Datasets:

google

/

wiki40b

like 14

Q61772677

_START_ARTICLE_ Astrit Ziu _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ziu made his debut for Albania on 13 December 1970 in a UEFA Euro 1972 qualifying match against Turkey, in which he scored Albania's only goal in the 1–2 loss. He went on to make six appearances, scoring one goal, before making his last appearance on 21 June 1972 in a 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification match against Finland, which finished as a 0–1 loss.

14512834244941865198

Q2453076

_START_ARTICLE_ Astronaut (Duran Duran album) _START_SECTION_ Background and recording _START_PARAGRAPH_ Duran Duran originally announced a reunion of the most famous five members in 2001, and began writing new music together in the south of France. They continued to write and record intermittently, working hard for a few months at a time, throughout 2002 and 2003. The band's friend Nile Rodgers did preliminary production work on several tracks._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, the search for a record label went on, complicated by the band's desire for independence, control, strong promotional support and a commitment for more than one album at the same time that the reportedly cash-strapped and risk-averse recording industry was unwilling to gamble on the "leftover fame" of a band best known for a series of 20-year-old hits._NEWLINE_The band, frustrated and with nearly thirty new songs approaching completion, set out on a world tour in 2003 to show that the band still had drawing power. The sold-out dates in Japan, America, the United Kingdom and Australia and New Zealand — and the nearly delirious news coverage that followed the reunited band — warmed the record labels to the possibilities. The new songs "Sunrise", "Still Breathing", "Virus", "Beautiful Colours" and "What Happens Tomorrow" were played during these concerts; John Taylor also played a demo recording of "What Happens Tomorrow" on the air at Los Angeles radio station STAR 98.7 in May 2003._NEWLINE_During this period, a "teaser CD" with short demo versions of a few of the unfinished songs (used to demonstrate the new work to potential labels and producers) was leaked to the Internet and quickly copied throughout the band's fan base. The songs were "Virus", "Sunrise", "TV vs. Radio", "Taste the Summer", "Salt in the Rainbow", and "Pretty Ones". The band was very unhappy about the leak, and with the exception of "Sunrise" (which became the first single) and "Taste the Summer", the leaked songs were not included in the final track listing for the album. Jason Nevins also remixed "Virus", which was not released as a single. (The Jason Nevins version of "Virus" later appeared as a bonus track on a Japanese release of Astronaut)._NEWLINE_A remix of "Sunrise" by Jason Nevins was included on the Queer Eye for the Straight Guy soundtrack in February; it received a warm reception by DJs anticipating new work from Duran Duran, but the song was not released as a single from the soundtrack. The band has generally performed the Jason Nevins version live in concert. The main version of the CD incorporates tracks from Jason Nevins' production, to which he is credited on the album's liner notes._NEWLINE_In March, the band donated "Beautiful Colours" to FIFA, the international governing body for football, to use as its Centennial song. At the awards ceremony for the FIFA 100, honouring the top living footballers, a video of top moments in the sport was accompanied by the song. However, the song would not be one of those that made the final version of the album. _START_SECTION_ Label negotiations _START_PARAGRAPH_ After lengthy negotiations the band signed a four-album deal with Epic Records (a subsidiary of Sony BMG Music Entertainment) in June 2004. The songs were given a final polishing with producer Don Gilmore at Sphere Studios in London, and then mixed by Jeremy Wheatley throughout June and July 2004. R&B producer Dallas Austin produced three tracks on the album, and Nile Rodgers' early production work remains on another three._NEWLINE_Limited copies of the new album were released with a bonus DVD which included 45 minutes of live and behind-the-scenes footage from Wembley Arena, recorded in April 2004. The CD/DVD set came in DVD-sized packaging and European copies bore copy protection, a holdover from the BMG days._NEWLINE_A worldwide media tour accompanied the September 2004 release of the first single, "(Reach Up For The) Sunrise", with more surrounding the release of Astronaut in October. The pace became too hectic for guitarist Andy Taylor, and in November Duran Duran announced he was suffering from exhaustion and flu, and would not be participating in band promotion until January 2005. The remaining four members continued with television appearances, and a stand-in guitarist, Dominic Brown, was hired for the scheduled radio station Christmas concerts in December. Subsequently, January concert dates in Japan had to be postponed until the summer, after drummer Roger Taylor broke a bone in his right foot in December. _START_SECTION_ Commercial performance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Astronaut debuted at number three in the UK album chart, and at number 17 on the US Billboard 200 album chart, with similar top 20 debuts elsewhere in the world. Meanwhile, the CD/DVD set debuted at number one on the Billboard Top Music Video chart. The album peaked at number 29 in Japan._NEWLINE_The first single, "(Reach Up for The) Sunrise", debuted at number five on the UK Singles Chart. In late November, it topped the Billboard dance chart._NEWLINE_The second single, "What Happens Tomorrow" was released on 31 January 2005 and entered the UK chart at number 11 (where it peaked). It slowly gained radio play in the US, supported by a nearly sold-out tour of North American arenas and stadiums, touted as the band's "largest tour ever". Later in 2005, "What Happens Tomorrow" was used in a promotional spot for the US digital cable network Fox Soccer Channel; Simon Le Bon and John Taylor had also appeared in a separate spot for the network. Andy Taylor missed several American dates in February and March to visit his ill father and the subsequent funeral._NEWLINE_Live favourite "Nice" was announced to be the next single in Europe to coincide with the band's tour there. It was believed that the single would not have a commercial release or music video, but would be downloadable. However, "Nice" was only released to radio in Europe, was promoted poorly, and disappeared quickly from the airwaves._NEWLINE_Astronaut has been certified "Gold" in the UK for sales of over 100,000 copies. It was certified Gold in Italy. As of 2008, it had sold around 260,000 copies in the US. It has so far sold around 1 million copies around the world. _START_SECTION_ Release _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 29 March 2005, Sony BMG reissued Astronaut on the DualDisc format. This double sided disc included the CD version on one side and a remixed 5.1 DVD-Audio surround mix of the album on the other side. The DVD side also included a 25-minute program with new, behind-the-scenes footage._NEWLINE_On 20 December 2005, Astronaut was released on the SACD format. Similar to DualDisc, this release featured the album in three formats — multichannel SACD, stereo SACD and stereo CD.

