - Princess Helena Tekla Ossolińska ( died 1687 ) , married to Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski - Princess Anna Teresa Ossolińska ( died 1651 ) , married to Zygmunt Doenhoff , son of Kasper Doenhoff Bibliography . - Błażejewski Stanisław , Kutta Janusz , Romaniuk Marek : Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny . Tom III . Bydgoszcz 1996 . , str . 107-109 - Bohomolec Franciszek , Życie Jerzego Ossolińskiego , kanclerza wielkiego koronnego , lubelskiego , lubomskiego , lubaczowskiego , bogusławskiego , brodnickiego , ryckiego , derpskiego , adzielskiego , stanisławowskiego i bydgoskiego starosty T . 1 i 2 Kraków 1860 - Ludwik Kubala , Szkice historyczne seria 1 , wyd.3 Kraków 1896 ; Jerzy Ossoliński Lwów 1883 T . 1 , T . 2 , Jerzy Ossoliński wyd . 2 rozszerzone , Warszawa Ossolineum 1924 . - Polski Słownik Biograficzny t . 24 s . 403 - A True Copy of the Latine Oration of the Excellent George Ossolinski , Count Palatine of Tenizyn , and Sendomyria , Chamberlain to the Kings Maiestie of Poland , and Suethland , and Embassadour to the Kings most Excellent Maiesty . As it was pronounced to his Maiestie at White-Hall by the said Embassadour , on Sunday the 11 . of March , 1620 . External links . - Ossolinski Gallery of Portraits

easy

What position did Jerzy Ossoliński take from 1643 to 1650?

/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoliński#P39#2

Jerzy Ossoliński Prince Jerzy Ossoliński h . Topór ( 15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650 ) was a Polish nobleman ( szlachcic ) , Crown Court Treasurer from 1632 , governor ( voivode ) of Sandomierz from 1636 , Reichsfürst ( Imperial Prince ) since 1634 , Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1639 , Great Crown Chancellor from 1643 , sheriff ( starost ) of Bydgoszcz ( 1633 ) , Lubomel ( 1639 ) , Puck and Bolim ( 1647 ) , magnate , politician and diplomat . Famous for being extensively educated , he was a skillful politician and a persuasive public speaker . Biography . He was sent with diplomatic missions to the Pope in Rome in 1633 . He negotiated with Brandenburgians of Duchy of Prussia in 1635 and led another diplomatic mission to Emperor Ferdinand II and his parliament in Regensburg ( Polish : Ratyzbona ) in 1636 . As a leader of the pro-Habsburg faction at the royal court , he found an ally in the first wife of Władysław IV Waza , Cecilia Renata of Austria , daughter of Ferdinand II . In 1639 and 1641 he once again negotiated with envoys from the Duchy of Prussia . A Catholic , he opposed Protestants and advocated limiting their rights and privileges . In his pro-Habsburg and anti-Protestant stance he was allied with Chancellor Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and Queen Cecilia Renata . In 1643 he was appointed Chancellor of the Crown . A close royal adviser , he often supported king Władysław IV Waza from the House of Vasa , arguing for increasing monarch power , although he was known for limiting and withdrawing his support if he knew it was impossible to win . Nonetheless he was among the few who supported Władysławs plans in the late 1640s to wage an offensive war on the Ottoman Empire . He had few friends among the lesser szlachta , whom he mostly disliked and treated the Sejm and regional sejmiks as a necessary evil , although he rarely broke any laws . From 1644 he switched his alignment from pro-Habsburg to pro-French and supported the second marriage of King Władysław with Ludwika Maria Gonzaga . During his life he became the enemy of Adam Kazanowski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , whose power diminished with the marriage between Władysław and Cecylia in 1637 . Rival of bishop and chancellor Piotr Gembicki , whom he eventually forced to retire from politics in 1642 , receiving his position of Great Crown Chancellor . He was not the wealthiest of magnates , his possessions were very small compared to those of Radziwiłłs or Wiśniowieckis , but almost none of them were mortgaged or loaned . In 1635 he funded the expansion of his family castle in Ossolin . Between 1639–1642 he funded the palace in the capital city of Warsaw . After the death of Władysław IV in 1648 he supported the election of his half brother John Casimir and was instrumental in his election . Ossoliński also was in favour of treaties with the Cossacks , he took part in the negotiations and was an important contributor to the Treaty of Zborów in 1649 . He was a well regarded speaker and orator ( he served twice as the Speaker of the Sejm in 1631 and 1635 ) . He was also an author of : - Orationess.. . ( 1647 ) - Mercurius Sarmatiae ( 1716 ) - Pamiętnik ( The Diary or Memoires ) 1595–1621 ( 1952 ) He also wrote the diaries of the embassy to Germany ( 1877 ) and to Rome ( 1883 ) . Brother of Krzysztof Ossoliński ( 1587–1645 ) , voivode of Sandomierz ( 1638 ) , and Maksymilian Ossoliński ( 1588–1665 ) , chorąży sandomierski ( 1624 ) , Deputy Court Treasurer . Marriage and issue . Jerzy married Izabella Daniłłowicz h . Sas in 1620 in Lwów and had four children : - Prince Franciszek Ossoliński ( died 1648 ) , married to Katarzyna Działyńska h . Ogończyk - Princess Urszula Brygida Ossolińska , married to Samuel Kalinowski h . Kalinowa ( died at the Batih massacre ) , son of Hetman Marcin Kalinowski - Princess Helena Tekla Ossolińska ( died 1687 ) , married to Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski - Princess Anna Teresa Ossolińska ( died 1651 ) , married to Zygmunt Doenhoff , son of Kasper Doenhoff Bibliography . - Błażejewski Stanisław , Kutta Janusz , Romaniuk Marek : Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny . Tom III . Bydgoszcz 1996 . , str . 107-109 - Bohomolec Franciszek , Życie Jerzego Ossolińskiego , kanclerza wielkiego koronnego , lubelskiego , lubomskiego , lubaczowskiego , bogusławskiego , brodnickiego , ryckiego , derpskiego , adzielskiego , stanisławowskiego i bydgoskiego starosty T . 1 i 2 Kraków 1860 - Ludwik Kubala , Szkice historyczne seria 1 , wyd.3 Kraków 1896 ; Jerzy Ossoliński Lwów 1883 T . 1 , T . 2 , Jerzy Ossoliński wyd . 2 rozszerzone , Warszawa Ossolineum 1924 . - Polski Słownik Biograficzny t . 24 s . 403 - A True Copy of the Latine Oration of the Excellent George Ossolinski , Count Palatine of Tenizyn , and Sendomyria , Chamberlain to the Kings Maiestie of Poland , and Suethland , and Embassadour to the Kings most Excellent Maiesty . As it was pronounced to his Maiestie at White-Hall by the said Embassadour , on Sunday the 11 . of March , 1620 . External links . - Ossolinski Gallery of Portraits

easy

Jerzy Ossoliński took which position from 1650 to 1651?

/wiki/Jerzy_Ossoliński#P39#3

Jerzy Ossoliński Prince Jerzy Ossoliński h . Topór ( 15 December 1595 – 9 August 1650 ) was a Polish nobleman ( szlachcic ) , Crown Court Treasurer from 1632 , governor ( voivode ) of Sandomierz from 1636 , Reichsfürst ( Imperial Prince ) since 1634 , Crown Deputy Chancellor from 1639 , Great Crown Chancellor from 1643 , sheriff ( starost ) of Bydgoszcz ( 1633 ) , Lubomel ( 1639 ) , Puck and Bolim ( 1647 ) , magnate , politician and diplomat . Famous for being extensively educated , he was a skillful politician and a persuasive public speaker . Biography . He was sent with diplomatic missions to the Pope in Rome in 1633 . He negotiated with Brandenburgians of Duchy of Prussia in 1635 and led another diplomatic mission to Emperor Ferdinand II and his parliament in Regensburg ( Polish : Ratyzbona ) in 1636 . As a leader of the pro-Habsburg faction at the royal court , he found an ally in the first wife of Władysław IV Waza , Cecilia Renata of Austria , daughter of Ferdinand II . In 1639 and 1641 he once again negotiated with envoys from the Duchy of Prussia . A Catholic , he opposed Protestants and advocated limiting their rights and privileges . In his pro-Habsburg and anti-Protestant stance he was allied with Chancellor Albrycht Stanisław Radziwiłł and Queen Cecilia Renata . In 1643 he was appointed Chancellor of the Crown . A close royal adviser , he often supported king Władysław IV Waza from the House of Vasa , arguing for increasing monarch power , although he was known for limiting and withdrawing his support if he knew it was impossible to win . Nonetheless he was among the few who supported Władysławs plans in the late 1640s to wage an offensive war on the Ottoman Empire . He had few friends among the lesser szlachta , whom he mostly disliked and treated the Sejm and regional sejmiks as a necessary evil , although he rarely broke any laws . From 1644 he switched his alignment from pro-Habsburg to pro-French and supported the second marriage of King Władysław with Ludwika Maria Gonzaga . During his life he became the enemy of Adam Kazanowski and Jeremi Wiśniowiecki , whose power diminished with the marriage between Władysław and Cecylia in 1637 . Rival of bishop and chancellor Piotr Gembicki , whom he eventually forced to retire from politics in 1642 , receiving his position of Great Crown Chancellor . He was not the wealthiest of magnates , his possessions were very small compared to those of Radziwiłłs or Wiśniowieckis , but almost none of them were mortgaged or loaned . In 1635 he funded the expansion of his family castle in Ossolin . Between 1639–1642 he funded the palace in the capital city of Warsaw . After the death of Władysław IV in 1648 he supported the election of his half brother John Casimir and was instrumental in his election . Ossoliński also was in favour of treaties with the Cossacks , he took part in the negotiations and was an important contributor to the Treaty of Zborów in 1649 . He was a well regarded speaker and orator ( he served twice as the Speaker of the Sejm in 1631 and 1635 ) . He was also an author of : - Orationess.. . ( 1647 ) - Mercurius Sarmatiae ( 1716 ) - Pamiętnik ( The Diary or Memoires ) 1595–1621 ( 1952 ) He also wrote the diaries of the embassy to Germany ( 1877 ) and to Rome ( 1883 ) . Brother of Krzysztof Ossoliński ( 1587–1645 ) , voivode of Sandomierz ( 1638 ) , and Maksymilian Ossoliński ( 1588–1665 ) , chorąży sandomierski ( 1624 ) , Deputy Court Treasurer . Marriage and issue . Jerzy married Izabella Daniłłowicz h . Sas in 1620 in Lwów and had four children : - Prince Franciszek Ossoliński ( died 1648 ) , married to Katarzyna Działyńska h . Ogończyk - Princess Urszula Brygida Ossolińska , married to Samuel Kalinowski h . Kalinowa ( died at the Batih massacre ) , son of Hetman Marcin Kalinowski - Princess Helena Tekla Ossolińska ( died 1687 ) , married to Prince Aleksander Michał Lubomirski - Princess Anna Teresa Ossolińska ( died 1651 ) , married to Zygmunt Doenhoff , son of Kasper Doenhoff Bibliography . - Błażejewski Stanisław , Kutta Janusz , Romaniuk Marek : Bydgoski Słownik Biograficzny . Tom III . Bydgoszcz 1996 . , str . 107-109 - Bohomolec Franciszek , Życie Jerzego Ossolińskiego , kanclerza wielkiego koronnego , lubelskiego , lubomskiego , lubaczowskiego , bogusławskiego , brodnickiego , ryckiego , derpskiego , adzielskiego , stanisławowskiego i bydgoskiego starosty T . 1 i 2 Kraków 1860 - Ludwik Kubala , Szkice historyczne seria 1 , wyd.3 Kraków 1896 ; Jerzy Ossoliński Lwów 1883 T . 1 , T . 2 , Jerzy Ossoliński wyd . 2 rozszerzone , Warszawa Ossolineum 1924 . - Polski Słownik Biograficzny t . 24 s . 403 - A True Copy of the Latine Oration of the Excellent George Ossolinski , Count Palatine of Tenizyn , and Sendomyria , Chamberlain to the Kings Maiestie of Poland , and Suethland , and Embassadour to the Kings most Excellent Maiesty . As it was pronounced to his Maiestie at White-Hall by the said Embassadour , on Sunday the 11 . of March , 1620 . External links . - Ossolinski Gallery of Portraits

easy

What position did Jeremy Heywood take from Jun 1999 to Jul 2003?

/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood#P39#0

Jeremy Heywood Jeremy John Heywood , Baron Heywood of Whitehall , ( 31 December 1961 – 4 November 2018 ) was a British civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary to David Cameron and Theresa May from 2012 to 2018 and Head of the Home Civil Service from 2014 to 2018 . He served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown from 1999 to 2003 and 2008 to 2010 . He also served as Downing Street Chief of Staff and the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary . After he was diagnosed with lung cancer , he took a leave of absence from June 2018 , and retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , receiving a life peerage ; he died two weeks later on 4 November 2018 . Early life and education . Heywood was born on 31 December 1961 in Glossop , Derbyshire , England . His parents were Peter Heywood and Brenda Swinbank , who met as teachers at Ackworth School in West Yorkshire , one of a few Quaker educational establishments in England . Heywood was educated at the independent Quaker Bootham School in York , where his father taught English . He studied history and economics at Hertford College , Oxford ( where he was later made an Honorary Fellow ) , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1983 . He later studied economics at London School of Economics and was awarded Master of Science degree from University of London in 1986 . He also attended the Program for Management Development at Harvard Business School in 1994 . Career . From 1983 to 1984 , Heywood worked as an economist at the Health and Safety Executive , before moving to the Treasury , and became the Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer then Norman Lamont at the age of 30 , having to help mitigate the fallout from Black Wednesday after less than a month in the job . He remained in this role throughout the 1990s under Chancellors Kenneth Clarke and Gordon Brown . He was economic and domestic policy secretary to Tony Blair from 1997 to 1998 , before being promoted to be the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1999 . He stayed in this position until 2003 , when he left the civil service in the wake of the Hutton Inquiry where it emerged that he said he had never minuted meetings in the Prime Ministerial offices about David Kelly , a job he was required to do . He became a managing director of the UK Investment Banking Division at Morgan Stanley where he was embroiled in the aftermath of the collapse of Southern Cross Healthcare . Upon Gordon Brown becoming Prime Minister in 2007 , Heywood returned to government as Head of Domestic Policy and Strategy at the Cabinet Office . He later resumed the post of Principal Private Secretary , as well as being appointed the Downing Street Chief of Staff after the resignation of Stephen Carter . In 2010 , after David Cameron became Prime Minister , Heywood was replaced as Chief of Staff by Edward Llewellyn and as Principal Private Secretary by James Bowler . He returned to the civil service and was subsequently appointed the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary , a role created for the purpose of liaising between the Cabinet Secretary and the Chief of Staff within the Cabinet Office . Cabinet Secretary . On 11 October 2011 it was announced that Heywood would replace Sir Gus ODonnell as the Cabinet Secretary , the highest-ranked official in Her Majestys Civil Service , upon the latters retirement in January 2012 . It was also announced that Heywood would not concurrently hold the roles of Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary for the Cabinet Office , as would usually be the case . These positions instead went to Sir Bob Kerslake and Ian Watmore respectively . On 1 January 2012 , Heywood was knighted and officially made Cabinet Secretary . In July 2014 it was announced that Kerslake would step down and Heywood would take the title of Head of the Home Civil Service in the coming autumn . In September 2014 , Heywood duly succeeded Kerslake . , Heywood was paid a salary of between £195,000 and £199,999 , making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time . In June 2013 , he visited The Guardians offices to warn its then editor , Alan Rusbridger , that The Guardians involvement with Edward Snowden could make it a target for our guys in British intelligence and Chinese agents on your staff . He was criticised when he vetoed release to the Chilcot Inquiry of 150 letters and records of phone calls between Tony Blair and President George W . Bush before the 2003 Iraq War . Illness and death . After years of heavy smoking , Heywood was diagnosed with lung cancer in June 2017 and took a leave of absence from his position in June 2018 owing to his illness . He retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , and died on 4 November at the age of 56 . Personal life . Heywood was the son of archaeologist Brenda Swinbank . In 1997 , Heywood married Suzanne Cook . Together they had three children , including twins . Cook is a former civil servant who moved into the private sector : she has been managing director of the Exor Group since 2016 and chair of CNH Industrial since 2018 . In 2021 she published a biography , What Does Jeremy Think? : Jeremy Heywood and the Making of Modern Britain . Honours . Heywood was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 2002 New Year Honours , and a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( CVO ) in 2003 . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in the 2012 New Year Honours , and was thereby granted the title Sir . The Parliamentary Public Administration Committee cited the example of Heywoods knighthood as an automatic honour granted due to his position . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 31 October 2018 . On Heywoods retirement as Cabinet Secretary on 24 October 2018 , the Prime Minister Theresa May nominated him for a life peerage in recognition of his distinguished service to public life . He was created Baron Heywood of Whitehall , of Glossop in the County of Derbyshire on 26 October 2018 , shortly before his death . External links . - Profile from The Guardian - Profile from the Financial Times

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Which position did Jeremy Heywood hold from 2008 to May 2010?

/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood#P39#1

Jeremy Heywood Jeremy John Heywood , Baron Heywood of Whitehall , ( 31 December 1961 – 4 November 2018 ) was a British civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary to David Cameron and Theresa May from 2012 to 2018 and Head of the Home Civil Service from 2014 to 2018 . He served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown from 1999 to 2003 and 2008 to 2010 . He also served as Downing Street Chief of Staff and the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary . After he was diagnosed with lung cancer , he took a leave of absence from June 2018 , and retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , receiving a life peerage ; he died two weeks later on 4 November 2018 . Early life and education . Heywood was born on 31 December 1961 in Glossop , Derbyshire , England . His parents were Peter Heywood and Brenda Swinbank , who met as teachers at Ackworth School in West Yorkshire , one of a few Quaker educational establishments in England . Heywood was educated at the independent Quaker Bootham School in York , where his father taught English . He studied history and economics at Hertford College , Oxford ( where he was later made an Honorary Fellow ) , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1983 . He later studied economics at London School of Economics and was awarded Master of Science degree from University of London in 1986 . He also attended the Program for Management Development at Harvard Business School in 1994 . Career . From 1983 to 1984 , Heywood worked as an economist at the Health and Safety Executive , before moving to the Treasury , and became the Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer then Norman Lamont at the age of 30 , having to help mitigate the fallout from Black Wednesday after less than a month in the job . He remained in this role throughout the 1990s under Chancellors Kenneth Clarke and Gordon Brown . He was economic and domestic policy secretary to Tony Blair from 1997 to 1998 , before being promoted to be the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1999 . He stayed in this position until 2003 , when he left the civil service in the wake of the Hutton Inquiry where it emerged that he said he had never minuted meetings in the Prime Ministerial offices about David Kelly , a job he was required to do . He became a managing director of the UK Investment Banking Division at Morgan Stanley where he was embroiled in the aftermath of the collapse of Southern Cross Healthcare . Upon Gordon Brown becoming Prime Minister in 2007 , Heywood returned to government as Head of Domestic Policy and Strategy at the Cabinet Office . He later resumed the post of Principal Private Secretary , as well as being appointed the Downing Street Chief of Staff after the resignation of Stephen Carter . In 2010 , after David Cameron became Prime Minister , Heywood was replaced as Chief of Staff by Edward Llewellyn and as Principal Private Secretary by James Bowler . He returned to the civil service and was subsequently appointed the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary , a role created for the purpose of liaising between the Cabinet Secretary and the Chief of Staff within the Cabinet Office . Cabinet Secretary . On 11 October 2011 it was announced that Heywood would replace Sir Gus ODonnell as the Cabinet Secretary , the highest-ranked official in Her Majestys Civil Service , upon the latters retirement in January 2012 . It was also announced that Heywood would not concurrently hold the roles of Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary for the Cabinet Office , as would usually be the case . These positions instead went to Sir Bob Kerslake and Ian Watmore respectively . On 1 January 2012 , Heywood was knighted and officially made Cabinet Secretary . In July 2014 it was announced that Kerslake would step down and Heywood would take the title of Head of the Home Civil Service in the coming autumn . In September 2014 , Heywood duly succeeded Kerslake . , Heywood was paid a salary of between £195,000 and £199,999 , making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time . In June 2013 , he visited The Guardians offices to warn its then editor , Alan Rusbridger , that The Guardians involvement with Edward Snowden could make it a target for our guys in British intelligence and Chinese agents on your staff . He was criticised when he vetoed release to the Chilcot Inquiry of 150 letters and records of phone calls between Tony Blair and President George W . Bush before the 2003 Iraq War . Illness and death . After years of heavy smoking , Heywood was diagnosed with lung cancer in June 2017 and took a leave of absence from his position in June 2018 owing to his illness . He retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , and died on 4 November at the age of 56 . Personal life . Heywood was the son of archaeologist Brenda Swinbank . In 1997 , Heywood married Suzanne Cook . Together they had three children , including twins . Cook is a former civil servant who moved into the private sector : she has been managing director of the Exor Group since 2016 and chair of CNH Industrial since 2018 . In 2021 she published a biography , What Does Jeremy Think? : Jeremy Heywood and the Making of Modern Britain . Honours . Heywood was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 2002 New Year Honours , and a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( CVO ) in 2003 . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in the 2012 New Year Honours , and was thereby granted the title Sir . The Parliamentary Public Administration Committee cited the example of Heywoods knighthood as an automatic honour granted due to his position . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 31 October 2018 . On Heywoods retirement as Cabinet Secretary on 24 October 2018 , the Prime Minister Theresa May nominated him for a life peerage in recognition of his distinguished service to public life . He was created Baron Heywood of Whitehall , of Glossop in the County of Derbyshire on 26 October 2018 , shortly before his death . External links . - Profile from The Guardian - Profile from the Financial Times

easy

Which position did Jeremy Heywood hold from 2012 to 2014?

/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood#P39#2

Jeremy Heywood Jeremy John Heywood , Baron Heywood of Whitehall , ( 31 December 1961 – 4 November 2018 ) was a British civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary to David Cameron and Theresa May from 2012 to 2018 and Head of the Home Civil Service from 2014 to 2018 . He served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown from 1999 to 2003 and 2008 to 2010 . He also served as Downing Street Chief of Staff and the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary . After he was diagnosed with lung cancer , he took a leave of absence from June 2018 , and retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , receiving a life peerage ; he died two weeks later on 4 November 2018 . Early life and education . Heywood was born on 31 December 1961 in Glossop , Derbyshire , England . His parents were Peter Heywood and Brenda Swinbank , who met as teachers at Ackworth School in West Yorkshire , one of a few Quaker educational establishments in England . Heywood was educated at the independent Quaker Bootham School in York , where his father taught English . He studied history and economics at Hertford College , Oxford ( where he was later made an Honorary Fellow ) , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1983 . He later studied economics at London School of Economics and was awarded Master of Science degree from University of London in 1986 . He also attended the Program for Management Development at Harvard Business School in 1994 . Career . From 1983 to 1984 , Heywood worked as an economist at the Health and Safety Executive , before moving to the Treasury , and became the Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer then Norman Lamont at the age of 30 , having to help mitigate the fallout from Black Wednesday after less than a month in the job . He remained in this role throughout the 1990s under Chancellors Kenneth Clarke and Gordon Brown . He was economic and domestic policy secretary to Tony Blair from 1997 to 1998 , before being promoted to be the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1999 . He stayed in this position until 2003 , when he left the civil service in the wake of the Hutton Inquiry where it emerged that he said he had never minuted meetings in the Prime Ministerial offices about David Kelly , a job he was required to do . He became a managing director of the UK Investment Banking Division at Morgan Stanley where he was embroiled in the aftermath of the collapse of Southern Cross Healthcare . Upon Gordon Brown becoming Prime Minister in 2007 , Heywood returned to government as Head of Domestic Policy and Strategy at the Cabinet Office . He later resumed the post of Principal Private Secretary , as well as being appointed the Downing Street Chief of Staff after the resignation of Stephen Carter . In 2010 , after David Cameron became Prime Minister , Heywood was replaced as Chief of Staff by Edward Llewellyn and as Principal Private Secretary by James Bowler . He returned to the civil service and was subsequently appointed the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary , a role created for the purpose of liaising between the Cabinet Secretary and the Chief of Staff within the Cabinet Office . Cabinet Secretary . On 11 October 2011 it was announced that Heywood would replace Sir Gus ODonnell as the Cabinet Secretary , the highest-ranked official in Her Majestys Civil Service , upon the latters retirement in January 2012 . It was also announced that Heywood would not concurrently hold the roles of Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary for the Cabinet Office , as would usually be the case . These positions instead went to Sir Bob Kerslake and Ian Watmore respectively . On 1 January 2012 , Heywood was knighted and officially made Cabinet Secretary . In July 2014 it was announced that Kerslake would step down and Heywood would take the title of Head of the Home Civil Service in the coming autumn . In September 2014 , Heywood duly succeeded Kerslake . , Heywood was paid a salary of between £195,000 and £199,999 , making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time . In June 2013 , he visited The Guardians offices to warn its then editor , Alan Rusbridger , that The Guardians involvement with Edward Snowden could make it a target for our guys in British intelligence and Chinese agents on your staff . He was criticised when he vetoed release to the Chilcot Inquiry of 150 letters and records of phone calls between Tony Blair and President George W . Bush before the 2003 Iraq War . Illness and death . After years of heavy smoking , Heywood was diagnosed with lung cancer in June 2017 and took a leave of absence from his position in June 2018 owing to his illness . He retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , and died on 4 November at the age of 56 . Personal life . Heywood was the son of archaeologist Brenda Swinbank . In 1997 , Heywood married Suzanne Cook . Together they had three children , including twins . Cook is a former civil servant who moved into the private sector : she has been managing director of the Exor Group since 2016 and chair of CNH Industrial since 2018 . In 2021 she published a biography , What Does Jeremy Think? : Jeremy Heywood and the Making of Modern Britain . Honours . Heywood was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 2002 New Year Honours , and a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( CVO ) in 2003 . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in the 2012 New Year Honours , and was thereby granted the title Sir . The Parliamentary Public Administration Committee cited the example of Heywoods knighthood as an automatic honour granted due to his position . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 31 October 2018 . On Heywoods retirement as Cabinet Secretary on 24 October 2018 , the Prime Minister Theresa May nominated him for a life peerage in recognition of his distinguished service to public life . He was created Baron Heywood of Whitehall , of Glossop in the County of Derbyshire on 26 October 2018 , shortly before his death . External links . - Profile from The Guardian - Profile from the Financial Times

easy

What was the position of Jeremy Heywood from 2014 to Oct 2018?

/wiki/Jeremy_Heywood#P39#3

Jeremy Heywood Jeremy John Heywood , Baron Heywood of Whitehall , ( 31 December 1961 – 4 November 2018 ) was a British civil servant who served as Cabinet Secretary to David Cameron and Theresa May from 2012 to 2018 and Head of the Home Civil Service from 2014 to 2018 . He served as the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Ministers Tony Blair and Gordon Brown from 1999 to 2003 and 2008 to 2010 . He also served as Downing Street Chief of Staff and the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary . After he was diagnosed with lung cancer , he took a leave of absence from June 2018 , and retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , receiving a life peerage ; he died two weeks later on 4 November 2018 . Early life and education . Heywood was born on 31 December 1961 in Glossop , Derbyshire , England . His parents were Peter Heywood and Brenda Swinbank , who met as teachers at Ackworth School in West Yorkshire , one of a few Quaker educational establishments in England . Heywood was educated at the independent Quaker Bootham School in York , where his father taught English . He studied history and economics at Hertford College , Oxford ( where he was later made an Honorary Fellow ) , graduating with a Bachelor of Arts ( BA ) degree in 1983 . He later studied economics at London School of Economics and was awarded Master of Science degree from University of London in 1986 . He also attended the Program for Management Development at Harvard Business School in 1994 . Career . From 1983 to 1984 , Heywood worked as an economist at the Health and Safety Executive , before moving to the Treasury , and became the Principal Private Secretary to the Chancellor of the Exchequer then Norman Lamont at the age of 30 , having to help mitigate the fallout from Black Wednesday after less than a month in the job . He remained in this role throughout the 1990s under Chancellors Kenneth Clarke and Gordon Brown . He was economic and domestic policy secretary to Tony Blair from 1997 to 1998 , before being promoted to be the Principal Private Secretary to Prime Minister Tony Blair in 1999 . He stayed in this position until 2003 , when he left the civil service in the wake of the Hutton Inquiry where it emerged that he said he had never minuted meetings in the Prime Ministerial offices about David Kelly , a job he was required to do . He became a managing director of the UK Investment Banking Division at Morgan Stanley where he was embroiled in the aftermath of the collapse of Southern Cross Healthcare . Upon Gordon Brown becoming Prime Minister in 2007 , Heywood returned to government as Head of Domestic Policy and Strategy at the Cabinet Office . He later resumed the post of Principal Private Secretary , as well as being appointed the Downing Street Chief of Staff after the resignation of Stephen Carter . In 2010 , after David Cameron became Prime Minister , Heywood was replaced as Chief of Staff by Edward Llewellyn and as Principal Private Secretary by James Bowler . He returned to the civil service and was subsequently appointed the first Downing Street Permanent Secretary , a role created for the purpose of liaising between the Cabinet Secretary and the Chief of Staff within the Cabinet Office . Cabinet Secretary . On 11 October 2011 it was announced that Heywood would replace Sir Gus ODonnell as the Cabinet Secretary , the highest-ranked official in Her Majestys Civil Service , upon the latters retirement in January 2012 . It was also announced that Heywood would not concurrently hold the roles of Head of the Home Civil Service and Permanent Secretary for the Cabinet Office , as would usually be the case . These positions instead went to Sir Bob Kerslake and Ian Watmore respectively . On 1 January 2012 , Heywood was knighted and officially made Cabinet Secretary . In July 2014 it was announced that Kerslake would step down and Heywood would take the title of Head of the Home Civil Service in the coming autumn . In September 2014 , Heywood duly succeeded Kerslake . , Heywood was paid a salary of between £195,000 and £199,999 , making him one of the 328 most highly paid people in the British public sector at that time . In June 2013 , he visited The Guardians offices to warn its then editor , Alan Rusbridger , that The Guardians involvement with Edward Snowden could make it a target for our guys in British intelligence and Chinese agents on your staff . He was criticised when he vetoed release to the Chilcot Inquiry of 150 letters and records of phone calls between Tony Blair and President George W . Bush before the 2003 Iraq War . Illness and death . After years of heavy smoking , Heywood was diagnosed with lung cancer in June 2017 and took a leave of absence from his position in June 2018 owing to his illness . He retired on health grounds on 24 October 2018 , and died on 4 November at the age of 56 . Personal life . Heywood was the son of archaeologist Brenda Swinbank . In 1997 , Heywood married Suzanne Cook . Together they had three children , including twins . Cook is a former civil servant who moved into the private sector : she has been managing director of the Exor Group since 2016 and chair of CNH Industrial since 2018 . In 2021 she published a biography , What Does Jeremy Think? : Jeremy Heywood and the Making of Modern Britain . Honours . Heywood was appointed Companion of the Order of the Bath ( CB ) in the 2002 New Year Honours , and a Commander of the Royal Victorian Order ( CVO ) in 2003 . He was promoted to Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath ( KCB ) in the 2012 New Year Honours , and was thereby granted the title Sir . The Parliamentary Public Administration Committee cited the example of Heywoods knighthood as an automatic honour granted due to his position . He was promoted to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 31 October 2018 . On Heywoods retirement as Cabinet Secretary on 24 October 2018 , the Prime Minister Theresa May nominated him for a life peerage in recognition of his distinguished service to public life . He was created Baron Heywood of Whitehall , of Glossop in the County of Derbyshire on 26 October 2018 , shortly before his death . External links . - Profile from The Guardian - Profile from the Financial Times

easy

Which team did the player Arif Erdem belong to from 1990 to 1991?

/wiki/Arif_Erdem#P54#0

Arif Erdem Arif Erdem ( born 2 January 1972 ) is a retired Turkish international footballer of Albanian descent and the former manager of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . He played in the forward position . Starting out with local club Zeytinburnuspor in 1990 , Arif had a decorated 15-year professional career . He scored 106 goals in 341 league matches and finished joint top scorer ( Gol Kralı ) of the Süper Lig with İlhan Mansız at the conclusion of the 2001–02 season . During his 14 years with Galatasaray , Arif won seven Süper Lig titles and five Turkish Cup titles , as well as the UEFA Cup in 2000 . He was a part of the Turkey national football team that finished third at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Arif was capped 60 times , scoring eleven goals . Club career . Arif played for Zeytinburnuspor before signing his first professional contract with Galatasaray on 1 June 1991 . He made 29 total appearances in his first season with the club , scoring four goals . Arif made fewer appearances the following season , providing four goals in 18 appearances as the club achieved a domestic treble ( Süper Lig , Turkish Cup , and Turkish Super Cup ) . The next season , 1993–94 , was Arifs most successful to date . His nine goals in the league helped Galatasaray earn another league title . Arif finished his first stint with Galatasaray after winning the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup , totaling six league titles , four cup titles , and four other cup titles . Arif left Galatasaray for Real Sociedad at the start of the 2000–01 . However , he regretted joining the club , saying the only thing I wanted was to move to a European team.. . I didnt even think about it , I signed the first offer I received . Arif was plagued by injuries during his tenure , and he left the Spanish club after six months , scoring one goal in two appearances . He signed with Galatasaray on 14 November 2000 . The following season , Arif won the Gol Kralı award , an award given to the top scorer of the Süper Lig , en route to his seventh league title with the club . Arif closed out his professional career with a Turkish Cup win in 2004–05 . International career . Arif began his international career with the Turkey national under-21 football team in 1991 , scoring one goal in 10 caps . He participated in the Akdeniz Cup with the Turkish Olympic team in 1993 , and earned his first senior team cap in 1994 . His senior international career lasted from 1994 to 2003 , where he scored 11 goals in 60 appearances . Coaching career . Arif had been an assistant coach with İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor since 2006 . On 18 November 2011 , after the assignation of Abdullah Avcı to Turkey national football team , he became the new head coach of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . At the end of the season , his contract was terminated by club at 14 May 2012 . Awards and honours . Galatasaray . - Süper Lig : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2001–02 - Turkish Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2004–05 - Turkish Super Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1996–97 - Chancellor Cup : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2001–02 ( 21 goals )

easy

Which team did the player Arif Erdem belong to from 1991 to 1993?

/wiki/Arif_Erdem#P54#1

Arif Erdem Arif Erdem ( born 2 January 1972 ) is a retired Turkish international footballer of Albanian descent and the former manager of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . He played in the forward position . Starting out with local club Zeytinburnuspor in 1990 , Arif had a decorated 15-year professional career . He scored 106 goals in 341 league matches and finished joint top scorer ( Gol Kralı ) of the Süper Lig with İlhan Mansız at the conclusion of the 2001–02 season . During his 14 years with Galatasaray , Arif won seven Süper Lig titles and five Turkish Cup titles , as well as the UEFA Cup in 2000 . He was a part of the Turkey national football team that finished third at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Arif was capped 60 times , scoring eleven goals . Club career . Arif played for Zeytinburnuspor before signing his first professional contract with Galatasaray on 1 June 1991 . He made 29 total appearances in his first season with the club , scoring four goals . Arif made fewer appearances the following season , providing four goals in 18 appearances as the club achieved a domestic treble ( Süper Lig , Turkish Cup , and Turkish Super Cup ) . The next season , 1993–94 , was Arifs most successful to date . His nine goals in the league helped Galatasaray earn another league title . Arif finished his first stint with Galatasaray after winning the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup , totaling six league titles , four cup titles , and four other cup titles . Arif left Galatasaray for Real Sociedad at the start of the 2000–01 . However , he regretted joining the club , saying the only thing I wanted was to move to a European team.. . I didnt even think about it , I signed the first offer I received . Arif was plagued by injuries during his tenure , and he left the Spanish club after six months , scoring one goal in two appearances . He signed with Galatasaray on 14 November 2000 . The following season , Arif won the Gol Kralı award , an award given to the top scorer of the Süper Lig , en route to his seventh league title with the club . Arif closed out his professional career with a Turkish Cup win in 2004–05 . International career . Arif began his international career with the Turkey national under-21 football team in 1991 , scoring one goal in 10 caps . He participated in the Akdeniz Cup with the Turkish Olympic team in 1993 , and earned his first senior team cap in 1994 . His senior international career lasted from 1994 to 2003 , where he scored 11 goals in 60 appearances . Coaching career . Arif had been an assistant coach with İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor since 2006 . On 18 November 2011 , after the assignation of Abdullah Avcı to Turkey national football team , he became the new head coach of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . At the end of the season , his contract was terminated by club at 14 May 2012 . Awards and honours . Galatasaray . - Süper Lig : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2001–02 - Turkish Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2004–05 - Turkish Super Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1996–97 - Chancellor Cup : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2001–02 ( 21 goals )

easy

Which team did the player Arif Erdem belong to from 1994 to 2001?

/wiki/Arif_Erdem#P54#2

Arif Erdem Arif Erdem ( born 2 January 1972 ) is a retired Turkish international footballer of Albanian descent and the former manager of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . He played in the forward position . Starting out with local club Zeytinburnuspor in 1990 , Arif had a decorated 15-year professional career . He scored 106 goals in 341 league matches and finished joint top scorer ( Gol Kralı ) of the Süper Lig with İlhan Mansız at the conclusion of the 2001–02 season . During his 14 years with Galatasaray , Arif won seven Süper Lig titles and five Turkish Cup titles , as well as the UEFA Cup in 2000 . He was a part of the Turkey national football team that finished third at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Arif was capped 60 times , scoring eleven goals . Club career . Arif played for Zeytinburnuspor before signing his first professional contract with Galatasaray on 1 June 1991 . He made 29 total appearances in his first season with the club , scoring four goals . Arif made fewer appearances the following season , providing four goals in 18 appearances as the club achieved a domestic treble ( Süper Lig , Turkish Cup , and Turkish Super Cup ) . The next season , 1993–94 , was Arifs most successful to date . His nine goals in the league helped Galatasaray earn another league title . Arif finished his first stint with Galatasaray after winning the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup , totaling six league titles , four cup titles , and four other cup titles . Arif left Galatasaray for Real Sociedad at the start of the 2000–01 . However , he regretted joining the club , saying the only thing I wanted was to move to a European team.. . I didnt even think about it , I signed the first offer I received . Arif was plagued by injuries during his tenure , and he left the Spanish club after six months , scoring one goal in two appearances . He signed with Galatasaray on 14 November 2000 . The following season , Arif won the Gol Kralı award , an award given to the top scorer of the Süper Lig , en route to his seventh league title with the club . Arif closed out his professional career with a Turkish Cup win in 2004–05 . International career . Arif began his international career with the Turkey national under-21 football team in 1991 , scoring one goal in 10 caps . He participated in the Akdeniz Cup with the Turkish Olympic team in 1993 , and earned his first senior team cap in 1994 . His senior international career lasted from 1994 to 2003 , where he scored 11 goals in 60 appearances . Coaching career . Arif had been an assistant coach with İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor since 2006 . On 18 November 2011 , after the assignation of Abdullah Avcı to Turkey national football team , he became the new head coach of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . At the end of the season , his contract was terminated by club at 14 May 2012 . Awards and honours . Galatasaray . - Süper Lig : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2001–02 - Turkish Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2004–05 - Turkish Super Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1996–97 - Chancellor Cup : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2001–02 ( 21 goals )

easy

Which team did Arif Erdem play for in 2003?

/wiki/Arif_Erdem#P54#3

Arif Erdem Arif Erdem ( born 2 January 1972 ) is a retired Turkish international footballer of Albanian descent and the former manager of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . He played in the forward position . Starting out with local club Zeytinburnuspor in 1990 , Arif had a decorated 15-year professional career . He scored 106 goals in 341 league matches and finished joint top scorer ( Gol Kralı ) of the Süper Lig with İlhan Mansız at the conclusion of the 2001–02 season . During his 14 years with Galatasaray , Arif won seven Süper Lig titles and five Turkish Cup titles , as well as the UEFA Cup in 2000 . He was a part of the Turkey national football team that finished third at the 2002 FIFA World Cup . Arif was capped 60 times , scoring eleven goals . Club career . Arif played for Zeytinburnuspor before signing his first professional contract with Galatasaray on 1 June 1991 . He made 29 total appearances in his first season with the club , scoring four goals . Arif made fewer appearances the following season , providing four goals in 18 appearances as the club achieved a domestic treble ( Süper Lig , Turkish Cup , and Turkish Super Cup ) . The next season , 1993–94 , was Arifs most successful to date . His nine goals in the league helped Galatasaray earn another league title . Arif finished his first stint with Galatasaray after winning the 1999–2000 UEFA Cup , totaling six league titles , four cup titles , and four other cup titles . Arif left Galatasaray for Real Sociedad at the start of the 2000–01 . However , he regretted joining the club , saying the only thing I wanted was to move to a European team.. . I didnt even think about it , I signed the first offer I received . Arif was plagued by injuries during his tenure , and he left the Spanish club after six months , scoring one goal in two appearances . He signed with Galatasaray on 14 November 2000 . The following season , Arif won the Gol Kralı award , an award given to the top scorer of the Süper Lig , en route to his seventh league title with the club . Arif closed out his professional career with a Turkish Cup win in 2004–05 . International career . Arif began his international career with the Turkey national under-21 football team in 1991 , scoring one goal in 10 caps . He participated in the Akdeniz Cup with the Turkish Olympic team in 1993 , and earned his first senior team cap in 1994 . His senior international career lasted from 1994 to 2003 , where he scored 11 goals in 60 appearances . Coaching career . Arif had been an assistant coach with İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor since 2006 . On 18 November 2011 , after the assignation of Abdullah Avcı to Turkey national football team , he became the new head coach of İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor . At the end of the season , his contract was terminated by club at 14 May 2012 . Awards and honours . Galatasaray . - Süper Lig : 1992–93 , 1993–94 , 1996–97 , 1997–98 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2001–02 - Turkish Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1998–99 , 1999–2000 , 2004–05 - Turkish Super Cup : 1992–93 , 1995–96 , 1996–97 - Chancellor Cup : 1994–95 - UEFA Cup : 1999–2000 Individual . - Gol Kralı : 2001–02 ( 21 goals )

easy

Which political party did James Marape belong to from 2002 to 2007?

/wiki/James_Marape#P102#0

James Marape James Marape ( born 24 April 1971 ) is a Papua New Guinean politician , who is serving as the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea since May 2019 ; he has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since July 2007 , representing the electorate of Tari-Pori Open in Hela Province in the highlands . He held Cabinet Posts as Minister of Education ( 2008–2011 ) and Minister of Finance ( 2012–2019 ) . Early career . Marape was born in 1971 in Tari , Hela Province ( then in Southern Highlands Province ) . He attended Minj Primary School and Kabiufa Adventist Secondary School in the PNG highlands . Marape graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Papua New Guinea in 1993 , and a postgraduate Honours Degree in Environmental Science in 2000 . He has a background in managerial functions . From 1994 to 1995 , he was Officer in charge at the PNG Institute of Medical Research , Tari Branch . From 1996 to 1998 , he was Operations Manager of GDC at the Hides Gas project . After obtaining his honors degree , he became Acting Assistant Secretary of Policy with the Department of Personnel Management from 2001 to 2006 . Political career . His entry into politics was tumultuous . Marape first contested the Tari-Pori seat at the 2002 election for the Peoples Progress Party , when voting in the Southern Highlands Province was cancelled due to widespread violence . He contested the supplementary election in 2003 but lost to incumbent MP Tom Tomiape in a contest marred by the bashing of a polling official by his supporters . He challenged the result in the Court of Disputed Returns , but both his initial petition and a subsequent appeal were rejected . He contested the seat for a second time at the 2007 election and defeated Tomiape . He won the subsequent parliamentary elections in Tari-Pori ( 2012 and 2017 ) . He obtained in 2017 50%+1 of the vote ( 30,192 votes ) and this is unusual in PNGs Limited PV system . A challenge by the second runner up Justin Haiara was dismissed by the National Court . Prime Minister Michael Somare gave him major parliamentary responsibilities after his win in 2007 : Parliamentary Secretary for Works , Transport and Civil Aviation , Deputy Chair of the Privileges Committee and member of the Parliamentary Referral Committee on Inter-Government Relations. [ He was Minister for Education from 16 December 2008 to 2 August 2011 . He was then a member of Somares National Alliance Party . In February 2012 , he left the National Alliance Party and joined the party of Prime Minister ONeill , the Peoples National Congress ( PNC ) . ONeill appointed him as Minister of Finance in 2012 . On 11 April 2019 , he resigned as Minister of Finance but remained a member of Peoples National Congress and the Government . However , he resigned from the party on 29 April 2019 . Sam Basil was appointed as Minister for Finance on 18 April 2019 . Ministerial succession . He resigned from PNC soon after his resignation as Cabinet Minister . Marape joined the MPs plotting a vote of no confidence in the ONeill government . He was elected as alternate Prime Minister on 7th of May 2019 . On the 17th of May the Ombudsman Commission recommended a leadership tribunal to judge ONeill and Marape on the UBS loan to acquire shares in Oil Search Limited . That was mentioned as the reason for Marapes replacement as alternate MP by Patrick Pruaitch on 28 of May 2019 . Marape introduced Patrick Pruaitch as alternate MP and declared that the vote for Pruaitch was by consensus . Peter O’Neill had then resigned as Prime Minister on 26th of May . However , Marape and not Pruaitch emerged from the succession struggle . Marape and 26 opposition MPs that had belonged to PNC returned to the PNC . As a result , the opposition did not have the numbers anymore for a vote of no confidence . The resignation of ONeill necessitated the election of a new Prime Minister . Marape obtained in the subsequent election 101 votes as compared to 8 for Mekere Morauta . ONeill expected that his Cabinet would continue as usual with him as parliamentary leader instead of Prime Minister . However , Marape appointed people who had opposed the ONeill/Able government . After a few months , Marape clashed with ONeill and directed him to the opposition benches , Marape had joined Pangu Party before he rejoined PNC . In August 2019 , he accepted the leadership of Pangu Party.In a Cabinet reshuffle on 8th of November Marape replaced most of the Cabinet Ministers . ONeill continues to be critical . He opposes especially Marapes view of the economy . He stresses that Marape is as responsible for the state of affairs as ONeill : he was minister of finance . Attempted vote of no confidence . On 10th of November 2020 Marape was confronted by an attempt to topple him from power . A motion of no confidence in the Marape government could be mounted after 30th of November as the grace period for a new cabinet expired then . A motion by Belden Namah was accepted ( 57-39 ) to adjourn Parliament to 1st of December with the intention to mount a vote on such a motion . Those who voted with Namah , 55 in number , went in a so-called ”camp” in Vanimo , the constituency of Belden . They comprised among others of 11 Cabinet ministers , 3 ex Prime Ministers and 4 ex Deputy Prime Ministers , Marape retorted by starting a “camp” on Loloata island near Port Moresby . Fifty thee MP went with him . At that time there were 110 elective members of parliament and the competition was therefore close . Marape resorted to well known tactics . First , he used an interpretation of the rules of parliament , Namahs motion was accepted with the deputy speaker -Koni Iguan- in charge . He joined the camp in Vanimo . Speaker Job Pomat then overruled the motion by Namah on the grounds that only a Minister is allowed to propose a parliament adjournment , Parliament was recalled and on 17 of November -with the opposition absent in Vanimo- the budget for 2021 was passed . This had been shelved by the opposition until after the vote of no confidence . Marape argued that it could not wait because it had to function in international negotiations . Job Pomat , the speaker supported throughout the procedures the Marape government . Parliament was then adjourned until April 2021.Second , the Private Business committee of parliament is crucial to get a vote of no confidence on the agenda . Namah had in his initiative replaced the members of that committee with supporters in the opposition . Marape reversed this and brought his own supporters on the committee in the session of 17th of November Peter O’Neill had fronted with Namah the opposition movement and brought a case before the Supreme Court to declare the budget sitting on 17th of November unconstitutional . The Supreme Court ruled in his favour and the decisions taken then were invalid . The Speaker recalled parliament on the 14th of December . The most important issue in this meeting was filing a motion of no confidence with the Private Business committee by Belden Namah . The opposition proposed Patrick Pruaitch as alternate prime minister . In that session the opposition had support of 55 members as compared to 32 The vote of no confidence was never tabled when parliament reconvened on 16 December , Eighteen MPs crossed the floor from the opposition to the government benches and therefore brought the governments support to 70 , a solid majority . Sam Basil , the previous deputy prime minister went back to his old place . The competition for alternate prime ministership between Patrick Pruaitch and Sam Basil had been decided in favour of the former to the dismay of Basil and his followers . They returned in protest to the government benches . It was perceived as an attempt to regain power by the old guard . Marape presented a confident New Years Message in which he also stressed the generational change in PNG politics . He also said that the old guard had a record in which there was little to be proud of . Personal life . James Marape is a member and leader of the Huli people , one of the countrys largest tribes and ethnic groups . Marapes father was a Seventh-day Adventist pastor with Marape identifying with the church as well . Marape is married to Rachael Marape , who is originally from East Sepik Province . The couple have six children . On being sworn in , Marape said he wants Papua New Guinea to be the richest black Christian nation in the world . External links . - James Marape on Facebook

easy

Which political party did James Marape belong to from 2007 to 2012?

/wiki/James_Marape#P102#1

James Marape James Marape ( born 24 April 1971 ) is a Papua New Guinean politician , who is serving as the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea since May 2019 ; he has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since July 2007 , representing the electorate of Tari-Pori Open in Hela Province in the highlands . He held Cabinet Posts as Minister of Education ( 2008–2011 ) and Minister of Finance ( 2012–2019 ) . Early career . Marape was born in 1971 in Tari , Hela Province ( then in Southern Highlands Province ) . He attended Minj Primary School and Kabiufa Adventist Secondary School in the PNG highlands . Marape graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Papua New Guinea in 1993 , and a postgraduate Honours Degree in Environmental Science in 2000 . He has a background in managerial functions . From 1994 to 1995 , he was Officer in charge at the PNG Institute of Medical Research , Tari Branch . From 1996 to 1998 , he was Operations Manager of GDC at the Hides Gas project . After obtaining his honors degree , he became Acting Assistant Secretary of Policy with the Department of Personnel Management from 2001 to 2006 . Political career . His entry into politics was tumultuous . Marape first contested the Tari-Pori seat at the 2002 election for the Peoples Progress Party , when voting in the Southern Highlands Province was cancelled due to widespread violence . He contested the supplementary election in 2003 but lost to incumbent MP Tom Tomiape in a contest marred by the bashing of a polling official by his supporters . He challenged the result in the Court of Disputed Returns , but both his initial petition and a subsequent appeal were rejected . He contested the seat for a second time at the 2007 election and defeated Tomiape . He won the subsequent parliamentary elections in Tari-Pori ( 2012 and 2017 ) . He obtained in 2017 50%+1 of the vote ( 30,192 votes ) and this is unusual in PNGs Limited PV system . A challenge by the second runner up Justin Haiara was dismissed by the National Court . Prime Minister Michael Somare gave him major parliamentary responsibilities after his win in 2007 : Parliamentary Secretary for Works , Transport and Civil Aviation , Deputy Chair of the Privileges Committee and member of the Parliamentary Referral Committee on Inter-Government Relations. [ He was Minister for Education from 16 December 2008 to 2 August 2011 . He was then a member of Somares National Alliance Party . In February 2012 , he left the National Alliance Party and joined the party of Prime Minister ONeill , the Peoples National Congress ( PNC ) . ONeill appointed him as Minister of Finance in 2012 . On 11 April 2019 , he resigned as Minister of Finance but remained a member of Peoples National Congress and the Government . However , he resigned from the party on 29 April 2019 . Sam Basil was appointed as Minister for Finance on 18 April 2019 . Ministerial succession . He resigned from PNC soon after his resignation as Cabinet Minister . Marape joined the MPs plotting a vote of no confidence in the ONeill government . He was elected as alternate Prime Minister on 7th of May 2019 . On the 17th of May the Ombudsman Commission recommended a leadership tribunal to judge ONeill and Marape on the UBS loan to acquire shares in Oil Search Limited . That was mentioned as the reason for Marapes replacement as alternate MP by Patrick Pruaitch on 28 of May 2019 . Marape introduced Patrick Pruaitch as alternate MP and declared that the vote for Pruaitch was by consensus . Peter O’Neill had then resigned as Prime Minister on 26th of May . However , Marape and not Pruaitch emerged from the succession struggle . Marape and 26 opposition MPs that had belonged to PNC returned to the PNC . As a result , the opposition did not have the numbers anymore for a vote of no confidence . The resignation of ONeill necessitated the election of a new Prime Minister . Marape obtained in the subsequent election 101 votes as compared to 8 for Mekere Morauta . ONeill expected that his Cabinet would continue as usual with him as parliamentary leader instead of Prime Minister . However , Marape appointed people who had opposed the ONeill/Able government . After a few months , Marape clashed with ONeill and directed him to the opposition benches , Marape had joined Pangu Party before he rejoined PNC . In August 2019 , he accepted the leadership of Pangu Party.In a Cabinet reshuffle on 8th of November Marape replaced most of the Cabinet Ministers . ONeill continues to be critical . He opposes especially Marapes view of the economy . He stresses that Marape is as responsible for the state of affairs as ONeill : he was minister of finance . Attempted vote of no confidence . On 10th of November 2020 Marape was confronted by an attempt to topple him from power . A motion of no confidence in the Marape government could be mounted after 30th of November as the grace period for a new cabinet expired then . A motion by Belden Namah was accepted ( 57-39 ) to adjourn Parliament to 1st of December with the intention to mount a vote on such a motion . Those who voted with Namah , 55 in number , went in a so-called ”camp” in Vanimo , the constituency of Belden . They comprised among others of 11 Cabinet ministers , 3 ex Prime Ministers and 4 ex Deputy Prime Ministers , Marape retorted by starting a “camp” on Loloata island near Port Moresby . Fifty thee MP went with him . At that time there were 110 elective members of parliament and the competition was therefore close . Marape resorted to well known tactics . First , he used an interpretation of the rules of parliament , Namahs motion was accepted with the deputy speaker -Koni Iguan- in charge . He joined the camp in Vanimo . Speaker Job Pomat then overruled the motion by Namah on the grounds that only a Minister is allowed to propose a parliament adjournment , Parliament was recalled and on 17 of November -with the opposition absent in Vanimo- the budget for 2021 was passed . This had been shelved by the opposition until after the vote of no confidence . Marape argued that it could not wait because it had to function in international negotiations . Job Pomat , the speaker supported throughout the procedures the Marape government . Parliament was then adjourned until April 2021.Second , the Private Business committee of parliament is crucial to get a vote of no confidence on the agenda . Namah had in his initiative replaced the members of that committee with supporters in the opposition . Marape reversed this and brought his own supporters on the committee in the session of 17th of November Peter O’Neill had fronted with Namah the opposition movement and brought a case before the Supreme Court to declare the budget sitting on 17th of November unconstitutional . The Supreme Court ruled in his favour and the decisions taken then were invalid . The Speaker recalled parliament on the 14th of December . The most important issue in this meeting was filing a motion of no confidence with the Private Business committee by Belden Namah . The opposition proposed Patrick Pruaitch as alternate prime minister . In that session the opposition had support of 55 members as compared to 32 The vote of no confidence was never tabled when parliament reconvened on 16 December , Eighteen MPs crossed the floor from the opposition to the government benches and therefore brought the governments support to 70 , a solid majority . Sam Basil , the previous deputy prime minister went back to his old place . The competition for alternate prime ministership between Patrick Pruaitch and Sam Basil had been decided in favour of the former to the dismay of Basil and his followers . They returned in protest to the government benches . It was perceived as an attempt to regain power by the old guard . Marape presented a confident New Years Message in which he also stressed the generational change in PNG politics . He also said that the old guard had a record in which there was little to be proud of . Personal life . James Marape is a member and leader of the Huli people , one of the countrys largest tribes and ethnic groups . Marapes father was a Seventh-day Adventist pastor with Marape identifying with the church as well . Marape is married to Rachael Marape , who is originally from East Sepik Province . The couple have six children . On being sworn in , Marape said he wants Papua New Guinea to be the richest black Christian nation in the world . External links . - James Marape on Facebook

easy

Which party was James Marape a member of from 2012 to 2019?

/wiki/James_Marape#P102#2

James Marape James Marape ( born 24 April 1971 ) is a Papua New Guinean politician , who is serving as the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea since May 2019 ; he has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since July 2007 , representing the electorate of Tari-Pori Open in Hela Province in the highlands . He held Cabinet Posts as Minister of Education ( 2008–2011 ) and Minister of Finance ( 2012–2019 ) . Early career . Marape was born in 1971 in Tari , Hela Province ( then in Southern Highlands Province ) . He attended Minj Primary School and Kabiufa Adventist Secondary School in the PNG highlands . Marape graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Papua New Guinea in 1993 , and a postgraduate Honours Degree in Environmental Science in 2000 . He has a background in managerial functions . From 1994 to 1995 , he was Officer in charge at the PNG Institute of Medical Research , Tari Branch . From 1996 to 1998 , he was Operations Manager of GDC at the Hides Gas project . After obtaining his honors degree , he became Acting Assistant Secretary of Policy with the Department of Personnel Management from 2001 to 2006 . Political career . His entry into politics was tumultuous . Marape first contested the Tari-Pori seat at the 2002 election for the Peoples Progress Party , when voting in the Southern Highlands Province was cancelled due to widespread violence . He contested the supplementary election in 2003 but lost to incumbent MP Tom Tomiape in a contest marred by the bashing of a polling official by his supporters . He challenged the result in the Court of Disputed Returns , but both his initial petition and a subsequent appeal were rejected . He contested the seat for a second time at the 2007 election and defeated Tomiape . He won the subsequent parliamentary elections in Tari-Pori ( 2012 and 2017 ) . He obtained in 2017 50%+1 of the vote ( 30,192 votes ) and this is unusual in PNGs Limited PV system . A challenge by the second runner up Justin Haiara was dismissed by the National Court . Prime Minister Michael Somare gave him major parliamentary responsibilities after his win in 2007 : Parliamentary Secretary for Works , Transport and Civil Aviation , Deputy Chair of the Privileges Committee and member of the Parliamentary Referral Committee on Inter-Government Relations. [ He was Minister for Education from 16 December 2008 to 2 August 2011 . He was then a member of Somares National Alliance Party . In February 2012 , he left the National Alliance Party and joined the party of Prime Minister ONeill , the Peoples National Congress ( PNC ) . ONeill appointed him as Minister of Finance in 2012 . On 11 April 2019 , he resigned as Minister of Finance but remained a member of Peoples National Congress and the Government . However , he resigned from the party on 29 April 2019 . Sam Basil was appointed as Minister for Finance on 18 April 2019 . Ministerial succession . He resigned from PNC soon after his resignation as Cabinet Minister . Marape joined the MPs plotting a vote of no confidence in the ONeill government . He was elected as alternate Prime Minister on 7th of May 2019 . On the 17th of May the Ombudsman Commission recommended a leadership tribunal to judge ONeill and Marape on the UBS loan to acquire shares in Oil Search Limited . That was mentioned as the reason for Marapes replacement as alternate MP by Patrick Pruaitch on 28 of May 2019 . Marape introduced Patrick Pruaitch as alternate MP and declared that the vote for Pruaitch was by consensus . Peter O’Neill had then resigned as Prime Minister on 26th of May . However , Marape and not Pruaitch emerged from the succession struggle . Marape and 26 opposition MPs that had belonged to PNC returned to the PNC . As a result , the opposition did not have the numbers anymore for a vote of no confidence . The resignation of ONeill necessitated the election of a new Prime Minister . Marape obtained in the subsequent election 101 votes as compared to 8 for Mekere Morauta . ONeill expected that his Cabinet would continue as usual with him as parliamentary leader instead of Prime Minister . However , Marape appointed people who had opposed the ONeill/Able government . After a few months , Marape clashed with ONeill and directed him to the opposition benches , Marape had joined Pangu Party before he rejoined PNC . In August 2019 , he accepted the leadership of Pangu Party.In a Cabinet reshuffle on 8th of November Marape replaced most of the Cabinet Ministers . ONeill continues to be critical . He opposes especially Marapes view of the economy . He stresses that Marape is as responsible for the state of affairs as ONeill : he was minister of finance . Attempted vote of no confidence . On 10th of November 2020 Marape was confronted by an attempt to topple him from power . A motion of no confidence in the Marape government could be mounted after 30th of November as the grace period for a new cabinet expired then . A motion by Belden Namah was accepted ( 57-39 ) to adjourn Parliament to 1st of December with the intention to mount a vote on such a motion . Those who voted with Namah , 55 in number , went in a so-called ”camp” in Vanimo , the constituency of Belden . They comprised among others of 11 Cabinet ministers , 3 ex Prime Ministers and 4 ex Deputy Prime Ministers , Marape retorted by starting a “camp” on Loloata island near Port Moresby . Fifty thee MP went with him . At that time there were 110 elective members of parliament and the competition was therefore close . Marape resorted to well known tactics . First , he used an interpretation of the rules of parliament , Namahs motion was accepted with the deputy speaker -Koni Iguan- in charge . He joined the camp in Vanimo . Speaker Job Pomat then overruled the motion by Namah on the grounds that only a Minister is allowed to propose a parliament adjournment , Parliament was recalled and on 17 of November -with the opposition absent in Vanimo- the budget for 2021 was passed . This had been shelved by the opposition until after the vote of no confidence . Marape argued that it could not wait because it had to function in international negotiations . Job Pomat , the speaker supported throughout the procedures the Marape government . Parliament was then adjourned until April 2021.Second , the Private Business committee of parliament is crucial to get a vote of no confidence on the agenda . Namah had in his initiative replaced the members of that committee with supporters in the opposition . Marape reversed this and brought his own supporters on the committee in the session of 17th of November Peter O’Neill had fronted with Namah the opposition movement and brought a case before the Supreme Court to declare the budget sitting on 17th of November unconstitutional . The Supreme Court ruled in his favour and the decisions taken then were invalid . The Speaker recalled parliament on the 14th of December . The most important issue in this meeting was filing a motion of no confidence with the Private Business committee by Belden Namah . The opposition proposed Patrick Pruaitch as alternate prime minister . In that session the opposition had support of 55 members as compared to 32 The vote of no confidence was never tabled when parliament reconvened on 16 December , Eighteen MPs crossed the floor from the opposition to the government benches and therefore brought the governments support to 70 , a solid majority . Sam Basil , the previous deputy prime minister went back to his old place . The competition for alternate prime ministership between Patrick Pruaitch and Sam Basil had been decided in favour of the former to the dismay of Basil and his followers . They returned in protest to the government benches . It was perceived as an attempt to regain power by the old guard . Marape presented a confident New Years Message in which he also stressed the generational change in PNG politics . He also said that the old guard had a record in which there was little to be proud of . Personal life . James Marape is a member and leader of the Huli people , one of the countrys largest tribes and ethnic groups . Marapes father was a Seventh-day Adventist pastor with Marape identifying with the church as well . Marape is married to Rachael Marape , who is originally from East Sepik Province . The couple have six children . On being sworn in , Marape said he wants Papua New Guinea to be the richest black Christian nation in the world . External links . - James Marape on Facebook

easy

Which political party did James Marape belong to from 2019 to 2020?

/wiki/James_Marape#P102#3

James Marape James Marape ( born 24 April 1971 ) is a Papua New Guinean politician , who is serving as the Prime Minister of Papua New Guinea since May 2019 ; he has been a member of the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea since July 2007 , representing the electorate of Tari-Pori Open in Hela Province in the highlands . He held Cabinet Posts as Minister of Education ( 2008–2011 ) and Minister of Finance ( 2012–2019 ) . Early career . Marape was born in 1971 in Tari , Hela Province ( then in Southern Highlands Province ) . He attended Minj Primary School and Kabiufa Adventist Secondary School in the PNG highlands . Marape graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Papua New Guinea in 1993 , and a postgraduate Honours Degree in Environmental Science in 2000 . He has a background in managerial functions . From 1994 to 1995 , he was Officer in charge at the PNG Institute of Medical Research , Tari Branch . From 1996 to 1998 , he was Operations Manager of GDC at the Hides Gas project . After obtaining his honors degree , he became Acting Assistant Secretary of Policy with the Department of Personnel Management from 2001 to 2006 . Political career . His entry into politics was tumultuous . Marape first contested the Tari-Pori seat at the 2002 election for the Peoples Progress Party , when voting in the Southern Highlands Province was cancelled due to widespread violence . He contested the supplementary election in 2003 but lost to incumbent MP Tom Tomiape in a contest marred by the bashing of a polling official by his supporters . He challenged the result in the Court of Disputed Returns , but both his initial petition and a subsequent appeal were rejected . He contested the seat for a second time at the 2007 election and defeated Tomiape . He won the subsequent parliamentary elections in Tari-Pori ( 2012 and 2017 ) . He obtained in 2017 50%+1 of the vote ( 30,192 votes ) and this is unusual in PNGs Limited PV system . A challenge by the second runner up Justin Haiara was dismissed by the National Court . Prime Minister Michael Somare gave him major parliamentary responsibilities after his win in 2007 : Parliamentary Secretary for Works , Transport and Civil Aviation , Deputy Chair of the Privileges Committee and member of the Parliamentary Referral Committee on Inter-Government Relations. [ He was Minister for Education from 16 December 2008 to 2 August 2011 . He was then a member of Somares National Alliance Party . In February 2012 , he left the National Alliance Party and joined the party of Prime Minister ONeill , the Peoples National Congress ( PNC ) . ONeill appointed him as Minister of Finance in 2012 . On 11 April 2019 , he resigned as Minister of Finance but remained a member of Peoples National Congress and the Government . However , he resigned from the party on 29 April 2019 . Sam Basil was appointed as Minister for Finance on 18 April 2019 . Ministerial succession . He resigned from PNC soon after his resignation as Cabinet Minister . Marape joined the MPs plotting a vote of no confidence in the ONeill government . He was elected as alternate Prime Minister on 7th of May 2019 . On the 17th of May the Ombudsman Commission recommended a leadership tribunal to judge ONeill and Marape on the UBS loan to acquire shares in Oil Search Limited . That was mentioned as the reason for Marapes replacement as alternate MP by Patrick Pruaitch on 28 of May 2019 . Marape introduced Patrick Pruaitch as alternate MP and declared that the vote for Pruaitch was by consensus . Peter O’Neill had then resigned as Prime Minister on 26th of May . However , Marape and not Pruaitch emerged from the succession struggle . Marape and 26 opposition MPs that had belonged to PNC returned to the PNC . As a result , the opposition did not have the numbers anymore for a vote of no confidence . The resignation of ONeill necessitated the election of a new Prime Minister . Marape obtained in the subsequent election 101 votes as compared to 8 for Mekere Morauta . ONeill expected that his Cabinet would continue as usual with him as parliamentary leader instead of Prime Minister . However , Marape appointed people who had opposed the ONeill/Able government . After a few months , Marape clashed with ONeill and directed him to the opposition benches , Marape had joined Pangu Party before he rejoined PNC . In August 2019 , he accepted the leadership of Pangu Party.In a Cabinet reshuffle on 8th of November Marape replaced most of the Cabinet Ministers . ONeill continues to be critical . He opposes especially Marapes view of the economy . He stresses that Marape is as responsible for the state of affairs as ONeill : he was minister of finance . Attempted vote of no confidence . On 10th of November 2020 Marape was confronted by an attempt to topple him from power . A motion of no confidence in the Marape government could be mounted after 30th of November as the grace period for a new cabinet expired then . A motion by Belden Namah was accepted ( 57-39 ) to adjourn Parliament to 1st of December with the intention to mount a vote on such a motion . Those who voted with Namah , 55 in number , went in a so-called ”camp” in Vanimo , the constituency of Belden . They comprised among others of 11 Cabinet ministers , 3 ex Prime Ministers and 4 ex Deputy Prime Ministers , Marape retorted by starting a “camp” on Loloata island near Port Moresby . Fifty thee MP went with him . At that time there were 110 elective members of parliament and the competition was therefore close . Marape resorted to well known tactics . First , he used an interpretation of the rules of parliament , Namahs motion was accepted with the deputy speaker -Koni Iguan- in charge . He joined the camp in Vanimo . Speaker Job Pomat then overruled the motion by Namah on the grounds that only a Minister is allowed to propose a parliament adjournment , Parliament was recalled and on 17 of November -with the opposition absent in Vanimo- the budget for 2021 was passed . This had been shelved by the opposition until after the vote of no confidence . Marape argued that it could not wait because it had to function in international negotiations . Job Pomat , the speaker supported throughout the procedures the Marape government . Parliament was then adjourned until April 2021.Second , the Private Business committee of parliament is crucial to get a vote of no confidence on the agenda . Namah had in his initiative replaced the members of that committee with supporters in the opposition . Marape reversed this and brought his own supporters on the committee in the session of 17th of November Peter O’Neill had fronted with Namah the opposition movement and brought a case before the Supreme Court to declare the budget sitting on 17th of November unconstitutional . The Supreme Court ruled in his favour and the decisions taken then were invalid . The Speaker recalled parliament on the 14th of December . The most important issue in this meeting was filing a motion of no confidence with the Private Business committee by Belden Namah . The opposition proposed Patrick Pruaitch as alternate prime minister . In that session the opposition had support of 55 members as compared to 32 The vote of no confidence was never tabled when parliament reconvened on 16 December , Eighteen MPs crossed the floor from the opposition to the government benches and therefore brought the governments support to 70 , a solid majority . Sam Basil , the previous deputy prime minister went back to his old place . The competition for alternate prime ministership between Patrick Pruaitch and Sam Basil had been decided in favour of the former to the dismay of Basil and his followers . They returned in protest to the government benches . It was perceived as an attempt to regain power by the old guard . Marape presented a confident New Years Message in which he also stressed the generational change in PNG politics . He also said that the old guard had a record in which there was little to be proud of . Personal life . James Marape is a member and leader of the Huli people , one of the countrys largest tribes and ethnic groups . Marapes father was a Seventh-day Adventist pastor with Marape identifying with the church as well . Marape is married to Rachael Marape , who is originally from East Sepik Province . The couple have six children . On being sworn in , Marape said he wants Papua New Guinea to be the richest black Christian nation in the world . External links . - James Marape on Facebook

easy

Which team did the player Mouhamadou Dabo belong to from 2005 to 2008?

/wiki/Mouhamadou_Dabo#P54#0

Mouhamadou Dabo Mouhamadou Dabo ( born 28 November 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back , but has played left-back . He most recently played for Caen in Ligue 1 . Club career . Saint-Étienne . Born in Dakar , Dabo began his career with ASC Yeggo and he then joined French club Saint-Étiennes youth academy when he was 14 years old . In the summer of 2004 he was promoted to the clubs senior team by manager Élie Baup . On 7 May 2005 , Dabo made his debut for Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win over Toulouse and made three appearances in total in his first season . Baups successor Ivan Hašek put Dabo in the right-back position before newly manager Laurent Roussey switched him into the left-back role . Dabos second season proved to be the breakout year for the player as he received more playing time . On 21 September 2008 , Dabo scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne against Paris Saint-Germain . The result was 1–0 in favor of Saint-Étienne . On 7 February 2009 , Dabo scored an own goal against Caen . However , Saint-Étienne won the match 3–2 with goals from Bafétimbi Gomis and Ilan , who scored twice . In January 2009 , club manager Alain Perrin told Le Progrès that Dabo , who had one year left on his contract at the time , refused all proposals on an extension . Sevilla . Following his contract expiration , Dabo signed a four-year contract with Spanish club Sevilla on a free transfer , making him the first signing for the club . He made his debut for Sevilla in the first leg of the teams Supercopa de España tie against Barcelona on 14 August 2010 . Two weeks later , Dabo made his league debut for Sevilla in a 4–1 win over Levante . On 19 December 2010 , he received his first red card of his career after he kicked goal-scorer Ángel Di María in a 1–0 loss against Real Madrid . Lyon . After just one season in Spain , in August 2011 , Dabo returned to France signing a four-year contract with Lyon . The transfer fee was priced at €1 million plus a possible €800k in incentives . On 18 September 2011 , Dabo made his debut for Lyon in a 2–0 win over Marseille after coming on a substitute for Anthony Réveillère . On 29 October 2011 , he played his first match against his former club Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win , but received a straight red card in the second half after foul on Bănel Nicoliță . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Dabo received his second red card of the season 2–1 win over Lille on 11 January 2012 . Troyes . Following his release by Lyon , Dabo completed a move to newly promoted Ligue 1 club Troyes on 14 October 2015 . He made his Troyes debut on 25 October in an away match against Bordeaux in Ligue 1 . International career . Dabo earned 17 caps for the France national under-21 football team . He got his first call-up for France against Argentina on 11 February 2009 . Honours . Dabo has won two trophies in his career , firstly the 2011–12 Coupe de France and most recently the 2012 Trophée des Champions . Lyon - Coupe de France : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2012

easy

Which team did the player Mouhamadou Dabo belong to from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Mouhamadou_Dabo#P54#1

Mouhamadou Dabo Mouhamadou Dabo ( born 28 November 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back , but has played left-back . He most recently played for Caen in Ligue 1 . Club career . Saint-Étienne . Born in Dakar , Dabo began his career with ASC Yeggo and he then joined French club Saint-Étiennes youth academy when he was 14 years old . In the summer of 2004 he was promoted to the clubs senior team by manager Élie Baup . On 7 May 2005 , Dabo made his debut for Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win over Toulouse and made three appearances in total in his first season . Baups successor Ivan Hašek put Dabo in the right-back position before newly manager Laurent Roussey switched him into the left-back role . Dabos second season proved to be the breakout year for the player as he received more playing time . On 21 September 2008 , Dabo scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne against Paris Saint-Germain . The result was 1–0 in favor of Saint-Étienne . On 7 February 2009 , Dabo scored an own goal against Caen . However , Saint-Étienne won the match 3–2 with goals from Bafétimbi Gomis and Ilan , who scored twice . In January 2009 , club manager Alain Perrin told Le Progrès that Dabo , who had one year left on his contract at the time , refused all proposals on an extension . Sevilla . Following his contract expiration , Dabo signed a four-year contract with Spanish club Sevilla on a free transfer , making him the first signing for the club . He made his debut for Sevilla in the first leg of the teams Supercopa de España tie against Barcelona on 14 August 2010 . Two weeks later , Dabo made his league debut for Sevilla in a 4–1 win over Levante . On 19 December 2010 , he received his first red card of his career after he kicked goal-scorer Ángel Di María in a 1–0 loss against Real Madrid . Lyon . After just one season in Spain , in August 2011 , Dabo returned to France signing a four-year contract with Lyon . The transfer fee was priced at €1 million plus a possible €800k in incentives . On 18 September 2011 , Dabo made his debut for Lyon in a 2–0 win over Marseille after coming on a substitute for Anthony Réveillère . On 29 October 2011 , he played his first match against his former club Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win , but received a straight red card in the second half after foul on Bănel Nicoliță . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Dabo received his second red card of the season 2–1 win over Lille on 11 January 2012 . Troyes . Following his release by Lyon , Dabo completed a move to newly promoted Ligue 1 club Troyes on 14 October 2015 . He made his Troyes debut on 25 October in an away match against Bordeaux in Ligue 1 . International career . Dabo earned 17 caps for the France national under-21 football team . He got his first call-up for France against Argentina on 11 February 2009 . Honours . Dabo has won two trophies in his career , firstly the 2011–12 Coupe de France and most recently the 2012 Trophée des Champions . Lyon - Coupe de France : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2012

easy

Which team did the player Mouhamadou Dabo belong to from 2011 to 2015?

/wiki/Mouhamadou_Dabo#P54#2

Mouhamadou Dabo Mouhamadou Dabo ( born 28 November 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back , but has played left-back . He most recently played for Caen in Ligue 1 . Club career . Saint-Étienne . Born in Dakar , Dabo began his career with ASC Yeggo and he then joined French club Saint-Étiennes youth academy when he was 14 years old . In the summer of 2004 he was promoted to the clubs senior team by manager Élie Baup . On 7 May 2005 , Dabo made his debut for Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win over Toulouse and made three appearances in total in his first season . Baups successor Ivan Hašek put Dabo in the right-back position before newly manager Laurent Roussey switched him into the left-back role . Dabos second season proved to be the breakout year for the player as he received more playing time . On 21 September 2008 , Dabo scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne against Paris Saint-Germain . The result was 1–0 in favor of Saint-Étienne . On 7 February 2009 , Dabo scored an own goal against Caen . However , Saint-Étienne won the match 3–2 with goals from Bafétimbi Gomis and Ilan , who scored twice . In January 2009 , club manager Alain Perrin told Le Progrès that Dabo , who had one year left on his contract at the time , refused all proposals on an extension . Sevilla . Following his contract expiration , Dabo signed a four-year contract with Spanish club Sevilla on a free transfer , making him the first signing for the club . He made his debut for Sevilla in the first leg of the teams Supercopa de España tie against Barcelona on 14 August 2010 . Two weeks later , Dabo made his league debut for Sevilla in a 4–1 win over Levante . On 19 December 2010 , he received his first red card of his career after he kicked goal-scorer Ángel Di María in a 1–0 loss against Real Madrid . Lyon . After just one season in Spain , in August 2011 , Dabo returned to France signing a four-year contract with Lyon . The transfer fee was priced at €1 million plus a possible €800k in incentives . On 18 September 2011 , Dabo made his debut for Lyon in a 2–0 win over Marseille after coming on a substitute for Anthony Réveillère . On 29 October 2011 , he played his first match against his former club Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win , but received a straight red card in the second half after foul on Bănel Nicoliță . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Dabo received his second red card of the season 2–1 win over Lille on 11 January 2012 . Troyes . Following his release by Lyon , Dabo completed a move to newly promoted Ligue 1 club Troyes on 14 October 2015 . He made his Troyes debut on 25 October in an away match against Bordeaux in Ligue 1 . International career . Dabo earned 17 caps for the France national under-21 football team . He got his first call-up for France against Argentina on 11 February 2009 . Honours . Dabo has won two trophies in his career , firstly the 2011–12 Coupe de France and most recently the 2012 Trophée des Champions . Lyon - Coupe de France : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2012

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Which team did the player Mouhamadou Dabo belong to from 2015 to 2016?

/wiki/Mouhamadou_Dabo#P54#3

Mouhamadou Dabo Mouhamadou Dabo ( born 28 November 1986 ) is a French professional footballer who plays as a right-back , but has played left-back . He most recently played for Caen in Ligue 1 . Club career . Saint-Étienne . Born in Dakar , Dabo began his career with ASC Yeggo and he then joined French club Saint-Étiennes youth academy when he was 14 years old . In the summer of 2004 he was promoted to the clubs senior team by manager Élie Baup . On 7 May 2005 , Dabo made his debut for Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win over Toulouse and made three appearances in total in his first season . Baups successor Ivan Hašek put Dabo in the right-back position before newly manager Laurent Roussey switched him into the left-back role . Dabos second season proved to be the breakout year for the player as he received more playing time . On 21 September 2008 , Dabo scored his first goal for Saint-Étienne against Paris Saint-Germain . The result was 1–0 in favor of Saint-Étienne . On 7 February 2009 , Dabo scored an own goal against Caen . However , Saint-Étienne won the match 3–2 with goals from Bafétimbi Gomis and Ilan , who scored twice . In January 2009 , club manager Alain Perrin told Le Progrès that Dabo , who had one year left on his contract at the time , refused all proposals on an extension . Sevilla . Following his contract expiration , Dabo signed a four-year contract with Spanish club Sevilla on a free transfer , making him the first signing for the club . He made his debut for Sevilla in the first leg of the teams Supercopa de España tie against Barcelona on 14 August 2010 . Two weeks later , Dabo made his league debut for Sevilla in a 4–1 win over Levante . On 19 December 2010 , he received his first red card of his career after he kicked goal-scorer Ángel Di María in a 1–0 loss against Real Madrid . Lyon . After just one season in Spain , in August 2011 , Dabo returned to France signing a four-year contract with Lyon . The transfer fee was priced at €1 million plus a possible €800k in incentives . On 18 September 2011 , Dabo made his debut for Lyon in a 2–0 win over Marseille after coming on a substitute for Anthony Réveillère . On 29 October 2011 , he played his first match against his former club Saint-Étienne in a 2–0 win , but received a straight red card in the second half after foul on Bănel Nicoliță . In the Coupe de la Ligue , Dabo received his second red card of the season 2–1 win over Lille on 11 January 2012 . Troyes . Following his release by Lyon , Dabo completed a move to newly promoted Ligue 1 club Troyes on 14 October 2015 . He made his Troyes debut on 25 October in an away match against Bordeaux in Ligue 1 . International career . Dabo earned 17 caps for the France national under-21 football team . He got his first call-up for France against Argentina on 11 February 2009 . Honours . Dabo has won two trophies in his career , firstly the 2011–12 Coupe de France and most recently the 2012 Trophée des Champions . Lyon - Coupe de France : 2011–12 - Trophée des Champions : 2012

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Which team did the player Daniele Mori belong to from 2009 to 2013?

/wiki/Daniele_Mori#P54#0

Daniele Mori Daniele Mori ( born 28 June 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Italian Serie D club Gavorrano . He wore the number 25 shirt since the end of the 2008–09 Serie B season . He later changed to the number 34 for Brescia during the 2013–14 season . Club career . Empoli . Born in Livorno , Tuscany , Mori started his professional career at Tuscan team Empoli F.C. . Mori made his Serie B debut on 23 March 2010 , replacing Andrea Cupi in the second half . Since the departure of Gabriele Angella to Serie A club Udinese , Mori became one of the starting centre-back to partner with Lorenzo Stovini . Mori played 20 starts in 2010–11 Serie B , shared the role with Lorenzo Tonelli . Udinese . On 31 August 2011 he followed the footsteps of Angella to join Udinese in co-ownership deal for €2.1 million . That day the Udine club also bought the remain 50% registration rights of playmaker Diego Fabbrini for €300,000 . Mori also returned to Empoli in temporary deal for 2011–12 Serie B as Udinese had plenty of defenders . Mori shared the starting role with Daniele Ficagna ( while Tonelli sometimes as right-back ) . In June 2012 the co-ownership was renewed . He also returned to Empoli for 2012–13 season . In June 2013 Udinese signed Angella and Mori outright for €350,000 each . On 3 July 2013 , Mori signed a loan deal with Novara Calcio for the 2013–14 season . Brescia . On 30 January 2014 , he moved to Brescia in a co-ownership deal with Udinese . Half of his registration rights was valued for €2 million , however , it was part of the deal that Udinese signed Agostino Camigliano for €3 million . On 20 June 2014 Mori returned to Udinese for just €250 . Return to Udinese . In June 2014 Udinese bought back Mori . However , he spent on loan for 2 more seasons . In August 2014 he was signed by Ascoli in a temporary deal from Udinese . In summer 2015 he was signed by Lucchese again on loan . On 1 February 2016 he was signed by Santarcangelo in a temporary deal . Sambenedettese . On 22 August 2016 Mori was signed by Lega Pro newcomer Sambenedettese in a 1-year contract . Triestina . Mori joined Triestina on 10 July 2017 . The promotion of the team to Serie C was confirmed on 4 August . International career . Mori has played at every youth level for Italy , although he has not appeared for the senior team . He received his first call-up to 2005 Torneo Giovanile di Natale In December . He finished as a runner-up in a youth tournament held in Montaigu , Vendée , France . He played 2 out of possible 4 matches . ( The coach use the combination of Masi ( started 4 times ) , Profeta ( 2 times ) , Vincenzo Barbera ( 3 times ) and Carmine Sarno ( 4 times ) ) Mori failed to enter the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification nor in the elite round . He only played 3 friendlies before the tournament . In 2007–08 season Mori returned to the under-18 team and played the only match against Serbia U-18 ( ) in April . Mori also played once for U-19 in March but failed to enter the squad for 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship elite qualification . In 2008–09 season he played all three matches of 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification , which Italy did not qualify . In June 2009 he played for U-19 team ( de facto U-20 but coached by U-19 coach Piscedda ) in an annual fixture against Serie D Best XI . In 2009–10 season he was the member of under-20 , the bridging team to U-21 . Mori played two games in the 2009–10 Four Nations Tournament . Mori did not entered the squad to 2009 Mediterranean Games nor 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . In January 2011 Mori received his first U-21 call-up from Ciro Ferrara . He made his debut in the following game on 8 February 2011 , against England . Mori replaced Federico Macheda in the last minutes . Mori played 6 more friendlies for the Azzurrini , including 2011 Toulon Tournament ( where he played 3 out of 5 games , with Capuano and Caldirola were the starting centre-backs ) . He missed the first round of 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification due to injury and as an unused bench for the rest of the fixture . External links . - Lega Serie B Profile - Football.it Profile - FIGC

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Which team did the player Daniele Mori belong to from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Daniele_Mori#P54#1

Daniele Mori Daniele Mori ( born 28 June 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Italian Serie D club Gavorrano . He wore the number 25 shirt since the end of the 2008–09 Serie B season . He later changed to the number 34 for Brescia during the 2013–14 season . Club career . Empoli . Born in Livorno , Tuscany , Mori started his professional career at Tuscan team Empoli F.C. . Mori made his Serie B debut on 23 March 2010 , replacing Andrea Cupi in the second half . Since the departure of Gabriele Angella to Serie A club Udinese , Mori became one of the starting centre-back to partner with Lorenzo Stovini . Mori played 20 starts in 2010–11 Serie B , shared the role with Lorenzo Tonelli . Udinese . On 31 August 2011 he followed the footsteps of Angella to join Udinese in co-ownership deal for €2.1 million . That day the Udine club also bought the remain 50% registration rights of playmaker Diego Fabbrini for €300,000 . Mori also returned to Empoli in temporary deal for 2011–12 Serie B as Udinese had plenty of defenders . Mori shared the starting role with Daniele Ficagna ( while Tonelli sometimes as right-back ) . In June 2012 the co-ownership was renewed . He also returned to Empoli for 2012–13 season . In June 2013 Udinese signed Angella and Mori outright for €350,000 each . On 3 July 2013 , Mori signed a loan deal with Novara Calcio for the 2013–14 season . Brescia . On 30 January 2014 , he moved to Brescia in a co-ownership deal with Udinese . Half of his registration rights was valued for €2 million , however , it was part of the deal that Udinese signed Agostino Camigliano for €3 million . On 20 June 2014 Mori returned to Udinese for just €250 . Return to Udinese . In June 2014 Udinese bought back Mori . However , he spent on loan for 2 more seasons . In August 2014 he was signed by Ascoli in a temporary deal from Udinese . In summer 2015 he was signed by Lucchese again on loan . On 1 February 2016 he was signed by Santarcangelo in a temporary deal . Sambenedettese . On 22 August 2016 Mori was signed by Lega Pro newcomer Sambenedettese in a 1-year contract . Triestina . Mori joined Triestina on 10 July 2017 . The promotion of the team to Serie C was confirmed on 4 August . International career . Mori has played at every youth level for Italy , although he has not appeared for the senior team . He received his first call-up to 2005 Torneo Giovanile di Natale In December . He finished as a runner-up in a youth tournament held in Montaigu , Vendée , France . He played 2 out of possible 4 matches . ( The coach use the combination of Masi ( started 4 times ) , Profeta ( 2 times ) , Vincenzo Barbera ( 3 times ) and Carmine Sarno ( 4 times ) ) Mori failed to enter the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification nor in the elite round . He only played 3 friendlies before the tournament . In 2007–08 season Mori returned to the under-18 team and played the only match against Serbia U-18 ( ) in April . Mori also played once for U-19 in March but failed to enter the squad for 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship elite qualification . In 2008–09 season he played all three matches of 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification , which Italy did not qualify . In June 2009 he played for U-19 team ( de facto U-20 but coached by U-19 coach Piscedda ) in an annual fixture against Serie D Best XI . In 2009–10 season he was the member of under-20 , the bridging team to U-21 . Mori played two games in the 2009–10 Four Nations Tournament . Mori did not entered the squad to 2009 Mediterranean Games nor 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . In January 2011 Mori received his first U-21 call-up from Ciro Ferrara . He made his debut in the following game on 8 February 2011 , against England . Mori replaced Federico Macheda in the last minutes . Mori played 6 more friendlies for the Azzurrini , including 2011 Toulon Tournament ( where he played 3 out of 5 games , with Capuano and Caldirola were the starting centre-backs ) . He missed the first round of 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification due to injury and as an unused bench for the rest of the fixture . External links . - Lega Serie B Profile - Football.it Profile - FIGC

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Which team did the player Daniele Mori belong to from 2014 to 2015?

