id
stringlengths 1
4
| tokens
sequence | ner_tags
sequence |
---|---|---|
3100 | [
"Subsequently,",
"each",
"task",
"learner",
"is",
"individually",
"tailored",
"to",
"find",
"the",
"optimal",
"parameters",
"θ′",
"τi",
"by",
"applying",
"the",
"above",
"task",
"adaptation",
"process."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3101 | [
"In",
"the",
"meta-testing",
"phase,",
"the",
"meta-learner",
"provides",
"the",
"initial",
"parameters",
"for",
"task-specific",
"model",
"learners."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3102 | [
"fixed",
"learning",
"rates",
"α",
"and",
"β,",
"respectively,",
"which",
"are",
"given",
"as",
"hyperparameters."
] | [
0,
3,
4,
3,
0,
3,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3103 | [
"The",
"metalearner",
"updates",
"its",
"parameters",
"through",
"a",
"gradient",
"val",
"descent",
"using",
"the",
"loss",
"evaluated",
"by",
"τi",
"with",
"reD",
"spect",
"to",
"the",
"task-specific",
"parameters",
"θ′",
"τi."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3104 | [
"The",
"task-adaptation",
"process",
"is",
"formulated",
"as",
"in",
"Equation",
"1."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3105 | [
"Task",
"adaptation",
"(or",
"inner",
"update):",
"Each",
"task",
"learner",
"updates",
"its",
"own",
"parameters",
"through",
"a",
"gradient",
"descent",
"using",
"the",
"loss",
"evaluated",
"based",
"on",
"its",
"tr",
"τi",
"with",
"the",
"initial",
"parameter",
"θm",
"own",
"training",
"data",
"given",
"by",
"the",
"outer",
"meta-optimization",
"process."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3106 | [
"For",
"a",
"particular",
"task",
"τi",
"∼",
"val",
"τi",
"during",
"the",
"the",
"task",
"data",
"meta-training",
"phase."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3107 | [
"Our",
"proposed",
"meta",
"training",
"strategy",
"follows",
"the",
"overall",
"procedure",
"of",
"optimization-based",
"metalearning",
"(Finn",
"et",
"al.,",
"2017)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3108 | [
"tr),",
"meta-validation",
"set",
"(",
"test)",
"as",
"disjoint",
"sets",
"of",
"classes."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3109 | [
"In",
"a",
"meta-learning",
"setting,",
"tasks",
"are",
"divided",
"into",
"a",
"meta-training",
"set",
"val),",
"and",
"meta-test",
"set",
"(",
"S",
"(",
"S",
"3.2",
"Model-Agnostic",
"Meta-Learning"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3110 | [
"In",
"the",
"literature,",
"this",
"is",
"called",
"a",
"C-way",
"K-shot",
"problem",
"in",
"which",
"K-labeled",
"examples",
"are",
"given",
"for",
"each",
"of",
"the",
"C",
"number",
"of",
"classes."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
11,
12,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3111 | [
"Few-shot",
"text",
"classification",
"is",
"a",
"task",
"in",
"which",
"a",
"classifier",
"must",
"be",
"adapted",
"to",
"accommodate",
"new",
"classes",
"using",
"only",
"a",
"few",
"labeled",
"examples."
] | [
11,
12,
12,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3112 | [
"3.1",
"Problem",
"Setup"
] | [
0,
0,
0
] |
3113 | [
"3",
"Background"
] | [
0,
0
] |
3114 | [
"In",
"addition,",
"LEO",
"(Rusu",
"et",
"al.,",
"2018)",
"learns",
"a",
"lowdimensional",
"latent",
"embedding",
"of",
"the",
"model",
"parameters",
"such",
"that",
"the",
"classifiers",
"are",
"generated",
"from",
"the",
"latent",
"space",
"into",
"which",
"the",
"tasks",
"are",
"mapped."
] | [
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3115 | [
"ilar",
"to",
"PROTO,",
"a",
"deep",
"neural",
"network,",
"called",
"a",
"relation",
"network,",
"is",
"proposed",
"to",
"learn",
"a",
"non-linear",
"distance",
"metric",
"rather",
"than",
"the",
"Euclidean",
"distance."
] | [
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3116 | [
"Meta-learning:",
"As",
"a",
"metric",
"learning-based",
"method,",
"(Snell",
"et",
"al.,",
"2017)",
"suggested",
"a",
"deep",
"neural",
"network,",
"called",
"a",
"prototype",
"network",
"(PROTO),",
"through",
"which",
"class",
"representations",
"are",
"composed",
"using",
"a",
"learning",
"similarity",
"metric",
"for",
"members",
"In",
"(Sung",
"et",
"al.,",
"2018),",
"simof",
"the",
"same",
"class."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
2,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3117 | [
"In",
"(Bao",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019),",
"DS",
"is",
"introduced",
"to",
"keep",
"track",
"of",
"underlying",
"word",
"distributions",
"across",
"all",
"available",
"classes",
"and",
"to",
"specify",
"important",
"lexical",
"features",
"for",
"new",
"classes."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3118 | [
"In",
"(Geng",
"et",
"al.,",
"Few-shot",
"text",
"classification:",
"2019),",
"INDUCTION",
"is",
"proposed",
"to",
"build",
"classwise",
"embedding",
"to",
"represent",
"each",
"class",
"using",
"a",
"particular",
"dynamic",
"routing",
"algorithm",
"coalesced",
"with",
"meta-learning."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3119 | [
"2",
"Related",
"Work"
] | [
0,
0,
0
] |
3120 | [
"While",
"LEA",
"can",
"be",
"applied",
"to",
"a",
"wide",
"variety",
"of",
"downstream",
"tasks,",
"we",
"demonstrate",
"LEA",
"on",
"few-shot",
"text",
"classification",
"problems",
"in",
"the",
"paper."