16628455796417669412

Q65042508

_START_ARTICLE_ Asylum in France _START_PARAGRAPH_ Seeking asylum in France is a legal right that is admitted by the constitution of France. Meanwhile, the status of recognised asylum seekers are protected by corresponding laws and Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, which France had signed on 25 July 1951. France is considered as one of the main asylum host countries in Europe. In 2017 there have been 337,143 refugees registered in and up to the end of 2018, 20,710 new asylum seekers have been given legal status to reside in France. Asylum policies in France is regarded as a concerned topic among the public and politicians, and some controversies also exist in the current system of French asylum policies, such as issues on the assimilation policy, national security problems and living conditions of asylum seekers. _START_SECTION_ The status of asylum seekers _START_PARAGRAPH_ The legal status of seeking asylum in France is guaranteed under the Asylum and Immigration Law. Generally, two types of asylum protections are classified by the French asylum law: Refugee status and Subsidiary status. The Refugee status formally would be given to persons satisfying conditions which defined by Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees of UNHCR. Meanwhile, the subsidiary status could be possibly given to any other type of asylum seekers who do not meet the criteria of a refugee status recognition. Generally, one can be given a subsidiary status as long as he/she proves risks of a threat or serious harm to their personal safety once they return to their origin country._NEWLINE_Besides, any of the following situations mentioned by the asylum law could lead to the denial of applications:_NEWLINE_(a) An overt threat could be seen and proven if the applicator wishes to enter French territory;_NEWLINE_(b) A previous sentence or punishment for terrorism had been imposed on the applicator, which would be regarded as a serious harm to the French society. _START_SECTION_ Applications _START_PARAGRAPH_ All asylum seekers must have entered the French territory before they could start the formal application, otherwise it could not be accepted. To reach the condition, applicators can either request for a special visa for asylum application from a French embassy/console or get a temporary visa up to 8 days at the crossing point of the French border. Next, asylum seekers will need to register themselves as "asylum seekers" in a "GUDA", which refers to a single-desk contact point and get a formal certificate which allows them to lodge the application form. Some of the documents are needed as shown below:_NEWLINE_1) Information required to prove the civil status;_NEWLINE_2) Documents that gave the legal entrance of French territory, including a legal entry visa;_NEWLINE_3) The record of traveling route from the origin country to France._NEWLINE_4) If exists, the current dwelling address of the applicator in France._NEWLINE_Then applicators would be able to formally apply for the asylum status. In addition, applicators would also need to write an explanation in French that clarifies the intention for seeking asylum in France. _START_SECTION_ Proceeding _START_PARAGRAPH_ Currently, the OFPRA (French Office for the Protection of Refugees and Stateless Persons) takes charge of all asylum affairs and application proceedings for France. After receiving applications, OFPRA would start an investigation on each applicator from evaluating provided documents to assessments of personal situations, including the situation of origin country, past harm on body, deliberate threat or prosecution that applicators may suffered._NEWLINE_After all information verified and evaluated, the OFPRA would make a decision and notify the applicator whether he/she is granted the asylum status or not. Besides, in a period of one month applicators could also appeal negative decisions to the CNDA (National Court of Asylum). Once an appeal has been received by CNDA, the related judge will have to take place within five months. The final decision from CNDA may still support the original decision, however it could also be the denial of the original case and an order for a second investigation. _START_SECTION_ Further rights of seeking asylum in France _START_PARAGRAPH_ Other than the legal residency in France, asylum seekers could also apply for the French Citizenship as other immigrants. Usually a five-year of dwelling in France territory would be required before the application, for asylum seekers who get a refugee status, that period could be exempted and they could apply for the naturalisation at once if they wish. However, asylum seekers who get a subsidiary status must still obey the normal rule and no exemptions applied._NEWLINE_Support on personal finance and housing would also become available since the asylum seeker starts his or her application procedure. Normally, if the asylum seeker found himself under a specific level which observed by the government, a minimum financial assist equals to €6.80 per day would be given to the asylum seeker at the end of the month (Lump sum). The number of money support could be changed according to different family population of asylum seekers. On housing, asylum seekers could temporarily live in the rooms provided by CADA (Centres for the Reception of Asylum Seekers), which could last for six months before the asylum seeker