/wiki/Daniele_Mori#P54#2

Daniele Mori Daniele Mori ( born 28 June 1990 ) is an Italian footballer who plays as a defender for Italian Serie D club Gavorrano . He wore the number 25 shirt since the end of the 2008–09 Serie B season . He later changed to the number 34 for Brescia during the 2013–14 season . Club career . Empoli . Born in Livorno , Tuscany , Mori started his professional career at Tuscan team Empoli F.C. . Mori made his Serie B debut on 23 March 2010 , replacing Andrea Cupi in the second half . Since the departure of Gabriele Angella to Serie A club Udinese , Mori became one of the starting centre-back to partner with Lorenzo Stovini . Mori played 20 starts in 2010–11 Serie B , shared the role with Lorenzo Tonelli . Udinese . On 31 August 2011 he followed the footsteps of Angella to join Udinese in co-ownership deal for €2.1 million . That day the Udine club also bought the remain 50% registration rights of playmaker Diego Fabbrini for €300,000 . Mori also returned to Empoli in temporary deal for 2011–12 Serie B as Udinese had plenty of defenders . Mori shared the starting role with Daniele Ficagna ( while Tonelli sometimes as right-back ) . In June 2012 the co-ownership was renewed . He also returned to Empoli for 2012–13 season . In June 2013 Udinese signed Angella and Mori outright for €350,000 each . On 3 July 2013 , Mori signed a loan deal with Novara Calcio for the 2013–14 season . Brescia . On 30 January 2014 , he moved to Brescia in a co-ownership deal with Udinese . Half of his registration rights was valued for €2 million , however , it was part of the deal that Udinese signed Agostino Camigliano for €3 million . On 20 June 2014 Mori returned to Udinese for just €250 . Return to Udinese . In June 2014 Udinese bought back Mori . However , he spent on loan for 2 more seasons . In August 2014 he was signed by Ascoli in a temporary deal from Udinese . In summer 2015 he was signed by Lucchese again on loan . On 1 February 2016 he was signed by Santarcangelo in a temporary deal . Sambenedettese . On 22 August 2016 Mori was signed by Lega Pro newcomer Sambenedettese in a 1-year contract . Triestina . Mori joined Triestina on 10 July 2017 . The promotion of the team to Serie C was confirmed on 4 August . International career . Mori has played at every youth level for Italy , although he has not appeared for the senior team . He received his first call-up to 2005 Torneo Giovanile di Natale In December . He finished as a runner-up in a youth tournament held in Montaigu , Vendée , France . He played 2 out of possible 4 matches . ( The coach use the combination of Masi ( started 4 times ) , Profeta ( 2 times ) , Vincenzo Barbera ( 3 times ) and Carmine Sarno ( 4 times ) ) Mori failed to enter the squad for 2007 UEFA European Under-17 Football Championship qualification nor in the elite round . He only played 3 friendlies before the tournament . In 2007–08 season Mori returned to the under-18 team and played the only match against Serbia U-18 ( ) in April . Mori also played once for U-19 in March but failed to enter the squad for 2008 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship elite qualification . In 2008–09 season he played all three matches of 2009 UEFA European Under-19 Football Championship qualification , which Italy did not qualify . In June 2009 he played for U-19 team ( de facto U-20 but coached by U-19 coach Piscedda ) in an annual fixture against Serie D Best XI . In 2009–10 season he was the member of under-20 , the bridging team to U-21 . Mori played two games in the 2009–10 Four Nations Tournament . Mori did not entered the squad to 2009 Mediterranean Games nor 2009 FIFA U-20 World Cup . In January 2011 Mori received his first U-21 call-up from Ciro Ferrara . He made his debut in the following game on 8 February 2011 , against England . Mori replaced Federico Macheda in the last minutes . Mori played 6 more friendlies for the Azzurrini , including 2011 Toulon Tournament ( where he played 3 out of 5 games , with Capuano and Caldirola were the starting centre-backs ) . He missed the first round of 2013 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship qualification due to injury and as an unused bench for the rest of the fixture . External links . - Lega Serie B Profile - Football.it Profile - FIGC

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Roy Lassiter played for which team from 1992 to 1993?

/wiki/Roy_Lassiter#P54#0

Roy Lassiter Roy Lee Lassiter ( born March 9 , 1969 ) is a retired American soccer striker . He played the first few years of his professional career in Costa Rica . He returned to the United States to play in Major League Soccer when that league was launched in 1996 , and from 1996 to 1999 he was one of the most prolific goal scorers in MLS . He is the father of Ariel Lassiter , who currently plays for Houston Dynamo , on loan from Alajuelense , a team Roy played for . Early life and education . Lassiter was born in Washington , D.C. , but grew up in Raleigh , North Carolina where he attended Athens Drive High School . He was the North Carolina State 4-A Player of the Year as a senior and a high school All-American . That year , he led his high school soccer team to the state championship while scoring a state record 47 goals . He also played for a local youth club , 69 Raleigh Rockets , which beat to the LaJolla Nomads 3–0 , Roy scored all three goals , in the 1986 Noitis National Club Championship Cup . Lost in the 1986 Southern Regional Finals , in Plano TX , to the Dallas Titans 3–2 , before the McGuire Cup . Lassiter attended Lees-McRae College in 1987 , won the D3 National Championship 1988 . He then transferred to North Carolina State University in 1989 , where he was a 1991 First Team All-ACC and All South . Club career . While convalescing , Lassiter was contacted by Turrialba from Costa Rica in 1992 . As Lassiter recalls it , I have no idea how they got my name . They paid for my trip down there while still recovering from my leg injury , and I signed a contract . He also played for Carmelita and in summer 1995 , Alajuelense sold him to Major League Soccer . In August 1995 , Lassiter was arrested in connection with two burglaries that took place in 1992 after a Raleigh police detective read a newspaper article that mentioned a goal Lassiter scored in a U.S . friendly match with Benfica . Lassiter was sentenced to 30 days in jail . In 1996 , Lassiter won the top goalscorer award in Major League Soccer , scoring 27 goals for Tampa Bay Mutiny , after when he was loaned for 6 months to Italian Serie B side Genoa . His record in the leagues inaugural season was tied several times , but stood until it was broken in 2018 by Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC . Lassiter was traded to D.C . United in 1998 for Roy Wegerle . He played two seasons in DC , winning the MLS Cup in 1999 . Lassiter was traded to the Miami Fusion in 2000 due to salary cap , as Lassiter sought a significant pay raise yet D.C . United were near their salary cap limit . He was then traded to the Kansas City Wizards in 2001 , and back to DC in the middle of the 2002 season . He ended his MLS career with 88 regular season goals , a record surpassed in 2004 by Jason Kreis . Lassiter added 13 goals in MLS playoffs and is 3rd in that category behind Carlos Ruiz and Landon Donovan . He ended his professional career with A-Leagues Virginia Beach Mariners in 2003 as player/assistant coach , but played a few games with Laredo Heat of the Premier Development League and the exhibition Austin Posse in 2004 to help promote their clubs . International career . Lassiter was called up to the U.S . national team in January 1992 . He earned his first cap as a substitute for Eric Wynalda in a 1–0 loss to the Commonwealth of Independent States in Miami . However , he broke his leg in a training ground collision with Bruce Murray a few days later . His second cap with the national team came over three years later as a substitute for Frank Klopas in an August 16 , 1995 1–0 loss to Sweden in Norrköping . On October 8 , 1995 , he played a third time for the national team , again as a substitute , scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over Saudi Arabia . Lassiters career continued to rise , and he earned his first start for the national team in December 1996 and became a regular for much of 1997 . While Lassiter played consistently for the U.S . in 1997 , his appearances tapered off in 1998 and he was selected as an alternate for the 1998 FIFA World Cup roster . He played only one game in 2000 , his last with the national team . He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and finished his international career with 34 caps and 4 goals . Honors . Club . L.D . Alajuelense - Costa Rican Championship ( 1 ) : 1995–96 Tampa Bay Mutiny - MLS Supporters Shield ( 1 ) : 1996 D.C . United - MLS Cup : - Runners-up : 1998 - Winner : 1999 - MLS Supporters Shield : 1999 - CONCACAF Champions League : 1998 - Copa Interamericana : 1998 Individual . - MLS Golden Boot : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - MLS Best XI : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - CONCACAF Champions League MVP : 1998 ( with D.C . United ) External links . - Photo of Lassiter at D.C . United - Soccertimes profile of Roy Lassite

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Which team did the player Roy Lassiter belong to from 1993 to 1994?

/wiki/Roy_Lassiter#P54#1

Roy Lassiter Roy Lee Lassiter ( born March 9 , 1969 ) is a retired American soccer striker . He played the first few years of his professional career in Costa Rica . He returned to the United States to play in Major League Soccer when that league was launched in 1996 , and from 1996 to 1999 he was one of the most prolific goal scorers in MLS . He is the father of Ariel Lassiter , who currently plays for Houston Dynamo , on loan from Alajuelense , a team Roy played for . Early life and education . Lassiter was born in Washington , D.C. , but grew up in Raleigh , North Carolina where he attended Athens Drive High School . He was the North Carolina State 4-A Player of the Year as a senior and a high school All-American . That year , he led his high school soccer team to the state championship while scoring a state record 47 goals . He also played for a local youth club , 69 Raleigh Rockets , which beat to the LaJolla Nomads 3–0 , Roy scored all three goals , in the 1986 Noitis National Club Championship Cup . Lost in the 1986 Southern Regional Finals , in Plano TX , to the Dallas Titans 3–2 , before the McGuire Cup . Lassiter attended Lees-McRae College in 1987 , won the D3 National Championship 1988 . He then transferred to North Carolina State University in 1989 , where he was a 1991 First Team All-ACC and All South . Club career . While convalescing , Lassiter was contacted by Turrialba from Costa Rica in 1992 . As Lassiter recalls it , I have no idea how they got my name . They paid for my trip down there while still recovering from my leg injury , and I signed a contract . He also played for Carmelita and in summer 1995 , Alajuelense sold him to Major League Soccer . In August 1995 , Lassiter was arrested in connection with two burglaries that took place in 1992 after a Raleigh police detective read a newspaper article that mentioned a goal Lassiter scored in a U.S . friendly match with Benfica . Lassiter was sentenced to 30 days in jail . In 1996 , Lassiter won the top goalscorer award in Major League Soccer , scoring 27 goals for Tampa Bay Mutiny , after when he was loaned for 6 months to Italian Serie B side Genoa . His record in the leagues inaugural season was tied several times , but stood until it was broken in 2018 by Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC . Lassiter was traded to D.C . United in 1998 for Roy Wegerle . He played two seasons in DC , winning the MLS Cup in 1999 . Lassiter was traded to the Miami Fusion in 2000 due to salary cap , as Lassiter sought a significant pay raise yet D.C . United were near their salary cap limit . He was then traded to the Kansas City Wizards in 2001 , and back to DC in the middle of the 2002 season . He ended his MLS career with 88 regular season goals , a record surpassed in 2004 by Jason Kreis . Lassiter added 13 goals in MLS playoffs and is 3rd in that category behind Carlos Ruiz and Landon Donovan . He ended his professional career with A-Leagues Virginia Beach Mariners in 2003 as player/assistant coach , but played a few games with Laredo Heat of the Premier Development League and the exhibition Austin Posse in 2004 to help promote their clubs . International career . Lassiter was called up to the U.S . national team in January 1992 . He earned his first cap as a substitute for Eric Wynalda in a 1–0 loss to the Commonwealth of Independent States in Miami . However , he broke his leg in a training ground collision with Bruce Murray a few days later . His second cap with the national team came over three years later as a substitute for Frank Klopas in an August 16 , 1995 1–0 loss to Sweden in Norrköping . On October 8 , 1995 , he played a third time for the national team , again as a substitute , scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over Saudi Arabia . Lassiters career continued to rise , and he earned his first start for the national team in December 1996 and became a regular for much of 1997 . While Lassiter played consistently for the U.S . in 1997 , his appearances tapered off in 1998 and he was selected as an alternate for the 1998 FIFA World Cup roster . He played only one game in 2000 , his last with the national team . He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and finished his international career with 34 caps and 4 goals . Honors . Club . L.D . Alajuelense - Costa Rican Championship ( 1 ) : 1995–96 Tampa Bay Mutiny - MLS Supporters Shield ( 1 ) : 1996 D.C . United - MLS Cup : - Runners-up : 1998 - Winner : 1999 - MLS Supporters Shield : 1999 - CONCACAF Champions League : 1998 - Copa Interamericana : 1998 Individual . - MLS Golden Boot : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - MLS Best XI : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - CONCACAF Champions League MVP : 1998 ( with D.C . United ) External links . - Photo of Lassiter at D.C . United - Soccertimes profile of Roy Lassite

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Which team did Roy Lassiter play for from 1994 to 1996?

/wiki/Roy_Lassiter#P54#2

Roy Lassiter Roy Lee Lassiter ( born March 9 , 1969 ) is a retired American soccer striker . He played the first few years of his professional career in Costa Rica . He returned to the United States to play in Major League Soccer when that league was launched in 1996 , and from 1996 to 1999 he was one of the most prolific goal scorers in MLS . He is the father of Ariel Lassiter , who currently plays for Houston Dynamo , on loan from Alajuelense , a team Roy played for . Early life and education . Lassiter was born in Washington , D.C. , but grew up in Raleigh , North Carolina where he attended Athens Drive High School . He was the North Carolina State 4-A Player of the Year as a senior and a high school All-American . That year , he led his high school soccer team to the state championship while scoring a state record 47 goals . He also played for a local youth club , 69 Raleigh Rockets , which beat to the LaJolla Nomads 3–0 , Roy scored all three goals , in the 1986 Noitis National Club Championship Cup . Lost in the 1986 Southern Regional Finals , in Plano TX , to the Dallas Titans 3–2 , before the McGuire Cup . Lassiter attended Lees-McRae College in 1987 , won the D3 National Championship 1988 . He then transferred to North Carolina State University in 1989 , where he was a 1991 First Team All-ACC and All South . Club career . While convalescing , Lassiter was contacted by Turrialba from Costa Rica in 1992 . As Lassiter recalls it , I have no idea how they got my name . They paid for my trip down there while still recovering from my leg injury , and I signed a contract . He also played for Carmelita and in summer 1995 , Alajuelense sold him to Major League Soccer . In August 1995 , Lassiter was arrested in connection with two burglaries that took place in 1992 after a Raleigh police detective read a newspaper article that mentioned a goal Lassiter scored in a U.S . friendly match with Benfica . Lassiter was sentenced to 30 days in jail . In 1996 , Lassiter won the top goalscorer award in Major League Soccer , scoring 27 goals for Tampa Bay Mutiny , after when he was loaned for 6 months to Italian Serie B side Genoa . His record in the leagues inaugural season was tied several times , but stood until it was broken in 2018 by Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC . Lassiter was traded to D.C . United in 1998 for Roy Wegerle . He played two seasons in DC , winning the MLS Cup in 1999 . Lassiter was traded to the Miami Fusion in 2000 due to salary cap , as Lassiter sought a significant pay raise yet D.C . United were near their salary cap limit . He was then traded to the Kansas City Wizards in 2001 , and back to DC in the middle of the 2002 season . He ended his MLS career with 88 regular season goals , a record surpassed in 2004 by Jason Kreis . Lassiter added 13 goals in MLS playoffs and is 3rd in that category behind Carlos Ruiz and Landon Donovan . He ended his professional career with A-Leagues Virginia Beach Mariners in 2003 as player/assistant coach , but played a few games with Laredo Heat of the Premier Development League and the exhibition Austin Posse in 2004 to help promote their clubs . International career . Lassiter was called up to the U.S . national team in January 1992 . He earned his first cap as a substitute for Eric Wynalda in a 1–0 loss to the Commonwealth of Independent States in Miami . However , he broke his leg in a training ground collision with Bruce Murray a few days later . His second cap with the national team came over three years later as a substitute for Frank Klopas in an August 16 , 1995 1–0 loss to Sweden in Norrköping . On October 8 , 1995 , he played a third time for the national team , again as a substitute , scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over Saudi Arabia . Lassiters career continued to rise , and he earned his first start for the national team in December 1996 and became a regular for much of 1997 . While Lassiter played consistently for the U.S . in 1997 , his appearances tapered off in 1998 and he was selected as an alternate for the 1998 FIFA World Cup roster . He played only one game in 2000 , his last with the national team . He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and finished his international career with 34 caps and 4 goals . Honors . Club . L.D . Alajuelense - Costa Rican Championship ( 1 ) : 1995–96 Tampa Bay Mutiny - MLS Supporters Shield ( 1 ) : 1996 D.C . United - MLS Cup : - Runners-up : 1998 - Winner : 1999 - MLS Supporters Shield : 1999 - CONCACAF Champions League : 1998 - Copa Interamericana : 1998 Individual . - MLS Golden Boot : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - MLS Best XI : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - CONCACAF Champions League MVP : 1998 ( with D.C . United ) External links . - Photo of Lassiter at D.C . United - Soccertimes profile of Roy Lassite

easy

Which team did Roy Lassiter play for from 1996 to 1997?

/wiki/Roy_Lassiter#P54#3

Roy Lassiter Roy Lee Lassiter ( born March 9 , 1969 ) is a retired American soccer striker . He played the first few years of his professional career in Costa Rica . He returned to the United States to play in Major League Soccer when that league was launched in 1996 , and from 1996 to 1999 he was one of the most prolific goal scorers in MLS . He is the father of Ariel Lassiter , who currently plays for Houston Dynamo , on loan from Alajuelense , a team Roy played for . Early life and education . Lassiter was born in Washington , D.C. , but grew up in Raleigh , North Carolina where he attended Athens Drive High School . He was the North Carolina State 4-A Player of the Year as a senior and a high school All-American . That year , he led his high school soccer team to the state championship while scoring a state record 47 goals . He also played for a local youth club , 69 Raleigh Rockets , which beat to the LaJolla Nomads 3–0 , Roy scored all three goals , in the 1986 Noitis National Club Championship Cup . Lost in the 1986 Southern Regional Finals , in Plano TX , to the Dallas Titans 3–2 , before the McGuire Cup . Lassiter attended Lees-McRae College in 1987 , won the D3 National Championship 1988 . He then transferred to North Carolina State University in 1989 , where he was a 1991 First Team All-ACC and All South . Club career . While convalescing , Lassiter was contacted by Turrialba from Costa Rica in 1992 . As Lassiter recalls it , I have no idea how they got my name . They paid for my trip down there while still recovering from my leg injury , and I signed a contract . He also played for Carmelita and in summer 1995 , Alajuelense sold him to Major League Soccer . In August 1995 , Lassiter was arrested in connection with two burglaries that took place in 1992 after a Raleigh police detective read a newspaper article that mentioned a goal Lassiter scored in a U.S . friendly match with Benfica . Lassiter was sentenced to 30 days in jail . In 1996 , Lassiter won the top goalscorer award in Major League Soccer , scoring 27 goals for Tampa Bay Mutiny , after when he was loaned for 6 months to Italian Serie B side Genoa . His record in the leagues inaugural season was tied several times , but stood until it was broken in 2018 by Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC . Lassiter was traded to D.C . United in 1998 for Roy Wegerle . He played two seasons in DC , winning the MLS Cup in 1999 . Lassiter was traded to the Miami Fusion in 2000 due to salary cap , as Lassiter sought a significant pay raise yet D.C . United were near their salary cap limit . He was then traded to the Kansas City Wizards in 2001 , and back to DC in the middle of the 2002 season . He ended his MLS career with 88 regular season goals , a record surpassed in 2004 by Jason Kreis . Lassiter added 13 goals in MLS playoffs and is 3rd in that category behind Carlos Ruiz and Landon Donovan . He ended his professional career with A-Leagues Virginia Beach Mariners in 2003 as player/assistant coach , but played a few games with Laredo Heat of the Premier Development League and the exhibition Austin Posse in 2004 to help promote their clubs . International career . Lassiter was called up to the U.S . national team in January 1992 . He earned his first cap as a substitute for Eric Wynalda in a 1–0 loss to the Commonwealth of Independent States in Miami . However , he broke his leg in a training ground collision with Bruce Murray a few days later . His second cap with the national team came over three years later as a substitute for Frank Klopas in an August 16 , 1995 1–0 loss to Sweden in Norrköping . On October 8 , 1995 , he played a third time for the national team , again as a substitute , scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over Saudi Arabia . Lassiters career continued to rise , and he earned his first start for the national team in December 1996 and became a regular for much of 1997 . While Lassiter played consistently for the U.S . in 1997 , his appearances tapered off in 1998 and he was selected as an alternate for the 1998 FIFA World Cup roster . He played only one game in 2000 , his last with the national team . He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and finished his international career with 34 caps and 4 goals . Honors . Club . L.D . Alajuelense - Costa Rican Championship ( 1 ) : 1995–96 Tampa Bay Mutiny - MLS Supporters Shield ( 1 ) : 1996 D.C . United - MLS Cup : - Runners-up : 1998 - Winner : 1999 - MLS Supporters Shield : 1999 - CONCACAF Champions League : 1998 - Copa Interamericana : 1998 Individual . - MLS Golden Boot : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - MLS Best XI : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - CONCACAF Champions League MVP : 1998 ( with D.C . United ) External links . - Photo of Lassiter at D.C . United - Soccertimes profile of Roy Lassite

easy

Which team did the player Roy Lassiter belong to from 1998 to 1999?

/wiki/Roy_Lassiter#P54#4

Roy Lassiter Roy Lee Lassiter ( born March 9 , 1969 ) is a retired American soccer striker . He played the first few years of his professional career in Costa Rica . He returned to the United States to play in Major League Soccer when that league was launched in 1996 , and from 1996 to 1999 he was one of the most prolific goal scorers in MLS . He is the father of Ariel Lassiter , who currently plays for Houston Dynamo , on loan from Alajuelense , a team Roy played for . Early life and education . Lassiter was born in Washington , D.C. , but grew up in Raleigh , North Carolina where he attended Athens Drive High School . He was the North Carolina State 4-A Player of the Year as a senior and a high school All-American . That year , he led his high school soccer team to the state championship while scoring a state record 47 goals . He also played for a local youth club , 69 Raleigh Rockets , which beat to the LaJolla Nomads 3–0 , Roy scored all three goals , in the 1986 Noitis National Club Championship Cup . Lost in the 1986 Southern Regional Finals , in Plano TX , to the Dallas Titans 3–2 , before the McGuire Cup . Lassiter attended Lees-McRae College in 1987 , won the D3 National Championship 1988 . He then transferred to North Carolina State University in 1989 , where he was a 1991 First Team All-ACC and All South . Club career . While convalescing , Lassiter was contacted by Turrialba from Costa Rica in 1992 . As Lassiter recalls it , I have no idea how they got my name . They paid for my trip down there while still recovering from my leg injury , and I signed a contract . He also played for Carmelita and in summer 1995 , Alajuelense sold him to Major League Soccer . In August 1995 , Lassiter was arrested in connection with two burglaries that took place in 1992 after a Raleigh police detective read a newspaper article that mentioned a goal Lassiter scored in a U.S . friendly match with Benfica . Lassiter was sentenced to 30 days in jail . In 1996 , Lassiter won the top goalscorer award in Major League Soccer , scoring 27 goals for Tampa Bay Mutiny , after when he was loaned for 6 months to Italian Serie B side Genoa . His record in the leagues inaugural season was tied several times , but stood until it was broken in 2018 by Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC . Lassiter was traded to D.C . United in 1998 for Roy Wegerle . He played two seasons in DC , winning the MLS Cup in 1999 . Lassiter was traded to the Miami Fusion in 2000 due to salary cap , as Lassiter sought a significant pay raise yet D.C . United were near their salary cap limit . He was then traded to the Kansas City Wizards in 2001 , and back to DC in the middle of the 2002 season . He ended his MLS career with 88 regular season goals , a record surpassed in 2004 by Jason Kreis . Lassiter added 13 goals in MLS playoffs and is 3rd in that category behind Carlos Ruiz and Landon Donovan . He ended his professional career with A-Leagues Virginia Beach Mariners in 2003 as player/assistant coach , but played a few games with Laredo Heat of the Premier Development League and the exhibition Austin Posse in 2004 to help promote their clubs . International career . Lassiter was called up to the U.S . national team in January 1992 . He earned his first cap as a substitute for Eric Wynalda in a 1–0 loss to the Commonwealth of Independent States in Miami . However , he broke his leg in a training ground collision with Bruce Murray a few days later . His second cap with the national team came over three years later as a substitute for Frank Klopas in an August 16 , 1995 1–0 loss to Sweden in Norrköping . On October 8 , 1995 , he played a third time for the national team , again as a substitute , scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over Saudi Arabia . Lassiters career continued to rise , and he earned his first start for the national team in December 1996 and became a regular for much of 1997 . While Lassiter played consistently for the U.S . in 1997 , his appearances tapered off in 1998 and he was selected as an alternate for the 1998 FIFA World Cup roster . He played only one game in 2000 , his last with the national team . He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and finished his international career with 34 caps and 4 goals . Honors . Club . L.D . Alajuelense - Costa Rican Championship ( 1 ) : 1995–96 Tampa Bay Mutiny - MLS Supporters Shield ( 1 ) : 1996 D.C . United - MLS Cup : - Runners-up : 1998 - Winner : 1999 - MLS Supporters Shield : 1999 - CONCACAF Champions League : 1998 - Copa Interamericana : 1998 Individual . - MLS Golden Boot : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - MLS Best XI : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - CONCACAF Champions League MVP : 1998 ( with D.C . United ) External links . - Photo of Lassiter at D.C . United - Soccertimes profile of Roy Lassite

easy

Which team did Roy Lassiter play for from 2001 to 2002?

/wiki/Roy_Lassiter#P54#5

Roy Lassiter Roy Lee Lassiter ( born March 9 , 1969 ) is a retired American soccer striker . He played the first few years of his professional career in Costa Rica . He returned to the United States to play in Major League Soccer when that league was launched in 1996 , and from 1996 to 1999 he was one of the most prolific goal scorers in MLS . He is the father of Ariel Lassiter , who currently plays for Houston Dynamo , on loan from Alajuelense , a team Roy played for . Early life and education . Lassiter was born in Washington , D.C. , but grew up in Raleigh , North Carolina where he attended Athens Drive High School . He was the North Carolina State 4-A Player of the Year as a senior and a high school All-American . That year , he led his high school soccer team to the state championship while scoring a state record 47 goals . He also played for a local youth club , 69 Raleigh Rockets , which beat to the LaJolla Nomads 3–0 , Roy scored all three goals , in the 1986 Noitis National Club Championship Cup . Lost in the 1986 Southern Regional Finals , in Plano TX , to the Dallas Titans 3–2 , before the McGuire Cup . Lassiter attended Lees-McRae College in 1987 , won the D3 National Championship 1988 . He then transferred to North Carolina State University in 1989 , where he was a 1991 First Team All-ACC and All South . Club career . While convalescing , Lassiter was contacted by Turrialba from Costa Rica in 1992 . As Lassiter recalls it , I have no idea how they got my name . They paid for my trip down there while still recovering from my leg injury , and I signed a contract . He also played for Carmelita and in summer 1995 , Alajuelense sold him to Major League Soccer . In August 1995 , Lassiter was arrested in connection with two burglaries that took place in 1992 after a Raleigh police detective read a newspaper article that mentioned a goal Lassiter scored in a U.S . friendly match with Benfica . Lassiter was sentenced to 30 days in jail . In 1996 , Lassiter won the top goalscorer award in Major League Soccer , scoring 27 goals for Tampa Bay Mutiny , after when he was loaned for 6 months to Italian Serie B side Genoa . His record in the leagues inaugural season was tied several times , but stood until it was broken in 2018 by Josef Martínez of Atlanta United FC . Lassiter was traded to D.C . United in 1998 for Roy Wegerle . He played two seasons in DC , winning the MLS Cup in 1999 . Lassiter was traded to the Miami Fusion in 2000 due to salary cap , as Lassiter sought a significant pay raise yet D.C . United were near their salary cap limit . He was then traded to the Kansas City Wizards in 2001 , and back to DC in the middle of the 2002 season . He ended his MLS career with 88 regular season goals , a record surpassed in 2004 by Jason Kreis . Lassiter added 13 goals in MLS playoffs and is 3rd in that category behind Carlos Ruiz and Landon Donovan . He ended his professional career with A-Leagues Virginia Beach Mariners in 2003 as player/assistant coach , but played a few games with Laredo Heat of the Premier Development League and the exhibition Austin Posse in 2004 to help promote their clubs . International career . Lassiter was called up to the U.S . national team in January 1992 . He earned his first cap as a substitute for Eric Wynalda in a 1–0 loss to the Commonwealth of Independent States in Miami . However , he broke his leg in a training ground collision with Bruce Murray a few days later . His second cap with the national team came over three years later as a substitute for Frank Klopas in an August 16 , 1995 1–0 loss to Sweden in Norrköping . On October 8 , 1995 , he played a third time for the national team , again as a substitute , scoring the game-winning goal in a 4–3 victory over Saudi Arabia . Lassiters career continued to rise , and he earned his first start for the national team in December 1996 and became a regular for much of 1997 . While Lassiter played consistently for the U.S . in 1997 , his appearances tapered off in 1998 and he was selected as an alternate for the 1998 FIFA World Cup roster . He played only one game in 2000 , his last with the national team . He represented his country in 4 FIFA World Cup qualification matches and finished his international career with 34 caps and 4 goals . Honors . Club . L.D . Alajuelense - Costa Rican Championship ( 1 ) : 1995–96 Tampa Bay Mutiny - MLS Supporters Shield ( 1 ) : 1996 D.C . United - MLS Cup : - Runners-up : 1998 - Winner : 1999 - MLS Supporters Shield : 1999 - CONCACAF Champions League : 1998 - Copa Interamericana : 1998 Individual . - MLS Golden Boot : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - MLS Best XI : 1996 ( with Tampa Bay Mutiny ) - CONCACAF Champions League MVP : 1998 ( with D.C . United ) External links . - Photo of Lassiter at D.C . United - Soccertimes profile of Roy Lassite

easy

Where was Brad Wenstrup educated from 1975 to 1976?

/wiki/Brad_Wenstrup#P69#0

Brad Wenstrup Brad Robert Wenstrup ( born June 17 , 1958 ) is an American politician , U.S . Army Reserve officer , and doctor of podiatric medicine , who has been the U.S . Representative for since 2013 . A Republican , he upset incumbent U.S . Representative Jean Schmidt to win the 2012 Republican primary election . Wenstrup is a colonel in the U.S . Army Reserve and an Iraq War veteran . After the shooting of Congressman Steve Scalise on June 14 , 2017 , Wenstrup attended to Scalise until he was transported to MedStar Washington Hospital Center . For his actions during the shooting , he was awarded the Soldiers Medal . Early life , education , and medical career . Wenstrup was born and raised in Cincinnati , Ohio , the son of Joan ( née Carletti ) and Frank John Jack Wenstrup . His father was of German , Irish , and English descent , his mother of Italian ancestry . He has a sister , Amy Castellini . In 1976 , Wenstrup graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati . In 1980 , he graduated Omicron Delta Kappa and cum laude with a B.A . in psychology from the University of Cincinnati , where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . He then attended the Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , where he earned an B.S . in biology and a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree , graduating in 1985 . Career . Wenstrup practiced podiatric medicine in Cincinnati for more than 24 years before being elected to Congress . Military service . Wenstrup joined the United States Army Reserve in 1998 , attaining the rank of colonel in March 2017 . In 2005 and 2006 , he served a tour in Iraq with the 344th Combat Support Hospital . He called his deployment the worst thing that ever happened to me and the best thing I ever got to do . Wenstrup was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Action Badge . During Wenstrups tour of duty in Iraq , his sister asked what she could send him . He told her , I wear the same clothes everyday , were fed , and most days Im not leaving the base . But the people here have nothing . They were under an oppressed regime and have had nothing for so long . His sister helped organize donations of toys , school supplies , and hygiene supplies donated by local companies , and Wenstrup worked with the base chaplain to distribute the donations to the locals . 2009 Cincinnati mayoral election . Wenstrup ran for mayor of Cincinnati against incumbent Democrat Mark Mallory in 2009 . Mallory defeated Wenstrup , 54% to 46% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 Wenstrup ran for the U.S . House of Representatives in the newly redrawn Ohios 2nd congressional district , held by incumbent Republican U.S . Congresswoman Jean Schmidt . He was endorsed by the Anderson Tea Party and the Ohio Liberty Council , a coalition of Ohio Tea Party groups . In a surprise , he defeated Schmidt in the March Republican primary , 49% to 43% . She carried six counties ( all in the districts eastern part ) , while Wenstrup won the two most populous counties ( both in the western part ) : Hamilton County and Clermont County . In the general election , Wenstrup defeated Democratic nominee William R . Smith , 59%–41% . - 2014 Wenstrup was reelected , defeating Democratic nominee Marek Tyszkiewicz 66%–34% . - 2016 Wenstrup was reelected to a third term , defeating Democratic candidates William Smith and Janet Everhard 65%–32.82%–2.17% . - 2018 Wenstrup defeated Democratic candidate Jill Schiller , 58% to 41% , to win election to a fourth term . - 2020 Wenstrup defeated Democratic candidate Jaime Castle , 61% to 39% , to win a fifth term . Tenure . Wenstrup began his first term on January 3 , 2013 . During his first year in office he held an open town hall meeting in each of his congressional districts eight counties . In 2013 Wenstrups office conducted a customer service survey . According to Roll Call , very few congressional offices have conducted genuine surveys of constituents , instead surveying with loaded questions designed to achieve certain results . According to the survey , 75% of respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with their experience with Wenstrups office . Wenstrup was an original co-sponsor of H.R . 3949 , the VA Prescription Data Accountability Act 2017 , which became law during the 115th Congress , in 2017 . The bill helps protect veterans receiving prescription medications and prevents misuse of such medications . Controversies . In December 2020 , Wenstrup was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . She also reprimanded Wenstrup and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Wenstrup and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit , arguing that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways & Means - Subcommittee on Oversight - Subcommittee on Worker & Family Support - United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Subcommittee on Defense Intelligence and Warfighter Support - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism , Counterintelligence , and Counterproliferation Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Air Cargo Caucus Personal life . Wenstrup is married to Monica Wenstrup ( Klein ) , who works as a financial consultant . They have two children . They adopted a daughter in 2019 . External links . - Congressman Brad Wenstrup official U.S . House website - Brad Wenstrup for Congress

easy

Brad Wenstrup went to which school in 1976?

/wiki/Brad_Wenstrup#P69#1

Brad Wenstrup Brad Robert Wenstrup ( born June 17 , 1958 ) is an American politician , U.S . Army Reserve officer , and doctor of podiatric medicine , who has been the U.S . Representative for since 2013 . A Republican , he upset incumbent U.S . Representative Jean Schmidt to win the 2012 Republican primary election . Wenstrup is a colonel in the U.S . Army Reserve and an Iraq War veteran . After the shooting of Congressman Steve Scalise on June 14 , 2017 , Wenstrup attended to Scalise until he was transported to MedStar Washington Hospital Center . For his actions during the shooting , he was awarded the Soldiers Medal . Early life , education , and medical career . Wenstrup was born and raised in Cincinnati , Ohio , the son of Joan ( née Carletti ) and Frank John Jack Wenstrup . His father was of German , Irish , and English descent , his mother of Italian ancestry . He has a sister , Amy Castellini . In 1976 , Wenstrup graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati . In 1980 , he graduated Omicron Delta Kappa and cum laude with a B.A . in psychology from the University of Cincinnati , where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . He then attended the Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , where he earned an B.S . in biology and a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree , graduating in 1985 . Career . Wenstrup practiced podiatric medicine in Cincinnati for more than 24 years before being elected to Congress . Military service . Wenstrup joined the United States Army Reserve in 1998 , attaining the rank of colonel in March 2017 . In 2005 and 2006 , he served a tour in Iraq with the 344th Combat Support Hospital . He called his deployment the worst thing that ever happened to me and the best thing I ever got to do . Wenstrup was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Action Badge . During Wenstrups tour of duty in Iraq , his sister asked what she could send him . He told her , I wear the same clothes everyday , were fed , and most days Im not leaving the base . But the people here have nothing . They were under an oppressed regime and have had nothing for so long . His sister helped organize donations of toys , school supplies , and hygiene supplies donated by local companies , and Wenstrup worked with the base chaplain to distribute the donations to the locals . 2009 Cincinnati mayoral election . Wenstrup ran for mayor of Cincinnati against incumbent Democrat Mark Mallory in 2009 . Mallory defeated Wenstrup , 54% to 46% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 Wenstrup ran for the U.S . House of Representatives in the newly redrawn Ohios 2nd congressional district , held by incumbent Republican U.S . Congresswoman Jean Schmidt . He was endorsed by the Anderson Tea Party and the Ohio Liberty Council , a coalition of Ohio Tea Party groups . In a surprise , he defeated Schmidt in the March Republican primary , 49% to 43% . She carried six counties ( all in the districts eastern part ) , while Wenstrup won the two most populous counties ( both in the western part ) : Hamilton County and Clermont County . In the general election , Wenstrup defeated Democratic nominee William R . Smith , 59%–41% . - 2014 Wenstrup was reelected , defeating Democratic nominee Marek Tyszkiewicz 66%–34% . - 2016 Wenstrup was reelected to a third term , defeating Democratic candidates William Smith and Janet Everhard 65%–32.82%–2.17% . - 2018 Wenstrup defeated Democratic candidate Jill Schiller , 58% to 41% , to win election to a fourth term . - 2020 Wenstrup defeated Democratic candidate Jaime Castle , 61% to 39% , to win a fifth term . Tenure . Wenstrup began his first term on January 3 , 2013 . During his first year in office he held an open town hall meeting in each of his congressional districts eight counties . In 2013 Wenstrups office conducted a customer service survey . According to Roll Call , very few congressional offices have conducted genuine surveys of constituents , instead surveying with loaded questions designed to achieve certain results . According to the survey , 75% of respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with their experience with Wenstrups office . Wenstrup was an original co-sponsor of H.R . 3949 , the VA Prescription Data Accountability Act 2017 , which became law during the 115th Congress , in 2017 . The bill helps protect veterans receiving prescription medications and prevents misuse of such medications . Controversies . In December 2020 , Wenstrup was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . She also reprimanded Wenstrup and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Wenstrup and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit , arguing that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways & Means - Subcommittee on Oversight - Subcommittee on Worker & Family Support - United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Subcommittee on Defense Intelligence and Warfighter Support - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism , Counterintelligence , and Counterproliferation Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Air Cargo Caucus Personal life . Wenstrup is married to Monica Wenstrup ( Klein ) , who works as a financial consultant . They have two children . They adopted a daughter in 2019 . External links . - Congressman Brad Wenstrup official U.S . House website - Brad Wenstrup for Congress

easy

Which school did Brad Wenstrup go to from 1976 to 1985?

/wiki/Brad_Wenstrup#P69#2

Brad Wenstrup Brad Robert Wenstrup ( born June 17 , 1958 ) is an American politician , U.S . Army Reserve officer , and doctor of podiatric medicine , who has been the U.S . Representative for since 2013 . A Republican , he upset incumbent U.S . Representative Jean Schmidt to win the 2012 Republican primary election . Wenstrup is a colonel in the U.S . Army Reserve and an Iraq War veteran . After the shooting of Congressman Steve Scalise on June 14 , 2017 , Wenstrup attended to Scalise until he was transported to MedStar Washington Hospital Center . For his actions during the shooting , he was awarded the Soldiers Medal . Early life , education , and medical career . Wenstrup was born and raised in Cincinnati , Ohio , the son of Joan ( née Carletti ) and Frank John Jack Wenstrup . His father was of German , Irish , and English descent , his mother of Italian ancestry . He has a sister , Amy Castellini . In 1976 , Wenstrup graduated from St . Xavier High School in Cincinnati . In 1980 , he graduated Omicron Delta Kappa and cum laude with a B.A . in psychology from the University of Cincinnati , where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity . He then attended the Scholl College of Podiatric Medicine of Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science , where he earned an B.S . in biology and a Doctor of Podiatric Medicine degree , graduating in 1985 . Career . Wenstrup practiced podiatric medicine in Cincinnati for more than 24 years before being elected to Congress . Military service . Wenstrup joined the United States Army Reserve in 1998 , attaining the rank of colonel in March 2017 . In 2005 and 2006 , he served a tour in Iraq with the 344th Combat Support Hospital . He called his deployment the worst thing that ever happened to me and the best thing I ever got to do . Wenstrup was awarded the Bronze Star Medal and Combat Action Badge . During Wenstrups tour of duty in Iraq , his sister asked what she could send him . He told her , I wear the same clothes everyday , were fed , and most days Im not leaving the base . But the people here have nothing . They were under an oppressed regime and have had nothing for so long . His sister helped organize donations of toys , school supplies , and hygiene supplies donated by local companies , and Wenstrup worked with the base chaplain to distribute the donations to the locals . 2009 Cincinnati mayoral election . Wenstrup ran for mayor of Cincinnati against incumbent Democrat Mark Mallory in 2009 . Mallory defeated Wenstrup , 54% to 46% . U.S . House of Representatives . Elections . - 2012 Wenstrup ran for the U.S . House of Representatives in the newly redrawn Ohios 2nd congressional district , held by incumbent Republican U.S . Congresswoman Jean Schmidt . He was endorsed by the Anderson Tea Party and the Ohio Liberty Council , a coalition of Ohio Tea Party groups . In a surprise , he defeated Schmidt in the March Republican primary , 49% to 43% . She carried six counties ( all in the districts eastern part ) , while Wenstrup won the two most populous counties ( both in the western part ) : Hamilton County and Clermont County . In the general election , Wenstrup defeated Democratic nominee William R . Smith , 59%–41% . - 2014 Wenstrup was reelected , defeating Democratic nominee Marek Tyszkiewicz 66%–34% . - 2016 Wenstrup was reelected to a third term , defeating Democratic candidates William Smith and Janet Everhard 65%–32.82%–2.17% . - 2018 Wenstrup defeated Democratic candidate Jill Schiller , 58% to 41% , to win election to a fourth term . - 2020 Wenstrup defeated Democratic candidate Jaime Castle , 61% to 39% , to win a fifth term . Tenure . Wenstrup began his first term on January 3 , 2013 . During his first year in office he held an open town hall meeting in each of his congressional districts eight counties . In 2013 Wenstrups office conducted a customer service survey . According to Roll Call , very few congressional offices have conducted genuine surveys of constituents , instead surveying with loaded questions designed to achieve certain results . According to the survey , 75% of respondents were satisfied or very satisfied with their experience with Wenstrups office . Wenstrup was an original co-sponsor of H.R . 3949 , the VA Prescription Data Accountability Act 2017 , which became law during the 115th Congress , in 2017 . The bill helps protect veterans receiving prescription medications and prevents misuse of such medications . Controversies . In December 2020 , Wenstrup was one of 126 Republican members of the House of Representatives to sign an amicus brief in support of Texas v . Pennsylvania , a lawsuit filed at the United States Supreme Court contesting the results of the 2020 presidential election , in which Joe Biden defeated incumbent Donald Trump . The Supreme Court declined to hear the case on the basis that Texas lacked standing under Article III of the Constitution to challenge the results of an election held by another state . House Speaker Nancy Pelosi issued a statement that called signing the amicus brief an act of election subversion . She also reprimanded Wenstrup and the other House members who supported the lawsuit : The 126 Republican Members that signed onto this lawsuit brought dishonor to the House . Instead of upholding their oath to support and defend the Constitution , they chose to subvert the Constitution and undermine public trust in our sacred democratic institutions . New Jersey Representative Bill Pascrell , citing section three of the 14th Amendment , called for Pelosi to not seat Wenstrup and the other Republicans who signed the brief supporting the suit , arguing that the text of the 14th Amendment expressly forbids Members of Congress from engaging in rebellion against the United States . Trying to overturn a democratic election and install a dictator seems like a pretty clear example of that . Committee assignments . - Committee on Ways & Means - Subcommittee on Oversight - Subcommittee on Worker & Family Support - United States House Permanent Select Committee on Intelligence - Subcommittee on Defense Intelligence and Warfighter Support - Subcommittee on Counterterrorism , Counterintelligence , and Counterproliferation Caucus memberships . - Republican Study Committee - Air Cargo Caucus Personal life . Wenstrup is married to Monica Wenstrup ( Klein ) , who works as a financial consultant . They have two children . They adopted a daughter in 2019 . External links . - Congressman Brad Wenstrup official U.S . House website - Brad Wenstrup for Congress

easy

Which team did the player Ashley Eastham belong to from 2009 to 2010?

/wiki/Ashley_Eastham#P54#0

Ashley Eastham Ashley Martin Eastham ( born 22 March 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Salford City . Eastham began his career at Blackpool in the Championship and Premier League . He made only three appearances for Blackpool , but enjoyed his first run of senior football after moving on loan to Cheltenham Town midway through the 2009/10 season . Loan spells with Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town again followed in 2010/11 , before Eastham spent the whole of the next season helping Bury to a mid-table finish in League One . Brief stints at Fleetwood Town and Notts County gave Eastham more experience at the start of last term , before he returned to Bury for their hapless fight against relegation from League One in 2012/13 . In July 2013 , Eastham made a permanent transfer to then-League Two side Rochdale , after leaving Blackpool . In May , 2016 , Eastham penned a two-year deal with fellow league one side Fleetwood Town . Club career . Early career at Blackpool ; Loan move to Hyde United . Born in Preston , Lancashire , Eastham is a product of the Blackpool youth system . He attended Carr Hill High School , Kirkham , Lancashire . He signed his first professional contract in May 2009 , then in July he played for the first team in the pre-season South West Challenge Cup held in North Devon , including playing in the 5–0 win over Barnstaple Town . In August 2009 he joined Conference North side Hyde United on loan , making his debut on 8 August in a 1–0 win over Stafford Rangers at Ewen Fields . On 17 August he scored Hydes second goal in a 3–2 home victory over Gainsborough Trinity . He made a total of eleven league appearances for the Tigers , scoring one goal , before being recalled by Blackpool on 21 September . Back at Blackpool – first team debut . The following day , in his first year as a professional , Eastham made his debut for the Seasiders in a 4–3 defeat to Premier League side Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium in the third round of the 2009–10 League Cup . At the end of the 2010–11 season , Eastham signed a new two-year contract with Blackpool . Four days later Eastham made his league debut , in a 2–0 home win over Peterborough United at Bloomfield Road , when he replaced the injured Neal Eardley in the 18th minute . On 11 August 2011 , Eastham was sent off in Blackpools League Cup tie against Sheffield Wednesday . At the end of the 2011–12 season , Eastham contract was activated after the club exercised their contract , until 2013 . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Eastham was released by the club despite the club was keen to keep him , but Eastham wanted to leave the club , so he earn a first team place . Cheltenham Town loan move . On 26 November 2009 , Eastham joined League Two side Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal until 2 January 2010 . Blackpool manager Ian Holloway said of the move : This is a great move for Ash . It is another step up for him , he did extremely well when he went to Hyde at the start of the season and this will be another challenge for him both on and off the field . The Robins caretaker manager John Schofield said : Its great to have a bright young prospect from a Championship club made available to us . Hopefully we can offer him some first team experience for the next stage of his development as a player . Five days later he was an unused substitute in a 0–3 defeat to Torquay United at Plainmoor . His debut came on 5 December in a 2–2 draw with Northampton Town at Whaddon Road . After four appearances , Eastham signed a one-month extension to the loan deal on 31 December . He made a total of five appearances for the Robins , then on 7 January 2010 was recalled by Blackpool from his loan spell to cover for suspensions . He was included in the Blackpool squad that travelled to South Wales to take on Cardiff City on 9 January , and was an unused substitute in the game . On 15 January he returned to Cheltenham Town , on loan until the end of the season . Two days later he was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in a 0–0 draw with Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He received a one-game suspension , missing the next game , a 1–4 home defeat to League Two leaders Rochdale . Following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Morecambe on 20 February 2010 , he was named in the League Two Team of the Week . Loan Spell at Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . On 25 November 2010 , Eastham joined League One side Carlisle United on loan , until 3 January 2011 . He only made one appearance for the club , only in the FA Cup campaign , in a 3–2 win over Tamworth , playing 90 minutes . On 4 January 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . 48 hours later , on 6 January 2011 , Eastham joined Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal , for the second time in his career . Easthams first game after signing for the club on a loan spell , for the second time in his career , came on 8 January 2011 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . After his debut , Manager Mark Yates praised Eastham and Phil Walsh . Having made five appearance , his loan spell was extended for another month in February , followed up another loan spell extended for another month in March . On 4 April 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . Bury ( loan ) . Eastham joined Bury on 25 August 2011 for one month . He made his debut for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic two-day later . After the move , Eastham express happy with the loan move . Since then , his loan has been extended a further two times and he will remain at Gigg Lane until the end of the 2011–12 season . During the season , he played a pivotal part in Burys League One campaign , including winning the Champagne Moment of the Season award for his 90th-minute equaliser as Bury fought back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 with Huddersfield Town . At the end of the season , Eastham loan spell with Bury came to an end . Loan move to Fleetwood Town , Notts County and Bury . On 29 August 2012 , Eastham joined Blackpools Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town on a one-month loan deal , together with teammate Tom Barkhuizen who joined on loan for six months . His debut came six days later in the Football League Trophy , First round defeat to Rochdale at Spotland Stadium . Soon after , Eastham loan spell had ended despite Fleetwood Towns progress to extend his loan . On 5 October 2012 , Eastham joined Notts County on loan following his Fleetwood Town loan spell came to an end . While at Notts County , Eastham made four appearance before returning to Blackpool . On 21 January 2013 , Eastham returned to Bury on loan for the second time , until the end of the season . Five days later , Eastham re-made his debut for the club , in a 0–0 draw against Shrewsbury Town . Like his first spell at Bury , Eastham maintain his first team status . However , this season was overshadowed by financial problem , which led the club to their relegation . Rochdale . On 20 June 2013 , Ashley agreed a two-year deal with Rochdale following his release from Blackpool . By the time he was released by the club , Eastham attracted interests from host of clubs . Upon joining the club , Eastham was given number five shirt . Eastham made his debut in the opening game of the season , in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United . However , he find his first team opportunities limited in the defence and went on to make 15 appearance in his first season . In his second season at Rochdale , Eastham was recalled to the starting line-up against Crewe Alexandra to make his first appearance of the season after stayed on the substitute bench for the first two matches . Eastham then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–0 win over Walsall on 16 September 2014 . Not only that , Eastham earned a place for the Football Leagues Team of the Week , as result of his performance . A week later , Eastham received a straight red card in the 30th minute , in a 3–2 win over Leyton Orient on 27 September 2014 . Despite this , Eastham continued to be in the first team by the first half of the season and on 9 January 2015 , Eastham signed a one-year contract extension with the club . Eastham later scored , in a 3–2 loss against Walsall on 10 February 2015 . In his second season at Rochdale , which saw Eastham established himself in the first team , as well as , helping the club finished eighth place , he made forty-nine and scoring two times in all competitions . Fleetwood Town . On Friday 20 May 2016 , Eastham joined fellow league one side Fleetwood Town from Rochdale , after penning a two-year deal . Eastham rejoined a club he was previously on loan at from Blackpool FC in 2012 , and will officially become a Fleetwood Town player on 1 July 2016 . On the day of signing , Eastham said , One of the biggest factors in me coming here was the ambition from the chairman and manager . I felt it was something I wanted to be a part of . Fleetwood exercised a one-year contract extension for him at the end of the 2017–18 season . Salford City . On transfer deadline day , 31 January 2020 he joined Salford City . Honours . Salford City - EFL Trophy : 2019–20

easy

Which team did the player Ashley Eastham belong to from 2010 to 2011?

/wiki/Ashley_Eastham#P54#1

Ashley Eastham Ashley Martin Eastham ( born 22 March 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Salford City . Eastham began his career at Blackpool in the Championship and Premier League . He made only three appearances for Blackpool , but enjoyed his first run of senior football after moving on loan to Cheltenham Town midway through the 2009/10 season . Loan spells with Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town again followed in 2010/11 , before Eastham spent the whole of the next season helping Bury to a mid-table finish in League One . Brief stints at Fleetwood Town and Notts County gave Eastham more experience at the start of last term , before he returned to Bury for their hapless fight against relegation from League One in 2012/13 . In July 2013 , Eastham made a permanent transfer to then-League Two side Rochdale , after leaving Blackpool . In May , 2016 , Eastham penned a two-year deal with fellow league one side Fleetwood Town . Club career . Early career at Blackpool ; Loan move to Hyde United . Born in Preston , Lancashire , Eastham is a product of the Blackpool youth system . He attended Carr Hill High School , Kirkham , Lancashire . He signed his first professional contract in May 2009 , then in July he played for the first team in the pre-season South West Challenge Cup held in North Devon , including playing in the 5–0 win over Barnstaple Town . In August 2009 he joined Conference North side Hyde United on loan , making his debut on 8 August in a 1–0 win over Stafford Rangers at Ewen Fields . On 17 August he scored Hydes second goal in a 3–2 home victory over Gainsborough Trinity . He made a total of eleven league appearances for the Tigers , scoring one goal , before being recalled by Blackpool on 21 September . Back at Blackpool – first team debut . The following day , in his first year as a professional , Eastham made his debut for the Seasiders in a 4–3 defeat to Premier League side Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium in the third round of the 2009–10 League Cup . At the end of the 2010–11 season , Eastham signed a new two-year contract with Blackpool . Four days later Eastham made his league debut , in a 2–0 home win over Peterborough United at Bloomfield Road , when he replaced the injured Neal Eardley in the 18th minute . On 11 August 2011 , Eastham was sent off in Blackpools League Cup tie against Sheffield Wednesday . At the end of the 2011–12 season , Eastham contract was activated after the club exercised their contract , until 2013 . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Eastham was released by the club despite the club was keen to keep him , but Eastham wanted to leave the club , so he earn a first team place . Cheltenham Town loan move . On 26 November 2009 , Eastham joined League Two side Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal until 2 January 2010 . Blackpool manager Ian Holloway said of the move : This is a great move for Ash . It is another step up for him , he did extremely well when he went to Hyde at the start of the season and this will be another challenge for him both on and off the field . The Robins caretaker manager John Schofield said : Its great to have a bright young prospect from a Championship club made available to us . Hopefully we can offer him some first team experience for the next stage of his development as a player . Five days later he was an unused substitute in a 0–3 defeat to Torquay United at Plainmoor . His debut came on 5 December in a 2–2 draw with Northampton Town at Whaddon Road . After four appearances , Eastham signed a one-month extension to the loan deal on 31 December . He made a total of five appearances for the Robins , then on 7 January 2010 was recalled by Blackpool from his loan spell to cover for suspensions . He was included in the Blackpool squad that travelled to South Wales to take on Cardiff City on 9 January , and was an unused substitute in the game . On 15 January he returned to Cheltenham Town , on loan until the end of the season . Two days later he was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in a 0–0 draw with Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He received a one-game suspension , missing the next game , a 1–4 home defeat to League Two leaders Rochdale . Following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Morecambe on 20 February 2010 , he was named in the League Two Team of the Week . Loan Spell at Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . On 25 November 2010 , Eastham joined League One side Carlisle United on loan , until 3 January 2011 . He only made one appearance for the club , only in the FA Cup campaign , in a 3–2 win over Tamworth , playing 90 minutes . On 4 January 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . 48 hours later , on 6 January 2011 , Eastham joined Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal , for the second time in his career . Easthams first game after signing for the club on a loan spell , for the second time in his career , came on 8 January 2011 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . After his debut , Manager Mark Yates praised Eastham and Phil Walsh . Having made five appearance , his loan spell was extended for another month in February , followed up another loan spell extended for another month in March . On 4 April 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . Bury ( loan ) . Eastham joined Bury on 25 August 2011 for one month . He made his debut for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic two-day later . After the move , Eastham express happy with the loan move . Since then , his loan has been extended a further two times and he will remain at Gigg Lane until the end of the 2011–12 season . During the season , he played a pivotal part in Burys League One campaign , including winning the Champagne Moment of the Season award for his 90th-minute equaliser as Bury fought back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 with Huddersfield Town . At the end of the season , Eastham loan spell with Bury came to an end . Loan move to Fleetwood Town , Notts County and Bury . On 29 August 2012 , Eastham joined Blackpools Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town on a one-month loan deal , together with teammate Tom Barkhuizen who joined on loan for six months . His debut came six days later in the Football League Trophy , First round defeat to Rochdale at Spotland Stadium . Soon after , Eastham loan spell had ended despite Fleetwood Towns progress to extend his loan . On 5 October 2012 , Eastham joined Notts County on loan following his Fleetwood Town loan spell came to an end . While at Notts County , Eastham made four appearance before returning to Blackpool . On 21 January 2013 , Eastham returned to Bury on loan for the second time , until the end of the season . Five days later , Eastham re-made his debut for the club , in a 0–0 draw against Shrewsbury Town . Like his first spell at Bury , Eastham maintain his first team status . However , this season was overshadowed by financial problem , which led the club to their relegation . Rochdale . On 20 June 2013 , Ashley agreed a two-year deal with Rochdale following his release from Blackpool . By the time he was released by the club , Eastham attracted interests from host of clubs . Upon joining the club , Eastham was given number five shirt . Eastham made his debut in the opening game of the season , in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United . However , he find his first team opportunities limited in the defence and went on to make 15 appearance in his first season . In his second season at Rochdale , Eastham was recalled to the starting line-up against Crewe Alexandra to make his first appearance of the season after stayed on the substitute bench for the first two matches . Eastham then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–0 win over Walsall on 16 September 2014 . Not only that , Eastham earned a place for the Football Leagues Team of the Week , as result of his performance . A week later , Eastham received a straight red card in the 30th minute , in a 3–2 win over Leyton Orient on 27 September 2014 . Despite this , Eastham continued to be in the first team by the first half of the season and on 9 January 2015 , Eastham signed a one-year contract extension with the club . Eastham later scored , in a 3–2 loss against Walsall on 10 February 2015 . In his second season at Rochdale , which saw Eastham established himself in the first team , as well as , helping the club finished eighth place , he made forty-nine and scoring two times in all competitions . Fleetwood Town . On Friday 20 May 2016 , Eastham joined fellow league one side Fleetwood Town from Rochdale , after penning a two-year deal . Eastham rejoined a club he was previously on loan at from Blackpool FC in 2012 , and will officially become a Fleetwood Town player on 1 July 2016 . On the day of signing , Eastham said , One of the biggest factors in me coming here was the ambition from the chairman and manager . I felt it was something I wanted to be a part of . Fleetwood exercised a one-year contract extension for him at the end of the 2017–18 season . Salford City . On transfer deadline day , 31 January 2020 he joined Salford City . Honours . Salford City - EFL Trophy : 2019–20

easy

Which team did Ashley Eastham play for from 2011 to 2012?

/wiki/Ashley_Eastham#P54#2

Ashley Eastham Ashley Martin Eastham ( born 22 March 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Salford City . Eastham began his career at Blackpool in the Championship and Premier League . He made only three appearances for Blackpool , but enjoyed his first run of senior football after moving on loan to Cheltenham Town midway through the 2009/10 season . Loan spells with Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town again followed in 2010/11 , before Eastham spent the whole of the next season helping Bury to a mid-table finish in League One . Brief stints at Fleetwood Town and Notts County gave Eastham more experience at the start of last term , before he returned to Bury for their hapless fight against relegation from League One in 2012/13 . In July 2013 , Eastham made a permanent transfer to then-League Two side Rochdale , after leaving Blackpool . In May , 2016 , Eastham penned a two-year deal with fellow league one side Fleetwood Town . Club career . Early career at Blackpool ; Loan move to Hyde United . Born in Preston , Lancashire , Eastham is a product of the Blackpool youth system . He attended Carr Hill High School , Kirkham , Lancashire . He signed his first professional contract in May 2009 , then in July he played for the first team in the pre-season South West Challenge Cup held in North Devon , including playing in the 5–0 win over Barnstaple Town . In August 2009 he joined Conference North side Hyde United on loan , making his debut on 8 August in a 1–0 win over Stafford Rangers at Ewen Fields . On 17 August he scored Hydes second goal in a 3–2 home victory over Gainsborough Trinity . He made a total of eleven league appearances for the Tigers , scoring one goal , before being recalled by Blackpool on 21 September . Back at Blackpool – first team debut . The following day , in his first year as a professional , Eastham made his debut for the Seasiders in a 4–3 defeat to Premier League side Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium in the third round of the 2009–10 League Cup . At the end of the 2010–11 season , Eastham signed a new two-year contract with Blackpool . Four days later Eastham made his league debut , in a 2–0 home win over Peterborough United at Bloomfield Road , when he replaced the injured Neal Eardley in the 18th minute . On 11 August 2011 , Eastham was sent off in Blackpools League Cup tie against Sheffield Wednesday . At the end of the 2011–12 season , Eastham contract was activated after the club exercised their contract , until 2013 . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Eastham was released by the club despite the club was keen to keep him , but Eastham wanted to leave the club , so he earn a first team place . Cheltenham Town loan move . On 26 November 2009 , Eastham joined League Two side Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal until 2 January 2010 . Blackpool manager Ian Holloway said of the move : This is a great move for Ash . It is another step up for him , he did extremely well when he went to Hyde at the start of the season and this will be another challenge for him both on and off the field . The Robins caretaker manager John Schofield said : Its great to have a bright young prospect from a Championship club made available to us . Hopefully we can offer him some first team experience for the next stage of his development as a player . Five days later he was an unused substitute in a 0–3 defeat to Torquay United at Plainmoor . His debut came on 5 December in a 2–2 draw with Northampton Town at Whaddon Road . After four appearances , Eastham signed a one-month extension to the loan deal on 31 December . He made a total of five appearances for the Robins , then on 7 January 2010 was recalled by Blackpool from his loan spell to cover for suspensions . He was included in the Blackpool squad that travelled to South Wales to take on Cardiff City on 9 January , and was an unused substitute in the game . On 15 January he returned to Cheltenham Town , on loan until the end of the season . Two days later he was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in a 0–0 draw with Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He received a one-game suspension , missing the next game , a 1–4 home defeat to League Two leaders Rochdale . Following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Morecambe on 20 February 2010 , he was named in the League Two Team of the Week . Loan Spell at Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . On 25 November 2010 , Eastham joined League One side Carlisle United on loan , until 3 January 2011 . He only made one appearance for the club , only in the FA Cup campaign , in a 3–2 win over Tamworth , playing 90 minutes . On 4 January 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . 48 hours later , on 6 January 2011 , Eastham joined Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal , for the second time in his career . Easthams first game after signing for the club on a loan spell , for the second time in his career , came on 8 January 2011 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . After his debut , Manager Mark Yates praised Eastham and Phil Walsh . Having made five appearance , his loan spell was extended for another month in February , followed up another loan spell extended for another month in March . On 4 April 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . Bury ( loan ) . Eastham joined Bury on 25 August 2011 for one month . He made his debut for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic two-day later . After the move , Eastham express happy with the loan move . Since then , his loan has been extended a further two times and he will remain at Gigg Lane until the end of the 2011–12 season . During the season , he played a pivotal part in Burys League One campaign , including winning the Champagne Moment of the Season award for his 90th-minute equaliser as Bury fought back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 with Huddersfield Town . At the end of the season , Eastham loan spell with Bury came to an end . Loan move to Fleetwood Town , Notts County and Bury . On 29 August 2012 , Eastham joined Blackpools Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town on a one-month loan deal , together with teammate Tom Barkhuizen who joined on loan for six months . His debut came six days later in the Football League Trophy , First round defeat to Rochdale at Spotland Stadium . Soon after , Eastham loan spell had ended despite Fleetwood Towns progress to extend his loan . On 5 October 2012 , Eastham joined Notts County on loan following his Fleetwood Town loan spell came to an end . While at Notts County , Eastham made four appearance before returning to Blackpool . On 21 January 2013 , Eastham returned to Bury on loan for the second time , until the end of the season . Five days later , Eastham re-made his debut for the club , in a 0–0 draw against Shrewsbury Town . Like his first spell at Bury , Eastham maintain his first team status . However , this season was overshadowed by financial problem , which led the club to their relegation . Rochdale . On 20 June 2013 , Ashley agreed a two-year deal with Rochdale following his release from Blackpool . By the time he was released by the club , Eastham attracted interests from host of clubs . Upon joining the club , Eastham was given number five shirt . Eastham made his debut in the opening game of the season , in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United . However , he find his first team opportunities limited in the defence and went on to make 15 appearance in his first season . In his second season at Rochdale , Eastham was recalled to the starting line-up against Crewe Alexandra to make his first appearance of the season after stayed on the substitute bench for the first two matches . Eastham then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–0 win over Walsall on 16 September 2014 . Not only that , Eastham earned a place for the Football Leagues Team of the Week , as result of his performance . A week later , Eastham received a straight red card in the 30th minute , in a 3–2 win over Leyton Orient on 27 September 2014 . Despite this , Eastham continued to be in the first team by the first half of the season and on 9 January 2015 , Eastham signed a one-year contract extension with the club . Eastham later scored , in a 3–2 loss against Walsall on 10 February 2015 . In his second season at Rochdale , which saw Eastham established himself in the first team , as well as , helping the club finished eighth place , he made forty-nine and scoring two times in all competitions . Fleetwood Town . On Friday 20 May 2016 , Eastham joined fellow league one side Fleetwood Town from Rochdale , after penning a two-year deal . Eastham rejoined a club he was previously on loan at from Blackpool FC in 2012 , and will officially become a Fleetwood Town player on 1 July 2016 . On the day of signing , Eastham said , One of the biggest factors in me coming here was the ambition from the chairman and manager . I felt it was something I wanted to be a part of . Fleetwood exercised a one-year contract extension for him at the end of the 2017–18 season . Salford City . On transfer deadline day , 31 January 2020 he joined Salford City . Honours . Salford City - EFL Trophy : 2019–20

easy

Which team did the player Ashley Eastham belong to from 2012 to 2013?

/wiki/Ashley_Eastham#P54#3

Ashley Eastham Ashley Martin Eastham ( born 22 March 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Salford City . Eastham began his career at Blackpool in the Championship and Premier League . He made only three appearances for Blackpool , but enjoyed his first run of senior football after moving on loan to Cheltenham Town midway through the 2009/10 season . Loan spells with Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town again followed in 2010/11 , before Eastham spent the whole of the next season helping Bury to a mid-table finish in League One . Brief stints at Fleetwood Town and Notts County gave Eastham more experience at the start of last term , before he returned to Bury for their hapless fight against relegation from League One in 2012/13 . In July 2013 , Eastham made a permanent transfer to then-League Two side Rochdale , after leaving Blackpool . In May , 2016 , Eastham penned a two-year deal with fellow league one side Fleetwood Town . Club career . Early career at Blackpool ; Loan move to Hyde United . Born in Preston , Lancashire , Eastham is a product of the Blackpool youth system . He attended Carr Hill High School , Kirkham , Lancashire . He signed his first professional contract in May 2009 , then in July he played for the first team in the pre-season South West Challenge Cup held in North Devon , including playing in the 5–0 win over Barnstaple Town . In August 2009 he joined Conference North side Hyde United on loan , making his debut on 8 August in a 1–0 win over Stafford Rangers at Ewen Fields . On 17 August he scored Hydes second goal in a 3–2 home victory over Gainsborough Trinity . He made a total of eleven league appearances for the Tigers , scoring one goal , before being recalled by Blackpool on 21 September . Back at Blackpool – first team debut . The following day , in his first year as a professional , Eastham made his debut for the Seasiders in a 4–3 defeat to Premier League side Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium in the third round of the 2009–10 League Cup . At the end of the 2010–11 season , Eastham signed a new two-year contract with Blackpool . Four days later Eastham made his league debut , in a 2–0 home win over Peterborough United at Bloomfield Road , when he replaced the injured Neal Eardley in the 18th minute . On 11 August 2011 , Eastham was sent off in Blackpools League Cup tie against Sheffield Wednesday . At the end of the 2011–12 season , Eastham contract was activated after the club exercised their contract , until 2013 . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Eastham was released by the club despite the club was keen to keep him , but Eastham wanted to leave the club , so he earn a first team place . Cheltenham Town loan move . On 26 November 2009 , Eastham joined League Two side Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal until 2 January 2010 . Blackpool manager Ian Holloway said of the move : This is a great move for Ash . It is another step up for him , he did extremely well when he went to Hyde at the start of the season and this will be another challenge for him both on and off the field . The Robins caretaker manager John Schofield said : Its great to have a bright young prospect from a Championship club made available to us . Hopefully we can offer him some first team experience for the next stage of his development as a player . Five days later he was an unused substitute in a 0–3 defeat to Torquay United at Plainmoor . His debut came on 5 December in a 2–2 draw with Northampton Town at Whaddon Road . After four appearances , Eastham signed a one-month extension to the loan deal on 31 December . He made a total of five appearances for the Robins , then on 7 January 2010 was recalled by Blackpool from his loan spell to cover for suspensions . He was included in the Blackpool squad that travelled to South Wales to take on Cardiff City on 9 January , and was an unused substitute in the game . On 15 January he returned to Cheltenham Town , on loan until the end of the season . Two days later he was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in a 0–0 draw with Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He received a one-game suspension , missing the next game , a 1–4 home defeat to League Two leaders Rochdale . Following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Morecambe on 20 February 2010 , he was named in the League Two Team of the Week . Loan Spell at Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . On 25 November 2010 , Eastham joined League One side Carlisle United on loan , until 3 January 2011 . He only made one appearance for the club , only in the FA Cup campaign , in a 3–2 win over Tamworth , playing 90 minutes . On 4 January 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . 48 hours later , on 6 January 2011 , Eastham joined Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal , for the second time in his career . Easthams first game after signing for the club on a loan spell , for the second time in his career , came on 8 January 2011 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . After his debut , Manager Mark Yates praised Eastham and Phil Walsh . Having made five appearance , his loan spell was extended for another month in February , followed up another loan spell extended for another month in March . On 4 April 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . Bury ( loan ) . Eastham joined Bury on 25 August 2011 for one month . He made his debut for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic two-day later . After the move , Eastham express happy with the loan move . Since then , his loan has been extended a further two times and he will remain at Gigg Lane until the end of the 2011–12 season . During the season , he played a pivotal part in Burys League One campaign , including winning the Champagne Moment of the Season award for his 90th-minute equaliser as Bury fought back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 with Huddersfield Town . At the end of the season , Eastham loan spell with Bury came to an end . Loan move to Fleetwood Town , Notts County and Bury . On 29 August 2012 , Eastham joined Blackpools Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town on a one-month loan deal , together with teammate Tom Barkhuizen who joined on loan for six months . His debut came six days later in the Football League Trophy , First round defeat to Rochdale at Spotland Stadium . Soon after , Eastham loan spell had ended despite Fleetwood Towns progress to extend his loan . On 5 October 2012 , Eastham joined Notts County on loan following his Fleetwood Town loan spell came to an end . While at Notts County , Eastham made four appearance before returning to Blackpool . On 21 January 2013 , Eastham returned to Bury on loan for the second time , until the end of the season . Five days later , Eastham re-made his debut for the club , in a 0–0 draw against Shrewsbury Town . Like his first spell at Bury , Eastham maintain his first team status . However , this season was overshadowed by financial problem , which led the club to their relegation . Rochdale . On 20 June 2013 , Ashley agreed a two-year deal with Rochdale following his release from Blackpool . By the time he was released by the club , Eastham attracted interests from host of clubs . Upon joining the club , Eastham was given number five shirt . Eastham made his debut in the opening game of the season , in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United . However , he find his first team opportunities limited in the defence and went on to make 15 appearance in his first season . In his second season at Rochdale , Eastham was recalled to the starting line-up against Crewe Alexandra to make his first appearance of the season after stayed on the substitute bench for the first two matches . Eastham then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–0 win over Walsall on 16 September 2014 . Not only that , Eastham earned a place for the Football Leagues Team of the Week , as result of his performance . A week later , Eastham received a straight red card in the 30th minute , in a 3–2 win over Leyton Orient on 27 September 2014 . Despite this , Eastham continued to be in the first team by the first half of the season and on 9 January 2015 , Eastham signed a one-year contract extension with the club . Eastham later scored , in a 3–2 loss against Walsall on 10 February 2015 . In his second season at Rochdale , which saw Eastham established himself in the first team , as well as , helping the club finished eighth place , he made forty-nine and scoring two times in all competitions . Fleetwood Town . On Friday 20 May 2016 , Eastham joined fellow league one side Fleetwood Town from Rochdale , after penning a two-year deal . Eastham rejoined a club he was previously on loan at from Blackpool FC in 2012 , and will officially become a Fleetwood Town player on 1 July 2016 . On the day of signing , Eastham said , One of the biggest factors in me coming here was the ambition from the chairman and manager . I felt it was something I wanted to be a part of . Fleetwood exercised a one-year contract extension for him at the end of the 2017–18 season . Salford City . On transfer deadline day , 31 January 2020 he joined Salford City . Honours . Salford City - EFL Trophy : 2019–20

easy

Ashley Eastham played for which team from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Ashley_Eastham#P54#4

Ashley Eastham Ashley Martin Eastham ( born 22 March 1991 ) is an English professional footballer who plays as a defender for League Two club Salford City . Eastham began his career at Blackpool in the Championship and Premier League . He made only three appearances for Blackpool , but enjoyed his first run of senior football after moving on loan to Cheltenham Town midway through the 2009/10 season . Loan spells with Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town again followed in 2010/11 , before Eastham spent the whole of the next season helping Bury to a mid-table finish in League One . Brief stints at Fleetwood Town and Notts County gave Eastham more experience at the start of last term , before he returned to Bury for their hapless fight against relegation from League One in 2012/13 . In July 2013 , Eastham made a permanent transfer to then-League Two side Rochdale , after leaving Blackpool . In May , 2016 , Eastham penned a two-year deal with fellow league one side Fleetwood Town . Club career . Early career at Blackpool ; Loan move to Hyde United . Born in Preston , Lancashire , Eastham is a product of the Blackpool youth system . He attended Carr Hill High School , Kirkham , Lancashire . He signed his first professional contract in May 2009 , then in July he played for the first team in the pre-season South West Challenge Cup held in North Devon , including playing in the 5–0 win over Barnstaple Town . In August 2009 he joined Conference North side Hyde United on loan , making his debut on 8 August in a 1–0 win over Stafford Rangers at Ewen Fields . On 17 August he scored Hydes second goal in a 3–2 home victory over Gainsborough Trinity . He made a total of eleven league appearances for the Tigers , scoring one goal , before being recalled by Blackpool on 21 September . Back at Blackpool – first team debut . The following day , in his first year as a professional , Eastham made his debut for the Seasiders in a 4–3 defeat to Premier League side Stoke City at the Britannia Stadium in the third round of the 2009–10 League Cup . At the end of the 2010–11 season , Eastham signed a new two-year contract with Blackpool . Four days later Eastham made his league debut , in a 2–0 home win over Peterborough United at Bloomfield Road , when he replaced the injured Neal Eardley in the 18th minute . On 11 August 2011 , Eastham was sent off in Blackpools League Cup tie against Sheffield Wednesday . At the end of the 2011–12 season , Eastham contract was activated after the club exercised their contract , until 2013 . At the end of the 2012–13 season , Eastham was released by the club despite the club was keen to keep him , but Eastham wanted to leave the club , so he earn a first team place . Cheltenham Town loan move . On 26 November 2009 , Eastham joined League Two side Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal until 2 January 2010 . Blackpool manager Ian Holloway said of the move : This is a great move for Ash . It is another step up for him , he did extremely well when he went to Hyde at the start of the season and this will be another challenge for him both on and off the field . The Robins caretaker manager John Schofield said : Its great to have a bright young prospect from a Championship club made available to us . Hopefully we can offer him some first team experience for the next stage of his development as a player . Five days later he was an unused substitute in a 0–3 defeat to Torquay United at Plainmoor . His debut came on 5 December in a 2–2 draw with Northampton Town at Whaddon Road . After four appearances , Eastham signed a one-month extension to the loan deal on 31 December . He made a total of five appearances for the Robins , then on 7 January 2010 was recalled by Blackpool from his loan spell to cover for suspensions . He was included in the Blackpool squad that travelled to South Wales to take on Cardiff City on 9 January , and was an unused substitute in the game . On 15 January he returned to Cheltenham Town , on loan until the end of the season . Two days later he was sent off after receiving two yellow cards in a 0–0 draw with Grimsby Town at Blundell Park . He received a one-game suspension , missing the next game , a 1–4 home defeat to League Two leaders Rochdale . Following his performance in the 2–0 home win over Morecambe on 20 February 2010 , he was named in the League Two Team of the Week . Loan Spell at Carlisle United and Cheltenham Town . On 25 November 2010 , Eastham joined League One side Carlisle United on loan , until 3 January 2011 . He only made one appearance for the club , only in the FA Cup campaign , in a 3–2 win over Tamworth , playing 90 minutes . On 4 January 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . 48 hours later , on 6 January 2011 , Eastham joined Cheltenham Town on an initial one-month loan deal , for the second time in his career . Easthams first game after signing for the club on a loan spell , for the second time in his career , came on 8 January 2011 , in a 1–1 draw against Northampton Town . After his debut , Manager Mark Yates praised Eastham and Phil Walsh . Having made five appearance , his loan spell was extended for another month in February , followed up another loan spell extended for another month in March . On 4 April 2011 , Eastham then returned to the club , following his loan came to an end . Bury ( loan ) . Eastham joined Bury on 25 August 2011 for one month . He made his debut for the club , in a 2–1 loss against Charlton Athletic two-day later . After the move , Eastham express happy with the loan move . Since then , his loan has been extended a further two times and he will remain at Gigg Lane until the end of the 2011–12 season . During the season , he played a pivotal part in Burys League One campaign , including winning the Champagne Moment of the Season award for his 90th-minute equaliser as Bury fought back from 3–0 down to draw 3–3 with Huddersfield Town . At the end of the season , Eastham loan spell with Bury came to an end . Loan move to Fleetwood Town , Notts County and Bury . On 29 August 2012 , Eastham joined Blackpools Fylde coast neighbours Fleetwood Town on a one-month loan deal , together with teammate Tom Barkhuizen who joined on loan for six months . His debut came six days later in the Football League Trophy , First round defeat to Rochdale at Spotland Stadium . Soon after , Eastham loan spell had ended despite Fleetwood Towns progress to extend his loan . On 5 October 2012 , Eastham joined Notts County on loan following his Fleetwood Town loan spell came to an end . While at Notts County , Eastham made four appearance before returning to Blackpool . On 21 January 2013 , Eastham returned to Bury on loan for the second time , until the end of the season . Five days later , Eastham re-made his debut for the club , in a 0–0 draw against Shrewsbury Town . Like his first spell at Bury , Eastham maintain his first team status . However , this season was overshadowed by financial problem , which led the club to their relegation . Rochdale . On 20 June 2013 , Ashley agreed a two-year deal with Rochdale following his release from Blackpool . By the time he was released by the club , Eastham attracted interests from host of clubs . Upon joining the club , Eastham was given number five shirt . Eastham made his debut in the opening game of the season , in a 3–0 win over Hartlepool United . However , he find his first team opportunities limited in the defence and went on to make 15 appearance in his first season . In his second season at Rochdale , Eastham was recalled to the starting line-up against Crewe Alexandra to make his first appearance of the season after stayed on the substitute bench for the first two matches . Eastham then scored his first goal of the season , in a 4–0 win over Walsall on 16 September 2014 . Not only that , Eastham earned a place for the Football Leagues Team of the Week , as result of his performance . A week later , Eastham received a straight red card in the 30th minute , in a 3–2 win over Leyton Orient on 27 September 2014 . Despite this , Eastham continued to be in the first team by the first half of the season and on 9 January 2015 , Eastham signed a one-year contract extension with the club . Eastham later scored , in a 3–2 loss against Walsall on 10 February 2015 . In his second season at Rochdale , which saw Eastham established himself in the first team , as well as , helping the club finished eighth place , he made forty-nine and scoring two times in all competitions . Fleetwood Town . On Friday 20 May 2016 , Eastham joined fellow league one side Fleetwood Town from Rochdale , after penning a two-year deal . Eastham rejoined a club he was previously on loan at from Blackpool FC in 2012 , and will officially become a Fleetwood Town player on 1 July 2016 . On the day of signing , Eastham said , One of the biggest factors in me coming here was the ambition from the chairman and manager . I felt it was something I wanted to be a part of . Fleetwood exercised a one-year contract extension for him at the end of the 2017–18 season . Salford City . On transfer deadline day , 31 January 2020 he joined Salford City . Honours . Salford City - EFL Trophy : 2019–20

easy

What was the position of David Lidington from May 1997 to May 2001?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#0

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

easy

What was the position of David Lidington from Jun 2001 to Jul 2002?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#1

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

easy

What position did David Lidington take from Jul 2002 to Nov 2003?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#2

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

easy

David Lidington took which position in Nov 2003?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#3

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

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What was the position of David Lidington from Nov 2003 to Apr 2005?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#4

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

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Which position did David Lidington hold from May 2005 to Apr 2010?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#5

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

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David Lidington took which position in May 2010?

/wiki/David_Lidington#P39#6

David Lidington Sir David Roy Lidington ( born 30 June 1956 ) is a British politician who was the Member of Parliament ( MP ) for Aylesbury from 1992 until 2019 . A member of the Conservative Party , he served as Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office from 2018 to 2019 and was frequently described as being Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister . Between 2010 and 2016 , he served as Minister of State for Europe holding the position for the entirety of David Camerons premiership , a longer period than any of his predecessors . Theresa May appointed him to the cabinet for the first time in June 2016 , where he held a number of roles including Leader of the House of Commons , and the joint title of Lord Chancellor and Secretary of State for Justice . He resigned from the government on 24 July 2019 , in anticipation of the appointment of Boris Johnson as British Prime Minister . He did not seek reelection in the 2019 general election . Early life and career . Born in Lambeth , Lidington was educated at Merchant Taylors Prep School and Haberdashers Askes Boys School . He read Modern History at Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge . His PhD was entitled The enforcement of the penal statutes at the court of the Exchequer c . 1558 – c . 1576 . While at Cambridge , he was chairman of Cambridge University Conservative Association and Deputy President of the Cambridge University Students Union . He was the Captain of the Sidney Sussex College , Cambridge team that won the 1979 series of University Challenge . The team also won the 2002 University Challenge – Reunited champion of champions series for the shows 40th anniversary . Lidingtons early employment included posts with BP and the Rio Tinto Group before being appointed in 1987 as special adviser to the then Home Secretary Douglas Hurd . He moved to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in 1989 when Hurd was appointed Foreign Secretary . In the 1987 general election , Lidington stood unsuccessfully in the Vauxhall constituency . Parliamentary career . From 1992 to 2010 . Lidington was selected as the Conservative candidate for the safe seat of Aylesbury in December 1990 . He became the constituencys member of parliament at the 1992 general election . At Westminster , Lidington previously participated in the Education Select Committee and Conservative Backbench Home Affairs Committee . In 1994 , he successfully promoted a Private Members Bill which became the Chiropractors Act 1994 . Lidington first joined the Conservative front bench team in August 1994 , when he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Home Secretary Michael Howard . In June 1997 , with the Conservatives in opposition , he became Parliamentary Private Secretary to Leader of the Opposition William Hague . Two years later , in June 1999 , he was promoted to become Shadow Home Affairs Minister ( deputy to Ann Widdecombe ) . In September 2001 , Lidington was promoted to become Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury . Shadow Cabinet . Lidington became a member of the Shadow Cabinet in May 2002 , replacing Ann Winterton as Shadow Minister of Agriculture , Fisheries and Food ( later Shadow Secretary of State for Environment , Food and Rural Affairs ) after she resigned . When Michael Howard was elected Conservative Party leader in November 2003 , Lidington became Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland , but was not included as a member of the Shadow Cabinet . In May 2005 , Howard enlarged the Shadow Cabinet , granting Lidington the right to attend it again . He continued to serve as the Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland under David Cameron . On 2 July 2007 , was appointed as a Shadow Minister of State for Foreign Affairs . Expenses ( 2009 ) . In May 2009 , The Daily Telegraph revealed Lidington had claimed nearly £1,300 for his dry cleaning and had also claimed for toothpaste , shower gel , body spray and vitamin supplements on his second home allowance . Lidington repaid the claims . Lidington was also criticised by local newspaper the Bucks Herald for claiming £115,891 in expenses in one year , almost double his salary . Since the 2010 general election . Following the 2010 general election , Lidington was appointed Minister for Europe . In August 2016 following the resignation of David Cameron , Lidington was appointed a CBE in the 2016 Prime Ministers Resignation Honours for his services to the government as European minister . In November 2013 , Lidington was criticised in an editorial of the local newspaper the Bucks Herald after he abstained on votes on the HS2 rail project which will run through his constituency . On 25 November 2016 , when he was serving as Leader of the House of Commons , Lidington deputised for Prime Minister Theresa May at PMQs questioned first-hand by the Shadow Foreign Secretary , Emily Thornberry who also deputised , as per custom , for Jeremy Corbyn on the day . Under Prime Minister Theresa May , Lidington was appointed Leader of the House of Commons and Lord President of the Council . This was a position he held till 11 June 2017 , when he was promoted to Justice Secretary and Lord Chancellor . His appointment was criticised due to his record on LGBT rights , having opposed scrapping the ban on promotion of homosexuality in schools , as well as civil partnerships . During the debate on the legalisation of same-sex marriage he argued that marriage was for the procreation of children and that the definition of marriage should not be changed without an extremely compelling case for doing so . He later said that he regretted voting against civil partnerships . On 8 January 2018 , during a Cabinet reshuffle , Lidington became the Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister for the Cabinet Office . Several media outlets subsequently referred to Lidington as Theresa Mays de facto Deputy Prime Minister and a candidate for her succession . Despite this , Lidington said that he had no wish to become Prime minister , stating that Theresa May was doing a fantastic job . On 24 July 2019 , Lidington resigned as Cabinet Office Minister & Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster . On 10 September , Lidington was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath in Theresa Mays resignation honours for political and public service . During the 2019 Conservative leadership election , Lidington backed Matt Hancock . At the final stage of the leadership election , he supported Jeremy Hunt over Boris Johnson . Writing in his local newspaper , the Bucks Herald , on 30 October 2019 , Lidington said he was not planning to seek re-election at the next general election . Lidington officially stepped down as the MP for Aylesbury on 6 November 2019 . Personal life . Lidington and his wife Helen have four sons . He was raised as a Congregationalist but is now an Anglican . External links . - Debretts People of Today - Bucks TV – A Day In The Life Of

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Which title was conferred to Michał Krasenkow in 1989?

