Datasets:

havens2

/

naacl2022

like 0

[ "Differently,", "some", "studies", "try", "to", "jointly", "extract", "entities", "and", "argument", "roles", "simultaneously,", "which", "can", "be", "further", "divided", "into", "tagging-based", "and", "span-based", "methods." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Xu", "et", "al.,", "2021)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Some", "studies", "first", "identify", "entities", "in", "the", "document,", "followed", "by", "assigning", "these", "entities", "as", "specific", "argument", "roles", "(Yang", "et", "al.,", "2018;", "Zheng", "et", "al.,", "2019;" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Yang", "and", "Mitchell", "(2016)", "utilize", "welldefined", "features", "to", "extract", "arguments", "across", "sentences,", "while", "most", "recent", "methods", "are", "based", "on", "neural", "networks." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "order", "to", "extract", "events", "from", "a", "whole", "piece", "of", "article", "with", "multiple", "sentences,", "document-level", "event", "extraction", "has", "attracted", "more", "and", "more", "attention", "recently." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "2.2", "Document-level", "Event", "Extraction" ]

[ 0, 11, 12, 12 ]

[ "Thus,", "they", "fail", "to", "handle", "the", "much", "more", "common", "cases,", "where", "event", "arguments", "usually", "spread", "over", "multiple", "sentences", "within", "the", "document." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "However,", "all", "of", "these", "models", "can", "only", "extract", "events", "from", "a", "single", "sentence." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "For", "example,", "Du", "and", "Cardie", "(2020b)", "and", "Zhou", "et", "al.", "(2021)", "cast", "event", "extraction", "as", "question", "answering,", "and", "Xiangyu", "et", "al.", "(2021)", "model", "it", "as", "a", "sequence-to-sequence", "task." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Moreover,", "some", "works", "try", "to", "reformulate", "the", "event", "extraction", "task", "as", "other", "tasks." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Data", "augmentation", "is", "also", "considered", "(Yang", "et", "al.,", "2019)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "(2019)", "enumerates", "all", "possible", "spans", "and", "propagate", "information", "in", "the", "span", "graph." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ ";", "Ma", "et", "al.", "(2020)", "make", "use", "of", "the", "dependency", "tree,", "and", "Wadden", "et", "al." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "(2019)" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "(2018);", "Yan", "et", "al." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "To", "better", "model", "the", "interactions", "among", "words,", "Liu", "et", "al." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "(2016)", "utilize", "a", "joint", "model", "to", "mitigate", "error", "propagation." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Chen", "et", "al.", "(2015)", "firstly", "propose", "a", "neural", "pipeline", "model", "to", "extract", "events,", "while", "Nguyen", "et", "al." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Li", "et", "al.", "(2014)", "and", "Judea", "and", "Strube", "(2016)", "use", "handcrafted", "features", "to", "extract", "events", "from", "the", "sentence." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Previous", "studies", "mainly", "focus", "on", "sentence-level", "event", "extraction." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "2.1", "Sentence-level", "Event", "Extraction" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "2", "Related", "Work" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "3)", "Our", "experiments", "show", "that", "TSAR", "outperforms", "the", "previous", "start-of-the-art", "model", "by", "large", "margins,", "with", "2.54", "F1", "and", "5.13", "F1", "improvements", "on", "public", "RAMS", "and", "WikiEvents", "datasets", "respectively,", "especially", "on", "cross-sentence", "event", "arguments", "extraction." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 7, 0, 9, 7, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 12, 12 ]

[ "teraction", "module", "to", "facilitate", "the", "semantic", "interactions", "within", "the", "document,", "so", "that", "long-distance", "dependency", "can", "be", "better", "captured." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "2)", "We", "introduce", "an", "AMR-guided", "in" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "To", "summarize,", "our", "contributions", "are", "three-fold.", "1)", "We", "propose", "a", "two-stream", "encoding", "module", "for", "document-level", "EAE,", "which", "encodes", "the", "document", "through", "two", "different", "perspectives", "to", "better", "utilize", "the", "context." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Finally,", "as", "TSAR", "extracts", "arguments", "in", "span", "level,", "where", "the", "span", "boundary", "may", "be", "ambiguous,", "we", "introduce", "an", "auxiliary", "boundary", "loss", "to", "enhance", "span", "representation", "with", "calibrated", "boundary." ]