finished finding his or her own place to live. _START_SECTION_ Statistics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The number of people seeking asylum in France experienced a significant raise after the 1970s. From 1970 to 1995, applications annually for asylum in France increased from nearly 5000 during 1970 to 1974 to 112,200 from 1995 to 1999. In 2010, France received about 48100 asylum applications which makes it one of the top 5 countries receiving the most asylum seekers._NEWLINE_During 2015-2017 due to the Europe refugee crisis, there was an upward trend of asylum applications numbers in France. Applications for asylum in 2015, 2016 and 2017 reached to 71,000, 85,244, 100,412 respectively. Up to 2018, according to OFPRA's statistics, nearly 122,743 persons have been registered as asylum seekers residing in France. France had also taken part in the resettlement program of UNHCR since 2008, and plans to receive around 10,000 new refugees into French territory._NEWLINE_In 2018, top five origin countries where asylum seekers in France came from are Afghanistan (10,270), Albania (9,690), Georgia (6,960), Guinea (6,880) and Côte d'Ivoire (5,375) _START_SECTION_ Before WWII _START_PARAGRAPH_ Before the 1930s, French presented a relatively open attitude to refugees for its need of labour and the recovery caused by World War I. but the trend changed as the Great Depression occurred in the 1930s and then France was believed to implement more restrictive policies on immigration and asylum. _NEWLINE_In early 1933, the Prime Minister Édouard Daladier established an "Intermisterial Commission" focusing on refugee issues. Under the political environment at the moment, refugees in France were connected with national security and issues on employment, also, some voices concerned if refugees could not be assimilated and may cause an integration problem. The trend shortly changed after Daladier left the government in late 1933, and some of the measures were relaxed by the new Prime minister Léon Blum. Two examples for the new trend are the receiving of nearly 500,000 Spanish political refugees in 1936 due to the Spanish Civil War, and the interministerial commission's new review of the policy in the same year, which confirmed "no restrictions needed" for refugees coming to France._NEWLINE_In 1938 the policy trend changed again as Édouard Daladier returned to the position of Prime Minister. In the next two years, some of the new decrees were imposed by the government on restricting the amount that heading France for asylum. For example, one of the decrees gave officials at borders a broadening power to reject the entry of asylum seekers. In addition, Jews looking for asylum in France were also believed to be targeted and restricted to an observable extent._NEWLINE_In June 1940, the French army was defeated in the Battle of France. With the influences from Nazi Germany then, new policy on immigration and asylum, which was believed to be more racist, was pursued by the new Vichy government. Many refugees, especially for political asylum purposes, lost their special right to continue residing in France, and some of them were sent back to their origin countries, mostly Germany and Italy. The situation continued until the end of World War II. In November 1945, Charles de Gaulle was elected President of France, and a more consistent policy on immigration and asylum became a goal by the new government. _START_SECTION_ Related issues _START_PARAGRAPH_ Asylum in France remains a high-profile topic that is being consistently concerned, and some issues regarding to the asylum policy and the current system in France are being claimed to have affected France negatively, and some of the frequently mentioned aspects have been presented below. _START_SECTION_ National security _START_PARAGRAPH_ After 2015 the Europe refugee crisis, incidents like terrorist attacks that break national security, are partially connected with the asylum policy. After several terrorist attacks happened in France, for example, the Paris attack in November 2015, after which President Hollande announced the National Emergency status across France. Concerns on domestic security was also presumed to be a reason that pulled up the support rate of right-wing parties since 2015, which advocates stricter policies on managing asylum seekers. Some voices also claimed that the influx of Islamist radicals and the failure of integration policy had contributed to the deteriorating safety environment of France. _START_SECTION_ Camps near Calais and living conditions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The living conditions of some asylum seekers in France raised controversies as well. A frequently mentioned case relates to Migrants near Calais and Dunkirk, where refugees built shelters and formed even communities themselves for decades. On the one hand, Living qualities in these temporary camps are described as "dire" by some observers and are criticised as sanitary conditions, medical services and living qualities are reported to be inadequate. However, President Macron also stressed the "illegal actions" that happened by asylum seekers near Calais as they hope to reach the UK and some of the residents had been legally transported to reception centres. Camps near Calais have been announced to be "dismantled" reported in 2015, however, some estimated that 900 asylum seekers are still living near the area.