/wiki/Michał_Krasenkow#P2962#0

Michał Krasenkow Michał Krasenkow ( born 14 November 1963 ) is a Polish chess grandmaster , a chess trainer and writer . He is one of the strongest Polish chess players since World War II . His playing style is aggressive and he has won many best game awards . Life and career . He was born in Moscow ( formerly Mikhail Vladimirovich Krasenkov , ) . Master of applied mathematics ( 1985 ) . His first notable successes date back to the 80s : he became a national master of the USSR in 1982 , an International Master in 1988 and an International Grandmaster in 1989 . He became Champion of Georgia in 1987 and team champion of the USSR ( with Tigran Petrosian Chess Club , Moscow ) in 1990 . In 1992 Krasenkow emigrated to Poland . Since 1996 he represents that country at international competitions . Two-times champion of Poland ( 2000 , 2002 ) . Krasenkow holds an unofficial record of winning Polish team championships , which he has done 14 times : 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , and 1998 with Stilon Gorzów Wielkopolski , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 with Polonia Warsaw . European Cup winner ( 1997 , with the Russian team Ladia Azov ) and silver medalist ( 2001 , 2003 , 2005 with Polonia Plus GSM Warsaw , 2008 with OSC Baden-Baden ) . Representative of Poland at European team championships and Chess Olympiads since 1996 ( European team championships : Pula 1997 - 3rd place on Board 1 , Batumi 1999 - 2nd place on Board 1 ) . Also German team champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) and German Cup winner ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 ) with Ooser Schachclub Baden-Baden , French team champion ( 2010 ) with LEchiquier Chalonnais , Turkish team champion ( 2016 ) with Hatay Buyuksehir Belediyesi Genclik Spor Kulubu . Notable performances . He participated in all FIDE k.o . World Championships since 1997 . Best results : Groningen/Lausanne ( 1997/98 ) - 5th round qualifier ( last 9 ) ; Las Vegas ( 1999 ) - 3rd round qualifier ( last 32 ) ; Tripoli ( 2004 ) – 4th round qualifier ( last 16 ) . Major tournament victories : Moscow 1992 ( Mikhail Tal Memorial ) - I-III places ( tied ) , New York 1997 - I-II ( He took his prize money in cash and was robbed of all of it at a train station upon returning to Poland ) , Vilnius 1997 ( Vladas Mikėnas Memorial ) - I , Shanghai 2001 ( Tan Chin Nam Cup - category 16 ) - I-III , Ostrava 2007 ( category 16 ) - I , Moscow Open 2014 - I-IV , Warsaw 2014 ( Miguel Najdorf Memorial ) - I-VII . Important tournament victories : Budapest 1989 - I-II places ( tied ) , Vienna 1990 - I-VI , Gausdal 1991 - I-II , Katowice 1992 - I-II , Metz 1993 - I-III , Pardubice 1993 - I-V , Las Palmas 1993 - I-II , Pardubice 1994 - I-II , Stockholm 1994/95 - I , Stockholm 1995/96 - I , Asti 1996 - I , Reggio Emilia 1996/97 - I , Buenos Aires 1998 - I-V , Cutro 1999 - I , Shanghai 2000 - I-II , Barlinek 2001 - I-III , Kavala 2001 - I-II , Bad Wiessee 2001 - I-IV , Wijk aan Zee 2002 , tournament B – I , Budapest 2004 - I , Vlissingen 2006 - I , Wijk aan Zee 2007 , tournament C – I , Helsingør 2007 - I-V , Mumbai 2008 - I-VI , Hilversum 2009 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2009 - I , Stockholm 2012/13 - I , Vlissingen 2013 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2014 - I-IV , Porticcio 2017 - I . Runner-up in major tournaments in Hastings 1993/94 ( behind John Nunn ) , Polanica Zdroj 1995 ( behind Veselin Topalov ) , Pamplona 1998/99 ( behind Alexander Morozevich ) , Lviv 2000 , ( FIDE Category 17 ) behind Vassily Ivanchuk . Polanica Zdroj 1998 ( Category 17 ) - III-VI places . In 2000 Krasenkow crossed the then extra-class threshold of 2700 rating points , obtaining 2702 in July and October rating lists . He was ranked number ten in the world at that time . Krasenkow achieved notable successes in rapid chess : USSR Cup ( Tallinn 1988 ) - I-II places ( tied ) , European Championships ( Gijon 1988 ) - IV-VII , GMA tournament ( Murcia , 1990 , with more than 100 Grandmasters participating ) - V-VI , USSR Cup ( Lviv , 1990 ) - I , CIS Cup ( Moscow , 1991 ) - I , Russian Open Cup ( Moscow , 1997 ) - I , León 2010 - I-II . He was the Blitz Chess Champion of Poland in 1999 and 2001 . Coaching work . Krasenkow has coached national teams , young prodigies , including many future GMs , and occasionally top players including Viswanathan Anand . National coach of Poland in 2010 - 2014 and Turkey since 2016 . He has been a FIDE Senior Trainer since 2012 . Theoretical contributions . Krasenkow has made major contributions to several areas of opening theory , most notably in the Classical Kings Indian Defense . His consistent use of the relative sideline 5.h3 in that opening helped to establish it as a viable manner of combating the Kings Indian . Other members of the elite now use the system from time to time , including on occasion Magnus Carlsen . It is typically called the Makogonov system , though some authors now refer to it as the Krasenkow System ; he himself calls it the Bagirov system . Krasenkows other important contribution is the so-called Groningen Attack in the English Opening ( discovered simultaneously with Vadim Zviagintsev ) : 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.g4! ? Writings . Krasenkow has written several books on chess openings and middlegames : - The Open Spanish . London , Cadogan Books , 1995 - The Sveshnikov Sicilian . London , Cadogan Books , 1996 - Finding chess jewels . London , Everyman Chess , 2013 - Learn from Michal Krasenkow . Landegem , Thinkers Publishing , 2019

easy

Which title was conferred to Michał Krasenkow in 1988?

/wiki/Michał_Krasenkow#P2962#1

Michał Krasenkow Michał Krasenkow ( born 14 November 1963 ) is a Polish chess grandmaster , a chess trainer and writer . He is one of the strongest Polish chess players since World War II . His playing style is aggressive and he has won many best game awards . Life and career . He was born in Moscow ( formerly Mikhail Vladimirovich Krasenkov , ) . Master of applied mathematics ( 1985 ) . His first notable successes date back to the 80s : he became a national master of the USSR in 1982 , an International Master in 1988 and an International Grandmaster in 1989 . He became Champion of Georgia in 1987 and team champion of the USSR ( with Tigran Petrosian Chess Club , Moscow ) in 1990 . In 1992 Krasenkow emigrated to Poland . Since 1996 he represents that country at international competitions . Two-times champion of Poland ( 2000 , 2002 ) . Krasenkow holds an unofficial record of winning Polish team championships , which he has done 14 times : 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , and 1998 with Stilon Gorzów Wielkopolski , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 with Polonia Warsaw . European Cup winner ( 1997 , with the Russian team Ladia Azov ) and silver medalist ( 2001 , 2003 , 2005 with Polonia Plus GSM Warsaw , 2008 with OSC Baden-Baden ) . Representative of Poland at European team championships and Chess Olympiads since 1996 ( European team championships : Pula 1997 - 3rd place on Board 1 , Batumi 1999 - 2nd place on Board 1 ) . Also German team champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) and German Cup winner ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 ) with Ooser Schachclub Baden-Baden , French team champion ( 2010 ) with LEchiquier Chalonnais , Turkish team champion ( 2016 ) with Hatay Buyuksehir Belediyesi Genclik Spor Kulubu . Notable performances . He participated in all FIDE k.o . World Championships since 1997 . Best results : Groningen/Lausanne ( 1997/98 ) - 5th round qualifier ( last 9 ) ; Las Vegas ( 1999 ) - 3rd round qualifier ( last 32 ) ; Tripoli ( 2004 ) – 4th round qualifier ( last 16 ) . Major tournament victories : Moscow 1992 ( Mikhail Tal Memorial ) - I-III places ( tied ) , New York 1997 - I-II ( He took his prize money in cash and was robbed of all of it at a train station upon returning to Poland ) , Vilnius 1997 ( Vladas Mikėnas Memorial ) - I , Shanghai 2001 ( Tan Chin Nam Cup - category 16 ) - I-III , Ostrava 2007 ( category 16 ) - I , Moscow Open 2014 - I-IV , Warsaw 2014 ( Miguel Najdorf Memorial ) - I-VII . Important tournament victories : Budapest 1989 - I-II places ( tied ) , Vienna 1990 - I-VI , Gausdal 1991 - I-II , Katowice 1992 - I-II , Metz 1993 - I-III , Pardubice 1993 - I-V , Las Palmas 1993 - I-II , Pardubice 1994 - I-II , Stockholm 1994/95 - I , Stockholm 1995/96 - I , Asti 1996 - I , Reggio Emilia 1996/97 - I , Buenos Aires 1998 - I-V , Cutro 1999 - I , Shanghai 2000 - I-II , Barlinek 2001 - I-III , Kavala 2001 - I-II , Bad Wiessee 2001 - I-IV , Wijk aan Zee 2002 , tournament B – I , Budapest 2004 - I , Vlissingen 2006 - I , Wijk aan Zee 2007 , tournament C – I , Helsingør 2007 - I-V , Mumbai 2008 - I-VI , Hilversum 2009 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2009 - I , Stockholm 2012/13 - I , Vlissingen 2013 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2014 - I-IV , Porticcio 2017 - I . Runner-up in major tournaments in Hastings 1993/94 ( behind John Nunn ) , Polanica Zdroj 1995 ( behind Veselin Topalov ) , Pamplona 1998/99 ( behind Alexander Morozevich ) , Lviv 2000 , ( FIDE Category 17 ) behind Vassily Ivanchuk . Polanica Zdroj 1998 ( Category 17 ) - III-VI places . In 2000 Krasenkow crossed the then extra-class threshold of 2700 rating points , obtaining 2702 in July and October rating lists . He was ranked number ten in the world at that time . Krasenkow achieved notable successes in rapid chess : USSR Cup ( Tallinn 1988 ) - I-II places ( tied ) , European Championships ( Gijon 1988 ) - IV-VII , GMA tournament ( Murcia , 1990 , with more than 100 Grandmasters participating ) - V-VI , USSR Cup ( Lviv , 1990 ) - I , CIS Cup ( Moscow , 1991 ) - I , Russian Open Cup ( Moscow , 1997 ) - I , León 2010 - I-II . He was the Blitz Chess Champion of Poland in 1999 and 2001 . Coaching work . Krasenkow has coached national teams , young prodigies , including many future GMs , and occasionally top players including Viswanathan Anand . National coach of Poland in 2010 - 2014 and Turkey since 2016 . He has been a FIDE Senior Trainer since 2012 . Theoretical contributions . Krasenkow has made major contributions to several areas of opening theory , most notably in the Classical Kings Indian Defense . His consistent use of the relative sideline 5.h3 in that opening helped to establish it as a viable manner of combating the Kings Indian . Other members of the elite now use the system from time to time , including on occasion Magnus Carlsen . It is typically called the Makogonov system , though some authors now refer to it as the Krasenkow System ; he himself calls it the Bagirov system . Krasenkows other important contribution is the so-called Groningen Attack in the English Opening ( discovered simultaneously with Vadim Zviagintsev ) : 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.g4! ? Writings . Krasenkow has written several books on chess openings and middlegames : - The Open Spanish . London , Cadogan Books , 1995 - The Sveshnikov Sicilian . London , Cadogan Books , 1996 - Finding chess jewels . London , Everyman Chess , 2013 - Learn from Michal Krasenkow . Landegem , Thinkers Publishing , 2019

easy

Which title was conferred to Michał Krasenkow in 1982?

/wiki/Michał_Krasenkow#P2962#2

Michał Krasenkow Michał Krasenkow ( born 14 November 1963 ) is a Polish chess grandmaster , a chess trainer and writer . He is one of the strongest Polish chess players since World War II . His playing style is aggressive and he has won many best game awards . Life and career . He was born in Moscow ( formerly Mikhail Vladimirovich Krasenkov , ) . Master of applied mathematics ( 1985 ) . His first notable successes date back to the 80s : he became a national master of the USSR in 1982 , an International Master in 1988 and an International Grandmaster in 1989 . He became Champion of Georgia in 1987 and team champion of the USSR ( with Tigran Petrosian Chess Club , Moscow ) in 1990 . In 1992 Krasenkow emigrated to Poland . Since 1996 he represents that country at international competitions . Two-times champion of Poland ( 2000 , 2002 ) . Krasenkow holds an unofficial record of winning Polish team championships , which he has done 14 times : 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , and 1998 with Stilon Gorzów Wielkopolski , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 with Polonia Warsaw . European Cup winner ( 1997 , with the Russian team Ladia Azov ) and silver medalist ( 2001 , 2003 , 2005 with Polonia Plus GSM Warsaw , 2008 with OSC Baden-Baden ) . Representative of Poland at European team championships and Chess Olympiads since 1996 ( European team championships : Pula 1997 - 3rd place on Board 1 , Batumi 1999 - 2nd place on Board 1 ) . Also German team champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) and German Cup winner ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 ) with Ooser Schachclub Baden-Baden , French team champion ( 2010 ) with LEchiquier Chalonnais , Turkish team champion ( 2016 ) with Hatay Buyuksehir Belediyesi Genclik Spor Kulubu . Notable performances . He participated in all FIDE k.o . World Championships since 1997 . Best results : Groningen/Lausanne ( 1997/98 ) - 5th round qualifier ( last 9 ) ; Las Vegas ( 1999 ) - 3rd round qualifier ( last 32 ) ; Tripoli ( 2004 ) – 4th round qualifier ( last 16 ) . Major tournament victories : Moscow 1992 ( Mikhail Tal Memorial ) - I-III places ( tied ) , New York 1997 - I-II ( He took his prize money in cash and was robbed of all of it at a train station upon returning to Poland ) , Vilnius 1997 ( Vladas Mikėnas Memorial ) - I , Shanghai 2001 ( Tan Chin Nam Cup - category 16 ) - I-III , Ostrava 2007 ( category 16 ) - I , Moscow Open 2014 - I-IV , Warsaw 2014 ( Miguel Najdorf Memorial ) - I-VII . Important tournament victories : Budapest 1989 - I-II places ( tied ) , Vienna 1990 - I-VI , Gausdal 1991 - I-II , Katowice 1992 - I-II , Metz 1993 - I-III , Pardubice 1993 - I-V , Las Palmas 1993 - I-II , Pardubice 1994 - I-II , Stockholm 1994/95 - I , Stockholm 1995/96 - I , Asti 1996 - I , Reggio Emilia 1996/97 - I , Buenos Aires 1998 - I-V , Cutro 1999 - I , Shanghai 2000 - I-II , Barlinek 2001 - I-III , Kavala 2001 - I-II , Bad Wiessee 2001 - I-IV , Wijk aan Zee 2002 , tournament B – I , Budapest 2004 - I , Vlissingen 2006 - I , Wijk aan Zee 2007 , tournament C – I , Helsingør 2007 - I-V , Mumbai 2008 - I-VI , Hilversum 2009 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2009 - I , Stockholm 2012/13 - I , Vlissingen 2013 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2014 - I-IV , Porticcio 2017 - I . Runner-up in major tournaments in Hastings 1993/94 ( behind John Nunn ) , Polanica Zdroj 1995 ( behind Veselin Topalov ) , Pamplona 1998/99 ( behind Alexander Morozevich ) , Lviv 2000 , ( FIDE Category 17 ) behind Vassily Ivanchuk . Polanica Zdroj 1998 ( Category 17 ) - III-VI places . In 2000 Krasenkow crossed the then extra-class threshold of 2700 rating points , obtaining 2702 in July and October rating lists . He was ranked number ten in the world at that time . Krasenkow achieved notable successes in rapid chess : USSR Cup ( Tallinn 1988 ) - I-II places ( tied ) , European Championships ( Gijon 1988 ) - IV-VII , GMA tournament ( Murcia , 1990 , with more than 100 Grandmasters participating ) - V-VI , USSR Cup ( Lviv , 1990 ) - I , CIS Cup ( Moscow , 1991 ) - I , Russian Open Cup ( Moscow , 1997 ) - I , León 2010 - I-II . He was the Blitz Chess Champion of Poland in 1999 and 2001 . Coaching work . Krasenkow has coached national teams , young prodigies , including many future GMs , and occasionally top players including Viswanathan Anand . National coach of Poland in 2010 - 2014 and Turkey since 2016 . He has been a FIDE Senior Trainer since 2012 . Theoretical contributions . Krasenkow has made major contributions to several areas of opening theory , most notably in the Classical Kings Indian Defense . His consistent use of the relative sideline 5.h3 in that opening helped to establish it as a viable manner of combating the Kings Indian . Other members of the elite now use the system from time to time , including on occasion Magnus Carlsen . It is typically called the Makogonov system , though some authors now refer to it as the Krasenkow System ; he himself calls it the Bagirov system . Krasenkows other important contribution is the so-called Groningen Attack in the English Opening ( discovered simultaneously with Vadim Zviagintsev ) : 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.g4! ? Writings . Krasenkow has written several books on chess openings and middlegames : - The Open Spanish . London , Cadogan Books , 1995 - The Sveshnikov Sicilian . London , Cadogan Books , 1996 - Finding chess jewels . London , Everyman Chess , 2013 - Learn from Michal Krasenkow . Landegem , Thinkers Publishing , 2019

easy

Which title was conferred to Michał Krasenkow in 2012?

/wiki/Michał_Krasenkow#P2962#3

Michał Krasenkow Michał Krasenkow ( born 14 November 1963 ) is a Polish chess grandmaster , a chess trainer and writer . He is one of the strongest Polish chess players since World War II . His playing style is aggressive and he has won many best game awards . Life and career . He was born in Moscow ( formerly Mikhail Vladimirovich Krasenkov , ) . Master of applied mathematics ( 1985 ) . His first notable successes date back to the 80s : he became a national master of the USSR in 1982 , an International Master in 1988 and an International Grandmaster in 1989 . He became Champion of Georgia in 1987 and team champion of the USSR ( with Tigran Petrosian Chess Club , Moscow ) in 1990 . In 1992 Krasenkow emigrated to Poland . Since 1996 he represents that country at international competitions . Two-times champion of Poland ( 2000 , 2002 ) . Krasenkow holds an unofficial record of winning Polish team championships , which he has done 14 times : 1991 , 1993 , 1994 , 1995 , 1997 , and 1998 with Stilon Gorzów Wielkopolski , 1999 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2005 , 2009 with Polonia Warsaw . European Cup winner ( 1997 , with the Russian team Ladia Azov ) and silver medalist ( 2001 , 2003 , 2005 with Polonia Plus GSM Warsaw , 2008 with OSC Baden-Baden ) . Representative of Poland at European team championships and Chess Olympiads since 1996 ( European team championships : Pula 1997 - 3rd place on Board 1 , Batumi 1999 - 2nd place on Board 1 ) . Also German team champion ( 2006 , 2007 ) and German Cup winner ( 2003 , 2005 , 2007 , 2008 ) with Ooser Schachclub Baden-Baden , French team champion ( 2010 ) with LEchiquier Chalonnais , Turkish team champion ( 2016 ) with Hatay Buyuksehir Belediyesi Genclik Spor Kulubu . Notable performances . He participated in all FIDE k.o . World Championships since 1997 . Best results : Groningen/Lausanne ( 1997/98 ) - 5th round qualifier ( last 9 ) ; Las Vegas ( 1999 ) - 3rd round qualifier ( last 32 ) ; Tripoli ( 2004 ) – 4th round qualifier ( last 16 ) . Major tournament victories : Moscow 1992 ( Mikhail Tal Memorial ) - I-III places ( tied ) , New York 1997 - I-II ( He took his prize money in cash and was robbed of all of it at a train station upon returning to Poland ) , Vilnius 1997 ( Vladas Mikėnas Memorial ) - I , Shanghai 2001 ( Tan Chin Nam Cup - category 16 ) - I-III , Ostrava 2007 ( category 16 ) - I , Moscow Open 2014 - I-IV , Warsaw 2014 ( Miguel Najdorf Memorial ) - I-VII . Important tournament victories : Budapest 1989 - I-II places ( tied ) , Vienna 1990 - I-VI , Gausdal 1991 - I-II , Katowice 1992 - I-II , Metz 1993 - I-III , Pardubice 1993 - I-V , Las Palmas 1993 - I-II , Pardubice 1994 - I-II , Stockholm 1994/95 - I , Stockholm 1995/96 - I , Asti 1996 - I , Reggio Emilia 1996/97 - I , Buenos Aires 1998 - I-V , Cutro 1999 - I , Shanghai 2000 - I-II , Barlinek 2001 - I-III , Kavala 2001 - I-II , Bad Wiessee 2001 - I-IV , Wijk aan Zee 2002 , tournament B – I , Budapest 2004 - I , Vlissingen 2006 - I , Wijk aan Zee 2007 , tournament C – I , Helsingør 2007 - I-V , Mumbai 2008 - I-VI , Hilversum 2009 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2009 - I , Stockholm 2012/13 - I , Vlissingen 2013 - I-IV , Vlissingen 2014 - I-IV , Porticcio 2017 - I . Runner-up in major tournaments in Hastings 1993/94 ( behind John Nunn ) , Polanica Zdroj 1995 ( behind Veselin Topalov ) , Pamplona 1998/99 ( behind Alexander Morozevich ) , Lviv 2000 , ( FIDE Category 17 ) behind Vassily Ivanchuk . Polanica Zdroj 1998 ( Category 17 ) - III-VI places . In 2000 Krasenkow crossed the then extra-class threshold of 2700 rating points , obtaining 2702 in July and October rating lists . He was ranked number ten in the world at that time . Krasenkow achieved notable successes in rapid chess : USSR Cup ( Tallinn 1988 ) - I-II places ( tied ) , European Championships ( Gijon 1988 ) - IV-VII , GMA tournament ( Murcia , 1990 , with more than 100 Grandmasters participating ) - V-VI , USSR Cup ( Lviv , 1990 ) - I , CIS Cup ( Moscow , 1991 ) - I , Russian Open Cup ( Moscow , 1997 ) - I , León 2010 - I-II . He was the Blitz Chess Champion of Poland in 1999 and 2001 . Coaching work . Krasenkow has coached national teams , young prodigies , including many future GMs , and occasionally top players including Viswanathan Anand . National coach of Poland in 2010 - 2014 and Turkey since 2016 . He has been a FIDE Senior Trainer since 2012 . Theoretical contributions . Krasenkow has made major contributions to several areas of opening theory , most notably in the Classical Kings Indian Defense . His consistent use of the relative sideline 5.h3 in that opening helped to establish it as a viable manner of combating the Kings Indian . Other members of the elite now use the system from time to time , including on occasion Magnus Carlsen . It is typically called the Makogonov system , though some authors now refer to it as the Krasenkow System ; he himself calls it the Bagirov system . Krasenkows other important contribution is the so-called Groningen Attack in the English Opening ( discovered simultaneously with Vadim Zviagintsev ) : 1.Nf3 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.Nc3 Bb4 4.g4! ? Writings . Krasenkow has written several books on chess openings and middlegames : - The Open Spanish . London , Cadogan Books , 1995 - The Sveshnikov Sicilian . London , Cadogan Books , 1996 - Finding chess jewels . London , Everyman Chess , 2013 - Learn from Michal Krasenkow . Landegem , Thinkers Publishing , 2019

easy

What was the official name of Dixie State University from 1911 to 1913?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#0

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

What was the official name of Dixie State University from 1913 to 1916?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#1

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

What was the official name of Dixie State University from 1916 to 1923?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#2

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

What was the official name of Dixie State University from 1923 to 1970?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#3

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

What was the official name of Dixie State University from 1970 to 2000?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#4

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

Dixie State University was officially named what from 2000 to 2013?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#5

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

Dixie State University was officially named what from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Dixie_State_University#P1448#6

Dixie State University Dixie State University ( DSU or , colloquially , Dixie ) is a public university in St . George , Utah , in the states Dixie region . The university offers 4 masters degrees , 45 bachelors degrees , 11 associate degrees , 44 minors , and 23 certificates/endorsements . In the fall of 2019 , there were 11,193 students enrolled at DSU and the university had an 80% acceptance rate . The student body was 56% female and 44% male and DSU was among the top three institutions for diversity in the state of Utah with 23% of the student body being minority students . The institution began as St . George Stake Academy , founded in 1911 by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) . Later it became a state school of the Utah System of Higher Education.Until 2000 , it was a two-year junior college , named Dixie College . In 2000 it became Dixie State College . In February 2013 the school officially became Dixie State University . DSUs 15 athletic teams compete in NCAA Division I and are collectively known as the Dixie State Trailblazers . The Trailblazers football team joined the Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference in 2016 , and the Womens Swimming team competes in the Pacific Collegiate Swim Conference , but DSUs 13 other teams belong to the PacWest Conference . Dixie State announced that the university will reclassify to NCAA Division I and join the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) beginning in the 2020–2021 season . As the WAC does not sponsor football , Dixie States football program will compete as a FCS independent . In December 2020 , Dixie State Universitys board of trustees voted to remove the word Dixie from its name . History . The institution was founded by The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints ( LDS Church ) on September 19 , 1911 , as St . George Stake Academy . In 1916 , the academy , located in a region called Utahs Dixie by Brigham Young and local settlers , became Dixie Normal College , and then , in 1923 , the name was changed to Dixie Junior College . In 1933 , the LDS Church discontinued its support of the college , and rather than give up on it , the local citizenry came together and maintained the schools operation through donations and labor for two years . In 1935 , the State Board of Education took over the funding for the school , but wanted to split the college students from the high school students , with the high school moving under the direction of Washington County . The community resisted , feeling that the approximate 200 college students and similar number of high school students needed to be combined to provide a good-sized student body for the many social and academic programs . Another concern was that the county did not have the funds to build a new high school . Between 1935 and 1963 there were close calls when various state leaders proposed closing the college , but the local citizens were willing to donate to keep it alive . These local citizens , particularly the Dixie Education Association , raised the funds to purchase four blocks of land on 700 East and 100 South for a new campus . They presented that land to the state which , in turn , agreed to fund a few buildings for a new campus there . In 1957 , the gymnasium was finished and by 1963 four other buildings were ready for college students with the high school students remaining on the downtown campus . On September 7 , 2007 , Dixie State College Board of Trustees members announced that Dixie State College of Utah would petition the University of Utah to become the University of Utah–St . George . The proposal was approved by the Dixie State College Board of Trustees on October 7 , 2007 , and by the University of Utah Board of Trustees on October 14 , 2007 ; however , this did not come to fruition . In 2011 , a bill was drafted for the review of the Utah State Legislature and the Utah State Governor to support Dixie State Colleges transition to university status . The institution contracted with a local advertising firm , Sorenson Advertising , to investigate names for the institution as a university and found that alumni overwhelmingly supported the name Dixie while less than half of faculty/staff supported the name Dixie ( p . 48 ) . Controversy over the name Dixie has arisen many times . In December 2020 , the universitys board of trustees unanimously voted to recommend removing the word Dixie from the schools name . In 2013 , the Utah Legislature changed the status of the institution from a college to a university and named it Dixie State University . Governor Gary Herbert signed the bill into law in a ceremony on campus , calling the new university into existence on February 16 , 2013 . President Stephen Nadauld of Dixie State University and others recognized this step as the fulfillment of the dream of the original Mormon pioneers of the area to have a university for their communities . That same year the Board of Trustees approved a student-driven proposed campus-wide tobacco ban . The ban prohibits all tobacco products , including electronic cigarettes . The ban went into effect on January 1 , 2014 . Also in 2013 , Dixie State University student Indigo Klabanoff pushed for the creation of a sorority and its financial support . DSU did not approve it or the creation of clubs with Greek letters in their names ( excepting honor societies ) , because they said introducing Greek Life properly requires significant funding and the inherent partying stereotype of a Greek system was not a culture they wanted to encourage on campus . In December 2014 , theater professor Varlo Davenport received a notice of dismissal and termination of employment in connection with a student complaint of an alleged assault but because of his tenure was allowed to request a termination appeal hearing as outlined in DSU Policy . A reinstatement petition was started by students that ultimately garnered over 1,400 signatures , many letters were also sent to the State Board of Regents from the community and faculty members . A faculty review board convened , and after hearing testimony and evidence from both sides , recommended Davenports reinstatement . In the final review of the hearing evidence and testimony , DSU President Williams found the faculty review boards recommendation to be contrary to the information presented . He rejected the recommendation and upheld the termination . Members of the faculty review board subsequently met with President Williams , pressing for a change in his decision . They were unsuccessful . The student pressed charges and the City of St . George agreed to file Class B misdemeanor charges in Justice Court . In the ensuing 2016 City of St . George v . Davenport trial , the jury found him not guilty . Accusations of censorship . In 2015 , in accordance with school policy , three students requested permission from the university to post fliers with satirical images of former President George W . Bush and revolutionary leader Che Guevara on campus . The university disapproved the request because the fliers violated school policy by mocking people . The three students filed a lawsuit against Dixie State University in federal court , stating that the university violated their Constitutional right to free speech with an overly restrictive and overly vague school policy . Shortly thereafter , President Williams announced that all campus policies that infringed upon free expression and free speech were temporarily rescinded and new directives were being drafted . A few months later , Dixie State University settled the lawsuit with the three plaintiffs involved in the case . The university agreed to pay the students $50,000 total in damages and attorney fees . The university also agreed to revise its speech policies that the three plaintiffs said were restrictive and vague . Campus . The primary campus of Dixie State University is in St . George , Utah . The Hurricane Education Center campus extension located in Hurricane , Utah , is 20 minutes to the east . At the center of DSU campus is the Encampment Mall , where Mormon pioneers first camped when they arrived in 1861 to settle and grow cotton in the desert . Academics . The university offers over 150 academic programs . Dixie State currently offers three masters degrees , 52 bachelors degrees with 65 different emphases , as well as 19 associate degrees , 36 minors , and 16 certificate options . On January 26 , 2018 , the university added its first graduate degree program , a Master of Accountancy . Student life . Dixie State Universitys Student Association ( DSUSA ) is a federated student administrative body overseeing the functions , funding , and promotion of official student organizations . Executive and legislative power is primarily vested in an elected Executive Council , the Presidents Cabinet , and the Student Senate . Student clubs interact with the DSUSA governing bodies primarily through non-elected Club Representatives . Club Representatives work on behalf of the following organizational categories : Academic Clubs , Student Organizations , Non-Traditional Clubs , Multicultural and Diversity Clubs , Health Science Clubs , and Athletic and Recreation Clubs . All Executive Council members and most Managers receive some sort of financial aid in return for their work . Various responsibilities fall to DSUSA including the planning of most on-campus events , charity and service work , and relations between university students and the schools faculty and surrounding community . Any student is able to apply for any position in DSUSA , and if chosen is asked to maintain good academic and community standing , while abiding by the universitys other rules and bylaws . The DSUSA Inter-Club Council ( ICC ) comprises all the university club presidents and DSUSAs Club Council . ICC meetings are held bi-weekly and club presidents are encouraged to attend . In August 2019 , students of DSU created a nationally recognized chapter of the Kappa Sigma Fraternity . Athletics . Dixie State University competes in NCAA Division I as a full member of the Western Athletic Conference ( WAC ) . The teams are collectively known as the Dixie State University Trailblazers—an identity which was unveiled on April 11 , 2016 . Jason Boothe serves as the university athletic director and is in his 8th year . During his first seven years at the helm , Dixie State continued to establish itself as a powerful NCAA Division II program as it experienced high levels of success both on and off the courts and fields . In July 2020 , Dixie State began the multi-year reclassification process to NCAA Division I . The Trailblazers began competition against Division I opponents in the 2020–21 season , joining the WAC and the football program will compete as a FCS independent . The trailblazers have won 16 PacWest Championships , 5 PacWest Community Engagement Awards , and have appeared in 34 NCAA Division II tournaments . The mens basketball team appeared in the sweet sixteen in 2011 and the womens volleyball appeared in 2014 . The womens softball team has appeared in the College World Series three times and finished as runner up of the 2015 College World Series . The athletic department as a whole has completed 8,500 hours of community service since 2010 and held a grade point average of 2.97 during the 2016–2017 academic year . The Trailblazers mascot is Brooks the Bison , who made his first appearance on September 1 , 2016 , during half-time at the Fall 2016 football season-opener against New Mexico Highlands in Greater Zion Stadium ( formerly known as Legend Solar Stadium ) . The football team went on to win that game , marking its first season-opening win since August 2009 . The mascot is named after the first student in the institutions history , Samuel Brooks , who slept on the steps outside what was then St . George Stake Academy to be the first to pay the $10 tuition the next morning . The descended family of Samuel Brooks sat in the stands and was recognized when Brooks the Bison first arrived in the stadium . The Dixie State student section is called The Stampede and is run by the Dixie State University Student Association . Dixies Mens soccer team , won the PacWest 2016 championship by going 13–0 , for the first time in school history . They also earned 11 PacWest Postseason Honors . Bradley Tella earned Goalkeeper of the year , and Bryan Baugh was named First team all-conference . Athletic facilities . The Trailblazers football , soccer , and track and field teams compete in Greater Zion Stadium , formerly known as Hansen Stadium , and shortly known as Legend Solar Stadium . On April 29 , 2016 , Legend Solar announced it a donation of $10 million in cash and trade toward the renovation of DSUs stadium . The west grandstand was previously named Hansen Grandstand in honor of the George T . Hansen family , who funded the construction of the stadium in the 1980s and who support the renaming and renovation of Legend Solar Stadium . In April 2018 , Legend Solar and Dixie State parted ways due to financial troubles for the solar company . As of January 2020 , the Dixie State stadium is now known as Greater Zion Stadium since the school reached an agreement with the Washington County Greater Zion Convention and Tourism Office that included naming rights for the stadium as well as planned expansions to DSUs athletic facilities . The planned renovations include the construction of an east grandstand ( completed in 2019 ) ; an addition to the top of the west grandstand for banquet rooms , executive boxes , and new press box ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a renovation below the west grandstand to create new locker rooms and training facilities ( in progress as of October 2020 ) ; a new scoreboard and video board ( completed in October 2020 ) and the installation of solar panels and a 1,500-kilowatt system in the stadium and throughout the DSU campus . The Trailblazers basketball teams play in the Burns Arena , named after Dixie alumnus and donor M . Anthony Burns . The arena contains over 4,700 permanent seats , and recently underwent multiple upgrades , including adding a new large-scale video board and scoreboard hanging above mid-court ( funds donated by Mountain America Credit Union ) . DSU womens volleyball plays in the Old Gymnasium , located in the Student Activities Center . The Old Gymnasium has seating for just under 1,500 spectators , and offers close , intimate views from nearly every seat . Dixie State University baseball has called Bruce Hurst Field their home since 1994 . Named after St . George native and former Major League pitcher Bruce Hurst , the stadium has seen its share of great teams in both the junior college and NCAA Division-II ranks . The field features a natural grass surface in the infield and outfield . Fences are 12 feet high from the foul poles to the batters eye in center , which extends to 20 feet high . Hurst Field sits 2,500 capacity , with a reserved section of seats in the main seating bowl . Nine field-level boxes were added in 2008 right behind home plate to complement four boxes just beyond the first base dugout . The complex also hosts multiple high school baseball tournaments and summer league games . Dixie State University softball has called Karl Brooks Field its home since construction of the Cooper Diamonds . The field has played home to multiple runs for the Trailblazers toward Pacific West Conference and Rocky Mountain Athletic Conference championships . The complex hosted the 2009 West Regional and Super Regional during DSUs run to the Division-II College Softball Championships . Dixie State University womens swim team competes in the Human Performance Center which holds a 50-meter Olympic-sized swimming pool , grandstands that can hold a capacity of 750 attendees , a large-scale video board , 2 movable bulk heads , two 3-meter and two 1-meter diving springboards , and a 20-person spa . The Human Performance Center also houses a multi-story gym , multiple basketball courts , an indoor soccer court , a large climbing wall , pickleball courts , indoor/outdoor running track , classrooms and labs , and more . Dixie State University golf teams call Entrada Golf Course their home . The off-campus course is known for its breathtaking scenery due to its location near Snow Canyon State Park . Dixie States tennis team plays at the Dixie State Tennis Courts . Their old courts were demolished in 2018 to make room for the construction of the Human Performance Center and a larger parking lot . The new courts were constructed in place of an old parking lot just a block West of campus . The Frank Habibian Wrestling and Athletic Center was constructed in 2010 and houses a 6,400-square-foot weight training facility for DSU student-athletes , along with 4,800 square feet dedicated to youth and college club wrestling . In addition , the Habibian Center houses locker-room facilities for the men and women soccer teams , two coaches’ offices , and one classroom . Notable alumni . - Mike Affleck , quarterback for the Utah Blaze of the Arena Football League , 2010 - Nolan D . Archibald , CEO of Black & Decker - Sark Arslanian , former football coach at Dixie Junior College , Weber State University and Colorado State University - Jerry Atkin , founder and CEO of SkyWest , Inc . - John Moses Browning , developed firearms in the 1900s - Rick Baird , member of the U.S . bobsled team , 1998–2003 - Maurice Baker , NBA player for the Los Angeles Clippers and Portland Trail Blazers , 2005 - Marcus Banks , NBA player for the Boston Celtics , Minnesota Timberwolves , Phoenix Suns , Miami Heat , Toronto Raptors , and New Orleans Hornets , 2003–2012 - Josh Burkman , former football player who earned JUCO All-American honors , current mixed martial artist formerly with World Series of Fighting and UFC - M . Anthony Burns , CEO of Ryder , 1983–2000 - Howard W . Cannon , U.S . Senator from Nevada , 1959–1983 - Asia Carrera , American pornographic actress - Corey Dillon , NFL running back ( Cincinnati Bengals , 1997–2003 and New England Patriots , 2004–2006 ) - Bruce C . Hafen , LDS Church leader , president of Ricks College , 1978–1985 - Cresent Hardy , Nevada State Assemblyman and member of the United States House of Representatives , 2015–2017 - Jeffrey R . Holland , president of Brigham Young University 1980–1989 ; apostle of the LDS Church 1994–present - Lionel Hollins , NBA All–Star , 1978 ; head coach of the Memphis Grizzlies , 2009–2013 and Brooklyn Nets , 2014–2016 - Wendy Horman , Idaho State Representative , 2012–current - Bruce Hurst , MLB pitcher ( Boston Red Sox , San Diego Padres , Colorado Rockies , and Texas Rangers , 1980–1994 ) - Brandon Kintzler , MLB relief pitcher for the Miami Marlins , Chicago Cubs , Washington Nationals , Milwaukee Brewers and Minnesota Twins - Brandon Lyon , MLB relief pitcher for eight teams , 2001–2013 - Reno Junior Mahe , NFL running back for the Philadelphia Eagles , 2003–2007 - Anton Palepoi , NFL defensive end for the Seattle Seahawks , Denver Broncos , and Arizona Cardinals , 2002–2005 - Kris Paronto , USA Army Ranger , CIA Contractor , NJCAA Football Player , 1990–1992 - Gregory Prince , pathology researcher and Mormon historian - Raven Quinn , Musician , singer , songwriter - Dave Rose , Brigham Young University Mens Basketball head coach , 2005–2019 - Junior Siavii , NFL defensive tackle ( Kansas City Chiefs , Dallas Cowboys , and Seattle Seahawks , 2004–2010 ) - Barry Sims , NFL offensive lineman ( Oakland Raiders and San Francisco 49ers , 1999–2010 ) - Brad Thompson , MLB pitcher , 2005–2010 ; member of 2006 World Series Champion St . Louis Cardinals - John Cat Thompson , 1962 inductee into the Naismith Basketball Hall of Fame - Scott Young , NFL offensive lineman , 2005–2009

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of Healy Hall from May 1967 to May 1971?

/wiki/Healy_Hall#P1435#0

Healy Hall Healy Hall is a National Historic Landmark and the flagship building of the main campus of Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Constructed between 1877 and 1879 , the hall was designed by Paul J . Pelz and John L . Smithmeyer , prominent architects who also built the Library of Congress . The structure was named after Patrick Francis Healy , who was the President of Georgetown University at the time . Healy Hall serves as the main administrative and reception venue of Georgetown , with some portions still being used as classrooms . The building includes Riggs Library , one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation , as well as the elaborate Gaston Hall . History . Motivation . In 1873 , Patrick Francis Healy became the president of Georgetown University . Soon after entering office , he articulated to the Superior General of the Jesuit order , Peter Jan Beckx , his vision of transforming Georgetown from a college into a true university . This coincided with prominent Catholics calling for the creation of a great Catholic university in the United States , on par with other large American universities established around this time . Healys transformation involved broadening the schools curriculum and raising the standards of the Law School and School of Medicine . Both Healy and the provincial superior of the Jesuits Maryland Province , Joseph Keller , agreed in 1874 that the schools most pressing need was to expand its physical facilities . The two planned for the construction of several new buildings , which would contain classrooms , laboratories , a library , a chapel , and a dormitory for the older students . However , Beckx withheld approval of any new construction until Healy could demonstrate that Georgetown had the means to finance such a project . As time passed , the initial plan for several new buildings developed into a plan to build one grand building . Construction . Healy initially consulted Patrick C . Keely , a church architect from New York , about designing the new building . However , he decided it was better to hire an architect closer to Georgetown , and in fall 1874 , he selected John L . Smithmeyer and his associate , Paul J . Pelz , who would later design the Library of Congress Building . Smithmeyer , who was the chief architect , designed the plan and elevations of the structure , while Pelz designed its porches and interior rooms , including Gaston Hall , Riggs Library , and the parlors . Healy chose a site located between Old North and the Preparatory Building , now known as Maguire Hall . This was the first building on Georgetowns campus that would face the city of Washington , rather than the Potomac River . Plans for the building were first submitted in December 1875 . Keller objected to the construction of a single , large building because it would have lacked sufficient dormitory space for the Jesuit scholastics , who he sought to relocate from Woodstock College to Georgetown . However , Keller acquiesced to Healys plan in May 1876 . The designs were tweaked before being sent to the Superior General in Rome for approval in January 1877 . They called for a building measuring in length and in width . Beckx considered the planned building too large and ornate , and thought the projected cost was an underestimate . Nonetheless , he approved the project that year , on the condition that total expenses not exceed $100,000 , equivalent to $ in . In April 1877 , ground was broken on the foundation , which was completed in October . The construction of the building , from 1877 to 1879 , dramatically increased the amount of classroom and living space—at the time , it was also used as a dormitory—of what was then a small liberal arts college . Prior to its construction , Old North housed most of the colleges classrooms , dormitories , and other facilities . The construction also left the university deeply in debt and in possession for years of an enormous pile of dirt as a result of the excavation , with no funds to remove it . As a result of the debts , the Gaston Hall auditorium could not be completed until 1909 . The building was listed on District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1964 , on the National Register of Historic Places on May 25 , 1971 , and as a National Historic Landmark on December 23 , 1987 . In addition , it is a contributing property of the Georgetown Historic District , which was listed as a National Historic Landmark District on May 28 , 1967 . The building was brought to national attention in 1973 when it acted as a prominent background for the film The Exorcist . In 1990 the interior hall and also the second story of the building featured in The Exorcist III . Architecture . The architecture of Healy Hall has been described as both Neo-Romanesque and High Victorian Gothic in style . Of this latter style , it is considered one of the last large scale examples in the United States . Built in a Neo-Medieval style that combines elements of Romanesque , Early Gothic , Late Gothic and Early Renaissance , the building contains the Office of the President ; Georgetowns Department of Classics ; the Kennedy Institute of Ethics ; and the Bioethics Research Library . Notable rooms in Healy include Riggs Library , one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation ; the Philodemic Room , the meeting room for the Philodemic Society , one of the oldest collegiate debating clubs in the nation ; the grand Hall of Cardinals ; the historic Constitution Room ; and the Carroll Parlor , which houses several notable pieces from the universitys art collection . Perhaps the grandest space in the building is Gaston Hall , Georgetowns Jewel in the Crown , the 750-seat auditorium which has played host to multitudes of world leaders . Gaston Hall , located on the third and fourth floors and named for Georgetowns first student , William Gaston , is decorated with the coats of arms of the Jesuit colleges and universities and rich allegorical scenes painted by notable Jesuit artist Brother Francis C . Schroen . Schroen also created the intricate paintings found in the Carroll Parlor and on the ceiling of the Bioethics Reference Centers Hirst Reading Room . Healy Hall rises to a height of , making it the tied with 700 Eleventh Street as the sixth tallest building in Washington , D.C . Clock hands . The hands of the Healy Clock Tower have been subjected to many thefts , as per the university tradition . Historically , students would steal the hands and mail them to the person they wished to visit the campus , most notably sent to the Vatican , where they were blessed by Pope John Paul II and then returned to the university . One such incident caused significant damage to the clock mechanism , however , and security has been increased as a result in recent years , decreasing the incidence of the theft . These measures have not prevented students from successfully obtaining the hands however , as they are captured every five to six years , such as in the fall of 2005 by Drew Hamblen ( SFS ’07 ) and Wyatt Gjullin ( COL ’09 ) . The hands were stolen once again during the evening between April 29 and April 30 , 2012 , and supposedly sent to Barack Obama but the hands ended up lost in the mail . More recently , the clock hands were stolen during the evening between December 9th and December 10th , 2014 , and again sometime during the night of April 30 , 2017 . Dean M . Carignan ( SFS 91 ) has written of his stealing the clock hands during his freshman year . On April 1 , 1988 , Carignan and a fellow student accessed the clock through a metal plate set into the roof at the base of the clocktower . Eventually tracked down by campus security , Carignan and his Georgetown accomplice were sentenced by a university discipline panel to an $800 fine , a 40-hour work sanction , [ and ] a year of probation . The writer Joseph Bottum has also published an account of stealing the clock hands . In the Fall of 1977 , Bottum joined Stan DeTurris , Dave Barry , and Pat Conway ( all freshmen in the class of ’81 ) to climb through a trap door on the north peak of Healy , above Gaston Hall , and steal the hands from the east face of the clock , returning them at the end of the school year to the university president , Fr . Timothy Healy , S.J . The next year , Bottum writes , he and DeTurris found another way into the attics of Healy Hall , crawling through the ducts above Riggs Library to steal the minute hands from both the east and west clock faces . Riggs Library . Riggs Library was the main library of Georgetown University from 1891 to 1970 , until being replaced by Lauinger Library . It is housed in the south tower of Healy Hall , on the third floor . Riggs Library is one of the few extant cast-iron libraries in the nation . The library still serves its original function of storing books despite its primary use as a formal event space . The librarys construction was funded by E . Francis Riggs as a memorial to his father and brother , and was supervised by architect Paul Pelz , who designed Healy Hall and the Library of Congress , although Riggs did not open until a full decade after Healy Hall opened for use .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of Healy Hall from May 1971 to Dec 1987?

/wiki/Healy_Hall#P1435#1

Healy Hall Healy Hall is a National Historic Landmark and the flagship building of the main campus of Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Constructed between 1877 and 1879 , the hall was designed by Paul J . Pelz and John L . Smithmeyer , prominent architects who also built the Library of Congress . The structure was named after Patrick Francis Healy , who was the President of Georgetown University at the time . Healy Hall serves as the main administrative and reception venue of Georgetown , with some portions still being used as classrooms . The building includes Riggs Library , one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation , as well as the elaborate Gaston Hall . History . Motivation . In 1873 , Patrick Francis Healy became the president of Georgetown University . Soon after entering office , he articulated to the Superior General of the Jesuit order , Peter Jan Beckx , his vision of transforming Georgetown from a college into a true university . This coincided with prominent Catholics calling for the creation of a great Catholic university in the United States , on par with other large American universities established around this time . Healys transformation involved broadening the schools curriculum and raising the standards of the Law School and School of Medicine . Both Healy and the provincial superior of the Jesuits Maryland Province , Joseph Keller , agreed in 1874 that the schools most pressing need was to expand its physical facilities . The two planned for the construction of several new buildings , which would contain classrooms , laboratories , a library , a chapel , and a dormitory for the older students . However , Beckx withheld approval of any new construction until Healy could demonstrate that Georgetown had the means to finance such a project . As time passed , the initial plan for several new buildings developed into a plan to build one grand building . Construction . Healy initially consulted Patrick C . Keely , a church architect from New York , about designing the new building . However , he decided it was better to hire an architect closer to Georgetown , and in fall 1874 , he selected John L . Smithmeyer and his associate , Paul J . Pelz , who would later design the Library of Congress Building . Smithmeyer , who was the chief architect , designed the plan and elevations of the structure , while Pelz designed its porches and interior rooms , including Gaston Hall , Riggs Library , and the parlors . Healy chose a site located between Old North and the Preparatory Building , now known as Maguire Hall . This was the first building on Georgetowns campus that would face the city of Washington , rather than the Potomac River . Plans for the building were first submitted in December 1875 . Keller objected to the construction of a single , large building because it would have lacked sufficient dormitory space for the Jesuit scholastics , who he sought to relocate from Woodstock College to Georgetown . However , Keller acquiesced to Healys plan in May 1876 . The designs were tweaked before being sent to the Superior General in Rome for approval in January 1877 . They called for a building measuring in length and in width . Beckx considered the planned building too large and ornate , and thought the projected cost was an underestimate . Nonetheless , he approved the project that year , on the condition that total expenses not exceed $100,000 , equivalent to $ in . In April 1877 , ground was broken on the foundation , which was completed in October . The construction of the building , from 1877 to 1879 , dramatically increased the amount of classroom and living space—at the time , it was also used as a dormitory—of what was then a small liberal arts college . Prior to its construction , Old North housed most of the colleges classrooms , dormitories , and other facilities . The construction also left the university deeply in debt and in possession for years of an enormous pile of dirt as a result of the excavation , with no funds to remove it . As a result of the debts , the Gaston Hall auditorium could not be completed until 1909 . The building was listed on District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1964 , on the National Register of Historic Places on May 25 , 1971 , and as a National Historic Landmark on December 23 , 1987 . In addition , it is a contributing property of the Georgetown Historic District , which was listed as a National Historic Landmark District on May 28 , 1967 . The building was brought to national attention in 1973 when it acted as a prominent background for the film The Exorcist . In 1990 the interior hall and also the second story of the building featured in The Exorcist III . Architecture . The architecture of Healy Hall has been described as both Neo-Romanesque and High Victorian Gothic in style . Of this latter style , it is considered one of the last large scale examples in the United States . Built in a Neo-Medieval style that combines elements of Romanesque , Early Gothic , Late Gothic and Early Renaissance , the building contains the Office of the President ; Georgetowns Department of Classics ; the Kennedy Institute of Ethics ; and the Bioethics Research Library . Notable rooms in Healy include Riggs Library , one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation ; the Philodemic Room , the meeting room for the Philodemic Society , one of the oldest collegiate debating clubs in the nation ; the grand Hall of Cardinals ; the historic Constitution Room ; and the Carroll Parlor , which houses several notable pieces from the universitys art collection . Perhaps the grandest space in the building is Gaston Hall , Georgetowns Jewel in the Crown , the 750-seat auditorium which has played host to multitudes of world leaders . Gaston Hall , located on the third and fourth floors and named for Georgetowns first student , William Gaston , is decorated with the coats of arms of the Jesuit colleges and universities and rich allegorical scenes painted by notable Jesuit artist Brother Francis C . Schroen . Schroen also created the intricate paintings found in the Carroll Parlor and on the ceiling of the Bioethics Reference Centers Hirst Reading Room . Healy Hall rises to a height of , making it the tied with 700 Eleventh Street as the sixth tallest building in Washington , D.C . Clock hands . The hands of the Healy Clock Tower have been subjected to many thefts , as per the university tradition . Historically , students would steal the hands and mail them to the person they wished to visit the campus , most notably sent to the Vatican , where they were blessed by Pope John Paul II and then returned to the university . One such incident caused significant damage to the clock mechanism , however , and security has been increased as a result in recent years , decreasing the incidence of the theft . These measures have not prevented students from successfully obtaining the hands however , as they are captured every five to six years , such as in the fall of 2005 by Drew Hamblen ( SFS ’07 ) and Wyatt Gjullin ( COL ’09 ) . The hands were stolen once again during the evening between April 29 and April 30 , 2012 , and supposedly sent to Barack Obama but the hands ended up lost in the mail . More recently , the clock hands were stolen during the evening between December 9th and December 10th , 2014 , and again sometime during the night of April 30 , 2017 . Dean M . Carignan ( SFS 91 ) has written of his stealing the clock hands during his freshman year . On April 1 , 1988 , Carignan and a fellow student accessed the clock through a metal plate set into the roof at the base of the clocktower . Eventually tracked down by campus security , Carignan and his Georgetown accomplice were sentenced by a university discipline panel to an $800 fine , a 40-hour work sanction , [ and ] a year of probation . The writer Joseph Bottum has also published an account of stealing the clock hands . In the Fall of 1977 , Bottum joined Stan DeTurris , Dave Barry , and Pat Conway ( all freshmen in the class of ’81 ) to climb through a trap door on the north peak of Healy , above Gaston Hall , and steal the hands from the east face of the clock , returning them at the end of the school year to the university president , Fr . Timothy Healy , S.J . The next year , Bottum writes , he and DeTurris found another way into the attics of Healy Hall , crawling through the ducts above Riggs Library to steal the minute hands from both the east and west clock faces . Riggs Library . Riggs Library was the main library of Georgetown University from 1891 to 1970 , until being replaced by Lauinger Library . It is housed in the south tower of Healy Hall , on the third floor . Riggs Library is one of the few extant cast-iron libraries in the nation . The library still serves its original function of storing books despite its primary use as a formal event space . The librarys construction was funded by E . Francis Riggs as a memorial to his father and brother , and was supervised by architect Paul Pelz , who designed Healy Hall and the Library of Congress , although Riggs did not open until a full decade after Healy Hall opened for use .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of Healy Hall from Dec 1987 to Dec 1988?

/wiki/Healy_Hall#P1435#2

Healy Hall Healy Hall is a National Historic Landmark and the flagship building of the main campus of Georgetown University in Washington , D.C . Constructed between 1877 and 1879 , the hall was designed by Paul J . Pelz and John L . Smithmeyer , prominent architects who also built the Library of Congress . The structure was named after Patrick Francis Healy , who was the President of Georgetown University at the time . Healy Hall serves as the main administrative and reception venue of Georgetown , with some portions still being used as classrooms . The building includes Riggs Library , one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation , as well as the elaborate Gaston Hall . History . Motivation . In 1873 , Patrick Francis Healy became the president of Georgetown University . Soon after entering office , he articulated to the Superior General of the Jesuit order , Peter Jan Beckx , his vision of transforming Georgetown from a college into a true university . This coincided with prominent Catholics calling for the creation of a great Catholic university in the United States , on par with other large American universities established around this time . Healys transformation involved broadening the schools curriculum and raising the standards of the Law School and School of Medicine . Both Healy and the provincial superior of the Jesuits Maryland Province , Joseph Keller , agreed in 1874 that the schools most pressing need was to expand its physical facilities . The two planned for the construction of several new buildings , which would contain classrooms , laboratories , a library , a chapel , and a dormitory for the older students . However , Beckx withheld approval of any new construction until Healy could demonstrate that Georgetown had the means to finance such a project . As time passed , the initial plan for several new buildings developed into a plan to build one grand building . Construction . Healy initially consulted Patrick C . Keely , a church architect from New York , about designing the new building . However , he decided it was better to hire an architect closer to Georgetown , and in fall 1874 , he selected John L . Smithmeyer and his associate , Paul J . Pelz , who would later design the Library of Congress Building . Smithmeyer , who was the chief architect , designed the plan and elevations of the structure , while Pelz designed its porches and interior rooms , including Gaston Hall , Riggs Library , and the parlors . Healy chose a site located between Old North and the Preparatory Building , now known as Maguire Hall . This was the first building on Georgetowns campus that would face the city of Washington , rather than the Potomac River . Plans for the building were first submitted in December 1875 . Keller objected to the construction of a single , large building because it would have lacked sufficient dormitory space for the Jesuit scholastics , who he sought to relocate from Woodstock College to Georgetown . However , Keller acquiesced to Healys plan in May 1876 . The designs were tweaked before being sent to the Superior General in Rome for approval in January 1877 . They called for a building measuring in length and in width . Beckx considered the planned building too large and ornate , and thought the projected cost was an underestimate . Nonetheless , he approved the project that year , on the condition that total expenses not exceed $100,000 , equivalent to $ in . In April 1877 , ground was broken on the foundation , which was completed in October . The construction of the building , from 1877 to 1879 , dramatically increased the amount of classroom and living space—at the time , it was also used as a dormitory—of what was then a small liberal arts college . Prior to its construction , Old North housed most of the colleges classrooms , dormitories , and other facilities . The construction also left the university deeply in debt and in possession for years of an enormous pile of dirt as a result of the excavation , with no funds to remove it . As a result of the debts , the Gaston Hall auditorium could not be completed until 1909 . The building was listed on District of Columbia Inventory of Historic Sites in 1964 , on the National Register of Historic Places on May 25 , 1971 , and as a National Historic Landmark on December 23 , 1987 . In addition , it is a contributing property of the Georgetown Historic District , which was listed as a National Historic Landmark District on May 28 , 1967 . The building was brought to national attention in 1973 when it acted as a prominent background for the film The Exorcist . In 1990 the interior hall and also the second story of the building featured in The Exorcist III . Architecture . The architecture of Healy Hall has been described as both Neo-Romanesque and High Victorian Gothic in style . Of this latter style , it is considered one of the last large scale examples in the United States . Built in a Neo-Medieval style that combines elements of Romanesque , Early Gothic , Late Gothic and Early Renaissance , the building contains the Office of the President ; Georgetowns Department of Classics ; the Kennedy Institute of Ethics ; and the Bioethics Research Library . Notable rooms in Healy include Riggs Library , one of the few extant cast iron libraries in the nation ; the Philodemic Room , the meeting room for the Philodemic Society , one of the oldest collegiate debating clubs in the nation ; the grand Hall of Cardinals ; the historic Constitution Room ; and the Carroll Parlor , which houses several notable pieces from the universitys art collection . Perhaps the grandest space in the building is Gaston Hall , Georgetowns Jewel in the Crown , the 750-seat auditorium which has played host to multitudes of world leaders . Gaston Hall , located on the third and fourth floors and named for Georgetowns first student , William Gaston , is decorated with the coats of arms of the Jesuit colleges and universities and rich allegorical scenes painted by notable Jesuit artist Brother Francis C . Schroen . Schroen also created the intricate paintings found in the Carroll Parlor and on the ceiling of the Bioethics Reference Centers Hirst Reading Room . Healy Hall rises to a height of , making it the tied with 700 Eleventh Street as the sixth tallest building in Washington , D.C . Clock hands . The hands of the Healy Clock Tower have been subjected to many thefts , as per the university tradition . Historically , students would steal the hands and mail them to the person they wished to visit the campus , most notably sent to the Vatican , where they were blessed by Pope John Paul II and then returned to the university . One such incident caused significant damage to the clock mechanism , however , and security has been increased as a result in recent years , decreasing the incidence of the theft . These measures have not prevented students from successfully obtaining the hands however , as they are captured every five to six years , such as in the fall of 2005 by Drew Hamblen ( SFS ’07 ) and Wyatt Gjullin ( COL ’09 ) . The hands were stolen once again during the evening between April 29 and April 30 , 2012 , and supposedly sent to Barack Obama but the hands ended up lost in the mail . More recently , the clock hands were stolen during the evening between December 9th and December 10th , 2014 , and again sometime during the night of April 30 , 2017 . Dean M . Carignan ( SFS 91 ) has written of his stealing the clock hands during his freshman year . On April 1 , 1988 , Carignan and a fellow student accessed the clock through a metal plate set into the roof at the base of the clocktower . Eventually tracked down by campus security , Carignan and his Georgetown accomplice were sentenced by a university discipline panel to an $800 fine , a 40-hour work sanction , [ and ] a year of probation . The writer Joseph Bottum has also published an account of stealing the clock hands . In the Fall of 1977 , Bottum joined Stan DeTurris , Dave Barry , and Pat Conway ( all freshmen in the class of ’81 ) to climb through a trap door on the north peak of Healy , above Gaston Hall , and steal the hands from the east face of the clock , returning them at the end of the school year to the university president , Fr . Timothy Healy , S.J . The next year , Bottum writes , he and DeTurris found another way into the attics of Healy Hall , crawling through the ducts above Riggs Library to steal the minute hands from both the east and west clock faces . Riggs Library . Riggs Library was the main library of Georgetown University from 1891 to 1970 , until being replaced by Lauinger Library . It is housed in the south tower of Healy Hall , on the third floor . Riggs Library is one of the few extant cast-iron libraries in the nation . The library still serves its original function of storing books despite its primary use as a formal event space . The librarys construction was funded by E . Francis Riggs as a memorial to his father and brother , and was supervised by architect Paul Pelz , who designed Healy Hall and the Library of Congress , although Riggs did not open until a full decade after Healy Hall opened for use .

easy

Who was the head of Freedom Caucus from 2015 to 2017?

/wiki/Freedom_Caucus#P488#0

Freedom Caucus The Freedom Caucus , also known as the House Freedom Caucus , is a congressional caucus consisting of conservative Republican members of the United States House of Representatives . It was formed in 2015 by what Representative Jim Jordan called a smaller , more cohesive , more agile and more active group of conservative representatives ; it is currently chaired by Representative Andy Biggs of Arizona . Many members are also part of the much larger Republican Study Committee . The caucus was ideologically aligned with the Tea Party movement , until the latters dissolution . The Freedom Caucus is considered the furthest-right bloc within the House Republican Conference . The caucus supports House candidates through its PAC , the House Freedom Fund . Historical membership . As the HFC does not publicize a full membership list , the known number of members at the start of each electoral cycle is listed below . History . The caucus originated during the mid–January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey , Pennsylvania . According to founding member Mick Mulvaney , that was the first time we got together and decided we were a group , and not just a bunch of pissed-off guys . Nine conservative active Republican members of the House began planning a new congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference . The founding members who constituted the first board of directors for the new caucus were Republican representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Jim Jordan of Ohio , John Fleming of Louisiana , Matt Salmon of Arizona , Justin Amash of Michigan , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina , Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina . Mick Mulvaney told Ryan Lizza of the New Yorker We had twenty names , and all of them were terrible , Mulvaney said . None of us liked the Freedom Caucus , either , but it was so generic and so universally awful that we had no reason to be against it . In the same interview , Lizza reported that one of the working titles for the group was the Reasonable Nutjob Caucus . During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015 , the caucus offered four plans for resolution , but all were rejected by the Republican leadership . One of the caucus leaders , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , said the caucus would offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support . Following the election of Donald Trump , Mick Mulvaney said Trump wants to turn Washington upside down — that was his first message and his winning message . We want the exact same thing . To the extent that hes got to convince Republicans to change Washington , were there to help him .. . and I think that makes us Donald Trumps best allies in the House . Opposition to Speaker of the House John Boehner . The newly formed group declared that a criterion for new members in the group would be opposition to John Boehner as Speaker of the House and willingness to vote against or thwart Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner on legislation that the group opposed . The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25 , 2015 , and the ensuing leadership battle for the new speaker . Members of the caucus who had voted against Boehner for speaker felt unfairly punished , accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments . Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of the Freedom Caucus , and he sparred with House Republican members in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act . These members later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus when it was created in 2015 . After Boehner resigned as speaker , Kevin McCarthy , the House majority leader , was initially the lead contender to succeed him , but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support . However , McCarthy withdrew from the race on October 8 , 2015 , after appearing to suggest that the Benghazi investigation‘s purpose had been to lower the approval ratings of Hillary Clinton . On the same day as McCarthy’s withdrawal , Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race . On October 20 , 2015 , Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus . While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement , on October 21 , 2015 , it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan . On October 29 , 2015 , Ryan succeeded John Boehner as the speaker of the House . Backlash in 2016 . The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle . One of its members , Congressman Tim Huelskamp , a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas’ First District , was defeated during a primary election on August 2 , 2016 , by Roger Marshall . Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017 . On March 24 , 2017 , the American Health Care Act ( AHCA ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act , was withdrawn by Republican House speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass , due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans who believed that the replacement provisions had the effect of failing to repeal some elements of the original Affordable Care Act . Two days later , President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups , such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action , that opposed the bill . Trump tweeted : Democrats are smiling in D.C . that the Freedom Caucus , with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage , have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare ! On the same day , Congressman Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus . On March 30 , 2017 , Trump declared war on the Freedom Caucus , sending a tweet urging Republicans to fight them in the 2018 midterm elections if they don’t get on the team ( i.e. , support Trumps proposals ) . Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of succumb [ ing ] to the D.C . Establishment . Trump later developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair , Mark Meadows . In April 2018 , Trump described three caucus members—Meadows , Jim Jordan , and Ron DeSantis—as absolute warriors for their defense of him during the course of the Special Counsel investigation . Criticism from Boehner . On October 30 , 2017 , Vanity Fair published an interview with Republican former House speaker John Boehner , who said of the Freedom Caucus : They cant tell you what theyre for . They can tell you everything theyre against . Theyre anarchists . They want total chaos . Tear it all down and start over . Thats where their mindset is . Impeachment proceedings against President Trump . In May 2019 , the Freedom Caucus officially condemned one of its founding members , Justin Amash , after he called for the impeachment of President Trump . Amash announced in June 2019 that he had left the caucus , saying I didnt want to be a further distraction for the group . Members of the Freedom Caucus have taken an active role in the impeachment investigation into President Trump that was launched in September 2019 . Members of the Caucus have called for the release of the full transcript of former U.S . special envoy to Ukraine Kurt Volker’s testimony to Congress . The caucus was described as Trumps main defender during the impeachment proceedings in the House . Meadows appointment as WH chief of staff and Liz Cheney criticism . In March 2020 , former Freedom Caucus chair Mark Meadows was appointed as White House chief of staff , replacing Mick Mulvaney , who was also a founding member of the Freedom Caucus . Freedom Caucus members have called on Liz Cheney to resign as Chair of the House Republican Conference , due to her vocal criticism of Trumps foreign policy , response to the COVID-19 pandemic , and use of social media , leading to her firing May 12 , 2021 and replacement with Elise Stefanik two days later . 2020 National Defense Authorization Act . In December 2020 , the caucus sided with Donald Trump and opposed the NDAA on the grounds that it did not include a provision to repeal Section 230 . Leadership . The current chair of the caucus is Representative Andy Biggs from Arizona , with Representative Jim Jordan as the deputy chair . Membership . Membership policy . The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members and membership is by invitation only . The New York Times wrote in October 2015 that the caucus usually meets in the basement of a local pub rather than at the Capitol . The caucus acts as a bloc , with decisions that are supported by 80 percent made binding on all of its members , which has strengthened its influence among House Republicans . Current members . A number of members have identified themselves , or have been identified by others , as belonging to the Freedom Caucus . There are at least 53 caucus members ; those members include : Former members . In the 115th Congress , the group had about 36 members .

easy

Who was the head of Freedom Caucus from 2017 to Oct 2019?

/wiki/Freedom_Caucus#P488#1

Freedom Caucus The Freedom Caucus , also known as the House Freedom Caucus , is a congressional caucus consisting of conservative Republican members of the United States House of Representatives . It was formed in 2015 by what Representative Jim Jordan called a smaller , more cohesive , more agile and more active group of conservative representatives ; it is currently chaired by Representative Andy Biggs of Arizona . Many members are also part of the much larger Republican Study Committee . The caucus was ideologically aligned with the Tea Party movement , until the latters dissolution . The Freedom Caucus is considered the furthest-right bloc within the House Republican Conference . The caucus supports House candidates through its PAC , the House Freedom Fund . Historical membership . As the HFC does not publicize a full membership list , the known number of members at the start of each electoral cycle is listed below . History . The caucus originated during the mid–January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey , Pennsylvania . According to founding member Mick Mulvaney , that was the first time we got together and decided we were a group , and not just a bunch of pissed-off guys . Nine conservative active Republican members of the House began planning a new congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference . The founding members who constituted the first board of directors for the new caucus were Republican representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Jim Jordan of Ohio , John Fleming of Louisiana , Matt Salmon of Arizona , Justin Amash of Michigan , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina , Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina . Mick Mulvaney told Ryan Lizza of the New Yorker We had twenty names , and all of them were terrible , Mulvaney said . None of us liked the Freedom Caucus , either , but it was so generic and so universally awful that we had no reason to be against it . In the same interview , Lizza reported that one of the working titles for the group was the Reasonable Nutjob Caucus . During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015 , the caucus offered four plans for resolution , but all were rejected by the Republican leadership . One of the caucus leaders , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , said the caucus would offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support . Following the election of Donald Trump , Mick Mulvaney said Trump wants to turn Washington upside down — that was his first message and his winning message . We want the exact same thing . To the extent that hes got to convince Republicans to change Washington , were there to help him .. . and I think that makes us Donald Trumps best allies in the House . Opposition to Speaker of the House John Boehner . The newly formed group declared that a criterion for new members in the group would be opposition to John Boehner as Speaker of the House and willingness to vote against or thwart Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner on legislation that the group opposed . The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25 , 2015 , and the ensuing leadership battle for the new speaker . Members of the caucus who had voted against Boehner for speaker felt unfairly punished , accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments . Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of the Freedom Caucus , and he sparred with House Republican members in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act . These members later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus when it was created in 2015 . After Boehner resigned as speaker , Kevin McCarthy , the House majority leader , was initially the lead contender to succeed him , but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support . However , McCarthy withdrew from the race on October 8 , 2015 , after appearing to suggest that the Benghazi investigation‘s purpose had been to lower the approval ratings of Hillary Clinton . On the same day as McCarthy’s withdrawal , Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race . On October 20 , 2015 , Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus . While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement , on October 21 , 2015 , it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan . On October 29 , 2015 , Ryan succeeded John Boehner as the speaker of the House . Backlash in 2016 . The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle . One of its members , Congressman Tim Huelskamp , a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas’ First District , was defeated during a primary election on August 2 , 2016 , by Roger Marshall . Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017 . On March 24 , 2017 , the American Health Care Act ( AHCA ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act , was withdrawn by Republican House speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass , due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans who believed that the replacement provisions had the effect of failing to repeal some elements of the original Affordable Care Act . Two days later , President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups , such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action , that opposed the bill . Trump tweeted : Democrats are smiling in D.C . that the Freedom Caucus , with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage , have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare ! On the same day , Congressman Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus . On March 30 , 2017 , Trump declared war on the Freedom Caucus , sending a tweet urging Republicans to fight them in the 2018 midterm elections if they don’t get on the team ( i.e. , support Trumps proposals ) . Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of succumb [ ing ] to the D.C . Establishment . Trump later developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair , Mark Meadows . In April 2018 , Trump described three caucus members—Meadows , Jim Jordan , and Ron DeSantis—as absolute warriors for their defense of him during the course of the Special Counsel investigation . Criticism from Boehner . On October 30 , 2017 , Vanity Fair published an interview with Republican former House speaker John Boehner , who said of the Freedom Caucus : They cant tell you what theyre for . They can tell you everything theyre against . Theyre anarchists . They want total chaos . Tear it all down and start over . Thats where their mindset is . Impeachment proceedings against President Trump . In May 2019 , the Freedom Caucus officially condemned one of its founding members , Justin Amash , after he called for the impeachment of President Trump . Amash announced in June 2019 that he had left the caucus , saying I didnt want to be a further distraction for the group . Members of the Freedom Caucus have taken an active role in the impeachment investigation into President Trump that was launched in September 2019 . Members of the Caucus have called for the release of the full transcript of former U.S . special envoy to Ukraine Kurt Volker’s testimony to Congress . The caucus was described as Trumps main defender during the impeachment proceedings in the House . Meadows appointment as WH chief of staff and Liz Cheney criticism . In March 2020 , former Freedom Caucus chair Mark Meadows was appointed as White House chief of staff , replacing Mick Mulvaney , who was also a founding member of the Freedom Caucus . Freedom Caucus members have called on Liz Cheney to resign as Chair of the House Republican Conference , due to her vocal criticism of Trumps foreign policy , response to the COVID-19 pandemic , and use of social media , leading to her firing May 12 , 2021 and replacement with Elise Stefanik two days later . 2020 National Defense Authorization Act . In December 2020 , the caucus sided with Donald Trump and opposed the NDAA on the grounds that it did not include a provision to repeal Section 230 . Leadership . The current chair of the caucus is Representative Andy Biggs from Arizona , with Representative Jim Jordan as the deputy chair . Membership . Membership policy . The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members and membership is by invitation only . The New York Times wrote in October 2015 that the caucus usually meets in the basement of a local pub rather than at the Capitol . The caucus acts as a bloc , with decisions that are supported by 80 percent made binding on all of its members , which has strengthened its influence among House Republicans . Current members . A number of members have identified themselves , or have been identified by others , as belonging to the Freedom Caucus . There are at least 53 caucus members ; those members include : Former members . In the 115th Congress , the group had about 36 members .

easy

Who was the chair of Freedom Caucus from Oct 2019 to Oct 2020?

/wiki/Freedom_Caucus#P488#2

Freedom Caucus The Freedom Caucus , also known as the House Freedom Caucus , is a congressional caucus consisting of conservative Republican members of the United States House of Representatives . It was formed in 2015 by what Representative Jim Jordan called a smaller , more cohesive , more agile and more active group of conservative representatives ; it is currently chaired by Representative Andy Biggs of Arizona . Many members are also part of the much larger Republican Study Committee . The caucus was ideologically aligned with the Tea Party movement , until the latters dissolution . The Freedom Caucus is considered the furthest-right bloc within the House Republican Conference . The caucus supports House candidates through its PAC , the House Freedom Fund . Historical membership . As the HFC does not publicize a full membership list , the known number of members at the start of each electoral cycle is listed below . History . The caucus originated during the mid–January 2015 Republican congressional retreat in Hershey , Pennsylvania . According to founding member Mick Mulvaney , that was the first time we got together and decided we were a group , and not just a bunch of pissed-off guys . Nine conservative active Republican members of the House began planning a new congressional caucus separate from the Republican Study Committee and apart from the House Republican Conference . The founding members who constituted the first board of directors for the new caucus were Republican representatives Scott Garrett of New Jersey , Jim Jordan of Ohio , John Fleming of Louisiana , Matt Salmon of Arizona , Justin Amash of Michigan , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , Mick Mulvaney of South Carolina , Ron DeSantis of Florida and Mark Meadows of North Carolina . Mick Mulvaney told Ryan Lizza of the New Yorker We had twenty names , and all of them were terrible , Mulvaney said . None of us liked the Freedom Caucus , either , but it was so generic and so universally awful that we had no reason to be against it . In the same interview , Lizza reported that one of the working titles for the group was the Reasonable Nutjob Caucus . During the crisis over the funding of the Department of Homeland Security in early 2015 , the caucus offered four plans for resolution , but all were rejected by the Republican leadership . One of the caucus leaders , Raúl Labrador of Idaho , said the caucus would offer an alternative that the most conservative Republican members could support . Following the election of Donald Trump , Mick Mulvaney said Trump wants to turn Washington upside down — that was his first message and his winning message . We want the exact same thing . To the extent that hes got to convince Republicans to change Washington , were there to help him .. . and I think that makes us Donald Trumps best allies in the House . Opposition to Speaker of the House John Boehner . The newly formed group declared that a criterion for new members in the group would be opposition to John Boehner as Speaker of the House and willingness to vote against or thwart Speaker of the United States House of Representatives John Boehner on legislation that the group opposed . The House Freedom Caucus was involved in the resignation of Boehner on September 25 , 2015 , and the ensuing leadership battle for the new speaker . Members of the caucus who had voted against Boehner for speaker felt unfairly punished , accusing him of cutting them off from positions in the Republican Study Committee and depriving them of key committee assignments . Boehner found it increasingly difficult to manage House Republicans with the fierce opposition of the Freedom Caucus , and he sparred with House Republican members in 2013 over their willingness to shut down the government in pursuit of goals such as repealing the Affordable Care Act . These members later created and became members of the Freedom Caucus when it was created in 2015 . After Boehner resigned as speaker , Kevin McCarthy , the House majority leader , was initially the lead contender to succeed him , but the Freedom Caucus withheld its support . However , McCarthy withdrew from the race on October 8 , 2015 , after appearing to suggest that the Benghazi investigation‘s purpose had been to lower the approval ratings of Hillary Clinton . On the same day as McCarthy’s withdrawal , Reid Ribble resigned from the Freedom Caucus saying he had joined to promote certain policies and could not support the role that it was playing in the leadership race . On October 20 , 2015 , Paul Ryan announced that his bid for the speaker of the United States House of Representatives was contingent on an official endorsement by the Freedom Caucus . While the group could not reach the 80% approval that was needed to give an official endorsement , on October 21 , 2015 , it announced that it had reached a supermajority support for Ryan . On October 29 , 2015 , Ryan succeeded John Boehner as the speaker of the House . Backlash in 2016 . The group faced backlash from the Republican Party establishment during the 2016 election cycle . One of its members , Congressman Tim Huelskamp , a Tea Party Republican representing Kansas’ First District , was defeated during a primary election on August 2 , 2016 , by Roger Marshall . Rejection of American Health Care Act in 2017 . On March 24 , 2017 , the American Health Care Act ( AHCA ) , the House Republican bill to repeal and replace the Affordable Care Act , was withdrawn by Republican House speaker Paul Ryan because it lacked the votes to pass , due in large part to opposition from Freedom Caucus Republicans who believed that the replacement provisions had the effect of failing to repeal some elements of the original Affordable Care Act . Two days later , President Donald Trump publicly criticized the Freedom Caucus and other right-wing groups , such as the Club for Growth and Heritage Action , that opposed the bill . Trump tweeted : Democrats are smiling in D.C . that the Freedom Caucus , with the help of Club For Growth and Heritage , have saved Planned Parenthood & Obamacare ! On the same day , Congressman Ted Poe of Texas resigned from the Freedom Caucus . On March 30 , 2017 , Trump declared war on the Freedom Caucus , sending a tweet urging Republicans to fight them in the 2018 midterm elections if they don’t get on the team ( i.e. , support Trumps proposals ) . Vocal Freedom Caucus member Justin Amash responded by accusing Trump of succumb [ ing ] to the D.C . Establishment . Trump later developed a closer relationship with the caucus chair , Mark Meadows . In April 2018 , Trump described three caucus members—Meadows , Jim Jordan , and Ron DeSantis—as absolute warriors for their defense of him during the course of the Special Counsel investigation . Criticism from Boehner . On October 30 , 2017 , Vanity Fair published an interview with Republican former House speaker John Boehner , who said of the Freedom Caucus : They cant tell you what theyre for . They can tell you everything theyre against . Theyre anarchists . They want total chaos . Tear it all down and start over . Thats where their mindset is . Impeachment proceedings against President Trump . In May 2019 , the Freedom Caucus officially condemned one of its founding members , Justin Amash , after he called for the impeachment of President Trump . Amash announced in June 2019 that he had left the caucus , saying I didnt want to be a further distraction for the group . Members of the Freedom Caucus have taken an active role in the impeachment investigation into President Trump that was launched in September 2019 . Members of the Caucus have called for the release of the full transcript of former U.S . special envoy to Ukraine Kurt Volker’s testimony to Congress . The caucus was described as Trumps main defender during the impeachment proceedings in the House . Meadows appointment as WH chief of staff and Liz Cheney criticism . In March 2020 , former Freedom Caucus chair Mark Meadows was appointed as White House chief of staff , replacing Mick Mulvaney , who was also a founding member of the Freedom Caucus . Freedom Caucus members have called on Liz Cheney to resign as Chair of the House Republican Conference , due to her vocal criticism of Trumps foreign policy , response to the COVID-19 pandemic , and use of social media , leading to her firing May 12 , 2021 and replacement with Elise Stefanik two days later . 2020 National Defense Authorization Act . In December 2020 , the caucus sided with Donald Trump and opposed the NDAA on the grounds that it did not include a provision to repeal Section 230 . Leadership . The current chair of the caucus is Representative Andy Biggs from Arizona , with Representative Jim Jordan as the deputy chair . Membership . Membership policy . The House Freedom Caucus does not disclose the names of its members and membership is by invitation only . The New York Times wrote in October 2015 that the caucus usually meets in the basement of a local pub rather than at the Capitol . The caucus acts as a bloc , with decisions that are supported by 80 percent made binding on all of its members , which has strengthened its influence among House Republicans . Current members . A number of members have identified themselves , or have been identified by others , as belonging to the Freedom Caucus . There are at least 53 caucus members ; those members include : Former members . In the 115th Congress , the group had about 36 members .

easy

What was the official name of VA-15 (U.S. Navy) from 1942 to Nov 1946?

/wiki/VA-15_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#0

VA-15 ( U.S . Navy ) Attack Squadron 15 ( VA-15 ) , nicknamed the Valions , was an aviation unit of the United States Navy . It was established as Torpedo Squadron 4 ( VT-4 ) on 10 January 1942 , redesignated VA-2A on 15 November 1946 , and finally redesignated VA-15 on 2 August 1948 . The squadron was disestablished on 1 June 1969 , after 27 years of service . Operational history . World War II . - 10 January 1942 : Torpedo Squadron FOUR ( VT-4 ) was established aboard while the ship was in port at Grassy Bay , Bermuda.The squadron initially flew the TBD Devastator and was assigned to protect the sea lanes between Bermuda and Newfoundland from their homeport of Naval Air Station Quonset Point , Rhode Island . - August 1942 , VT-4 transitioned from the TBD to the TBF Avenger . - 8 August 1943 : Ranger , with VT-4 aboard , met the convoy with the liner Queen Mary , which was bringing Winston Churchill to North America for the Quebec Conference . - August–November 1943 : VT-4 , while deployed aboard Ranger , operated as part of the British Home Fleet . - 4 October 1943 : The squadron participated in Operation Leader and struck at shipping targets around Kunna Head , Norway , while other elements of CVG-4 struck targets at Bodø , Norway . The squadrons TBF-1s , along with its escort of F4Fs , destroyed a German freighter and a small coaster and damaged a troop transport . - October 1943 : VT-4 , flying from Ranger , operated with the British Second Battle Squadron and patrolled the waters of the Norwegian Sea . - 1 May 1944 : CVG-4 reformed as a spare air group with a composition that was designed to include 36 fighter aircraft ( F6F ) , 36 scout-bomber aircraft ( SB2C ) and 18 torpedo aircraft ( TBF/TBM ) . This air group composition was organized to operate from the large deck carriers of the Essex class . Squadrons in CVG-4 included VT-4 , VF-4 and VB-4 . This change also brought an end to Air Group FOURs operations aboard Ranger . - July 1944 : VT-4 and CVG-4 transferred from Atlantic to Pacific Fleet . - 15–21 July 1944 : VT-4 aboard en route to Pearl Harbor from San Diego . - 21 September 1944 : During a pre-dawn sortie involving simulated torpedo tactics , three of the squadrons aircraft collided with each other , resulting in the loss of nine personnel , including the squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Homer H . Hutcheson . - 4–17 November 1944 : CVG-4 and VT-4 were temporarily embarked on for operations in support of landings at Leyte . The squadron participated in combat strikes at Ormoc Bay , Cavite and Clark Field . - December 1944 : The squadron participated in combat operations in support of landings on Mindoro . - January 1945 : While operating from , the squadron struck targets on Formosa , Luzon , Hainan and the Ryukyu Island chain as well as in French Indochina ( Vietnam ) . Operations in Vietnam were around Saigon and Camranh Bay . These operations were in support of the continued assault against the Japanese in the Philippines . - 16 February 1945 : The squadron conducted its first strikes against the home islands of Japan , hitting Mawatari airfield on Honshu . Other strikes against targets on Honshu were conducted on 17 and 25 February . - 19–22 February 1945 : CVG-4 provided support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . - 1 March 1945 : The airfield , facilities and shipping at Naha , Okinawa , were hit by squadron aircraft . - 4 March 1945 : VT-4 disembarked from Essex at Ulithi , completing the squadrons last combat cruise during World War II . - 9–23 March 1945 : CVG-4 aboard for passage from Ulithi to Pearl Harbor . VT-4 eventually returned to the States in April 1945 for reforming following its combat cruise . Postwar . - 15 February–15 April 1946 : VT-4 along with other squadrons in CVG-4 participated in s shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea following the ships commissioning in December 1945 . - November 1946 : Some squadron aircraft were fitted with sonobuoy gear and personnel were trained in antisubmarine missions as well as their normal torpedo-attack requirements . - March 1949 : the squadron moved to NAS Cecil Field , Florida and transitioned to the AD Skyraider . 1950s . - 22 May 1950 : VA-15 , along with the other squadrons in CVG-1 , were designated as training squadrons and CVG-1 as a training air group . The squadrons primary mission was the training of fleet pilots in attack aircraft . VA-15s training syllabus emphasized glide bombing , dive-bombing , rocket firing , day-and-night tactics and carrier qualifications in the AD Skyraider . - 19 September 1951 : the CNO approved the squadron insignia , which was a modification of an earlier one depicting a lion riding a torpedo . The lion was retained to represent the strong attack capabilities of the squadron and the torpedo was replaced by a missile . - 13–23 September 1952 : VA-15 , while deployed aboard , participated in the first NATO naval operation , Operation Mainbrace , conducted in the North Atlantic . - February 1955 : While deployed aboard , the squadron supported the evacuation of Chinese Nationalist civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands which were being bombarded by the Peoples Republic of China . - November–December 1956 : As a result of the Suez Crisis , VA-15 deployed aboard and operated in the vicinity of the Azores . - 12 Sep 1958 : VA-15 was assigned the additional mission of Aerial refuelling . 1960s . - 14–28 November 1960 : VA-15 , temporarily assigned to CVG-10 , deployed aboard to the Caribbean Sea to guard against possible infiltration into Guatemala and Nicaragua by insurgent organizations that were believed to have ties to Cuba . - 21–27 November 1961 : VA-15 , embarked on , operated off the coast of the Dominican Republic to support the newly established democratic government . - March–April 1962 : VA-15 deployed aboard to the Caribbean and participated in the shakedown cruise of the worlds first nuclear powered carrier . - August 1965 : Although scheduled to transition to the A-6 Intruder , VA-15 began training under VA-44 for transition to the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk . - 4 April–21 November 1966 : VA-15 deployed to Vietnam as a component of CVW-10 embarked on . CVW-10 was an all-attack air wing composed of four attack squadrons , two squadrons flying A-4 Skyhawks and two squadrons with A-1 Skyraiders . - 15 May 1966 : The squadron flew its first combat mission since March 1945 when it was designated VT- 4 and a member of Carrier Air Group 4 . - 1967 : VA-15 again returned to Southeast Asia on the USS Intrepid - 1968-9 : the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean on after she was restored from the disastrous fire . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – Mar 1942 - NAS Quonset Point – Apr 1942 - NAAF Ayer ( Fort Devens ) – May 1944 - NAS Pearl Harbor – Jul 1944 - NAS Hilo – Aug 1944 - NAS Alameda – Apr 1945 - NAAS Watsonville – 21 May 1945 - NAS Quonset Point – 11 Jul 1945 - NAAF Groton – Aug 1945 - NAS Norfolk – Apr 1946 - NAS San Diego – 15 Jul 1946 - NAAS Cecil Field – 21 Mar 1949 - NAS Jacksonville – 09 Jan 1950 - NAAS Cecil Field – 29 Feb 1952 - NAS Jacksonville – Jul 1957 - NAS Oceana – Apr 1965 - NAS Cecil Field – Aug 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft in the months shown : - Douglas TBD-1 Devastator – Jan 1942 - Grumman TBF-1 Avenger – Aug 1942 - Grumman TBF-1C/TBM-1C Avenger – Jan 1944 - Grumman TBM-3 Avenger – Jan 1945 - Grumman TBM-3E Avenger – May 1945 - Grumman TBM-3Q Avenger – 1946 - Douglas AD-4 Skyraider – 19 Aug 1949 - Douglas AD-4L Skyraider – 08 Mar 1951 - Douglas AD-6/AD-1H Skyraider – May 1954 - Douglas A-4B Skyhawk – Dec 1965 - Douglas A-4C Skyhawk – Dec 1966 - Douglas A-4E Skyhawk – Dec 1967

easy

What was the official name of VA-15 (U.S. Navy) from Nov 1946 to Aug 1948?