[ 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "From", "such", "a", "linguistic-driven", "angle,", "we", "turn", "the", "linear", "structure", "of", "the", "document", "into", "both", "global", "and", "local", "graph", "structures,", "followed", "by", "a", "graph", "neural", "network", "to", "enhance", "the", "interactions,", "especially", "for", "those", "non-local", "elements." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Abstract", "Meaning", "Representation", "(AMR,", "Banarescu", "et", "al.,", "2013)", "graph", "contains", "rich", "hierarchical", "semantic", "relations", "among", "different", "concepts,", "which", "makes", "it", "favorable", "for", "complex", "event", "extraction." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Besides,", "to", "model", "the", "long-distance", "dependency,", "we", "introduce", "an", "AMR-guided", "interaction", "module." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "this", "way,", "TSAR", "can", "leverage", "complementary", "advantages", "of", "different", "encoding", "perspectives,", "and", "therefore", "make", "better", "use", "of", "the", "feasible", "context", "to", "benefit", "the", "extraction." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "It", "consists", "of", "a", "global", "encoder", "that", "encodes", "global", "semantics", "with", "as", "much", "context", "as", "possible", "to", "gather", "adequate", "context", "information,", "and", "a", "local", "encoder", "that", "focuses", "on", "the", "most", "essential", "information", "and", "prudently", "takes", "in", "extra", "context." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "order", "to", "take", "advantage", "of", "the", "essential", "context", "in", "the", "document,", "and", "avoid", "being", "misled", "by", "distractions,", "we", "introduce", "a", "two-stream", "encoding", "module." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "to", "tackle", "the", "aforementioned", "two", "problems,", "we", "propose", "a", "Two-Stream", "AMRenhanced", "extraction", "model", "(TSAR)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 0, 1 ]

[ "In", "this", "paper," ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "However,", "how", "to", "model", "long-distance", "dependency", "among", "trigger", "and", "arguments,", "and", "how", "to", "handle", "distracting", "context", "explicitly,", "remain", "largely", "under-explored." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Some", "studies", "directly", "generate", "arguments", "based", "on", "sequence-to-sequence", "model", "(Li", "et", "al.,", "2021)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Instead,", "span-based", "methods", "predict", "argument", "roles", "for", "candidate", "spans", "(Ebner", "et", "al.,", "2020;", "Zhang", "et", "al.,", "2020b)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Recently,", "Du", "and", "Cardie", "(2020a)", "use", "a", "taggingbased", "method,", "which", "fails", "to", "handle", "nested", "arguments." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "It", "remains", "challenging", "to", "pinpoint", "the", "useful", "context", "while", "discarding", "the", "distracting", "information." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "As", "shown", "in", "Figure", "1,", "the", "origin", "argument", "U.S.", "can", "be", "identified", "more", "easily", "without", "Sentence", "4,", "which", "does", "not", "offer", "useful", "information", "for", "the", "event,", "but", "contains", "many", "place", "entities", "that", "can", "be", "distracting,", "like", "Saudi", "Arabia", "and", "Russia", "or", "Iran." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "last", "week,", "according", "to", "oil", "data", "research", "firm", "ClipperData." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "pumped", "in", "the", "U.S.", "docked", "at", "a", "terminal", "owned", "by", "Venezuela" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "[1]", "A", "ship", "carrying", "half", "a", "million", "barrels", "of", "oil", "that", "was" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "While", "a", "document", "naturally", "encompasses", "more", "context", "than", "a", "single", "sentence,", "some", "distracting", "context", "can", "mislead", "the", "argument", "extraction." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "(2)", "Distracting", "context." ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "To", "accommodate", "the", "long-range", "extraction,", "not", "only", "intra-sentential", "but", "also", "inter-sentential", "semantics", "should", "be", "well", "modeled." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "Figure", "1,", "while", "the", "trigger", "shipment", "is", "in", "Sentence", "2,", "the", "vehicle,", "origin,", "artifact,", "and", "importer", "arguments", "are", "located", "in", "Sentence", "1", "or", "3,", "which", "highly", "increases", "the", "extraction", "difficulty." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "arguments", "are", "usually", "located", "in", "different", "sentences", "from", "the", "trigger", "word", "and", "their", "distance", "can", "be", "quite", "far", "away." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "(1)", "Long-distance", "dependency", "among", "trigger", "and", "arguments." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Different", "from", "sentence-level", "EAE,", "extracting", "arguments", "out", "of", "the", "entire", "document", "faces", "two", "critical", "challenges." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Figure", "1", "illustrates", "an", "example", "of", "documentlevel", "EAE,", "in", "which", "a", "Transport", "event", "is", "triggered", "by", "shipment." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "However,", "in", "real-life", "scenarios,", "the", "events", "are", "often", "described", "through", "a", "whole", "document", "consisting", "of", "multiple", "sentences", "(e.g.,", "a", "news", "article", "or", "a", "financial", "report),", "which", "still", "remains", "under-explored." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "expressed", "by", "a", "single", "sentence", "and", "hence", "focus", "on", "sentence-level", "extraction", "(Chen", "et", "al.,", "2015;", "Liu", "et", "al.,", "2018;", "Zhou", "et", "al.,", "2021)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A", "transport", "event", "is", "triggered", "by", "shipment,", "with", "five", "event", "arguments", "scattering", "across", "the", "document." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Most", "previous", "studies", "assume", "that", "the", "events", "are", "only" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "It", "helps", "to", "transform", "the", "unstructured", "text", "into", "structured", "event", "knowledge", "that", "can", "be", "further", "utilized", "in", "recommendation", "systems", "(Li", "et", "al.,", "2020),", "dialogue", "systems", "(Zhang", "et", "al.,", "2020a),", "and", "so", "on." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Event", "Argument", "Extraction", "(EAE)", "aims", "at", "identifying", "the", "entities", "that", "serve", "as", "event", "arguments,", "and", "predicting", "the", "roles", "they", "play", "in", "the", "event,", "which", "is", "a", "key", "step", "for", "Event", "Extraction", "(EE)." ]