14935834528739836149

Q899432

_START_ARTICLE_ Atashika Station _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Atashika Station opened on April 1, 1956 as a station on the Japan National Railways (JNR) Kisei-Nishi Line. The line was renamed the Kisei Main Line on July 15, 1959. The station has been unattended since November 1, 1986. The station was absorbed into the JR Central network upon the privatization of the JNR on April 1, 1987. _START_SECTION_ Station layout _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is a single island platform connected to the small station building, which dates from the opening of the line, by a barrier-protected pedestrian level crossing.

18034919117377742372

Q4072051

_START_ARTICLE_ Atgharia Upazila _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ A fierce battle was fought in 1971 between the Pak army and the freedom fighters at the Bangshipara Ghat on river Chandrabati of Majpara Union. Md Anwar Hossain led the battle on the Mukti Bahini side. In this battle 12 freedom fighters and three villagers were killed. The Pakistan army lost their commander Captain Tahir and about 13 more soldiers in this battle. Marks of war of liberation Mass grave near the bamboo-clump of Dr Magrib (Debattar South Para). The Bongshipara Ghat is now a Historical Place. Daily 50/100 people come on to visit the place. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Atgharia Upazila with an area of 186.15 km² is bounded by Baraigram, Chatmohar and Faridpur upazilas on the north, Pabna Sadar upazila on the south, Santhia upazila on the east and Ishwardi upazilas on the west. Main rivers are Chiknai, Ratnai and Chandrabati; Purulia and Sutir Beels are notable. Atgharia is located at 24.1333°N 89.2500°E. It has 22339 households and total area 186.15 km². _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the 1991 Bangladesh census, Atgharia has a population of 124454. Males constitute 51.41% of the population, and females 48.59%. This Upazila's eighteen up population is 59721. Atgharia has an average literacy rate of 21.7% (7+ years), and the national average of 32.4% literate._NEWLINE_Atgharia (Town) located at Debattar, consists of four mouzas. The area of the town is 5.93 km². The town has a population of 5164; male 50.37%, female 49.63%. The density of population is 871 per km.² _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Average literacy rate 21.07%; male 26.4% and female 16.8%. Educational institution: College 5, secondary school 15, madrasa 18, government primary school 44, non-government primary school 29. Noted educational institutions: Atgharia Pilot Model High School, Debattar Pilot Girls' High School, Sahid Abdul Khaleque High School, B.L.K High school, Khidirpur high school, Parkhidirpur high school, Ekdanta High School, Lakshmipur High School, Debattar Model Government Primary School (1880), Shibpur Madrassa.

12761090531309924269

Q4814203

_START_ARTICLE_ Athletics at the 1982 Southern Cross Games _START_SECTION_ Medal summary _START_PARAGRAPH_ Medal winners were published in a book written by Argentinian journalist Ernesto Rodríguez III with support of the Argentine Olympic Committee (Spanish: Comité Olímpico Argentino) under the auspices of the Ministry of Education (Spanish: Ministerio de Educación de la Nación) in collaboration with the Office of Sports (Spanish: Secretaría de Deporte de la Nación). Eduardo Biscayart supplied the list of winners and their results.