/wiki/VA-15_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#1

VA-15 ( U.S . Navy ) Attack Squadron 15 ( VA-15 ) , nicknamed the Valions , was an aviation unit of the United States Navy . It was established as Torpedo Squadron 4 ( VT-4 ) on 10 January 1942 , redesignated VA-2A on 15 November 1946 , and finally redesignated VA-15 on 2 August 1948 . The squadron was disestablished on 1 June 1969 , after 27 years of service . Operational history . World War II . - 10 January 1942 : Torpedo Squadron FOUR ( VT-4 ) was established aboard while the ship was in port at Grassy Bay , Bermuda.The squadron initially flew the TBD Devastator and was assigned to protect the sea lanes between Bermuda and Newfoundland from their homeport of Naval Air Station Quonset Point , Rhode Island . - August 1942 , VT-4 transitioned from the TBD to the TBF Avenger . - 8 August 1943 : Ranger , with VT-4 aboard , met the convoy with the liner Queen Mary , which was bringing Winston Churchill to North America for the Quebec Conference . - August–November 1943 : VT-4 , while deployed aboard Ranger , operated as part of the British Home Fleet . - 4 October 1943 : The squadron participated in Operation Leader and struck at shipping targets around Kunna Head , Norway , while other elements of CVG-4 struck targets at Bodø , Norway . The squadrons TBF-1s , along with its escort of F4Fs , destroyed a German freighter and a small coaster and damaged a troop transport . - October 1943 : VT-4 , flying from Ranger , operated with the British Second Battle Squadron and patrolled the waters of the Norwegian Sea . - 1 May 1944 : CVG-4 reformed as a spare air group with a composition that was designed to include 36 fighter aircraft ( F6F ) , 36 scout-bomber aircraft ( SB2C ) and 18 torpedo aircraft ( TBF/TBM ) . This air group composition was organized to operate from the large deck carriers of the Essex class . Squadrons in CVG-4 included VT-4 , VF-4 and VB-4 . This change also brought an end to Air Group FOURs operations aboard Ranger . - July 1944 : VT-4 and CVG-4 transferred from Atlantic to Pacific Fleet . - 15–21 July 1944 : VT-4 aboard en route to Pearl Harbor from San Diego . - 21 September 1944 : During a pre-dawn sortie involving simulated torpedo tactics , three of the squadrons aircraft collided with each other , resulting in the loss of nine personnel , including the squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Homer H . Hutcheson . - 4–17 November 1944 : CVG-4 and VT-4 were temporarily embarked on for operations in support of landings at Leyte . The squadron participated in combat strikes at Ormoc Bay , Cavite and Clark Field . - December 1944 : The squadron participated in combat operations in support of landings on Mindoro . - January 1945 : While operating from , the squadron struck targets on Formosa , Luzon , Hainan and the Ryukyu Island chain as well as in French Indochina ( Vietnam ) . Operations in Vietnam were around Saigon and Camranh Bay . These operations were in support of the continued assault against the Japanese in the Philippines . - 16 February 1945 : The squadron conducted its first strikes against the home islands of Japan , hitting Mawatari airfield on Honshu . Other strikes against targets on Honshu were conducted on 17 and 25 February . - 19–22 February 1945 : CVG-4 provided support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . - 1 March 1945 : The airfield , facilities and shipping at Naha , Okinawa , were hit by squadron aircraft . - 4 March 1945 : VT-4 disembarked from Essex at Ulithi , completing the squadrons last combat cruise during World War II . - 9–23 March 1945 : CVG-4 aboard for passage from Ulithi to Pearl Harbor . VT-4 eventually returned to the States in April 1945 for reforming following its combat cruise . Postwar . - 15 February–15 April 1946 : VT-4 along with other squadrons in CVG-4 participated in s shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea following the ships commissioning in December 1945 . - November 1946 : Some squadron aircraft were fitted with sonobuoy gear and personnel were trained in antisubmarine missions as well as their normal torpedo-attack requirements . - March 1949 : the squadron moved to NAS Cecil Field , Florida and transitioned to the AD Skyraider . 1950s . - 22 May 1950 : VA-15 , along with the other squadrons in CVG-1 , were designated as training squadrons and CVG-1 as a training air group . The squadrons primary mission was the training of fleet pilots in attack aircraft . VA-15s training syllabus emphasized glide bombing , dive-bombing , rocket firing , day-and-night tactics and carrier qualifications in the AD Skyraider . - 19 September 1951 : the CNO approved the squadron insignia , which was a modification of an earlier one depicting a lion riding a torpedo . The lion was retained to represent the strong attack capabilities of the squadron and the torpedo was replaced by a missile . - 13–23 September 1952 : VA-15 , while deployed aboard , participated in the first NATO naval operation , Operation Mainbrace , conducted in the North Atlantic . - February 1955 : While deployed aboard , the squadron supported the evacuation of Chinese Nationalist civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands which were being bombarded by the Peoples Republic of China . - November–December 1956 : As a result of the Suez Crisis , VA-15 deployed aboard and operated in the vicinity of the Azores . - 12 Sep 1958 : VA-15 was assigned the additional mission of Aerial refuelling . 1960s . - 14–28 November 1960 : VA-15 , temporarily assigned to CVG-10 , deployed aboard to the Caribbean Sea to guard against possible infiltration into Guatemala and Nicaragua by insurgent organizations that were believed to have ties to Cuba . - 21–27 November 1961 : VA-15 , embarked on , operated off the coast of the Dominican Republic to support the newly established democratic government . - March–April 1962 : VA-15 deployed aboard to the Caribbean and participated in the shakedown cruise of the worlds first nuclear powered carrier . - August 1965 : Although scheduled to transition to the A-6 Intruder , VA-15 began training under VA-44 for transition to the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk . - 4 April–21 November 1966 : VA-15 deployed to Vietnam as a component of CVW-10 embarked on . CVW-10 was an all-attack air wing composed of four attack squadrons , two squadrons flying A-4 Skyhawks and two squadrons with A-1 Skyraiders . - 15 May 1966 : The squadron flew its first combat mission since March 1945 when it was designated VT- 4 and a member of Carrier Air Group 4 . - 1967 : VA-15 again returned to Southeast Asia on the USS Intrepid - 1968-9 : the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean on after she was restored from the disastrous fire . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – Mar 1942 - NAS Quonset Point – Apr 1942 - NAAF Ayer ( Fort Devens ) – May 1944 - NAS Pearl Harbor – Jul 1944 - NAS Hilo – Aug 1944 - NAS Alameda – Apr 1945 - NAAS Watsonville – 21 May 1945 - NAS Quonset Point – 11 Jul 1945 - NAAF Groton – Aug 1945 - NAS Norfolk – Apr 1946 - NAS San Diego – 15 Jul 1946 - NAAS Cecil Field – 21 Mar 1949 - NAS Jacksonville – 09 Jan 1950 - NAAS Cecil Field – 29 Feb 1952 - NAS Jacksonville – Jul 1957 - NAS Oceana – Apr 1965 - NAS Cecil Field – Aug 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft in the months shown : - Douglas TBD-1 Devastator – Jan 1942 - Grumman TBF-1 Avenger – Aug 1942 - Grumman TBF-1C/TBM-1C Avenger – Jan 1944 - Grumman TBM-3 Avenger – Jan 1945 - Grumman TBM-3E Avenger – May 1945 - Grumman TBM-3Q Avenger – 1946 - Douglas AD-4 Skyraider – 19 Aug 1949 - Douglas AD-4L Skyraider – 08 Mar 1951 - Douglas AD-6/AD-1H Skyraider – May 1954 - Douglas A-4B Skyhawk – Dec 1965 - Douglas A-4C Skyhawk – Dec 1966 - Douglas A-4E Skyhawk – Dec 1967

easy

What was the official name of VA-15 (U.S. Navy) from Aug 1948 to Jun 1969?

/wiki/VA-15_(U.S._Navy)#P1448#2

VA-15 ( U.S . Navy ) Attack Squadron 15 ( VA-15 ) , nicknamed the Valions , was an aviation unit of the United States Navy . It was established as Torpedo Squadron 4 ( VT-4 ) on 10 January 1942 , redesignated VA-2A on 15 November 1946 , and finally redesignated VA-15 on 2 August 1948 . The squadron was disestablished on 1 June 1969 , after 27 years of service . Operational history . World War II . - 10 January 1942 : Torpedo Squadron FOUR ( VT-4 ) was established aboard while the ship was in port at Grassy Bay , Bermuda.The squadron initially flew the TBD Devastator and was assigned to protect the sea lanes between Bermuda and Newfoundland from their homeport of Naval Air Station Quonset Point , Rhode Island . - August 1942 , VT-4 transitioned from the TBD to the TBF Avenger . - 8 August 1943 : Ranger , with VT-4 aboard , met the convoy with the liner Queen Mary , which was bringing Winston Churchill to North America for the Quebec Conference . - August–November 1943 : VT-4 , while deployed aboard Ranger , operated as part of the British Home Fleet . - 4 October 1943 : The squadron participated in Operation Leader and struck at shipping targets around Kunna Head , Norway , while other elements of CVG-4 struck targets at Bodø , Norway . The squadrons TBF-1s , along with its escort of F4Fs , destroyed a German freighter and a small coaster and damaged a troop transport . - October 1943 : VT-4 , flying from Ranger , operated with the British Second Battle Squadron and patrolled the waters of the Norwegian Sea . - 1 May 1944 : CVG-4 reformed as a spare air group with a composition that was designed to include 36 fighter aircraft ( F6F ) , 36 scout-bomber aircraft ( SB2C ) and 18 torpedo aircraft ( TBF/TBM ) . This air group composition was organized to operate from the large deck carriers of the Essex class . Squadrons in CVG-4 included VT-4 , VF-4 and VB-4 . This change also brought an end to Air Group FOURs operations aboard Ranger . - July 1944 : VT-4 and CVG-4 transferred from Atlantic to Pacific Fleet . - 15–21 July 1944 : VT-4 aboard en route to Pearl Harbor from San Diego . - 21 September 1944 : During a pre-dawn sortie involving simulated torpedo tactics , three of the squadrons aircraft collided with each other , resulting in the loss of nine personnel , including the squadrons commanding officer , Lieutenant Commander Homer H . Hutcheson . - 4–17 November 1944 : CVG-4 and VT-4 were temporarily embarked on for operations in support of landings at Leyte . The squadron participated in combat strikes at Ormoc Bay , Cavite and Clark Field . - December 1944 : The squadron participated in combat operations in support of landings on Mindoro . - January 1945 : While operating from , the squadron struck targets on Formosa , Luzon , Hainan and the Ryukyu Island chain as well as in French Indochina ( Vietnam ) . Operations in Vietnam were around Saigon and Camranh Bay . These operations were in support of the continued assault against the Japanese in the Philippines . - 16 February 1945 : The squadron conducted its first strikes against the home islands of Japan , hitting Mawatari airfield on Honshu . Other strikes against targets on Honshu were conducted on 17 and 25 February . - 19–22 February 1945 : CVG-4 provided support for the Battle of Iwo Jima . - 1 March 1945 : The airfield , facilities and shipping at Naha , Okinawa , were hit by squadron aircraft . - 4 March 1945 : VT-4 disembarked from Essex at Ulithi , completing the squadrons last combat cruise during World War II . - 9–23 March 1945 : CVG-4 aboard for passage from Ulithi to Pearl Harbor . VT-4 eventually returned to the States in April 1945 for reforming following its combat cruise . Postwar . - 15 February–15 April 1946 : VT-4 along with other squadrons in CVG-4 participated in s shakedown cruise in the Caribbean Sea following the ships commissioning in December 1945 . - November 1946 : Some squadron aircraft were fitted with sonobuoy gear and personnel were trained in antisubmarine missions as well as their normal torpedo-attack requirements . - March 1949 : the squadron moved to NAS Cecil Field , Florida and transitioned to the AD Skyraider . 1950s . - 22 May 1950 : VA-15 , along with the other squadrons in CVG-1 , were designated as training squadrons and CVG-1 as a training air group . The squadrons primary mission was the training of fleet pilots in attack aircraft . VA-15s training syllabus emphasized glide bombing , dive-bombing , rocket firing , day-and-night tactics and carrier qualifications in the AD Skyraider . - 19 September 1951 : the CNO approved the squadron insignia , which was a modification of an earlier one depicting a lion riding a torpedo . The lion was retained to represent the strong attack capabilities of the squadron and the torpedo was replaced by a missile . - 13–23 September 1952 : VA-15 , while deployed aboard , participated in the first NATO naval operation , Operation Mainbrace , conducted in the North Atlantic . - February 1955 : While deployed aboard , the squadron supported the evacuation of Chinese Nationalist civilians and military personnel from the Tachen Islands which were being bombarded by the Peoples Republic of China . - November–December 1956 : As a result of the Suez Crisis , VA-15 deployed aboard and operated in the vicinity of the Azores . - 12 Sep 1958 : VA-15 was assigned the additional mission of Aerial refuelling . 1960s . - 14–28 November 1960 : VA-15 , temporarily assigned to CVG-10 , deployed aboard to the Caribbean Sea to guard against possible infiltration into Guatemala and Nicaragua by insurgent organizations that were believed to have ties to Cuba . - 21–27 November 1961 : VA-15 , embarked on , operated off the coast of the Dominican Republic to support the newly established democratic government . - March–April 1962 : VA-15 deployed aboard to the Caribbean and participated in the shakedown cruise of the worlds first nuclear powered carrier . - August 1965 : Although scheduled to transition to the A-6 Intruder , VA-15 began training under VA-44 for transition to the Douglas A-4 Skyhawk . - 4 April–21 November 1966 : VA-15 deployed to Vietnam as a component of CVW-10 embarked on . CVW-10 was an all-attack air wing composed of four attack squadrons , two squadrons flying A-4 Skyhawks and two squadrons with A-1 Skyraiders . - 15 May 1966 : The squadron flew its first combat mission since March 1945 when it was designated VT- 4 and a member of Carrier Air Group 4 . - 1967 : VA-15 again returned to Southeast Asia on the USS Intrepid - 1968-9 : the squadron deployed to the Mediterranean on after she was restored from the disastrous fire . Home port assignments . The squadron was assigned to these home ports , effective on the dates shown : - NAS Norfolk – Mar 1942 - NAS Quonset Point – Apr 1942 - NAAF Ayer ( Fort Devens ) – May 1944 - NAS Pearl Harbor – Jul 1944 - NAS Hilo – Aug 1944 - NAS Alameda – Apr 1945 - NAAS Watsonville – 21 May 1945 - NAS Quonset Point – 11 Jul 1945 - NAAF Groton – Aug 1945 - NAS Norfolk – Apr 1946 - NAS San Diego – 15 Jul 1946 - NAAS Cecil Field – 21 Mar 1949 - NAS Jacksonville – 09 Jan 1950 - NAAS Cecil Field – 29 Feb 1952 - NAS Jacksonville – Jul 1957 - NAS Oceana – Apr 1965 - NAS Cecil Field – Aug 1965 Aircraft assignment . The squadron was assigned the following aircraft in the months shown : - Douglas TBD-1 Devastator – Jan 1942 - Grumman TBF-1 Avenger – Aug 1942 - Grumman TBF-1C/TBM-1C Avenger – Jan 1944 - Grumman TBM-3 Avenger – Jan 1945 - Grumman TBM-3E Avenger – May 1945 - Grumman TBM-3Q Avenger – 1946 - Douglas AD-4 Skyraider – 19 Aug 1949 - Douglas AD-4L Skyraider – 08 Mar 1951 - Douglas AD-6/AD-1H Skyraider – May 1954 - Douglas A-4B Skyhawk – Dec 1965 - Douglas A-4C Skyhawk – Dec 1966 - Douglas A-4E Skyhawk – Dec 1967

easy

What was the position of Augustus Hawkins from 1935 to 1963?

/wiki/Augustus_Hawkins#P39#0

Augustus Hawkins Augustus Freeman Hawkins ( August 31 , 1907 – November 10 , 2007 ) was a prominent American Democratic Party politician and a figure in the history of Civil Rights and organized labor . Over the course of his career , Hawkins authored more than 300 state and federal laws , the most famous of which are Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1978 Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act . He was known as the silent warrior for his commitment to education and ending unemployment . Hawkins emphasized throughout his career that “the leadership belongs not to the loudest , not to those who beat the drums or blow the trumpets , but to those who day in and day out , in all seasons , work for the practical realization of a better world—those who have the stamina to persist and remain dedicated . Hawkins remained devoted to this principle throughout his life , dedicating himself to reform . Early and personal life . Hawkins was born in Shreveport , Louisiana , the youngest of five children , to Nyanza Hawkins and Hattie Freeman . In 1918 , the family moved to Los Angeles . Hawkins graduated from Jefferson High School in 1926 , and received a bachelors degree in economics from the University of California , Los Angeles in 1931 . After graduation , he planned to study civil engineering , but the financial constraints of the Great Depression made this impossible . This contributed towards his interest in politics , and his lifelong devotion to education . After graduating , Hawkins operated a real estate company with his brother and studied government . While serving in the California State Assembly , Hawkins married Pegga Adeline Smith on August 28 , 1945 . Smith died in 1966 , and Hawkins later married Elsie Taylor in 1977 . Hawkins was very fair-skinned and resembled his English grandfather . Throughout his life , he was often assumed to be of solely white ancestry , though he refused to pass as white . Political career . State Assembly . Augustus Hawkins served in California at a time when black representation was so limited that the black strategy for gaining political power was to exercise influence within the Democratic Party through voting for , and lobbying , white politicians . Aside from Hawkins , Los Angeles blacks had no other political representative in city , county , state , or federal government . Hawkins was part of a more general shift by African Americans away from the Republican and towards the Democratic Party . Unlike the majority of African Americans , he supported Franklin D . Roosevelts campaign for president in 1932 . Hawkins favored measures such as the New Deal , which was wildly popular in the United States at large and the African American community in particular . Roosevelt would go on to be the first Democratic president to win the black vote , in 1936 . In 1934 , Hawkins supported the more controversial 1934 California gubernatorial election of Upton Sinclair , a socialist . Although Sinclair lost , Hawkins defeated Republican Frederick Madison Roberts , the great-grandson of Sally Hemings and President Thomas Jefferson and the first African American in the California State Assembly . Hawkins would serve as a Democratic member of the Assembly from 1935 until 1963 , by the time of his departure being the most senior member , like Roberts before him . Hawkins district was primarily Latino American and African American . During his time in the Assembly , he introduced legislation similar to that which he would later endorse in the Senate , including a fair housing act , a fair employment practices act , legislation for low-cost housing and disability insurance , and provisions for workmens compensation for domestics . Along with education , fair practices in employment and housing became Hawkins major causes . He received little support at the time for these measures from the Democratic Party , however . Nevertheless , he was able to get some measures passed , including his fair housing law , which prohibited discrimination by any builders who received federal funds . Hawkins was also a delegate to the National Conventions of 1940 , 1944 and 1960 as well as an electoral college presidential elector from California in 1944 . In 1958 , Hawkins sought to be Speaker of the California State Assembly , which was the second most powerful position in the state , after the Governor of California . Hawkins lost to Ralph M . Brown , but was made chairman of the powerful rules committee . Had Hawkins succeeded , he would have been the first African American Speaker in Californian history . Willie Brown would achieve this feat in 1980 . In 1962 , Hawkins won a newly created majority-black congressional district encompassing central Los Angeles With an endorsement from John F . Kennedy , Hawkins easily won the primary and the general election . After the election , Hawkins remarked , “Its like shifting gears—from the oldest man in the Assembly in years of service to a freshman in Congress.” Congressional career . From 1963 to 1991 , Hawkins represented Californias 21st District ( 1963–1975 ) , and the 29th District ( 1975–1991 ) , covering southern Los Angeles County , in Congress . Hawkins was consistently elected with over 80% of the vote in his Democratic-friendly district . He was the first black representative elected west of the Mississippi River . Hawkins was a strong supporter of President Lyndon B . Johnsons Great Society . Early in his congressional career , he authored legislation including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Hawkins was a strong supporter of civil rights , and toured the South in 1964 to advocate for African American voter registration . Five days after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law , the Watts Riots occurred in Hawkins district . It was the first of many race riots in the 1960s . Hawkins urged his colleagues in Congress to increase antipoverty funds , but did not condone the violence . Due to his light skin and heightened racial tensions , Hawkins had to be careful when he visited his district shortly after the riots . The riots stalled the Great Society , particularly over the fair housing ; blacks who benefited from Great Society laws were blamed as being harmful to the law and order of America , particularly if they were allowed to live next to whites . Fair housing was still an unpopular issue in America : Democratic Senate nominee Pierre Salinger lost to Republican George Murphy in California over the issue , marking the only Republican pickup amid Lyndon Johnsons crushing presidential victory over anti-civil rights Barry Goldwater in 1964 . Open housing reform seemed next on the Great Society list after the Voting Rights Act was signed , but the Watts Riot put it on hold . It was not passed until after the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . On the Vietnam War , Hawkins initially agreed with President Johnson . In 1964 , both insisted that the war undermined the Great Society and that the United States could not impose our way of life on other people . When it became clear that South Vietnam was not stable enough to survive without American backing , Hawkins increased his criticism of the war . After touring South Vietnam June 1970 , Hawkins and fellow Democratic Representative William Anderson drafted a House Resolution urging Congress to condemn the cruel and inhumane treatment of prisoners in South Vietnam . Anderson and Hawkins had visited South Vietnam with nine other congressmen , but they were the only two to visit a civilian South Vietnamese prison on Con Son Island , which they described as being akin to “tiger cages.” The two Representatives also pressured President Nixon to send an independent task force to investigate the prison and “prevent further degradation and death.” Hawkins was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus , and served as vice chairman during its first term ( 1971–1973 ) . Hawkins did not play a significant role in the CBC , as he preferred to focus on legislation rather than use Congress as a bully pulpit like other African Americans such as Adam Clayton Powell , Jr. , Bill Clay , and Ron Dellums ; Hawkins argued that there needed to be “clearer thinking and fewer exhibitionists in the civil rights movement.” During this time , Hawkins succeeded in restoring honorable discharges to the 170 black soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment who had been falsely accused of a public disturbance in Brownsville , Texas , in 1906 , and removed from the Army . Unlike other CBC members , he sought cooperation from organized labor and white ethnics in order to make his agenda more likely to pass into law . In 1980 , Hawkins criticized the CBC as 85 percent social and 15 percent business . Aside from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act , laws that Hawkins was instrumental in passing include : the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act , a law which provides certain protections to young criminal offenders ; the 1978 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act ; and the 1978 Pregnancy Disability Act , which aimed to prevent discrimination against women on the basis of pregnancy and of which Hawkins said , “we have the opportunity to ensure that genuine equality in the American labor force is more than an illusion and that pregnancy will no longer be the basis of unfavorable treatment of working women . Hawkins is known best of all for the 1978 Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act , which Hawkins sponsored in 1977 alongside the legendary Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota . The Bill gave the U.S . government the goal to provide full employment ; it also ordered that the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board must provide Congress with testimony on the state of the economy . However , by the time it made to President Jimmy Carters desk , the legislation was clearly symbolic . Hawkins later authored landmark legislation such as the Job Training Partnership Act and the 1988 School Improvement Act . He became chair of the House Education and Labor Committee in 1984 . Hawkins was frustrated from the relative lack of success that he achieved during the 1980s presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H . W . Bush . They were the most conservative presidents since the 1920s , and members of his own party were moving to the right and viewed Hawkins old-school New Dealer stance as outdated . His greatest setback was George H . W . Bushs veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1990 , sometimes called the Hawkins-Kennedy Civil Rights Act . It would have reversed six Supreme Court decisions made in the previous year that had shifted the burden of proof of discriminating hiring practices of minorities or women from the employer to the employee . It remains the only successful veto of a civil rights act in United States history . Hawkins retired in 1991 . Bush would sign a less expansive bill , the Civil Rights Act of 1991 , after Hawkinss retirement . Later life . Hawkins retired in 1991 to his Los Angeles home , having never lost an election in 58 years as an elected official . He lived in Washington , D.C. , for the remainder of his life . Until his death at the age of 100 , he was the oldest living person to have served in Congress . He was the eighth person to have served in Congress that reached the age of 100 . Hawkins death left the former Alabama Republican Representative Arthur Glenn Andrews ( 1909–2008 ) as the oldest living former House member . Legacy . The Augustus F . Hawkins Natural Park was built in 2000 in a highly urbanized area of south Los Angeles . The cost was $4.5 million and was financed largely by city , county , and state bond measures . The park encompasses 8.5 acres and features the Evan Frankel Discovery Center , which includes natural history and environmental interpretive displays . Address : 5790 Compton Avenue , Los Angeles . The ZIP codes associated with that area are listed in United States Postal Service databases with the placename ( city name ) August F . Haw . Augustus F . Hawkins High School in Los Angeles , opened in 2012 , it is named in his honor .

easy

What was the position of Augustus Hawkins from 1963 to 1991?

/wiki/Augustus_Hawkins#P39#1

Augustus Hawkins Augustus Freeman Hawkins ( August 31 , 1907 – November 10 , 2007 ) was a prominent American Democratic Party politician and a figure in the history of Civil Rights and organized labor . Over the course of his career , Hawkins authored more than 300 state and federal laws , the most famous of which are Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the 1978 Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act . He was known as the silent warrior for his commitment to education and ending unemployment . Hawkins emphasized throughout his career that “the leadership belongs not to the loudest , not to those who beat the drums or blow the trumpets , but to those who day in and day out , in all seasons , work for the practical realization of a better world—those who have the stamina to persist and remain dedicated . Hawkins remained devoted to this principle throughout his life , dedicating himself to reform . Early and personal life . Hawkins was born in Shreveport , Louisiana , the youngest of five children , to Nyanza Hawkins and Hattie Freeman . In 1918 , the family moved to Los Angeles . Hawkins graduated from Jefferson High School in 1926 , and received a bachelors degree in economics from the University of California , Los Angeles in 1931 . After graduation , he planned to study civil engineering , but the financial constraints of the Great Depression made this impossible . This contributed towards his interest in politics , and his lifelong devotion to education . After graduating , Hawkins operated a real estate company with his brother and studied government . While serving in the California State Assembly , Hawkins married Pegga Adeline Smith on August 28 , 1945 . Smith died in 1966 , and Hawkins later married Elsie Taylor in 1977 . Hawkins was very fair-skinned and resembled his English grandfather . Throughout his life , he was often assumed to be of solely white ancestry , though he refused to pass as white . Political career . State Assembly . Augustus Hawkins served in California at a time when black representation was so limited that the black strategy for gaining political power was to exercise influence within the Democratic Party through voting for , and lobbying , white politicians . Aside from Hawkins , Los Angeles blacks had no other political representative in city , county , state , or federal government . Hawkins was part of a more general shift by African Americans away from the Republican and towards the Democratic Party . Unlike the majority of African Americans , he supported Franklin D . Roosevelts campaign for president in 1932 . Hawkins favored measures such as the New Deal , which was wildly popular in the United States at large and the African American community in particular . Roosevelt would go on to be the first Democratic president to win the black vote , in 1936 . In 1934 , Hawkins supported the more controversial 1934 California gubernatorial election of Upton Sinclair , a socialist . Although Sinclair lost , Hawkins defeated Republican Frederick Madison Roberts , the great-grandson of Sally Hemings and President Thomas Jefferson and the first African American in the California State Assembly . Hawkins would serve as a Democratic member of the Assembly from 1935 until 1963 , by the time of his departure being the most senior member , like Roberts before him . Hawkins district was primarily Latino American and African American . During his time in the Assembly , he introduced legislation similar to that which he would later endorse in the Senate , including a fair housing act , a fair employment practices act , legislation for low-cost housing and disability insurance , and provisions for workmens compensation for domestics . Along with education , fair practices in employment and housing became Hawkins major causes . He received little support at the time for these measures from the Democratic Party , however . Nevertheless , he was able to get some measures passed , including his fair housing law , which prohibited discrimination by any builders who received federal funds . Hawkins was also a delegate to the National Conventions of 1940 , 1944 and 1960 as well as an electoral college presidential elector from California in 1944 . In 1958 , Hawkins sought to be Speaker of the California State Assembly , which was the second most powerful position in the state , after the Governor of California . Hawkins lost to Ralph M . Brown , but was made chairman of the powerful rules committee . Had Hawkins succeeded , he would have been the first African American Speaker in Californian history . Willie Brown would achieve this feat in 1980 . In 1962 , Hawkins won a newly created majority-black congressional district encompassing central Los Angeles With an endorsement from John F . Kennedy , Hawkins easily won the primary and the general election . After the election , Hawkins remarked , “Its like shifting gears—from the oldest man in the Assembly in years of service to a freshman in Congress.” Congressional career . From 1963 to 1991 , Hawkins represented Californias 21st District ( 1963–1975 ) , and the 29th District ( 1975–1991 ) , covering southern Los Angeles County , in Congress . Hawkins was consistently elected with over 80% of the vote in his Democratic-friendly district . He was the first black representative elected west of the Mississippi River . Hawkins was a strong supporter of President Lyndon B . Johnsons Great Society . Early in his congressional career , he authored legislation including Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 that established the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission . Hawkins was a strong supporter of civil rights , and toured the South in 1964 to advocate for African American voter registration . Five days after the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was signed into law , the Watts Riots occurred in Hawkins district . It was the first of many race riots in the 1960s . Hawkins urged his colleagues in Congress to increase antipoverty funds , but did not condone the violence . Due to his light skin and heightened racial tensions , Hawkins had to be careful when he visited his district shortly after the riots . The riots stalled the Great Society , particularly over the fair housing ; blacks who benefited from Great Society laws were blamed as being harmful to the law and order of America , particularly if they were allowed to live next to whites . Fair housing was still an unpopular issue in America : Democratic Senate nominee Pierre Salinger lost to Republican George Murphy in California over the issue , marking the only Republican pickup amid Lyndon Johnsons crushing presidential victory over anti-civil rights Barry Goldwater in 1964 . Open housing reform seemed next on the Great Society list after the Voting Rights Act was signed , but the Watts Riot put it on hold . It was not passed until after the 1968 assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . On the Vietnam War , Hawkins initially agreed with President Johnson . In 1964 , both insisted that the war undermined the Great Society and that the United States could not impose our way of life on other people . When it became clear that South Vietnam was not stable enough to survive without American backing , Hawkins increased his criticism of the war . After touring South Vietnam June 1970 , Hawkins and fellow Democratic Representative William Anderson drafted a House Resolution urging Congress to condemn the cruel and inhumane treatment of prisoners in South Vietnam . Anderson and Hawkins had visited South Vietnam with nine other congressmen , but they were the only two to visit a civilian South Vietnamese prison on Con Son Island , which they described as being akin to “tiger cages.” The two Representatives also pressured President Nixon to send an independent task force to investigate the prison and “prevent further degradation and death.” Hawkins was a founding member of the Congressional Black Caucus , and served as vice chairman during its first term ( 1971–1973 ) . Hawkins did not play a significant role in the CBC , as he preferred to focus on legislation rather than use Congress as a bully pulpit like other African Americans such as Adam Clayton Powell , Jr. , Bill Clay , and Ron Dellums ; Hawkins argued that there needed to be “clearer thinking and fewer exhibitionists in the civil rights movement.” During this time , Hawkins succeeded in restoring honorable discharges to the 170 black soldiers of the 25th Infantry Regiment who had been falsely accused of a public disturbance in Brownsville , Texas , in 1906 , and removed from the Army . Unlike other CBC members , he sought cooperation from organized labor and white ethnics in order to make his agenda more likely to pass into law . In 1980 , Hawkins criticized the CBC as 85 percent social and 15 percent business . Aside from Title VII of the Civil Rights Act , laws that Hawkins was instrumental in passing include : the 1974 Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention Act , a law which provides certain protections to young criminal offenders ; the 1978 Comprehensive Employment and Training Act ; and the 1978 Pregnancy Disability Act , which aimed to prevent discrimination against women on the basis of pregnancy and of which Hawkins said , “we have the opportunity to ensure that genuine equality in the American labor force is more than an illusion and that pregnancy will no longer be the basis of unfavorable treatment of working women . Hawkins is known best of all for the 1978 Humphrey-Hawkins Full Employment Act , which Hawkins sponsored in 1977 alongside the legendary Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota . The Bill gave the U.S . government the goal to provide full employment ; it also ordered that the Chairman of the Federal Reserve Board must provide Congress with testimony on the state of the economy . However , by the time it made to President Jimmy Carters desk , the legislation was clearly symbolic . Hawkins later authored landmark legislation such as the Job Training Partnership Act and the 1988 School Improvement Act . He became chair of the House Education and Labor Committee in 1984 . Hawkins was frustrated from the relative lack of success that he achieved during the 1980s presidencies of Ronald Reagan and George H . W . Bush . They were the most conservative presidents since the 1920s , and members of his own party were moving to the right and viewed Hawkins old-school New Dealer stance as outdated . His greatest setback was George H . W . Bushs veto of the Civil Rights Act of 1990 , sometimes called the Hawkins-Kennedy Civil Rights Act . It would have reversed six Supreme Court decisions made in the previous year that had shifted the burden of proof of discriminating hiring practices of minorities or women from the employer to the employee . It remains the only successful veto of a civil rights act in United States history . Hawkins retired in 1991 . Bush would sign a less expansive bill , the Civil Rights Act of 1991 , after Hawkinss retirement . Later life . Hawkins retired in 1991 to his Los Angeles home , having never lost an election in 58 years as an elected official . He lived in Washington , D.C. , for the remainder of his life . Until his death at the age of 100 , he was the oldest living person to have served in Congress . He was the eighth person to have served in Congress that reached the age of 100 . Hawkins death left the former Alabama Republican Representative Arthur Glenn Andrews ( 1909–2008 ) as the oldest living former House member . Legacy . The Augustus F . Hawkins Natural Park was built in 2000 in a highly urbanized area of south Los Angeles . The cost was $4.5 million and was financed largely by city , county , and state bond measures . The park encompasses 8.5 acres and features the Evan Frankel Discovery Center , which includes natural history and environmental interpretive displays . Address : 5790 Compton Avenue , Los Angeles . The ZIP codes associated with that area are listed in United States Postal Service databases with the placename ( city name ) August F . Haw . Augustus F . Hawkins High School in Los Angeles , opened in 2012 , it is named in his honor .

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Which position did Gary Doer hold from Mar 1986 to Feb 1987?

/wiki/Gary_Doer#P39#0

Gary Doer Gary Albert Doer , ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is a Canadian former politician and diplomat from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . He served as Canadas Ambassador to the United States from October 19 , 2009 to March 3 , 2016 . Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009 , leading a New Democratic Party government . Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington , Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and has been retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute . Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue . Early life and career . Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg , Manitoba . His background is German and Welsh . He graduated from St . Pauls High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre . He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre . Doers work environment was not always safe : he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation , and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion . Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees Association in 1979 , and served in this capacity until 1986 . He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Public and General Employees , served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , and became a governor of the University of Manitoba . In 1983 , he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks . The following year , he openly criticized Dennis McDermotts leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress . Doer first joined the New Democratic Party in the 1970s , and worked for the party in the 1973 provincial election . He discontinued his membership in 1975 to preserve the neutrality of his union , and was later courted by both the New Democrats and Progressive Conservatives to run for public office . He rejoined the NDP in 1986 , and was a candidate in that years provincial election . Cabinet minister . Doer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1986 provincial election for the northeast Winnipeg division of Concordia . He joined the government of Premier Howard Pawley on April 17 , 1986 as Minister of Urban Affairs , and was given additional responsibilities as Minister responsible for the Manitoba Telephone System on December 2 of the same year . Doer ordered a Royal Canadian Mounted Police probe of the MTS soon after his appointment , and worked to reform its practices following a failed investment in Saudi Arabia . He soon developed a reputation as a fixer , working as a trouble-shooter in difficult fields . Doer was given further responsibilities as Minister of Crown Investments on February 5 , 1987 , and was later named as Minister responsible for the Accountability of Crown Corporations ( August 19 , 1987 ) and Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act ( September 21 , 1987 ) . Seen as a rising star in the party , he was sometimes mentioned as a future leader . The Pawley government was sustained by a narrow legislative majority after the 1986 election , and was defeated on March 8 , 1988 when disgruntled backbencher Jim Walding voted with the opposition on a budget non-confidence motion . Pawley resigned as NDP leader the next day , and called a new general election for April 26 . NDP leader . Leadership election . Doer was the first declared candidate in the Manitoba New Democratic Partys 1988 leadership contest . He was supported by cabinet ministers Vic Schroeder , Myrna Phillips , Muriel Smith , Leonard Evans , Jerry Storie and Wilson Parasiuk , and by federal Members of Parliament Rod Murphy and David Orlikow . He also received an endorsement from the Manitoba Federation of Labour . Doer emphasized his experience in managing large organizations , and called for pay equity legislation to be introduced within a year of his election . He narrowly defeated rival candidate Len Harapiak on the third ballot of the partys leadership convention in Winnipeg . He was not sworn in as premier , as the legislature had already been dissolved . Doer became leader of the Manitoba NDP when the party was at a low ebb of popularity . An internal poll before the election showed that they had only 6% popular support , and some NDP workers privately worried that they could lose all of their legislative seats . Many believed Doer was their best hope for a recovery . Support for the NDP increased to 19% during the leadership campaign , and to 23% after Doer was chosen as Pawleys successor . The party nevertheless remained in third place , and faced an uphill struggle in the 1988 election . 1988 election . Doer promised a $58 million tax cut , and opposed the federal governments free trade deal with the United States of America . He indicated that he was open to the possibility of amending the Meech Lake Accord , a federal proposal for constitutional reform . He also promised to build more community health centres , and supported home renovations for senior citizens and the disabled . The NDP won 12 out of 57 seats , while the Progressive Conservatives under Gary Filmon won 25 seats and the Liberals under Sharon Carstairs jumped from one seat to twenty . Doer rejected the possibility of forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and the Progressive Conservatives were able to form a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power . He was not personally blamed for his partys loss , and continued as party leader . The NDP chose not to defeat Filmons government during confidence votes in late 1988 and early 1989 , as Doer argued the public would not support another election so soon . Meech Lake Accord . The dominant political issue in Manitoba between 1988 and 1990 was the Meech Lake Accord , which recognized Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and devolved some powers from the federal government to the provinces . The accord required approval from all ten provincial legislatures to become law . The provincial Liberals initially opposed the accord , which meant that Doers support was necessary for its passage . In November 1988 , Doer indicated that his party would not support the accord unless certain amendments were introduced . He was later appointed to a provincial panel that held a series of public meetings , and recommended significant changes to the deal . The Filmon government also expressed skepticism about the accord , and announced that it too would seek amendments from the federal government . All three Manitoba party leaders agreed to a federally brokered compromise in June 1990 , shortly before the accords official deadline . The accord nonetheless failed to pass in the Manitoba legislature because of a procedural motion from Elijah Harper , a Cree member of the NDP caucus who argued that it did not give fair representation to indigenous Canadians . Doer described Harpers decision as a fundamental issue of conscience , and blamed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for delaying negotiations until the deadline had almost expired . One year later , he indicated that he felt betrayed by federal negotiators , and described the entire Meech Lake process as dishonest from start to finish . 1990 election . In the aftermath of the accords defeat , Filmon called a provincial election for September 11 , 1990 . Doer promised a ten-year freeze on personal income taxes , and argued that the Progressive Conservatives would pursue a hidden right-wing agenda if they won a majority government . He also promised legislation that would make it more difficult for companies based in Manitoba to close down . An early poll showed the NDP in third place with 18% support , well behind the governing Progressive Conservatives and also behind the Liberals . The Liberal campaign faltered , however , and the New Democrats were able to make strong gains in the elections final days , partly buoyed by the unexpected victory of Bob Raes New Democrats in the neighbouring province of Ontario . The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow majority with 30 seats , while the New Democrats won 20 and the Liberals seven . Doer succeeded Carstairs as Leader of the Opposition in the legislature . Leader of the Opposition . First term , 1990–95 . Doer criticized the Filmon governments cutbacks to health and education , and drew attention to the provinces rising unemployment and child poverty rates in the early 1990s . Opposing Filmons austerity measures , he argued it was inappropriate for the government to cut jobs at a time of high unemployment . In 1993 , he opposed the governments decision to end funding for groups such as the Foster Family Association , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Manitoba Anti-Poverty Organization and the Manitoba Environmental Council . Doer announced in late 1992 that his caucus would support the Charlottetown Accord , a comprehensive package on constitutional reform that was introduced by the federal government after the failure of Meech Lake . The Accord was defeated in a national referendum . Doer released an election platform in November 1994 , highlighted by a ten-point preventive health-care program for children and a six-point Manitoba Works plan to reduce unemployment . 1995 election . Doer focused on health issues in the 1995 provincial election . He promised that he would replace walk-in clinics with neighbourhood health organizations , to be staffed with salaried doctors , nurses , midwives and social workers . He pledged to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to reduce prescription drug costs , and to review some of the hundreds of drugs that had been delisted in recent years . He also promised to create a new group of health providers called nurse practitioners , to carry out some doctors responsibilities . On economic issues , Doer promised a balanced budget with no personal or sales tax increases over four years and indicated that he would cut nearly $119 million from government programs to fund health , education , and job creation . An early poll from the Angus Reid firm showed the Progressive Conservatives with 37% support , the Liberals with 35% , and the NDP with 21% . The Liberal campaign faltered once again , however , and a poll released only days before the election showed the NDP had again surpassed the Liberals for second place . The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected with 31 seats , the NDP increased their total to 23 , and the Liberals fell to only three . In the closing days of the campaign , Doer asked the provinces chief electoral officer to investigate reports that three independent candidates from an unregistered party known as Native Voice had received assistance from a Progressive Conservative campaign official . Some believed these candidates would split the progressive-left vote in their ridings , and give the Progressive Conservatives a greater chance of winning . Little was done at the time , but the story emerged as a prominent provincial scandal following an exposé from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in June 1998 . Doer called for an inquiry , which the Filmon government granted ; the presiding officer determined that at least one of the candidates had been illegally induced to run to by a local agents of the Progressive Conservative Party . Second term , 1995–99 . Despite an improving economy , the Filmon governments 1996 budget introduced further cuts to social assistance , health care , and post-secondary and public school education . Doer argued that the cuts were ideological in nature , and not based on financial necessity . The government also introduced legislation permitting unionized workers to shield their dues from being donated to political parties . Doer suggested that corporate shareholders should also be allowed to opt out of party donations . Doer opposed the Filmon governments decision to privatize the Manitoba Telephone System in 1996 , arguing that it would cause Manitobans to lose control over a vital part of their economy . He called for a referendum , which Filmon rejected . Doer nonetheless accepted the finality of the sale , telling party delegates in 1999 that buying back the service would be too expensive and carry too many risks . Doer also opposed the Filmon governments proposal to water-down the single-desk marketing powers of the Canadian Wheat Board . He argued there could be no middle-of-the-road position on the Wheat Board , adding that continued single-desk marketing would be in the economic interests of producers and the economic interests of Winnipeg . Some New Democrats expressed discontent with Doers leadership in late 1997 . Most notably , a group led by policy committee chairman Victor Olson issued a statement on party renewal that was generally interpreted as a challenge to his leadership . This came to nothing , but there was general agreement among party members that Doer would need to win the next election to continue as party leader . 1999 election . In the buildup to the 1999 provincial election , Doer unveiled a platform that called for balanced budgets , debt repayment and a freeze on taxes . He again emphasized health care as a priority , and said that his government would stop the practice of using public monies for politically motivated polls and advertisements . He also expressed concern that the Progressive Conservatives could privatize Manitoba Hydro , and criticized a provincial workfare initiative as giving too much discretionary power to government overseers . The NDP voted to support the Filmon governments 1999 budget , citing the premiers decision to increase health spending with money from a provincial rainy day fund . Doer added that , if elected , his party would replace Filmons budgeted income tax cut with a property tax cut . The NDP entered the 1999 election in a much stronger position than in the three previous campaigns . A poll taken three years earlier had shown the NDP leading the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since the Pawley administration . The Tories regained their lead by 1998 , but fallout from the vote-splitting scandal gave the NDP an 8% lead in a Probe/Free Press poll issued in March 1999 . In this period , many began to regard the NDP as a possible government-in-waiting . Later polls showed the gap between the parties narrowing to a virtual tie . Doer pledged $13 million to shorten health-care waiting times in the 1999 campaign , and said that he would work to end hallway medicine in overcrowded hospitals . He also pledged an additional $2 million to hire more nurses and provide incentives for rural doctors . In education , he promised to cut college and university tuition fees by 10% and to invest $24 million to the provinces three community colleges . On election reform , he promised to ban campaign donations from corporations and unions . Doer also criticized the Filmon governments handling of a contract with Urban Shared Services Corp. , which attempted to save the province money by reheating food for hospitals and seniors homes at a centralized location . The project went well over-budget , and the food was often criticized as inedible . A poll released a week before the election showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied with 42% support , and the election was considered too close to call until the actual day of voting . The NDP ultimately won 32 seats , against 24 for the Progressive Conservatives and only one for the Liberals . A collapse of the Liberal vote worked to the NDPs advantage . Premier . More than eleven years after declining the option , Doer was sworn in as Premier of Manitoba on October 5 , 1999 . He also took the position of Minister of Federal/Provincial Relations . Re-election campaigns . After governing for just under four years , Doer called a new provincial election for June 2003 . He brought forward a five point re-election plan highlighted by promises to reduce property and income taxes , hire more nurses and doctors and make reductions in medical waiting lists , take a cautious approach to managing the economy , and improve the provinces education and law enforcement systems . Many journalists noted similarities to the NDPs 1999 platform . The NDP held a massive lead in the polls throughout the campaign , and most observers agreed that its re-election was a foregone conclusion . Even the Winnipeg Free Press , not traditionally supportive of the NDP , urged voters to re-elect Doers government . The NDP won an increased majority with 49.47% support and 35 of 57 seats , and made inroads into traditionally Progressive Conservative areas of south Winnipeg . Four years later , Doer called an election for May 2007 . The NDP campaign focused on Doers personal popularity and his governments record in office . The party released a seven-point re-election plan , focused on health care , the environment , education , tax cuts , public safety , money for highways , and keeping Manitoba Hydro as a public institution . Doer promised to hire 700 nurses and nurse practitioners , 100 new police officers , 20 new crown prosecutors , and 20 new workplace safety inspectors . He also promised to improve Manitobas record on vehicle emissions , provide tax credits for caregivers , and phase out the provincial small business tax over three years . The NDP was again re-elected with an increased majority , this time taking 36 of 57 seats . Prominent cabinet members . Prominent members of Doers first cabinet included Greg Selinger in Finance , Gord Mackintosh in Justice , David Chomiak in Health and Rosann Wowchuk in Agriculture . Tim Sale replaced Chomiak at Health in October 2004 , and was in turn succeeded by Theresa Oswald in 2006 . Chomiak replaced Mackintosh at Justice in 2006 . Selinger remained as Finance Minister until 2009 , when he succeeded Doer as Premier . Wowchuk remains in Agriculture . Jean Friesen served as Doers Deputy Premier in his first term . She retired in 2003 , and Doer chose Rosann Wowchuk as her replacement . Financial policy . The Doer government has introduced an uninterrupted succession of balanced budgets since its first election in 1999 . These budgets have generally been cautious , and have sought to balance tax concerns with spending increases . Doers first budget , delivered in 2000 , removed 15,000 low-income Manitobans from the tax rolls and introduced $150 million in tax breaks over three years while projecting a $10 million surplus . His 2003 budget , the last of his first term , reduced provincial taxes by $82.7 million and increased spending by about 5% , mostly in health and education . Despite a series of economic setbacks , the government was able to post a balanced budget in 2004 through increased taxes and drug premiums as well as civil service reduction through attrition . Tobacco and liquor taxes were increased and the provincial sales tax expanded to cover more services , although Doer rejected a panel recommendation to increase the sales tax by 1% . The government was able introduce a more expansive budget in 2005 after an infusion of federal revenues , reducing personal and property taxes , increasing spending by 3.5% , and putting $314 million into a rainy day fund . Doers 2006 and 2007 budgets introduced further tax cuts , and the 2007 budget offered increased education spending and a new child benefit to assist low-income families . At the Manitoba NDPs March 2009 convention , Doer announced that Manitoba would continue its commitment to education , training and research despite a global economic downturn and a slowing economy . He argued that the province was still recovering from the Filmon governments spending cuts during the economic downtown of the 1990s , and that his policies would allow Manitoba to emerge from the recession in a strong , competitive position . His government introduced a balanced budget with economic stimulus programs a few weeks later , even as the global recession forced other provincial governments across Canada into deficit . Doer encouraged the Bank of Canada to lower its rates in late 2003 , saying that the rising strength of the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar was causing increased unemployment . He later criticized Bank Governor David Dodge for doing nothing to save Canadian jobs and profits . In early 2008 , he called for a national strategy to offset the disruptions caused by Canadas soaring dollar . In 2004 , provincial Auditor General Jon Singleton argued that Manitoba was actually running a deficit due to costs associated with crown corporations , utilities and arms-length agencies that were not officially counted in the budget . He recommended that Manitoba adopt a system of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Greg Selinger , Doers Finance Minister , noted that the existing rules were set in place by the Filmon government , and indicated that the NDP had included a summary financial statement to its budget including many of the costs Singleton identified . The Doer government nevertheless announced in 2005 that it would adopt GAAP . For the first seven years of his administration , Doer was assisted on financial matters by Eugene Kostyra , a cabinet minister from the Pawley government . Kostyra resigned from his position as secretary of Manitobas Community and Economic Development Committee in late 2006 , and Angela Mathieson was appointed as his replacement . Health . Doer has frequently argued in favour of Canadas public health system . He criticized Albertas plan to introduce more private health provisions in 2002 , and defended the public system as efficient and less expensive . In the same year , he endorsed Roy Romanows assessment that the federal government must play a stronger role in health care to prevent more encroachments by the private system . At a presentation before the Romanow Commission in 2002 , Doer called for the federal government to double its health care commitment . Two years later , he played a significant role in negotiations that saw the federal government contribute $18 billion in new funding to the provinces over six years . The Doer governments first budget included a $135 million increase in health spending , taking total provincial spending to $2.43 billion . In October 2002 , the government announced a long-anticipated $100 million expansion to the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg , with new operating rooms and emergency departments . The government was unable to end hallway medicine in the six-month period it had promised during the 1999 election , and faced the problem of nursing vacancies in the early 2000s . Nevertheless , most observers agreed that the provincial situation improved significantly between 1999 and 2003 . Health spending continued to increase during Doers second term ; a report in December 2004 indicated that Manitobas per capita health spending was the highest in Canada for the seventh continuous year . Doer emerged as a defender of Manitobas burgeoning internet pharmaceutical industry in the mid-2000s . This industry was very popular among American clients , but nonetheless provoked opposition within both countries . In 2004 , Doer accused federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh of capitulating to American interests by agreeing to increased restrictions on the industry . He later argued that the Canadian government could protect its national drug supply and maintain Manitobas pharmaceutical sector simply by banning bulk exports . Doers government introduced a landmark anti-smoking bill in 2004 , banning smoking in all indoor public places and workplaces across the province . Supported by all parties , the legislation was the first of its kind in Canada . It did not cover Manitobans working in federal government buildings or living on First Nations territory , as these were not under provincial jurisdiction . Doer welcomed Prime Minister Paul Martins decision to name Winnipeg as the site of Canadas new public health agency in 2004 . Social policy . The Doer government passed a bill granting full adoption rights to gay and lesbian couples in 2002 . The NDP and Liberals supported the bill , while the Progressive Conservatives voted against it . In 2004 , the federal government announced that it would introduce legislation to permit the legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada . Federal Justice Minister Irwin Cotler initially indicated that civic officials would be allowed to opt out of performing same-sex marriages if the practice offended their beliefs . Doer criticized this , arguing that provincial employees should not be permitted to discriminate . Doer initially declined to express his personal views on the subject , but announced in late 2004 that he supported same-sex marriage as a human right . In April 2005 , Doer signed a $176 million deal with the federal government of Paul Martin to expand the provincial day-care sector . The project was canceled in 2006 by the new Conservative government of Stephen Harper , over Doers objections . Unlike some within the NDP , Doer is personally opposed to the decriminalization of marijuana , which he has said could result in economic difficulties with the United States . As premier , Doer encouraged several Manitoba crown corporations to donate money to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg ; Manitoba Public Insurance , Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Lotteries Corporation and the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission subsequently made donations of one million dollars each . Opposition leader Hugh McFadyen and some journalists questioned Doers involvement in the matter , arguing that he was effectively directing the corporations to make these donations . Education . Doers government cut university tuition by 10% during its first term , and later provided universities with a property tax exemption . It also amalgamated several school divisions prior to the 2002 municipal elections , and began to phase out education property taxes in the same period . In 2006 , the Doer government introduced a proposal for Manitoba university graduates to receive a tuition rebate of up to 60% if they chose to stay and work in the province after graduation . A 2008 Winnipeg Free Press article indicated that Manitoba and Alberta were investing more money in public education per student than all other provinces of Canada . Teachers wages in Manitoba were also noted to be healthy in relation to the average national wage . Agriculture . Shortly after being sworn in as premier , Doer led an all-party delegation to Ottawa to seek a $1.3 billion financial bailout for western farmers to help mitigate an economic downturn in the sector . He was joined by Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow , Progressive Conservative MLA Larry Maguire , and Manitoba Liberal leader Jon Gerrard . The federal government introduced $170 million in funding shortly thereafter , a figure that Doer and Romanow described as heartless . In February 2000 , Romanow and Doer stood with Chrétien to announce their support for a compromise bailout of $400 million . Shortly after his re-election in 2003 , Doer criticized the federal government for failing to respond to an agriculture crisis caused by the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a Canadian cow and the subsequent closure of the American border to beef products produced in Canada . The federal and provincial governments subsequently agreed on a $50 million bailout to the industry . The border was reopened to live cattle in December 2004 . Doer strongly supports the Canadian Wheat Boards policy of single-desk marketing , and has opposed efforts by some on the political right to weaken its status . In late 2006 , Doer accused federal Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl of interfering in the Wheat Boards elections . The Doer government has rejected a return to single-desk hog marketing , which was eliminated during the years of the Filmon government . During its second term , the government supported plans to establish an OlyWest hog processing plant in northeast Winnipeg . This measure was extremely controversial among party members , and area NDP MLAs Daryl Reid and Bidhu Jha indicated that they opposed the measure . In response to criticism , Doer withdrew his support for OlyWest in 2007 . The Doer government introduced a temporary ban on new hog farms throughout most of the province in March 2008 , following the release of a provincial environmental report . Around the same time , Doer announced new funding for waste-water treatment plants that would allow two existing hog-processing plants to expand their operations . Doer is a vocal opponent of the American Country of Origin Labelling initiative , which would require American producers to separate meat from hogs slaughtered in Canada and increase packing and labelling cost . Justice . Doer opposed the Chrétien governments decision to implement a federal gun registry , and his government joined with other provinces to raise a constitutional challenge against the law in 2000 . Doer called for the federal government to strengthen its laws against child pornography in 2002 , after the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that John Robin Sharpes fictional writings involving children met the legal definition of artistic merit . Doer was quoted as saying , We believe that the rights of children should be superior rights in our country to the rights of perverts . The following year , the Manitoba government unveiled a website that included photographs and profiles of high-risk sex offenders . Also in 2002 , Doer argued that persons who kill police officers should spend the rest of their natural lives in jail , without access to Canadas so-called Faint Hope Clause for early release . Three years later , he argued that the provisions of the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act were too lenient . In 2007 , Doer led an all-party task force to Ottawa to seek greater federal penalties for gang-related crime , youth offences and car theft . In 2004 , the Doer government increased funding for the hiring of police officers and Crown prosecutors . Following increased urban violence in 2005 , the province announced funding for 54 more officers . The government also launched an initiative to hire seven recreational directors for inner-city Winnipeg neighbourhoods in 2008 , to provide sports opportunities for youth as an alternative to crime . Doer announced the creation of an all-party task force on security following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The following month , he announced that he would work with the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota for a coordinated security strategy . Doers government tabled legislation in 2009 to provide civilian oversight of police officers in Manitoba , following an inquiry into the death of Crystal Taman . She was killed when her car , stopped for a red light , was struck by off-duty Winnipeg Police constable Derek Harvey-Zinks pickup truck . The Taman Inquirys report strongly criticized the resulting police investigation into the collision , as well as the Doer Governments choice of special prosecutor , Marty Minuk . Environment . Doer has been a strong and consistent supporter of the Kyoto Accord on climate change . In February 2004 , his government signed an agreement with the Chicago Climate Exchange pledging Manitoba to create a trust fund to pay for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2007 , he announced that Manitoba would pursue a plan with other provinces and states to push greenhouse gas emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 . The next year , Doer legislated his provinces commitment to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol by 2012 . Doer announced that Manitoba would increase ethanol production in 2002 , and held consultations on a plan requiring Manitoba drivers to use ethanol-blended gasoline . In October 2002 , the government instructed its provincial fleet drivers to switch to ethanol fuels . These plans stalled due to limited production , but were revived when a new facility was constructed in late 2005 . In March 2004 , the government introduced enabling legislation on water protection , allowing for the introduction of specific regulations on water protection zones , water quality standards , and related matters . Doer signed the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord with seven American governors in November 2007 . The following month , he announced that Manitoba would introduce vehicle emission standards similar to those in California . In late January 2008 , he agreed to a blueprint proposal with the premiers of British Columbia , Ontario and Quebec for a market-based trading system to cut greenhouse gas emissions . He later became an enthusiastic supporter of North American cap and trade programs to reduce energy emissions , while at the same time criticizing the idea of a carbon tax . Doer introduced plans to eliminate coal-burning factories in his 2008 budget . The budget also included a new program for water conservation , and a $7 million fund directed toward climate change issues . He also called for an independent review of the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission in 2008 , arguing that the renewal process for hydroelectric projects was too long . In November 2008 , Doer announced that his government would ban new logging in provincial parks and phase out existing projects . He also announced a ban on plastic shopping bags , and on the use of cellphones while driving . Parents were also forbidden to smoke when children were in the car . The opposition Progressive Conservatives indicated that it would support all of these initiatives . In late 2005 , the American magazine Business Week listed Doer as one of the top twenty international leaders fighting climate change . Aboriginal issues . In November 1999 , Doer appointed a two-person panel to advise his government on implementing the findings of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry , which had been published eight years earlier . In April 2000 , Manitoba took steps to provide indigenous Manitobans with their own child and family-service agencies . Doer convened a provincial summit on aboriginal commerce in November 2004 . He indicated that the summit was intended to showcase successful businesses , and to forge greater links between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities . Doer is a strong supporter of the Kelowna Accord signed in late 2005 by the federal government of Paul Martin , provincial premiers and aboriginal leaders . After the Martin government was defeated in the 2006 federal election and replaced by the government of Stephen Harper , Doer criticized Harpers failure to implement the accord . In late 2008 , the Doer government introduced legislation to give sixteen bands on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg greater authority over the management of their traditional lands . The bill requires that plans for development be approved by both the province and the bands chief , and extends the range of influence well beyond the areas small reserves . Some chiefs in the affected area later objected to the bill on procedural grounds , arguing that they were not properly consulted . Following consultations with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999 , the Doer government established a selection committee to oversee proposals for setting up casinos in Manitoba first nations . The process subsequently became stalled , and only one of the casinos was up and running by 2003 . The government subsequently appointed a panel to review the situation and recommend a change in strategy ; the panel argued that the province should consider creating one large casino , instead of several small on-reserve casinos . A second casino was opened in 2005 , while the larger issue remained unresolved as of 2007 . Energy . Doer has often referred to hydroelectric power as playing a major role in Manitobas long-term economic strategy , and has advocated a national east-west power grid to export Manitobas plentiful hydroelectric power to Ontario and other provinces in Western Canada . Doer announced Manitobas first wind farm project in November 2004 , near the community of St . Leon . This was a private-public partnership arranged between Manitoba Hydro and AirSource Power Fund . It was officially started in April 2005 . In September 2007 , Manitoba Hydro indicated that it would construct a new transmission line to connect north and south Manitoba on the west side of Lake Winnipeg . Hydros initial plan had been to construct the line on the east side , but Doers government rejected this approach , arguing that it would damage pristine boreal forest territories . The local aboriginal community is divided on the issue , with some leaders supporting the governments conservation approach and others arguing that east side construction would help combat poverty in the area . The Progressive Conservative Party has strongly criticized Doers decision . In April 2008 , Manitoba Hydro announced a $2 billion agreement to sell surplus energy to Wisconsin once the construction is complete . Doer asked Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board to provide an analysis of natural gas prices in July 2008 , with the intent of limiting price increases during the winter . He also indicated that his government would intervene to protect consumers from high prices . Finance Minister Greg Selinger later indicated that the government would provide some relief for consumers , but would not use Manitoba Hydros profits to offset rate increases . Labour issues . The Doer government introduced a number of labour reforms early in its first mandate , making it easier for unions to obtain certification and giving employees increased powers to move disputes to binding arbitration . Business leaders opposed the changes , though Doer argued that the bill was far less contentious than opponents made it out to be . In 2004 , Doer rejected a call by party members to introduce legislation that would ban replacement workers in labour disputes . Doers government increased Manitobas minimum wage from $6.00 to $6.25 in November 2000 , and brought in subsequent increases of 25 cents on an annual basis . By April 2005 , the minimum wage had been increased to $7.25 . Some argued that this was still short of a living wage . The minimum wage was increased to $8.50 in 2008 . In 2005 , the Doer government introduced a bill to expand provincial workers compensation coverage . The Doer government announced in late 2007 that temporary foreign workers and modeling agencies would be included under the Employment Standards Act , to prevent worker exploitation . Monsanto . In 1999 , the Manitoba government under NDP leadership , began its ongoing relationship with Monsanto , accepting a 12.5 million dollar agreement to bring in its first development centre . In 2005 , Gary Doer announced a deal to allow Monsanto to build their 42,000 square foot Canadian head office in Manitoba . Doers government introduced a biotechnology training strategy in October 2002 , to address a skilled-worker shortage in the industry . In early 2003 , Doer signed a $160 million deal with the federal government for expansion work on the Red River Floodway . The floodway expansion was described as the largest infrastructure project in Manitoba history , and was started in late 2005 . Doer took part in discussions in 2007-08 with media mogul David Asper and officials from other levels of government , regarding the location of a new stadium for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team . He was skeptical about Aspers initial plan for a stadium in the Polo Park region of Winnipeg , and was more supportive of an abortive plan to construct the stadium in the economically depressed area of Point Douglas . Asper eventually chose site in Fort Garry , next to the University of Manitoba . The deal was finalized in early 2009 , with the province providing $20 million in funding ; provincial officials believe that all but $1 million will be recovered before the stadium opens in 2011 . In September 2008 , Doer and Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced $138 million for a rapid transit plan that will eventually link downtown Winnipeg with the University of Manitoba . In the same month , Doer designated a piece of land in northwest Winnipeg as the site of a future inland port . The area was given the name CentrePort Canada , and its first directors were chosen in December 2008 . Doer announced in February 2009 that his government would spend $1 million on special training for northern Manitoba workers , following a global economic downtown that adversely affected the provinces forestry and mining sectors . Two months later , he joined with the federal government to announce a $40 million investment in a cold weather aerospace engine testing and research facility in Thompson . In early May 2009 , the federal and provincial governments announced $116 million for infrastructure renewal in rural and northern communities . Crocus Investment Fund . In early 2005 , the labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and entered into financial protection . The Doer government was subsequently accused of having ignored signs of trouble at the fund , and of failing to protect the interests of investors . The opposition Progressive Conservatives argued that the government had neglected warnings of financial impropriety , in part because of ideological links between the New Democratic Party and the labour movement . Doer rejected this charge , observing that the fund had been established by the Filmon government in conjunction with labour leaders . He also rejected calls from the opposition for a formal inquiry , and insisted that the province did nothing wrong in the matter . Federal-provincial relations . Doer supported the Chrétien governments Clarity Act legislation , which required that any future negotiations on provincial secession be preceded by a referendum with a clearly defined question . The act was opposed by Quebec nationalists , who regarded it as an infringement on their national sovereignty . In 2004 , Doer criticized new Prime Minister Paul Martin for seeming to undermine the principles of the bill . He also criticized Martins promise to remove the Notwithstanding Clause from the Constitution of Canada in the 2006 federal election . Doer later criticized Martins successor , Stephen Harper , for recognizing the Québécois as a nation within Canada in late 2006 . He was quoted as saying , [ t ] o me , Canada is one nation , one country . I understand Quebec is unique in terms of language , culture and law , but Canada is one country . Notwithstanding this and other criticisms , a May 2008 article in The Globe and Mail newspaper described Doer as one of the few premiers to have a good working relationship with Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Manitoba signed on to the federal governments Building Canada Fund in late 2008 , receiving about $500 million in new infrastructure monies . Following a global economic downturn in late 2008 , Doer called on the federal government to invest in job creation and infrastructure funding . Prime Minister Harper later said that his government would spend more on roads , bridges and other public works . According to journalist Chantal Hébert , Doer played a vital role in convincing other provincial leaders to accept Quebec Premier Jean Charests plan to create the Council of the Federation in 2003 . In 2008-09 , Charest and Doer helped broker an agreement among the premiers to provide for greater labour mobility within Canada . In early 2007 , Doer said that Manitoba would not enter a free trade deal signed between Alberta and British Columbia . He instead called for a national trade accord . Doer met with other western Canadian premiers in June 2009 to introduce a plan for the collective purchase of prescription drugs . The premiers indicated that the plan could save taxpayers millions of dollars . In late 2008 , the federal Liberal and New Democratic parties announced plans to defeat the Conservatives on a motion of no confidence and create a coalition government . The plan was ultimately unsuccessful , and the Conservatives remained in power . Doer did not take a position on the coalition , and instead called for all parties in the House of Commons of Canada to work in a cooperative manner . International relations . Since his first election in 1999 , Doer has been a leading opponent of a water diversion in Devils Lake , North Dakota that many regard as posing a serious environmental threat to Manitoba . In 2005 , the Canadian and American governments reached a non-binding compromise deal on the project that committed both sides to design an advanced filter to prevent environmental disruption . Doer initially described this agreement as a significant improvement over prior arrangements , but later criticized the North Dakota government for starting the water diversion before the deal was finalized . In May 2009 , Doer said that Manitoba would invest more than $10 million in drainage improvements if North Dakota would agree to construct a permanent filter on its Devils Lake output . North Dakota Governor John Hoeven rejected the deal in the same month , arguing that the issues were separate . Doer has led several international trade delegations from Manitoba , including visits to Russia , Germany , Israel , India , China and The Philippines . He also made an historic visit to Iceland in August 2001 ; Manitoba has a large Icelandic population , and Doer was the first Manitoba Premier to make an official visit to the country . Halldór Ásgrímsson , the Prime Minister of Iceland , made a follow-up visit to Manitoba in July 2005 . In May 2008 , Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko made an official visit to Manitoba and addressed the provincial legislature . Doer signed an agreement with the American state of Georgia in 2004 , for increased co-operation between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the National Virology Lab in Winnipeg . In the same year , he signed a memorandum of understanding with Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to create a biomedical corridor for the promotion of research , capital investment and technology development . In early 2005 , Doer and New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord traveled on a trade mission to Texas in what was described as an effort to improve relations between Canada and the United States . Later in the year , Doer and Jean Charest traveled on a trade mission to Mexico . In 2006 , he appeared at a prominent climate change event with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In June 2009 , Doer took part in discussions to create a Western Energy Corridor to allow an easier flow of both renewable energy and fossil fuels among western American states and Canadian provinces . Doer has supported Canadas military mission in Afghanistan , despite skepticism about the purpose of the mission from the federal NDP . He called for Canada to ban donations to Hezbollahs charity wing in 2002 , and endorsed Jean Chrétien governments decision to remain out of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2005 , Doer spoke against the American governments plans to require passports at Canada–US border crossings . He argued that the new expense of travel would create a financial Berlin Wall for some families , and instead proposed a security protocol centred around drivers licenses . In 2007 , North Dakota Governor John Hoeven announced that he was working with Doer to find an alternative approach . In 2008 , Doer argued that Canada should aggressively defend the North American Free Trade Agreement against criticism from American Democratic Party presidential candidates . He later spoke against the United States Congresss planned Buy American legislation during a business trip to Illinois and Texas . Doer signed an agreement in Manila in February 2008 , to permit an easier flow of immigration from The Philippines to Manitoba . Legislative reform . Doers government changed the rules of the legislature in 1999 , to allow the Speaker of the Assembly to be elected by a secret ballot vote of all members . Speakers had previously been appointed by the premier . The Doer government announced election spending reforms in June 2000 , which were highlighted by a ban on political donations by private corporations and organized labour . This measure was opposed by the opposition Progressive Conservatives , and by the right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation . The reforms came into effect in 2001 , and were extended to party leadership contests in June 2002 . Further restrictions were added in 2006 . In June 2009 , Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz spoke against Doers plan to ban union and corporate donations from municipal elections . The Doer government introduced legislation in April 2006 to prevent MLAs from crossing the floor from one party to another . Under the terms of this legislation , MLAs who choose to leave their political party are required to sit as independents until the next election , or to resign and seek re-election for another party . Doer announced plans in early 2008 to create a lobbyist registry for Manitoba , as well as introducing fixed election dates , partial public campaign financing , and restrictions on partisan direct mail flyers sent out by MLAs at public expense . The plan for public campaign financing was later abandoned after public opposition . In 2009 , opposition politicians and some journalists pressured Doer to call a public inquiry into a controversy involving expense claims from the 1999 provincial election . Elections Manitoba had determined that some reimbursement claims filed by the Manitoba NDP were unwarranted ; in late 2003 , the party agreed to repay $76,000 in an out-of-court settlement . Critics have charged a lack of transparency in the process , and have questioned why Elections Manitoba did not lay charges . At least one Winnipeg journalist has compared the matter with an expenses scandal faced by the Conservative Party of Canada following the 2006 federal election . Doer has argued that the matter is settled , and that there is no need for an inquiry . Popularity . Doers government enjoyed an extended honeymoon with voters after the 1999 election . The NDP consistently led all other parties in public opinion polls from 1999 until 2005 , often by wide margins . The partys popularity dipped in late 2005 , damaged somewhat by questions resulting from the failure of the Crocus Investment Fund . Polls taken in December 2005 and March 2006 showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied for support . In July 2006 , the PCs pulled ahead of the NDP for the first time in seven years . The NDP nevertheless recovered to win a convincing majority in the 2007 election , and in July 2008 held a ten-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives in popular support . The PCs posted a surprise lead over the NDP in a December 2008 poll , although some local journalists questioned its accuracy . By April 2009 , the NDP once again held a ten-point lead . Doer was rated as Canadas most popular premier in polls taken in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , scoring a 77% rating in March 2006 . His approval rating was 81% in March 2008 , making him the second most popular Canadian premier after Danny Williams of Newfoundland and Labrador . Retirement . On August 27 , 2009 Doer announced he would not seek re-election in the 2011 election , and on August 28 , 2009 he was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to succeed Michael Wilson as Canadian ambassador to the United States . He was formally sworn into that position on October 19 , 2009 , and on the same day Greg Selinger was sworn in as his replacement as Premier of Manitoba . Doers former constituency assistant Matt Wiebe subsequently won the by-election to succeed Doer as MLA for Concordia on March 2 , 2010 . Federal politics . Doer supported a bid to draft former Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer as a candidate in the federal New Democratic Partys 1989 leadership contest . When Schreyer declined to run , Doer tried to convince Stephen Lewis and then Bob Rae to enter the contest , without success . He eventually supported Audrey McLaughlin , who was elected on the fourth ballot of the partys leadership convention . There was speculation that Doer would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1995 , after McLaughlin announced her resignation . He declined , and instead gave his support to longtime friend Alexa McDonough , whom he nominated at the leadership convention . McDonough was chosen as party leader following the first ballot . Doer opposed the New Politics Initiative in 2001 . In the 2003 leadership election , he supported the leadership campaign of Bill Blaikie , whose federal Winnipeg—Transcona riding overlapped with his own provincial division . Blaikie finished second against Jack Layton . Doer has disagreed with the federal NDP on some issues . He defended CanWest Globals takeover of a part of Conrad Blacks newspaper empire in 2000 , even though the arrangement had been criticized by the federal party . He later called for Svend Robinson to be demoted as Foreign Affairs Critic in 2002 , after Robinson announced his support for the Palestinians in their conflict with Israel ( official NDP policy was that both sides should seek a peace agreement ) . Doer was quoted as saying , Either he represents the party as a foreign affairs critic or hes removed as foreign affairs critic . And I believe he should be removed . He later expressed disappointment that Robinson was allowed to keep his critics role , albeit with a ban against speaking on Middle East issues . Doer published a ten-point proposal for the future of the federal NDP in June 2002 , calling for a focus on health and education as well as fiscal balance , community safety and election finance reform . Doer was considered a possible candidate for the 2012 leadership election , but declined to run . Ideology . Doer is on the centrist wing of the New Democratic Party . He once described his political ideology as follows : Doer endorsed Tony Blairs approach to leading the British Labour Party in 1997 , and his own 1999 election platform was frequently compared with Blairs Third Way of social democracy . Doer has also been compared with former Premier of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow , who also governed from the centrist wing of the party . Former NDP MLA Cy Gonick wrote a critical essay about Doer in 2007 , describing him as a small-l liberal without a socialist bone in his body . Legacy . Manitoba Wildlands director , Gaile Whelan Enns , said He has no real policy legacy . Eric Reder , Manitoba campaign director for the non-profit Wilderness Committee , echoed that assessment . The entirety of his term was incremental—little decisions , Reder said . The Manitoba governments relationship with Monsanto lead to the documentary Seeds of Change , which explored negative aspects of the relationship . Fracking for oil increased dramatically under Doer . Electoral record . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Expenditures refer to candidate election expenses . External links . - Canadainternational.gc.ca , Ambassadors Biography - http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/ordermb10.html

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Which position did Gary Doer hold from Feb 1987 to Aug 1987?