[ 11, 12, 12, 11, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 11 ]

[ "Introduction" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "We", "release", "our", "code", "in", "https://github.com/", "PKUnlp-icler/TSAR." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Extensive", "experiments", "illustrate", "that", "TSAR", "outperforms", "previous", "state-of-the-art", "by", "a", "large", "margin,", "with", "2.54", "F1", "and", "5.13", "F1", "performance", "gain", "on", "the", "public", "RAMS", "and", "WikiEvents", "datasets", "respectively,", "showing", "the", "superiority", "in", "the", "cross-sentence", "arguments", "extraction." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 9, 7, 0, 9, 7, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "An", "auxiliary", "boundary", "loss", "is", "introduced", "to", "enhance", "the", "boundary", "information", "for", "text", "spans", "explicitly." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Besides,", "TSAR", "introduces", "an", "AMR-guided", "interaction", "module", "to", "capture", "both", "intra-sentential", "and", "inter-sentential", "features,", "based", "on", "the", "locally", "and", "globally", "constructed", "AMR", "semantic", "graphs." ]

[ 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "TSAR", "encodes", "the", "document", "from", "different", "perspectives", "by", "a", "twostream", "encoding", "module,", "to", "utilize", "local", "and", "global", "information", "and", "lower", "the", "impact", "of", "distracting", "context." ]

[ 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "To", "address", "these", "issues,", "we", "propose", "a", "Two-Stream", "Abstract", "meaning", "Representation", "enhanced", "extraction", "model", "(TSAR)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 2, 2, 2, 0, 0, 0, 1 ]

[ "In", "this", "paper,", "we", "focus", "on", "extracting", "event", "arguments", "from", "an", "entire", "document,", "which", "mainly", "faces", "two", "critical", "problems:", "a)", "the", "longdistance", "dependency", "between", "trigger", "and", "arguments", "over", "sentences;", "b)", "the", "distracting", "context", "towards", "an", "event", "in", "the", "document." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Most", "previous", "studies", "aim", "at", "extracting", "events", "from", "a", "single", "sentence,", "while", "document-level", "event", "extraction", "still", "remains", "under-explored." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 12, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "A", "Two-Stream", "AMR-enhanced", "Model", "for", "Document-level", "Event", "Argument", "Extraction" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 11, 12, 12, 12 ]

[ "Because", "there", "are", "many", "nodes", "in", "the", "subgraph,", "we", "represent", "some", "nodes", "and", "relationships", "in", "the", "subgraph", "in", "the", "form", "of", "links." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "V", "contains", "Vq,", "Va,", "and", "any", "bridging", "entity", "with", "no", "more", "than", "two", "hops", "between", "any", "pair", "of", "entities", "in", "Vq", "and", "Va." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Va", "is", "the", "set", "of", "entities", "included", "in", "a", "choice." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Vq", "is", "the", "set", "of", "entities", "included", "in", "a", "question." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We", "consider", "the", "reverse", "edge", "of", "each", "relation", "during", "training", "and", "testing,", "so", "there", "are", "38", "relation", "types", "in", "total." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Only", "some", "important", "nodes", "are", "shown", "here." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Because", "the", "average", "number", "of", "subgraph", "nodes", "corresponding", "to", "each", "case", "is", "about", "100,", "we", "cannot", "list", "them", "all." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "Table", "9,", "we", "present", "examples", "for", "each", "error", "type", "in", "the", "Commonsense", "IHdev", "set." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 0 ]