10158767417583577547

Q26853729

_START_ARTICLE_ Athletics at the 2016 Summer Paralympics – Women's javelin throw _START_SECTION_ Competition format _START_PARAGRAPH_ The competition for each classification consisted of a single round. Each athlete threw three times, after which the eight best threw three more times (with the best distance of the six throws counted).

4138391129503341560

Q3404177

_START_ARTICLE_ Athrwys ap Meurig _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Athrwys's name is spelled variously. It is spelled Atroys in the 10th century Welsh Harleian genealogies and Andrus in the early medieval Latin Life of Saint Cadoc; also note Andres[us] son of Morcant[us] in the same section of the saint's life, all derived from an early Old Welsh spelling *Antres. _NEWLINE_He was the son of Meurig ap Tewdrig, a King of Gwent and Glywysing in South Wales. His mother was Onbrawst, daughter of Gwrgan Fawr, King of Ergyng. His siblings were Idnerth and Ffriog. His wife may have been Cenedlon ferch Briafael Frydig; his children included Morgan ab Athrwys, later a king of Gwent, as well as Ithel and Gwaidnerth. While Athrwys's father Meurig and son Morgan are named as kings in the Book of Llandaff, Athrwys never is. Wendy Davies concluded that Athrwys predeceased his father and thus never ruled as king, and when Meurig died after a long reign the kingship passed to Morgan. Davies suggests Athrwys lived between about 605–655._NEWLINE_His son was Morgan ab Athrwys or Morgan Mwynfawr 'Morgan the Benefactor' in the Welsh language. Morgan was King of Morgannwg, or Gwent and Glywysing, land as far west as the River Towy and also encompassing land beyond the River Wye, into the old Kingdom of Ergyng, South Herefordshire. _START_SECTION_ Arthurian connection _START_PARAGRAPH_ Some writers have identified Athrwys ap Meurig as a potential historical basis for King Arthur. This identification is found at least as early as Thomas Carte's A General History of England, written in 1747. It was later put forward and popularised by William Owen Pughe in 1803. The theory subsequently gained more popularity during the 19th-century.

12436476757016044494

Q16208465

_START_ARTICLE_ Atlantic Club of Bulgaria _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Atlantic Club of Bulgaria was created in 1990 around the pro-NATO lobby in the first post-Cold War Bulgarian Parliament. It was born when its founder, Solomon Passy, also the owner of a Trabant automobile, welcomed Manfred Wörner and gave him a tour of Sofia in a Trabant._NEWLINE_Officially established on 4 April 1991, the Atlantic Club has grown to include members from all walks of life: government, academia, military, business and media. The Atlantic Club was the first Atlantic NGO outside NATO, founded on Warsaw Pact territory, and the first non-NATO member (since 1992) of the Atlantic Treaty Association (ATA)._NEWLINE_The Club ensured the Bulgarian support for the Allied liberation of Kuwait in 1991, through the wars and post-war reconstruction in Bosnia, Kosovo, Afghanistan and Iraq._NEWLINE_The Club raised the funds, and jointly with the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute, organized the resumption of Bulgaria's Antarctic activities in 1993, the upgrading of the Bulgarian refuge on Livingston Island and its redesignation as St. Kliment Ohridski Base, as well as the construction of a new main building of the base started during the 1995/96 season._NEWLINE_The Atlantic Club initiated a national committee that organized the visit of Pope John Paul II to Bulgaria in 2002, and also co-hosted the mass rally for U.S. President Bill Clinton who visited Sofia in 1999, and another one for US Secretary of State Colin Powell in 2003._NEWLINE_In 2004, Bulgaria joined NATO._NEWLINE_After attending the Nobel Prize Ceremony in Oslo in 2012, Solomon Passy suggested that the EU should nominate Bulgaria for the Nobel Peace Prize next year. In 2013, the Club underlined the 70th anniversary of the rescue of nearly 50,000 Jews from being sent to concentration camps in Nazi Germany when the government of Tsar Boris III planned deportation of the Jewish population but it was prevented by the Holy Synod, the Bulgarian Orthodox church and civil protests._NEWLINE_In September 2015, the ACB sent a delegation to the Fiji after the Asian country had established diplomatic ties with Bulgaria in March 2015._NEWLINE_In 2018, the ACB disputed the MIG-29 contracts signed between the Bulgarian government and the Russian Federation. _START_SECTION_ Role _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Atlantic Club of Bulgaria works to promote Bulgaria's integration with and role in the Atlantic Alliance, and all Euro-Atlantic political, security, economic and other structures. Within Bulgaria, the Atlantic Club serves the broader purpose of supporting democracy, human rights, free market economy and rule of law. _START_SECTION_ Activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Club's activities focus primarily on raising public awareness about security and international affairs. The list of guest speakers includes the Nobel Peace Prize Laureates Lech Wałęsa, Shimon Peres, Mikhail Gorbachev and the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet. A number of heads of states and governments have addressed the Club._NEWLINE_In its think-tank capacity, the Atlantic Club sponsors round tables, seminars and conferences on a wide variety of topics, and is a leading partner in the Security Sector Reform Coalition formed by Bulgarian NGOs to develop strategic reports on key policy issues in the field of foreign and security policy, and defense reform and modernization._NEWLINE_The Club assists in the establishment of Atlantic associations in other countries of Central and Eastern Europe, and more recently in Afghanistan, Iraq, and other Asian, African and South American countries._NEWLINE_The Atlantic Club is a co-founder of the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute and the Economic Policy Institute, Sofia. _START_SECTION_ Organization _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Club's international board of directors includes prominent individuals from Bulgaria, Europe and North America working for Atlanticism or humanism in general. The organization has regional chapters in Burgas, Dospat and Sarnitsa, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Plovdiv, Ruse, Varna and Yambol, and is associated with the NATO Information Center in Sofia, the Bulgarian Euro-Atlantic Youth Club, and the Manfred Wörner Foundation._NEWLINE_The Founding President (1991–2001 and 2009-) and Honorary President of the Club (2001–2009) is Dr. Solomon Passy. Dr. Lyubomir Ivanov was the Chairman and CEO of the Atlantic Club in 2001-2009.