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Gary Doer Gary Albert Doer , ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is a Canadian former politician and diplomat from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . He served as Canadas Ambassador to the United States from October 19 , 2009 to March 3 , 2016 . Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009 , leading a New Democratic Party government . Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington , Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and has been retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute . Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue . Early life and career . Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg , Manitoba . His background is German and Welsh . He graduated from St . Pauls High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre . He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre . Doers work environment was not always safe : he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation , and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion . Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees Association in 1979 , and served in this capacity until 1986 . He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Public and General Employees , served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , and became a governor of the University of Manitoba . In 1983 , he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks . The following year , he openly criticized Dennis McDermotts leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress . Doer first joined the New Democratic Party in the 1970s , and worked for the party in the 1973 provincial election . He discontinued his membership in 1975 to preserve the neutrality of his union , and was later courted by both the New Democrats and Progressive Conservatives to run for public office . He rejoined the NDP in 1986 , and was a candidate in that years provincial election . Cabinet minister . Doer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1986 provincial election for the northeast Winnipeg division of Concordia . He joined the government of Premier Howard Pawley on April 17 , 1986 as Minister of Urban Affairs , and was given additional responsibilities as Minister responsible for the Manitoba Telephone System on December 2 of the same year . Doer ordered a Royal Canadian Mounted Police probe of the MTS soon after his appointment , and worked to reform its practices following a failed investment in Saudi Arabia . He soon developed a reputation as a fixer , working as a trouble-shooter in difficult fields . Doer was given further responsibilities as Minister of Crown Investments on February 5 , 1987 , and was later named as Minister responsible for the Accountability of Crown Corporations ( August 19 , 1987 ) and Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act ( September 21 , 1987 ) . Seen as a rising star in the party , he was sometimes mentioned as a future leader . The Pawley government was sustained by a narrow legislative majority after the 1986 election , and was defeated on March 8 , 1988 when disgruntled backbencher Jim Walding voted with the opposition on a budget non-confidence motion . Pawley resigned as NDP leader the next day , and called a new general election for April 26 . NDP leader . Leadership election . Doer was the first declared candidate in the Manitoba New Democratic Partys 1988 leadership contest . He was supported by cabinet ministers Vic Schroeder , Myrna Phillips , Muriel Smith , Leonard Evans , Jerry Storie and Wilson Parasiuk , and by federal Members of Parliament Rod Murphy and David Orlikow . He also received an endorsement from the Manitoba Federation of Labour . Doer emphasized his experience in managing large organizations , and called for pay equity legislation to be introduced within a year of his election . He narrowly defeated rival candidate Len Harapiak on the third ballot of the partys leadership convention in Winnipeg . He was not sworn in as premier , as the legislature had already been dissolved . Doer became leader of the Manitoba NDP when the party was at a low ebb of popularity . An internal poll before the election showed that they had only 6% popular support , and some NDP workers privately worried that they could lose all of their legislative seats . Many believed Doer was their best hope for a recovery . Support for the NDP increased to 19% during the leadership campaign , and to 23% after Doer was chosen as Pawleys successor . The party nevertheless remained in third place , and faced an uphill struggle in the 1988 election . 1988 election . Doer promised a $58 million tax cut , and opposed the federal governments free trade deal with the United States of America . He indicated that he was open to the possibility of amending the Meech Lake Accord , a federal proposal for constitutional reform . He also promised to build more community health centres , and supported home renovations for senior citizens and the disabled . The NDP won 12 out of 57 seats , while the Progressive Conservatives under Gary Filmon won 25 seats and the Liberals under Sharon Carstairs jumped from one seat to twenty . Doer rejected the possibility of forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and the Progressive Conservatives were able to form a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power . He was not personally blamed for his partys loss , and continued as party leader . The NDP chose not to defeat Filmons government during confidence votes in late 1988 and early 1989 , as Doer argued the public would not support another election so soon . Meech Lake Accord . The dominant political issue in Manitoba between 1988 and 1990 was the Meech Lake Accord , which recognized Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and devolved some powers from the federal government to the provinces . The accord required approval from all ten provincial legislatures to become law . The provincial Liberals initially opposed the accord , which meant that Doers support was necessary for its passage . In November 1988 , Doer indicated that his party would not support the accord unless certain amendments were introduced . He was later appointed to a provincial panel that held a series of public meetings , and recommended significant changes to the deal . The Filmon government also expressed skepticism about the accord , and announced that it too would seek amendments from the federal government . All three Manitoba party leaders agreed to a federally brokered compromise in June 1990 , shortly before the accords official deadline . The accord nonetheless failed to pass in the Manitoba legislature because of a procedural motion from Elijah Harper , a Cree member of the NDP caucus who argued that it did not give fair representation to indigenous Canadians . Doer described Harpers decision as a fundamental issue of conscience , and blamed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for delaying negotiations until the deadline had almost expired . One year later , he indicated that he felt betrayed by federal negotiators , and described the entire Meech Lake process as dishonest from start to finish . 1990 election . In the aftermath of the accords defeat , Filmon called a provincial election for September 11 , 1990 . Doer promised a ten-year freeze on personal income taxes , and argued that the Progressive Conservatives would pursue a hidden right-wing agenda if they won a majority government . He also promised legislation that would make it more difficult for companies based in Manitoba to close down . An early poll showed the NDP in third place with 18% support , well behind the governing Progressive Conservatives and also behind the Liberals . The Liberal campaign faltered , however , and the New Democrats were able to make strong gains in the elections final days , partly buoyed by the unexpected victory of Bob Raes New Democrats in the neighbouring province of Ontario . The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow majority with 30 seats , while the New Democrats won 20 and the Liberals seven . Doer succeeded Carstairs as Leader of the Opposition in the legislature . Leader of the Opposition . First term , 1990–95 . Doer criticized the Filmon governments cutbacks to health and education , and drew attention to the provinces rising unemployment and child poverty rates in the early 1990s . Opposing Filmons austerity measures , he argued it was inappropriate for the government to cut jobs at a time of high unemployment . In 1993 , he opposed the governments decision to end funding for groups such as the Foster Family Association , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Manitoba Anti-Poverty Organization and the Manitoba Environmental Council . Doer announced in late 1992 that his caucus would support the Charlottetown Accord , a comprehensive package on constitutional reform that was introduced by the federal government after the failure of Meech Lake . The Accord was defeated in a national referendum . Doer released an election platform in November 1994 , highlighted by a ten-point preventive health-care program for children and a six-point Manitoba Works plan to reduce unemployment . 1995 election . Doer focused on health issues in the 1995 provincial election . He promised that he would replace walk-in clinics with neighbourhood health organizations , to be staffed with salaried doctors , nurses , midwives and social workers . He pledged to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to reduce prescription drug costs , and to review some of the hundreds of drugs that had been delisted in recent years . He also promised to create a new group of health providers called nurse practitioners , to carry out some doctors responsibilities . On economic issues , Doer promised a balanced budget with no personal or sales tax increases over four years and indicated that he would cut nearly $119 million from government programs to fund health , education , and job creation . An early poll from the Angus Reid firm showed the Progressive Conservatives with 37% support , the Liberals with 35% , and the NDP with 21% . The Liberal campaign faltered once again , however , and a poll released only days before the election showed the NDP had again surpassed the Liberals for second place . The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected with 31 seats , the NDP increased their total to 23 , and the Liberals fell to only three . In the closing days of the campaign , Doer asked the provinces chief electoral officer to investigate reports that three independent candidates from an unregistered party known as Native Voice had received assistance from a Progressive Conservative campaign official . Some believed these candidates would split the progressive-left vote in their ridings , and give the Progressive Conservatives a greater chance of winning . Little was done at the time , but the story emerged as a prominent provincial scandal following an exposé from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in June 1998 . Doer called for an inquiry , which the Filmon government granted ; the presiding officer determined that at least one of the candidates had been illegally induced to run to by a local agents of the Progressive Conservative Party . Second term , 1995–99 . Despite an improving economy , the Filmon governments 1996 budget introduced further cuts to social assistance , health care , and post-secondary and public school education . Doer argued that the cuts were ideological in nature , and not based on financial necessity . The government also introduced legislation permitting unionized workers to shield their dues from being donated to political parties . Doer suggested that corporate shareholders should also be allowed to opt out of party donations . Doer opposed the Filmon governments decision to privatize the Manitoba Telephone System in 1996 , arguing that it would cause Manitobans to lose control over a vital part of their economy . He called for a referendum , which Filmon rejected . Doer nonetheless accepted the finality of the sale , telling party delegates in 1999 that buying back the service would be too expensive and carry too many risks . Doer also opposed the Filmon governments proposal to water-down the single-desk marketing powers of the Canadian Wheat Board . He argued there could be no middle-of-the-road position on the Wheat Board , adding that continued single-desk marketing would be in the economic interests of producers and the economic interests of Winnipeg . Some New Democrats expressed discontent with Doers leadership in late 1997 . Most notably , a group led by policy committee chairman Victor Olson issued a statement on party renewal that was generally interpreted as a challenge to his leadership . This came to nothing , but there was general agreement among party members that Doer would need to win the next election to continue as party leader . 1999 election . In the buildup to the 1999 provincial election , Doer unveiled a platform that called for balanced budgets , debt repayment and a freeze on taxes . He again emphasized health care as a priority , and said that his government would stop the practice of using public monies for politically motivated polls and advertisements . He also expressed concern that the Progressive Conservatives could privatize Manitoba Hydro , and criticized a provincial workfare initiative as giving too much discretionary power to government overseers . The NDP voted to support the Filmon governments 1999 budget , citing the premiers decision to increase health spending with money from a provincial rainy day fund . Doer added that , if elected , his party would replace Filmons budgeted income tax cut with a property tax cut . The NDP entered the 1999 election in a much stronger position than in the three previous campaigns . A poll taken three years earlier had shown the NDP leading the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since the Pawley administration . The Tories regained their lead by 1998 , but fallout from the vote-splitting scandal gave the NDP an 8% lead in a Probe/Free Press poll issued in March 1999 . In this period , many began to regard the NDP as a possible government-in-waiting . Later polls showed the gap between the parties narrowing to a virtual tie . Doer pledged $13 million to shorten health-care waiting times in the 1999 campaign , and said that he would work to end hallway medicine in overcrowded hospitals . He also pledged an additional $2 million to hire more nurses and provide incentives for rural doctors . In education , he promised to cut college and university tuition fees by 10% and to invest $24 million to the provinces three community colleges . On election reform , he promised to ban campaign donations from corporations and unions . Doer also criticized the Filmon governments handling of a contract with Urban Shared Services Corp. , which attempted to save the province money by reheating food for hospitals and seniors homes at a centralized location . The project went well over-budget , and the food was often criticized as inedible . A poll released a week before the election showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied with 42% support , and the election was considered too close to call until the actual day of voting . The NDP ultimately won 32 seats , against 24 for the Progressive Conservatives and only one for the Liberals . A collapse of the Liberal vote worked to the NDPs advantage . Premier . More than eleven years after declining the option , Doer was sworn in as Premier of Manitoba on October 5 , 1999 . He also took the position of Minister of Federal/Provincial Relations . Re-election campaigns . After governing for just under four years , Doer called a new provincial election for June 2003 . He brought forward a five point re-election plan highlighted by promises to reduce property and income taxes , hire more nurses and doctors and make reductions in medical waiting lists , take a cautious approach to managing the economy , and improve the provinces education and law enforcement systems . Many journalists noted similarities to the NDPs 1999 platform . The NDP held a massive lead in the polls throughout the campaign , and most observers agreed that its re-election was a foregone conclusion . Even the Winnipeg Free Press , not traditionally supportive of the NDP , urged voters to re-elect Doers government . The NDP won an increased majority with 49.47% support and 35 of 57 seats , and made inroads into traditionally Progressive Conservative areas of south Winnipeg . Four years later , Doer called an election for May 2007 . The NDP campaign focused on Doers personal popularity and his governments record in office . The party released a seven-point re-election plan , focused on health care , the environment , education , tax cuts , public safety , money for highways , and keeping Manitoba Hydro as a public institution . Doer promised to hire 700 nurses and nurse practitioners , 100 new police officers , 20 new crown prosecutors , and 20 new workplace safety inspectors . He also promised to improve Manitobas record on vehicle emissions , provide tax credits for caregivers , and phase out the provincial small business tax over three years . The NDP was again re-elected with an increased majority , this time taking 36 of 57 seats . Prominent cabinet members . Prominent members of Doers first cabinet included Greg Selinger in Finance , Gord Mackintosh in Justice , David Chomiak in Health and Rosann Wowchuk in Agriculture . Tim Sale replaced Chomiak at Health in October 2004 , and was in turn succeeded by Theresa Oswald in 2006 . Chomiak replaced Mackintosh at Justice in 2006 . Selinger remained as Finance Minister until 2009 , when he succeeded Doer as Premier . Wowchuk remains in Agriculture . Jean Friesen served as Doers Deputy Premier in his first term . She retired in 2003 , and Doer chose Rosann Wowchuk as her replacement . Financial policy . The Doer government has introduced an uninterrupted succession of balanced budgets since its first election in 1999 . These budgets have generally been cautious , and have sought to balance tax concerns with spending increases . Doers first budget , delivered in 2000 , removed 15,000 low-income Manitobans from the tax rolls and introduced $150 million in tax breaks over three years while projecting a $10 million surplus . His 2003 budget , the last of his first term , reduced provincial taxes by $82.7 million and increased spending by about 5% , mostly in health and education . Despite a series of economic setbacks , the government was able to post a balanced budget in 2004 through increased taxes and drug premiums as well as civil service reduction through attrition . Tobacco and liquor taxes were increased and the provincial sales tax expanded to cover more services , although Doer rejected a panel recommendation to increase the sales tax by 1% . The government was able introduce a more expansive budget in 2005 after an infusion of federal revenues , reducing personal and property taxes , increasing spending by 3.5% , and putting $314 million into a rainy day fund . Doers 2006 and 2007 budgets introduced further tax cuts , and the 2007 budget offered increased education spending and a new child benefit to assist low-income families . At the Manitoba NDPs March 2009 convention , Doer announced that Manitoba would continue its commitment to education , training and research despite a global economic downturn and a slowing economy . He argued that the province was still recovering from the Filmon governments spending cuts during the economic downtown of the 1990s , and that his policies would allow Manitoba to emerge from the recession in a strong , competitive position . His government introduced a balanced budget with economic stimulus programs a few weeks later , even as the global recession forced other provincial governments across Canada into deficit . Doer encouraged the Bank of Canada to lower its rates in late 2003 , saying that the rising strength of the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar was causing increased unemployment . He later criticized Bank Governor David Dodge for doing nothing to save Canadian jobs and profits . In early 2008 , he called for a national strategy to offset the disruptions caused by Canadas soaring dollar . In 2004 , provincial Auditor General Jon Singleton argued that Manitoba was actually running a deficit due to costs associated with crown corporations , utilities and arms-length agencies that were not officially counted in the budget . He recommended that Manitoba adopt a system of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Greg Selinger , Doers Finance Minister , noted that the existing rules were set in place by the Filmon government , and indicated that the NDP had included a summary financial statement to its budget including many of the costs Singleton identified . The Doer government nevertheless announced in 2005 that it would adopt GAAP . For the first seven years of his administration , Doer was assisted on financial matters by Eugene Kostyra , a cabinet minister from the Pawley government . Kostyra resigned from his position as secretary of Manitobas Community and Economic Development Committee in late 2006 , and Angela Mathieson was appointed as his replacement . Health . Doer has frequently argued in favour of Canadas public health system . He criticized Albertas plan to introduce more private health provisions in 2002 , and defended the public system as efficient and less expensive . In the same year , he endorsed Roy Romanows assessment that the federal government must play a stronger role in health care to prevent more encroachments by the private system . At a presentation before the Romanow Commission in 2002 , Doer called for the federal government to double its health care commitment . Two years later , he played a significant role in negotiations that saw the federal government contribute $18 billion in new funding to the provinces over six years . The Doer governments first budget included a $135 million increase in health spending , taking total provincial spending to $2.43 billion . In October 2002 , the government announced a long-anticipated $100 million expansion to the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg , with new operating rooms and emergency departments . The government was unable to end hallway medicine in the six-month period it had promised during the 1999 election , and faced the problem of nursing vacancies in the early 2000s . Nevertheless , most observers agreed that the provincial situation improved significantly between 1999 and 2003 . Health spending continued to increase during Doers second term ; a report in December 2004 indicated that Manitobas per capita health spending was the highest in Canada for the seventh continuous year . Doer emerged as a defender of Manitobas burgeoning internet pharmaceutical industry in the mid-2000s . This industry was very popular among American clients , but nonetheless provoked opposition within both countries . In 2004 , Doer accused federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh of capitulating to American interests by agreeing to increased restrictions on the industry . He later argued that the Canadian government could protect its national drug supply and maintain Manitobas pharmaceutical sector simply by banning bulk exports . Doers government introduced a landmark anti-smoking bill in 2004 , banning smoking in all indoor public places and workplaces across the province . Supported by all parties , the legislation was the first of its kind in Canada . It did not cover Manitobans working in federal government buildings or living on First Nations territory , as these were not under provincial jurisdiction . Doer welcomed Prime Minister Paul Martins decision to name Winnipeg as the site of Canadas new public health agency in 2004 . Social policy . The Doer government passed a bill granting full adoption rights to gay and lesbian couples in 2002 . The NDP and Liberals supported the bill , while the Progressive Conservatives voted against it . In 2004 , the federal government announced that it would introduce legislation to permit the legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada . Federal Justice Minister Irwin Cotler initially indicated that civic officials would be allowed to opt out of performing same-sex marriages if the practice offended their beliefs . Doer criticized this , arguing that provincial employees should not be permitted to discriminate . Doer initially declined to express his personal views on the subject , but announced in late 2004 that he supported same-sex marriage as a human right . In April 2005 , Doer signed a $176 million deal with the federal government of Paul Martin to expand the provincial day-care sector . The project was canceled in 2006 by the new Conservative government of Stephen Harper , over Doers objections . Unlike some within the NDP , Doer is personally opposed to the decriminalization of marijuana , which he has said could result in economic difficulties with the United States . As premier , Doer encouraged several Manitoba crown corporations to donate money to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg ; Manitoba Public Insurance , Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Lotteries Corporation and the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission subsequently made donations of one million dollars each . Opposition leader Hugh McFadyen and some journalists questioned Doers involvement in the matter , arguing that he was effectively directing the corporations to make these donations . Education . Doers government cut university tuition by 10% during its first term , and later provided universities with a property tax exemption . It also amalgamated several school divisions prior to the 2002 municipal elections , and began to phase out education property taxes in the same period . In 2006 , the Doer government introduced a proposal for Manitoba university graduates to receive a tuition rebate of up to 60% if they chose to stay and work in the province after graduation . A 2008 Winnipeg Free Press article indicated that Manitoba and Alberta were investing more money in public education per student than all other provinces of Canada . Teachers wages in Manitoba were also noted to be healthy in relation to the average national wage . Agriculture . Shortly after being sworn in as premier , Doer led an all-party delegation to Ottawa to seek a $1.3 billion financial bailout for western farmers to help mitigate an economic downturn in the sector . He was joined by Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow , Progressive Conservative MLA Larry Maguire , and Manitoba Liberal leader Jon Gerrard . The federal government introduced $170 million in funding shortly thereafter , a figure that Doer and Romanow described as heartless . In February 2000 , Romanow and Doer stood with Chrétien to announce their support for a compromise bailout of $400 million . Shortly after his re-election in 2003 , Doer criticized the federal government for failing to respond to an agriculture crisis caused by the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a Canadian cow and the subsequent closure of the American border to beef products produced in Canada . The federal and provincial governments subsequently agreed on a $50 million bailout to the industry . The border was reopened to live cattle in December 2004 . Doer strongly supports the Canadian Wheat Boards policy of single-desk marketing , and has opposed efforts by some on the political right to weaken its status . In late 2006 , Doer accused federal Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl of interfering in the Wheat Boards elections . The Doer government has rejected a return to single-desk hog marketing , which was eliminated during the years of the Filmon government . During its second term , the government supported plans to establish an OlyWest hog processing plant in northeast Winnipeg . This measure was extremely controversial among party members , and area NDP MLAs Daryl Reid and Bidhu Jha indicated that they opposed the measure . In response to criticism , Doer withdrew his support for OlyWest in 2007 . The Doer government introduced a temporary ban on new hog farms throughout most of the province in March 2008 , following the release of a provincial environmental report . Around the same time , Doer announced new funding for waste-water treatment plants that would allow two existing hog-processing plants to expand their operations . Doer is a vocal opponent of the American Country of Origin Labelling initiative , which would require American producers to separate meat from hogs slaughtered in Canada and increase packing and labelling cost . Justice . Doer opposed the Chrétien governments decision to implement a federal gun registry , and his government joined with other provinces to raise a constitutional challenge against the law in 2000 . Doer called for the federal government to strengthen its laws against child pornography in 2002 , after the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that John Robin Sharpes fictional writings involving children met the legal definition of artistic merit . Doer was quoted as saying , We believe that the rights of children should be superior rights in our country to the rights of perverts . The following year , the Manitoba government unveiled a website that included photographs and profiles of high-risk sex offenders . Also in 2002 , Doer argued that persons who kill police officers should spend the rest of their natural lives in jail , without access to Canadas so-called Faint Hope Clause for early release . Three years later , he argued that the provisions of the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act were too lenient . In 2007 , Doer led an all-party task force to Ottawa to seek greater federal penalties for gang-related crime , youth offences and car theft . In 2004 , the Doer government increased funding for the hiring of police officers and Crown prosecutors . Following increased urban violence in 2005 , the province announced funding for 54 more officers . The government also launched an initiative to hire seven recreational directors for inner-city Winnipeg neighbourhoods in 2008 , to provide sports opportunities for youth as an alternative to crime . Doer announced the creation of an all-party task force on security following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The following month , he announced that he would work with the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota for a coordinated security strategy . Doers government tabled legislation in 2009 to provide civilian oversight of police officers in Manitoba , following an inquiry into the death of Crystal Taman . She was killed when her car , stopped for a red light , was struck by off-duty Winnipeg Police constable Derek Harvey-Zinks pickup truck . The Taman Inquirys report strongly criticized the resulting police investigation into the collision , as well as the Doer Governments choice of special prosecutor , Marty Minuk . Environment . Doer has been a strong and consistent supporter of the Kyoto Accord on climate change . In February 2004 , his government signed an agreement with the Chicago Climate Exchange pledging Manitoba to create a trust fund to pay for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2007 , he announced that Manitoba would pursue a plan with other provinces and states to push greenhouse gas emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 . The next year , Doer legislated his provinces commitment to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol by 2012 . Doer announced that Manitoba would increase ethanol production in 2002 , and held consultations on a plan requiring Manitoba drivers to use ethanol-blended gasoline . In October 2002 , the government instructed its provincial fleet drivers to switch to ethanol fuels . These plans stalled due to limited production , but were revived when a new facility was constructed in late 2005 . In March 2004 , the government introduced enabling legislation on water protection , allowing for the introduction of specific regulations on water protection zones , water quality standards , and related matters . Doer signed the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord with seven American governors in November 2007 . The following month , he announced that Manitoba would introduce vehicle emission standards similar to those in California . In late January 2008 , he agreed to a blueprint proposal with the premiers of British Columbia , Ontario and Quebec for a market-based trading system to cut greenhouse gas emissions . He later became an enthusiastic supporter of North American cap and trade programs to reduce energy emissions , while at the same time criticizing the idea of a carbon tax . Doer introduced plans to eliminate coal-burning factories in his 2008 budget . The budget also included a new program for water conservation , and a $7 million fund directed toward climate change issues . He also called for an independent review of the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission in 2008 , arguing that the renewal process for hydroelectric projects was too long . In November 2008 , Doer announced that his government would ban new logging in provincial parks and phase out existing projects . He also announced a ban on plastic shopping bags , and on the use of cellphones while driving . Parents were also forbidden to smoke when children were in the car . The opposition Progressive Conservatives indicated that it would support all of these initiatives . In late 2005 , the American magazine Business Week listed Doer as one of the top twenty international leaders fighting climate change . Aboriginal issues . In November 1999 , Doer appointed a two-person panel to advise his government on implementing the findings of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry , which had been published eight years earlier . In April 2000 , Manitoba took steps to provide indigenous Manitobans with their own child and family-service agencies . Doer convened a provincial summit on aboriginal commerce in November 2004 . He indicated that the summit was intended to showcase successful businesses , and to forge greater links between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities . Doer is a strong supporter of the Kelowna Accord signed in late 2005 by the federal government of Paul Martin , provincial premiers and aboriginal leaders . After the Martin government was defeated in the 2006 federal election and replaced by the government of Stephen Harper , Doer criticized Harpers failure to implement the accord . In late 2008 , the Doer government introduced legislation to give sixteen bands on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg greater authority over the management of their traditional lands . The bill requires that plans for development be approved by both the province and the bands chief , and extends the range of influence well beyond the areas small reserves . Some chiefs in the affected area later objected to the bill on procedural grounds , arguing that they were not properly consulted . Following consultations with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999 , the Doer government established a selection committee to oversee proposals for setting up casinos in Manitoba first nations . The process subsequently became stalled , and only one of the casinos was up and running by 2003 . The government subsequently appointed a panel to review the situation and recommend a change in strategy ; the panel argued that the province should consider creating one large casino , instead of several small on-reserve casinos . A second casino was opened in 2005 , while the larger issue remained unresolved as of 2007 . Energy . Doer has often referred to hydroelectric power as playing a major role in Manitobas long-term economic strategy , and has advocated a national east-west power grid to export Manitobas plentiful hydroelectric power to Ontario and other provinces in Western Canada . Doer announced Manitobas first wind farm project in November 2004 , near the community of St . Leon . This was a private-public partnership arranged between Manitoba Hydro and AirSource Power Fund . It was officially started in April 2005 . In September 2007 , Manitoba Hydro indicated that it would construct a new transmission line to connect north and south Manitoba on the west side of Lake Winnipeg . Hydros initial plan had been to construct the line on the east side , but Doers government rejected this approach , arguing that it would damage pristine boreal forest territories . The local aboriginal community is divided on the issue , with some leaders supporting the governments conservation approach and others arguing that east side construction would help combat poverty in the area . The Progressive Conservative Party has strongly criticized Doers decision . In April 2008 , Manitoba Hydro announced a $2 billion agreement to sell surplus energy to Wisconsin once the construction is complete . Doer asked Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board to provide an analysis of natural gas prices in July 2008 , with the intent of limiting price increases during the winter . He also indicated that his government would intervene to protect consumers from high prices . Finance Minister Greg Selinger later indicated that the government would provide some relief for consumers , but would not use Manitoba Hydros profits to offset rate increases . Labour issues . The Doer government introduced a number of labour reforms early in its first mandate , making it easier for unions to obtain certification and giving employees increased powers to move disputes to binding arbitration . Business leaders opposed the changes , though Doer argued that the bill was far less contentious than opponents made it out to be . In 2004 , Doer rejected a call by party members to introduce legislation that would ban replacement workers in labour disputes . Doers government increased Manitobas minimum wage from $6.00 to $6.25 in November 2000 , and brought in subsequent increases of 25 cents on an annual basis . By April 2005 , the minimum wage had been increased to $7.25 . Some argued that this was still short of a living wage . The minimum wage was increased to $8.50 in 2008 . In 2005 , the Doer government introduced a bill to expand provincial workers compensation coverage . The Doer government announced in late 2007 that temporary foreign workers and modeling agencies would be included under the Employment Standards Act , to prevent worker exploitation . Monsanto . In 1999 , the Manitoba government under NDP leadership , began its ongoing relationship with Monsanto , accepting a 12.5 million dollar agreement to bring in its first development centre . In 2005 , Gary Doer announced a deal to allow Monsanto to build their 42,000 square foot Canadian head office in Manitoba . Doers government introduced a biotechnology training strategy in October 2002 , to address a skilled-worker shortage in the industry . In early 2003 , Doer signed a $160 million deal with the federal government for expansion work on the Red River Floodway . The floodway expansion was described as the largest infrastructure project in Manitoba history , and was started in late 2005 . Doer took part in discussions in 2007-08 with media mogul David Asper and officials from other levels of government , regarding the location of a new stadium for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team . He was skeptical about Aspers initial plan for a stadium in the Polo Park region of Winnipeg , and was more supportive of an abortive plan to construct the stadium in the economically depressed area of Point Douglas . Asper eventually chose site in Fort Garry , next to the University of Manitoba . The deal was finalized in early 2009 , with the province providing $20 million in funding ; provincial officials believe that all but $1 million will be recovered before the stadium opens in 2011 . In September 2008 , Doer and Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced $138 million for a rapid transit plan that will eventually link downtown Winnipeg with the University of Manitoba . In the same month , Doer designated a piece of land in northwest Winnipeg as the site of a future inland port . The area was given the name CentrePort Canada , and its first directors were chosen in December 2008 . Doer announced in February 2009 that his government would spend $1 million on special training for northern Manitoba workers , following a global economic downtown that adversely affected the provinces forestry and mining sectors . Two months later , he joined with the federal government to announce a $40 million investment in a cold weather aerospace engine testing and research facility in Thompson . In early May 2009 , the federal and provincial governments announced $116 million for infrastructure renewal in rural and northern communities . Crocus Investment Fund . In early 2005 , the labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and entered into financial protection . The Doer government was subsequently accused of having ignored signs of trouble at the fund , and of failing to protect the interests of investors . The opposition Progressive Conservatives argued that the government had neglected warnings of financial impropriety , in part because of ideological links between the New Democratic Party and the labour movement . Doer rejected this charge , observing that the fund had been established by the Filmon government in conjunction with labour leaders . He also rejected calls from the opposition for a formal inquiry , and insisted that the province did nothing wrong in the matter . Federal-provincial relations . Doer supported the Chrétien governments Clarity Act legislation , which required that any future negotiations on provincial secession be preceded by a referendum with a clearly defined question . The act was opposed by Quebec nationalists , who regarded it as an infringement on their national sovereignty . In 2004 , Doer criticized new Prime Minister Paul Martin for seeming to undermine the principles of the bill . He also criticized Martins promise to remove the Notwithstanding Clause from the Constitution of Canada in the 2006 federal election . Doer later criticized Martins successor , Stephen Harper , for recognizing the Québécois as a nation within Canada in late 2006 . He was quoted as saying , [ t ] o me , Canada is one nation , one country . I understand Quebec is unique in terms of language , culture and law , but Canada is one country . Notwithstanding this and other criticisms , a May 2008 article in The Globe and Mail newspaper described Doer as one of the few premiers to have a good working relationship with Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Manitoba signed on to the federal governments Building Canada Fund in late 2008 , receiving about $500 million in new infrastructure monies . Following a global economic downturn in late 2008 , Doer called on the federal government to invest in job creation and infrastructure funding . Prime Minister Harper later said that his government would spend more on roads , bridges and other public works . According to journalist Chantal Hébert , Doer played a vital role in convincing other provincial leaders to accept Quebec Premier Jean Charests plan to create the Council of the Federation in 2003 . In 2008-09 , Charest and Doer helped broker an agreement among the premiers to provide for greater labour mobility within Canada . In early 2007 , Doer said that Manitoba would not enter a free trade deal signed between Alberta and British Columbia . He instead called for a national trade accord . Doer met with other western Canadian premiers in June 2009 to introduce a plan for the collective purchase of prescription drugs . The premiers indicated that the plan could save taxpayers millions of dollars . In late 2008 , the federal Liberal and New Democratic parties announced plans to defeat the Conservatives on a motion of no confidence and create a coalition government . The plan was ultimately unsuccessful , and the Conservatives remained in power . Doer did not take a position on the coalition , and instead called for all parties in the House of Commons of Canada to work in a cooperative manner . International relations . Since his first election in 1999 , Doer has been a leading opponent of a water diversion in Devils Lake , North Dakota that many regard as posing a serious environmental threat to Manitoba . In 2005 , the Canadian and American governments reached a non-binding compromise deal on the project that committed both sides to design an advanced filter to prevent environmental disruption . Doer initially described this agreement as a significant improvement over prior arrangements , but later criticized the North Dakota government for starting the water diversion before the deal was finalized . In May 2009 , Doer said that Manitoba would invest more than $10 million in drainage improvements if North Dakota would agree to construct a permanent filter on its Devils Lake output . North Dakota Governor John Hoeven rejected the deal in the same month , arguing that the issues were separate . Doer has led several international trade delegations from Manitoba , including visits to Russia , Germany , Israel , India , China and The Philippines . He also made an historic visit to Iceland in August 2001 ; Manitoba has a large Icelandic population , and Doer was the first Manitoba Premier to make an official visit to the country . Halldór Ásgrímsson , the Prime Minister of Iceland , made a follow-up visit to Manitoba in July 2005 . In May 2008 , Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko made an official visit to Manitoba and addressed the provincial legislature . Doer signed an agreement with the American state of Georgia in 2004 , for increased co-operation between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the National Virology Lab in Winnipeg . In the same year , he signed a memorandum of understanding with Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to create a biomedical corridor for the promotion of research , capital investment and technology development . In early 2005 , Doer and New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord traveled on a trade mission to Texas in what was described as an effort to improve relations between Canada and the United States . Later in the year , Doer and Jean Charest traveled on a trade mission to Mexico . In 2006 , he appeared at a prominent climate change event with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In June 2009 , Doer took part in discussions to create a Western Energy Corridor to allow an easier flow of both renewable energy and fossil fuels among western American states and Canadian provinces . Doer has supported Canadas military mission in Afghanistan , despite skepticism about the purpose of the mission from the federal NDP . He called for Canada to ban donations to Hezbollahs charity wing in 2002 , and endorsed Jean Chrétien governments decision to remain out of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2005 , Doer spoke against the American governments plans to require passports at Canada–US border crossings . He argued that the new expense of travel would create a financial Berlin Wall for some families , and instead proposed a security protocol centred around drivers licenses . In 2007 , North Dakota Governor John Hoeven announced that he was working with Doer to find an alternative approach . In 2008 , Doer argued that Canada should aggressively defend the North American Free Trade Agreement against criticism from American Democratic Party presidential candidates . He later spoke against the United States Congresss planned Buy American legislation during a business trip to Illinois and Texas . Doer signed an agreement in Manila in February 2008 , to permit an easier flow of immigration from The Philippines to Manitoba . Legislative reform . Doers government changed the rules of the legislature in 1999 , to allow the Speaker of the Assembly to be elected by a secret ballot vote of all members . Speakers had previously been appointed by the premier . The Doer government announced election spending reforms in June 2000 , which were highlighted by a ban on political donations by private corporations and organized labour . This measure was opposed by the opposition Progressive Conservatives , and by the right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation . The reforms came into effect in 2001 , and were extended to party leadership contests in June 2002 . Further restrictions were added in 2006 . In June 2009 , Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz spoke against Doers plan to ban union and corporate donations from municipal elections . The Doer government introduced legislation in April 2006 to prevent MLAs from crossing the floor from one party to another . Under the terms of this legislation , MLAs who choose to leave their political party are required to sit as independents until the next election , or to resign and seek re-election for another party . Doer announced plans in early 2008 to create a lobbyist registry for Manitoba , as well as introducing fixed election dates , partial public campaign financing , and restrictions on partisan direct mail flyers sent out by MLAs at public expense . The plan for public campaign financing was later abandoned after public opposition . In 2009 , opposition politicians and some journalists pressured Doer to call a public inquiry into a controversy involving expense claims from the 1999 provincial election . Elections Manitoba had determined that some reimbursement claims filed by the Manitoba NDP were unwarranted ; in late 2003 , the party agreed to repay $76,000 in an out-of-court settlement . Critics have charged a lack of transparency in the process , and have questioned why Elections Manitoba did not lay charges . At least one Winnipeg journalist has compared the matter with an expenses scandal faced by the Conservative Party of Canada following the 2006 federal election . Doer has argued that the matter is settled , and that there is no need for an inquiry . Popularity . Doers government enjoyed an extended honeymoon with voters after the 1999 election . The NDP consistently led all other parties in public opinion polls from 1999 until 2005 , often by wide margins . The partys popularity dipped in late 2005 , damaged somewhat by questions resulting from the failure of the Crocus Investment Fund . Polls taken in December 2005 and March 2006 showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied for support . In July 2006 , the PCs pulled ahead of the NDP for the first time in seven years . The NDP nevertheless recovered to win a convincing majority in the 2007 election , and in July 2008 held a ten-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives in popular support . The PCs posted a surprise lead over the NDP in a December 2008 poll , although some local journalists questioned its accuracy . By April 2009 , the NDP once again held a ten-point lead . Doer was rated as Canadas most popular premier in polls taken in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , scoring a 77% rating in March 2006 . His approval rating was 81% in March 2008 , making him the second most popular Canadian premier after Danny Williams of Newfoundland and Labrador . Retirement . On August 27 , 2009 Doer announced he would not seek re-election in the 2011 election , and on August 28 , 2009 he was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to succeed Michael Wilson as Canadian ambassador to the United States . He was formally sworn into that position on October 19 , 2009 , and on the same day Greg Selinger was sworn in as his replacement as Premier of Manitoba . Doers former constituency assistant Matt Wiebe subsequently won the by-election to succeed Doer as MLA for Concordia on March 2 , 2010 . Federal politics . Doer supported a bid to draft former Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer as a candidate in the federal New Democratic Partys 1989 leadership contest . When Schreyer declined to run , Doer tried to convince Stephen Lewis and then Bob Rae to enter the contest , without success . He eventually supported Audrey McLaughlin , who was elected on the fourth ballot of the partys leadership convention . There was speculation that Doer would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1995 , after McLaughlin announced her resignation . He declined , and instead gave his support to longtime friend Alexa McDonough , whom he nominated at the leadership convention . McDonough was chosen as party leader following the first ballot . Doer opposed the New Politics Initiative in 2001 . In the 2003 leadership election , he supported the leadership campaign of Bill Blaikie , whose federal Winnipeg—Transcona riding overlapped with his own provincial division . Blaikie finished second against Jack Layton . Doer has disagreed with the federal NDP on some issues . He defended CanWest Globals takeover of a part of Conrad Blacks newspaper empire in 2000 , even though the arrangement had been criticized by the federal party . He later called for Svend Robinson to be demoted as Foreign Affairs Critic in 2002 , after Robinson announced his support for the Palestinians in their conflict with Israel ( official NDP policy was that both sides should seek a peace agreement ) . Doer was quoted as saying , Either he represents the party as a foreign affairs critic or hes removed as foreign affairs critic . And I believe he should be removed . He later expressed disappointment that Robinson was allowed to keep his critics role , albeit with a ban against speaking on Middle East issues . Doer published a ten-point proposal for the future of the federal NDP in June 2002 , calling for a focus on health and education as well as fiscal balance , community safety and election finance reform . Doer was considered a possible candidate for the 2012 leadership election , but declined to run . Ideology . Doer is on the centrist wing of the New Democratic Party . He once described his political ideology as follows : Doer endorsed Tony Blairs approach to leading the British Labour Party in 1997 , and his own 1999 election platform was frequently compared with Blairs Third Way of social democracy . Doer has also been compared with former Premier of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow , who also governed from the centrist wing of the party . Former NDP MLA Cy Gonick wrote a critical essay about Doer in 2007 , describing him as a small-l liberal without a socialist bone in his body . Legacy . Manitoba Wildlands director , Gaile Whelan Enns , said He has no real policy legacy . Eric Reder , Manitoba campaign director for the non-profit Wilderness Committee , echoed that assessment . The entirety of his term was incremental—little decisions , Reder said . The Manitoba governments relationship with Monsanto lead to the documentary Seeds of Change , which explored negative aspects of the relationship . Fracking for oil increased dramatically under Doer . Electoral record . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Expenditures refer to candidate election expenses . External links . - Canadainternational.gc.ca , Ambassadors Biography - http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/ordermb10.html

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What position did Gary Doer take in Aug 1987?

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Gary Doer Gary Albert Doer , ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is a Canadian former politician and diplomat from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . He served as Canadas Ambassador to the United States from October 19 , 2009 to March 3 , 2016 . Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009 , leading a New Democratic Party government . Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington , Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and has been retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute . Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue . Early life and career . Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg , Manitoba . His background is German and Welsh . He graduated from St . Pauls High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre . He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre . Doers work environment was not always safe : he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation , and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion . Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees Association in 1979 , and served in this capacity until 1986 . He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Public and General Employees , served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , and became a governor of the University of Manitoba . In 1983 , he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks . The following year , he openly criticized Dennis McDermotts leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress . Doer first joined the New Democratic Party in the 1970s , and worked for the party in the 1973 provincial election . He discontinued his membership in 1975 to preserve the neutrality of his union , and was later courted by both the New Democrats and Progressive Conservatives to run for public office . He rejoined the NDP in 1986 , and was a candidate in that years provincial election . Cabinet minister . Doer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1986 provincial election for the northeast Winnipeg division of Concordia . He joined the government of Premier Howard Pawley on April 17 , 1986 as Minister of Urban Affairs , and was given additional responsibilities as Minister responsible for the Manitoba Telephone System on December 2 of the same year . Doer ordered a Royal Canadian Mounted Police probe of the MTS soon after his appointment , and worked to reform its practices following a failed investment in Saudi Arabia . He soon developed a reputation as a fixer , working as a trouble-shooter in difficult fields . Doer was given further responsibilities as Minister of Crown Investments on February 5 , 1987 , and was later named as Minister responsible for the Accountability of Crown Corporations ( August 19 , 1987 ) and Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act ( September 21 , 1987 ) . Seen as a rising star in the party , he was sometimes mentioned as a future leader . The Pawley government was sustained by a narrow legislative majority after the 1986 election , and was defeated on March 8 , 1988 when disgruntled backbencher Jim Walding voted with the opposition on a budget non-confidence motion . Pawley resigned as NDP leader the next day , and called a new general election for April 26 . NDP leader . Leadership election . Doer was the first declared candidate in the Manitoba New Democratic Partys 1988 leadership contest . He was supported by cabinet ministers Vic Schroeder , Myrna Phillips , Muriel Smith , Leonard Evans , Jerry Storie and Wilson Parasiuk , and by federal Members of Parliament Rod Murphy and David Orlikow . He also received an endorsement from the Manitoba Federation of Labour . Doer emphasized his experience in managing large organizations , and called for pay equity legislation to be introduced within a year of his election . He narrowly defeated rival candidate Len Harapiak on the third ballot of the partys leadership convention in Winnipeg . He was not sworn in as premier , as the legislature had already been dissolved . Doer became leader of the Manitoba NDP when the party was at a low ebb of popularity . An internal poll before the election showed that they had only 6% popular support , and some NDP workers privately worried that they could lose all of their legislative seats . Many believed Doer was their best hope for a recovery . Support for the NDP increased to 19% during the leadership campaign , and to 23% after Doer was chosen as Pawleys successor . The party nevertheless remained in third place , and faced an uphill struggle in the 1988 election . 1988 election . Doer promised a $58 million tax cut , and opposed the federal governments free trade deal with the United States of America . He indicated that he was open to the possibility of amending the Meech Lake Accord , a federal proposal for constitutional reform . He also promised to build more community health centres , and supported home renovations for senior citizens and the disabled . The NDP won 12 out of 57 seats , while the Progressive Conservatives under Gary Filmon won 25 seats and the Liberals under Sharon Carstairs jumped from one seat to twenty . Doer rejected the possibility of forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and the Progressive Conservatives were able to form a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power . He was not personally blamed for his partys loss , and continued as party leader . The NDP chose not to defeat Filmons government during confidence votes in late 1988 and early 1989 , as Doer argued the public would not support another election so soon . Meech Lake Accord . The dominant political issue in Manitoba between 1988 and 1990 was the Meech Lake Accord , which recognized Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and devolved some powers from the federal government to the provinces . The accord required approval from all ten provincial legislatures to become law . The provincial Liberals initially opposed the accord , which meant that Doers support was necessary for its passage . In November 1988 , Doer indicated that his party would not support the accord unless certain amendments were introduced . He was later appointed to a provincial panel that held a series of public meetings , and recommended significant changes to the deal . The Filmon government also expressed skepticism about the accord , and announced that it too would seek amendments from the federal government . All three Manitoba party leaders agreed to a federally brokered compromise in June 1990 , shortly before the accords official deadline . The accord nonetheless failed to pass in the Manitoba legislature because of a procedural motion from Elijah Harper , a Cree member of the NDP caucus who argued that it did not give fair representation to indigenous Canadians . Doer described Harpers decision as a fundamental issue of conscience , and blamed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for delaying negotiations until the deadline had almost expired . One year later , he indicated that he felt betrayed by federal negotiators , and described the entire Meech Lake process as dishonest from start to finish . 1990 election . In the aftermath of the accords defeat , Filmon called a provincial election for September 11 , 1990 . Doer promised a ten-year freeze on personal income taxes , and argued that the Progressive Conservatives would pursue a hidden right-wing agenda if they won a majority government . He also promised legislation that would make it more difficult for companies based in Manitoba to close down . An early poll showed the NDP in third place with 18% support , well behind the governing Progressive Conservatives and also behind the Liberals . The Liberal campaign faltered , however , and the New Democrats were able to make strong gains in the elections final days , partly buoyed by the unexpected victory of Bob Raes New Democrats in the neighbouring province of Ontario . The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow majority with 30 seats , while the New Democrats won 20 and the Liberals seven . Doer succeeded Carstairs as Leader of the Opposition in the legislature . Leader of the Opposition . First term , 1990–95 . Doer criticized the Filmon governments cutbacks to health and education , and drew attention to the provinces rising unemployment and child poverty rates in the early 1990s . Opposing Filmons austerity measures , he argued it was inappropriate for the government to cut jobs at a time of high unemployment . In 1993 , he opposed the governments decision to end funding for groups such as the Foster Family Association , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Manitoba Anti-Poverty Organization and the Manitoba Environmental Council . Doer announced in late 1992 that his caucus would support the Charlottetown Accord , a comprehensive package on constitutional reform that was introduced by the federal government after the failure of Meech Lake . The Accord was defeated in a national referendum . Doer released an election platform in November 1994 , highlighted by a ten-point preventive health-care program for children and a six-point Manitoba Works plan to reduce unemployment . 1995 election . Doer focused on health issues in the 1995 provincial election . He promised that he would replace walk-in clinics with neighbourhood health organizations , to be staffed with salaried doctors , nurses , midwives and social workers . He pledged to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to reduce prescription drug costs , and to review some of the hundreds of drugs that had been delisted in recent years . He also promised to create a new group of health providers called nurse practitioners , to carry out some doctors responsibilities . On economic issues , Doer promised a balanced budget with no personal or sales tax increases over four years and indicated that he would cut nearly $119 million from government programs to fund health , education , and job creation . An early poll from the Angus Reid firm showed the Progressive Conservatives with 37% support , the Liberals with 35% , and the NDP with 21% . The Liberal campaign faltered once again , however , and a poll released only days before the election showed the NDP had again surpassed the Liberals for second place . The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected with 31 seats , the NDP increased their total to 23 , and the Liberals fell to only three . In the closing days of the campaign , Doer asked the provinces chief electoral officer to investigate reports that three independent candidates from an unregistered party known as Native Voice had received assistance from a Progressive Conservative campaign official . Some believed these candidates would split the progressive-left vote in their ridings , and give the Progressive Conservatives a greater chance of winning . Little was done at the time , but the story emerged as a prominent provincial scandal following an exposé from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in June 1998 . Doer called for an inquiry , which the Filmon government granted ; the presiding officer determined that at least one of the candidates had been illegally induced to run to by a local agents of the Progressive Conservative Party . Second term , 1995–99 . Despite an improving economy , the Filmon governments 1996 budget introduced further cuts to social assistance , health care , and post-secondary and public school education . Doer argued that the cuts were ideological in nature , and not based on financial necessity . The government also introduced legislation permitting unionized workers to shield their dues from being donated to political parties . Doer suggested that corporate shareholders should also be allowed to opt out of party donations . Doer opposed the Filmon governments decision to privatize the Manitoba Telephone System in 1996 , arguing that it would cause Manitobans to lose control over a vital part of their economy . He called for a referendum , which Filmon rejected . Doer nonetheless accepted the finality of the sale , telling party delegates in 1999 that buying back the service would be too expensive and carry too many risks . Doer also opposed the Filmon governments proposal to water-down the single-desk marketing powers of the Canadian Wheat Board . He argued there could be no middle-of-the-road position on the Wheat Board , adding that continued single-desk marketing would be in the economic interests of producers and the economic interests of Winnipeg . Some New Democrats expressed discontent with Doers leadership in late 1997 . Most notably , a group led by policy committee chairman Victor Olson issued a statement on party renewal that was generally interpreted as a challenge to his leadership . This came to nothing , but there was general agreement among party members that Doer would need to win the next election to continue as party leader . 1999 election . In the buildup to the 1999 provincial election , Doer unveiled a platform that called for balanced budgets , debt repayment and a freeze on taxes . He again emphasized health care as a priority , and said that his government would stop the practice of using public monies for politically motivated polls and advertisements . He also expressed concern that the Progressive Conservatives could privatize Manitoba Hydro , and criticized a provincial workfare initiative as giving too much discretionary power to government overseers . The NDP voted to support the Filmon governments 1999 budget , citing the premiers decision to increase health spending with money from a provincial rainy day fund . Doer added that , if elected , his party would replace Filmons budgeted income tax cut with a property tax cut . The NDP entered the 1999 election in a much stronger position than in the three previous campaigns . A poll taken three years earlier had shown the NDP leading the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since the Pawley administration . The Tories regained their lead by 1998 , but fallout from the vote-splitting scandal gave the NDP an 8% lead in a Probe/Free Press poll issued in March 1999 . In this period , many began to regard the NDP as a possible government-in-waiting . Later polls showed the gap between the parties narrowing to a virtual tie . Doer pledged $13 million to shorten health-care waiting times in the 1999 campaign , and said that he would work to end hallway medicine in overcrowded hospitals . He also pledged an additional $2 million to hire more nurses and provide incentives for rural doctors . In education , he promised to cut college and university tuition fees by 10% and to invest $24 million to the provinces three community colleges . On election reform , he promised to ban campaign donations from corporations and unions . Doer also criticized the Filmon governments handling of a contract with Urban Shared Services Corp. , which attempted to save the province money by reheating food for hospitals and seniors homes at a centralized location . The project went well over-budget , and the food was often criticized as inedible . A poll released a week before the election showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied with 42% support , and the election was considered too close to call until the actual day of voting . The NDP ultimately won 32 seats , against 24 for the Progressive Conservatives and only one for the Liberals . A collapse of the Liberal vote worked to the NDPs advantage . Premier . More than eleven years after declining the option , Doer was sworn in as Premier of Manitoba on October 5 , 1999 . He also took the position of Minister of Federal/Provincial Relations . Re-election campaigns . After governing for just under four years , Doer called a new provincial election for June 2003 . He brought forward a five point re-election plan highlighted by promises to reduce property and income taxes , hire more nurses and doctors and make reductions in medical waiting lists , take a cautious approach to managing the economy , and improve the provinces education and law enforcement systems . Many journalists noted similarities to the NDPs 1999 platform . The NDP held a massive lead in the polls throughout the campaign , and most observers agreed that its re-election was a foregone conclusion . Even the Winnipeg Free Press , not traditionally supportive of the NDP , urged voters to re-elect Doers government . The NDP won an increased majority with 49.47% support and 35 of 57 seats , and made inroads into traditionally Progressive Conservative areas of south Winnipeg . Four years later , Doer called an election for May 2007 . The NDP campaign focused on Doers personal popularity and his governments record in office . The party released a seven-point re-election plan , focused on health care , the environment , education , tax cuts , public safety , money for highways , and keeping Manitoba Hydro as a public institution . Doer promised to hire 700 nurses and nurse practitioners , 100 new police officers , 20 new crown prosecutors , and 20 new workplace safety inspectors . He also promised to improve Manitobas record on vehicle emissions , provide tax credits for caregivers , and phase out the provincial small business tax over three years . The NDP was again re-elected with an increased majority , this time taking 36 of 57 seats . Prominent cabinet members . Prominent members of Doers first cabinet included Greg Selinger in Finance , Gord Mackintosh in Justice , David Chomiak in Health and Rosann Wowchuk in Agriculture . Tim Sale replaced Chomiak at Health in October 2004 , and was in turn succeeded by Theresa Oswald in 2006 . Chomiak replaced Mackintosh at Justice in 2006 . Selinger remained as Finance Minister until 2009 , when he succeeded Doer as Premier . Wowchuk remains in Agriculture . Jean Friesen served as Doers Deputy Premier in his first term . She retired in 2003 , and Doer chose Rosann Wowchuk as her replacement . Financial policy . The Doer government has introduced an uninterrupted succession of balanced budgets since its first election in 1999 . These budgets have generally been cautious , and have sought to balance tax concerns with spending increases . Doers first budget , delivered in 2000 , removed 15,000 low-income Manitobans from the tax rolls and introduced $150 million in tax breaks over three years while projecting a $10 million surplus . His 2003 budget , the last of his first term , reduced provincial taxes by $82.7 million and increased spending by about 5% , mostly in health and education . Despite a series of economic setbacks , the government was able to post a balanced budget in 2004 through increased taxes and drug premiums as well as civil service reduction through attrition . Tobacco and liquor taxes were increased and the provincial sales tax expanded to cover more services , although Doer rejected a panel recommendation to increase the sales tax by 1% . The government was able introduce a more expansive budget in 2005 after an infusion of federal revenues , reducing personal and property taxes , increasing spending by 3.5% , and putting $314 million into a rainy day fund . Doers 2006 and 2007 budgets introduced further tax cuts , and the 2007 budget offered increased education spending and a new child benefit to assist low-income families . At the Manitoba NDPs March 2009 convention , Doer announced that Manitoba would continue its commitment to education , training and research despite a global economic downturn and a slowing economy . He argued that the province was still recovering from the Filmon governments spending cuts during the economic downtown of the 1990s , and that his policies would allow Manitoba to emerge from the recession in a strong , competitive position . His government introduced a balanced budget with economic stimulus programs a few weeks later , even as the global recession forced other provincial governments across Canada into deficit . Doer encouraged the Bank of Canada to lower its rates in late 2003 , saying that the rising strength of the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar was causing increased unemployment . He later criticized Bank Governor David Dodge for doing nothing to save Canadian jobs and profits . In early 2008 , he called for a national strategy to offset the disruptions caused by Canadas soaring dollar . In 2004 , provincial Auditor General Jon Singleton argued that Manitoba was actually running a deficit due to costs associated with crown corporations , utilities and arms-length agencies that were not officially counted in the budget . He recommended that Manitoba adopt a system of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Greg Selinger , Doers Finance Minister , noted that the existing rules were set in place by the Filmon government , and indicated that the NDP had included a summary financial statement to its budget including many of the costs Singleton identified . The Doer government nevertheless announced in 2005 that it would adopt GAAP . For the first seven years of his administration , Doer was assisted on financial matters by Eugene Kostyra , a cabinet minister from the Pawley government . Kostyra resigned from his position as secretary of Manitobas Community and Economic Development Committee in late 2006 , and Angela Mathieson was appointed as his replacement . Health . Doer has frequently argued in favour of Canadas public health system . He criticized Albertas plan to introduce more private health provisions in 2002 , and defended the public system as efficient and less expensive . In the same year , he endorsed Roy Romanows assessment that the federal government must play a stronger role in health care to prevent more encroachments by the private system . At a presentation before the Romanow Commission in 2002 , Doer called for the federal government to double its health care commitment . Two years later , he played a significant role in negotiations that saw the federal government contribute $18 billion in new funding to the provinces over six years . The Doer governments first budget included a $135 million increase in health spending , taking total provincial spending to $2.43 billion . In October 2002 , the government announced a long-anticipated $100 million expansion to the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg , with new operating rooms and emergency departments . The government was unable to end hallway medicine in the six-month period it had promised during the 1999 election , and faced the problem of nursing vacancies in the early 2000s . Nevertheless , most observers agreed that the provincial situation improved significantly between 1999 and 2003 . Health spending continued to increase during Doers second term ; a report in December 2004 indicated that Manitobas per capita health spending was the highest in Canada for the seventh continuous year . Doer emerged as a defender of Manitobas burgeoning internet pharmaceutical industry in the mid-2000s . This industry was very popular among American clients , but nonetheless provoked opposition within both countries . In 2004 , Doer accused federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh of capitulating to American interests by agreeing to increased restrictions on the industry . He later argued that the Canadian government could protect its national drug supply and maintain Manitobas pharmaceutical sector simply by banning bulk exports . Doers government introduced a landmark anti-smoking bill in 2004 , banning smoking in all indoor public places and workplaces across the province . Supported by all parties , the legislation was the first of its kind in Canada . It did not cover Manitobans working in federal government buildings or living on First Nations territory , as these were not under provincial jurisdiction . Doer welcomed Prime Minister Paul Martins decision to name Winnipeg as the site of Canadas new public health agency in 2004 . Social policy . The Doer government passed a bill granting full adoption rights to gay and lesbian couples in 2002 . The NDP and Liberals supported the bill , while the Progressive Conservatives voted against it . In 2004 , the federal government announced that it would introduce legislation to permit the legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada . Federal Justice Minister Irwin Cotler initially indicated that civic officials would be allowed to opt out of performing same-sex marriages if the practice offended their beliefs . Doer criticized this , arguing that provincial employees should not be permitted to discriminate . Doer initially declined to express his personal views on the subject , but announced in late 2004 that he supported same-sex marriage as a human right . In April 2005 , Doer signed a $176 million deal with the federal government of Paul Martin to expand the provincial day-care sector . The project was canceled in 2006 by the new Conservative government of Stephen Harper , over Doers objections . Unlike some within the NDP , Doer is personally opposed to the decriminalization of marijuana , which he has said could result in economic difficulties with the United States . As premier , Doer encouraged several Manitoba crown corporations to donate money to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg ; Manitoba Public Insurance , Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Lotteries Corporation and the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission subsequently made donations of one million dollars each . Opposition leader Hugh McFadyen and some journalists questioned Doers involvement in the matter , arguing that he was effectively directing the corporations to make these donations . Education . Doers government cut university tuition by 10% during its first term , and later provided universities with a property tax exemption . It also amalgamated several school divisions prior to the 2002 municipal elections , and began to phase out education property taxes in the same period . In 2006 , the Doer government introduced a proposal for Manitoba university graduates to receive a tuition rebate of up to 60% if they chose to stay and work in the province after graduation . A 2008 Winnipeg Free Press article indicated that Manitoba and Alberta were investing more money in public education per student than all other provinces of Canada . Teachers wages in Manitoba were also noted to be healthy in relation to the average national wage . Agriculture . Shortly after being sworn in as premier , Doer led an all-party delegation to Ottawa to seek a $1.3 billion financial bailout for western farmers to help mitigate an economic downturn in the sector . He was joined by Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow , Progressive Conservative MLA Larry Maguire , and Manitoba Liberal leader Jon Gerrard . The federal government introduced $170 million in funding shortly thereafter , a figure that Doer and Romanow described as heartless . In February 2000 , Romanow and Doer stood with Chrétien to announce their support for a compromise bailout of $400 million . Shortly after his re-election in 2003 , Doer criticized the federal government for failing to respond to an agriculture crisis caused by the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a Canadian cow and the subsequent closure of the American border to beef products produced in Canada . The federal and provincial governments subsequently agreed on a $50 million bailout to the industry . The border was reopened to live cattle in December 2004 . Doer strongly supports the Canadian Wheat Boards policy of single-desk marketing , and has opposed efforts by some on the political right to weaken its status . In late 2006 , Doer accused federal Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl of interfering in the Wheat Boards elections . The Doer government has rejected a return to single-desk hog marketing , which was eliminated during the years of the Filmon government . During its second term , the government supported plans to establish an OlyWest hog processing plant in northeast Winnipeg . This measure was extremely controversial among party members , and area NDP MLAs Daryl Reid and Bidhu Jha indicated that they opposed the measure . In response to criticism , Doer withdrew his support for OlyWest in 2007 . The Doer government introduced a temporary ban on new hog farms throughout most of the province in March 2008 , following the release of a provincial environmental report . Around the same time , Doer announced new funding for waste-water treatment plants that would allow two existing hog-processing plants to expand their operations . Doer is a vocal opponent of the American Country of Origin Labelling initiative , which would require American producers to separate meat from hogs slaughtered in Canada and increase packing and labelling cost . Justice . Doer opposed the Chrétien governments decision to implement a federal gun registry , and his government joined with other provinces to raise a constitutional challenge against the law in 2000 . Doer called for the federal government to strengthen its laws against child pornography in 2002 , after the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that John Robin Sharpes fictional writings involving children met the legal definition of artistic merit . Doer was quoted as saying , We believe that the rights of children should be superior rights in our country to the rights of perverts . The following year , the Manitoba government unveiled a website that included photographs and profiles of high-risk sex offenders . Also in 2002 , Doer argued that persons who kill police officers should spend the rest of their natural lives in jail , without access to Canadas so-called Faint Hope Clause for early release . Three years later , he argued that the provisions of the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act were too lenient . In 2007 , Doer led an all-party task force to Ottawa to seek greater federal penalties for gang-related crime , youth offences and car theft . In 2004 , the Doer government increased funding for the hiring of police officers and Crown prosecutors . Following increased urban violence in 2005 , the province announced funding for 54 more officers . The government also launched an initiative to hire seven recreational directors for inner-city Winnipeg neighbourhoods in 2008 , to provide sports opportunities for youth as an alternative to crime . Doer announced the creation of an all-party task force on security following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The following month , he announced that he would work with the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota for a coordinated security strategy . Doers government tabled legislation in 2009 to provide civilian oversight of police officers in Manitoba , following an inquiry into the death of Crystal Taman . She was killed when her car , stopped for a red light , was struck by off-duty Winnipeg Police constable Derek Harvey-Zinks pickup truck . The Taman Inquirys report strongly criticized the resulting police investigation into the collision , as well as the Doer Governments choice of special prosecutor , Marty Minuk . Environment . Doer has been a strong and consistent supporter of the Kyoto Accord on climate change . In February 2004 , his government signed an agreement with the Chicago Climate Exchange pledging Manitoba to create a trust fund to pay for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2007 , he announced that Manitoba would pursue a plan with other provinces and states to push greenhouse gas emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 . The next year , Doer legislated his provinces commitment to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol by 2012 . Doer announced that Manitoba would increase ethanol production in 2002 , and held consultations on a plan requiring Manitoba drivers to use ethanol-blended gasoline . In October 2002 , the government instructed its provincial fleet drivers to switch to ethanol fuels . These plans stalled due to limited production , but were revived when a new facility was constructed in late 2005 . In March 2004 , the government introduced enabling legislation on water protection , allowing for the introduction of specific regulations on water protection zones , water quality standards , and related matters . Doer signed the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord with seven American governors in November 2007 . The following month , he announced that Manitoba would introduce vehicle emission standards similar to those in California . In late January 2008 , he agreed to a blueprint proposal with the premiers of British Columbia , Ontario and Quebec for a market-based trading system to cut greenhouse gas emissions . He later became an enthusiastic supporter of North American cap and trade programs to reduce energy emissions , while at the same time criticizing the idea of a carbon tax . Doer introduced plans to eliminate coal-burning factories in his 2008 budget . The budget also included a new program for water conservation , and a $7 million fund directed toward climate change issues . He also called for an independent review of the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission in 2008 , arguing that the renewal process for hydroelectric projects was too long . In November 2008 , Doer announced that his government would ban new logging in provincial parks and phase out existing projects . He also announced a ban on plastic shopping bags , and on the use of cellphones while driving . Parents were also forbidden to smoke when children were in the car . The opposition Progressive Conservatives indicated that it would support all of these initiatives . In late 2005 , the American magazine Business Week listed Doer as one of the top twenty international leaders fighting climate change . Aboriginal issues . In November 1999 , Doer appointed a two-person panel to advise his government on implementing the findings of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry , which had been published eight years earlier . In April 2000 , Manitoba took steps to provide indigenous Manitobans with their own child and family-service agencies . Doer convened a provincial summit on aboriginal commerce in November 2004 . He indicated that the summit was intended to showcase successful businesses , and to forge greater links between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities . Doer is a strong supporter of the Kelowna Accord signed in late 2005 by the federal government of Paul Martin , provincial premiers and aboriginal leaders . After the Martin government was defeated in the 2006 federal election and replaced by the government of Stephen Harper , Doer criticized Harpers failure to implement the accord . In late 2008 , the Doer government introduced legislation to give sixteen bands on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg greater authority over the management of their traditional lands . The bill requires that plans for development be approved by both the province and the bands chief , and extends the range of influence well beyond the areas small reserves . Some chiefs in the affected area later objected to the bill on procedural grounds , arguing that they were not properly consulted . Following consultations with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999 , the Doer government established a selection committee to oversee proposals for setting up casinos in Manitoba first nations . The process subsequently became stalled , and only one of the casinos was up and running by 2003 . The government subsequently appointed a panel to review the situation and recommend a change in strategy ; the panel argued that the province should consider creating one large casino , instead of several small on-reserve casinos . A second casino was opened in 2005 , while the larger issue remained unresolved as of 2007 . Energy . Doer has often referred to hydroelectric power as playing a major role in Manitobas long-term economic strategy , and has advocated a national east-west power grid to export Manitobas plentiful hydroelectric power to Ontario and other provinces in Western Canada . Doer announced Manitobas first wind farm project in November 2004 , near the community of St . Leon . This was a private-public partnership arranged between Manitoba Hydro and AirSource Power Fund . It was officially started in April 2005 . In September 2007 , Manitoba Hydro indicated that it would construct a new transmission line to connect north and south Manitoba on the west side of Lake Winnipeg . Hydros initial plan had been to construct the line on the east side , but Doers government rejected this approach , arguing that it would damage pristine boreal forest territories . The local aboriginal community is divided on the issue , with some leaders supporting the governments conservation approach and others arguing that east side construction would help combat poverty in the area . The Progressive Conservative Party has strongly criticized Doers decision . In April 2008 , Manitoba Hydro announced a $2 billion agreement to sell surplus energy to Wisconsin once the construction is complete . Doer asked Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board to provide an analysis of natural gas prices in July 2008 , with the intent of limiting price increases during the winter . He also indicated that his government would intervene to protect consumers from high prices . Finance Minister Greg Selinger later indicated that the government would provide some relief for consumers , but would not use Manitoba Hydros profits to offset rate increases . Labour issues . The Doer government introduced a number of labour reforms early in its first mandate , making it easier for unions to obtain certification and giving employees increased powers to move disputes to binding arbitration . Business leaders opposed the changes , though Doer argued that the bill was far less contentious than opponents made it out to be . In 2004 , Doer rejected a call by party members to introduce legislation that would ban replacement workers in labour disputes . Doers government increased Manitobas minimum wage from $6.00 to $6.25 in November 2000 , and brought in subsequent increases of 25 cents on an annual basis . By April 2005 , the minimum wage had been increased to $7.25 . Some argued that this was still short of a living wage . The minimum wage was increased to $8.50 in 2008 . In 2005 , the Doer government introduced a bill to expand provincial workers compensation coverage . The Doer government announced in late 2007 that temporary foreign workers and modeling agencies would be included under the Employment Standards Act , to prevent worker exploitation . Monsanto . In 1999 , the Manitoba government under NDP leadership , began its ongoing relationship with Monsanto , accepting a 12.5 million dollar agreement to bring in its first development centre . In 2005 , Gary Doer announced a deal to allow Monsanto to build their 42,000 square foot Canadian head office in Manitoba . Doers government introduced a biotechnology training strategy in October 2002 , to address a skilled-worker shortage in the industry . In early 2003 , Doer signed a $160 million deal with the federal government for expansion work on the Red River Floodway . The floodway expansion was described as the largest infrastructure project in Manitoba history , and was started in late 2005 . Doer took part in discussions in 2007-08 with media mogul David Asper and officials from other levels of government , regarding the location of a new stadium for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team . He was skeptical about Aspers initial plan for a stadium in the Polo Park region of Winnipeg , and was more supportive of an abortive plan to construct the stadium in the economically depressed area of Point Douglas . Asper eventually chose site in Fort Garry , next to the University of Manitoba . The deal was finalized in early 2009 , with the province providing $20 million in funding ; provincial officials believe that all but $1 million will be recovered before the stadium opens in 2011 . In September 2008 , Doer and Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced $138 million for a rapid transit plan that will eventually link downtown Winnipeg with the University of Manitoba . In the same month , Doer designated a piece of land in northwest Winnipeg as the site of a future inland port . The area was given the name CentrePort Canada , and its first directors were chosen in December 2008 . Doer announced in February 2009 that his government would spend $1 million on special training for northern Manitoba workers , following a global economic downtown that adversely affected the provinces forestry and mining sectors . Two months later , he joined with the federal government to announce a $40 million investment in a cold weather aerospace engine testing and research facility in Thompson . In early May 2009 , the federal and provincial governments announced $116 million for infrastructure renewal in rural and northern communities . Crocus Investment Fund . In early 2005 , the labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and entered into financial protection . The Doer government was subsequently accused of having ignored signs of trouble at the fund , and of failing to protect the interests of investors . The opposition Progressive Conservatives argued that the government had neglected warnings of financial impropriety , in part because of ideological links between the New Democratic Party and the labour movement . Doer rejected this charge , observing that the fund had been established by the Filmon government in conjunction with labour leaders . He also rejected calls from the opposition for a formal inquiry , and insisted that the province did nothing wrong in the matter . Federal-provincial relations . Doer supported the Chrétien governments Clarity Act legislation , which required that any future negotiations on provincial secession be preceded by a referendum with a clearly defined question . The act was opposed by Quebec nationalists , who regarded it as an infringement on their national sovereignty . In 2004 , Doer criticized new Prime Minister Paul Martin for seeming to undermine the principles of the bill . He also criticized Martins promise to remove the Notwithstanding Clause from the Constitution of Canada in the 2006 federal election . Doer later criticized Martins successor , Stephen Harper , for recognizing the Québécois as a nation within Canada in late 2006 . He was quoted as saying , [ t ] o me , Canada is one nation , one country . I understand Quebec is unique in terms of language , culture and law , but Canada is one country . Notwithstanding this and other criticisms , a May 2008 article in The Globe and Mail newspaper described Doer as one of the few premiers to have a good working relationship with Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Manitoba signed on to the federal governments Building Canada Fund in late 2008 , receiving about $500 million in new infrastructure monies . Following a global economic downturn in late 2008 , Doer called on the federal government to invest in job creation and infrastructure funding . Prime Minister Harper later said that his government would spend more on roads , bridges and other public works . According to journalist Chantal Hébert , Doer played a vital role in convincing other provincial leaders to accept Quebec Premier Jean Charests plan to create the Council of the Federation in 2003 . In 2008-09 , Charest and Doer helped broker an agreement among the premiers to provide for greater labour mobility within Canada . In early 2007 , Doer said that Manitoba would not enter a free trade deal signed between Alberta and British Columbia . He instead called for a national trade accord . Doer met with other western Canadian premiers in June 2009 to introduce a plan for the collective purchase of prescription drugs . The premiers indicated that the plan could save taxpayers millions of dollars . In late 2008 , the federal Liberal and New Democratic parties announced plans to defeat the Conservatives on a motion of no confidence and create a coalition government . The plan was ultimately unsuccessful , and the Conservatives remained in power . Doer did not take a position on the coalition , and instead called for all parties in the House of Commons of Canada to work in a cooperative manner . International relations . Since his first election in 1999 , Doer has been a leading opponent of a water diversion in Devils Lake , North Dakota that many regard as posing a serious environmental threat to Manitoba . In 2005 , the Canadian and American governments reached a non-binding compromise deal on the project that committed both sides to design an advanced filter to prevent environmental disruption . Doer initially described this agreement as a significant improvement over prior arrangements , but later criticized the North Dakota government for starting the water diversion before the deal was finalized . In May 2009 , Doer said that Manitoba would invest more than $10 million in drainage improvements if North Dakota would agree to construct a permanent filter on its Devils Lake output . North Dakota Governor John Hoeven rejected the deal in the same month , arguing that the issues were separate . Doer has led several international trade delegations from Manitoba , including visits to Russia , Germany , Israel , India , China and The Philippines . He also made an historic visit to Iceland in August 2001 ; Manitoba has a large Icelandic population , and Doer was the first Manitoba Premier to make an official visit to the country . Halldór Ásgrímsson , the Prime Minister of Iceland , made a follow-up visit to Manitoba in July 2005 . In May 2008 , Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko made an official visit to Manitoba and addressed the provincial legislature . Doer signed an agreement with the American state of Georgia in 2004 , for increased co-operation between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the National Virology Lab in Winnipeg . In the same year , he signed a memorandum of understanding with Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to create a biomedical corridor for the promotion of research , capital investment and technology development . In early 2005 , Doer and New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord traveled on a trade mission to Texas in what was described as an effort to improve relations between Canada and the United States . Later in the year , Doer and Jean Charest traveled on a trade mission to Mexico . In 2006 , he appeared at a prominent climate change event with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In June 2009 , Doer took part in discussions to create a Western Energy Corridor to allow an easier flow of both renewable energy and fossil fuels among western American states and Canadian provinces . Doer has supported Canadas military mission in Afghanistan , despite skepticism about the purpose of the mission from the federal NDP . He called for Canada to ban donations to Hezbollahs charity wing in 2002 , and endorsed Jean Chrétien governments decision to remain out of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2005 , Doer spoke against the American governments plans to require passports at Canada–US border crossings . He argued that the new expense of travel would create a financial Berlin Wall for some families , and instead proposed a security protocol centred around drivers licenses . In 2007 , North Dakota Governor John Hoeven announced that he was working with Doer to find an alternative approach . In 2008 , Doer argued that Canada should aggressively defend the North American Free Trade Agreement against criticism from American Democratic Party presidential candidates . He later spoke against the United States Congresss planned Buy American legislation during a business trip to Illinois and Texas . Doer signed an agreement in Manila in February 2008 , to permit an easier flow of immigration from The Philippines to Manitoba . Legislative reform . Doers government changed the rules of the legislature in 1999 , to allow the Speaker of the Assembly to be elected by a secret ballot vote of all members . Speakers had previously been appointed by the premier . The Doer government announced election spending reforms in June 2000 , which were highlighted by a ban on political donations by private corporations and organized labour . This measure was opposed by the opposition Progressive Conservatives , and by the right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation . The reforms came into effect in 2001 , and were extended to party leadership contests in June 2002 . Further restrictions were added in 2006 . In June 2009 , Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz spoke against Doers plan to ban union and corporate donations from municipal elections . The Doer government introduced legislation in April 2006 to prevent MLAs from crossing the floor from one party to another . Under the terms of this legislation , MLAs who choose to leave their political party are required to sit as independents until the next election , or to resign and seek re-election for another party . Doer announced plans in early 2008 to create a lobbyist registry for Manitoba , as well as introducing fixed election dates , partial public campaign financing , and restrictions on partisan direct mail flyers sent out by MLAs at public expense . The plan for public campaign financing was later abandoned after public opposition . In 2009 , opposition politicians and some journalists pressured Doer to call a public inquiry into a controversy involving expense claims from the 1999 provincial election . Elections Manitoba had determined that some reimbursement claims filed by the Manitoba NDP were unwarranted ; in late 2003 , the party agreed to repay $76,000 in an out-of-court settlement . Critics have charged a lack of transparency in the process , and have questioned why Elections Manitoba did not lay charges . At least one Winnipeg journalist has compared the matter with an expenses scandal faced by the Conservative Party of Canada following the 2006 federal election . Doer has argued that the matter is settled , and that there is no need for an inquiry . Popularity . Doers government enjoyed an extended honeymoon with voters after the 1999 election . The NDP consistently led all other parties in public opinion polls from 1999 until 2005 , often by wide margins . The partys popularity dipped in late 2005 , damaged somewhat by questions resulting from the failure of the Crocus Investment Fund . Polls taken in December 2005 and March 2006 showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied for support . In July 2006 , the PCs pulled ahead of the NDP for the first time in seven years . The NDP nevertheless recovered to win a convincing majority in the 2007 election , and in July 2008 held a ten-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives in popular support . The PCs posted a surprise lead over the NDP in a December 2008 poll , although some local journalists questioned its accuracy . By April 2009 , the NDP once again held a ten-point lead . Doer was rated as Canadas most popular premier in polls taken in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , scoring a 77% rating in March 2006 . His approval rating was 81% in March 2008 , making him the second most popular Canadian premier after Danny Williams of Newfoundland and Labrador . Retirement . On August 27 , 2009 Doer announced he would not seek re-election in the 2011 election , and on August 28 , 2009 he was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to succeed Michael Wilson as Canadian ambassador to the United States . He was formally sworn into that position on October 19 , 2009 , and on the same day Greg Selinger was sworn in as his replacement as Premier of Manitoba . Doers former constituency assistant Matt Wiebe subsequently won the by-election to succeed Doer as MLA for Concordia on March 2 , 2010 . Federal politics . Doer supported a bid to draft former Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer as a candidate in the federal New Democratic Partys 1989 leadership contest . When Schreyer declined to run , Doer tried to convince Stephen Lewis and then Bob Rae to enter the contest , without success . He eventually supported Audrey McLaughlin , who was elected on the fourth ballot of the partys leadership convention . There was speculation that Doer would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1995 , after McLaughlin announced her resignation . He declined , and instead gave his support to longtime friend Alexa McDonough , whom he nominated at the leadership convention . McDonough was chosen as party leader following the first ballot . Doer opposed the New Politics Initiative in 2001 . In the 2003 leadership election , he supported the leadership campaign of Bill Blaikie , whose federal Winnipeg—Transcona riding overlapped with his own provincial division . Blaikie finished second against Jack Layton . Doer has disagreed with the federal NDP on some issues . He defended CanWest Globals takeover of a part of Conrad Blacks newspaper empire in 2000 , even though the arrangement had been criticized by the federal party . He later called for Svend Robinson to be demoted as Foreign Affairs Critic in 2002 , after Robinson announced his support for the Palestinians in their conflict with Israel ( official NDP policy was that both sides should seek a peace agreement ) . Doer was quoted as saying , Either he represents the party as a foreign affairs critic or hes removed as foreign affairs critic . And I believe he should be removed . He later expressed disappointment that Robinson was allowed to keep his critics role , albeit with a ban against speaking on Middle East issues . Doer published a ten-point proposal for the future of the federal NDP in June 2002 , calling for a focus on health and education as well as fiscal balance , community safety and election finance reform . Doer was considered a possible candidate for the 2012 leadership election , but declined to run . Ideology . Doer is on the centrist wing of the New Democratic Party . He once described his political ideology as follows : Doer endorsed Tony Blairs approach to leading the British Labour Party in 1997 , and his own 1999 election platform was frequently compared with Blairs Third Way of social democracy . Doer has also been compared with former Premier of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow , who also governed from the centrist wing of the party . Former NDP MLA Cy Gonick wrote a critical essay about Doer in 2007 , describing him as a small-l liberal without a socialist bone in his body . Legacy . Manitoba Wildlands director , Gaile Whelan Enns , said He has no real policy legacy . Eric Reder , Manitoba campaign director for the non-profit Wilderness Committee , echoed that assessment . The entirety of his term was incremental—little decisions , Reder said . The Manitoba governments relationship with Monsanto lead to the documentary Seeds of Change , which explored negative aspects of the relationship . Fracking for oil increased dramatically under Doer . Electoral record . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Expenditures refer to candidate election expenses . External links . - Canadainternational.gc.ca , Ambassadors Biography - http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/ordermb10.html

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Gary Doer took which position from Sep 1987 to May 1988?

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Gary Doer Gary Albert Doer , ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is a Canadian former politician and diplomat from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . He served as Canadas Ambassador to the United States from October 19 , 2009 to March 3 , 2016 . Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009 , leading a New Democratic Party government . Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington , Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and has been retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute . Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue . Early life and career . Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg , Manitoba . His background is German and Welsh . He graduated from St . Pauls High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre . He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre . Doers work environment was not always safe : he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation , and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion . Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees Association in 1979 , and served in this capacity until 1986 . He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Public and General Employees , served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , and became a governor of the University of Manitoba . In 1983 , he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks . The following year , he openly criticized Dennis McDermotts leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress . Doer first joined the New Democratic Party in the 1970s , and worked for the party in the 1973 provincial election . He discontinued his membership in 1975 to preserve the neutrality of his union , and was later courted by both the New Democrats and Progressive Conservatives to run for public office . He rejoined the NDP in 1986 , and was a candidate in that years provincial election . Cabinet minister . Doer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1986 provincial election for the northeast Winnipeg division of Concordia . He joined the government of Premier Howard Pawley on April 17 , 1986 as Minister of Urban Affairs , and was given additional responsibilities as Minister responsible for the Manitoba Telephone System on December 2 of the same year . Doer ordered a Royal Canadian Mounted Police probe of the MTS soon after his appointment , and worked to reform its practices following a failed investment in Saudi Arabia . He soon developed a reputation as a fixer , working as a trouble-shooter in difficult fields . Doer was given further responsibilities as Minister of Crown Investments on February 5 , 1987 , and was later named as Minister responsible for the Accountability of Crown Corporations ( August 19 , 1987 ) and Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act ( September 21 , 1987 ) . Seen as a rising star in the party , he was sometimes mentioned as a future leader . The Pawley government was sustained by a narrow legislative majority after the 1986 election , and was defeated on March 8 , 1988 when disgruntled backbencher Jim Walding voted with the opposition on a budget non-confidence motion . Pawley resigned as NDP leader the next day , and called a new general election for April 26 . NDP leader . Leadership election . Doer was the first declared candidate in the Manitoba New Democratic Partys 1988 leadership contest . He was supported by cabinet ministers Vic Schroeder , Myrna Phillips , Muriel Smith , Leonard Evans , Jerry Storie and Wilson Parasiuk , and by federal Members of Parliament Rod Murphy and David Orlikow . He also received an endorsement from the Manitoba Federation of Labour . Doer emphasized his experience in managing large organizations , and called for pay equity legislation to be introduced within a year of his election . He narrowly defeated rival candidate Len Harapiak on the third ballot of the partys leadership convention in Winnipeg . He was not sworn in as premier , as the legislature had already been dissolved . Doer became leader of the Manitoba NDP when the party was at a low ebb of popularity . An internal poll before the election showed that they had only 6% popular support , and some NDP workers privately worried that they could lose all of their legislative seats . Many believed Doer was their best hope for a recovery . Support for the NDP increased to 19% during the leadership campaign , and to 23% after Doer was chosen as Pawleys successor . The party nevertheless remained in third place , and faced an uphill struggle in the 1988 election . 1988 election . Doer promised a $58 million tax cut , and opposed the federal governments free trade deal with the United States of America . He indicated that he was open to the possibility of amending the Meech Lake Accord , a federal proposal for constitutional reform . He also promised to build more community health centres , and supported home renovations for senior citizens and the disabled . The NDP won 12 out of 57 seats , while the Progressive Conservatives under Gary Filmon won 25 seats and the Liberals under Sharon Carstairs jumped from one seat to twenty . Doer rejected the possibility of forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and the Progressive Conservatives were able to form a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power . He was not personally blamed for his partys loss , and continued as party leader . The NDP chose not to defeat Filmons government during confidence votes in late 1988 and early 1989 , as Doer argued the public would not support another election so soon . Meech Lake Accord . The dominant political issue in Manitoba between 1988 and 1990 was the Meech Lake Accord , which recognized Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and devolved some powers from the federal government to the provinces . The accord required approval from all ten provincial legislatures to become law . The provincial Liberals initially opposed the accord , which meant that Doers support was necessary for its passage . In November 1988 , Doer indicated that his party would not support the accord unless certain amendments were introduced . He was later appointed to a provincial panel that held a series of public meetings , and recommended significant changes to the deal . The Filmon government also expressed skepticism about the accord , and announced that it too would seek amendments from the federal government . All three Manitoba party leaders agreed to a federally brokered compromise in June 1990 , shortly before the accords official deadline . The accord nonetheless failed to pass in the Manitoba legislature because of a procedural motion from Elijah Harper , a Cree member of the NDP caucus who argued that it did not give fair representation to indigenous Canadians . Doer described Harpers decision as a fundamental issue of conscience , and blamed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for delaying negotiations until the deadline had almost expired . One year later , he indicated that he felt betrayed by federal negotiators , and described the entire Meech Lake process as dishonest from start to finish . 1990 election . In the aftermath of the accords defeat , Filmon called a provincial election for September 11 , 1990 . Doer promised a ten-year freeze on personal income taxes , and argued that the Progressive Conservatives would pursue a hidden right-wing agenda if they won a majority government . He also promised legislation that would make it more difficult for companies based in Manitoba to close down . An early poll showed the NDP in third place with 18% support , well behind the governing Progressive Conservatives and also behind the Liberals . The Liberal campaign faltered , however , and the New Democrats were able to make strong gains in the elections final days , partly buoyed by the unexpected victory of Bob Raes New Democrats in the neighbouring province of Ontario . The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow majority with 30 seats , while the New Democrats won 20 and the Liberals seven . Doer succeeded Carstairs as Leader of the Opposition in the legislature . Leader of the Opposition . First term , 1990–95 . Doer criticized the Filmon governments cutbacks to health and education , and drew attention to the provinces rising unemployment and child poverty rates in the early 1990s . Opposing Filmons austerity measures , he argued it was inappropriate for the government to cut jobs at a time of high unemployment . In 1993 , he opposed the governments decision to end funding for groups such as the Foster Family Association , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Manitoba Anti-Poverty Organization and the Manitoba Environmental Council . Doer announced in late 1992 that his caucus would support the Charlottetown Accord , a comprehensive package on constitutional reform that was introduced by the federal government after the failure of Meech Lake . The Accord was defeated in a national referendum . Doer released an election platform in November 1994 , highlighted by a ten-point preventive health-care program for children and a six-point Manitoba Works plan to reduce unemployment . 1995 election . Doer focused on health issues in the 1995 provincial election . He promised that he would replace walk-in clinics with neighbourhood health organizations , to be staffed with salaried doctors , nurses , midwives and social workers . He pledged to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to reduce prescription drug costs , and to review some of the hundreds of drugs that had been delisted in recent years . He also promised to create a new group of health providers called nurse practitioners , to carry out some doctors responsibilities . On economic issues , Doer promised a balanced budget with no personal or sales tax increases over four years and indicated that he would cut nearly $119 million from government programs to fund health , education , and job creation . An early poll from the Angus Reid firm showed the Progressive Conservatives with 37% support , the Liberals with 35% , and the NDP with 21% . The Liberal campaign faltered once again , however , and a poll released only days before the election showed the NDP had again surpassed the Liberals for second place . The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected with 31 seats , the NDP increased their total to 23 , and the Liberals fell to only three . In the closing days of the campaign , Doer asked the provinces chief electoral officer to investigate reports that three independent candidates from an unregistered party known as Native Voice had received assistance from a Progressive Conservative campaign official . Some believed these candidates would split the progressive-left vote in their ridings , and give the Progressive Conservatives a greater chance of winning . Little was done at the time , but the story emerged as a prominent provincial scandal following an exposé from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in June 1998 . Doer called for an inquiry , which the Filmon government granted ; the presiding officer determined that at least one of the candidates had been illegally induced to run to by a local agents of the Progressive Conservative Party . Second term , 1995–99 . Despite an improving economy , the Filmon governments 1996 budget introduced further cuts to social assistance , health care , and post-secondary and public school education . Doer argued that the cuts were ideological in nature , and not based on financial necessity . The government also introduced legislation permitting unionized workers to shield their dues from being donated to political parties . Doer suggested that corporate shareholders should also be allowed to opt out of party donations . Doer opposed the Filmon governments decision to privatize the Manitoba Telephone System in 1996 , arguing that it would cause Manitobans to lose control over a vital part of their economy . He called for a referendum , which Filmon rejected . Doer nonetheless accepted the finality of the sale , telling party delegates in 1999 that buying back the service would be too expensive and carry too many risks . Doer also opposed the Filmon governments proposal to water-down the single-desk marketing powers of the Canadian Wheat Board . He argued there could be no middle-of-the-road position on the Wheat Board , adding that continued single-desk marketing would be in the economic interests of producers and the economic interests of Winnipeg . Some New Democrats expressed discontent with Doers leadership in late 1997 . Most notably , a group led by policy committee chairman Victor Olson issued a statement on party renewal that was generally interpreted as a challenge to his leadership . This came to nothing , but there was general agreement among party members that Doer would need to win the next election to continue as party leader . 1999 election . In the buildup to the 1999 provincial election , Doer unveiled a platform that called for balanced budgets , debt repayment and a freeze on taxes . He again emphasized health care as a priority , and said that his government would stop the practice of using public monies for politically motivated polls and advertisements . He also expressed concern that the Progressive Conservatives could privatize Manitoba Hydro , and criticized a provincial workfare initiative as giving too much discretionary power to government overseers . The NDP voted to support the Filmon governments 1999 budget , citing the premiers decision to increase health spending with money from a provincial rainy day fund . Doer added that , if elected , his party would replace Filmons budgeted income tax cut with a property tax cut . The NDP entered the 1999 election in a much stronger position than in the three previous campaigns . A poll taken three years earlier had shown the NDP leading the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since the Pawley administration . The Tories regained their lead by 1998 , but fallout from the vote-splitting scandal gave the NDP an 8% lead in a Probe/Free Press poll issued in March 1999 . In this period , many began to regard the NDP as a possible government-in-waiting . Later polls showed the gap between the parties narrowing to a virtual tie . Doer pledged $13 million to shorten health-care waiting times in the 1999 campaign , and said that he would work to end hallway medicine in overcrowded hospitals . He also pledged an additional $2 million to hire more nurses and provide incentives for rural doctors . In education , he promised to cut college and university tuition fees by 10% and to invest $24 million to the provinces three community colleges . On election reform , he promised to ban campaign donations from corporations and unions . Doer also criticized the Filmon governments handling of a contract with Urban Shared Services Corp. , which attempted to save the province money by reheating food for hospitals and seniors homes at a centralized location . The project went well over-budget , and the food was often criticized as inedible . A poll released a week before the election showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied with 42% support , and the election was considered too close to call until the actual day of voting . The NDP ultimately won 32 seats , against 24 for the Progressive Conservatives and only one for the Liberals . A collapse of the Liberal vote worked to the NDPs advantage . Premier . More than eleven years after declining the option , Doer was sworn in as Premier of Manitoba on October 5 , 1999 . He also took the position of Minister of Federal/Provincial Relations . Re-election campaigns . After governing for just under four years , Doer called a new provincial election for June 2003 . He brought forward a five point re-election plan highlighted by promises to reduce property and income taxes , hire more nurses and doctors and make reductions in medical waiting lists , take a cautious approach to managing the economy , and improve the provinces education and law enforcement systems . Many journalists noted similarities to the NDPs 1999 platform . The NDP held a massive lead in the polls throughout the campaign , and most observers agreed that its re-election was a foregone conclusion . Even the Winnipeg Free Press , not traditionally supportive of the NDP , urged voters to re-elect Doers government . The NDP won an increased majority with 49.47% support and 35 of 57 seats , and made inroads into traditionally Progressive Conservative areas of south Winnipeg . Four years later , Doer called an election for May 2007 . The NDP campaign focused on Doers personal popularity and his governments record in office . The party released a seven-point re-election plan , focused on health care , the environment , education , tax cuts , public safety , money for highways , and keeping Manitoba Hydro as a public institution . Doer promised to hire 700 nurses and nurse practitioners , 100 new police officers , 20 new crown prosecutors , and 20 new workplace safety inspectors . He also promised to improve Manitobas record on vehicle emissions , provide tax credits for caregivers , and phase out the provincial small business tax over three years . The NDP was again re-elected with an increased majority , this time taking 36 of 57 seats . Prominent cabinet members . Prominent members of Doers first cabinet included Greg Selinger in Finance , Gord Mackintosh in Justice , David Chomiak in Health and Rosann Wowchuk in Agriculture . Tim Sale replaced Chomiak at Health in October 2004 , and was in turn succeeded by Theresa Oswald in 2006 . Chomiak replaced Mackintosh at Justice in 2006 . Selinger remained as Finance Minister until 2009 , when he succeeded Doer as Premier . Wowchuk remains in Agriculture . Jean Friesen served as Doers Deputy Premier in his first term . She retired in 2003 , and Doer chose Rosann Wowchuk as her replacement . Financial policy . The Doer government has introduced an uninterrupted succession of balanced budgets since its first election in 1999 . These budgets have generally been cautious , and have sought to balance tax concerns with spending increases . Doers first budget , delivered in 2000 , removed 15,000 low-income Manitobans from the tax rolls and introduced $150 million in tax breaks over three years while projecting a $10 million surplus . His 2003 budget , the last of his first term , reduced provincial taxes by $82.7 million and increased spending by about 5% , mostly in health and education . Despite a series of economic setbacks , the government was able to post a balanced budget in 2004 through increased taxes and drug premiums as well as civil service reduction through attrition . Tobacco and liquor taxes were increased and the provincial sales tax expanded to cover more services , although Doer rejected a panel recommendation to increase the sales tax by 1% . The government was able introduce a more expansive budget in 2005 after an infusion of federal revenues , reducing personal and property taxes , increasing spending by 3.5% , and putting $314 million into a rainy day fund . Doers 2006 and 2007 budgets introduced further tax cuts , and the 2007 budget offered increased education spending and a new child benefit to assist low-income families . At the Manitoba NDPs March 2009 convention , Doer announced that Manitoba would continue its commitment to education , training and research despite a global economic downturn and a slowing economy . He argued that the province was still recovering from the Filmon governments spending cuts during the economic downtown of the 1990s , and that his policies would allow Manitoba to emerge from the recession in a strong , competitive position . His government introduced a balanced budget with economic stimulus programs a few weeks later , even as the global recession forced other provincial governments across Canada into deficit . Doer encouraged the Bank of Canada to lower its rates in late 2003 , saying that the rising strength of the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar was causing increased unemployment . He later criticized Bank Governor David Dodge for doing nothing to save Canadian jobs and profits . In early 2008 , he called for a national strategy to offset the disruptions caused by Canadas soaring dollar . In 2004 , provincial Auditor General Jon Singleton argued that Manitoba was actually running a deficit due to costs associated with crown corporations , utilities and arms-length agencies that were not officially counted in the budget . He recommended that Manitoba adopt a system of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Greg Selinger , Doers Finance Minister , noted that the existing rules were set in place by the Filmon government , and indicated that the NDP had included a summary financial statement to its budget including many of the costs Singleton identified . The Doer government nevertheless announced in 2005 that it would adopt GAAP . For the first seven years of his administration , Doer was assisted on financial matters by Eugene Kostyra , a cabinet minister from the Pawley government . Kostyra resigned from his position as secretary of Manitobas Community and Economic Development Committee in late 2006 , and Angela Mathieson was appointed as his replacement . Health . Doer has frequently argued in favour of Canadas public health system . He criticized Albertas plan to introduce more private health provisions in 2002 , and defended the public system as efficient and less expensive . In the same year , he endorsed Roy Romanows assessment that the federal government must play a stronger role in health care to prevent more encroachments by the private system . At a presentation before the Romanow Commission in 2002 , Doer called for the federal government to double its health care commitment . Two years later , he played a significant role in negotiations that saw the federal government contribute $18 billion in new funding to the provinces over six years . The Doer governments first budget included a $135 million increase in health spending , taking total provincial spending to $2.43 billion . In October 2002 , the government announced a long-anticipated $100 million expansion to the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg , with new operating rooms and emergency departments . The government was unable to end hallway medicine in the six-month period it had promised during the 1999 election , and faced the problem of nursing vacancies in the early 2000s . Nevertheless , most observers agreed that the provincial situation improved significantly between 1999 and 2003 . Health spending continued to increase during Doers second term ; a report in December 2004 indicated that Manitobas per capita health spending was the highest in Canada for the seventh continuous year . Doer emerged as a defender of Manitobas burgeoning internet pharmaceutical industry in the mid-2000s . This industry was very popular among American clients , but nonetheless provoked opposition within both countries . In 2004 , Doer accused federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh of capitulating to American interests by agreeing to increased restrictions on the industry . He later argued that the Canadian government could protect its national drug supply and maintain Manitobas pharmaceutical sector simply by banning bulk exports . Doers government introduced a landmark anti-smoking bill in 2004 , banning smoking in all indoor public places and workplaces across the province . Supported by all parties , the legislation was the first of its kind in Canada . It did not cover Manitobans working in federal government buildings or living on First Nations territory , as these were not under provincial jurisdiction . Doer welcomed Prime Minister Paul Martins decision to name Winnipeg as the site of Canadas new public health agency in 2004 . Social policy . The Doer government passed a bill granting full adoption rights to gay and lesbian couples in 2002 . The NDP and Liberals supported the bill , while the Progressive Conservatives voted against it . In 2004 , the federal government announced that it would introduce legislation to permit the legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada . Federal Justice Minister Irwin Cotler initially indicated that civic officials would be allowed to opt out of performing same-sex marriages if the practice offended their beliefs . Doer criticized this , arguing that provincial employees should not be permitted to discriminate . Doer initially declined to express his personal views on the subject , but announced in late 2004 that he supported same-sex marriage as a human right . In April 2005 , Doer signed a $176 million deal with the federal government of Paul Martin to expand the provincial day-care sector . The project was canceled in 2006 by the new Conservative government of Stephen Harper , over Doers objections . Unlike some within the NDP , Doer is personally opposed to the decriminalization of marijuana , which he has said could result in economic difficulties with the United States . As premier , Doer encouraged several Manitoba crown corporations to donate money to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg ; Manitoba Public Insurance , Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Lotteries Corporation and the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission subsequently made donations of one million dollars each . Opposition leader Hugh McFadyen and some journalists questioned Doers involvement in the matter , arguing that he was effectively directing the corporations to make these donations . Education . Doers government cut university tuition by 10% during its first term , and later provided universities with a property tax exemption . It also amalgamated several school divisions prior to the 2002 municipal elections , and began to phase out education property taxes in the same period . In 2006 , the Doer government introduced a proposal for Manitoba university graduates to receive a tuition rebate of up to 60% if they chose to stay and work in the province after graduation . A 2008 Winnipeg Free Press article indicated that Manitoba and Alberta were investing more money in public education per student than all other provinces of Canada . Teachers wages in Manitoba were also noted to be healthy in relation to the average national wage . Agriculture . Shortly after being sworn in as premier , Doer led an all-party delegation to Ottawa to seek a $1.3 billion financial bailout for western farmers to help mitigate an economic downturn in the sector . He was joined by Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow , Progressive Conservative MLA Larry Maguire , and Manitoba Liberal leader Jon Gerrard . The federal government introduced $170 million in funding shortly thereafter , a figure that Doer and Romanow described as heartless . In February 2000 , Romanow and Doer stood with Chrétien to announce their support for a compromise bailout of $400 million . Shortly after his re-election in 2003 , Doer criticized the federal government for failing to respond to an agriculture crisis caused by the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a Canadian cow and the subsequent closure of the American border to beef products produced in Canada . The federal and provincial governments subsequently agreed on a $50 million bailout to the industry . The border was reopened to live cattle in December 2004 . Doer strongly supports the Canadian Wheat Boards policy of single-desk marketing , and has opposed efforts by some on the political right to weaken its status . In late 2006 , Doer accused federal Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl of interfering in the Wheat Boards elections . The Doer government has rejected a return to single-desk hog marketing , which was eliminated during the years of the Filmon government . During its second term , the government supported plans to establish an OlyWest hog processing plant in northeast Winnipeg . This measure was extremely controversial among party members , and area NDP MLAs Daryl Reid and Bidhu Jha indicated that they opposed the measure . In response to criticism , Doer withdrew his support for OlyWest in 2007 . The Doer government introduced a temporary ban on new hog farms throughout most of the province in March 2008 , following the release of a provincial environmental report . Around the same time , Doer announced new funding for waste-water treatment plants that would allow two existing hog-processing plants to expand their operations . Doer is a vocal opponent of the American Country of Origin Labelling initiative , which would require American producers to separate meat from hogs slaughtered in Canada and increase packing and labelling cost . Justice . Doer opposed the Chrétien governments decision to implement a federal gun registry , and his government joined with other provinces to raise a constitutional challenge against the law in 2000 . Doer called for the federal government to strengthen its laws against child pornography in 2002 , after the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that John Robin Sharpes fictional writings involving children met the legal definition of artistic merit . Doer was quoted as saying , We believe that the rights of children should be superior rights in our country to the rights of perverts . The following year , the Manitoba government unveiled a website that included photographs and profiles of high-risk sex offenders . Also in 2002 , Doer argued that persons who kill police officers should spend the rest of their natural lives in jail , without access to Canadas so-called Faint Hope Clause for early release . Three years later , he argued that the provisions of the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act were too lenient . In 2007 , Doer led an all-party task force to Ottawa to seek greater federal penalties for gang-related crime , youth offences and car theft . In 2004 , the Doer government increased funding for the hiring of police officers and Crown prosecutors . Following increased urban violence in 2005 , the province announced funding for 54 more officers . The government also launched an initiative to hire seven recreational directors for inner-city Winnipeg neighbourhoods in 2008 , to provide sports opportunities for youth as an alternative to crime . Doer announced the creation of an all-party task force on security following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The following month , he announced that he would work with the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota for a coordinated security strategy . Doers government tabled legislation in 2009 to provide civilian oversight of police officers in Manitoba , following an inquiry into the death of Crystal Taman . She was killed when her car , stopped for a red light , was struck by off-duty Winnipeg Police constable Derek Harvey-Zinks pickup truck . The Taman Inquirys report strongly criticized the resulting police investigation into the collision , as well as the Doer Governments choice of special prosecutor , Marty Minuk . Environment . Doer has been a strong and consistent supporter of the Kyoto Accord on climate change . In February 2004 , his government signed an agreement with the Chicago Climate Exchange pledging Manitoba to create a trust fund to pay for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2007 , he announced that Manitoba would pursue a plan with other provinces and states to push greenhouse gas emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 . The next year , Doer legislated his provinces commitment to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol by 2012 . Doer announced that Manitoba would increase ethanol production in 2002 , and held consultations on a plan requiring Manitoba drivers to use ethanol-blended gasoline . In October 2002 , the government instructed its provincial fleet drivers to switch to ethanol fuels . These plans stalled due to limited production , but were revived when a new facility was constructed in late 2005 . In March 2004 , the government introduced enabling legislation on water protection , allowing for the introduction of specific regulations on water protection zones , water quality standards , and related matters . Doer signed the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord with seven American governors in November 2007 . The following month , he announced that Manitoba would introduce vehicle emission standards similar to those in California . In late January 2008 , he agreed to a blueprint proposal with the premiers of British Columbia , Ontario and Quebec for a market-based trading system to cut greenhouse gas emissions . He later became an enthusiastic supporter of North American cap and trade programs to reduce energy emissions , while at the same time criticizing the idea of a carbon tax . Doer introduced plans to eliminate coal-burning factories in his 2008 budget . The budget also included a new program for water conservation , and a $7 million fund directed toward climate change issues . He also called for an independent review of the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission in 2008 , arguing that the renewal process for hydroelectric projects was too long . In November 2008 , Doer announced that his government would ban new logging in provincial parks and phase out existing projects . He also announced a ban on plastic shopping bags , and on the use of cellphones while driving . Parents were also forbidden to smoke when children were in the car . The opposition Progressive Conservatives indicated that it would support all of these initiatives . In late 2005 , the American magazine Business Week listed Doer as one of the top twenty international leaders fighting climate change . Aboriginal issues . In November 1999 , Doer appointed a two-person panel to advise his government on implementing the findings of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry , which had been published eight years earlier . In April 2000 , Manitoba took steps to provide indigenous Manitobans with their own child and family-service agencies . Doer convened a provincial summit on aboriginal commerce in November 2004 . He indicated that the summit was intended to showcase successful businesses , and to forge greater links between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities . Doer is a strong supporter of the Kelowna Accord signed in late 2005 by the federal government of Paul Martin , provincial premiers and aboriginal leaders . After the Martin government was defeated in the 2006 federal election and replaced by the government of Stephen Harper , Doer criticized Harpers failure to implement the accord . In late 2008 , the Doer government introduced legislation to give sixteen bands on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg greater authority over the management of their traditional lands . The bill requires that plans for development be approved by both the province and the bands chief , and extends the range of influence well beyond the areas small reserves . Some chiefs in the affected area later objected to the bill on procedural grounds , arguing that they were not properly consulted . Following consultations with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999 , the Doer government established a selection committee to oversee proposals for setting up casinos in Manitoba first nations . The process subsequently became stalled , and only one of the casinos was up and running by 2003 . The government subsequently appointed a panel to review the situation and recommend a change in strategy ; the panel argued that the province should consider creating one large casino , instead of several small on-reserve casinos . A second casino was opened in 2005 , while the larger issue remained unresolved as of 2007 . Energy . Doer has often referred to hydroelectric power as playing a major role in Manitobas long-term economic strategy , and has advocated a national east-west power grid to export Manitobas plentiful hydroelectric power to Ontario and other provinces in Western Canada . Doer announced Manitobas first wind farm project in November 2004 , near the community of St . Leon . This was a private-public partnership arranged between Manitoba Hydro and AirSource Power Fund . It was officially started in April 2005 . In September 2007 , Manitoba Hydro indicated that it would construct a new transmission line to connect north and south Manitoba on the west side of Lake Winnipeg . Hydros initial plan had been to construct the line on the east side , but Doers government rejected this approach , arguing that it would damage pristine boreal forest territories . The local aboriginal community is divided on the issue , with some leaders supporting the governments conservation approach and others arguing that east side construction would help combat poverty in the area . The Progressive Conservative Party has strongly criticized Doers decision . In April 2008 , Manitoba Hydro announced a $2 billion agreement to sell surplus energy to Wisconsin once the construction is complete . Doer asked Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board to provide an analysis of natural gas prices in July 2008 , with the intent of limiting price increases during the winter . He also indicated that his government would intervene to protect consumers from high prices . Finance Minister Greg Selinger later indicated that the government would provide some relief for consumers , but would not use Manitoba Hydros profits to offset rate increases . Labour issues . The Doer government introduced a number of labour reforms early in its first mandate , making it easier for unions to obtain certification and giving employees increased powers to move disputes to binding arbitration . Business leaders opposed the changes , though Doer argued that the bill was far less contentious than opponents made it out to be . In 2004 , Doer rejected a call by party members to introduce legislation that would ban replacement workers in labour disputes . Doers government increased Manitobas minimum wage from $6.00 to $6.25 in November 2000 , and brought in subsequent increases of 25 cents on an annual basis . By April 2005 , the minimum wage had been increased to $7.25 . Some argued that this was still short of a living wage . The minimum wage was increased to $8.50 in 2008 . In 2005 , the Doer government introduced a bill to expand provincial workers compensation coverage . The Doer government announced in late 2007 that temporary foreign workers and modeling agencies would be included under the Employment Standards Act , to prevent worker exploitation . Monsanto . In 1999 , the Manitoba government under NDP leadership , began its ongoing relationship with Monsanto , accepting a 12.5 million dollar agreement to bring in its first development centre . In 2005 , Gary Doer announced a deal to allow Monsanto to build their 42,000 square foot Canadian head office in Manitoba . Doers government introduced a biotechnology training strategy in October 2002 , to address a skilled-worker shortage in the industry . In early 2003 , Doer signed a $160 million deal with the federal government for expansion work on the Red River Floodway . The floodway expansion was described as the largest infrastructure project in Manitoba history , and was started in late 2005 . Doer took part in discussions in 2007-08 with media mogul David Asper and officials from other levels of government , regarding the location of a new stadium for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team . He was skeptical about Aspers initial plan for a stadium in the Polo Park region of Winnipeg , and was more supportive of an abortive plan to construct the stadium in the economically depressed area of Point Douglas . Asper eventually chose site in Fort Garry , next to the University of Manitoba . The deal was finalized in early 2009 , with the province providing $20 million in funding ; provincial officials believe that all but $1 million will be recovered before the stadium opens in 2011 . In September 2008 , Doer and Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced $138 million for a rapid transit plan that will eventually link downtown Winnipeg with the University of Manitoba . In the same month , Doer designated a piece of land in northwest Winnipeg as the site of a future inland port . The area was given the name CentrePort Canada , and its first directors were chosen in December 2008 . Doer announced in February 2009 that his government would spend $1 million on special training for northern Manitoba workers , following a global economic downtown that adversely affected the provinces forestry and mining sectors . Two months later , he joined with the federal government to announce a $40 million investment in a cold weather aerospace engine testing and research facility in Thompson . In early May 2009 , the federal and provincial governments announced $116 million for infrastructure renewal in rural and northern communities . Crocus Investment Fund . In early 2005 , the labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and entered into financial protection . The Doer government was subsequently accused of having ignored signs of trouble at the fund , and of failing to protect the interests of investors . The opposition Progressive Conservatives argued that the government had neglected warnings of financial impropriety , in part because of ideological links between the New Democratic Party and the labour movement . Doer rejected this charge , observing that the fund had been established by the Filmon government in conjunction with labour leaders . He also rejected calls from the opposition for a formal inquiry , and insisted that the province did nothing wrong in the matter . Federal-provincial relations . Doer supported the Chrétien governments Clarity Act legislation , which required that any future negotiations on provincial secession be preceded by a referendum with a clearly defined question . The act was opposed by Quebec nationalists , who regarded it as an infringement on their national sovereignty . In 2004 , Doer criticized new Prime Minister Paul Martin for seeming to undermine the principles of the bill . He also criticized Martins promise to remove the Notwithstanding Clause from the Constitution of Canada in the 2006 federal election . Doer later criticized Martins successor , Stephen Harper , for recognizing the Québécois as a nation within Canada in late 2006 . He was quoted as saying , [ t ] o me , Canada is one nation , one country . I understand Quebec is unique in terms of language , culture and law , but Canada is one country . Notwithstanding this and other criticisms , a May 2008 article in The Globe and Mail newspaper described Doer as one of the few premiers to have a good working relationship with Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Manitoba signed on to the federal governments Building Canada Fund in late 2008 , receiving about $500 million in new infrastructure monies . Following a global economic downturn in late 2008 , Doer called on the federal government to invest in job creation and infrastructure funding . Prime Minister Harper later said that his government would spend more on roads , bridges and other public works . According to journalist Chantal Hébert , Doer played a vital role in convincing other provincial leaders to accept Quebec Premier Jean Charests plan to create the Council of the Federation in 2003 . In 2008-09 , Charest and Doer helped broker an agreement among the premiers to provide for greater labour mobility within Canada . In early 2007 , Doer said that Manitoba would not enter a free trade deal signed between Alberta and British Columbia . He instead called for a national trade accord . Doer met with other western Canadian premiers in June 2009 to introduce a plan for the collective purchase of prescription drugs . The premiers indicated that the plan could save taxpayers millions of dollars . In late 2008 , the federal Liberal and New Democratic parties announced plans to defeat the Conservatives on a motion of no confidence and create a coalition government . The plan was ultimately unsuccessful , and the Conservatives remained in power . Doer did not take a position on the coalition , and instead called for all parties in the House of Commons of Canada to work in a cooperative manner . International relations . Since his first election in 1999 , Doer has been a leading opponent of a water diversion in Devils Lake , North Dakota that many regard as posing a serious environmental threat to Manitoba . In 2005 , the Canadian and American governments reached a non-binding compromise deal on the project that committed both sides to design an advanced filter to prevent environmental disruption . Doer initially described this agreement as a significant improvement over prior arrangements , but later criticized the North Dakota government for starting the water diversion before the deal was finalized . In May 2009 , Doer said that Manitoba would invest more than $10 million in drainage improvements if North Dakota would agree to construct a permanent filter on its Devils Lake output . North Dakota Governor John Hoeven rejected the deal in the same month , arguing that the issues were separate . Doer has led several international trade delegations from Manitoba , including visits to Russia , Germany , Israel , India , China and The Philippines . He also made an historic visit to Iceland in August 2001 ; Manitoba has a large Icelandic population , and Doer was the first Manitoba Premier to make an official visit to the country . Halldór Ásgrímsson , the Prime Minister of Iceland , made a follow-up visit to Manitoba in July 2005 . In May 2008 , Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko made an official visit to Manitoba and addressed the provincial legislature . Doer signed an agreement with the American state of Georgia in 2004 , for increased co-operation between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the National Virology Lab in Winnipeg . In the same year , he signed a memorandum of understanding with Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to create a biomedical corridor for the promotion of research , capital investment and technology development . In early 2005 , Doer and New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord traveled on a trade mission to Texas in what was described as an effort to improve relations between Canada and the United States . Later in the year , Doer and Jean Charest traveled on a trade mission to Mexico . In 2006 , he appeared at a prominent climate change event with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In June 2009 , Doer took part in discussions to create a Western Energy Corridor to allow an easier flow of both renewable energy and fossil fuels among western American states and Canadian provinces . Doer has supported Canadas military mission in Afghanistan , despite skepticism about the purpose of the mission from the federal NDP . He called for Canada to ban donations to Hezbollahs charity wing in 2002 , and endorsed Jean Chrétien governments decision to remain out of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2005 , Doer spoke against the American governments plans to require passports at Canada–US border crossings . He argued that the new expense of travel would create a financial Berlin Wall for some families , and instead proposed a security protocol centred around drivers licenses . In 2007 , North Dakota Governor John Hoeven announced that he was working with Doer to find an alternative approach . In 2008 , Doer argued that Canada should aggressively defend the North American Free Trade Agreement against criticism from American Democratic Party presidential candidates . He later spoke against the United States Congresss planned Buy American legislation during a business trip to Illinois and Texas . Doer signed an agreement in Manila in February 2008 , to permit an easier flow of immigration from The Philippines to Manitoba . Legislative reform . Doers government changed the rules of the legislature in 1999 , to allow the Speaker of the Assembly to be elected by a secret ballot vote of all members . Speakers had previously been appointed by the premier . The Doer government announced election spending reforms in June 2000 , which were highlighted by a ban on political donations by private corporations and organized labour . This measure was opposed by the opposition Progressive Conservatives , and by the right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation . The reforms came into effect in 2001 , and were extended to party leadership contests in June 2002 . Further restrictions were added in 2006 . In June 2009 , Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz spoke against Doers plan to ban union and corporate donations from municipal elections . The Doer government introduced legislation in April 2006 to prevent MLAs from crossing the floor from one party to another . Under the terms of this legislation , MLAs who choose to leave their political party are required to sit as independents until the next election , or to resign and seek re-election for another party . Doer announced plans in early 2008 to create a lobbyist registry for Manitoba , as well as introducing fixed election dates , partial public campaign financing , and restrictions on partisan direct mail flyers sent out by MLAs at public expense . The plan for public campaign financing was later abandoned after public opposition . In 2009 , opposition politicians and some journalists pressured Doer to call a public inquiry into a controversy involving expense claims from the 1999 provincial election . Elections Manitoba had determined that some reimbursement claims filed by the Manitoba NDP were unwarranted ; in late 2003 , the party agreed to repay $76,000 in an out-of-court settlement . Critics have charged a lack of transparency in the process , and have questioned why Elections Manitoba did not lay charges . At least one Winnipeg journalist has compared the matter with an expenses scandal faced by the Conservative Party of Canada following the 2006 federal election . Doer has argued that the matter is settled , and that there is no need for an inquiry . Popularity . Doers government enjoyed an extended honeymoon with voters after the 1999 election . The NDP consistently led all other parties in public opinion polls from 1999 until 2005 , often by wide margins . The partys popularity dipped in late 2005 , damaged somewhat by questions resulting from the failure of the Crocus Investment Fund . Polls taken in December 2005 and March 2006 showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied for support . In July 2006 , the PCs pulled ahead of the NDP for the first time in seven years . The NDP nevertheless recovered to win a convincing majority in the 2007 election , and in July 2008 held a ten-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives in popular support . The PCs posted a surprise lead over the NDP in a December 2008 poll , although some local journalists questioned its accuracy . By April 2009 , the NDP once again held a ten-point lead . Doer was rated as Canadas most popular premier in polls taken in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , scoring a 77% rating in March 2006 . His approval rating was 81% in March 2008 , making him the second most popular Canadian premier after Danny Williams of Newfoundland and Labrador . Retirement . On August 27 , 2009 Doer announced he would not seek re-election in the 2011 election , and on August 28 , 2009 he was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to succeed Michael Wilson as Canadian ambassador to the United States . He was formally sworn into that position on October 19 , 2009 , and on the same day Greg Selinger was sworn in as his replacement as Premier of Manitoba . Doers former constituency assistant Matt Wiebe subsequently won the by-election to succeed Doer as MLA for Concordia on March 2 , 2010 . Federal politics . Doer supported a bid to draft former Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer as a candidate in the federal New Democratic Partys 1989 leadership contest . When Schreyer declined to run , Doer tried to convince Stephen Lewis and then Bob Rae to enter the contest , without success . He eventually supported Audrey McLaughlin , who was elected on the fourth ballot of the partys leadership convention . There was speculation that Doer would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1995 , after McLaughlin announced her resignation . He declined , and instead gave his support to longtime friend Alexa McDonough , whom he nominated at the leadership convention . McDonough was chosen as party leader following the first ballot . Doer opposed the New Politics Initiative in 2001 . In the 2003 leadership election , he supported the leadership campaign of Bill Blaikie , whose federal Winnipeg—Transcona riding overlapped with his own provincial division . Blaikie finished second against Jack Layton . Doer has disagreed with the federal NDP on some issues . He defended CanWest Globals takeover of a part of Conrad Blacks newspaper empire in 2000 , even though the arrangement had been criticized by the federal party . He later called for Svend Robinson to be demoted as Foreign Affairs Critic in 2002 , after Robinson announced his support for the Palestinians in their conflict with Israel ( official NDP policy was that both sides should seek a peace agreement ) . Doer was quoted as saying , Either he represents the party as a foreign affairs critic or hes removed as foreign affairs critic . And I believe he should be removed . He later expressed disappointment that Robinson was allowed to keep his critics role , albeit with a ban against speaking on Middle East issues . Doer published a ten-point proposal for the future of the federal NDP in June 2002 , calling for a focus on health and education as well as fiscal balance , community safety and election finance reform . Doer was considered a possible candidate for the 2012 leadership election , but declined to run . Ideology . Doer is on the centrist wing of the New Democratic Party . He once described his political ideology as follows : Doer endorsed Tony Blairs approach to leading the British Labour Party in 1997 , and his own 1999 election platform was frequently compared with Blairs Third Way of social democracy . Doer has also been compared with former Premier of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow , who also governed from the centrist wing of the party . Former NDP MLA Cy Gonick wrote a critical essay about Doer in 2007 , describing him as a small-l liberal without a socialist bone in his body . Legacy . Manitoba Wildlands director , Gaile Whelan Enns , said He has no real policy legacy . Eric Reder , Manitoba campaign director for the non-profit Wilderness Committee , echoed that assessment . The entirety of his term was incremental—little decisions , Reder said . The Manitoba governments relationship with Monsanto lead to the documentary Seeds of Change , which explored negative aspects of the relationship . Fracking for oil increased dramatically under Doer . Electoral record . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Expenditures refer to candidate election expenses . External links . - Canadainternational.gc.ca , Ambassadors Biography - http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/ordermb10.html

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What position did Gary Doer take from Oct 1999 to Oct 2009?