[ "C", "Error", "Types", "and", "Examples" ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "For", "each", "entity,", "we", "perform", "mean", "pooling", "over", "the", "tokens", "of", "the", "entity’s", "occurrences", "across", "all", "the", "sentences", "to", "form", "the", "initial", "embeddings", "x0", "i", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Following", "(Feng", "et", "al.,", "2020),", "we", "first", "use", "the", "template", "to", "convert", "the", "knowledge", "triples", "in", "ConceptNet", "into", "sentences,", "and", "feed", "them", "into", "BERT-Large,", "obtaining", "a", "sequence", "of", "tokens", "embeddings", "from", "the", "last", "layer." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "For", "each", "entity", "in", "the", "subgraph,", "we", "need", "to", "obtain", "its", "feature", "representation." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "B", "Node", "Initialization" ]

[ 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "relation", "types", "are", "shown", "in", "Table", "7,", "and", "the", "statistics", "of", "the", "retrieved", "nodes", "are", "shown", "in", "Table", "8." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "addition,", "we", "add", "question", "as", "a", "node", "q", "to", "V", ",", "and", "add", "the", "bidirectional", "edges", "of", "q", "to", "Vq", "and", "q", "to", "Va." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We", "retrieve", "all", "the", "edges", "in", "R", "of", "any", "two", "nodes", "in", "V", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Finally,", "we", "get", "the", "relation", "set", "R", "by", "merging", "the", "relation", "types", "in", "ConceptNet", "and", "adding", "reverse", "relation." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "The", "former", "is", "to", "score", "only", "one", "node", "and", "separate", "from", "the", "whole", "subgraph", "where", "the", "node", "is", "located,", "while", "the", "latter", "is", "recursive", "pruning", "in", "the", "updating", "process", "of", "the", "modeling", "subgraph)." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We", "only", "retain", "the", "top", "200", "scoring", "nodes", "(It", "is", "worth", "noting", "that", "this", "is", "the", "preprocessing", "of", "the", "retrieval", "process,", "which", "is", "different", "from", "the", "dynamic", "pruning", "in", "section", "3.5." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We", "follow", "the", "preprocessing", "method", "of", "Yasunaga", "et", "al.", "(2021),", "connect", "the", "nodes", "with", "question", "+", "choice,", "and", "calculate", "the", "relevant", "scores", "of", "the", "nodes", "through", "a", "pre-trained", "LM." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "There", "may", "be", "many", "nodes", "in", "V", ",", "especially", "long", "questions", "contain", "many", "concepts." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Then,", "in", "order", "to", "extract", "the", "subgraph", "related", "to", "question", "and", "choice,", "we", "add", "the", "bridge", "entities", "on", "the", "1", "and", "2", "hop", "paths", "between", "any", "pair", "of", "entities", "in", "Vq,a,", "thus", "obtaining", "the", "retrieved", "entity", "set", "V", "." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "References" ]

[ 0 ]

[ "We", "neither", "introduce", "any", "social/ethical", "bias", "to", "the", "model", "nor", "amplify", "any", "bias", "in", "the", "data,", "so", "we", "do", "not", "foresee", "any", "direct", "social", "consequences", "or", "ethical", "issues." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "all", "the", "experiments,", "we", "use", "public", "datasets", "and", "consist", "of", "their", "intended", "use." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "We", "worked", "within", "the", "purview", "of", "acceptable", "privacy", "practices", "and", "strictly", "followed", "the", "data", "usage", "policy." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "This", "paper", "proposes", "a", "general", "approach", "to", "fuse", "language", "models", "and", "external", "knowledge", "graphs", "for", "commonsense", "reasoning." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Ethical", "Impact" ]

[ 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "addition,", "our", "research", "results", "can", "be", "broadly", "extended", "to", "other", "tasks", "that", "require", "KGs", "as", "additional", "background", "knowledge", "to", "augment", "LMs,", "such", "as", "entity", "linking,", "KG", "completion", "and", "the", "recommendation", "system." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "Our", "results", "on", "CommonsenseQA", "and", "OpenBookQA", "demonstrate", "the", "superiority", "of", "JointLK", "over", "other", "methods", "using", "external", "knowledge", "and", "the", "strong", "performance", "in", "performing", "complex", "reasoning." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 13, 0, 13, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "(ii)", "Dynamic", "pruning", "module", "can", "recursively", "delete", "irrelevant", "subgraph", "nodes", "at", "each", "layer", "of", "JointLK", "to", "provide", "fine", "appropriate", "evidence." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]

[ "In", "this", "work,", "we", "propose", "JointLK", "and", "provide", "a", "set", "of", "experiments", "to", "prove", "that", "(i)", "LM", "and", "KG", "interactive", "fusion", "can", "reduce", "the", "semantic", "gap", "between", "the", "two", "information", "modalities", "and", "make", "better", "use", "of", "KG", "for", "joint", "reasoning", "with", "LM." ]

[ 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0 ]