14837383319126812538

Q180901

_START_ARTICLE_ Atomium _START_SECTION_ Construction and Expo 58 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Atomium was built as the main pavilion and icon of the 1958 World Expo of Brussels (Expo 58). In the 1950s, faith in scientific progress was great, and a structure depicting atoms was chosen to embody this. The Atomium depicts nine iron atoms in the shape of the body-centred cubic unit cell of an iron crystal, magnified 165 billion times. _NEWLINE_The construction of the Atomium was a technical feat. Of the nine spheres, six are accessible to the public, each with two main floors and a lower floor reserved for service. The central tube contains the fastest elevator of the time at 5 m/s (20 ft/s), installed by the Belgian branch of the Swiss firm Schlieren (subsequently taken over by Schindler). It allows 22 people to reach the summit in 23 seconds. The escalators installed in the oblique tubes are among the longest in Europe. The biggest is 35 m (100 ft) long. _NEWLINE_Three of the four top spheres lack vertical support and hence are not open to the public for safety reasons, although the sphere at the pinnacle is open to the public. The original design called for no supports; the structure was simply to rest on the spheres. Wind tunnel tests proved that the structure would have toppled in an 80 km/h (50 mph) wind (140 km/h (90 mph) winds have been recorded in Belgium). Support columns were added to achieve enough resistance against overturning._NEWLINE_The Atomium, designed to last six months, was not destined to survive the 1958 World Expo, but its popularity and success made it a major element of the Brussels landscape. Its destruction was therefore postponed year after year, until the city's authorities decided to keep it. However, for thirty years, little maintenance work was done. _START_SECTION_ Renovation _START_PARAGRAPH_ By the turn of the millennium, the state of the building had become quite deteriorated and a comprehensive renovation was sorely needed. Renovation of the Atomium began in March 2004; it was closed to the public in October, and remained closed until 18 February 2006. The renovations included replacing the faded aluminium sheets on the spheres with stainless steel. On 21 December 2005, the new Atomium outdoor lighting was tested. The meridians of each sphere were covered with rectangular steel plates, in which LED lighting was integrated. The LED application illuminates the bulbs at night. The lights can also flash simultaneously or in turns at each meridian, symbolising the range of an electron around its core._NEWLINE_On 14 February 2006, the Atomium was officially reopened by then Prince Philippe, and on 18 February 2006, it opened again to the public. The renovation cost €26 million. Brussels and the Atomium Association paid one-third of the costs, the Belgian government financed two thirds. To help pay for renovations, pieces of the old aluminium plates were sold to the public as souvenirs. One triangular piece about 2 m (7 ft) long sold for €1,000. On the occasion of the reopening, a 2 euro commemorative coin depicting the building was issued, in March 2006, to celebrate the renovation._NEWLINE_Though the Atomium depicts an iron unit cell, the balls were originally clad with aluminium. Following the 2004–2007 renovations, however, the aluminium was replaced with stainless steel, which is primarily iron. Likewise, while the subject of Atomium was chosen to depict the enthusiasm of the Atomic Age, iron is not and cannot be used as fuel in nuclear reactions. _START_SECTION_ Worldwide copyright claims _START_PARAGRAPH_ SABAM, Belgium's society for collecting copyrights, has claimed worldwide intellectual property rights on all reproductions of the image via the United States Artists Rights Society (ARS). For example, SABAM issued a demand that a United States website remove all images of the Atomium from its pages. The website responded by replacing all such images with a warning not to take photographs of the Atomium, and that A.S.B.L. Atomium will sue if you show them to anyone. SABAM confirmed that permission is required._NEWLINE_Ralf Ziegermann remarked on the complicated copyright instructions on the Atomium's website specific to "private pictures". The organisers of Belgian heritage, Anno Expo (planning the 50th anniversary celebrations of Expo 58), in the city of Mechelen announced a "cultural guerrilla strike" by asking people to send in their old photographs of the Atomium and requested 100 photoshoppers to paint over the balls. SABAM responded that they would make an exception for 2008 and that people could publish private photographs for one year only on condition they were for non-commercial purposes. Anno Expo later announced they had censored part of their own report due to "complications" and referred to a meeting they had with SABAM. Mechelen's Mayor, Bart Somers, called the Atomium copyright rules absurd._NEWLINE_From the Atomium's website, the current copyright restrictions exempt private individuals under the following conditions:_NEWLINE_This is the case where photographs are taken by private individuals and shown on private websites for no commercial purpose (the current trend for photo albums)._NEWLINE_In accordance with legislation, usage rights for the image of the Atomium would naturally extend to 1st January 2076, in other words, the seventieth anniversary of André Waterkeyn's death._NEWLINE_In the summer of 2015, Belgian political party Open Vld, proposed a bill to enable Freedom of Panorama in Belgium. The bill was enacted into law in June 2016, allowing pictures of the Atomium, and other public buildings under copyright, to be legally distributed.