] | [
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
11,
12,
12,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3121 | [
"The",
"latter",
"refers",
"to",
"as",
"a",
"task-adaption",
"process,",
"where",
"a",
"subset",
"of",
"taskspecific",
"attention",
"aspects",
"is",
"inferred",
"by",
"determining",
"the",
"top-k",
"most",
"relevant",
"attention",
"aspects",
"from",
"the",
"meta-level",
"attention",
"aspects",
"dictionary."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3122 | [
"The",
"former",
"is",
"a",
"process",
"by",
"which",
"useful",
"meta-level",
"attention",
"aspects",
"across",
"tasks",
"are",
"derived",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"particular",
"PTM",
"via",
"our",
"meta-learning",
"framework."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3123 | [
"LEA",
"includes",
"two",
"key",
"ideas:",
"(1)",
"construction",
"of",
"a",
"meta-level",
"attention",
"aspects",
"dictionary",
"and",
"(2)",
"inference",
"of",
"the",
"task-specific",
"attention",
"aspects",
"upon",
"the",
"arrival",
"of",
"a",
"new",
"task."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3124 | [
"Our",
"approach",
"belongs",
"to",
"the",
"feature-based",
"transfer."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3125 | [
"There",
"are",
"the",
"two",
"common",
"transfer",
"learning",
"paradigms",
"in",
"NLP:",
"feature-based",
"transfer",
"(Cer",
"et",
"al.,",
"2018)",
"and",
"fine-tuning",
"(Houlsby",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019)."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3126 | [
"LEA",
"is",
"an",
"efficient",
"and",
"practical",
"method",
"that",
"facilitates",
"the",
"utilization",
"of",
"large-sized",
"PTMs",
"in",
"few-shot",
"learning."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3127 | [
"To",
"address",
"this",
"subtle",
"problem",
"(Sun",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019),",
"we",
"propose",
"a",
"meta-knowledge",
"driven",
"self-attentive",
"embedding",
"transfer",
"method,",
"called",
"LEA",
"(LEarningto-Attend),",
"based",
"on",
"a",
"novel",
"meta-learning",
"framework,",
"through",
"which",
"meta-level",
"attention",
"aspects",
"are",
"derived",
"by",
"encoding",
"how",
"to",
"attend",
"for",
"given",
"tasks."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3128 | [
"Unfortunately,",
"it",
"is",
"still",
"challenging",
"to",
"utilize",
"PTMs",
"(Lee",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019)",
"in",
"few-shot",
"learning."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3129 | [
"Liu",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019)",
"has",
"been",
"the",
"most",
"successful",
"approach",
"in",
"recent",
"years",
"of",
"NLP."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3130 | [
"Meanwhile,",
"fine-tuning",
"pre-trained",
"models",
"(PTMs)",
"(Howard",
"and",
"Ruder,",
"2018;",
"Devlin",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019;",
"Lan",
"et",
"al.,",
"2019;"
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3131 | [
"Few-shot",
"learning",
"aims",
"to",
"yield",
"an",
"AI-driven",
"NLP",
"model",
"capable",
"of",
"recognizing",
"unseen",
"tasks",
"using",
"a",
"few",
"labeled",
"data."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3132 | [
"A",
"deficiency",
"of",
"supervised",
"data",
"is",
"often",
"experienced",
"in",
"real-world",
"NLP",
"applications."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3133 | [
"Introduction"
] | [
0
] |
3134 | [
"1"
] | [
0
] |
3135 | [
"The",
"results",
"show",
"that",
"the",
"novel",
"method",
"robustly",
"provides",
"the",
"competitive",
"performance",
"compared",
"to",
"recent",
"few-shot",
"learning",
"methods."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3136 | [
"We",
"evaluate",
"our",
"method",
"on",
"five",
"text",
"classification",
"benchmark",
"datasets."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3137 | [
"LEA",
"derives",
"meta-level",
"attention",
"aspects",
"using",
"our",
"new",
"meta-learning",
"framework."
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3138 | [
"In",
"the",
"study,",
"we",
"propose",
"a",
"novel",
"embedding",
"transfer",
"method,",
"called",
"LEA,",
"for",
"leveraging",
"pre-trained",
"language",
"models",
"with",
"even",
"only",
"few-shot",
"instances."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3139 | [
"When",
"only",
"given",
"a",
"few",
"instances",
"for",
"a",
"new",
"task,",
"extracting",
"task-aware",
"features",
"from",
"a",
"pre-trained",
"language",
"model",
"regardless",
"of",
"the",
"adaptation",
"is",
"a",
"promising",
"alternative."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3140 | [
"However,",
"in",
"real-world",
"applications,",
"we",
"often",
"encounter",
"the",
"deficiency",
"of",
"labeled",
"data."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3141 | [
"The",
"pre-trained",
"language",
"models",
"are",
"also",
"properly",
"adapted",
"to",
"downstream",
"tasks",
"when",
"there",
"is",
"sufficient",
"labeled",
"data."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3142 | [
"In",
"recent",
"years,",
"NLP",
"has",
"advanced",
"greatly",
"along",
"with",
"the",
"proliferation",
"of",
"pre-trained",
"language",
"models."
] | [
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |
3143 | [
"Abstract"
] | [
0
] |
3144 | [
"LEA:",
"Meta",
"Knowledge-Driven",
"Self-Attentive",
"Document",
"Embedding",
"for",
"Few-Shot",
"Text",
"Classification"
] | [
1,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0,
0
] |