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Gary Doer Gary Albert Doer , ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is a Canadian former politician and diplomat from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . He served as Canadas Ambassador to the United States from October 19 , 2009 to March 3 , 2016 . Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009 , leading a New Democratic Party government . Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington , Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and has been retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute . Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue . Early life and career . Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg , Manitoba . His background is German and Welsh . He graduated from St . Pauls High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre . He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre . Doers work environment was not always safe : he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation , and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion . Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees Association in 1979 , and served in this capacity until 1986 . He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Public and General Employees , served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , and became a governor of the University of Manitoba . In 1983 , he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks . The following year , he openly criticized Dennis McDermotts leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress . Doer first joined the New Democratic Party in the 1970s , and worked for the party in the 1973 provincial election . He discontinued his membership in 1975 to preserve the neutrality of his union , and was later courted by both the New Democrats and Progressive Conservatives to run for public office . He rejoined the NDP in 1986 , and was a candidate in that years provincial election . Cabinet minister . Doer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1986 provincial election for the northeast Winnipeg division of Concordia . He joined the government of Premier Howard Pawley on April 17 , 1986 as Minister of Urban Affairs , and was given additional responsibilities as Minister responsible for the Manitoba Telephone System on December 2 of the same year . Doer ordered a Royal Canadian Mounted Police probe of the MTS soon after his appointment , and worked to reform its practices following a failed investment in Saudi Arabia . He soon developed a reputation as a fixer , working as a trouble-shooter in difficult fields . Doer was given further responsibilities as Minister of Crown Investments on February 5 , 1987 , and was later named as Minister responsible for the Accountability of Crown Corporations ( August 19 , 1987 ) and Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act ( September 21 , 1987 ) . Seen as a rising star in the party , he was sometimes mentioned as a future leader . The Pawley government was sustained by a narrow legislative majority after the 1986 election , and was defeated on March 8 , 1988 when disgruntled backbencher Jim Walding voted with the opposition on a budget non-confidence motion . Pawley resigned as NDP leader the next day , and called a new general election for April 26 . NDP leader . Leadership election . Doer was the first declared candidate in the Manitoba New Democratic Partys 1988 leadership contest . He was supported by cabinet ministers Vic Schroeder , Myrna Phillips , Muriel Smith , Leonard Evans , Jerry Storie and Wilson Parasiuk , and by federal Members of Parliament Rod Murphy and David Orlikow . He also received an endorsement from the Manitoba Federation of Labour . Doer emphasized his experience in managing large organizations , and called for pay equity legislation to be introduced within a year of his election . He narrowly defeated rival candidate Len Harapiak on the third ballot of the partys leadership convention in Winnipeg . He was not sworn in as premier , as the legislature had already been dissolved . Doer became leader of the Manitoba NDP when the party was at a low ebb of popularity . An internal poll before the election showed that they had only 6% popular support , and some NDP workers privately worried that they could lose all of their legislative seats . Many believed Doer was their best hope for a recovery . Support for the NDP increased to 19% during the leadership campaign , and to 23% after Doer was chosen as Pawleys successor . The party nevertheless remained in third place , and faced an uphill struggle in the 1988 election . 1988 election . Doer promised a $58 million tax cut , and opposed the federal governments free trade deal with the United States of America . He indicated that he was open to the possibility of amending the Meech Lake Accord , a federal proposal for constitutional reform . He also promised to build more community health centres , and supported home renovations for senior citizens and the disabled . The NDP won 12 out of 57 seats , while the Progressive Conservatives under Gary Filmon won 25 seats and the Liberals under Sharon Carstairs jumped from one seat to twenty . Doer rejected the possibility of forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and the Progressive Conservatives were able to form a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power . He was not personally blamed for his partys loss , and continued as party leader . The NDP chose not to defeat Filmons government during confidence votes in late 1988 and early 1989 , as Doer argued the public would not support another election so soon . Meech Lake Accord . The dominant political issue in Manitoba between 1988 and 1990 was the Meech Lake Accord , which recognized Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and devolved some powers from the federal government to the provinces . The accord required approval from all ten provincial legislatures to become law . The provincial Liberals initially opposed the accord , which meant that Doers support was necessary for its passage . In November 1988 , Doer indicated that his party would not support the accord unless certain amendments were introduced . He was later appointed to a provincial panel that held a series of public meetings , and recommended significant changes to the deal . The Filmon government also expressed skepticism about the accord , and announced that it too would seek amendments from the federal government . All three Manitoba party leaders agreed to a federally brokered compromise in June 1990 , shortly before the accords official deadline . The accord nonetheless failed to pass in the Manitoba legislature because of a procedural motion from Elijah Harper , a Cree member of the NDP caucus who argued that it did not give fair representation to indigenous Canadians . Doer described Harpers decision as a fundamental issue of conscience , and blamed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for delaying negotiations until the deadline had almost expired . One year later , he indicated that he felt betrayed by federal negotiators , and described the entire Meech Lake process as dishonest from start to finish . 1990 election . In the aftermath of the accords defeat , Filmon called a provincial election for September 11 , 1990 . Doer promised a ten-year freeze on personal income taxes , and argued that the Progressive Conservatives would pursue a hidden right-wing agenda if they won a majority government . He also promised legislation that would make it more difficult for companies based in Manitoba to close down . An early poll showed the NDP in third place with 18% support , well behind the governing Progressive Conservatives and also behind the Liberals . The Liberal campaign faltered , however , and the New Democrats were able to make strong gains in the elections final days , partly buoyed by the unexpected victory of Bob Raes New Democrats in the neighbouring province of Ontario . The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow majority with 30 seats , while the New Democrats won 20 and the Liberals seven . Doer succeeded Carstairs as Leader of the Opposition in the legislature . Leader of the Opposition . First term , 1990–95 . Doer criticized the Filmon governments cutbacks to health and education , and drew attention to the provinces rising unemployment and child poverty rates in the early 1990s . Opposing Filmons austerity measures , he argued it was inappropriate for the government to cut jobs at a time of high unemployment . In 1993 , he opposed the governments decision to end funding for groups such as the Foster Family Association , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Manitoba Anti-Poverty Organization and the Manitoba Environmental Council . Doer announced in late 1992 that his caucus would support the Charlottetown Accord , a comprehensive package on constitutional reform that was introduced by the federal government after the failure of Meech Lake . The Accord was defeated in a national referendum . Doer released an election platform in November 1994 , highlighted by a ten-point preventive health-care program for children and a six-point Manitoba Works plan to reduce unemployment . 1995 election . Doer focused on health issues in the 1995 provincial election . He promised that he would replace walk-in clinics with neighbourhood health organizations , to be staffed with salaried doctors , nurses , midwives and social workers . He pledged to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to reduce prescription drug costs , and to review some of the hundreds of drugs that had been delisted in recent years . He also promised to create a new group of health providers called nurse practitioners , to carry out some doctors responsibilities . On economic issues , Doer promised a balanced budget with no personal or sales tax increases over four years and indicated that he would cut nearly $119 million from government programs to fund health , education , and job creation . An early poll from the Angus Reid firm showed the Progressive Conservatives with 37% support , the Liberals with 35% , and the NDP with 21% . The Liberal campaign faltered once again , however , and a poll released only days before the election showed the NDP had again surpassed the Liberals for second place . The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected with 31 seats , the NDP increased their total to 23 , and the Liberals fell to only three . In the closing days of the campaign , Doer asked the provinces chief electoral officer to investigate reports that three independent candidates from an unregistered party known as Native Voice had received assistance from a Progressive Conservative campaign official . Some believed these candidates would split the progressive-left vote in their ridings , and give the Progressive Conservatives a greater chance of winning . Little was done at the time , but the story emerged as a prominent provincial scandal following an exposé from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in June 1998 . Doer called for an inquiry , which the Filmon government granted ; the presiding officer determined that at least one of the candidates had been illegally induced to run to by a local agents of the Progressive Conservative Party . Second term , 1995–99 . Despite an improving economy , the Filmon governments 1996 budget introduced further cuts to social assistance , health care , and post-secondary and public school education . Doer argued that the cuts were ideological in nature , and not based on financial necessity . The government also introduced legislation permitting unionized workers to shield their dues from being donated to political parties . Doer suggested that corporate shareholders should also be allowed to opt out of party donations . Doer opposed the Filmon governments decision to privatize the Manitoba Telephone System in 1996 , arguing that it would cause Manitobans to lose control over a vital part of their economy . He called for a referendum , which Filmon rejected . Doer nonetheless accepted the finality of the sale , telling party delegates in 1999 that buying back the service would be too expensive and carry too many risks . Doer also opposed the Filmon governments proposal to water-down the single-desk marketing powers of the Canadian Wheat Board . He argued there could be no middle-of-the-road position on the Wheat Board , adding that continued single-desk marketing would be in the economic interests of producers and the economic interests of Winnipeg . Some New Democrats expressed discontent with Doers leadership in late 1997 . Most notably , a group led by policy committee chairman Victor Olson issued a statement on party renewal that was generally interpreted as a challenge to his leadership . This came to nothing , but there was general agreement among party members that Doer would need to win the next election to continue as party leader . 1999 election . In the buildup to the 1999 provincial election , Doer unveiled a platform that called for balanced budgets , debt repayment and a freeze on taxes . He again emphasized health care as a priority , and said that his government would stop the practice of using public monies for politically motivated polls and advertisements . He also expressed concern that the Progressive Conservatives could privatize Manitoba Hydro , and criticized a provincial workfare initiative as giving too much discretionary power to government overseers . The NDP voted to support the Filmon governments 1999 budget , citing the premiers decision to increase health spending with money from a provincial rainy day fund . Doer added that , if elected , his party would replace Filmons budgeted income tax cut with a property tax cut . The NDP entered the 1999 election in a much stronger position than in the three previous campaigns . A poll taken three years earlier had shown the NDP leading the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since the Pawley administration . The Tories regained their lead by 1998 , but fallout from the vote-splitting scandal gave the NDP an 8% lead in a Probe/Free Press poll issued in March 1999 . In this period , many began to regard the NDP as a possible government-in-waiting . Later polls showed the gap between the parties narrowing to a virtual tie . Doer pledged $13 million to shorten health-care waiting times in the 1999 campaign , and said that he would work to end hallway medicine in overcrowded hospitals . He also pledged an additional $2 million to hire more nurses and provide incentives for rural doctors . In education , he promised to cut college and university tuition fees by 10% and to invest $24 million to the provinces three community colleges . On election reform , he promised to ban campaign donations from corporations and unions . Doer also criticized the Filmon governments handling of a contract with Urban Shared Services Corp. , which attempted to save the province money by reheating food for hospitals and seniors homes at a centralized location . The project went well over-budget , and the food was often criticized as inedible . A poll released a week before the election showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied with 42% support , and the election was considered too close to call until the actual day of voting . The NDP ultimately won 32 seats , against 24 for the Progressive Conservatives and only one for the Liberals . A collapse of the Liberal vote worked to the NDPs advantage . Premier . More than eleven years after declining the option , Doer was sworn in as Premier of Manitoba on October 5 , 1999 . He also took the position of Minister of Federal/Provincial Relations . Re-election campaigns . After governing for just under four years , Doer called a new provincial election for June 2003 . He brought forward a five point re-election plan highlighted by promises to reduce property and income taxes , hire more nurses and doctors and make reductions in medical waiting lists , take a cautious approach to managing the economy , and improve the provinces education and law enforcement systems . Many journalists noted similarities to the NDPs 1999 platform . The NDP held a massive lead in the polls throughout the campaign , and most observers agreed that its re-election was a foregone conclusion . Even the Winnipeg Free Press , not traditionally supportive of the NDP , urged voters to re-elect Doers government . The NDP won an increased majority with 49.47% support and 35 of 57 seats , and made inroads into traditionally Progressive Conservative areas of south Winnipeg . Four years later , Doer called an election for May 2007 . The NDP campaign focused on Doers personal popularity and his governments record in office . The party released a seven-point re-election plan , focused on health care , the environment , education , tax cuts , public safety , money for highways , and keeping Manitoba Hydro as a public institution . Doer promised to hire 700 nurses and nurse practitioners , 100 new police officers , 20 new crown prosecutors , and 20 new workplace safety inspectors . He also promised to improve Manitobas record on vehicle emissions , provide tax credits for caregivers , and phase out the provincial small business tax over three years . The NDP was again re-elected with an increased majority , this time taking 36 of 57 seats . Prominent cabinet members . Prominent members of Doers first cabinet included Greg Selinger in Finance , Gord Mackintosh in Justice , David Chomiak in Health and Rosann Wowchuk in Agriculture . Tim Sale replaced Chomiak at Health in October 2004 , and was in turn succeeded by Theresa Oswald in 2006 . Chomiak replaced Mackintosh at Justice in 2006 . Selinger remained as Finance Minister until 2009 , when he succeeded Doer as Premier . Wowchuk remains in Agriculture . Jean Friesen served as Doers Deputy Premier in his first term . She retired in 2003 , and Doer chose Rosann Wowchuk as her replacement . Financial policy . The Doer government has introduced an uninterrupted succession of balanced budgets since its first election in 1999 . These budgets have generally been cautious , and have sought to balance tax concerns with spending increases . Doers first budget , delivered in 2000 , removed 15,000 low-income Manitobans from the tax rolls and introduced $150 million in tax breaks over three years while projecting a $10 million surplus . His 2003 budget , the last of his first term , reduced provincial taxes by $82.7 million and increased spending by about 5% , mostly in health and education . Despite a series of economic setbacks , the government was able to post a balanced budget in 2004 through increased taxes and drug premiums as well as civil service reduction through attrition . Tobacco and liquor taxes were increased and the provincial sales tax expanded to cover more services , although Doer rejected a panel recommendation to increase the sales tax by 1% . The government was able introduce a more expansive budget in 2005 after an infusion of federal revenues , reducing personal and property taxes , increasing spending by 3.5% , and putting $314 million into a rainy day fund . Doers 2006 and 2007 budgets introduced further tax cuts , and the 2007 budget offered increased education spending and a new child benefit to assist low-income families . At the Manitoba NDPs March 2009 convention , Doer announced that Manitoba would continue its commitment to education , training and research despite a global economic downturn and a slowing economy . He argued that the province was still recovering from the Filmon governments spending cuts during the economic downtown of the 1990s , and that his policies would allow Manitoba to emerge from the recession in a strong , competitive position . His government introduced a balanced budget with economic stimulus programs a few weeks later , even as the global recession forced other provincial governments across Canada into deficit . Doer encouraged the Bank of Canada to lower its rates in late 2003 , saying that the rising strength of the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar was causing increased unemployment . He later criticized Bank Governor David Dodge for doing nothing to save Canadian jobs and profits . In early 2008 , he called for a national strategy to offset the disruptions caused by Canadas soaring dollar . In 2004 , provincial Auditor General Jon Singleton argued that Manitoba was actually running a deficit due to costs associated with crown corporations , utilities and arms-length agencies that were not officially counted in the budget . He recommended that Manitoba adopt a system of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Greg Selinger , Doers Finance Minister , noted that the existing rules were set in place by the Filmon government , and indicated that the NDP had included a summary financial statement to its budget including many of the costs Singleton identified . The Doer government nevertheless announced in 2005 that it would adopt GAAP . For the first seven years of his administration , Doer was assisted on financial matters by Eugene Kostyra , a cabinet minister from the Pawley government . Kostyra resigned from his position as secretary of Manitobas Community and Economic Development Committee in late 2006 , and Angela Mathieson was appointed as his replacement . Health . Doer has frequently argued in favour of Canadas public health system . He criticized Albertas plan to introduce more private health provisions in 2002 , and defended the public system as efficient and less expensive . In the same year , he endorsed Roy Romanows assessment that the federal government must play a stronger role in health care to prevent more encroachments by the private system . At a presentation before the Romanow Commission in 2002 , Doer called for the federal government to double its health care commitment . Two years later , he played a significant role in negotiations that saw the federal government contribute $18 billion in new funding to the provinces over six years . The Doer governments first budget included a $135 million increase in health spending , taking total provincial spending to $2.43 billion . In October 2002 , the government announced a long-anticipated $100 million expansion to the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg , with new operating rooms and emergency departments . The government was unable to end hallway medicine in the six-month period it had promised during the 1999 election , and faced the problem of nursing vacancies in the early 2000s . Nevertheless , most observers agreed that the provincial situation improved significantly between 1999 and 2003 . Health spending continued to increase during Doers second term ; a report in December 2004 indicated that Manitobas per capita health spending was the highest in Canada for the seventh continuous year . Doer emerged as a defender of Manitobas burgeoning internet pharmaceutical industry in the mid-2000s . This industry was very popular among American clients , but nonetheless provoked opposition within both countries . In 2004 , Doer accused federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh of capitulating to American interests by agreeing to increased restrictions on the industry . He later argued that the Canadian government could protect its national drug supply and maintain Manitobas pharmaceutical sector simply by banning bulk exports . Doers government introduced a landmark anti-smoking bill in 2004 , banning smoking in all indoor public places and workplaces across the province . Supported by all parties , the legislation was the first of its kind in Canada . It did not cover Manitobans working in federal government buildings or living on First Nations territory , as these were not under provincial jurisdiction . Doer welcomed Prime Minister Paul Martins decision to name Winnipeg as the site of Canadas new public health agency in 2004 . Social policy . The Doer government passed a bill granting full adoption rights to gay and lesbian couples in 2002 . The NDP and Liberals supported the bill , while the Progressive Conservatives voted against it . In 2004 , the federal government announced that it would introduce legislation to permit the legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada . Federal Justice Minister Irwin Cotler initially indicated that civic officials would be allowed to opt out of performing same-sex marriages if the practice offended their beliefs . Doer criticized this , arguing that provincial employees should not be permitted to discriminate . Doer initially declined to express his personal views on the subject , but announced in late 2004 that he supported same-sex marriage as a human right . In April 2005 , Doer signed a $176 million deal with the federal government of Paul Martin to expand the provincial day-care sector . The project was canceled in 2006 by the new Conservative government of Stephen Harper , over Doers objections . Unlike some within the NDP , Doer is personally opposed to the decriminalization of marijuana , which he has said could result in economic difficulties with the United States . As premier , Doer encouraged several Manitoba crown corporations to donate money to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg ; Manitoba Public Insurance , Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Lotteries Corporation and the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission subsequently made donations of one million dollars each . Opposition leader Hugh McFadyen and some journalists questioned Doers involvement in the matter , arguing that he was effectively directing the corporations to make these donations . Education . Doers government cut university tuition by 10% during its first term , and later provided universities with a property tax exemption . It also amalgamated several school divisions prior to the 2002 municipal elections , and began to phase out education property taxes in the same period . In 2006 , the Doer government introduced a proposal for Manitoba university graduates to receive a tuition rebate of up to 60% if they chose to stay and work in the province after graduation . A 2008 Winnipeg Free Press article indicated that Manitoba and Alberta were investing more money in public education per student than all other provinces of Canada . Teachers wages in Manitoba were also noted to be healthy in relation to the average national wage . Agriculture . Shortly after being sworn in as premier , Doer led an all-party delegation to Ottawa to seek a $1.3 billion financial bailout for western farmers to help mitigate an economic downturn in the sector . He was joined by Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow , Progressive Conservative MLA Larry Maguire , and Manitoba Liberal leader Jon Gerrard . The federal government introduced $170 million in funding shortly thereafter , a figure that Doer and Romanow described as heartless . In February 2000 , Romanow and Doer stood with Chrétien to announce their support for a compromise bailout of $400 million . Shortly after his re-election in 2003 , Doer criticized the federal government for failing to respond to an agriculture crisis caused by the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a Canadian cow and the subsequent closure of the American border to beef products produced in Canada . The federal and provincial governments subsequently agreed on a $50 million bailout to the industry . The border was reopened to live cattle in December 2004 . Doer strongly supports the Canadian Wheat Boards policy of single-desk marketing , and has opposed efforts by some on the political right to weaken its status . In late 2006 , Doer accused federal Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl of interfering in the Wheat Boards elections . The Doer government has rejected a return to single-desk hog marketing , which was eliminated during the years of the Filmon government . During its second term , the government supported plans to establish an OlyWest hog processing plant in northeast Winnipeg . This measure was extremely controversial among party members , and area NDP MLAs Daryl Reid and Bidhu Jha indicated that they opposed the measure . In response to criticism , Doer withdrew his support for OlyWest in 2007 . The Doer government introduced a temporary ban on new hog farms throughout most of the province in March 2008 , following the release of a provincial environmental report . Around the same time , Doer announced new funding for waste-water treatment plants that would allow two existing hog-processing plants to expand their operations . Doer is a vocal opponent of the American Country of Origin Labelling initiative , which would require American producers to separate meat from hogs slaughtered in Canada and increase packing and labelling cost . Justice . Doer opposed the Chrétien governments decision to implement a federal gun registry , and his government joined with other provinces to raise a constitutional challenge against the law in 2000 . Doer called for the federal government to strengthen its laws against child pornography in 2002 , after the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that John Robin Sharpes fictional writings involving children met the legal definition of artistic merit . Doer was quoted as saying , We believe that the rights of children should be superior rights in our country to the rights of perverts . The following year , the Manitoba government unveiled a website that included photographs and profiles of high-risk sex offenders . Also in 2002 , Doer argued that persons who kill police officers should spend the rest of their natural lives in jail , without access to Canadas so-called Faint Hope Clause for early release . Three years later , he argued that the provisions of the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act were too lenient . In 2007 , Doer led an all-party task force to Ottawa to seek greater federal penalties for gang-related crime , youth offences and car theft . In 2004 , the Doer government increased funding for the hiring of police officers and Crown prosecutors . Following increased urban violence in 2005 , the province announced funding for 54 more officers . The government also launched an initiative to hire seven recreational directors for inner-city Winnipeg neighbourhoods in 2008 , to provide sports opportunities for youth as an alternative to crime . Doer announced the creation of an all-party task force on security following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The following month , he announced that he would work with the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota for a coordinated security strategy . Doers government tabled legislation in 2009 to provide civilian oversight of police officers in Manitoba , following an inquiry into the death of Crystal Taman . She was killed when her car , stopped for a red light , was struck by off-duty Winnipeg Police constable Derek Harvey-Zinks pickup truck . The Taman Inquirys report strongly criticized the resulting police investigation into the collision , as well as the Doer Governments choice of special prosecutor , Marty Minuk . Environment . Doer has been a strong and consistent supporter of the Kyoto Accord on climate change . In February 2004 , his government signed an agreement with the Chicago Climate Exchange pledging Manitoba to create a trust fund to pay for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2007 , he announced that Manitoba would pursue a plan with other provinces and states to push greenhouse gas emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 . The next year , Doer legislated his provinces commitment to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol by 2012 . Doer announced that Manitoba would increase ethanol production in 2002 , and held consultations on a plan requiring Manitoba drivers to use ethanol-blended gasoline . In October 2002 , the government instructed its provincial fleet drivers to switch to ethanol fuels . These plans stalled due to limited production , but were revived when a new facility was constructed in late 2005 . In March 2004 , the government introduced enabling legislation on water protection , allowing for the introduction of specific regulations on water protection zones , water quality standards , and related matters . Doer signed the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord with seven American governors in November 2007 . The following month , he announced that Manitoba would introduce vehicle emission standards similar to those in California . In late January 2008 , he agreed to a blueprint proposal with the premiers of British Columbia , Ontario and Quebec for a market-based trading system to cut greenhouse gas emissions . He later became an enthusiastic supporter of North American cap and trade programs to reduce energy emissions , while at the same time criticizing the idea of a carbon tax . Doer introduced plans to eliminate coal-burning factories in his 2008 budget . The budget also included a new program for water conservation , and a $7 million fund directed toward climate change issues . He also called for an independent review of the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission in 2008 , arguing that the renewal process for hydroelectric projects was too long . In November 2008 , Doer announced that his government would ban new logging in provincial parks and phase out existing projects . He also announced a ban on plastic shopping bags , and on the use of cellphones while driving . Parents were also forbidden to smoke when children were in the car . The opposition Progressive Conservatives indicated that it would support all of these initiatives . In late 2005 , the American magazine Business Week listed Doer as one of the top twenty international leaders fighting climate change . Aboriginal issues . In November 1999 , Doer appointed a two-person panel to advise his government on implementing the findings of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry , which had been published eight years earlier . In April 2000 , Manitoba took steps to provide indigenous Manitobans with their own child and family-service agencies . Doer convened a provincial summit on aboriginal commerce in November 2004 . He indicated that the summit was intended to showcase successful businesses , and to forge greater links between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities . Doer is a strong supporter of the Kelowna Accord signed in late 2005 by the federal government of Paul Martin , provincial premiers and aboriginal leaders . After the Martin government was defeated in the 2006 federal election and replaced by the government of Stephen Harper , Doer criticized Harpers failure to implement the accord . In late 2008 , the Doer government introduced legislation to give sixteen bands on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg greater authority over the management of their traditional lands . The bill requires that plans for development be approved by both the province and the bands chief , and extends the range of influence well beyond the areas small reserves . Some chiefs in the affected area later objected to the bill on procedural grounds , arguing that they were not properly consulted . Following consultations with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999 , the Doer government established a selection committee to oversee proposals for setting up casinos in Manitoba first nations . The process subsequently became stalled , and only one of the casinos was up and running by 2003 . The government subsequently appointed a panel to review the situation and recommend a change in strategy ; the panel argued that the province should consider creating one large casino , instead of several small on-reserve casinos . A second casino was opened in 2005 , while the larger issue remained unresolved as of 2007 . Energy . Doer has often referred to hydroelectric power as playing a major role in Manitobas long-term economic strategy , and has advocated a national east-west power grid to export Manitobas plentiful hydroelectric power to Ontario and other provinces in Western Canada . Doer announced Manitobas first wind farm project in November 2004 , near the community of St . Leon . This was a private-public partnership arranged between Manitoba Hydro and AirSource Power Fund . It was officially started in April 2005 . In September 2007 , Manitoba Hydro indicated that it would construct a new transmission line to connect north and south Manitoba on the west side of Lake Winnipeg . Hydros initial plan had been to construct the line on the east side , but Doers government rejected this approach , arguing that it would damage pristine boreal forest territories . The local aboriginal community is divided on the issue , with some leaders supporting the governments conservation approach and others arguing that east side construction would help combat poverty in the area . The Progressive Conservative Party has strongly criticized Doers decision . In April 2008 , Manitoba Hydro announced a $2 billion agreement to sell surplus energy to Wisconsin once the construction is complete . Doer asked Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board to provide an analysis of natural gas prices in July 2008 , with the intent of limiting price increases during the winter . He also indicated that his government would intervene to protect consumers from high prices . Finance Minister Greg Selinger later indicated that the government would provide some relief for consumers , but would not use Manitoba Hydros profits to offset rate increases . Labour issues . The Doer government introduced a number of labour reforms early in its first mandate , making it easier for unions to obtain certification and giving employees increased powers to move disputes to binding arbitration . Business leaders opposed the changes , though Doer argued that the bill was far less contentious than opponents made it out to be . In 2004 , Doer rejected a call by party members to introduce legislation that would ban replacement workers in labour disputes . Doers government increased Manitobas minimum wage from $6.00 to $6.25 in November 2000 , and brought in subsequent increases of 25 cents on an annual basis . By April 2005 , the minimum wage had been increased to $7.25 . Some argued that this was still short of a living wage . The minimum wage was increased to $8.50 in 2008 . In 2005 , the Doer government introduced a bill to expand provincial workers compensation coverage . The Doer government announced in late 2007 that temporary foreign workers and modeling agencies would be included under the Employment Standards Act , to prevent worker exploitation . Monsanto . In 1999 , the Manitoba government under NDP leadership , began its ongoing relationship with Monsanto , accepting a 12.5 million dollar agreement to bring in its first development centre . In 2005 , Gary Doer announced a deal to allow Monsanto to build their 42,000 square foot Canadian head office in Manitoba . Doers government introduced a biotechnology training strategy in October 2002 , to address a skilled-worker shortage in the industry . In early 2003 , Doer signed a $160 million deal with the federal government for expansion work on the Red River Floodway . The floodway expansion was described as the largest infrastructure project in Manitoba history , and was started in late 2005 . Doer took part in discussions in 2007-08 with media mogul David Asper and officials from other levels of government , regarding the location of a new stadium for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team . He was skeptical about Aspers initial plan for a stadium in the Polo Park region of Winnipeg , and was more supportive of an abortive plan to construct the stadium in the economically depressed area of Point Douglas . Asper eventually chose site in Fort Garry , next to the University of Manitoba . The deal was finalized in early 2009 , with the province providing $20 million in funding ; provincial officials believe that all but $1 million will be recovered before the stadium opens in 2011 . In September 2008 , Doer and Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced $138 million for a rapid transit plan that will eventually link downtown Winnipeg with the University of Manitoba . In the same month , Doer designated a piece of land in northwest Winnipeg as the site of a future inland port . The area was given the name CentrePort Canada , and its first directors were chosen in December 2008 . Doer announced in February 2009 that his government would spend $1 million on special training for northern Manitoba workers , following a global economic downtown that adversely affected the provinces forestry and mining sectors . Two months later , he joined with the federal government to announce a $40 million investment in a cold weather aerospace engine testing and research facility in Thompson . In early May 2009 , the federal and provincial governments announced $116 million for infrastructure renewal in rural and northern communities . Crocus Investment Fund . In early 2005 , the labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and entered into financial protection . The Doer government was subsequently accused of having ignored signs of trouble at the fund , and of failing to protect the interests of investors . The opposition Progressive Conservatives argued that the government had neglected warnings of financial impropriety , in part because of ideological links between the New Democratic Party and the labour movement . Doer rejected this charge , observing that the fund had been established by the Filmon government in conjunction with labour leaders . He also rejected calls from the opposition for a formal inquiry , and insisted that the province did nothing wrong in the matter . Federal-provincial relations . Doer supported the Chrétien governments Clarity Act legislation , which required that any future negotiations on provincial secession be preceded by a referendum with a clearly defined question . The act was opposed by Quebec nationalists , who regarded it as an infringement on their national sovereignty . In 2004 , Doer criticized new Prime Minister Paul Martin for seeming to undermine the principles of the bill . He also criticized Martins promise to remove the Notwithstanding Clause from the Constitution of Canada in the 2006 federal election . Doer later criticized Martins successor , Stephen Harper , for recognizing the Québécois as a nation within Canada in late 2006 . He was quoted as saying , [ t ] o me , Canada is one nation , one country . I understand Quebec is unique in terms of language , culture and law , but Canada is one country . Notwithstanding this and other criticisms , a May 2008 article in The Globe and Mail newspaper described Doer as one of the few premiers to have a good working relationship with Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Manitoba signed on to the federal governments Building Canada Fund in late 2008 , receiving about $500 million in new infrastructure monies . Following a global economic downturn in late 2008 , Doer called on the federal government to invest in job creation and infrastructure funding . Prime Minister Harper later said that his government would spend more on roads , bridges and other public works . According to journalist Chantal Hébert , Doer played a vital role in convincing other provincial leaders to accept Quebec Premier Jean Charests plan to create the Council of the Federation in 2003 . In 2008-09 , Charest and Doer helped broker an agreement among the premiers to provide for greater labour mobility within Canada . In early 2007 , Doer said that Manitoba would not enter a free trade deal signed between Alberta and British Columbia . He instead called for a national trade accord . Doer met with other western Canadian premiers in June 2009 to introduce a plan for the collective purchase of prescription drugs . The premiers indicated that the plan could save taxpayers millions of dollars . In late 2008 , the federal Liberal and New Democratic parties announced plans to defeat the Conservatives on a motion of no confidence and create a coalition government . The plan was ultimately unsuccessful , and the Conservatives remained in power . Doer did not take a position on the coalition , and instead called for all parties in the House of Commons of Canada to work in a cooperative manner . International relations . Since his first election in 1999 , Doer has been a leading opponent of a water diversion in Devils Lake , North Dakota that many regard as posing a serious environmental threat to Manitoba . In 2005 , the Canadian and American governments reached a non-binding compromise deal on the project that committed both sides to design an advanced filter to prevent environmental disruption . Doer initially described this agreement as a significant improvement over prior arrangements , but later criticized the North Dakota government for starting the water diversion before the deal was finalized . In May 2009 , Doer said that Manitoba would invest more than $10 million in drainage improvements if North Dakota would agree to construct a permanent filter on its Devils Lake output . North Dakota Governor John Hoeven rejected the deal in the same month , arguing that the issues were separate . Doer has led several international trade delegations from Manitoba , including visits to Russia , Germany , Israel , India , China and The Philippines . He also made an historic visit to Iceland in August 2001 ; Manitoba has a large Icelandic population , and Doer was the first Manitoba Premier to make an official visit to the country . Halldór Ásgrímsson , the Prime Minister of Iceland , made a follow-up visit to Manitoba in July 2005 . In May 2008 , Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko made an official visit to Manitoba and addressed the provincial legislature . Doer signed an agreement with the American state of Georgia in 2004 , for increased co-operation between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the National Virology Lab in Winnipeg . In the same year , he signed a memorandum of understanding with Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to create a biomedical corridor for the promotion of research , capital investment and technology development . In early 2005 , Doer and New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord traveled on a trade mission to Texas in what was described as an effort to improve relations between Canada and the United States . Later in the year , Doer and Jean Charest traveled on a trade mission to Mexico . In 2006 , he appeared at a prominent climate change event with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In June 2009 , Doer took part in discussions to create a Western Energy Corridor to allow an easier flow of both renewable energy and fossil fuels among western American states and Canadian provinces . Doer has supported Canadas military mission in Afghanistan , despite skepticism about the purpose of the mission from the federal NDP . He called for Canada to ban donations to Hezbollahs charity wing in 2002 , and endorsed Jean Chrétien governments decision to remain out of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2005 , Doer spoke against the American governments plans to require passports at Canada–US border crossings . He argued that the new expense of travel would create a financial Berlin Wall for some families , and instead proposed a security protocol centred around drivers licenses . In 2007 , North Dakota Governor John Hoeven announced that he was working with Doer to find an alternative approach . In 2008 , Doer argued that Canada should aggressively defend the North American Free Trade Agreement against criticism from American Democratic Party presidential candidates . He later spoke against the United States Congresss planned Buy American legislation during a business trip to Illinois and Texas . Doer signed an agreement in Manila in February 2008 , to permit an easier flow of immigration from The Philippines to Manitoba . Legislative reform . Doers government changed the rules of the legislature in 1999 , to allow the Speaker of the Assembly to be elected by a secret ballot vote of all members . Speakers had previously been appointed by the premier . The Doer government announced election spending reforms in June 2000 , which were highlighted by a ban on political donations by private corporations and organized labour . This measure was opposed by the opposition Progressive Conservatives , and by the right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation . The reforms came into effect in 2001 , and were extended to party leadership contests in June 2002 . Further restrictions were added in 2006 . In June 2009 , Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz spoke against Doers plan to ban union and corporate donations from municipal elections . The Doer government introduced legislation in April 2006 to prevent MLAs from crossing the floor from one party to another . Under the terms of this legislation , MLAs who choose to leave their political party are required to sit as independents until the next election , or to resign and seek re-election for another party . Doer announced plans in early 2008 to create a lobbyist registry for Manitoba , as well as introducing fixed election dates , partial public campaign financing , and restrictions on partisan direct mail flyers sent out by MLAs at public expense . The plan for public campaign financing was later abandoned after public opposition . In 2009 , opposition politicians and some journalists pressured Doer to call a public inquiry into a controversy involving expense claims from the 1999 provincial election . Elections Manitoba had determined that some reimbursement claims filed by the Manitoba NDP were unwarranted ; in late 2003 , the party agreed to repay $76,000 in an out-of-court settlement . Critics have charged a lack of transparency in the process , and have questioned why Elections Manitoba did not lay charges . At least one Winnipeg journalist has compared the matter with an expenses scandal faced by the Conservative Party of Canada following the 2006 federal election . Doer has argued that the matter is settled , and that there is no need for an inquiry . Popularity . Doers government enjoyed an extended honeymoon with voters after the 1999 election . The NDP consistently led all other parties in public opinion polls from 1999 until 2005 , often by wide margins . The partys popularity dipped in late 2005 , damaged somewhat by questions resulting from the failure of the Crocus Investment Fund . Polls taken in December 2005 and March 2006 showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied for support . In July 2006 , the PCs pulled ahead of the NDP for the first time in seven years . The NDP nevertheless recovered to win a convincing majority in the 2007 election , and in July 2008 held a ten-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives in popular support . The PCs posted a surprise lead over the NDP in a December 2008 poll , although some local journalists questioned its accuracy . By April 2009 , the NDP once again held a ten-point lead . Doer was rated as Canadas most popular premier in polls taken in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , scoring a 77% rating in March 2006 . His approval rating was 81% in March 2008 , making him the second most popular Canadian premier after Danny Williams of Newfoundland and Labrador . Retirement . On August 27 , 2009 Doer announced he would not seek re-election in the 2011 election , and on August 28 , 2009 he was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to succeed Michael Wilson as Canadian ambassador to the United States . He was formally sworn into that position on October 19 , 2009 , and on the same day Greg Selinger was sworn in as his replacement as Premier of Manitoba . Doers former constituency assistant Matt Wiebe subsequently won the by-election to succeed Doer as MLA for Concordia on March 2 , 2010 . Federal politics . Doer supported a bid to draft former Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer as a candidate in the federal New Democratic Partys 1989 leadership contest . When Schreyer declined to run , Doer tried to convince Stephen Lewis and then Bob Rae to enter the contest , without success . He eventually supported Audrey McLaughlin , who was elected on the fourth ballot of the partys leadership convention . There was speculation that Doer would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1995 , after McLaughlin announced her resignation . He declined , and instead gave his support to longtime friend Alexa McDonough , whom he nominated at the leadership convention . McDonough was chosen as party leader following the first ballot . Doer opposed the New Politics Initiative in 2001 . In the 2003 leadership election , he supported the leadership campaign of Bill Blaikie , whose federal Winnipeg—Transcona riding overlapped with his own provincial division . Blaikie finished second against Jack Layton . Doer has disagreed with the federal NDP on some issues . He defended CanWest Globals takeover of a part of Conrad Blacks newspaper empire in 2000 , even though the arrangement had been criticized by the federal party . He later called for Svend Robinson to be demoted as Foreign Affairs Critic in 2002 , after Robinson announced his support for the Palestinians in their conflict with Israel ( official NDP policy was that both sides should seek a peace agreement ) . Doer was quoted as saying , Either he represents the party as a foreign affairs critic or hes removed as foreign affairs critic . And I believe he should be removed . He later expressed disappointment that Robinson was allowed to keep his critics role , albeit with a ban against speaking on Middle East issues . Doer published a ten-point proposal for the future of the federal NDP in June 2002 , calling for a focus on health and education as well as fiscal balance , community safety and election finance reform . Doer was considered a possible candidate for the 2012 leadership election , but declined to run . Ideology . Doer is on the centrist wing of the New Democratic Party . He once described his political ideology as follows : Doer endorsed Tony Blairs approach to leading the British Labour Party in 1997 , and his own 1999 election platform was frequently compared with Blairs Third Way of social democracy . Doer has also been compared with former Premier of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow , who also governed from the centrist wing of the party . Former NDP MLA Cy Gonick wrote a critical essay about Doer in 2007 , describing him as a small-l liberal without a socialist bone in his body . Legacy . Manitoba Wildlands director , Gaile Whelan Enns , said He has no real policy legacy . Eric Reder , Manitoba campaign director for the non-profit Wilderness Committee , echoed that assessment . The entirety of his term was incremental—little decisions , Reder said . The Manitoba governments relationship with Monsanto lead to the documentary Seeds of Change , which explored negative aspects of the relationship . Fracking for oil increased dramatically under Doer . Electoral record . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Expenditures refer to candidate election expenses . External links . - Canadainternational.gc.ca , Ambassadors Biography - http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/ordermb10.html

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Which position did Gary Doer hold from Oct 2009 to Mar 2016?

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Gary Doer Gary Albert Doer , ( born March 31 , 1948 ) is a Canadian former politician and diplomat from Winnipeg , Manitoba , Canada . He served as Canadas Ambassador to the United States from October 19 , 2009 to March 3 , 2016 . Doer previously served as the 20th Premier of Manitoba from 1999 to 2009 , leading a New Democratic Party government . Since the end of his term as envoy to Washington , Doer has taken up a position as senior business advisor with the global law firm Dentons and has been retained by the government of Alberta to lobby the Trump administration on the softwood lumber dispute . Doer is a member of the Inter-American Dialogue . Early life and career . Gary Doer was born to a middle class family in Winnipeg , Manitoba . His background is German and Welsh . He graduated from St . Pauls High School and went on to study political science and sociology at the University of Manitoba for one year where he was a member of Tau Kappa Epsilon fraternity , but left to become a corrections officer at the Vaughan Street Detention Centre . He later rose to become deputy superintendent of the Manitoba Youth Centre . Doers work environment was not always safe : he once had to deal with a hostage taking situation , and was attacked with a baseball bat on another occasion . Doer became president of the Manitoba Government Employees Association in 1979 , and served in this capacity until 1986 . He also held prominent positions with the Manitoba Federation of Labour and the National Union of Public and General Employees , served as a director of the Winnipeg Blue Bombers , and became a governor of the University of Manitoba . In 1983 , he negotiated an agreement with the provincial government of Howard Pawley in which civil servants agreed to delay a wage increase in return for a guarantee of no layoffs or wage rollbacks . The following year , he openly criticized Dennis McDermotts leadership of the Canadian Labour Congress . Doer first joined the New Democratic Party in the 1970s , and worked for the party in the 1973 provincial election . He discontinued his membership in 1975 to preserve the neutrality of his union , and was later courted by both the New Democrats and Progressive Conservatives to run for public office . He rejoined the NDP in 1986 , and was a candidate in that years provincial election . Cabinet minister . Doer was elected to the Legislative Assembly of Manitoba in the 1986 provincial election for the northeast Winnipeg division of Concordia . He joined the government of Premier Howard Pawley on April 17 , 1986 as Minister of Urban Affairs , and was given additional responsibilities as Minister responsible for the Manitoba Telephone System on December 2 of the same year . Doer ordered a Royal Canadian Mounted Police probe of the MTS soon after his appointment , and worked to reform its practices following a failed investment in Saudi Arabia . He soon developed a reputation as a fixer , working as a trouble-shooter in difficult fields . Doer was given further responsibilities as Minister of Crown Investments on February 5 , 1987 , and was later named as Minister responsible for the Accountability of Crown Corporations ( August 19 , 1987 ) and Minister responsible for the Liquor Control Act ( September 21 , 1987 ) . Seen as a rising star in the party , he was sometimes mentioned as a future leader . The Pawley government was sustained by a narrow legislative majority after the 1986 election , and was defeated on March 8 , 1988 when disgruntled backbencher Jim Walding voted with the opposition on a budget non-confidence motion . Pawley resigned as NDP leader the next day , and called a new general election for April 26 . NDP leader . Leadership election . Doer was the first declared candidate in the Manitoba New Democratic Partys 1988 leadership contest . He was supported by cabinet ministers Vic Schroeder , Myrna Phillips , Muriel Smith , Leonard Evans , Jerry Storie and Wilson Parasiuk , and by federal Members of Parliament Rod Murphy and David Orlikow . He also received an endorsement from the Manitoba Federation of Labour . Doer emphasized his experience in managing large organizations , and called for pay equity legislation to be introduced within a year of his election . He narrowly defeated rival candidate Len Harapiak on the third ballot of the partys leadership convention in Winnipeg . He was not sworn in as premier , as the legislature had already been dissolved . Doer became leader of the Manitoba NDP when the party was at a low ebb of popularity . An internal poll before the election showed that they had only 6% popular support , and some NDP workers privately worried that they could lose all of their legislative seats . Many believed Doer was their best hope for a recovery . Support for the NDP increased to 19% during the leadership campaign , and to 23% after Doer was chosen as Pawleys successor . The party nevertheless remained in third place , and faced an uphill struggle in the 1988 election . 1988 election . Doer promised a $58 million tax cut , and opposed the federal governments free trade deal with the United States of America . He indicated that he was open to the possibility of amending the Meech Lake Accord , a federal proposal for constitutional reform . He also promised to build more community health centres , and supported home renovations for senior citizens and the disabled . The NDP won 12 out of 57 seats , while the Progressive Conservatives under Gary Filmon won 25 seats and the Liberals under Sharon Carstairs jumped from one seat to twenty . Doer rejected the possibility of forming a coalition government with the Liberals , and the Progressive Conservatives were able to form a minority government with the NDP holding the balance of power . He was not personally blamed for his partys loss , and continued as party leader . The NDP chose not to defeat Filmons government during confidence votes in late 1988 and early 1989 , as Doer argued the public would not support another election so soon . Meech Lake Accord . The dominant political issue in Manitoba between 1988 and 1990 was the Meech Lake Accord , which recognized Quebec as a distinct society in Canada and devolved some powers from the federal government to the provinces . The accord required approval from all ten provincial legislatures to become law . The provincial Liberals initially opposed the accord , which meant that Doers support was necessary for its passage . In November 1988 , Doer indicated that his party would not support the accord unless certain amendments were introduced . He was later appointed to a provincial panel that held a series of public meetings , and recommended significant changes to the deal . The Filmon government also expressed skepticism about the accord , and announced that it too would seek amendments from the federal government . All three Manitoba party leaders agreed to a federally brokered compromise in June 1990 , shortly before the accords official deadline . The accord nonetheless failed to pass in the Manitoba legislature because of a procedural motion from Elijah Harper , a Cree member of the NDP caucus who argued that it did not give fair representation to indigenous Canadians . Doer described Harpers decision as a fundamental issue of conscience , and blamed Prime Minister Brian Mulroney for delaying negotiations until the deadline had almost expired . One year later , he indicated that he felt betrayed by federal negotiators , and described the entire Meech Lake process as dishonest from start to finish . 1990 election . In the aftermath of the accords defeat , Filmon called a provincial election for September 11 , 1990 . Doer promised a ten-year freeze on personal income taxes , and argued that the Progressive Conservatives would pursue a hidden right-wing agenda if they won a majority government . He also promised legislation that would make it more difficult for companies based in Manitoba to close down . An early poll showed the NDP in third place with 18% support , well behind the governing Progressive Conservatives and also behind the Liberals . The Liberal campaign faltered , however , and the New Democrats were able to make strong gains in the elections final days , partly buoyed by the unexpected victory of Bob Raes New Democrats in the neighbouring province of Ontario . The Progressive Conservatives won a narrow majority with 30 seats , while the New Democrats won 20 and the Liberals seven . Doer succeeded Carstairs as Leader of the Opposition in the legislature . Leader of the Opposition . First term , 1990–95 . Doer criticized the Filmon governments cutbacks to health and education , and drew attention to the provinces rising unemployment and child poverty rates in the early 1990s . Opposing Filmons austerity measures , he argued it was inappropriate for the government to cut jobs at a time of high unemployment . In 1993 , he opposed the governments decision to end funding for groups such as the Foster Family Association , the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs , the Manitoba Anti-Poverty Organization and the Manitoba Environmental Council . Doer announced in late 1992 that his caucus would support the Charlottetown Accord , a comprehensive package on constitutional reform that was introduced by the federal government after the failure of Meech Lake . The Accord was defeated in a national referendum . Doer released an election platform in November 1994 , highlighted by a ten-point preventive health-care program for children and a six-point Manitoba Works plan to reduce unemployment . 1995 election . Doer focused on health issues in the 1995 provincial election . He promised that he would replace walk-in clinics with neighbourhood health organizations , to be staffed with salaried doctors , nurses , midwives and social workers . He pledged to negotiate with pharmaceutical companies to reduce prescription drug costs , and to review some of the hundreds of drugs that had been delisted in recent years . He also promised to create a new group of health providers called nurse practitioners , to carry out some doctors responsibilities . On economic issues , Doer promised a balanced budget with no personal or sales tax increases over four years and indicated that he would cut nearly $119 million from government programs to fund health , education , and job creation . An early poll from the Angus Reid firm showed the Progressive Conservatives with 37% support , the Liberals with 35% , and the NDP with 21% . The Liberal campaign faltered once again , however , and a poll released only days before the election showed the NDP had again surpassed the Liberals for second place . The Progressive Conservatives were re-elected with 31 seats , the NDP increased their total to 23 , and the Liberals fell to only three . In the closing days of the campaign , Doer asked the provinces chief electoral officer to investigate reports that three independent candidates from an unregistered party known as Native Voice had received assistance from a Progressive Conservative campaign official . Some believed these candidates would split the progressive-left vote in their ridings , and give the Progressive Conservatives a greater chance of winning . Little was done at the time , but the story emerged as a prominent provincial scandal following an exposé from the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation in June 1998 . Doer called for an inquiry , which the Filmon government granted ; the presiding officer determined that at least one of the candidates had been illegally induced to run to by a local agents of the Progressive Conservative Party . Second term , 1995–99 . Despite an improving economy , the Filmon governments 1996 budget introduced further cuts to social assistance , health care , and post-secondary and public school education . Doer argued that the cuts were ideological in nature , and not based on financial necessity . The government also introduced legislation permitting unionized workers to shield their dues from being donated to political parties . Doer suggested that corporate shareholders should also be allowed to opt out of party donations . Doer opposed the Filmon governments decision to privatize the Manitoba Telephone System in 1996 , arguing that it would cause Manitobans to lose control over a vital part of their economy . He called for a referendum , which Filmon rejected . Doer nonetheless accepted the finality of the sale , telling party delegates in 1999 that buying back the service would be too expensive and carry too many risks . Doer also opposed the Filmon governments proposal to water-down the single-desk marketing powers of the Canadian Wheat Board . He argued there could be no middle-of-the-road position on the Wheat Board , adding that continued single-desk marketing would be in the economic interests of producers and the economic interests of Winnipeg . Some New Democrats expressed discontent with Doers leadership in late 1997 . Most notably , a group led by policy committee chairman Victor Olson issued a statement on party renewal that was generally interpreted as a challenge to his leadership . This came to nothing , but there was general agreement among party members that Doer would need to win the next election to continue as party leader . 1999 election . In the buildup to the 1999 provincial election , Doer unveiled a platform that called for balanced budgets , debt repayment and a freeze on taxes . He again emphasized health care as a priority , and said that his government would stop the practice of using public monies for politically motivated polls and advertisements . He also expressed concern that the Progressive Conservatives could privatize Manitoba Hydro , and criticized a provincial workfare initiative as giving too much discretionary power to government overseers . The NDP voted to support the Filmon governments 1999 budget , citing the premiers decision to increase health spending with money from a provincial rainy day fund . Doer added that , if elected , his party would replace Filmons budgeted income tax cut with a property tax cut . The NDP entered the 1999 election in a much stronger position than in the three previous campaigns . A poll taken three years earlier had shown the NDP leading the Progressive Conservatives for the first time since the Pawley administration . The Tories regained their lead by 1998 , but fallout from the vote-splitting scandal gave the NDP an 8% lead in a Probe/Free Press poll issued in March 1999 . In this period , many began to regard the NDP as a possible government-in-waiting . Later polls showed the gap between the parties narrowing to a virtual tie . Doer pledged $13 million to shorten health-care waiting times in the 1999 campaign , and said that he would work to end hallway medicine in overcrowded hospitals . He also pledged an additional $2 million to hire more nurses and provide incentives for rural doctors . In education , he promised to cut college and university tuition fees by 10% and to invest $24 million to the provinces three community colleges . On election reform , he promised to ban campaign donations from corporations and unions . Doer also criticized the Filmon governments handling of a contract with Urban Shared Services Corp. , which attempted to save the province money by reheating food for hospitals and seniors homes at a centralized location . The project went well over-budget , and the food was often criticized as inedible . A poll released a week before the election showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied with 42% support , and the election was considered too close to call until the actual day of voting . The NDP ultimately won 32 seats , against 24 for the Progressive Conservatives and only one for the Liberals . A collapse of the Liberal vote worked to the NDPs advantage . Premier . More than eleven years after declining the option , Doer was sworn in as Premier of Manitoba on October 5 , 1999 . He also took the position of Minister of Federal/Provincial Relations . Re-election campaigns . After governing for just under four years , Doer called a new provincial election for June 2003 . He brought forward a five point re-election plan highlighted by promises to reduce property and income taxes , hire more nurses and doctors and make reductions in medical waiting lists , take a cautious approach to managing the economy , and improve the provinces education and law enforcement systems . Many journalists noted similarities to the NDPs 1999 platform . The NDP held a massive lead in the polls throughout the campaign , and most observers agreed that its re-election was a foregone conclusion . Even the Winnipeg Free Press , not traditionally supportive of the NDP , urged voters to re-elect Doers government . The NDP won an increased majority with 49.47% support and 35 of 57 seats , and made inroads into traditionally Progressive Conservative areas of south Winnipeg . Four years later , Doer called an election for May 2007 . The NDP campaign focused on Doers personal popularity and his governments record in office . The party released a seven-point re-election plan , focused on health care , the environment , education , tax cuts , public safety , money for highways , and keeping Manitoba Hydro as a public institution . Doer promised to hire 700 nurses and nurse practitioners , 100 new police officers , 20 new crown prosecutors , and 20 new workplace safety inspectors . He also promised to improve Manitobas record on vehicle emissions , provide tax credits for caregivers , and phase out the provincial small business tax over three years . The NDP was again re-elected with an increased majority , this time taking 36 of 57 seats . Prominent cabinet members . Prominent members of Doers first cabinet included Greg Selinger in Finance , Gord Mackintosh in Justice , David Chomiak in Health and Rosann Wowchuk in Agriculture . Tim Sale replaced Chomiak at Health in October 2004 , and was in turn succeeded by Theresa Oswald in 2006 . Chomiak replaced Mackintosh at Justice in 2006 . Selinger remained as Finance Minister until 2009 , when he succeeded Doer as Premier . Wowchuk remains in Agriculture . Jean Friesen served as Doers Deputy Premier in his first term . She retired in 2003 , and Doer chose Rosann Wowchuk as her replacement . Financial policy . The Doer government has introduced an uninterrupted succession of balanced budgets since its first election in 1999 . These budgets have generally been cautious , and have sought to balance tax concerns with spending increases . Doers first budget , delivered in 2000 , removed 15,000 low-income Manitobans from the tax rolls and introduced $150 million in tax breaks over three years while projecting a $10 million surplus . His 2003 budget , the last of his first term , reduced provincial taxes by $82.7 million and increased spending by about 5% , mostly in health and education . Despite a series of economic setbacks , the government was able to post a balanced budget in 2004 through increased taxes and drug premiums as well as civil service reduction through attrition . Tobacco and liquor taxes were increased and the provincial sales tax expanded to cover more services , although Doer rejected a panel recommendation to increase the sales tax by 1% . The government was able introduce a more expansive budget in 2005 after an infusion of federal revenues , reducing personal and property taxes , increasing spending by 3.5% , and putting $314 million into a rainy day fund . Doers 2006 and 2007 budgets introduced further tax cuts , and the 2007 budget offered increased education spending and a new child benefit to assist low-income families . At the Manitoba NDPs March 2009 convention , Doer announced that Manitoba would continue its commitment to education , training and research despite a global economic downturn and a slowing economy . He argued that the province was still recovering from the Filmon governments spending cuts during the economic downtown of the 1990s , and that his policies would allow Manitoba to emerge from the recession in a strong , competitive position . His government introduced a balanced budget with economic stimulus programs a few weeks later , even as the global recession forced other provincial governments across Canada into deficit . Doer encouraged the Bank of Canada to lower its rates in late 2003 , saying that the rising strength of the Canadian dollar in relation to the United States dollar was causing increased unemployment . He later criticized Bank Governor David Dodge for doing nothing to save Canadian jobs and profits . In early 2008 , he called for a national strategy to offset the disruptions caused by Canadas soaring dollar . In 2004 , provincial Auditor General Jon Singleton argued that Manitoba was actually running a deficit due to costs associated with crown corporations , utilities and arms-length agencies that were not officially counted in the budget . He recommended that Manitoba adopt a system of Generally Accepted Accounting Principles ( GAAP ) . Greg Selinger , Doers Finance Minister , noted that the existing rules were set in place by the Filmon government , and indicated that the NDP had included a summary financial statement to its budget including many of the costs Singleton identified . The Doer government nevertheless announced in 2005 that it would adopt GAAP . For the first seven years of his administration , Doer was assisted on financial matters by Eugene Kostyra , a cabinet minister from the Pawley government . Kostyra resigned from his position as secretary of Manitobas Community and Economic Development Committee in late 2006 , and Angela Mathieson was appointed as his replacement . Health . Doer has frequently argued in favour of Canadas public health system . He criticized Albertas plan to introduce more private health provisions in 2002 , and defended the public system as efficient and less expensive . In the same year , he endorsed Roy Romanows assessment that the federal government must play a stronger role in health care to prevent more encroachments by the private system . At a presentation before the Romanow Commission in 2002 , Doer called for the federal government to double its health care commitment . Two years later , he played a significant role in negotiations that saw the federal government contribute $18 billion in new funding to the provinces over six years . The Doer governments first budget included a $135 million increase in health spending , taking total provincial spending to $2.43 billion . In October 2002 , the government announced a long-anticipated $100 million expansion to the Health Sciences Centre in Winnipeg , with new operating rooms and emergency departments . The government was unable to end hallway medicine in the six-month period it had promised during the 1999 election , and faced the problem of nursing vacancies in the early 2000s . Nevertheless , most observers agreed that the provincial situation improved significantly between 1999 and 2003 . Health spending continued to increase during Doers second term ; a report in December 2004 indicated that Manitobas per capita health spending was the highest in Canada for the seventh continuous year . Doer emerged as a defender of Manitobas burgeoning internet pharmaceutical industry in the mid-2000s . This industry was very popular among American clients , but nonetheless provoked opposition within both countries . In 2004 , Doer accused federal Health Minister Ujjal Dosanjh of capitulating to American interests by agreeing to increased restrictions on the industry . He later argued that the Canadian government could protect its national drug supply and maintain Manitobas pharmaceutical sector simply by banning bulk exports . Doers government introduced a landmark anti-smoking bill in 2004 , banning smoking in all indoor public places and workplaces across the province . Supported by all parties , the legislation was the first of its kind in Canada . It did not cover Manitobans working in federal government buildings or living on First Nations territory , as these were not under provincial jurisdiction . Doer welcomed Prime Minister Paul Martins decision to name Winnipeg as the site of Canadas new public health agency in 2004 . Social policy . The Doer government passed a bill granting full adoption rights to gay and lesbian couples in 2002 . The NDP and Liberals supported the bill , while the Progressive Conservatives voted against it . In 2004 , the federal government announced that it would introduce legislation to permit the legalization of same-sex marriage in Canada . Federal Justice Minister Irwin Cotler initially indicated that civic officials would be allowed to opt out of performing same-sex marriages if the practice offended their beliefs . Doer criticized this , arguing that provincial employees should not be permitted to discriminate . Doer initially declined to express his personal views on the subject , but announced in late 2004 that he supported same-sex marriage as a human right . In April 2005 , Doer signed a $176 million deal with the federal government of Paul Martin to expand the provincial day-care sector . The project was canceled in 2006 by the new Conservative government of Stephen Harper , over Doers objections . Unlike some within the NDP , Doer is personally opposed to the decriminalization of marijuana , which he has said could result in economic difficulties with the United States . As premier , Doer encouraged several Manitoba crown corporations to donate money to the Canadian Museum for Human Rights in Winnipeg ; Manitoba Public Insurance , Manitoba Hydro , Manitoba Lotteries Corporation and the Manitoba Liquor Control Commission subsequently made donations of one million dollars each . Opposition leader Hugh McFadyen and some journalists questioned Doers involvement in the matter , arguing that he was effectively directing the corporations to make these donations . Education . Doers government cut university tuition by 10% during its first term , and later provided universities with a property tax exemption . It also amalgamated several school divisions prior to the 2002 municipal elections , and began to phase out education property taxes in the same period . In 2006 , the Doer government introduced a proposal for Manitoba university graduates to receive a tuition rebate of up to 60% if they chose to stay and work in the province after graduation . A 2008 Winnipeg Free Press article indicated that Manitoba and Alberta were investing more money in public education per student than all other provinces of Canada . Teachers wages in Manitoba were also noted to be healthy in relation to the average national wage . Agriculture . Shortly after being sworn in as premier , Doer led an all-party delegation to Ottawa to seek a $1.3 billion financial bailout for western farmers to help mitigate an economic downturn in the sector . He was joined by Saskatchewan Premier Roy Romanow , Progressive Conservative MLA Larry Maguire , and Manitoba Liberal leader Jon Gerrard . The federal government introduced $170 million in funding shortly thereafter , a figure that Doer and Romanow described as heartless . In February 2000 , Romanow and Doer stood with Chrétien to announce their support for a compromise bailout of $400 million . Shortly after his re-election in 2003 , Doer criticized the federal government for failing to respond to an agriculture crisis caused by the discovery of bovine spongiform encephalopathy in a Canadian cow and the subsequent closure of the American border to beef products produced in Canada . The federal and provincial governments subsequently agreed on a $50 million bailout to the industry . The border was reopened to live cattle in December 2004 . Doer strongly supports the Canadian Wheat Boards policy of single-desk marketing , and has opposed efforts by some on the political right to weaken its status . In late 2006 , Doer accused federal Agriculture Minister Chuck Strahl of interfering in the Wheat Boards elections . The Doer government has rejected a return to single-desk hog marketing , which was eliminated during the years of the Filmon government . During its second term , the government supported plans to establish an OlyWest hog processing plant in northeast Winnipeg . This measure was extremely controversial among party members , and area NDP MLAs Daryl Reid and Bidhu Jha indicated that they opposed the measure . In response to criticism , Doer withdrew his support for OlyWest in 2007 . The Doer government introduced a temporary ban on new hog farms throughout most of the province in March 2008 , following the release of a provincial environmental report . Around the same time , Doer announced new funding for waste-water treatment plants that would allow two existing hog-processing plants to expand their operations . Doer is a vocal opponent of the American Country of Origin Labelling initiative , which would require American producers to separate meat from hogs slaughtered in Canada and increase packing and labelling cost . Justice . Doer opposed the Chrétien governments decision to implement a federal gun registry , and his government joined with other provinces to raise a constitutional challenge against the law in 2000 . Doer called for the federal government to strengthen its laws against child pornography in 2002 , after the Supreme Court of British Columbia ruled that John Robin Sharpes fictional writings involving children met the legal definition of artistic merit . Doer was quoted as saying , We believe that the rights of children should be superior rights in our country to the rights of perverts . The following year , the Manitoba government unveiled a website that included photographs and profiles of high-risk sex offenders . Also in 2002 , Doer argued that persons who kill police officers should spend the rest of their natural lives in jail , without access to Canadas so-called Faint Hope Clause for early release . Three years later , he argued that the provisions of the federal Youth Criminal Justice Act were too lenient . In 2007 , Doer led an all-party task force to Ottawa to seek greater federal penalties for gang-related crime , youth offences and car theft . In 2004 , the Doer government increased funding for the hiring of police officers and Crown prosecutors . Following increased urban violence in 2005 , the province announced funding for 54 more officers . The government also launched an initiative to hire seven recreational directors for inner-city Winnipeg neighbourhoods in 2008 , to provide sports opportunities for youth as an alternative to crime . Doer announced the creation of an all-party task force on security following the attacks of September 11 , 2001 . The following month , he announced that he would work with the Governors of Minnesota and North Dakota for a coordinated security strategy . Doers government tabled legislation in 2009 to provide civilian oversight of police officers in Manitoba , following an inquiry into the death of Crystal Taman . She was killed when her car , stopped for a red light , was struck by off-duty Winnipeg Police constable Derek Harvey-Zinks pickup truck . The Taman Inquirys report strongly criticized the resulting police investigation into the collision , as well as the Doer Governments choice of special prosecutor , Marty Minuk . Environment . Doer has been a strong and consistent supporter of the Kyoto Accord on climate change . In February 2004 , his government signed an agreement with the Chicago Climate Exchange pledging Manitoba to create a trust fund to pay for projects that reduce greenhouse gas emissions . In 2007 , he announced that Manitoba would pursue a plan with other provinces and states to push greenhouse gas emissions to 15% below 2005 levels by 2020 . The next year , Doer legislated his provinces commitment to meet its targets under the Kyoto Protocol by 2012 . Doer announced that Manitoba would increase ethanol production in 2002 , and held consultations on a plan requiring Manitoba drivers to use ethanol-blended gasoline . In October 2002 , the government instructed its provincial fleet drivers to switch to ethanol fuels . These plans stalled due to limited production , but were revived when a new facility was constructed in late 2005 . In March 2004 , the government introduced enabling legislation on water protection , allowing for the introduction of specific regulations on water protection zones , water quality standards , and related matters . Doer signed the Midwestern Regional Greenhouse Gas Reduction Accord with seven American governors in November 2007 . The following month , he announced that Manitoba would introduce vehicle emission standards similar to those in California . In late January 2008 , he agreed to a blueprint proposal with the premiers of British Columbia , Ontario and Quebec for a market-based trading system to cut greenhouse gas emissions . He later became an enthusiastic supporter of North American cap and trade programs to reduce energy emissions , while at the same time criticizing the idea of a carbon tax . Doer introduced plans to eliminate coal-burning factories in his 2008 budget . The budget also included a new program for water conservation , and a $7 million fund directed toward climate change issues . He also called for an independent review of the Manitoba Clean Environment Commission in 2008 , arguing that the renewal process for hydroelectric projects was too long . In November 2008 , Doer announced that his government would ban new logging in provincial parks and phase out existing projects . He also announced a ban on plastic shopping bags , and on the use of cellphones while driving . Parents were also forbidden to smoke when children were in the car . The opposition Progressive Conservatives indicated that it would support all of these initiatives . In late 2005 , the American magazine Business Week listed Doer as one of the top twenty international leaders fighting climate change . Aboriginal issues . In November 1999 , Doer appointed a two-person panel to advise his government on implementing the findings of the Aboriginal Justice Inquiry , which had been published eight years earlier . In April 2000 , Manitoba took steps to provide indigenous Manitobans with their own child and family-service agencies . Doer convened a provincial summit on aboriginal commerce in November 2004 . He indicated that the summit was intended to showcase successful businesses , and to forge greater links between the aboriginal and non-aboriginal communities . Doer is a strong supporter of the Kelowna Accord signed in late 2005 by the federal government of Paul Martin , provincial premiers and aboriginal leaders . After the Martin government was defeated in the 2006 federal election and replaced by the government of Stephen Harper , Doer criticized Harpers failure to implement the accord . In late 2008 , the Doer government introduced legislation to give sixteen bands on the east shore of Lake Winnipeg greater authority over the management of their traditional lands . The bill requires that plans for development be approved by both the province and the bands chief , and extends the range of influence well beyond the areas small reserves . Some chiefs in the affected area later objected to the bill on procedural grounds , arguing that they were not properly consulted . Following consultations with the Assembly of Manitoba Chiefs in 1999 , the Doer government established a selection committee to oversee proposals for setting up casinos in Manitoba first nations . The process subsequently became stalled , and only one of the casinos was up and running by 2003 . The government subsequently appointed a panel to review the situation and recommend a change in strategy ; the panel argued that the province should consider creating one large casino , instead of several small on-reserve casinos . A second casino was opened in 2005 , while the larger issue remained unresolved as of 2007 . Energy . Doer has often referred to hydroelectric power as playing a major role in Manitobas long-term economic strategy , and has advocated a national east-west power grid to export Manitobas plentiful hydroelectric power to Ontario and other provinces in Western Canada . Doer announced Manitobas first wind farm project in November 2004 , near the community of St . Leon . This was a private-public partnership arranged between Manitoba Hydro and AirSource Power Fund . It was officially started in April 2005 . In September 2007 , Manitoba Hydro indicated that it would construct a new transmission line to connect north and south Manitoba on the west side of Lake Winnipeg . Hydros initial plan had been to construct the line on the east side , but Doers government rejected this approach , arguing that it would damage pristine boreal forest territories . The local aboriginal community is divided on the issue , with some leaders supporting the governments conservation approach and others arguing that east side construction would help combat poverty in the area . The Progressive Conservative Party has strongly criticized Doers decision . In April 2008 , Manitoba Hydro announced a $2 billion agreement to sell surplus energy to Wisconsin once the construction is complete . Doer asked Manitoba Hydro and the Manitoba Public Utilities Board to provide an analysis of natural gas prices in July 2008 , with the intent of limiting price increases during the winter . He also indicated that his government would intervene to protect consumers from high prices . Finance Minister Greg Selinger later indicated that the government would provide some relief for consumers , but would not use Manitoba Hydros profits to offset rate increases . Labour issues . The Doer government introduced a number of labour reforms early in its first mandate , making it easier for unions to obtain certification and giving employees increased powers to move disputes to binding arbitration . Business leaders opposed the changes , though Doer argued that the bill was far less contentious than opponents made it out to be . In 2004 , Doer rejected a call by party members to introduce legislation that would ban replacement workers in labour disputes . Doers government increased Manitobas minimum wage from $6.00 to $6.25 in November 2000 , and brought in subsequent increases of 25 cents on an annual basis . By April 2005 , the minimum wage had been increased to $7.25 . Some argued that this was still short of a living wage . The minimum wage was increased to $8.50 in 2008 . In 2005 , the Doer government introduced a bill to expand provincial workers compensation coverage . The Doer government announced in late 2007 that temporary foreign workers and modeling agencies would be included under the Employment Standards Act , to prevent worker exploitation . Monsanto . In 1999 , the Manitoba government under NDP leadership , began its ongoing relationship with Monsanto , accepting a 12.5 million dollar agreement to bring in its first development centre . In 2005 , Gary Doer announced a deal to allow Monsanto to build their 42,000 square foot Canadian head office in Manitoba . Doers government introduced a biotechnology training strategy in October 2002 , to address a skilled-worker shortage in the industry . In early 2003 , Doer signed a $160 million deal with the federal government for expansion work on the Red River Floodway . The floodway expansion was described as the largest infrastructure project in Manitoba history , and was started in late 2005 . Doer took part in discussions in 2007-08 with media mogul David Asper and officials from other levels of government , regarding the location of a new stadium for the Winnipeg Blue Bombers football team . He was skeptical about Aspers initial plan for a stadium in the Polo Park region of Winnipeg , and was more supportive of an abortive plan to construct the stadium in the economically depressed area of Point Douglas . Asper eventually chose site in Fort Garry , next to the University of Manitoba . The deal was finalized in early 2009 , with the province providing $20 million in funding ; provincial officials believe that all but $1 million will be recovered before the stadium opens in 2011 . In September 2008 , Doer and Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz announced $138 million for a rapid transit plan that will eventually link downtown Winnipeg with the University of Manitoba . In the same month , Doer designated a piece of land in northwest Winnipeg as the site of a future inland port . The area was given the name CentrePort Canada , and its first directors were chosen in December 2008 . Doer announced in February 2009 that his government would spend $1 million on special training for northern Manitoba workers , following a global economic downtown that adversely affected the provinces forestry and mining sectors . Two months later , he joined with the federal government to announce a $40 million investment in a cold weather aerospace engine testing and research facility in Thompson . In early May 2009 , the federal and provincial governments announced $116 million for infrastructure renewal in rural and northern communities . Crocus Investment Fund . In early 2005 , the labour-managed Crocus Investment Fund stopped trading and entered into financial protection . The Doer government was subsequently accused of having ignored signs of trouble at the fund , and of failing to protect the interests of investors . The opposition Progressive Conservatives argued that the government had neglected warnings of financial impropriety , in part because of ideological links between the New Democratic Party and the labour movement . Doer rejected this charge , observing that the fund had been established by the Filmon government in conjunction with labour leaders . He also rejected calls from the opposition for a formal inquiry , and insisted that the province did nothing wrong in the matter . Federal-provincial relations . Doer supported the Chrétien governments Clarity Act legislation , which required that any future negotiations on provincial secession be preceded by a referendum with a clearly defined question . The act was opposed by Quebec nationalists , who regarded it as an infringement on their national sovereignty . In 2004 , Doer criticized new Prime Minister Paul Martin for seeming to undermine the principles of the bill . He also criticized Martins promise to remove the Notwithstanding Clause from the Constitution of Canada in the 2006 federal election . Doer later criticized Martins successor , Stephen Harper , for recognizing the Québécois as a nation within Canada in late 2006 . He was quoted as saying , [ t ] o me , Canada is one nation , one country . I understand Quebec is unique in terms of language , culture and law , but Canada is one country . Notwithstanding this and other criticisms , a May 2008 article in The Globe and Mail newspaper described Doer as one of the few premiers to have a good working relationship with Conservative Prime Minister Stephen Harper . Manitoba signed on to the federal governments Building Canada Fund in late 2008 , receiving about $500 million in new infrastructure monies . Following a global economic downturn in late 2008 , Doer called on the federal government to invest in job creation and infrastructure funding . Prime Minister Harper later said that his government would spend more on roads , bridges and other public works . According to journalist Chantal Hébert , Doer played a vital role in convincing other provincial leaders to accept Quebec Premier Jean Charests plan to create the Council of the Federation in 2003 . In 2008-09 , Charest and Doer helped broker an agreement among the premiers to provide for greater labour mobility within Canada . In early 2007 , Doer said that Manitoba would not enter a free trade deal signed between Alberta and British Columbia . He instead called for a national trade accord . Doer met with other western Canadian premiers in June 2009 to introduce a plan for the collective purchase of prescription drugs . The premiers indicated that the plan could save taxpayers millions of dollars . In late 2008 , the federal Liberal and New Democratic parties announced plans to defeat the Conservatives on a motion of no confidence and create a coalition government . The plan was ultimately unsuccessful , and the Conservatives remained in power . Doer did not take a position on the coalition , and instead called for all parties in the House of Commons of Canada to work in a cooperative manner . International relations . Since his first election in 1999 , Doer has been a leading opponent of a water diversion in Devils Lake , North Dakota that many regard as posing a serious environmental threat to Manitoba . In 2005 , the Canadian and American governments reached a non-binding compromise deal on the project that committed both sides to design an advanced filter to prevent environmental disruption . Doer initially described this agreement as a significant improvement over prior arrangements , but later criticized the North Dakota government for starting the water diversion before the deal was finalized . In May 2009 , Doer said that Manitoba would invest more than $10 million in drainage improvements if North Dakota would agree to construct a permanent filter on its Devils Lake output . North Dakota Governor John Hoeven rejected the deal in the same month , arguing that the issues were separate . Doer has led several international trade delegations from Manitoba , including visits to Russia , Germany , Israel , India , China and The Philippines . He also made an historic visit to Iceland in August 2001 ; Manitoba has a large Icelandic population , and Doer was the first Manitoba Premier to make an official visit to the country . Halldór Ásgrímsson , the Prime Minister of Iceland , made a follow-up visit to Manitoba in July 2005 . In May 2008 , Ukrainian President Viktor Yushchenko made an official visit to Manitoba and addressed the provincial legislature . Doer signed an agreement with the American state of Georgia in 2004 , for increased co-operation between the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta and the National Virology Lab in Winnipeg . In the same year , he signed a memorandum of understanding with Minnesota Governor Tim Pawlenty to create a biomedical corridor for the promotion of research , capital investment and technology development . In early 2005 , Doer and New Brunswick Premier Bernard Lord traveled on a trade mission to Texas in what was described as an effort to improve relations between Canada and the United States . Later in the year , Doer and Jean Charest traveled on a trade mission to Mexico . In 2006 , he appeared at a prominent climate change event with California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger . In June 2009 , Doer took part in discussions to create a Western Energy Corridor to allow an easier flow of both renewable energy and fossil fuels among western American states and Canadian provinces . Doer has supported Canadas military mission in Afghanistan , despite skepticism about the purpose of the mission from the federal NDP . He called for Canada to ban donations to Hezbollahs charity wing in 2002 , and endorsed Jean Chrétien governments decision to remain out of the U.S.-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 . In 2005 , Doer spoke against the American governments plans to require passports at Canada–US border crossings . He argued that the new expense of travel would create a financial Berlin Wall for some families , and instead proposed a security protocol centred around drivers licenses . In 2007 , North Dakota Governor John Hoeven announced that he was working with Doer to find an alternative approach . In 2008 , Doer argued that Canada should aggressively defend the North American Free Trade Agreement against criticism from American Democratic Party presidential candidates . He later spoke against the United States Congresss planned Buy American legislation during a business trip to Illinois and Texas . Doer signed an agreement in Manila in February 2008 , to permit an easier flow of immigration from The Philippines to Manitoba . Legislative reform . Doers government changed the rules of the legislature in 1999 , to allow the Speaker of the Assembly to be elected by a secret ballot vote of all members . Speakers had previously been appointed by the premier . The Doer government announced election spending reforms in June 2000 , which were highlighted by a ban on political donations by private corporations and organized labour . This measure was opposed by the opposition Progressive Conservatives , and by the right-wing Canadian Taxpayers Federation . The reforms came into effect in 2001 , and were extended to party leadership contests in June 2002 . Further restrictions were added in 2006 . In June 2009 , Winnipeg Mayor Sam Katz spoke against Doers plan to ban union and corporate donations from municipal elections . The Doer government introduced legislation in April 2006 to prevent MLAs from crossing the floor from one party to another . Under the terms of this legislation , MLAs who choose to leave their political party are required to sit as independents until the next election , or to resign and seek re-election for another party . Doer announced plans in early 2008 to create a lobbyist registry for Manitoba , as well as introducing fixed election dates , partial public campaign financing , and restrictions on partisan direct mail flyers sent out by MLAs at public expense . The plan for public campaign financing was later abandoned after public opposition . In 2009 , opposition politicians and some journalists pressured Doer to call a public inquiry into a controversy involving expense claims from the 1999 provincial election . Elections Manitoba had determined that some reimbursement claims filed by the Manitoba NDP were unwarranted ; in late 2003 , the party agreed to repay $76,000 in an out-of-court settlement . Critics have charged a lack of transparency in the process , and have questioned why Elections Manitoba did not lay charges . At least one Winnipeg journalist has compared the matter with an expenses scandal faced by the Conservative Party of Canada following the 2006 federal election . Doer has argued that the matter is settled , and that there is no need for an inquiry . Popularity . Doers government enjoyed an extended honeymoon with voters after the 1999 election . The NDP consistently led all other parties in public opinion polls from 1999 until 2005 , often by wide margins . The partys popularity dipped in late 2005 , damaged somewhat by questions resulting from the failure of the Crocus Investment Fund . Polls taken in December 2005 and March 2006 showed the NDP and Progressive Conservatives tied for support . In July 2006 , the PCs pulled ahead of the NDP for the first time in seven years . The NDP nevertheless recovered to win a convincing majority in the 2007 election , and in July 2008 held a ten-point lead over the Progressive Conservatives in popular support . The PCs posted a surprise lead over the NDP in a December 2008 poll , although some local journalists questioned its accuracy . By April 2009 , the NDP once again held a ten-point lead . Doer was rated as Canadas most popular premier in polls taken in 2003 , 2004 , 2005 and 2006 , scoring a 77% rating in March 2006 . His approval rating was 81% in March 2008 , making him the second most popular Canadian premier after Danny Williams of Newfoundland and Labrador . Retirement . On August 27 , 2009 Doer announced he would not seek re-election in the 2011 election , and on August 28 , 2009 he was nominated by Prime Minister Stephen Harper to succeed Michael Wilson as Canadian ambassador to the United States . He was formally sworn into that position on October 19 , 2009 , and on the same day Greg Selinger was sworn in as his replacement as Premier of Manitoba . Doers former constituency assistant Matt Wiebe subsequently won the by-election to succeed Doer as MLA for Concordia on March 2 , 2010 . Federal politics . Doer supported a bid to draft former Manitoba Premier Edward Schreyer as a candidate in the federal New Democratic Partys 1989 leadership contest . When Schreyer declined to run , Doer tried to convince Stephen Lewis and then Bob Rae to enter the contest , without success . He eventually supported Audrey McLaughlin , who was elected on the fourth ballot of the partys leadership convention . There was speculation that Doer would seek the federal NDP leadership in 1995 , after McLaughlin announced her resignation . He declined , and instead gave his support to longtime friend Alexa McDonough , whom he nominated at the leadership convention . McDonough was chosen as party leader following the first ballot . Doer opposed the New Politics Initiative in 2001 . In the 2003 leadership election , he supported the leadership campaign of Bill Blaikie , whose federal Winnipeg—Transcona riding overlapped with his own provincial division . Blaikie finished second against Jack Layton . Doer has disagreed with the federal NDP on some issues . He defended CanWest Globals takeover of a part of Conrad Blacks newspaper empire in 2000 , even though the arrangement had been criticized by the federal party . He later called for Svend Robinson to be demoted as Foreign Affairs Critic in 2002 , after Robinson announced his support for the Palestinians in their conflict with Israel ( official NDP policy was that both sides should seek a peace agreement ) . Doer was quoted as saying , Either he represents the party as a foreign affairs critic or hes removed as foreign affairs critic . And I believe he should be removed . He later expressed disappointment that Robinson was allowed to keep his critics role , albeit with a ban against speaking on Middle East issues . Doer published a ten-point proposal for the future of the federal NDP in June 2002 , calling for a focus on health and education as well as fiscal balance , community safety and election finance reform . Doer was considered a possible candidate for the 2012 leadership election , but declined to run . Ideology . Doer is on the centrist wing of the New Democratic Party . He once described his political ideology as follows : Doer endorsed Tony Blairs approach to leading the British Labour Party in 1997 , and his own 1999 election platform was frequently compared with Blairs Third Way of social democracy . Doer has also been compared with former Premier of Saskatchewan Roy Romanow , who also governed from the centrist wing of the party . Former NDP MLA Cy Gonick wrote a critical essay about Doer in 2007 , describing him as a small-l liberal without a socialist bone in his body . Legacy . Manitoba Wildlands director , Gaile Whelan Enns , said He has no real policy legacy . Eric Reder , Manitoba campaign director for the non-profit Wilderness Committee , echoed that assessment . The entirety of his term was incremental—little decisions , Reder said . The Manitoba governments relationship with Monsanto lead to the documentary Seeds of Change , which explored negative aspects of the relationship . Fracking for oil increased dramatically under Doer . Electoral record . All electoral information is taken from Elections Manitoba . Expenditures refer to candidate election expenses . External links . - Canadainternational.gc.ca , Ambassadors Biography - http://www.lg.gov.mb.ca/awards/order/ordermb10.html

easy

Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna became a member of what organization or association in 1804?