7564932253092394088

Q2104230

_START_ARTICLE_ Atomkraft _START_SECTION_ Moral Fibre _START_PARAGRAPH_ The roots of Atomkraft date back to the summer of 1979, when Tony ‘Demolition’ Dolan and Paul Spillett got together with the intention to form a band. Initially, going under the name of Moral Fibre and playing punk rock, they recruited guitarists Ian Legg and Chris Taylor. Ian Legg then left to be replaced by Sean Drew who also subsequently left. However the band continued to operate as a trio. _START_SECTION_ Atomkraft _START_PARAGRAPH_ On returning from a trip to Bremen, Germany, Chris presented his band mates with some button badges featuring the environmental slogan ‘Atomkraft, Nein Danke!’ (Nuclear Power, No Thanks!) They liked the way the word "Atomkraft" sounds and so adopted it as the band name, believing it suits the new "metal" sound they pursued. In the endeavour for something more metal and less punk they got rid of Chris._NEWLINE_After trying out a couple of guitarists they settled on Steve White, whom Tony knew from his art class at college. Another member of Tony’s art class, Mark Irvine, joined on bass. With Tony on rhythm guitar and vocals and Paul on drums the new line-up played four shows. Unfortunately, Mark’s parents disapproved of his heavy metal image and lifestyle and so persuaded him to quit the band. Tony switched back to bass and the band was able to continue. _START_SECTION_ Demon _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1981 the band recorded the four song demo Demon at Impulse studios, this being funded by band member Paul Spillett who was the only one working at the time and with the help of Keith Nicol. It was their first "proper" demo, although, the limitation of time and a 2-track recorder gave results that were pretty bad. However, the band soldiered on, gaining experience by continuing to play live shows. _START_SECTION_ Total Metal _START_PARAGRAPH_ In early 1983, Atomkraft returned to Impulse studios to record another demo. Learning from their previous experience they opted to record only 2 tracks for the Total Metal demo, featuring the title track and "Death Valley". Steve passed a copy of the demo to Sam Kress, who ran a radio station and ‘Whiplash’ magazine. Sam liked the demo and promised to feature the band in his magazine. However, in late 1983, Steve left the band for personal reasons. Tony was left wondering what to do. By coincidence he was invited to stay with his sister in Canada to help out with her two kids, while she was studying. With Tony unemployed and the band effectively on hold, he decided to take her up on her offer. _START_SECTION_ Canada _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1984 Paul Spillett joined Tony in Canada. Tony was further inspired when he got a copy of the magazine containing the write-up that Sam Kress promised. The write-up presented Atomkraft in a very positive light and also featured Venom, Raven, Metallica, Anthrax and Megadeth. Spurred on by this, Paul and Tony began writing material and returned to England in late 1984 to search for a guitarist. They later fell out over a girl and went their separate ways. _START_SECTION_ Pour the Metal In _START_PARAGRAPH_ While visiting Neat Records to see if anyone could recommend a drummer, Tony met Cronos of Venom who informed him that Ged Wolf (the brother of Venom’s manager) was looking for a band having just left Tysondog. Tony and Ged got together and started auditioning for a guitarist, but initially did not have a lot of luck. _NEWLINE_Then a 16-year-old guitar player, Rob Mathew, was recommended as being a great guitar player and so they all met up. Fortunately