/wiki/Johan_Gabriel_Oxenstierna#P463#0

Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna Count Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna ( 19 July 1750 – 29 July 1818 ) is considered one of the foremost Swedish poets of the Gustavian period . A prominent courtier during the reign of King Gustav III of Sweden , he was also a politician , diplomat and member of the Swedish Academy , holding seat number 8 . On several occasions he was a member of the Swedish Government and Parliament . Amongst other things , Oxenstierna is also known for his translation into Swedish of John Miltons epic blank verse poem Paradise Lost . Early life . Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna was born at the Skenäs estate , by lake Kolsnaren ( now in Vingåker Municipality ) , in the province of Södermanland . He lived here during his youth with his parents , major general count Göran Oxenstierna , a member of the Korsholm och Wasa branch of the Oxenstierna family , and countess Sara Gyllenborg , and with his grandparents , Margareta Gyllenborg ( née von Beijer ) and Jan Gyllenborg . The grandparents took active part in the upbringing of young Johan Gabriel - the grandfather until he died in 1752 - as the parents at times resided at Carlsten , due to the fathers military career . He was the oldest of four brothers . His childhood at Skenäs came to play a leading role in his later authorship in many ways . The beauty of the nature of Södermanland , and the memories of his upbringing there , came to inspire the themes of his pre-romantic publications . His maternal uncle , poet Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg , in whose house he spent a lot of time , and his tutor , poet Olof Bergklint , came to inspire his career choice as a poet , as well as his poetry in itself . A person , whose writings he read and admired during this time , and who came to inspire him , was poet Gustaf Philip Creutz . In 1762 he was enrolled as a student at Uppsala University , from which he graduated in 1767 with an administrative degree ( kansliexamen ) . Bergklint served as a tutor for his university studies , starting in 1764 . During his studies he lived , at times , in Uppsala . Although Oxenstiernas writings were not published until after he moved from Skenäs and started working , he did write a Diary between 1766 and 1768 , which was published in 1965 by Bokgillet publishers in Uppsala under the title Ljuva ungdomstid : Dagbok 1766–1768 ( Sweet Time of Youth : Diary 1766–1768 ) . In it he makes everyday observations of his life at Skenäs , and later in Uppsala and Stockholm . The diary , which was written in French , reveals a melancholic and emotional character and a deep interest in nature and poetry , rather than the rational philosophy of that time . Public career . Like his father and three brothers , Oxenstierna embarked upon a career in the public sector . After graduating from Uppsala , and after a successful disputation , in front of the royal court , he was employed at the Royal Chancellery , in the department for foreign correspondence . During this time he resided with his uncle , Gustaf Gyllenborg . He was appointed acting Commission Secretary in Vienna in 1770 , and made the regular Commission Secretary in that city in 1772 ; the year of king Gustav IIIs coup detat and the establishment of absolute monarchy in Sweden . He seems to have been rather uninterested in his diplomatic work in Vienna , and more interested in his poetry and in a letter exchange with an Austrian lady , which showed clear Rousseauan influence . In 1774 he was recalled to Stockholm by the king and made a Chamberlain . He had hoped for a position at the Swedish legation in Paris , but instead received the titular office of second secretary of the Presidential office ( i.e . the Department for foreign affairs ) . As a chamberlain his poetic talents came to use , and brought him closer to the king , who was particularly enthused by his ability to write and speak in French . As a result of the kings trust in him , he was sent on diplomatic missions to several German states in 1778 . He was made a senior Chamberlain in 1783 and a Member of the College of the Chancellery in 1785 , with a special assignment to work with matters relating to Pomerania and Wismar . In 1786 , the king made him a member of the Privy Council of Sweden and President of the College of the Chancellery , together with Emanuel De Geer . As President of the Chancellery Oxenstierna was the head of the Privy Council and responsible for relating matters of foreign policy to the king . When the Privy Council was dissolved and the office of College of the Chancellery abolished in 1789 , he was made Head Steward for the queen , and in the absence of the king during the Russo-Swedish War ( 1788–1790 ) , he was a member of the Cabinet . During this time , believing the king was about to abdicate , he worked to form an alliance with other nobles and Duke Charles to force the king to make peace with Russia and go into a defensive alliance with Denmark and Russia . The king , however , remained on the throne until his assassination in 1792 , shortly before which Oxenstierna was made a Riksmarskalk ( Marshal of the Kingdom ) . After the kings death , he left all public offices , but remained as a Marshal at the court . After king Gustavs death he temporarily fell from grace with the new rulers . He made a short comeback as a cabinet member in 1798 and 1799 , while king Gustav IV Adolf travelled through Europe . In 1801 he stepped down as Riksmarskalk and was without any political influence until after the revolution of 1809 , which deposed king Gustav IV Adolf and introduced the Constitution of 1809 . Oxenstierna disliked the revolution , but accepted being chairman of a committee during the Parliament of 1809 , and again in 1815 . However , he was not in any way an influential politician . Oxenstierna was never a formidable politician or diplomat . As mentioned before , he showed a distinct lack of interest already during his first diplomatic mission in Vienna . The king often kept him uninformed and took care of business himself . Gustav III simply liked having an Oxenstierna by his side , because of the familys notability in matters of state since the days of Axel Oxenstierna . Oxenstierna often got distracted from his work , his mind wandering to more interesting matters , to the extent that he sometimes wrote public documents in verse . His contemporaries described him as unsuitable for management and as a Riksmarskalk he managed to misorganize both the funeral of king Gustav III and the coronation of the new king Charles XIII , drawing many complaints , even from the new king himself . He was not blind to this lack of administrative ability , and when he was suggested as President of the Chancellery he wrote to a friend : This is insane and can never be , as I am not competent for this post . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804 . External links . - Johan Gabriel Oxenstiernas page on the Oxenstierna family home page - A biography on the Oxenstierna family home page - Encyclopædia Britannica article on Swedish Literature during the 18th century

easy

Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna became a member of what organization or association in May 1786?

/wiki/Johan_Gabriel_Oxenstierna#P463#1

Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna Count Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna ( 19 July 1750 – 29 July 1818 ) is considered one of the foremost Swedish poets of the Gustavian period . A prominent courtier during the reign of King Gustav III of Sweden , he was also a politician , diplomat and member of the Swedish Academy , holding seat number 8 . On several occasions he was a member of the Swedish Government and Parliament . Amongst other things , Oxenstierna is also known for his translation into Swedish of John Miltons epic blank verse poem Paradise Lost . Early life . Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna was born at the Skenäs estate , by lake Kolsnaren ( now in Vingåker Municipality ) , in the province of Södermanland . He lived here during his youth with his parents , major general count Göran Oxenstierna , a member of the Korsholm och Wasa branch of the Oxenstierna family , and countess Sara Gyllenborg , and with his grandparents , Margareta Gyllenborg ( née von Beijer ) and Jan Gyllenborg . The grandparents took active part in the upbringing of young Johan Gabriel - the grandfather until he died in 1752 - as the parents at times resided at Carlsten , due to the fathers military career . He was the oldest of four brothers . His childhood at Skenäs came to play a leading role in his later authorship in many ways . The beauty of the nature of Södermanland , and the memories of his upbringing there , came to inspire the themes of his pre-romantic publications . His maternal uncle , poet Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg , in whose house he spent a lot of time , and his tutor , poet Olof Bergklint , came to inspire his career choice as a poet , as well as his poetry in itself . A person , whose writings he read and admired during this time , and who came to inspire him , was poet Gustaf Philip Creutz . In 1762 he was enrolled as a student at Uppsala University , from which he graduated in 1767 with an administrative degree ( kansliexamen ) . Bergklint served as a tutor for his university studies , starting in 1764 . During his studies he lived , at times , in Uppsala . Although Oxenstiernas writings were not published until after he moved from Skenäs and started working , he did write a Diary between 1766 and 1768 , which was published in 1965 by Bokgillet publishers in Uppsala under the title Ljuva ungdomstid : Dagbok 1766–1768 ( Sweet Time of Youth : Diary 1766–1768 ) . In it he makes everyday observations of his life at Skenäs , and later in Uppsala and Stockholm . The diary , which was written in French , reveals a melancholic and emotional character and a deep interest in nature and poetry , rather than the rational philosophy of that time . Public career . Like his father and three brothers , Oxenstierna embarked upon a career in the public sector . After graduating from Uppsala , and after a successful disputation , in front of the royal court , he was employed at the Royal Chancellery , in the department for foreign correspondence . During this time he resided with his uncle , Gustaf Gyllenborg . He was appointed acting Commission Secretary in Vienna in 1770 , and made the regular Commission Secretary in that city in 1772 ; the year of king Gustav IIIs coup detat and the establishment of absolute monarchy in Sweden . He seems to have been rather uninterested in his diplomatic work in Vienna , and more interested in his poetry and in a letter exchange with an Austrian lady , which showed clear Rousseauan influence . In 1774 he was recalled to Stockholm by the king and made a Chamberlain . He had hoped for a position at the Swedish legation in Paris , but instead received the titular office of second secretary of the Presidential office ( i.e . the Department for foreign affairs ) . As a chamberlain his poetic talents came to use , and brought him closer to the king , who was particularly enthused by his ability to write and speak in French . As a result of the kings trust in him , he was sent on diplomatic missions to several German states in 1778 . He was made a senior Chamberlain in 1783 and a Member of the College of the Chancellery in 1785 , with a special assignment to work with matters relating to Pomerania and Wismar . In 1786 , the king made him a member of the Privy Council of Sweden and President of the College of the Chancellery , together with Emanuel De Geer . As President of the Chancellery Oxenstierna was the head of the Privy Council and responsible for relating matters of foreign policy to the king . When the Privy Council was dissolved and the office of College of the Chancellery abolished in 1789 , he was made Head Steward for the queen , and in the absence of the king during the Russo-Swedish War ( 1788–1790 ) , he was a member of the Cabinet . During this time , believing the king was about to abdicate , he worked to form an alliance with other nobles and Duke Charles to force the king to make peace with Russia and go into a defensive alliance with Denmark and Russia . The king , however , remained on the throne until his assassination in 1792 , shortly before which Oxenstierna was made a Riksmarskalk ( Marshal of the Kingdom ) . After the kings death , he left all public offices , but remained as a Marshal at the court . After king Gustavs death he temporarily fell from grace with the new rulers . He made a short comeback as a cabinet member in 1798 and 1799 , while king Gustav IV Adolf travelled through Europe . In 1801 he stepped down as Riksmarskalk and was without any political influence until after the revolution of 1809 , which deposed king Gustav IV Adolf and introduced the Constitution of 1809 . Oxenstierna disliked the revolution , but accepted being chairman of a committee during the Parliament of 1809 , and again in 1815 . However , he was not in any way an influential politician . Oxenstierna was never a formidable politician or diplomat . As mentioned before , he showed a distinct lack of interest already during his first diplomatic mission in Vienna . The king often kept him uninformed and took care of business himself . Gustav III simply liked having an Oxenstierna by his side , because of the familys notability in matters of state since the days of Axel Oxenstierna . Oxenstierna often got distracted from his work , his mind wandering to more interesting matters , to the extent that he sometimes wrote public documents in verse . His contemporaries described him as unsuitable for management and as a Riksmarskalk he managed to misorganize both the funeral of king Gustav III and the coronation of the new king Charles XIII , drawing many complaints , even from the new king himself . He was not blind to this lack of administrative ability , and when he was suggested as President of the Chancellery he wrote to a friend : This is insane and can never be , as I am not competent for this post . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804 . External links . - Johan Gabriel Oxenstiernas page on the Oxenstierna family home page - A biography on the Oxenstierna family home page - Encyclopædia Britannica article on Swedish Literature during the 18th century

easy

Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna became a member of what organization or association in Feb 1798?

/wiki/Johan_Gabriel_Oxenstierna#P463#2

Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna Count Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna ( 19 July 1750 – 29 July 1818 ) is considered one of the foremost Swedish poets of the Gustavian period . A prominent courtier during the reign of King Gustav III of Sweden , he was also a politician , diplomat and member of the Swedish Academy , holding seat number 8 . On several occasions he was a member of the Swedish Government and Parliament . Amongst other things , Oxenstierna is also known for his translation into Swedish of John Miltons epic blank verse poem Paradise Lost . Early life . Johan Gabriel Oxenstierna was born at the Skenäs estate , by lake Kolsnaren ( now in Vingåker Municipality ) , in the province of Södermanland . He lived here during his youth with his parents , major general count Göran Oxenstierna , a member of the Korsholm och Wasa branch of the Oxenstierna family , and countess Sara Gyllenborg , and with his grandparents , Margareta Gyllenborg ( née von Beijer ) and Jan Gyllenborg . The grandparents took active part in the upbringing of young Johan Gabriel - the grandfather until he died in 1752 - as the parents at times resided at Carlsten , due to the fathers military career . He was the oldest of four brothers . His childhood at Skenäs came to play a leading role in his later authorship in many ways . The beauty of the nature of Södermanland , and the memories of his upbringing there , came to inspire the themes of his pre-romantic publications . His maternal uncle , poet Gustaf Fredrik Gyllenborg , in whose house he spent a lot of time , and his tutor , poet Olof Bergklint , came to inspire his career choice as a poet , as well as his poetry in itself . A person , whose writings he read and admired during this time , and who came to inspire him , was poet Gustaf Philip Creutz . In 1762 he was enrolled as a student at Uppsala University , from which he graduated in 1767 with an administrative degree ( kansliexamen ) . Bergklint served as a tutor for his university studies , starting in 1764 . During his studies he lived , at times , in Uppsala . Although Oxenstiernas writings were not published until after he moved from Skenäs and started working , he did write a Diary between 1766 and 1768 , which was published in 1965 by Bokgillet publishers in Uppsala under the title Ljuva ungdomstid : Dagbok 1766–1768 ( Sweet Time of Youth : Diary 1766–1768 ) . In it he makes everyday observations of his life at Skenäs , and later in Uppsala and Stockholm . The diary , which was written in French , reveals a melancholic and emotional character and a deep interest in nature and poetry , rather than the rational philosophy of that time . Public career . Like his father and three brothers , Oxenstierna embarked upon a career in the public sector . After graduating from Uppsala , and after a successful disputation , in front of the royal court , he was employed at the Royal Chancellery , in the department for foreign correspondence . During this time he resided with his uncle , Gustaf Gyllenborg . He was appointed acting Commission Secretary in Vienna in 1770 , and made the regular Commission Secretary in that city in 1772 ; the year of king Gustav IIIs coup detat and the establishment of absolute monarchy in Sweden . He seems to have been rather uninterested in his diplomatic work in Vienna , and more interested in his poetry and in a letter exchange with an Austrian lady , which showed clear Rousseauan influence . In 1774 he was recalled to Stockholm by the king and made a Chamberlain . He had hoped for a position at the Swedish legation in Paris , but instead received the titular office of second secretary of the Presidential office ( i.e . the Department for foreign affairs ) . As a chamberlain his poetic talents came to use , and brought him closer to the king , who was particularly enthused by his ability to write and speak in French . As a result of the kings trust in him , he was sent on diplomatic missions to several German states in 1778 . He was made a senior Chamberlain in 1783 and a Member of the College of the Chancellery in 1785 , with a special assignment to work with matters relating to Pomerania and Wismar . In 1786 , the king made him a member of the Privy Council of Sweden and President of the College of the Chancellery , together with Emanuel De Geer . As President of the Chancellery Oxenstierna was the head of the Privy Council and responsible for relating matters of foreign policy to the king . When the Privy Council was dissolved and the office of College of the Chancellery abolished in 1789 , he was made Head Steward for the queen , and in the absence of the king during the Russo-Swedish War ( 1788–1790 ) , he was a member of the Cabinet . During this time , believing the king was about to abdicate , he worked to form an alliance with other nobles and Duke Charles to force the king to make peace with Russia and go into a defensive alliance with Denmark and Russia . The king , however , remained on the throne until his assassination in 1792 , shortly before which Oxenstierna was made a Riksmarskalk ( Marshal of the Kingdom ) . After the kings death , he left all public offices , but remained as a Marshal at the court . After king Gustavs death he temporarily fell from grace with the new rulers . He made a short comeback as a cabinet member in 1798 and 1799 , while king Gustav IV Adolf travelled through Europe . In 1801 he stepped down as Riksmarskalk and was without any political influence until after the revolution of 1809 , which deposed king Gustav IV Adolf and introduced the Constitution of 1809 . Oxenstierna disliked the revolution , but accepted being chairman of a committee during the Parliament of 1809 , and again in 1815 . However , he was not in any way an influential politician . Oxenstierna was never a formidable politician or diplomat . As mentioned before , he showed a distinct lack of interest already during his first diplomatic mission in Vienna . The king often kept him uninformed and took care of business himself . Gustav III simply liked having an Oxenstierna by his side , because of the familys notability in matters of state since the days of Axel Oxenstierna . Oxenstierna often got distracted from his work , his mind wandering to more interesting matters , to the extent that he sometimes wrote public documents in verse . His contemporaries described him as unsuitable for management and as a Riksmarskalk he managed to misorganize both the funeral of king Gustav III and the coronation of the new king Charles XIII , drawing many complaints , even from the new king himself . He was not blind to this lack of administrative ability , and when he was suggested as President of the Chancellery he wrote to a friend : This is insane and can never be , as I am not competent for this post . He was elected a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences in 1804 . External links . - Johan Gabriel Oxenstiernas page on the Oxenstierna family home page - A biography on the Oxenstierna family home page - Encyclopædia Britannica article on Swedish Literature during the 18th century

easy

What position did Giovanni Leone take from Jun 1963 to Dec 1963?

/wiki/Giovanni_Leone#P39#0

Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone ( ; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001 ) was an Italian politician , jurist and university professor . A founding member of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , Leone served as the sixth president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978 . He also briefly served as the 37th Prime Minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968 . He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963 . Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal . In 1978 , he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed scandal ; however the allegations were later declared false and Leone was completely rehabilitated . Early years . Leone was born in Naples in 1908 , to Mauro Leone and Maria Gioffredi , both from Pomigliano dArco , his father , Mauro Leone , was a prominent lawyer , and had participated in the foundation of the Italian Peoples Party in Campania . Leone grew up in Pomigliano dArco , where he attended the classic lyceum , graduating in 1924 . In 1929 , he graduated in law from the prestigious University of Naples Federico II , with the thesis Violation of family care obligations , which was even published in 1931 . In the following year , he also obtained a degree in social and political science . During university , Leone became a member of Catholic Action ( AC ) . After graduation , he started working in the law firm of Enrico De Nicola , also becoming a professor of criminal procedure at the University of Camerino . During the 1930s , he became one of the most prominent lawyers and jurists in Southern Italy , teaching at the Universities of Messina , Bari and Naples . In these years , he was also elected president of the Italian section of the International Association of Penal Law , as well as a member of the executive committee . During World War II , he became a magistrate of the military court of Naples , with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In the aftermath of September 1943 armistice , during the dramatic days of the Nazi occupation , he worked effectively for the release of numerous political prisoners and deserters , thus removing them from possible reprisals . In these years , thanks to a colleague , he met Vittoria Michitto , belonging to one of the best known families of Caserta , whom he married in July 1946 . The couple had four sons : Mauro , Paolo , Giancarlo and Giulio , who died at the age of 4 . Political career . In 1943 , along with his father , Leone was among the founders of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the PPIs heir led by Alcide De Gasperi . After two years , in 1945 , he was elected DCs provincial secretary for Naples , immediately becoming one of the leading figures of the party . In 1946 , Leone was among the main supporters of the neutrality in the 1946 institutional referendum , in which Italians voted to abolish the monarchy of the House of Savoy . In the same year , he was elected with nearly 32,000 votes to the Constituent Assembly for the constituency of Naples–Caserta . As a prominent jurist , he was appointed in the commission with the aim of drawing up the new republican constitution . In April 1948 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 60,000 votes . Even as a deputy , he continued working as a lawyer and teaching at the university , considering for a long time these occupations as priority aspects of his life . Also for this reason , according to some testimonies , he often expressed the desire not to take on government positions . Being able to count on his own reliable and territorially rooted electorate , Leone practically never conducted a real party activity . He remained , therefore , substantially foreign to the large and small factions in which the DC quickly split up , although he could ideally be considered close to the partys conservative wing . President of the Chamber of Deputies . Thanks to his super partes position , the respect of all DCs internal factions , alongside the undoubted consideration gained also from the other political forces during the works of the Constituent Assembly , in 1950 , Leone assumed the position of Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and then , from May 1955 , the one of President , which he held continuously until June 1963 . As president , he demonstrated , in addition to a strong sense of the institutions and a scrupulous respect for the rules of democratic confrontation , a remarkable ability to govern parliamentary dynamics , also mastered through that undeniable presence of spirit , contributed in making him a well-known figure in the public opinion . At the same time , he was able to gain approval for his action both within the party , which found him a reliable manager of parliamentary processes , and outside DC , among the majoritys parties but also in the oppositions , which appreciated his qualities of institutional balance . Prime Minister of Italy . First term . In the 1963 general election , the Christian Democrats lost almost one million votes , gaining nearly 38% , while the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) arrived second with 25% . However the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) surged to 7% , their best results ever , receiving many votes from former Christian Democratic supporters , who were against Amintore Fanfanis centre-left policies . With the decline of electoral support , on 22 June 1963 , the majority of DC members decided to replace Fanfani with a provisional government led by Leone . Leone formed a one-party cabinet , composed only by DCs members and externally supported by Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) , Italian Republican Party ( PRI ) and Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( PSDI ) . The cabinet was also known as Bridge Government ( Governo ponte ) , as a transitional government , with the aim of starting a tighter cooperation with the PSI . As Prime Minister , Leone had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history , the Vajont Dam disaster . On 9 October 1963 , a landslide occurred on Monte Toc , in the province of Pordenone . The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns , and 1,917 deaths . In the previous months , the Adriatic Society of Electricity ( SADE ) and the Italian government , which both owned the dam , dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster . Immediately after the disaster , government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event . However , numerous warnings , signs of danger , and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it . The communist newspaper LUnità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government . Leone accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy , promising to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster . However , a few months after the end of his premiership , he became the head of SADEs team of lawyers , who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims . In December 1963 , after only five months of government , when the congress of the PSI authorized a full engagement of the party into the government , Leone resigned and Aldo Moro , the secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party , became the new Prime Minister , ruling Italy for more than four years . 1964 presidential election . In August 1964 , President Antonio Segni suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while he was working at the presidential palace ; he only partially recovered and decided to resign . Leone was selected as the DCs official candidate for the presidency , but Fanfani decided to run against him . However , neither Fanfani nor Leone succeeded in being elected , in fact , during the 1964 presidential election , the social-democratic leader Giuseppe Saragat succeeded in gaining the majority of votes . In August 1967 , Leone was appointed Senator for Life by President Saragat . Second term . In June 1968 , after the general election , Saragat appointed Leone at the head of the government . As his first cabinet , also the second one was composed only by DC members and externally supported by PSU and PRI . In November 1968 , the Parliament approved a law that introduced a special benefit for full unemployment for workers in the industrial sector , in cases of total or partial closing down of enterprises or large-scale dismissals , equalling two-thirds of previous monthly earnings for 180 days . The law also extended earnings replacement benefits to cases of sectoral crises or industrial restructuring with a new compensation formula equaling 80% of previous earnings for 3 months ( 9 months in exceptional circumstances ) , allowed for family allowances to be paid to those in receipt of unemployment benefits . Leones second premiership lasted only seven months . In December 1968 , he resigned and Mariano Rumor became the new Prime Minister . President ( 1971–1978 ) . In 1971 , Amintore Fanfani was proposed as Christian Democracys candidate for the Presidency of the Republic . However his candidacy was weakened by the divisions within his own party and the candidacy of the socialist Francesco De Martino , who received votes from PCI , PSI and some PSDI members . Fanfani retired after several unsuccessful ballots and , at the twenty-second round , Leone was selected as the Christian democratic candidate for the presidency , being slightly preferred to Aldo Moro . At the twenty third round he was finally elected with a centre-right majority , with 518 votes out of 996 , including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) . Leones majority was the narrowest one ever obtained by an elected President and with twenty-three rounds of voting the 1971 presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history . Leones presidency was considered quite revolutionary for the role held by his wife , Vittoria . Before her , the wife of the Italian presidents had always been on the sidelines , not involved in the Italian political life . However , Vittoria Leone completely changed this role and had been widely regarded as the most prominent first lady of the Italian Republic . During his presidency , he had to face an extremely complex political and social situation . Already in the first months of the seven-year term , he had to approve the early dissolution of the Chambers , for the first time since the birth of the Republic . This decision was taken by Leone with the approval of most of the political parties , but it was accompanied by the choice to entrust the management of the electoral phase , not to the resigning coalition government of Emilio Colombo , but to a one-party government led by Giulio Andreotti . For this choice , Leone was heavily criticised by the opposition . With a total of 152 votes in favor and 158 against , the government did not gain the confidence of the Senate and was forced to resign after only 9 days . After Andreottis resignation in July 1973 , Leone gave to Mariano Rumor the task of forming a new centre-left cabinet , which however lasted only a year , when , in November , Aldo Moro became once again Prime Minister . During Moros two-years rule , the DC tried to open a dialogue with the PCI of Enrico Berlinguer , in a political phase known as Historic Compromise , with the aim of bringing the communists into the governments majority . Leone , as a member of the partys right-wing , did not approve Moros move , however he never openly opposed it . Kidnapping of Aldo Moro . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new Andreottis cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , then-president of the Christian Democracy , was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades ( BR ) in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards ( two Carabinieri in Moros car and three policemen in the following car ) and kidnapped him . During the kidnapping , Leone was in favour of a negotiation with the terrorists , while Prime Minister Andreotti strongly opposed it : the BR proposed an exchange of prisoners to the Italian government , which was supported by Leone , but Andreotti refused . During his imprisonment , Moro wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti . On 9 May 1978 , Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani , after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Red Brigades . Lockheed scandal and resignation . Leones political career came to an end in 1978 , due to the Lockheed bribery scandal . The allegations came from the United States and were supported by the Italian political magazine LEspresso . According to the allegations , Lockheed bribed many high-profile politicians in Italy to purchase Hercules Aircraft for the military . Leone and his family were allegedly implicated in the bribery . In June 1978 , after months of polemics , Leone resigned as President of the Republic . However , the accusations were never proved and the most prominent of his accusers was three times convicted of libel . Death and legacy . After his resignation , Leone continued sitting in the Parliament as a Senator for life . Moreover , through writings and interviews , as well as judgments , he also had the opportunity to reaffirm and stress the correctness of his acts as President and the unreliability of the accusations moved against his family and him . In addition , several of those politicians who had attacked him most during the presidency , also had the opportunity of apologizing to him . Among these , the radical leaders Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino , who on the occasion of Leones 90th birthday , openly expressed their regrets . On 25 September 2001 , just a few weeks before his 93rd birthday , a decree by the Prime Minister awarded Leone of the title of President Emeritus of the Republic ; the office would be later applied to all the future former presidents . Giovanni Leone died in Rome , on 9 November 2001 , at his villa on the Via Cassia . On 25 November 2006 , President Giorgio Napolitano stated that the Senate had granted full recognition of the correctness of Leones actions , completely rehabilitating his political actions . Leone was portrayed as a key antagonist in the 2020 film Rose Island , which tells the story of the Republic of Rose Island and the Governments attempts to destroy it . Leone was played in the film by Luca Zingaretti .

easy

Which position did Giovanni Leone hold from Aug 1967 to Jun 1968?

/wiki/Giovanni_Leone#P39#1

Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone ( ; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001 ) was an Italian politician , jurist and university professor . A founding member of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , Leone served as the sixth president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978 . He also briefly served as the 37th Prime Minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968 . He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963 . Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal . In 1978 , he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed scandal ; however the allegations were later declared false and Leone was completely rehabilitated . Early years . Leone was born in Naples in 1908 , to Mauro Leone and Maria Gioffredi , both from Pomigliano dArco , his father , Mauro Leone , was a prominent lawyer , and had participated in the foundation of the Italian Peoples Party in Campania . Leone grew up in Pomigliano dArco , where he attended the classic lyceum , graduating in 1924 . In 1929 , he graduated in law from the prestigious University of Naples Federico II , with the thesis Violation of family care obligations , which was even published in 1931 . In the following year , he also obtained a degree in social and political science . During university , Leone became a member of Catholic Action ( AC ) . After graduation , he started working in the law firm of Enrico De Nicola , also becoming a professor of criminal procedure at the University of Camerino . During the 1930s , he became one of the most prominent lawyers and jurists in Southern Italy , teaching at the Universities of Messina , Bari and Naples . In these years , he was also elected president of the Italian section of the International Association of Penal Law , as well as a member of the executive committee . During World War II , he became a magistrate of the military court of Naples , with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In the aftermath of September 1943 armistice , during the dramatic days of the Nazi occupation , he worked effectively for the release of numerous political prisoners and deserters , thus removing them from possible reprisals . In these years , thanks to a colleague , he met Vittoria Michitto , belonging to one of the best known families of Caserta , whom he married in July 1946 . The couple had four sons : Mauro , Paolo , Giancarlo and Giulio , who died at the age of 4 . Political career . In 1943 , along with his father , Leone was among the founders of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the PPIs heir led by Alcide De Gasperi . After two years , in 1945 , he was elected DCs provincial secretary for Naples , immediately becoming one of the leading figures of the party . In 1946 , Leone was among the main supporters of the neutrality in the 1946 institutional referendum , in which Italians voted to abolish the monarchy of the House of Savoy . In the same year , he was elected with nearly 32,000 votes to the Constituent Assembly for the constituency of Naples–Caserta . As a prominent jurist , he was appointed in the commission with the aim of drawing up the new republican constitution . In April 1948 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 60,000 votes . Even as a deputy , he continued working as a lawyer and teaching at the university , considering for a long time these occupations as priority aspects of his life . Also for this reason , according to some testimonies , he often expressed the desire not to take on government positions . Being able to count on his own reliable and territorially rooted electorate , Leone practically never conducted a real party activity . He remained , therefore , substantially foreign to the large and small factions in which the DC quickly split up , although he could ideally be considered close to the partys conservative wing . President of the Chamber of Deputies . Thanks to his super partes position , the respect of all DCs internal factions , alongside the undoubted consideration gained also from the other political forces during the works of the Constituent Assembly , in 1950 , Leone assumed the position of Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and then , from May 1955 , the one of President , which he held continuously until June 1963 . As president , he demonstrated , in addition to a strong sense of the institutions and a scrupulous respect for the rules of democratic confrontation , a remarkable ability to govern parliamentary dynamics , also mastered through that undeniable presence of spirit , contributed in making him a well-known figure in the public opinion . At the same time , he was able to gain approval for his action both within the party , which found him a reliable manager of parliamentary processes , and outside DC , among the majoritys parties but also in the oppositions , which appreciated his qualities of institutional balance . Prime Minister of Italy . First term . In the 1963 general election , the Christian Democrats lost almost one million votes , gaining nearly 38% , while the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) arrived second with 25% . However the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) surged to 7% , their best results ever , receiving many votes from former Christian Democratic supporters , who were against Amintore Fanfanis centre-left policies . With the decline of electoral support , on 22 June 1963 , the majority of DC members decided to replace Fanfani with a provisional government led by Leone . Leone formed a one-party cabinet , composed only by DCs members and externally supported by Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) , Italian Republican Party ( PRI ) and Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( PSDI ) . The cabinet was also known as Bridge Government ( Governo ponte ) , as a transitional government , with the aim of starting a tighter cooperation with the PSI . As Prime Minister , Leone had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history , the Vajont Dam disaster . On 9 October 1963 , a landslide occurred on Monte Toc , in the province of Pordenone . The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns , and 1,917 deaths . In the previous months , the Adriatic Society of Electricity ( SADE ) and the Italian government , which both owned the dam , dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster . Immediately after the disaster , government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event . However , numerous warnings , signs of danger , and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it . The communist newspaper LUnità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government . Leone accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy , promising to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster . However , a few months after the end of his premiership , he became the head of SADEs team of lawyers , who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims . In December 1963 , after only five months of government , when the congress of the PSI authorized a full engagement of the party into the government , Leone resigned and Aldo Moro , the secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party , became the new Prime Minister , ruling Italy for more than four years . 1964 presidential election . In August 1964 , President Antonio Segni suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while he was working at the presidential palace ; he only partially recovered and decided to resign . Leone was selected as the DCs official candidate for the presidency , but Fanfani decided to run against him . However , neither Fanfani nor Leone succeeded in being elected , in fact , during the 1964 presidential election , the social-democratic leader Giuseppe Saragat succeeded in gaining the majority of votes . In August 1967 , Leone was appointed Senator for Life by President Saragat . Second term . In June 1968 , after the general election , Saragat appointed Leone at the head of the government . As his first cabinet , also the second one was composed only by DC members and externally supported by PSU and PRI . In November 1968 , the Parliament approved a law that introduced a special benefit for full unemployment for workers in the industrial sector , in cases of total or partial closing down of enterprises or large-scale dismissals , equalling two-thirds of previous monthly earnings for 180 days . The law also extended earnings replacement benefits to cases of sectoral crises or industrial restructuring with a new compensation formula equaling 80% of previous earnings for 3 months ( 9 months in exceptional circumstances ) , allowed for family allowances to be paid to those in receipt of unemployment benefits . Leones second premiership lasted only seven months . In December 1968 , he resigned and Mariano Rumor became the new Prime Minister . President ( 1971–1978 ) . In 1971 , Amintore Fanfani was proposed as Christian Democracys candidate for the Presidency of the Republic . However his candidacy was weakened by the divisions within his own party and the candidacy of the socialist Francesco De Martino , who received votes from PCI , PSI and some PSDI members . Fanfani retired after several unsuccessful ballots and , at the twenty-second round , Leone was selected as the Christian democratic candidate for the presidency , being slightly preferred to Aldo Moro . At the twenty third round he was finally elected with a centre-right majority , with 518 votes out of 996 , including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) . Leones majority was the narrowest one ever obtained by an elected President and with twenty-three rounds of voting the 1971 presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history . Leones presidency was considered quite revolutionary for the role held by his wife , Vittoria . Before her , the wife of the Italian presidents had always been on the sidelines , not involved in the Italian political life . However , Vittoria Leone completely changed this role and had been widely regarded as the most prominent first lady of the Italian Republic . During his presidency , he had to face an extremely complex political and social situation . Already in the first months of the seven-year term , he had to approve the early dissolution of the Chambers , for the first time since the birth of the Republic . This decision was taken by Leone with the approval of most of the political parties , but it was accompanied by the choice to entrust the management of the electoral phase , not to the resigning coalition government of Emilio Colombo , but to a one-party government led by Giulio Andreotti . For this choice , Leone was heavily criticised by the opposition . With a total of 152 votes in favor and 158 against , the government did not gain the confidence of the Senate and was forced to resign after only 9 days . After Andreottis resignation in July 1973 , Leone gave to Mariano Rumor the task of forming a new centre-left cabinet , which however lasted only a year , when , in November , Aldo Moro became once again Prime Minister . During Moros two-years rule , the DC tried to open a dialogue with the PCI of Enrico Berlinguer , in a political phase known as Historic Compromise , with the aim of bringing the communists into the governments majority . Leone , as a member of the partys right-wing , did not approve Moros move , however he never openly opposed it . Kidnapping of Aldo Moro . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new Andreottis cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , then-president of the Christian Democracy , was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades ( BR ) in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards ( two Carabinieri in Moros car and three policemen in the following car ) and kidnapped him . During the kidnapping , Leone was in favour of a negotiation with the terrorists , while Prime Minister Andreotti strongly opposed it : the BR proposed an exchange of prisoners to the Italian government , which was supported by Leone , but Andreotti refused . During his imprisonment , Moro wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti . On 9 May 1978 , Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani , after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Red Brigades . Lockheed scandal and resignation . Leones political career came to an end in 1978 , due to the Lockheed bribery scandal . The allegations came from the United States and were supported by the Italian political magazine LEspresso . According to the allegations , Lockheed bribed many high-profile politicians in Italy to purchase Hercules Aircraft for the military . Leone and his family were allegedly implicated in the bribery . In June 1978 , after months of polemics , Leone resigned as President of the Republic . However , the accusations were never proved and the most prominent of his accusers was three times convicted of libel . Death and legacy . After his resignation , Leone continued sitting in the Parliament as a Senator for life . Moreover , through writings and interviews , as well as judgments , he also had the opportunity to reaffirm and stress the correctness of his acts as President and the unreliability of the accusations moved against his family and him . In addition , several of those politicians who had attacked him most during the presidency , also had the opportunity of apologizing to him . Among these , the radical leaders Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino , who on the occasion of Leones 90th birthday , openly expressed their regrets . On 25 September 2001 , just a few weeks before his 93rd birthday , a decree by the Prime Minister awarded Leone of the title of President Emeritus of the Republic ; the office would be later applied to all the future former presidents . Giovanni Leone died in Rome , on 9 November 2001 , at his villa on the Via Cassia . On 25 November 2006 , President Giorgio Napolitano stated that the Senate had granted full recognition of the correctness of Leones actions , completely rehabilitating his political actions . Leone was portrayed as a key antagonist in the 2020 film Rose Island , which tells the story of the Republic of Rose Island and the Governments attempts to destroy it . Leone was played in the film by Luca Zingaretti .

easy

Giovanni Leone took which position from Jun 1968 to Dec 1968?

/wiki/Giovanni_Leone#P39#2

Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone ( ; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001 ) was an Italian politician , jurist and university professor . A founding member of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , Leone served as the sixth president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978 . He also briefly served as the 37th Prime Minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968 . He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963 . Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal . In 1978 , he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed scandal ; however the allegations were later declared false and Leone was completely rehabilitated . Early years . Leone was born in Naples in 1908 , to Mauro Leone and Maria Gioffredi , both from Pomigliano dArco , his father , Mauro Leone , was a prominent lawyer , and had participated in the foundation of the Italian Peoples Party in Campania . Leone grew up in Pomigliano dArco , where he attended the classic lyceum , graduating in 1924 . In 1929 , he graduated in law from the prestigious University of Naples Federico II , with the thesis Violation of family care obligations , which was even published in 1931 . In the following year , he also obtained a degree in social and political science . During university , Leone became a member of Catholic Action ( AC ) . After graduation , he started working in the law firm of Enrico De Nicola , also becoming a professor of criminal procedure at the University of Camerino . During the 1930s , he became one of the most prominent lawyers and jurists in Southern Italy , teaching at the Universities of Messina , Bari and Naples . In these years , he was also elected president of the Italian section of the International Association of Penal Law , as well as a member of the executive committee . During World War II , he became a magistrate of the military court of Naples , with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In the aftermath of September 1943 armistice , during the dramatic days of the Nazi occupation , he worked effectively for the release of numerous political prisoners and deserters , thus removing them from possible reprisals . In these years , thanks to a colleague , he met Vittoria Michitto , belonging to one of the best known families of Caserta , whom he married in July 1946 . The couple had four sons : Mauro , Paolo , Giancarlo and Giulio , who died at the age of 4 . Political career . In 1943 , along with his father , Leone was among the founders of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the PPIs heir led by Alcide De Gasperi . After two years , in 1945 , he was elected DCs provincial secretary for Naples , immediately becoming one of the leading figures of the party . In 1946 , Leone was among the main supporters of the neutrality in the 1946 institutional referendum , in which Italians voted to abolish the monarchy of the House of Savoy . In the same year , he was elected with nearly 32,000 votes to the Constituent Assembly for the constituency of Naples–Caserta . As a prominent jurist , he was appointed in the commission with the aim of drawing up the new republican constitution . In April 1948 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 60,000 votes . Even as a deputy , he continued working as a lawyer and teaching at the university , considering for a long time these occupations as priority aspects of his life . Also for this reason , according to some testimonies , he often expressed the desire not to take on government positions . Being able to count on his own reliable and territorially rooted electorate , Leone practically never conducted a real party activity . He remained , therefore , substantially foreign to the large and small factions in which the DC quickly split up , although he could ideally be considered close to the partys conservative wing . President of the Chamber of Deputies . Thanks to his super partes position , the respect of all DCs internal factions , alongside the undoubted consideration gained also from the other political forces during the works of the Constituent Assembly , in 1950 , Leone assumed the position of Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and then , from May 1955 , the one of President , which he held continuously until June 1963 . As president , he demonstrated , in addition to a strong sense of the institutions and a scrupulous respect for the rules of democratic confrontation , a remarkable ability to govern parliamentary dynamics , also mastered through that undeniable presence of spirit , contributed in making him a well-known figure in the public opinion . At the same time , he was able to gain approval for his action both within the party , which found him a reliable manager of parliamentary processes , and outside DC , among the majoritys parties but also in the oppositions , which appreciated his qualities of institutional balance . Prime Minister of Italy . First term . In the 1963 general election , the Christian Democrats lost almost one million votes , gaining nearly 38% , while the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) arrived second with 25% . However the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) surged to 7% , their best results ever , receiving many votes from former Christian Democratic supporters , who were against Amintore Fanfanis centre-left policies . With the decline of electoral support , on 22 June 1963 , the majority of DC members decided to replace Fanfani with a provisional government led by Leone . Leone formed a one-party cabinet , composed only by DCs members and externally supported by Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) , Italian Republican Party ( PRI ) and Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( PSDI ) . The cabinet was also known as Bridge Government ( Governo ponte ) , as a transitional government , with the aim of starting a tighter cooperation with the PSI . As Prime Minister , Leone had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history , the Vajont Dam disaster . On 9 October 1963 , a landslide occurred on Monte Toc , in the province of Pordenone . The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns , and 1,917 deaths . In the previous months , the Adriatic Society of Electricity ( SADE ) and the Italian government , which both owned the dam , dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster . Immediately after the disaster , government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event . However , numerous warnings , signs of danger , and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it . The communist newspaper LUnità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government . Leone accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy , promising to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster . However , a few months after the end of his premiership , he became the head of SADEs team of lawyers , who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims . In December 1963 , after only five months of government , when the congress of the PSI authorized a full engagement of the party into the government , Leone resigned and Aldo Moro , the secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party , became the new Prime Minister , ruling Italy for more than four years . 1964 presidential election . In August 1964 , President Antonio Segni suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while he was working at the presidential palace ; he only partially recovered and decided to resign . Leone was selected as the DCs official candidate for the presidency , but Fanfani decided to run against him . However , neither Fanfani nor Leone succeeded in being elected , in fact , during the 1964 presidential election , the social-democratic leader Giuseppe Saragat succeeded in gaining the majority of votes . In August 1967 , Leone was appointed Senator for Life by President Saragat . Second term . In June 1968 , after the general election , Saragat appointed Leone at the head of the government . As his first cabinet , also the second one was composed only by DC members and externally supported by PSU and PRI . In November 1968 , the Parliament approved a law that introduced a special benefit for full unemployment for workers in the industrial sector , in cases of total or partial closing down of enterprises or large-scale dismissals , equalling two-thirds of previous monthly earnings for 180 days . The law also extended earnings replacement benefits to cases of sectoral crises or industrial restructuring with a new compensation formula equaling 80% of previous earnings for 3 months ( 9 months in exceptional circumstances ) , allowed for family allowances to be paid to those in receipt of unemployment benefits . Leones second premiership lasted only seven months . In December 1968 , he resigned and Mariano Rumor became the new Prime Minister . President ( 1971–1978 ) . In 1971 , Amintore Fanfani was proposed as Christian Democracys candidate for the Presidency of the Republic . However his candidacy was weakened by the divisions within his own party and the candidacy of the socialist Francesco De Martino , who received votes from PCI , PSI and some PSDI members . Fanfani retired after several unsuccessful ballots and , at the twenty-second round , Leone was selected as the Christian democratic candidate for the presidency , being slightly preferred to Aldo Moro . At the twenty third round he was finally elected with a centre-right majority , with 518 votes out of 996 , including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) . Leones majority was the narrowest one ever obtained by an elected President and with twenty-three rounds of voting the 1971 presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history . Leones presidency was considered quite revolutionary for the role held by his wife , Vittoria . Before her , the wife of the Italian presidents had always been on the sidelines , not involved in the Italian political life . However , Vittoria Leone completely changed this role and had been widely regarded as the most prominent first lady of the Italian Republic . During his presidency , he had to face an extremely complex political and social situation . Already in the first months of the seven-year term , he had to approve the early dissolution of the Chambers , for the first time since the birth of the Republic . This decision was taken by Leone with the approval of most of the political parties , but it was accompanied by the choice to entrust the management of the electoral phase , not to the resigning coalition government of Emilio Colombo , but to a one-party government led by Giulio Andreotti . For this choice , Leone was heavily criticised by the opposition . With a total of 152 votes in favor and 158 against , the government did not gain the confidence of the Senate and was forced to resign after only 9 days . After Andreottis resignation in July 1973 , Leone gave to Mariano Rumor the task of forming a new centre-left cabinet , which however lasted only a year , when , in November , Aldo Moro became once again Prime Minister . During Moros two-years rule , the DC tried to open a dialogue with the PCI of Enrico Berlinguer , in a political phase known as Historic Compromise , with the aim of bringing the communists into the governments majority . Leone , as a member of the partys right-wing , did not approve Moros move , however he never openly opposed it . Kidnapping of Aldo Moro . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new Andreottis cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , then-president of the Christian Democracy , was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades ( BR ) in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards ( two Carabinieri in Moros car and three policemen in the following car ) and kidnapped him . During the kidnapping , Leone was in favour of a negotiation with the terrorists , while Prime Minister Andreotti strongly opposed it : the BR proposed an exchange of prisoners to the Italian government , which was supported by Leone , but Andreotti refused . During his imprisonment , Moro wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti . On 9 May 1978 , Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani , after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Red Brigades . Lockheed scandal and resignation . Leones political career came to an end in 1978 , due to the Lockheed bribery scandal . The allegations came from the United States and were supported by the Italian political magazine LEspresso . According to the allegations , Lockheed bribed many high-profile politicians in Italy to purchase Hercules Aircraft for the military . Leone and his family were allegedly implicated in the bribery . In June 1978 , after months of polemics , Leone resigned as President of the Republic . However , the accusations were never proved and the most prominent of his accusers was three times convicted of libel . Death and legacy . After his resignation , Leone continued sitting in the Parliament as a Senator for life . Moreover , through writings and interviews , as well as judgments , he also had the opportunity to reaffirm and stress the correctness of his acts as President and the unreliability of the accusations moved against his family and him . In addition , several of those politicians who had attacked him most during the presidency , also had the opportunity of apologizing to him . Among these , the radical leaders Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino , who on the occasion of Leones 90th birthday , openly expressed their regrets . On 25 September 2001 , just a few weeks before his 93rd birthday , a decree by the Prime Minister awarded Leone of the title of President Emeritus of the Republic ; the office would be later applied to all the future former presidents . Giovanni Leone died in Rome , on 9 November 2001 , at his villa on the Via Cassia . On 25 November 2006 , President Giorgio Napolitano stated that the Senate had granted full recognition of the correctness of Leones actions , completely rehabilitating his political actions . Leone was portrayed as a key antagonist in the 2020 film Rose Island , which tells the story of the Republic of Rose Island and the Governments attempts to destroy it . Leone was played in the film by Luca Zingaretti .

easy

Giovanni Leone took which position from Dec 1968 to Dec 1971?

/wiki/Giovanni_Leone#P39#3

Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone ( ; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001 ) was an Italian politician , jurist and university professor . A founding member of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , Leone served as the sixth president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978 . He also briefly served as the 37th Prime Minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968 . He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963 . Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal . In 1978 , he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed scandal ; however the allegations were later declared false and Leone was completely rehabilitated . Early years . Leone was born in Naples in 1908 , to Mauro Leone and Maria Gioffredi , both from Pomigliano dArco , his father , Mauro Leone , was a prominent lawyer , and had participated in the foundation of the Italian Peoples Party in Campania . Leone grew up in Pomigliano dArco , where he attended the classic lyceum , graduating in 1924 . In 1929 , he graduated in law from the prestigious University of Naples Federico II , with the thesis Violation of family care obligations , which was even published in 1931 . In the following year , he also obtained a degree in social and political science . During university , Leone became a member of Catholic Action ( AC ) . After graduation , he started working in the law firm of Enrico De Nicola , also becoming a professor of criminal procedure at the University of Camerino . During the 1930s , he became one of the most prominent lawyers and jurists in Southern Italy , teaching at the Universities of Messina , Bari and Naples . In these years , he was also elected president of the Italian section of the International Association of Penal Law , as well as a member of the executive committee . During World War II , he became a magistrate of the military court of Naples , with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In the aftermath of September 1943 armistice , during the dramatic days of the Nazi occupation , he worked effectively for the release of numerous political prisoners and deserters , thus removing them from possible reprisals . In these years , thanks to a colleague , he met Vittoria Michitto , belonging to one of the best known families of Caserta , whom he married in July 1946 . The couple had four sons : Mauro , Paolo , Giancarlo and Giulio , who died at the age of 4 . Political career . In 1943 , along with his father , Leone was among the founders of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the PPIs heir led by Alcide De Gasperi . After two years , in 1945 , he was elected DCs provincial secretary for Naples , immediately becoming one of the leading figures of the party . In 1946 , Leone was among the main supporters of the neutrality in the 1946 institutional referendum , in which Italians voted to abolish the monarchy of the House of Savoy . In the same year , he was elected with nearly 32,000 votes to the Constituent Assembly for the constituency of Naples–Caserta . As a prominent jurist , he was appointed in the commission with the aim of drawing up the new republican constitution . In April 1948 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 60,000 votes . Even as a deputy , he continued working as a lawyer and teaching at the university , considering for a long time these occupations as priority aspects of his life . Also for this reason , according to some testimonies , he often expressed the desire not to take on government positions . Being able to count on his own reliable and territorially rooted electorate , Leone practically never conducted a real party activity . He remained , therefore , substantially foreign to the large and small factions in which the DC quickly split up , although he could ideally be considered close to the partys conservative wing . President of the Chamber of Deputies . Thanks to his super partes position , the respect of all DCs internal factions , alongside the undoubted consideration gained also from the other political forces during the works of the Constituent Assembly , in 1950 , Leone assumed the position of Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and then , from May 1955 , the one of President , which he held continuously until June 1963 . As president , he demonstrated , in addition to a strong sense of the institutions and a scrupulous respect for the rules of democratic confrontation , a remarkable ability to govern parliamentary dynamics , also mastered through that undeniable presence of spirit , contributed in making him a well-known figure in the public opinion . At the same time , he was able to gain approval for his action both within the party , which found him a reliable manager of parliamentary processes , and outside DC , among the majoritys parties but also in the oppositions , which appreciated his qualities of institutional balance . Prime Minister of Italy . First term . In the 1963 general election , the Christian Democrats lost almost one million votes , gaining nearly 38% , while the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) arrived second with 25% . However the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) surged to 7% , their best results ever , receiving many votes from former Christian Democratic supporters , who were against Amintore Fanfanis centre-left policies . With the decline of electoral support , on 22 June 1963 , the majority of DC members decided to replace Fanfani with a provisional government led by Leone . Leone formed a one-party cabinet , composed only by DCs members and externally supported by Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) , Italian Republican Party ( PRI ) and Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( PSDI ) . The cabinet was also known as Bridge Government ( Governo ponte ) , as a transitional government , with the aim of starting a tighter cooperation with the PSI . As Prime Minister , Leone had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history , the Vajont Dam disaster . On 9 October 1963 , a landslide occurred on Monte Toc , in the province of Pordenone . The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns , and 1,917 deaths . In the previous months , the Adriatic Society of Electricity ( SADE ) and the Italian government , which both owned the dam , dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster . Immediately after the disaster , government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event . However , numerous warnings , signs of danger , and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it . The communist newspaper LUnità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government . Leone accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy , promising to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster . However , a few months after the end of his premiership , he became the head of SADEs team of lawyers , who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims . In December 1963 , after only five months of government , when the congress of the PSI authorized a full engagement of the party into the government , Leone resigned and Aldo Moro , the secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party , became the new Prime Minister , ruling Italy for more than four years . 1964 presidential election . In August 1964 , President Antonio Segni suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while he was working at the presidential palace ; he only partially recovered and decided to resign . Leone was selected as the DCs official candidate for the presidency , but Fanfani decided to run against him . However , neither Fanfani nor Leone succeeded in being elected , in fact , during the 1964 presidential election , the social-democratic leader Giuseppe Saragat succeeded in gaining the majority of votes . In August 1967 , Leone was appointed Senator for Life by President Saragat . Second term . In June 1968 , after the general election , Saragat appointed Leone at the head of the government . As his first cabinet , also the second one was composed only by DC members and externally supported by PSU and PRI . In November 1968 , the Parliament approved a law that introduced a special benefit for full unemployment for workers in the industrial sector , in cases of total or partial closing down of enterprises or large-scale dismissals , equalling two-thirds of previous monthly earnings for 180 days . The law also extended earnings replacement benefits to cases of sectoral crises or industrial restructuring with a new compensation formula equaling 80% of previous earnings for 3 months ( 9 months in exceptional circumstances ) , allowed for family allowances to be paid to those in receipt of unemployment benefits . Leones second premiership lasted only seven months . In December 1968 , he resigned and Mariano Rumor became the new Prime Minister . President ( 1971–1978 ) . In 1971 , Amintore Fanfani was proposed as Christian Democracys candidate for the Presidency of the Republic . However his candidacy was weakened by the divisions within his own party and the candidacy of the socialist Francesco De Martino , who received votes from PCI , PSI and some PSDI members . Fanfani retired after several unsuccessful ballots and , at the twenty-second round , Leone was selected as the Christian democratic candidate for the presidency , being slightly preferred to Aldo Moro . At the twenty third round he was finally elected with a centre-right majority , with 518 votes out of 996 , including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) . Leones majority was the narrowest one ever obtained by an elected President and with twenty-three rounds of voting the 1971 presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history . Leones presidency was considered quite revolutionary for the role held by his wife , Vittoria . Before her , the wife of the Italian presidents had always been on the sidelines , not involved in the Italian political life . However , Vittoria Leone completely changed this role and had been widely regarded as the most prominent first lady of the Italian Republic . During his presidency , he had to face an extremely complex political and social situation . Already in the first months of the seven-year term , he had to approve the early dissolution of the Chambers , for the first time since the birth of the Republic . This decision was taken by Leone with the approval of most of the political parties , but it was accompanied by the choice to entrust the management of the electoral phase , not to the resigning coalition government of Emilio Colombo , but to a one-party government led by Giulio Andreotti . For this choice , Leone was heavily criticised by the opposition . With a total of 152 votes in favor and 158 against , the government did not gain the confidence of the Senate and was forced to resign after only 9 days . After Andreottis resignation in July 1973 , Leone gave to Mariano Rumor the task of forming a new centre-left cabinet , which however lasted only a year , when , in November , Aldo Moro became once again Prime Minister . During Moros two-years rule , the DC tried to open a dialogue with the PCI of Enrico Berlinguer , in a political phase known as Historic Compromise , with the aim of bringing the communists into the governments majority . Leone , as a member of the partys right-wing , did not approve Moros move , however he never openly opposed it . Kidnapping of Aldo Moro . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new Andreottis cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , then-president of the Christian Democracy , was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades ( BR ) in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards ( two Carabinieri in Moros car and three policemen in the following car ) and kidnapped him . During the kidnapping , Leone was in favour of a negotiation with the terrorists , while Prime Minister Andreotti strongly opposed it : the BR proposed an exchange of prisoners to the Italian government , which was supported by Leone , but Andreotti refused . During his imprisonment , Moro wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti . On 9 May 1978 , Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani , after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Red Brigades . Lockheed scandal and resignation . Leones political career came to an end in 1978 , due to the Lockheed bribery scandal . The allegations came from the United States and were supported by the Italian political magazine LEspresso . According to the allegations , Lockheed bribed many high-profile politicians in Italy to purchase Hercules Aircraft for the military . Leone and his family were allegedly implicated in the bribery . In June 1978 , after months of polemics , Leone resigned as President of the Republic . However , the accusations were never proved and the most prominent of his accusers was three times convicted of libel . Death and legacy . After his resignation , Leone continued sitting in the Parliament as a Senator for life . Moreover , through writings and interviews , as well as judgments , he also had the opportunity to reaffirm and stress the correctness of his acts as President and the unreliability of the accusations moved against his family and him . In addition , several of those politicians who had attacked him most during the presidency , also had the opportunity of apologizing to him . Among these , the radical leaders Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino , who on the occasion of Leones 90th birthday , openly expressed their regrets . On 25 September 2001 , just a few weeks before his 93rd birthday , a decree by the Prime Minister awarded Leone of the title of President Emeritus of the Republic ; the office would be later applied to all the future former presidents . Giovanni Leone died in Rome , on 9 November 2001 , at his villa on the Via Cassia . On 25 November 2006 , President Giorgio Napolitano stated that the Senate had granted full recognition of the correctness of Leones actions , completely rehabilitating his political actions . Leone was portrayed as a key antagonist in the 2020 film Rose Island , which tells the story of the Republic of Rose Island and the Governments attempts to destroy it . Leone was played in the film by Luca Zingaretti .

easy

What position did Giovanni Leone take from Dec 1971 to Jun 1978?

/wiki/Giovanni_Leone#P39#4

Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone ( ; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001 ) was an Italian politician , jurist and university professor . A founding member of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , Leone served as the sixth president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978 . He also briefly served as the 37th Prime Minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968 . He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963 . Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal . In 1978 , he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed scandal ; however the allegations were later declared false and Leone was completely rehabilitated . Early years . Leone was born in Naples in 1908 , to Mauro Leone and Maria Gioffredi , both from Pomigliano dArco , his father , Mauro Leone , was a prominent lawyer , and had participated in the foundation of the Italian Peoples Party in Campania . Leone grew up in Pomigliano dArco , where he attended the classic lyceum , graduating in 1924 . In 1929 , he graduated in law from the prestigious University of Naples Federico II , with the thesis Violation of family care obligations , which was even published in 1931 . In the following year , he also obtained a degree in social and political science . During university , Leone became a member of Catholic Action ( AC ) . After graduation , he started working in the law firm of Enrico De Nicola , also becoming a professor of criminal procedure at the University of Camerino . During the 1930s , he became one of the most prominent lawyers and jurists in Southern Italy , teaching at the Universities of Messina , Bari and Naples . In these years , he was also elected president of the Italian section of the International Association of Penal Law , as well as a member of the executive committee . During World War II , he became a magistrate of the military court of Naples , with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In the aftermath of September 1943 armistice , during the dramatic days of the Nazi occupation , he worked effectively for the release of numerous political prisoners and deserters , thus removing them from possible reprisals . In these years , thanks to a colleague , he met Vittoria Michitto , belonging to one of the best known families of Caserta , whom he married in July 1946 . The couple had four sons : Mauro , Paolo , Giancarlo and Giulio , who died at the age of 4 . Political career . In 1943 , along with his father , Leone was among the founders of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the PPIs heir led by Alcide De Gasperi . After two years , in 1945 , he was elected DCs provincial secretary for Naples , immediately becoming one of the leading figures of the party . In 1946 , Leone was among the main supporters of the neutrality in the 1946 institutional referendum , in which Italians voted to abolish the monarchy of the House of Savoy . In the same year , he was elected with nearly 32,000 votes to the Constituent Assembly for the constituency of Naples–Caserta . As a prominent jurist , he was appointed in the commission with the aim of drawing up the new republican constitution . In April 1948 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 60,000 votes . Even as a deputy , he continued working as a lawyer and teaching at the university , considering for a long time these occupations as priority aspects of his life . Also for this reason , according to some testimonies , he often expressed the desire not to take on government positions . Being able to count on his own reliable and territorially rooted electorate , Leone practically never conducted a real party activity . He remained , therefore , substantially foreign to the large and small factions in which the DC quickly split up , although he could ideally be considered close to the partys conservative wing . President of the Chamber of Deputies . Thanks to his super partes position , the respect of all DCs internal factions , alongside the undoubted consideration gained also from the other political forces during the works of the Constituent Assembly , in 1950 , Leone assumed the position of Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and then , from May 1955 , the one of President , which he held continuously until June 1963 . As president , he demonstrated , in addition to a strong sense of the institutions and a scrupulous respect for the rules of democratic confrontation , a remarkable ability to govern parliamentary dynamics , also mastered through that undeniable presence of spirit , contributed in making him a well-known figure in the public opinion . At the same time , he was able to gain approval for his action both within the party , which found him a reliable manager of parliamentary processes , and outside DC , among the majoritys parties but also in the oppositions , which appreciated his qualities of institutional balance . Prime Minister of Italy . First term . In the 1963 general election , the Christian Democrats lost almost one million votes , gaining nearly 38% , while the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) arrived second with 25% . However the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) surged to 7% , their best results ever , receiving many votes from former Christian Democratic supporters , who were against Amintore Fanfanis centre-left policies . With the decline of electoral support , on 22 June 1963 , the majority of DC members decided to replace Fanfani with a provisional government led by Leone . Leone formed a one-party cabinet , composed only by DCs members and externally supported by Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) , Italian Republican Party ( PRI ) and Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( PSDI ) . The cabinet was also known as Bridge Government ( Governo ponte ) , as a transitional government , with the aim of starting a tighter cooperation with the PSI . As Prime Minister , Leone had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history , the Vajont Dam disaster . On 9 October 1963 , a landslide occurred on Monte Toc , in the province of Pordenone . The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns , and 1,917 deaths . In the previous months , the Adriatic Society of Electricity ( SADE ) and the Italian government , which both owned the dam , dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster . Immediately after the disaster , government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event . However , numerous warnings , signs of danger , and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it . The communist newspaper LUnità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government . Leone accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy , promising to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster . However , a few months after the end of his premiership , he became the head of SADEs team of lawyers , who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims . In December 1963 , after only five months of government , when the congress of the PSI authorized a full engagement of the party into the government , Leone resigned and Aldo Moro , the secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party , became the new Prime Minister , ruling Italy for more than four years . 1964 presidential election . In August 1964 , President Antonio Segni suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while he was working at the presidential palace ; he only partially recovered and decided to resign . Leone was selected as the DCs official candidate for the presidency , but Fanfani decided to run against him . However , neither Fanfani nor Leone succeeded in being elected , in fact , during the 1964 presidential election , the social-democratic leader Giuseppe Saragat succeeded in gaining the majority of votes . In August 1967 , Leone was appointed Senator for Life by President Saragat . Second term . In June 1968 , after the general election , Saragat appointed Leone at the head of the government . As his first cabinet , also the second one was composed only by DC members and externally supported by PSU and PRI . In November 1968 , the Parliament approved a law that introduced a special benefit for full unemployment for workers in the industrial sector , in cases of total or partial closing down of enterprises or large-scale dismissals , equalling two-thirds of previous monthly earnings for 180 days . The law also extended earnings replacement benefits to cases of sectoral crises or industrial restructuring with a new compensation formula equaling 80% of previous earnings for 3 months ( 9 months in exceptional circumstances ) , allowed for family allowances to be paid to those in receipt of unemployment benefits . Leones second premiership lasted only seven months . In December 1968 , he resigned and Mariano Rumor became the new Prime Minister . President ( 1971–1978 ) . In 1971 , Amintore Fanfani was proposed as Christian Democracys candidate for the Presidency of the Republic . However his candidacy was weakened by the divisions within his own party and the candidacy of the socialist Francesco De Martino , who received votes from PCI , PSI and some PSDI members . Fanfani retired after several unsuccessful ballots and , at the twenty-second round , Leone was selected as the Christian democratic candidate for the presidency , being slightly preferred to Aldo Moro . At the twenty third round he was finally elected with a centre-right majority , with 518 votes out of 996 , including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) . Leones majority was the narrowest one ever obtained by an elected President and with twenty-three rounds of voting the 1971 presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history . Leones presidency was considered quite revolutionary for the role held by his wife , Vittoria . Before her , the wife of the Italian presidents had always been on the sidelines , not involved in the Italian political life . However , Vittoria Leone completely changed this role and had been widely regarded as the most prominent first lady of the Italian Republic . During his presidency , he had to face an extremely complex political and social situation . Already in the first months of the seven-year term , he had to approve the early dissolution of the Chambers , for the first time since the birth of the Republic . This decision was taken by Leone with the approval of most of the political parties , but it was accompanied by the choice to entrust the management of the electoral phase , not to the resigning coalition government of Emilio Colombo , but to a one-party government led by Giulio Andreotti . For this choice , Leone was heavily criticised by the opposition . With a total of 152 votes in favor and 158 against , the government did not gain the confidence of the Senate and was forced to resign after only 9 days . After Andreottis resignation in July 1973 , Leone gave to Mariano Rumor the task of forming a new centre-left cabinet , which however lasted only a year , when , in November , Aldo Moro became once again Prime Minister . During Moros two-years rule , the DC tried to open a dialogue with the PCI of Enrico Berlinguer , in a political phase known as Historic Compromise , with the aim of bringing the communists into the governments majority . Leone , as a member of the partys right-wing , did not approve Moros move , however he never openly opposed it . Kidnapping of Aldo Moro . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new Andreottis cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , then-president of the Christian Democracy , was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades ( BR ) in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards ( two Carabinieri in Moros car and three policemen in the following car ) and kidnapped him . During the kidnapping , Leone was in favour of a negotiation with the terrorists , while Prime Minister Andreotti strongly opposed it : the BR proposed an exchange of prisoners to the Italian government , which was supported by Leone , but Andreotti refused . During his imprisonment , Moro wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti . On 9 May 1978 , Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani , after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Red Brigades . Lockheed scandal and resignation . Leones political career came to an end in 1978 , due to the Lockheed bribery scandal . The allegations came from the United States and were supported by the Italian political magazine LEspresso . According to the allegations , Lockheed bribed many high-profile politicians in Italy to purchase Hercules Aircraft for the military . Leone and his family were allegedly implicated in the bribery . In June 1978 , after months of polemics , Leone resigned as President of the Republic . However , the accusations were never proved and the most prominent of his accusers was three times convicted of libel . Death and legacy . After his resignation , Leone continued sitting in the Parliament as a Senator for life . Moreover , through writings and interviews , as well as judgments , he also had the opportunity to reaffirm and stress the correctness of his acts as President and the unreliability of the accusations moved against his family and him . In addition , several of those politicians who had attacked him most during the presidency , also had the opportunity of apologizing to him . Among these , the radical leaders Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino , who on the occasion of Leones 90th birthday , openly expressed their regrets . On 25 September 2001 , just a few weeks before his 93rd birthday , a decree by the Prime Minister awarded Leone of the title of President Emeritus of the Republic ; the office would be later applied to all the future former presidents . Giovanni Leone died in Rome , on 9 November 2001 , at his villa on the Via Cassia . On 25 November 2006 , President Giorgio Napolitano stated that the Senate had granted full recognition of the correctness of Leones actions , completely rehabilitating his political actions . Leone was portrayed as a key antagonist in the 2020 film Rose Island , which tells the story of the Republic of Rose Island and the Governments attempts to destroy it . Leone was played in the film by Luca Zingaretti .

easy

What position did Giovanni Leone take from Jun 1978 to Nov 2001?

/wiki/Giovanni_Leone#P39#5

Giovanni Leone Giovanni Leone ( ; 3 November 1908 – 9 November 2001 ) was an Italian politician , jurist and university professor . A founding member of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , Leone served as the sixth president of Italy from December 1971 until June 1978 . He also briefly served as the 37th Prime Minister from June to December 1963 and again from June to December 1968 . He was also President of the Chamber of Deputies from May 1955 until June 1963 . Leone was the first Italian president to resign for a scandal . In 1978 , he was accused of bribery amid the Lockheed scandal ; however the allegations were later declared false and Leone was completely rehabilitated . Early years . Leone was born in Naples in 1908 , to Mauro Leone and Maria Gioffredi , both from Pomigliano dArco , his father , Mauro Leone , was a prominent lawyer , and had participated in the foundation of the Italian Peoples Party in Campania . Leone grew up in Pomigliano dArco , where he attended the classic lyceum , graduating in 1924 . In 1929 , he graduated in law from the prestigious University of Naples Federico II , with the thesis Violation of family care obligations , which was even published in 1931 . In the following year , he also obtained a degree in social and political science . During university , Leone became a member of Catholic Action ( AC ) . After graduation , he started working in the law firm of Enrico De Nicola , also becoming a professor of criminal procedure at the University of Camerino . During the 1930s , he became one of the most prominent lawyers and jurists in Southern Italy , teaching at the Universities of Messina , Bari and Naples . In these years , he was also elected president of the Italian section of the International Association of Penal Law , as well as a member of the executive committee . During World War II , he became a magistrate of the military court of Naples , with the rank of lieutenant colonel . In the aftermath of September 1943 armistice , during the dramatic days of the Nazi occupation , he worked effectively for the release of numerous political prisoners and deserters , thus removing them from possible reprisals . In these years , thanks to a colleague , he met Vittoria Michitto , belonging to one of the best known families of Caserta , whom he married in July 1946 . The couple had four sons : Mauro , Paolo , Giancarlo and Giulio , who died at the age of 4 . Political career . In 1943 , along with his father , Leone was among the founders of the Christian Democracy ( DC ) , the PPIs heir led by Alcide De Gasperi . After two years , in 1945 , he was elected DCs provincial secretary for Naples , immediately becoming one of the leading figures of the party . In 1946 , Leone was among the main supporters of the neutrality in the 1946 institutional referendum , in which Italians voted to abolish the monarchy of the House of Savoy . In the same year , he was elected with nearly 32,000 votes to the Constituent Assembly for the constituency of Naples–Caserta . As a prominent jurist , he was appointed in the commission with the aim of drawing up the new republican constitution . In April 1948 , he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies with 60,000 votes . Even as a deputy , he continued working as a lawyer and teaching at the university , considering for a long time these occupations as priority aspects of his life . Also for this reason , according to some testimonies , he often expressed the desire not to take on government positions . Being able to count on his own reliable and territorially rooted electorate , Leone practically never conducted a real party activity . He remained , therefore , substantially foreign to the large and small factions in which the DC quickly split up , although he could ideally be considered close to the partys conservative wing . President of the Chamber of Deputies . Thanks to his super partes position , the respect of all DCs internal factions , alongside the undoubted consideration gained also from the other political forces during the works of the Constituent Assembly , in 1950 , Leone assumed the position of Vice President of the Chamber of Deputies and then , from May 1955 , the one of President , which he held continuously until June 1963 . As president , he demonstrated , in addition to a strong sense of the institutions and a scrupulous respect for the rules of democratic confrontation , a remarkable ability to govern parliamentary dynamics , also mastered through that undeniable presence of spirit , contributed in making him a well-known figure in the public opinion . At the same time , he was able to gain approval for his action both within the party , which found him a reliable manager of parliamentary processes , and outside DC , among the majoritys parties but also in the oppositions , which appreciated his qualities of institutional balance . Prime Minister of Italy . First term . In the 1963 general election , the Christian Democrats lost almost one million votes , gaining nearly 38% , while the Italian Communist Party ( PCI ) arrived second with 25% . However the Italian Liberal Party ( PLI ) surged to 7% , their best results ever , receiving many votes from former Christian Democratic supporters , who were against Amintore Fanfanis centre-left policies . With the decline of electoral support , on 22 June 1963 , the majority of DC members decided to replace Fanfani with a provisional government led by Leone . Leone formed a one-party cabinet , composed only by DCs members and externally supported by Italian Socialist Party ( PSI ) , Italian Republican Party ( PRI ) and Italian Democratic Socialist Party ( PSDI ) . The cabinet was also known as Bridge Government ( Governo ponte ) , as a transitional government , with the aim of starting a tighter cooperation with the PSI . As Prime Minister , Leone had to face one of the most tragic events in Italian republican history , the Vajont Dam disaster . On 9 October 1963 , a landslide occurred on Monte Toc , in the province of Pordenone . The landslide caused a megatsunami in the artificial lake in which 50 million cubic metres of water overtopped the dam in a wave of , leading to the complete destruction of several villages and towns , and 1,917 deaths . In the previous months , the Adriatic Society of Electricity ( SADE ) and the Italian government , which both owned the dam , dismissed evidence and concealed reports describing the geological instability of Monte Toc on the southern side of the basin and other early warning signs reported prior to the disaster . Immediately after the disaster , government and local authorities insisted on attributing the tragedy to an unexpected and unavoidable natural event . However , numerous warnings , signs of danger , and negative appraisals had been disregarded in the previous months and the eventual attempt to safely control the landslide into the lake by lowering its level came when the landslide was almost imminent and was too late to prevent it . The communist newspaper LUnità was the first to denounce the actions of management and government . Leone accused the PCI of political profiteering from the tragedy , promising to bring justice to the people killed in the disaster . However , a few months after the end of his premiership , he became the head of SADEs team of lawyers , who significantly reduced the amount of compensation for the survivors and ruled out payment for at least 600 victims . In December 1963 , after only five months of government , when the congress of the PSI authorized a full engagement of the party into the government , Leone resigned and Aldo Moro , the secretary of the DC and leader of the more leftist wing of the party , became the new Prime Minister , ruling Italy for more than four years . 1964 presidential election . In August 1964 , President Antonio Segni suffered a serious cerebral hemorrhage while he was working at the presidential palace ; he only partially recovered and decided to resign . Leone was selected as the DCs official candidate for the presidency , but Fanfani decided to run against him . However , neither Fanfani nor Leone succeeded in being elected , in fact , during the 1964 presidential election , the social-democratic leader Giuseppe Saragat succeeded in gaining the majority of votes . In August 1967 , Leone was appointed Senator for Life by President Saragat . Second term . In June 1968 , after the general election , Saragat appointed Leone at the head of the government . As his first cabinet , also the second one was composed only by DC members and externally supported by PSU and PRI . In November 1968 , the Parliament approved a law that introduced a special benefit for full unemployment for workers in the industrial sector , in cases of total or partial closing down of enterprises or large-scale dismissals , equalling two-thirds of previous monthly earnings for 180 days . The law also extended earnings replacement benefits to cases of sectoral crises or industrial restructuring with a new compensation formula equaling 80% of previous earnings for 3 months ( 9 months in exceptional circumstances ) , allowed for family allowances to be paid to those in receipt of unemployment benefits . Leones second premiership lasted only seven months . In December 1968 , he resigned and Mariano Rumor became the new Prime Minister . President ( 1971–1978 ) . In 1971 , Amintore Fanfani was proposed as Christian Democracys candidate for the Presidency of the Republic . However his candidacy was weakened by the divisions within his own party and the candidacy of the socialist Francesco De Martino , who received votes from PCI , PSI and some PSDI members . Fanfani retired after several unsuccessful ballots and , at the twenty-second round , Leone was selected as the Christian democratic candidate for the presidency , being slightly preferred to Aldo Moro . At the twenty third round he was finally elected with a centre-right majority , with 518 votes out of 996 , including those of the neo-fascist Italian Social Movement ( MSI ) . Leones majority was the narrowest one ever obtained by an elected President and with twenty-three rounds of voting the 1971 presidential election remains still today the longest presidential election in the Italian republican history . Leones presidency was considered quite revolutionary for the role held by his wife , Vittoria . Before her , the wife of the Italian presidents had always been on the sidelines , not involved in the Italian political life . However , Vittoria Leone completely changed this role and had been widely regarded as the most prominent first lady of the Italian Republic . During his presidency , he had to face an extremely complex political and social situation . Already in the first months of the seven-year term , he had to approve the early dissolution of the Chambers , for the first time since the birth of the Republic . This decision was taken by Leone with the approval of most of the political parties , but it was accompanied by the choice to entrust the management of the electoral phase , not to the resigning coalition government of Emilio Colombo , but to a one-party government led by Giulio Andreotti . For this choice , Leone was heavily criticised by the opposition . With a total of 152 votes in favor and 158 against , the government did not gain the confidence of the Senate and was forced to resign after only 9 days . After Andreottis resignation in July 1973 , Leone gave to Mariano Rumor the task of forming a new centre-left cabinet , which however lasted only a year , when , in November , Aldo Moro became once again Prime Minister . During Moros two-years rule , the DC tried to open a dialogue with the PCI of Enrico Berlinguer , in a political phase known as Historic Compromise , with the aim of bringing the communists into the governments majority . Leone , as a member of the partys right-wing , did not approve Moros move , however he never openly opposed it . Kidnapping of Aldo Moro . On the morning of 16 March 1978 , the day on which the new Andreottis cabinet was supposed to have undergone a confidence vote in the Italian Parliament , the car of Aldo Moro , then-president of the Christian Democracy , was assaulted by a group of Red Brigades ( BR ) in Via Fani in Rome . Firing automatic weapons , the terrorists killed Moros bodyguards ( two Carabinieri in Moros car and three policemen in the following car ) and kidnapped him . During the kidnapping , Leone was in favour of a negotiation with the terrorists , while Prime Minister Andreotti strongly opposed it : the BR proposed an exchange of prisoners to the Italian government , which was supported by Leone , but Andreotti refused . During his imprisonment , Moro wrote a statement expressing very harsh judgements against Andreotti . On 9 May 1978 , Moros body was found in the trunk of a Renault 4 in Via Caetani , after 55 days of imprisonment , during which Moro was submitted to a political trial by the so-called peoples court set up by the Red Brigades . Lockheed scandal and resignation . Leones political career came to an end in 1978 , due to the Lockheed bribery scandal . The allegations came from the United States and were supported by the Italian political magazine LEspresso . According to the allegations , Lockheed bribed many high-profile politicians in Italy to purchase Hercules Aircraft for the military . Leone and his family were allegedly implicated in the bribery . In June 1978 , after months of polemics , Leone resigned as President of the Republic . However , the accusations were never proved and the most prominent of his accusers was three times convicted of libel . Death and legacy . After his resignation , Leone continued sitting in the Parliament as a Senator for life . Moreover , through writings and interviews , as well as judgments , he also had the opportunity to reaffirm and stress the correctness of his acts as President and the unreliability of the accusations moved against his family and him . In addition , several of those politicians who had attacked him most during the presidency , also had the opportunity of apologizing to him . Among these , the radical leaders Marco Pannella and Emma Bonino , who on the occasion of Leones 90th birthday , openly expressed their regrets . On 25 September 2001 , just a few weeks before his 93rd birthday , a decree by the Prime Minister awarded Leone of the title of President Emeritus of the Republic ; the office would be later applied to all the future former presidents . Giovanni Leone died in Rome , on 9 November 2001 , at his villa on the Via Cassia . On 25 November 2006 , President Giorgio Napolitano stated that the Senate had granted full recognition of the correctness of Leones actions , completely rehabilitating his political actions . Leone was portrayed as a key antagonist in the 2020 film Rose Island , which tells the story of the Republic of Rose Island and the Governments attempts to destroy it . Leone was played in the film by Luca Zingaretti .

easy

Steven Ozment went to which school from 1959 to 1960?

/wiki/Steven_Ozment#P69#0

Steven Ozment Steven Edgar Ozment ( February 21 , 1939 – December 12 , 2019 ) was an American historian of early modern and modern Germany , the European family , and the Protestant Reformation . From 1990 to 2015 , he was the McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University , and Professor Emeritus until his death on December 12 , 2019 . A son of Lowell Ozment and Shirley ( Edgar ) Ozment Ozment was born in McComb , Mississippi , and raised in Camden , Arkansas . He attended the University of Arkansas on a football scholarship , and transferred to Hendrix College after two years , and graduated with a BA in 1960 . He obtained a Bachelor of Divinity degree at Drew Theological School in 1964 , and a PhD at Harvard University in 1967 . His dissertation , written under the supervision of Dutch intellectual historian Heiko Oberman , concerned the thought of Johannes Tauler , Jean Gerson and Martin Luther . Ozment taught at the University of Tübingen , Germany , and at Yale and Stanford as well as Harvard . In 1977 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Renaissance history . Ozment authored ten books . His Age of Reform , 1250–1550 ( 1980 ) , based on his lecture notes for two survey courses at Yale , won the Schaff History Prize ( 1981 ) and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award . Five of his books were selections of the History Book Club and several have been translated into European and Asian languages . A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People came out in 2005 . Ozments study of the world of German artist Lucas Cranach the Elder was published by Yale University Press in June , 2013 , under the title , The Serpent and the Lamb : Cranach , Luther , and the Making of the Reformation . Ozment was married first to Elinor Pryor of Little Rock , with whom he had 3 of his children . He later married Andrea Foster of Norwich , NY and had 2 more children . They lived together in Newbury , MA , where Steven spent the majority of his academic life . He spent the last years of his life married to Susanna Schweizer . Major works . - Homo spiritualis : a comparative study of the anthropology of Johannes Tauler , Jean Gerson and Martin Luther ( 1509–16 ) in the context of their theological thought . Leiden : E.J . Brill , 1969 . - ed. , Jean Gerson : selections from A Deo exivit , Contra curiositatem studentium and De mystica theologia speculative . Leiden : E.J . Brill , 1969 . - ed. , The Reformation in Medieval Perspective . Chicago , IL : Quadrangle Books , 1971 . - Mysticism and Dissent : Religious Ideology and Social Protest in the Sixteenth Century . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1973 . - The Reformation in the Cities : The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1975 ; 1977 . - co-author , The Western Heritage . New York , NY : MacMillan , 1979 ; 1983 ; 1986 ; 1990 ; 1994 ; 1997 ; 2000 ; 2003 . - The Age of Reform , 1250–1550 : An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1980 ; 1981 . ( Reprinted with a new Forward in 2020. ) - ed. , Reformation Europe : A Guide to Research . St . Louis , MO : Center for Reformation Research , 1982 . - When Fathers Ruled : Family Life in Reformation Europe . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 ; 1985 . - co-author , The Heritage of World Civilizations . New York , NY : MacMillan , 1986 ; 1989 ; 1993 ; 1996 ; 1999 ; 2001 ; 2004 . - Magdalena and Balthasar : An Intimate Portrait of Life in 16th Century Europe Revealed in the Letters of a Nuremberg Husband and Wife . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster , 1986 ; New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1989 . - ed. , Religion and Culture in the Renaissance and Reformation . Kirksville , MO : Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers , 1989 . - ed . & trans. , Three Behaim Boys : Growing Up in Early Modern Germany . A Chronicle of Their Lives . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1990 . - Protestants : The Birth Of a Revolution . New York , NY : Doubleday , 1993 ; 1994 ; London : HarperCollins , 1993 . - The Bürgermeisters Daughter : Scandal in a Sixteenth-Century German Town . New York , NY : St . Martins Press , 1996 ; New York , NY : HarperCollins , 1997 . - Flesh and Spirit : A Study of Private Life in Early Modern Germany . New York , NY : Viking/Penguin , 1999 ; 2001 . - Ancestors : The Loving Family in Old Europe . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2001 . - A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People . New York , NY : HarperCollins , 2004 ; 2005 ; London : Granta , 2005 . - The Serpent and the Lamb : Cranach , Luther , and the Making of the Reformation . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2013 . External links . - Steven Ozments Website

easy

Where was Steven Ozment educated in 1960?

/wiki/Steven_Ozment#P69#1

Steven Ozment Steven Edgar Ozment ( February 21 , 1939 – December 12 , 2019 ) was an American historian of early modern and modern Germany , the European family , and the Protestant Reformation . From 1990 to 2015 , he was the McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University , and Professor Emeritus until his death on December 12 , 2019 . A son of Lowell Ozment and Shirley ( Edgar ) Ozment Ozment was born in McComb , Mississippi , and raised in Camden , Arkansas . He attended the University of Arkansas on a football scholarship , and transferred to Hendrix College after two years , and graduated with a BA in 1960 . He obtained a Bachelor of Divinity degree at Drew Theological School in 1964 , and a PhD at Harvard University in 1967 . His dissertation , written under the supervision of Dutch intellectual historian Heiko Oberman , concerned the thought of Johannes Tauler , Jean Gerson and Martin Luther . Ozment taught at the University of Tübingen , Germany , and at Yale and Stanford as well as Harvard . In 1977 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Renaissance history . Ozment authored ten books . His Age of Reform , 1250–1550 ( 1980 ) , based on his lecture notes for two survey courses at Yale , won the Schaff History Prize ( 1981 ) and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award . Five of his books were selections of the History Book Club and several have been translated into European and Asian languages . A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People came out in 2005 . Ozments study of the world of German artist Lucas Cranach the Elder was published by Yale University Press in June , 2013 , under the title , The Serpent and the Lamb : Cranach , Luther , and the Making of the Reformation . Ozment was married first to Elinor Pryor of Little Rock , with whom he had 3 of his children . He later married Andrea Foster of Norwich , NY and had 2 more children . They lived together in Newbury , MA , where Steven spent the majority of his academic life . He spent the last years of his life married to Susanna Schweizer . Major works . - Homo spiritualis : a comparative study of the anthropology of Johannes Tauler , Jean Gerson and Martin Luther ( 1509–16 ) in the context of their theological thought . Leiden : E.J . Brill , 1969 . - ed. , Jean Gerson : selections from A Deo exivit , Contra curiositatem studentium and De mystica theologia speculative . Leiden : E.J . Brill , 1969 . - ed. , The Reformation in Medieval Perspective . Chicago , IL : Quadrangle Books , 1971 . - Mysticism and Dissent : Religious Ideology and Social Protest in the Sixteenth Century . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1973 . - The Reformation in the Cities : The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1975 ; 1977 . - co-author , The Western Heritage . New York , NY : MacMillan , 1979 ; 1983 ; 1986 ; 1990 ; 1994 ; 1997 ; 2000 ; 2003 . - The Age of Reform , 1250–1550 : An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1980 ; 1981 . ( Reprinted with a new Forward in 2020. ) - ed. , Reformation Europe : A Guide to Research . St . Louis , MO : Center for Reformation Research , 1982 . - When Fathers Ruled : Family Life in Reformation Europe . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 ; 1985 . - co-author , The Heritage of World Civilizations . New York , NY : MacMillan , 1986 ; 1989 ; 1993 ; 1996 ; 1999 ; 2001 ; 2004 . - Magdalena and Balthasar : An Intimate Portrait of Life in 16th Century Europe Revealed in the Letters of a Nuremberg Husband and Wife . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster , 1986 ; New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1989 . - ed. , Religion and Culture in the Renaissance and Reformation . Kirksville , MO : Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers , 1989 . - ed . & trans. , Three Behaim Boys : Growing Up in Early Modern Germany . A Chronicle of Their Lives . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1990 . - Protestants : The Birth Of a Revolution . New York , NY : Doubleday , 1993 ; 1994 ; London : HarperCollins , 1993 . - The Bürgermeisters Daughter : Scandal in a Sixteenth-Century German Town . New York , NY : St . Martins Press , 1996 ; New York , NY : HarperCollins , 1997 . - Flesh and Spirit : A Study of Private Life in Early Modern Germany . New York , NY : Viking/Penguin , 1999 ; 2001 . - Ancestors : The Loving Family in Old Europe . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2001 . - A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People . New York , NY : HarperCollins , 2004 ; 2005 ; London : Granta , 2005 . - The Serpent and the Lamb : Cranach , Luther , and the Making of the Reformation . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2013 . External links . - Steven Ozments Website

easy

Steven Ozment went to which school from 1960 to 1964?

/wiki/Steven_Ozment#P69#2

Steven Ozment Steven Edgar Ozment ( February 21 , 1939 – December 12 , 2019 ) was an American historian of early modern and modern Germany , the European family , and the Protestant Reformation . From 1990 to 2015 , he was the McLean Professor of Ancient and Modern History at Harvard University , and Professor Emeritus until his death on December 12 , 2019 . A son of Lowell Ozment and Shirley ( Edgar ) Ozment Ozment was born in McComb , Mississippi , and raised in Camden , Arkansas . He attended the University of Arkansas on a football scholarship , and transferred to Hendrix College after two years , and graduated with a BA in 1960 . He obtained a Bachelor of Divinity degree at Drew Theological School in 1964 , and a PhD at Harvard University in 1967 . His dissertation , written under the supervision of Dutch intellectual historian Heiko Oberman , concerned the thought of Johannes Tauler , Jean Gerson and Martin Luther . Ozment taught at the University of Tübingen , Germany , and at Yale and Stanford as well as Harvard . In 1977 , he was awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship in the field of Renaissance history . Ozment authored ten books . His Age of Reform , 1250–1550 ( 1980 ) , based on his lecture notes for two survey courses at Yale , won the Schaff History Prize ( 1981 ) and was nominated for the 1981 National Book Award . Five of his books were selections of the History Book Club and several have been translated into European and Asian languages . A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People came out in 2005 . Ozments study of the world of German artist Lucas Cranach the Elder was published by Yale University Press in June , 2013 , under the title , The Serpent and the Lamb : Cranach , Luther , and the Making of the Reformation . Ozment was married first to Elinor Pryor of Little Rock , with whom he had 3 of his children . He later married Andrea Foster of Norwich , NY and had 2 more children . They lived together in Newbury , MA , where Steven spent the majority of his academic life . He spent the last years of his life married to Susanna Schweizer . Major works . - Homo spiritualis : a comparative study of the anthropology of Johannes Tauler , Jean Gerson and Martin Luther ( 1509–16 ) in the context of their theological thought . Leiden : E.J . Brill , 1969 . - ed. , Jean Gerson : selections from A Deo exivit , Contra curiositatem studentium and De mystica theologia speculative . Leiden : E.J . Brill , 1969 . - ed. , The Reformation in Medieval Perspective . Chicago , IL : Quadrangle Books , 1971 . - Mysticism and Dissent : Religious Ideology and Social Protest in the Sixteenth Century . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1973 . - The Reformation in the Cities : The Appeal of Protestantism to Sixteenth-Century Germany and Switzerland . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1975 ; 1977 . - co-author , The Western Heritage . New York , NY : MacMillan , 1979 ; 1983 ; 1986 ; 1990 ; 1994 ; 1997 ; 2000 ; 2003 . - The Age of Reform , 1250–1550 : An Intellectual and Religious History of Late Medieval and Reformation Europe . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1980 ; 1981 . ( Reprinted with a new Forward in 2020. ) - ed. , Reformation Europe : A Guide to Research . St . Louis , MO : Center for Reformation Research , 1982 . - When Fathers Ruled : Family Life in Reformation Europe . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1983 ; 1985 . - co-author , The Heritage of World Civilizations . New York , NY : MacMillan , 1986 ; 1989 ; 1993 ; 1996 ; 1999 ; 2001 ; 2004 . - Magdalena and Balthasar : An Intimate Portrait of Life in 16th Century Europe Revealed in the Letters of a Nuremberg Husband and Wife . New York , NY : Simon & Schuster , 1986 ; New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1989 . - ed. , Religion and Culture in the Renaissance and Reformation . Kirksville , MO : Sixteenth Century Journal Publishers , 1989 . - ed . & trans. , Three Behaim Boys : Growing Up in Early Modern Germany . A Chronicle of Their Lives . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 1990 . - Protestants : The Birth Of a Revolution . New York , NY : Doubleday , 1993 ; 1994 ; London : HarperCollins , 1993 . - The Bürgermeisters Daughter : Scandal in a Sixteenth-Century German Town . New York , NY : St . Martins Press , 1996 ; New York , NY : HarperCollins , 1997 . - Flesh and Spirit : A Study of Private Life in Early Modern Germany . New York , NY : Viking/Penguin , 1999 ; 2001 . - Ancestors : The Loving Family in Old Europe . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 2001 . - A Mighty Fortress : A New History of the German People . New York , NY : HarperCollins , 2004 ; 2005 ; London : Granta , 2005 . - The Serpent and the Lamb : Cranach , Luther , and the Making of the Reformation . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press , 2013 . External links . - Steven Ozments Website

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of City of Rocks National Reserve from Jul 1964 to Oct 1966?

/wiki/City_of_Rocks_National_Reserve#P1435#0

City of Rocks National Reserve The City of Rocks National Reserve , also known as the Silent City of Rocks , is a United States National Reserve and state park in south-central Idaho , approximately north of the border with Utah . It is widely known for its enormous granite rock formations and excellent rock climbing . The rock spires in the City of Rocks and adjacent Castle Rocks State Park are largely composed of granitic rock of the Oligocene Almo pluton and Archean Green Creek Complex . City of Rocks is also a popular rock climbing area , with over 1,000 traditional and bolt-protected routes . In the 1980s , it was home to some of the most difficult routes in the country , mostly developed by Idaho climber Tony Yaniro . Climbers in the region refer to the area as simply The City . During the 1840s and 1850s , wagon trains on the California Trail left the Raft River valley and traveled through the area and over Granite Pass into Nevada . Names or initials of emigrants written in axle grease are still visible on Register Rock , and ruts from wagon wheels can be seen in some of the rocks . History . In 1849 , an emigrant party with James Wilkins encamped at the city of the rocks on the California Trail just north of the Great Salt Lake Desert . Signatures in axle grease on rock faces can be seen today . One emigrant saw the distant rocks in August like water thrown up into the air from numerous artificial hydrants . Beginning in 1843 , City of Rocks was a landmark for emigrants on the California Trail and Salt Lake Alternate Trail and later on freight routes and the Kelton , Utah to Boise , Idaho stage route . The areas historical and geological values , scenery , and opportunities for recreation led to its designation as City of Rocks National Reserve in 1988 . This unit of the National Park System is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation . Native American history . The Shoshone and Bannock tribes hunted the buffalo that once roamed in the City of Rocks area and gathered the nuts of the pinyon pine trees . The arrival of horses in the Americas in the 16th century and swelling European immigration disrupted the Shoshone-Bannock homelands and traditional way of life . They grew to resent the intruders but could do little to stop them . Most emigrants on the California Trail saw no Native Americans , but some of their journals record smoke rising from high hills and the surrounding mountains . In 1826 , Peter Skene Ogden and his Snake River brigade of beaver trappers were the first Euro-Americans to note the City of Rocks . Having few beaver , the area was ignored until 1843 , when growing streams of wagons began flowing through the area in the summer . California Trail . After many attempts to find a wagon route to California early California settlers like Joseph B . Chiles and mountain men such as Joseph R . Walker found the route up the Raft River , through the City of Rocks , over Granite Pass and down a series of streams like Goose Creek and Thousand Springs to the Humboldt River . From the junction of the Humboldt near todays Wells , Nevada they could follow the Humboldt west to the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) and on to California . Both Chiles , Walker and later John C . Fremont led settlers over this route . Later wagon parties seldom used guides but followed the tracks of the early pioneers wagons or the wagons in front of them . By 1850 so many people were on the trail that it was often like a long traveling village crawling its way to California . Newspapers and independent publishers in the east or mid-west often published emigrant guides that could be bought for little money from several different authors by 1850 . The City of Rocks and the nearby Granite Pass ( Idaho ) marked roughly half way to California for the emigrants and their loaded wagons . By 1846 , some emigrants headed for Oregons Willamette Valley also used this route as part of the Applegate Trail . This rugged cutoff was little used in later years . In 1848 Samuel J . Hensley , a pioneer that accompanied Joseph B . Chiles in 1842 , pioneered the Salt Lake Cutoff from Salt Lake City north of the Great Salt Lake when he traveled east while returning to Missouri . The Salt Lake cutoff rejoined the main California Trail near the City of Rocks . Settlers using the Salt Lake Cutoff traveled about the same number of miles as settlers going by way of Fort Hall and west along the Snake River valley route . In 1852 , some 52,000 people passed through the City of Rocks on their way to join the California Gold Rush . When the California Trail was first opened in 1843 , Granite Pass , near City of Rocks provided the pass that allowed an easy connection with streams and creeks that provided the needed water and grass for their teams along the way between the Raft River and the Humboldt River . After 1850 the Pass initially became part of Utah Territory , and in 1872 an Idaho-Utah boundary survey error establishing the Utah-Idaho boundary . placed Granite Pass in Idaho Territory . With the completion of the first transcontinental railroad on 9 May 1869 , the overland wagon routes began to pass into history . However , wagons and stage lines saw continued use on regional supply routes that spread out from the railroad line to cities not on the railway line ( s ) . John Halleys stage route connected the railroad ( CPRR ) station at Kelton , Utah , with Idahos mining hub of Boise , Idaho , and supplied the early economic development of Idaho , which won statehood in 1890 . The Kelton stage route passed through the City of Rocks , with a stage station set up near the junction of the old California Trail and the Salt Lake Cutoff . Settlers began to homestead the City of Rocks area in the late 19th century . Dryland farming declined during the drought years of the 1920s and 1930s , but ranching survived . Livestock grazing began with early wagon use of the area in the mid-19th century and continues today . One of the favorite camping spots for emigrants was Camp Rock . Emigrants wrote on the stone face with axle grease writing out their names and dates of passage . Facts and designations . The Idaho Legislature declared Section 36 within City of Rocks as a state park under the jurisdiction of the Idaho Land Board on February 27 , 1957 . In 1964 , a much larger area ( more than ) was designated a National Historic Landmark . On March 15 , 1973 , Section 36 was transferred to the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation from the Department of Lands . The following year , the area was designated a National Natural Landmark . The National Park Service studied the site in the 1970s and 80s as a proposed national monument . City of Rocks National Reserve was created November 18 , 1988 by Public Law 100-696 , Arizona-Idaho Conservation Act of 1988 . This Act drew a boundary around owned or managed by the USDA Forest Service , Bureau of Land Management , Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation ( IDPR ) , and private individuals . All lands owned by the United States within the Reserve boundaries were placed under the authority of the National Park Service ( NPS ) . Between 1988 and 1996 , the Reserve was co-managed by both NPS and IDPR . After the approval of a comprehensive management plan , the NPS officially transferred on-site management of the Reserve to IDPR on May 2 , 1996 . Today , the park functions under a unique cooperative agreement between the NPS and IDPR . Both agencies allocate partial funding to its operation . City of Rocks National Reserve is visited annually by over 80,000 visitors . The Reserve headquarters is located in the gateway community of Almo . Environment . City of Rocks , an extraordinary encirclement of granite rising out of the gently rolling sagebrush country in south-central Idaho , has attracted and intrigued people since they first entered this region . The Shoshone camped here as did the emigrants traveling along the California Trail . One of the reserves most notable qualities is its large degree of biological diversity concentrated in a relatively small area . The great variety of textures , colors , and shapes in the natural landscape contributes considerably to the reserves scenic quality . Geologic formations . The landscape of City of Rocks has been sculpted from granite that was intruded into the crust during two widely spaced times . The granite that composes most of the spires is part of the 28-million-year-old Almo pluton . However , some of the spires are made of granite that is part of the 2.5 billion-year-old Green Creek Complex that contains some of the oldest rocks in the western United States . The granite has eroded into a fascinating assortment of shapes . City of Rocks was designated a National Reserve , a unit of the National Park Service , in recognition of the nationally significant geological and scenic values of its rock formations and the historical significance of the California Trail . Rock formations in the reserve developed through an erosion process called exfoliation , during which thin rock plates and scales sloughed off along joints in the rocks . The joints , or fractures , resulted from the contraction of the granite as it cooled , from an upward expansion of the granite as overlying materials were eroded away , and from regional tectonic stresses . The granite has eroded into a fascinating assortment of shapes as high as . The upper surfaces of many of the rocks are covered with flat-floored weathering pits known as panholes . The most notable panhole is located on top of Bath Rock and is continuously filled with water from rain or snowmelt . Animals . Located in the Northern Basin and Range/Snake-Columbia shrub steppe ecoregions and the Raft Watershed of the Upper Snake River Basin , the habitat of the reserve supports a large variety of mammals , birds , reptiles , and invertebrates . - Amphibians - Common amphibians that could be found near water include boreal toad , Great Basin spadefoot toad , and northern leopard frog . - Birds - The reserve provides excellent breeding and prey habitat for many raptor species including golden eagle , prairie falcon , red-tailed hawk , northern harrier , sharp-shinned hawk , Coopers hawk , American kestrel , turkey vulture , and great horned owl . Swainsons hawk and ferruginous hawk are less abundant in the reserve . Other common bird species includes sage grouse , pinon jay , Clarks nutcracker , common nighthawk , rock doves , mourning doves , cliff swallow , mountain bluebird , hermit thrush , mountain chickadee , rock wren , house wren , solitary vireos , warbling vireos , green-tailed towhee , Virginias warbler , Brewers blackbird , and various sparrows . - Mammals - A partial list of mammals in the reserve includes , cougar , mule deer , coyote , bobcat , badger , yellow-bellied marmot , cliff chipmunk , mountain cottontail rabbit , black-tailed jackrabbit , snowshoe hare , northern grasshopper mouse , Merriams shrew , several species of voles , and a variety of bats . Pronghorn and bison were probably common a century ago . - Reptiles - Typical lizard species include the western whiptail , western fence lizard , Long-nosed leopard lizard , sagebrush lizard , and northern desert horned lizard . Snakes include the western rattlesnake , Great Basin gopher snake , striped whipsnake , and wandering garter snake . The western rattlesnake is the only strongly venomed snake found in the reserve . Plants . Notable plant life includes : - The Kruckebergs sword fern is found in the cool , moist micro-habitats in the granite formations . The fern grows in rock crevices and is normally found at higher elevations than City of Rocks . Primary threats to this species are trampling and or removal by visitors along rock climbing routes . - Stands of piñon/juniper woodlands are dominated by the single-leaf piñon pine and Utah juniper , interspersed with mountain big sagebrush and curl-leaf mountain mahogany . The pinon seed is edible and gathered by local residents . Higher slopes are covered with mountain big sagebrush , snowberry , serviceberry , and bitterbrush , with other shrubs , grasses , and herbs growing in the openings between shrubs . Groves of aspen , stands of douglas-fir and lodgepole pine , are located on the upper stony/grassy slopes of the reserve . Quaking aspen groves occur in canyons containing streams . Other dominant plants in the City of Rocks National Reserve include : - Piñon / juniper woodlands and forest - Conifer / aspen woodlands and forests - Riparian scrub and herbaceous wetlands - Big sagebrush and grasslands - Mixed scrub - Mountain mahogany scrubs - High elevation meadows - Other unvegetated areas Weather . The semi-arid climate is characterized by low to moderate precipitation , great extremes in both daily and seasonal temperatures , and low relative humidity . Average annual precipitation is approximately at the lower elevations and in the highest areas . Average snow depths for higher elevations range between 35 and . Summers are hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms . Mountains . The reserve is in the southern part of the Albion Mountains , bordered on the east by the Raft River valley and to the north by the Snake River valley . Elevations rise from where Circle Creek meets the reserve boundary to at the top of Graham Peak to the north . Soils . The majority of the soils in the reserve are composed of grus , a coarse angular sand derived from the disintegration of the underlying granitic bedrock . They are highly erodible . Soil erosion is greatest near roads and on steep slopes and intermittent stream channels . Erosion in these areas has formed deep gullies . Some of the exposed soil banks are over high . Controversy . Climbing on the Twin Sisters , a major geological formation in the Reserve , was banned following a National Park Service decision and later court case involving the Access Fund . The Access Fund asserted that the NPS decision was arbitrary and capricious , while the NPS claimed that rock climbing on the Twin Sisters disrupted the historic viewshed of the California Trail .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of City of Rocks National Reserve from Oct 1966 to 1974?

/wiki/City_of_Rocks_National_Reserve#P1435#1

City of Rocks National Reserve The City of Rocks National Reserve , also known as the Silent City of Rocks , is a United States National Reserve and state park in south-central Idaho , approximately north of the border with Utah . It is widely known for its enormous granite rock formations and excellent rock climbing . The rock spires in the City of Rocks and adjacent Castle Rocks State Park are largely composed of granitic rock of the Oligocene Almo pluton and Archean Green Creek Complex . City of Rocks is also a popular rock climbing area , with over 1,000 traditional and bolt-protected routes . In the 1980s , it was home to some of the most difficult routes in the country , mostly developed by Idaho climber Tony Yaniro . Climbers in the region refer to the area as simply The City . During the 1840s and 1850s , wagon trains on the California Trail left the Raft River valley and traveled through the area and over Granite Pass into Nevada . Names or initials of emigrants written in axle grease are still visible on Register Rock , and ruts from wagon wheels can be seen in some of the rocks . History . In 1849 , an emigrant party with James Wilkins encamped at the city of the rocks on the California Trail just north of the Great Salt Lake Desert . Signatures in axle grease on rock faces can be seen today . One emigrant saw the distant rocks in August like water thrown up into the air from numerous artificial hydrants . Beginning in 1843 , City of Rocks was a landmark for emigrants on the California Trail and Salt Lake Alternate Trail and later on freight routes and the Kelton , Utah to Boise , Idaho stage route . The areas historical and geological values , scenery , and opportunities for recreation led to its designation as City of Rocks National Reserve in 1988 . This unit of the National Park System is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation . Native American history . The Shoshone and Bannock tribes hunted the buffalo that once roamed in the City of Rocks area and gathered the nuts of the pinyon pine trees . The arrival of horses in the Americas in the 16th century and swelling European immigration disrupted the Shoshone-Bannock homelands and traditional way of life . They grew to resent the intruders but could do little to stop them . Most emigrants on the California Trail saw no Native Americans , but some of their journals record smoke rising from high hills and the surrounding mountains . In 1826 , Peter Skene Ogden and his Snake River brigade of beaver trappers were the first Euro-Americans to note the City of Rocks . Having few beaver , the area was ignored until 1843 , when growing streams of wagons began flowing through the area in the summer . California Trail . After many attempts to find a wagon route to California early California settlers like Joseph B . Chiles and mountain men such as Joseph R . Walker found the route up the Raft River , through the City of Rocks , over Granite Pass and down a series of streams like Goose Creek and Thousand Springs to the Humboldt River . From the junction of the Humboldt near todays Wells , Nevada they could follow the Humboldt west to the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) and on to California . Both Chiles , Walker and later John C . Fremont led settlers over this route . Later wagon parties seldom used guides but followed the tracks of the early pioneers wagons or the wagons in front of them . By 1850 so many people were on the trail that it was often like a long traveling village crawling its way to California . Newspapers and independent publishers in the east or mid-west often published emigrant guides that could be bought for little money from several different authors by 1850 . The City of Rocks and the nearby Granite Pass ( Idaho ) marked roughly half way to California for the emigrants and their loaded wagons . By 1846 , some emigrants headed for Oregons Willamette Valley also used this route as part of the Applegate Trail . This rugged cutoff was little used in later years . In 1848 Samuel J . Hensley , a pioneer that accompanied Joseph B . Chiles in 1842 , pioneered the Salt Lake Cutoff from Salt Lake City north of the Great Salt Lake when he traveled east while returning to Missouri . The Salt Lake cutoff rejoined the main California Trail near the City of Rocks . Settlers using the Salt Lake Cutoff traveled about the same number of miles as settlers going by way of Fort Hall and west along the Snake River valley route . In 1852 , some 52,000 people passed through the City of Rocks on their way to join the California Gold Rush . When the California Trail was first opened in 1843 , Granite Pass , near City of Rocks provided the pass that allowed an easy connection with streams and creeks that provided the needed water and grass for their teams along the way between the Raft River and the Humboldt River . After 1850 the Pass initially became part of Utah Territory , and in 1872 an Idaho-Utah boundary survey error establishing the Utah-Idaho boundary . placed Granite Pass in Idaho Territory . With the completion of the first transcontinental railroad on 9 May 1869 , the overland wagon routes began to pass into history . However , wagons and stage lines saw continued use on regional supply routes that spread out from the railroad line to cities not on the railway line ( s ) . John Halleys stage route connected the railroad ( CPRR ) station at Kelton , Utah , with Idahos mining hub of Boise , Idaho , and supplied the early economic development of Idaho , which won statehood in 1890 . The Kelton stage route passed through the City of Rocks , with a stage station set up near the junction of the old California Trail and the Salt Lake Cutoff . Settlers began to homestead the City of Rocks area in the late 19th century . Dryland farming declined during the drought years of the 1920s and 1930s , but ranching survived . Livestock grazing began with early wagon use of the area in the mid-19th century and continues today . One of the favorite camping spots for emigrants was Camp Rock . Emigrants wrote on the stone face with axle grease writing out their names and dates of passage . Facts and designations . The Idaho Legislature declared Section 36 within City of Rocks as a state park under the jurisdiction of the Idaho Land Board on February 27 , 1957 . In 1964 , a much larger area ( more than ) was designated a National Historic Landmark . On March 15 , 1973 , Section 36 was transferred to the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation from the Department of Lands . The following year , the area was designated a National Natural Landmark . The National Park Service studied the site in the 1970s and 80s as a proposed national monument . City of Rocks National Reserve was created November 18 , 1988 by Public Law 100-696 , Arizona-Idaho Conservation Act of 1988 . This Act drew a boundary around owned or managed by the USDA Forest Service , Bureau of Land Management , Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation ( IDPR ) , and private individuals . All lands owned by the United States within the Reserve boundaries were placed under the authority of the National Park Service ( NPS ) . Between 1988 and 1996 , the Reserve was co-managed by both NPS and IDPR . After the approval of a comprehensive management plan , the NPS officially transferred on-site management of the Reserve to IDPR on May 2 , 1996 . Today , the park functions under a unique cooperative agreement between the NPS and IDPR . Both agencies allocate partial funding to its operation . City of Rocks National Reserve is visited annually by over 80,000 visitors . The Reserve headquarters is located in the gateway community of Almo . Environment . City of Rocks , an extraordinary encirclement of granite rising out of the gently rolling sagebrush country in south-central Idaho , has attracted and intrigued people since they first entered this region . The Shoshone camped here as did the emigrants traveling along the California Trail . One of the reserves most notable qualities is its large degree of biological diversity concentrated in a relatively small area . The great variety of textures , colors , and shapes in the natural landscape contributes considerably to the reserves scenic quality . Geologic formations . The landscape of City of Rocks has been sculpted from granite that was intruded into the crust during two widely spaced times . The granite that composes most of the spires is part of the 28-million-year-old Almo pluton . However , some of the spires are made of granite that is part of the 2.5 billion-year-old Green Creek Complex that contains some of the oldest rocks in the western United States . The granite has eroded into a fascinating assortment of shapes . City of Rocks was designated a National Reserve , a unit of the National Park Service , in recognition of the nationally significant geological and scenic values of its rock formations and the historical significance of the California Trail . Rock formations in the reserve developed through an erosion process called exfoliation , during which thin rock plates and scales sloughed off along joints in the rocks . The joints , or fractures , resulted from the contraction of the granite as it cooled , from an upward expansion of the granite as overlying materials were eroded away , and from regional tectonic stresses . The granite has eroded into a fascinating assortment of shapes as high as . The upper surfaces of many of the rocks are covered with flat-floored weathering pits known as panholes . The most notable panhole is located on top of Bath Rock and is continuously filled with water from rain or snowmelt . Animals . Located in the Northern Basin and Range/Snake-Columbia shrub steppe ecoregions and the Raft Watershed of the Upper Snake River Basin , the habitat of the reserve supports a large variety of mammals , birds , reptiles , and invertebrates . - Amphibians - Common amphibians that could be found near water include boreal toad , Great Basin spadefoot toad , and northern leopard frog . - Birds - The reserve provides excellent breeding and prey habitat for many raptor species including golden eagle , prairie falcon , red-tailed hawk , northern harrier , sharp-shinned hawk , Coopers hawk , American kestrel , turkey vulture , and great horned owl . Swainsons hawk and ferruginous hawk are less abundant in the reserve . Other common bird species includes sage grouse , pinon jay , Clarks nutcracker , common nighthawk , rock doves , mourning doves , cliff swallow , mountain bluebird , hermit thrush , mountain chickadee , rock wren , house wren , solitary vireos , warbling vireos , green-tailed towhee , Virginias warbler , Brewers blackbird , and various sparrows . - Mammals - A partial list of mammals in the reserve includes , cougar , mule deer , coyote , bobcat , badger , yellow-bellied marmot , cliff chipmunk , mountain cottontail rabbit , black-tailed jackrabbit , snowshoe hare , northern grasshopper mouse , Merriams shrew , several species of voles , and a variety of bats . Pronghorn and bison were probably common a century ago . - Reptiles - Typical lizard species include the western whiptail , western fence lizard , Long-nosed leopard lizard , sagebrush lizard , and northern desert horned lizard . Snakes include the western rattlesnake , Great Basin gopher snake , striped whipsnake , and wandering garter snake . The western rattlesnake is the only strongly venomed snake found in the reserve . Plants . Notable plant life includes : - The Kruckebergs sword fern is found in the cool , moist micro-habitats in the granite formations . The fern grows in rock crevices and is normally found at higher elevations than City of Rocks . Primary threats to this species are trampling and or removal by visitors along rock climbing routes . - Stands of piñon/juniper woodlands are dominated by the single-leaf piñon pine and Utah juniper , interspersed with mountain big sagebrush and curl-leaf mountain mahogany . The pinon seed is edible and gathered by local residents . Higher slopes are covered with mountain big sagebrush , snowberry , serviceberry , and bitterbrush , with other shrubs , grasses , and herbs growing in the openings between shrubs . Groves of aspen , stands of douglas-fir and lodgepole pine , are located on the upper stony/grassy slopes of the reserve . Quaking aspen groves occur in canyons containing streams . Other dominant plants in the City of Rocks National Reserve include : - Piñon / juniper woodlands and forest - Conifer / aspen woodlands and forests - Riparian scrub and herbaceous wetlands - Big sagebrush and grasslands - Mixed scrub - Mountain mahogany scrubs - High elevation meadows - Other unvegetated areas Weather . The semi-arid climate is characterized by low to moderate precipitation , great extremes in both daily and seasonal temperatures , and low relative humidity . Average annual precipitation is approximately at the lower elevations and in the highest areas . Average snow depths for higher elevations range between 35 and . Summers are hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms . Mountains . The reserve is in the southern part of the Albion Mountains , bordered on the east by the Raft River valley and to the north by the Snake River valley . Elevations rise from where Circle Creek meets the reserve boundary to at the top of Graham Peak to the north . Soils . The majority of the soils in the reserve are composed of grus , a coarse angular sand derived from the disintegration of the underlying granitic bedrock . They are highly erodible . Soil erosion is greatest near roads and on steep slopes and intermittent stream channels . Erosion in these areas has formed deep gullies . Some of the exposed soil banks are over high . Controversy . Climbing on the Twin Sisters , a major geological formation in the Reserve , was banned following a National Park Service decision and later court case involving the Access Fund . The Access Fund asserted that the NPS decision was arbitrary and capricious , while the NPS claimed that rock climbing on the Twin Sisters disrupted the historic viewshed of the California Trail .

easy

Which site was the heritage designation of City of Rocks National Reserve from 1974 to 1975?

/wiki/City_of_Rocks_National_Reserve#P1435#2

City of Rocks National Reserve The City of Rocks National Reserve , also known as the Silent City of Rocks , is a United States National Reserve and state park in south-central Idaho , approximately north of the border with Utah . It is widely known for its enormous granite rock formations and excellent rock climbing . The rock spires in the City of Rocks and adjacent Castle Rocks State Park are largely composed of granitic rock of the Oligocene Almo pluton and Archean Green Creek Complex . City of Rocks is also a popular rock climbing area , with over 1,000 traditional and bolt-protected routes . In the 1980s , it was home to some of the most difficult routes in the country , mostly developed by Idaho climber Tony Yaniro . Climbers in the region refer to the area as simply The City . During the 1840s and 1850s , wagon trains on the California Trail left the Raft River valley and traveled through the area and over Granite Pass into Nevada . Names or initials of emigrants written in axle grease are still visible on Register Rock , and ruts from wagon wheels can be seen in some of the rocks . History . In 1849 , an emigrant party with James Wilkins encamped at the city of the rocks on the California Trail just north of the Great Salt Lake Desert . Signatures in axle grease on rock faces can be seen today . One emigrant saw the distant rocks in August like water thrown up into the air from numerous artificial hydrants . Beginning in 1843 , City of Rocks was a landmark for emigrants on the California Trail and Salt Lake Alternate Trail and later on freight routes and the Kelton , Utah to Boise , Idaho stage route . The areas historical and geological values , scenery , and opportunities for recreation led to its designation as City of Rocks National Reserve in 1988 . This unit of the National Park System is managed cooperatively by the National Park Service and the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation . Native American history . The Shoshone and Bannock tribes hunted the buffalo that once roamed in the City of Rocks area and gathered the nuts of the pinyon pine trees . The arrival of horses in the Americas in the 16th century and swelling European immigration disrupted the Shoshone-Bannock homelands and traditional way of life . They grew to resent the intruders but could do little to stop them . Most emigrants on the California Trail saw no Native Americans , but some of their journals record smoke rising from high hills and the surrounding mountains . In 1826 , Peter Skene Ogden and his Snake River brigade of beaver trappers were the first Euro-Americans to note the City of Rocks . Having few beaver , the area was ignored until 1843 , when growing streams of wagons began flowing through the area in the summer . California Trail . After many attempts to find a wagon route to California early California settlers like Joseph B . Chiles and mountain men such as Joseph R . Walker found the route up the Raft River , through the City of Rocks , over Granite Pass and down a series of streams like Goose Creek and Thousand Springs to the Humboldt River . From the junction of the Humboldt near todays Wells , Nevada they could follow the Humboldt west to the Sierra Nevada ( U.S. ) and on to California . Both Chiles , Walker and later John C . Fremont led settlers over this route . Later wagon parties seldom used guides but followed the tracks of the early pioneers wagons or the wagons in front of them . By 1850 so many people were on the trail that it was often like a long traveling village crawling its way to California . Newspapers and independent publishers in the east or mid-west often published emigrant guides that could be bought for little money from several different authors by 1850 . The City of Rocks and the nearby Granite Pass ( Idaho ) marked roughly half way to California for the emigrants and their loaded wagons . By 1846 , some emigrants headed for Oregons Willamette Valley also used this route as part of the Applegate Trail . This rugged cutoff was little used in later years . In 1848 Samuel J . Hensley , a pioneer that accompanied Joseph B . Chiles in 1842 , pioneered the Salt Lake Cutoff from Salt Lake City north of the Great Salt Lake when he traveled east while returning to Missouri . The Salt Lake cutoff rejoined the main California Trail near the City of Rocks . Settlers using the Salt Lake Cutoff traveled about the same number of miles as settlers going by way of Fort Hall and west along the Snake River valley route . In 1852 , some 52,000 people passed through the City of Rocks on their way to join the California Gold Rush . When the California Trail was first opened in 1843 , Granite Pass , near City of Rocks provided the pass that allowed an easy connection with streams and creeks that provided the needed water and grass for their teams along the way between the Raft River and the Humboldt River . After 1850 the Pass initially became part of Utah Territory , and in 1872 an Idaho-Utah boundary survey error establishing the Utah-Idaho boundary . placed Granite Pass in Idaho Territory . With the completion of the first transcontinental railroad on 9 May 1869 , the overland wagon routes began to pass into history . However , wagons and stage lines saw continued use on regional supply routes that spread out from the railroad line to cities not on the railway line ( s ) . John Halleys stage route connected the railroad ( CPRR ) station at Kelton , Utah , with Idahos mining hub of Boise , Idaho , and supplied the early economic development of Idaho , which won statehood in 1890 . The Kelton stage route passed through the City of Rocks , with a stage station set up near the junction of the old California Trail and the Salt Lake Cutoff . Settlers began to homestead the City of Rocks area in the late 19th century . Dryland farming declined during the drought years of the 1920s and 1930s , but ranching survived . Livestock grazing began with early wagon use of the area in the mid-19th century and continues today . One of the favorite camping spots for emigrants was Camp Rock . Emigrants wrote on the stone face with axle grease writing out their names and dates of passage . Facts and designations . The Idaho Legislature declared Section 36 within City of Rocks as a state park under the jurisdiction of the Idaho Land Board on February 27 , 1957 . In 1964 , a much larger area ( more than ) was designated a National Historic Landmark . On March 15 , 1973 , Section 36 was transferred to the Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation from the Department of Lands . The following year , the area was designated a National Natural Landmark . The National Park Service studied the site in the 1970s and 80s as a proposed national monument . City of Rocks National Reserve was created November 18 , 1988 by Public Law 100-696 , Arizona-Idaho Conservation Act of 1988 . This Act drew a boundary around owned or managed by the USDA Forest Service , Bureau of Land Management , Idaho Department of Parks and Recreation ( IDPR ) , and private individuals . All lands owned by the United States within the Reserve boundaries were placed under the authority of the National Park Service ( NPS ) . Between 1988 and 1996 , the Reserve was co-managed by both NPS and IDPR . After the approval of a comprehensive management plan , the NPS officially transferred on-site management of the Reserve to IDPR on May 2 , 1996 . Today , the park functions under a unique cooperative agreement between the NPS and IDPR . Both agencies allocate partial funding to its operation . City of Rocks National Reserve is visited annually by over 80,000 visitors . The Reserve headquarters is located in the gateway community of Almo . Environment . City of Rocks , an extraordinary encirclement of granite rising out of the gently rolling sagebrush country in south-central Idaho , has attracted and intrigued people since they first entered this region . The Shoshone camped here as did the emigrants traveling along the California Trail . One of the reserves most notable qualities is its large degree of biological diversity concentrated in a relatively small area . The great variety of textures , colors , and shapes in the natural landscape contributes considerably to the reserves scenic quality . Geologic formations . The landscape of City of Rocks has been sculpted from granite that was intruded into the crust during two widely spaced times . The granite that composes most of the spires is part of the 28-million-year-old Almo pluton . However , some of the spires are made of granite that is part of the 2.5 billion-year-old Green Creek Complex that contains some of the oldest rocks in the western United States . The granite has eroded into a fascinating assortment of shapes . City of Rocks was designated a National Reserve , a unit of the National Park Service , in recognition of the nationally significant geological and scenic values of its rock formations and the historical significance of the California Trail . Rock formations in the reserve developed through an erosion process called exfoliation , during which thin rock plates and scales sloughed off along joints in the rocks . The joints , or fractures , resulted from the contraction of the granite as it cooled , from an upward expansion of the granite as overlying materials were eroded away , and from regional tectonic stresses . The granite has eroded into a fascinating assortment of shapes as high as . The upper surfaces of many of the rocks are covered with flat-floored weathering pits known as panholes . The most notable panhole is located on top of Bath Rock and is continuously filled with water from rain or snowmelt . Animals . Located in the Northern Basin and Range/Snake-Columbia shrub steppe ecoregions and the Raft Watershed of the Upper Snake River Basin , the habitat of the reserve supports a large variety of mammals , birds , reptiles , and invertebrates . - Amphibians - Common amphibians that could be found near water include boreal toad , Great Basin spadefoot toad , and northern leopard frog . - Birds - The reserve provides excellent breeding and prey habitat for many raptor species including golden eagle , prairie falcon , red-tailed hawk , northern harrier , sharp-shinned hawk , Coopers hawk , American kestrel , turkey vulture , and great horned owl . Swainsons hawk and ferruginous hawk are less abundant in the reserve . Other common bird species includes sage grouse , pinon jay , Clarks nutcracker , common nighthawk , rock doves , mourning doves , cliff swallow , mountain bluebird , hermit thrush , mountain chickadee , rock wren , house wren , solitary vireos , warbling vireos , green-tailed towhee , Virginias warbler , Brewers blackbird , and various sparrows . - Mammals - A partial list of mammals in the reserve includes , cougar , mule deer , coyote , bobcat , badger , yellow-bellied marmot , cliff chipmunk , mountain cottontail rabbit , black-tailed jackrabbit , snowshoe hare , northern grasshopper mouse , Merriams shrew , several species of voles , and a variety of bats . Pronghorn and bison were probably common a century ago . - Reptiles - Typical lizard species include the western whiptail , western fence lizard , Long-nosed leopard lizard , sagebrush lizard , and northern desert horned lizard . Snakes include the western rattlesnake , Great Basin gopher snake , striped whipsnake , and wandering garter snake . The western rattlesnake is the only strongly venomed snake found in the reserve . Plants . Notable plant life includes : - The Kruckebergs sword fern is found in the cool , moist micro-habitats in the granite formations . The fern grows in rock crevices and is normally found at higher elevations than City of Rocks . Primary threats to this species are trampling and or removal by visitors along rock climbing routes . - Stands of piñon/juniper woodlands are dominated by the single-leaf piñon pine and Utah juniper , interspersed with mountain big sagebrush and curl-leaf mountain mahogany . The pinon seed is edible and gathered by local residents . Higher slopes are covered with mountain big sagebrush , snowberry , serviceberry , and bitterbrush , with other shrubs , grasses , and herbs growing in the openings between shrubs . Groves of aspen , stands of douglas-fir and lodgepole pine , are located on the upper stony/grassy slopes of the reserve . Quaking aspen groves occur in canyons containing streams . Other dominant plants in the City of Rocks National Reserve include : - Piñon / juniper woodlands and forest - Conifer / aspen woodlands and forests - Riparian scrub and herbaceous wetlands - Big sagebrush and grasslands - Mixed scrub - Mountain mahogany scrubs - High elevation meadows - Other unvegetated areas Weather . The semi-arid climate is characterized by low to moderate precipitation , great extremes in both daily and seasonal temperatures , and low relative humidity . Average annual precipitation is approximately at the lower elevations and in the highest areas . Average snow depths for higher elevations range between 35 and . Summers are hot and dry with occasional thunderstorms . Mountains . The reserve is in the southern part of the Albion Mountains , bordered on the east by the Raft River valley and to the north by the Snake River valley . Elevations rise from where Circle Creek meets the reserve boundary to at the top of Graham Peak to the north . Soils . The majority of the soils in the reserve are composed of grus , a coarse angular sand derived from the disintegration of the underlying granitic bedrock . They are highly erodible . Soil erosion is greatest near roads and on steep slopes and intermittent stream channels . Erosion in these areas has formed deep gullies . Some of the exposed soil banks are over high . Controversy . Climbing on the Twin Sisters , a major geological formation in the Reserve , was banned following a National Park Service decision and later court case involving the Access Fund . The Access Fund asserted that the NPS decision was arbitrary and capricious , while the NPS claimed that rock climbing on the Twin Sisters disrupted the historic viewshed of the California Trail .

easy

Ben Swallow played for which team from 2008 to 2012?

/wiki/Ben_Swallow#P54#0

Ben Swallow Benjamin Owen Swallow ( born 20 October 1989 ) is a Welsh footballer who plays for Merthyr Town , where he plays as a winger . Early life . Born in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , Swallow attended Eglwys Newydd Primary School in Whitchurch , Cardiff from 1994 to 2001 . Club career . Cardiff City and Bristol Rovers . Swallow played schoolboy football for Cardiff City for seven years before being released and went on to spend two years with South Gloucestershire and Stroud College , playing for the College side and Bristol Rovers under-18 team . After finishing at South Gloucestershire and Stroud College he signed his first professional contract with Rovers during the summer of 2008 , ahead of the start of the 2008–09 season . He joined Southern Football League Division One South & West side Taunton Town on loan in September 2008 , making his debut in a 4–0 defeat away at Gosport Borough . Swallow made five appearances for Taunton in all competitions before signing for Bridgwater Town of the Southern Football League Division One South & West on a one-month loan in November . He started a one-month loan with Southern Football League Premier Division side Chippenham Town on 20 February 2009 . Swallow started his fourth and final loan of the season after joining Southern Football League Premier Division side Mangotsfield United in April . Swallow had earned much praise for his pre-season performances in 2009 , and his senior debut came on 11 August , when he played in a League Cup first round tie against Aldershot Town , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute for Sean Rigg . On 9 November 2010 , Swallow scored his first senior goal for the club in a 6–3 win over Wycombe Wanderers in the Football League Trophy . He scored his second goal for Rovers in the next round of the Football League Trophy against Exeter City . On 31 August 2011 , Swallow joined Conference Premier side Bath City on a three-month loan . After making nine appearances for Bath he was recalled by Rovers on 16 November because of injury problems in the team . On 4 December , Swallow came on as a second-half substitute against AFC Totton in the FA Cup second round . Rovers were 4–1 up , and Swallow was sent off for a reckless challenge after just six minutes , which drew criticism from manager Paul Buckle , although Rovers went on to win 6–1 . Later that month he was told he could leave the club on a free transfer . Conference Premier side York City made a failed attempt to sign Swallow during January 2012 , before he was released by Rovers after his contract was cancelled by mutual consent on 31 January . York City . Swallow eventually signed for York on a contract until the end of the 2011–12 season on 2 February 2012 . He made his debut in Yorks 1–0 victory at home to Ebbsfleet United in the FA Trophy third round on 14 February . Swallow was released by York on 13 April 2012 because of an internal issue reported as his lack of punctuality at training sessions . Newport County . On 10 August 2012 , Swallow signed for Conference Premier club Newport County on an initial one-month contract which was subsequently extended . He was part of the Newport team that reached the Conference Premier play-offs in the 2012–13 season , in which he made 23 appearances and scored 2 goals . Swallow was not part of the matchday squad as Newport won the 2013 Conference Premier play-off Final versus Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to League Two . He was released by Newport on 11 May 2013 . Bromley . He joined Conference South team Bromley on 10 September 2013 following a successful trial . He made his debut as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Staines Town on 14 September 2013 . Following further substitute appearances in victories against Concord Rangers and Basingstoke Town , his first start for the club came in the FA Cup Second qualifying round against Burgess Hill Town on 28 September 2013 . Bromley went on to win the match 1–0 , with Swallow providing the assist for the goal , scored by Shamir Mullings . He scored his first goal for Bromley on 5 October 2013 , in a 1–1 away draw with Boreham Wood . He left the club on 13 January 2014 , having made 15 appearances in all competitions and scoring one goal . Dartford . On 20 January 2014 , Swallow signed for Dartford , and was given the number 19 shirt . He made his debut in a 5–1 win over Woking on 18 February , coming on as an 86th-minute substitute . In May 2014 , Swallow was released by Dartford after spending six months with the club , making eleven appearances . Havant & Waterlooville . In July 2014 trailed with Havant & Waterlooville F.C . and played 45 minutes on 10 July against Horndean FC . He was than after successful trial signed on 11 July 2014 by the Hawks . Redditch United . Swallow signed for Southern League Premier Division Central side Redditch United on 4 October 2020 . International career . Swallow was called up to the Wales semi-professional squad for the match versus Turkey in October 2012 and made his debut in the starting line-up . Style of play . Swallow plays primarily as a left winger and can also operate at left back . He has been praised for his crossing ability , his ability to hold the ball up and his workrate .

easy

Which team did the player Ben Swallow belong to from 2013 to 2014?

/wiki/Ben_Swallow#P54#1

Ben Swallow Benjamin Owen Swallow ( born 20 October 1989 ) is a Welsh footballer who plays for Merthyr Town , where he plays as a winger . Early life . Born in Barry , Vale of Glamorgan , Swallow attended Eglwys Newydd Primary School in Whitchurch , Cardiff from 1994 to 2001 . Club career . Cardiff City and Bristol Rovers . Swallow played schoolboy football for Cardiff City for seven years before being released and went on to spend two years with South Gloucestershire and Stroud College , playing for the College side and Bristol Rovers under-18 team . After finishing at South Gloucestershire and Stroud College he signed his first professional contract with Rovers during the summer of 2008 , ahead of the start of the 2008–09 season . He joined Southern Football League Division One South & West side Taunton Town on loan in September 2008 , making his debut in a 4–0 defeat away at Gosport Borough . Swallow made five appearances for Taunton in all competitions before signing for Bridgwater Town of the Southern Football League Division One South & West on a one-month loan in November . He started a one-month loan with Southern Football League Premier Division side Chippenham Town on 20 February 2009 . Swallow started his fourth and final loan of the season after joining Southern Football League Premier Division side Mangotsfield United in April . Swallow had earned much praise for his pre-season performances in 2009 , and his senior debut came on 11 August , when he played in a League Cup first round tie against Aldershot Town , coming on as a 73rd minute substitute for Sean Rigg . On 9 November 2010 , Swallow scored his first senior goal for the club in a 6–3 win over Wycombe Wanderers in the Football League Trophy . He scored his second goal for Rovers in the next round of the Football League Trophy against Exeter City . On 31 August 2011 , Swallow joined Conference Premier side Bath City on a three-month loan . After making nine appearances for Bath he was recalled by Rovers on 16 November because of injury problems in the team . On 4 December , Swallow came on as a second-half substitute against AFC Totton in the FA Cup second round . Rovers were 4–1 up , and Swallow was sent off for a reckless challenge after just six minutes , which drew criticism from manager Paul Buckle , although Rovers went on to win 6–1 . Later that month he was told he could leave the club on a free transfer . Conference Premier side York City made a failed attempt to sign Swallow during January 2012 , before he was released by Rovers after his contract was cancelled by mutual consent on 31 January . York City . Swallow eventually signed for York on a contract until the end of the 2011–12 season on 2 February 2012 . He made his debut in Yorks 1–0 victory at home to Ebbsfleet United in the FA Trophy third round on 14 February . Swallow was released by York on 13 April 2012 because of an internal issue reported as his lack of punctuality at training sessions . Newport County . On 10 August 2012 , Swallow signed for Conference Premier club Newport County on an initial one-month contract which was subsequently extended . He was part of the Newport team that reached the Conference Premier play-offs in the 2012–13 season , in which he made 23 appearances and scored 2 goals . Swallow was not part of the matchday squad as Newport won the 2013 Conference Premier play-off Final versus Wrexham at Wembley Stadium 2–0 to return to the Football League after a 25-year absence with promotion to League Two . He was released by Newport on 11 May 2013 . Bromley . He joined Conference South team Bromley on 10 September 2013 following a successful trial . He made his debut as a second-half substitute in a 3–0 win over Staines Town on 14 September 2013 . Following further substitute appearances in victories against Concord Rangers and Basingstoke Town , his first start for the club came in the FA Cup Second qualifying round against Burgess Hill Town on 28 September 2013 . Bromley went on to win the match 1–0 , with Swallow providing the assist for the goal , scored by Shamir Mullings . He scored his first goal for Bromley on 5 October 2013 , in a 1–1 away draw with Boreham Wood . He left the club on 13 January 2014 , having made 15 appearances in all competitions and scoring one goal . Dartford . On 20 January 2014 , Swallow signed for Dartford , and was given the number 19 shirt . He made his debut in a 5–1 win over Woking on 18 February , coming on as an 86th-minute substitute . In May 2014 , Swallow was released by Dartford after spending six months with the club , making eleven appearances . Havant & Waterlooville . In July 2014 trailed with Havant & Waterlooville F.C . and played 45 minutes on 10 July against Horndean FC . He was than after successful trial signed on 11 July 2014 by the Hawks . Redditch United . Swallow signed for Southern League Premier Division Central side Redditch United on 4 October 2020 . International career . Swallow was called up to the Wales semi-professional squad for the match versus Turkey in October 2012 and made his debut in the starting line-up . Style of play . Swallow plays primarily as a left winger and can also operate at left back . He has been praised for his crossing ability , his ability to hold the ball up and his workrate .

easy

Which team did the player Ronald Zubar belong to from 2001 to 2002?

/wiki/Ronald_Zubar#P54#0

Ronald Zubar Ronald Raymond Zubar ( born 20 September 1985 ) is a Guadeloupean former professional footballer who played as a defender . Zubars efforts at French club Stade Malherbe Caen earned him a move to Olympique de Marseille in 2006 . His time at Marseille ended sourly though , after some individual errors saw fans turn against him and him relegated to the sidelines . He found an exit in English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers , for whom he signed in 2009 and remained until 2013 . Club career . Caen . Born in Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , one of Frances overseas regions , Zubar began his professional football career at Ligue 2 side Stade Malherbe Caen and was part of their youth team , which were runners-up in the 2001 Gambardella Cup . He made his first team debut for Caen against fellow Ligue 2 side Lorient on 8 March 2003 , which ended in a goalless draw . Zubar sustained a run of games in the first team and helped his team win promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2003–04 season . He was part of the team that reached the French League Cup Final in 2005 . However Caen was relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 18th place in Ligue 1 . Zubar remained with the club for another season as he tried to help them back into Ligue 1 , but this was unsuccessful . Despite Caens failure to get promotion , he was named as the best defensive midfielder in Ligue 2s Team of the Year . He made a total of 96 appearances for Caen , scoring two goals . Marseille . After speculation over his future at Caen , being linked with English Premier League team Arsenal and fellow Ligue 1 rivals Lyon and Bordeaux , Zubar finally joined Olympique de Marseille on 15 June 2006 , signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee . His first season with the team saw him narrowly miss out on two honours as Marseille finished runners-up in Ligue 1 to Lyon , and lost the French Cup Final ; Zubar himself missed the decisive penalty in the shootout in the final against Sochaux , after a 2–2 draw . At the start of the 2007–08 season , he was converted to defence , playing various games at centre back and right back , instead of his previous defensive midfield role . This campaign was hard for Zubar as he found himself under pressure from fans after several costly mistakes in defence , in a season that only brought the club third place in Ligue 1 . He made a total of 98 appearances for the club , scoring three goals , before leaving the club in the summer of 2009 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 4 July 2009 , Zubar signed for newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £2.5 million . After a long period of adjustment due to the language barrier and a newborn child in France , he finally made his Premier League debut on 17 October 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Everton , almost two months after he had made his club debut during a League Cup tie against Swindon on 25 August 2009 . He scored his first Wolves goal in a 3–1 win at relegation rivals West Ham on 23 March 2010 , as the team progressed toward retaining their top flight survival . Zubar made a further 18 appearances for Wolves during the 2010–11 campaign , but his season was ended two months early after he underwent back surgery . This injury kept him out of first team contention until November 2011 , but soon after his return he suffered a further injury setback when he damaged his knee and so missed several more months . He played in the final months of the season – receiving a red card in a defeat to Manchester United – which ended with the club suffering relegation to the Championship . During the close season Zubar said that he wanted to remain at Wolves despite their relegation and was keen to extend his contract that had one year left to run . However , new manager Ståle Solbakken rarely used the defender , and revealed that he was content for him to leave in the January transfer window . Although Solbakken was soon sacked and his replacement Dean Saunders immediately recalled Zubar to the starting XI , he still exited the club during January 2013 after making 69 appearances ( scoring four goals ) in total for the club . Return to France . On 30 January 2013 , Ligue 1 club Ajaccio announced that Zubar had joined them in an eighteen-month deal after Wolves agreed to release him from his contract . He made a total of 38 league appearances for Ajaccio , scoring two goals . New York Red Bulls . On 27 January 2015 , the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer announced that they had signed Zubar . Zubar made his debut for New York on 8 March 2015 appearing as a starter in a 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City . After being out for a couple of months due to injury , Zubar returned to the starting lineup on 17 June 2015 scoring New Yorks second goal in a 3–0 US Open Cup victory over Atlanta Silverbacks . After another month away due to injury Zubar made his return to the field on 12 August 2015 , this time starting for New York Red Bulls II in a 1–1 draw against Charlotte Independence . On 24 July 2016 , during the third Hudson River Derby match of the season ; Zubar scored his clubs second goal of the match en route to a 4–1 victory over New York City FC . Zubar was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2016 season . International career . Zubar has represented France at under-16 , under-17 , under-18 and under-21 level . He was part of the French under-17 side which reached the final of the 2002 European Under-17 Championships . He has represented Guadeloupe , which is the French overseas department he is originally from , at full international level though . As they are not a FIFA member and part of France , he is still eligible to play for France at senior level too . Personal life . His younger brother , Stéphane and his cousin Claude Dielna are also professional footballers . Honours . New York Red Bulls - MLS Supporters Shield : 2015 External links . - MLS Player profile

easy

Which team did Ronald Zubar play for from 2002 to 2003?

/wiki/Ronald_Zubar#P54#1

Ronald Zubar Ronald Raymond Zubar ( born 20 September 1985 ) is a Guadeloupean former professional footballer who played as a defender . Zubars efforts at French club Stade Malherbe Caen earned him a move to Olympique de Marseille in 2006 . His time at Marseille ended sourly though , after some individual errors saw fans turn against him and him relegated to the sidelines . He found an exit in English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers , for whom he signed in 2009 and remained until 2013 . Club career . Caen . Born in Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , one of Frances overseas regions , Zubar began his professional football career at Ligue 2 side Stade Malherbe Caen and was part of their youth team , which were runners-up in the 2001 Gambardella Cup . He made his first team debut for Caen against fellow Ligue 2 side Lorient on 8 March 2003 , which ended in a goalless draw . Zubar sustained a run of games in the first team and helped his team win promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2003–04 season . He was part of the team that reached the French League Cup Final in 2005 . However Caen was relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 18th place in Ligue 1 . Zubar remained with the club for another season as he tried to help them back into Ligue 1 , but this was unsuccessful . Despite Caens failure to get promotion , he was named as the best defensive midfielder in Ligue 2s Team of the Year . He made a total of 96 appearances for Caen , scoring two goals . Marseille . After speculation over his future at Caen , being linked with English Premier League team Arsenal and fellow Ligue 1 rivals Lyon and Bordeaux , Zubar finally joined Olympique de Marseille on 15 June 2006 , signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee . His first season with the team saw him narrowly miss out on two honours as Marseille finished runners-up in Ligue 1 to Lyon , and lost the French Cup Final ; Zubar himself missed the decisive penalty in the shootout in the final against Sochaux , after a 2–2 draw . At the start of the 2007–08 season , he was converted to defence , playing various games at centre back and right back , instead of his previous defensive midfield role . This campaign was hard for Zubar as he found himself under pressure from fans after several costly mistakes in defence , in a season that only brought the club third place in Ligue 1 . He made a total of 98 appearances for the club , scoring three goals , before leaving the club in the summer of 2009 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 4 July 2009 , Zubar signed for newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £2.5 million . After a long period of adjustment due to the language barrier and a newborn child in France , he finally made his Premier League debut on 17 October 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Everton , almost two months after he had made his club debut during a League Cup tie against Swindon on 25 August 2009 . He scored his first Wolves goal in a 3–1 win at relegation rivals West Ham on 23 March 2010 , as the team progressed toward retaining their top flight survival . Zubar made a further 18 appearances for Wolves during the 2010–11 campaign , but his season was ended two months early after he underwent back surgery . This injury kept him out of first team contention until November 2011 , but soon after his return he suffered a further injury setback when he damaged his knee and so missed several more months . He played in the final months of the season – receiving a red card in a defeat to Manchester United – which ended with the club suffering relegation to the Championship . During the close season Zubar said that he wanted to remain at Wolves despite their relegation and was keen to extend his contract that had one year left to run . However , new manager Ståle Solbakken rarely used the defender , and revealed that he was content for him to leave in the January transfer window . Although Solbakken was soon sacked and his replacement Dean Saunders immediately recalled Zubar to the starting XI , he still exited the club during January 2013 after making 69 appearances ( scoring four goals ) in total for the club . Return to France . On 30 January 2013 , Ligue 1 club Ajaccio announced that Zubar had joined them in an eighteen-month deal after Wolves agreed to release him from his contract . He made a total of 38 league appearances for Ajaccio , scoring two goals . New York Red Bulls . On 27 January 2015 , the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer announced that they had signed Zubar . Zubar made his debut for New York on 8 March 2015 appearing as a starter in a 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City . After being out for a couple of months due to injury , Zubar returned to the starting lineup on 17 June 2015 scoring New Yorks second goal in a 3–0 US Open Cup victory over Atlanta Silverbacks . After another month away due to injury Zubar made his return to the field on 12 August 2015 , this time starting for New York Red Bulls II in a 1–1 draw against Charlotte Independence . On 24 July 2016 , during the third Hudson River Derby match of the season ; Zubar scored his clubs second goal of the match en route to a 4–1 victory over New York City FC . Zubar was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2016 season . International career . Zubar has represented France at under-16 , under-17 , under-18 and under-21 level . He was part of the French under-17 side which reached the final of the 2002 European Under-17 Championships . He has represented Guadeloupe , which is the French overseas department he is originally from , at full international level though . As they are not a FIFA member and part of France , he is still eligible to play for France at senior level too . Personal life . His younger brother , Stéphane and his cousin Claude Dielna are also professional footballers . Honours . New York Red Bulls - MLS Supporters Shield : 2015 External links . - MLS Player profile

easy

Which team did Ronald Zubar play for from 2003 to 2004?

/wiki/Ronald_Zubar#P54#2

Ronald Zubar Ronald Raymond Zubar ( born 20 September 1985 ) is a Guadeloupean former professional footballer who played as a defender . Zubars efforts at French club Stade Malherbe Caen earned him a move to Olympique de Marseille in 2006 . His time at Marseille ended sourly though , after some individual errors saw fans turn against him and him relegated to the sidelines . He found an exit in English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers , for whom he signed in 2009 and remained until 2013 . Club career . Caen . Born in Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , one of Frances overseas regions , Zubar began his professional football career at Ligue 2 side Stade Malherbe Caen and was part of their youth team , which were runners-up in the 2001 Gambardella Cup . He made his first team debut for Caen against fellow Ligue 2 side Lorient on 8 March 2003 , which ended in a goalless draw . Zubar sustained a run of games in the first team and helped his team win promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2003–04 season . He was part of the team that reached the French League Cup Final in 2005 . However Caen was relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 18th place in Ligue 1 . Zubar remained with the club for another season as he tried to help them back into Ligue 1 , but this was unsuccessful . Despite Caens failure to get promotion , he was named as the best defensive midfielder in Ligue 2s Team of the Year . He made a total of 96 appearances for Caen , scoring two goals . Marseille . After speculation over his future at Caen , being linked with English Premier League team Arsenal and fellow Ligue 1 rivals Lyon and Bordeaux , Zubar finally joined Olympique de Marseille on 15 June 2006 , signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee . His first season with the team saw him narrowly miss out on two honours as Marseille finished runners-up in Ligue 1 to Lyon , and lost the French Cup Final ; Zubar himself missed the decisive penalty in the shootout in the final against Sochaux , after a 2–2 draw . At the start of the 2007–08 season , he was converted to defence , playing various games at centre back and right back , instead of his previous defensive midfield role . This campaign was hard for Zubar as he found himself under pressure from fans after several costly mistakes in defence , in a season that only brought the club third place in Ligue 1 . He made a total of 98 appearances for the club , scoring three goals , before leaving the club in the summer of 2009 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 4 July 2009 , Zubar signed for newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £2.5 million . After a long period of adjustment due to the language barrier and a newborn child in France , he finally made his Premier League debut on 17 October 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Everton , almost two months after he had made his club debut during a League Cup tie against Swindon on 25 August 2009 . He scored his first Wolves goal in a 3–1 win at relegation rivals West Ham on 23 March 2010 , as the team progressed toward retaining their top flight survival . Zubar made a further 18 appearances for Wolves during the 2010–11 campaign , but his season was ended two months early after he underwent back surgery . This injury kept him out of first team contention until November 2011 , but soon after his return he suffered a further injury setback when he damaged his knee and so missed several more months . He played in the final months of the season – receiving a red card in a defeat to Manchester United – which ended with the club suffering relegation to the Championship . During the close season Zubar said that he wanted to remain at Wolves despite their relegation and was keen to extend his contract that had one year left to run . However , new manager Ståle Solbakken rarely used the defender , and revealed that he was content for him to leave in the January transfer window . Although Solbakken was soon sacked and his replacement Dean Saunders immediately recalled Zubar to the starting XI , he still exited the club during January 2013 after making 69 appearances ( scoring four goals ) in total for the club . Return to France . On 30 January 2013 , Ligue 1 club Ajaccio announced that Zubar had joined them in an eighteen-month deal after Wolves agreed to release him from his contract . He made a total of 38 league appearances for Ajaccio , scoring two goals . New York Red Bulls . On 27 January 2015 , the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer announced that they had signed Zubar . Zubar made his debut for New York on 8 March 2015 appearing as a starter in a 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City . After being out for a couple of months due to injury , Zubar returned to the starting lineup on 17 June 2015 scoring New Yorks second goal in a 3–0 US Open Cup victory over Atlanta Silverbacks . After another month away due to injury Zubar made his return to the field on 12 August 2015 , this time starting for New York Red Bulls II in a 1–1 draw against Charlotte Independence . On 24 July 2016 , during the third Hudson River Derby match of the season ; Zubar scored his clubs second goal of the match en route to a 4–1 victory over New York City FC . Zubar was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2016 season . International career . Zubar has represented France at under-16 , under-17 , under-18 and under-21 level . He was part of the French under-17 side which reached the final of the 2002 European Under-17 Championships . He has represented Guadeloupe , which is the French overseas department he is originally from , at full international level though . As they are not a FIFA member and part of France , he is still eligible to play for France at senior level too . Personal life . His younger brother , Stéphane and his cousin Claude Dielna are also professional footballers . Honours . New York Red Bulls - MLS Supporters Shield : 2015 External links . - MLS Player profile

easy

Which team did Ronald Zubar play for from 2004 to 2006?

/wiki/Ronald_Zubar#P54#3

Ronald Zubar Ronald Raymond Zubar ( born 20 September 1985 ) is a Guadeloupean former professional footballer who played as a defender . Zubars efforts at French club Stade Malherbe Caen earned him a move to Olympique de Marseille in 2006 . His time at Marseille ended sourly though , after some individual errors saw fans turn against him and him relegated to the sidelines . He found an exit in English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers , for whom he signed in 2009 and remained until 2013 . Club career . Caen . Born in Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , one of Frances overseas regions , Zubar began his professional football career at Ligue 2 side Stade Malherbe Caen and was part of their youth team , which were runners-up in the 2001 Gambardella Cup . He made his first team debut for Caen against fellow Ligue 2 side Lorient on 8 March 2003 , which ended in a goalless draw . Zubar sustained a run of games in the first team and helped his team win promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2003–04 season . He was part of the team that reached the French League Cup Final in 2005 . However Caen was relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 18th place in Ligue 1 . Zubar remained with the club for another season as he tried to help them back into Ligue 1 , but this was unsuccessful . Despite Caens failure to get promotion , he was named as the best defensive midfielder in Ligue 2s Team of the Year . He made a total of 96 appearances for Caen , scoring two goals . Marseille . After speculation over his future at Caen , being linked with English Premier League team Arsenal and fellow Ligue 1 rivals Lyon and Bordeaux , Zubar finally joined Olympique de Marseille on 15 June 2006 , signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee . His first season with the team saw him narrowly miss out on two honours as Marseille finished runners-up in Ligue 1 to Lyon , and lost the French Cup Final ; Zubar himself missed the decisive penalty in the shootout in the final against Sochaux , after a 2–2 draw . At the start of the 2007–08 season , he was converted to defence , playing various games at centre back and right back , instead of his previous defensive midfield role . This campaign was hard for Zubar as he found himself under pressure from fans after several costly mistakes in defence , in a season that only brought the club third place in Ligue 1 . He made a total of 98 appearances for the club , scoring three goals , before leaving the club in the summer of 2009 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 4 July 2009 , Zubar signed for newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £2.5 million . After a long period of adjustment due to the language barrier and a newborn child in France , he finally made his Premier League debut on 17 October 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Everton , almost two months after he had made his club debut during a League Cup tie against Swindon on 25 August 2009 . He scored his first Wolves goal in a 3–1 win at relegation rivals West Ham on 23 March 2010 , as the team progressed toward retaining their top flight survival . Zubar made a further 18 appearances for Wolves during the 2010–11 campaign , but his season was ended two months early after he underwent back surgery . This injury kept him out of first team contention until November 2011 , but soon after his return he suffered a further injury setback when he damaged his knee and so missed several more months . He played in the final months of the season – receiving a red card in a defeat to Manchester United – which ended with the club suffering relegation to the Championship . During the close season Zubar said that he wanted to remain at Wolves despite their relegation and was keen to extend his contract that had one year left to run . However , new manager Ståle Solbakken rarely used the defender , and revealed that he was content for him to leave in the January transfer window . Although Solbakken was soon sacked and his replacement Dean Saunders immediately recalled Zubar to the starting XI , he still exited the club during January 2013 after making 69 appearances ( scoring four goals ) in total for the club . Return to France . On 30 January 2013 , Ligue 1 club Ajaccio announced that Zubar had joined them in an eighteen-month deal after Wolves agreed to release him from his contract . He made a total of 38 league appearances for Ajaccio , scoring two goals . New York Red Bulls . On 27 January 2015 , the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer announced that they had signed Zubar . Zubar made his debut for New York on 8 March 2015 appearing as a starter in a 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City . After being out for a couple of months due to injury , Zubar returned to the starting lineup on 17 June 2015 scoring New Yorks second goal in a 3–0 US Open Cup victory over Atlanta Silverbacks . After another month away due to injury Zubar made his return to the field on 12 August 2015 , this time starting for New York Red Bulls II in a 1–1 draw against Charlotte Independence . On 24 July 2016 , during the third Hudson River Derby match of the season ; Zubar scored his clubs second goal of the match en route to a 4–1 victory over New York City FC . Zubar was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2016 season . International career . Zubar has represented France at under-16 , under-17 , under-18 and under-21 level . He was part of the French under-17 side which reached the final of the 2002 European Under-17 Championships . He has represented Guadeloupe , which is the French overseas department he is originally from , at full international level though . As they are not a FIFA member and part of France , he is still eligible to play for France at senior level too . Personal life . His younger brother , Stéphane and his cousin Claude Dielna are also professional footballers . Honours . New York Red Bulls - MLS Supporters Shield : 2015 External links . - MLS Player profile

easy

Which team did the player Ronald Zubar belong to from 2006 to 2007?

/wiki/Ronald_Zubar#P54#4

Ronald Zubar Ronald Raymond Zubar ( born 20 September 1985 ) is a Guadeloupean former professional footballer who played as a defender . Zubars efforts at French club Stade Malherbe Caen earned him a move to Olympique de Marseille in 2006 . His time at Marseille ended sourly though , after some individual errors saw fans turn against him and him relegated to the sidelines . He found an exit in English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers , for whom he signed in 2009 and remained until 2013 . Club career . Caen . Born in Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , one of Frances overseas regions , Zubar began his professional football career at Ligue 2 side Stade Malherbe Caen and was part of their youth team , which were runners-up in the 2001 Gambardella Cup . He made his first team debut for Caen against fellow Ligue 2 side Lorient on 8 March 2003 , which ended in a goalless draw . Zubar sustained a run of games in the first team and helped his team win promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2003–04 season . He was part of the team that reached the French League Cup Final in 2005 . However Caen was relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 18th place in Ligue 1 . Zubar remained with the club for another season as he tried to help them back into Ligue 1 , but this was unsuccessful . Despite Caens failure to get promotion , he was named as the best defensive midfielder in Ligue 2s Team of the Year . He made a total of 96 appearances for Caen , scoring two goals . Marseille . After speculation over his future at Caen , being linked with English Premier League team Arsenal and fellow Ligue 1 rivals Lyon and Bordeaux , Zubar finally joined Olympique de Marseille on 15 June 2006 , signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee . His first season with the team saw him narrowly miss out on two honours as Marseille finished runners-up in Ligue 1 to Lyon , and lost the French Cup Final ; Zubar himself missed the decisive penalty in the shootout in the final against Sochaux , after a 2–2 draw . At the start of the 2007–08 season , he was converted to defence , playing various games at centre back and right back , instead of his previous defensive midfield role . This campaign was hard for Zubar as he found himself under pressure from fans after several costly mistakes in defence , in a season that only brought the club third place in Ligue 1 . He made a total of 98 appearances for the club , scoring three goals , before leaving the club in the summer of 2009 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 4 July 2009 , Zubar signed for newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £2.5 million . After a long period of adjustment due to the language barrier and a newborn child in France , he finally made his Premier League debut on 17 October 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Everton , almost two months after he had made his club debut during a League Cup tie against Swindon on 25 August 2009 . He scored his first Wolves goal in a 3–1 win at relegation rivals West Ham on 23 March 2010 , as the team progressed toward retaining their top flight survival . Zubar made a further 18 appearances for Wolves during the 2010–11 campaign , but his season was ended two months early after he underwent back surgery . This injury kept him out of first team contention until November 2011 , but soon after his return he suffered a further injury setback when he damaged his knee and so missed several more months . He played in the final months of the season – receiving a red card in a defeat to Manchester United – which ended with the club suffering relegation to the Championship . During the close season Zubar said that he wanted to remain at Wolves despite their relegation and was keen to extend his contract that had one year left to run . However , new manager Ståle Solbakken rarely used the defender , and revealed that he was content for him to leave in the January transfer window . Although Solbakken was soon sacked and his replacement Dean Saunders immediately recalled Zubar to the starting XI , he still exited the club during January 2013 after making 69 appearances ( scoring four goals ) in total for the club . Return to France . On 30 January 2013 , Ligue 1 club Ajaccio announced that Zubar had joined them in an eighteen-month deal after Wolves agreed to release him from his contract . He made a total of 38 league appearances for Ajaccio , scoring two goals . New York Red Bulls . On 27 January 2015 , the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer announced that they had signed Zubar . Zubar made his debut for New York on 8 March 2015 appearing as a starter in a 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City . After being out for a couple of months due to injury , Zubar returned to the starting lineup on 17 June 2015 scoring New Yorks second goal in a 3–0 US Open Cup victory over Atlanta Silverbacks . After another month away due to injury Zubar made his return to the field on 12 August 2015 , this time starting for New York Red Bulls II in a 1–1 draw against Charlotte Independence . On 24 July 2016 , during the third Hudson River Derby match of the season ; Zubar scored his clubs second goal of the match en route to a 4–1 victory over New York City FC . Zubar was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2016 season . International career . Zubar has represented France at under-16 , under-17 , under-18 and under-21 level . He was part of the French under-17 side which reached the final of the 2002 European Under-17 Championships . He has represented Guadeloupe , which is the French overseas department he is originally from , at full international level though . As they are not a FIFA member and part of France , he is still eligible to play for France at senior level too . Personal life . His younger brother , Stéphane and his cousin Claude Dielna are also professional footballers . Honours . New York Red Bulls - MLS Supporters Shield : 2015 External links . - MLS Player profile

easy

Which team did the player Ronald Zubar belong to from 2009 to 2013?

/wiki/Ronald_Zubar#P54#5

Ronald Zubar Ronald Raymond Zubar ( born 20 September 1985 ) is a Guadeloupean former professional footballer who played as a defender . Zubars efforts at French club Stade Malherbe Caen earned him a move to Olympique de Marseille in 2006 . His time at Marseille ended sourly though , after some individual errors saw fans turn against him and him relegated to the sidelines . He found an exit in English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers , for whom he signed in 2009 and remained until 2013 . Club career . Caen . Born in Les Abymes , Guadeloupe , one of Frances overseas regions , Zubar began his professional football career at Ligue 2 side Stade Malherbe Caen and was part of their youth team , which were runners-up in the 2001 Gambardella Cup . He made his first team debut for Caen against fellow Ligue 2 side Lorient on 8 March 2003 , which ended in a goalless draw . Zubar sustained a run of games in the first team and helped his team win promotion to Ligue 1 in the 2003–04 season . He was part of the team that reached the French League Cup Final in 2005 . However Caen was relegated at the end of the season , finishing in 18th place in Ligue 1 . Zubar remained with the club for another season as he tried to help them back into Ligue 1 , but this was unsuccessful . Despite Caens failure to get promotion , he was named as the best defensive midfielder in Ligue 2s Team of the Year . He made a total of 96 appearances for Caen , scoring two goals . Marseille . After speculation over his future at Caen , being linked with English Premier League team Arsenal and fellow Ligue 1 rivals Lyon and Bordeaux , Zubar finally joined Olympique de Marseille on 15 June 2006 , signing a four-year contract for an undisclosed fee . His first season with the team saw him narrowly miss out on two honours as Marseille finished runners-up in Ligue 1 to Lyon , and lost the French Cup Final ; Zubar himself missed the decisive penalty in the shootout in the final against Sochaux , after a 2–2 draw . At the start of the 2007–08 season , he was converted to defence , playing various games at centre back and right back , instead of his previous defensive midfield role . This campaign was hard for Zubar as he found himself under pressure from fans after several costly mistakes in defence , in a season that only brought the club third place in Ligue 1 . He made a total of 98 appearances for the club , scoring three goals , before leaving the club in the summer of 2009 . Wolverhampton Wanderers . On 4 July 2009 , Zubar signed for newly promoted English Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers on a four-year deal for an undisclosed fee , believed to be in the region of £2.5 million . After a long period of adjustment due to the language barrier and a newborn child in France , he finally made his Premier League debut on 17 October 2009 in a 1–1 draw at Everton , almost two months after he had made his club debut during a League Cup tie against Swindon on 25 August 2009 . He scored his first Wolves goal in a 3–1 win at relegation rivals West Ham on 23 March 2010 , as the team progressed toward retaining their top flight survival . Zubar made a further 18 appearances for Wolves during the 2010–11 campaign , but his season was ended two months early after he underwent back surgery . This injury kept him out of first team contention until November 2011 , but soon after his return he suffered a further injury setback when he damaged his knee and so missed several more months . He played in the final months of the season – receiving a red card in a defeat to Manchester United – which ended with the club suffering relegation to the Championship . During the close season Zubar said that he wanted to remain at Wolves despite their relegation and was keen to extend his contract that had one year left to run . However , new manager Ståle Solbakken rarely used the defender , and revealed that he was content for him to leave in the January transfer window . Although Solbakken was soon sacked and his replacement Dean Saunders immediately recalled Zubar to the starting XI , he still exited the club during January 2013 after making 69 appearances ( scoring four goals ) in total for the club . Return to France . On 30 January 2013 , Ligue 1 club Ajaccio announced that Zubar had joined them in an eighteen-month deal after Wolves agreed to release him from his contract . He made a total of 38 league appearances for Ajaccio , scoring two goals . New York Red Bulls . On 27 January 2015 , the New York Red Bulls of Major League Soccer announced that they had signed Zubar . Zubar made his debut for New York on 8 March 2015 appearing as a starter in a 1–1 draw at Sporting Kansas City . After being out for a couple of months due to injury , Zubar returned to the starting lineup on 17 June 2015 scoring New Yorks second goal in a 3–0 US Open Cup victory over Atlanta Silverbacks . After another month away due to injury Zubar made his return to the field on 12 August 2015 , this time starting for New York Red Bulls II in a 1–1 draw against Charlotte Independence . On 24 July 2016 , during the third Hudson River Derby match of the season ; Zubar scored his clubs second goal of the match en route to a 4–1 victory over New York City FC . Zubar was released by the Red Bulls at the end of the 2016 season . International career . Zubar has represented France at under-16 , under-17 , under-18 and under-21 level . He was part of the French under-17 side which reached the final of the 2002 European Under-17 Championships . He has represented Guadeloupe , which is the French overseas department he is originally from , at full international level though . As they are not a FIFA member and part of France , he is still eligible to play for France at senior level too . Personal life . His younger brother , Stéphane and his cousin Claude Dielna are also professional footballers . Honours . New York Red Bulls - MLS Supporters Shield : 2015 External links . - MLS Player profile

easy

Who was the spouse of Otto Modersohn from 1897 to 1900?

/wiki/Otto_Modersohn#P26#0

Otto Modersohn Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Modersohn ( 22 February 1865 , Soest – 10 March 1943 , Rotenburg ) was a German landscape painter . He was a co-founder of the Art Colony at Worpswede . Life . In 1884 , he began his studies at the Art Academy of Düsseldorf . Four years later , he moved to the Academy of Fine Arts , Karlsruhe , where he studied under Hermann Baisch . In July 1889 , he made his first visit to Worpswede with Fritz Mackensen . In August , Hans am Ende followed . They were later joined by Fritz Overbeck ( 1893 ) and Heinrich Vogeler ( 1894 ) ; all students from Düsseldorf . In 1895 , they presented their first group exhibition at the Kunsthalle Bremen . They were largely panned by the critics , but went on to a major breakthrough at the Munich Glaspalast . In 1897 , the Art Colony was officially established and Modersohn married Helene Schröder ( 1868-1900 ) , the daughter of a Bremen merchant . Two years later , he resigned from the association , citing his continuing fight for the personal , individual liberty of every artist . Vogeler and Overbeck joined him in leaving . The couple had one daughter , Elsbeth ( 1898-1984 ) . The next year , his wife died after a long illness . In 1901 , he remarried . His new wife , Paula Becker , was also a well-known painter . She died in 1907 , of an embolism , shortly after giving birth to their daughter Mathilde Tille ( 1907-1998 ) . At that point , Modersohn felt that he could not remain in Worpswede and moved to Fischerhude , a nearby village . His third wife was , daughter of the painter Heinrich Breling . She was primarily a singer , but painted as well . They had two sons , Ulrich ( 1913-1943 ) and , who also became a painter . In 1911 , when the Kunsthalle Bremen purchased Van Goghs Field with Poppies , Modersohn was the only Worpswede artist to support the museum , concluding that nationalistic sentiments should play no role in the world of art . In the 1920s and early 30s , he and Louise made extensive study trips throughout Germany and , in 1933 , he acquired an old farmhouse on the Gailenberg in Bad Hindelang for use as a studio . Three years later , he became blind in his right eye , due to a detached retina . This forced him to remain in his studio rather than paint outdoors . He was awarded the Goethe Medal for Art & Science in 1940 . A year before his death , he was persuaded to speak on the subject of visual arts at the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda . Work . From 1874 to 1889 , he concentrated on small-scale studies and landscapes , painted directly from nature in the Plein Air style of the Barbizon School . After 1889 , his search for a truly natural style led gradually to more colorful canvases . Around 1900 , he and several other Worpswede artists began doing illustrations and designs for Stollwerck , the German chocolate company . Artistic interaction with his second wife , Paula , led to the development of a style emphasizing simplicity and humanity , expressed in their maxim Das Ding an sich in Stimmung ( roughly , The thing-in-itself in the mood/feeling ) . Although his wifes subject matter was vastly different , he considered her work a complement to his . After World War II , a Modersohn Museum was established in Gailenberg and later relocated to Fischerhude . Another Otto Modersohn Museum showcasing his early work in Westphalia opened in Tecklenburg in 2015 . Further reading . - Kai Artinger : Otto Modersohns Langbehnsches Kunstideal , in : Strohmeyer/Artinger/Krogmann : Landschaft , Licht und niederdeutscher Mythos . Die Worpsweder Kunst und der Nationalsozialismus , VDG , Weimar 2000 , , Pages 117-130 - Marina Bohlmann-Modersohn : Otto Modersohn – Leben und Werk , Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude 2005 , - Christian Modersohn : Das Erbe meines Vaters – Zwei Leben für die Kunst . Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude 2005 . Documentary film . - So broad and big - The nature of Otto Modersohn , Directed by Carlo Modersohn , narrated by Hanns Zischler , produced by Carlo Modersohn , in cooperation with the Otto Modersohn Museum , 78 min. , 2011 . ( ) External links . - Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude - Otto Modersohn Museum , Tecklenburg - Rainer Maria Rilke on Otto Modersohn - Entry in the Artcyclopedia

easy

Who was Otto Modersohn 's spouse from 1901 to 1907?

/wiki/Otto_Modersohn#P26#1

Otto Modersohn Friedrich Wilhelm Otto Modersohn ( 22 February 1865 , Soest – 10 March 1943 , Rotenburg ) was a German landscape painter . He was a co-founder of the Art Colony at Worpswede . Life . In 1884 , he began his studies at the Art Academy of Düsseldorf . Four years later , he moved to the Academy of Fine Arts , Karlsruhe , where he studied under Hermann Baisch . In July 1889 , he made his first visit to Worpswede with Fritz Mackensen . In August , Hans am Ende followed . They were later joined by Fritz Overbeck ( 1893 ) and Heinrich Vogeler ( 1894 ) ; all students from Düsseldorf . In 1895 , they presented their first group exhibition at the Kunsthalle Bremen . They were largely panned by the critics , but went on to a major breakthrough at the Munich Glaspalast . In 1897 , the Art Colony was officially established and Modersohn married Helene Schröder ( 1868-1900 ) , the daughter of a Bremen merchant . Two years later , he resigned from the association , citing his continuing fight for the personal , individual liberty of every artist . Vogeler and Overbeck joined him in leaving . The couple had one daughter , Elsbeth ( 1898-1984 ) . The next year , his wife died after a long illness . In 1901 , he remarried . His new wife , Paula Becker , was also a well-known painter . She died in 1907 , of an embolism , shortly after giving birth to their daughter Mathilde Tille ( 1907-1998 ) . At that point , Modersohn felt that he could not remain in Worpswede and moved to Fischerhude , a nearby village . His third wife was , daughter of the painter Heinrich Breling . She was primarily a singer , but painted as well . They had two sons , Ulrich ( 1913-1943 ) and , who also became a painter . In 1911 , when the Kunsthalle Bremen purchased Van Goghs Field with Poppies , Modersohn was the only Worpswede artist to support the museum , concluding that nationalistic sentiments should play no role in the world of art . In the 1920s and early 30s , he and Louise made extensive study trips throughout Germany and , in 1933 , he acquired an old farmhouse on the Gailenberg in Bad Hindelang for use as a studio . Three years later , he became blind in his right eye , due to a detached retina . This forced him to remain in his studio rather than paint outdoors . He was awarded the Goethe Medal for Art & Science in 1940 . A year before his death , he was persuaded to speak on the subject of visual arts at the Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda . Work . From 1874 to 1889 , he concentrated on small-scale studies and landscapes , painted directly from nature in the Plein Air style of the Barbizon School . After 1889 , his search for a truly natural style led gradually to more colorful canvases . Around 1900 , he and several other Worpswede artists began doing illustrations and designs for Stollwerck , the German chocolate company . Artistic interaction with his second wife , Paula , led to the development of a style emphasizing simplicity and humanity , expressed in their maxim Das Ding an sich in Stimmung ( roughly , The thing-in-itself in the mood/feeling ) . Although his wifes subject matter was vastly different , he considered her work a complement to his . After World War II , a Modersohn Museum was established in Gailenberg and later relocated to Fischerhude . Another Otto Modersohn Museum showcasing his early work in Westphalia opened in Tecklenburg in 2015 . Further reading . - Kai Artinger : Otto Modersohns Langbehnsches Kunstideal , in : Strohmeyer/Artinger/Krogmann : Landschaft , Licht und niederdeutscher Mythos . Die Worpsweder Kunst und der Nationalsozialismus , VDG , Weimar 2000 , , Pages 117-130 - Marina Bohlmann-Modersohn : Otto Modersohn – Leben und Werk , Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude 2005 , - Christian Modersohn : Das Erbe meines Vaters – Zwei Leben für die Kunst . Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude 2005 . Documentary film . - So broad and big - The nature of Otto Modersohn , Directed by Carlo Modersohn , narrated by Hanns Zischler , produced by Carlo Modersohn , in cooperation with the Otto Modersohn Museum , 78 min. , 2011 . ( ) External links . - Otto Modersohn Museum , Fischerhude - Otto Modersohn Museum , Tecklenburg - Rainer Maria Rilke on Otto Modersohn - Entry in the Artcyclopedia