they got on well and this became the new Atomkraft line-up. _NEWLINE_The band began working on the new material that Tony had been writing, and went on to record the Pour the Metal In demo at Neat Records studio. It featured 3 tracks, "Pour the Metal In", "Burn in Hell" and "Carousel". The demo is sent to various fanzines and received a good response. Dave Woods of Neat Records also hears the demo and offered them a deal, and so the band started work on the Future Warriors album. _START_SECTION_ Future Warriors _START_PARAGRAPH_ Recorded over a couple of weeks and produced by Keith Nichol, Future Warriors was released in September 1985. Despite getting a particularly poor review in Kerrang! magazine, other reviews were more positive and they got further requests for interviews. The band also opened for Slayer at The Marquee, where faulty equipment resulted in the band trashing the equipment in frustration after just three numbers. Despite this the band were asked to join the bill of the Venom/Exodus tour. _START_SECTION_ Queen of Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the end of the Venom/Exodus tour, Atomkraft prepared and recorded a new EP, with the tracks "Your Mentor" on the A-side and "Demolition", "Funeral Pyre" and "Mode III" on the B-side. Unfortunately, the EP did not get released in this form, as a rift developed in the band as a result of discussions over management._NEWLINE_Tony wanted to use the services of a London-based company, while Ged and Rob wanted to use Venom’s management. The disagreement could not be resolved and so Tony left the band._NEWLINE_Neat then released the track "Your Mentor" as part of the Powertrax promotional cassette, while the vocal tracks on the rest of the "Your Mentor" sessions were re-recorded by Ian Davison-Swift from Avenger. D.C. Rage (Darren Cook of Avenger) was brought in as bassist and two new tracks were recorded, with the new four-piece, "Queen of Death" and "Protector" (although Alan Hunter of Tysondog had originally contributed vocals to "Protector"). In October 1986 the re-titled Queen Of Death EP was released with the title track and "Protector" on the A-side, and "Demolition", "Funeral Pyre" and "Mode III" on the B-side. The pictures on the back cover show the line-up of Ged, Rob, Ian and D.C. Rage although this line-up never played live. A re-recording of the track "Future Warriors", with Ian on vocals was also licensed for future inclusion in a compilation. With touring commitments lining up for the band, Tony was invited to rejoin the band as rhythm guitarist, making Atomkraft a 5 piece outfit for their upcoming shows. _START_SECTION_ Conductors of Noize _START_PARAGRAPH_ The new line-up records the mini-album Conductors of Noize, which was released in July 1987, and then promoted the record as part of support to Agent Steel and Nuclear Assault. The first date of the tour, at Hammersmith Odeon featured an expanded line-up of Max Penalty, Atomkraft, Onslaught, Nuclear Assault and Agent Steel, and was promoted as ‘The Longest Day’. Atomkraft’s performance was filmed for the Live Conductors video as well as being recorded for a live BBC radio broadcast. They also played Dynamo Festival alongside Testament, Destruction and Stryper with the show going out live on Dutch radio. _START_SECTION_ Disbandment _START_PARAGRAPH_ The expanded 5-piece embarked on a 1988 European tour with Nasty Savage and Exumer ultimately resulting in a ‘unique’ gig (for the time) in Katowice, Poland at Spodek Stadium. This show was recorded for live TV/video. On completion of the tour Tony (who was offered a position in Venom as replacement for Cronos), and despite Ged’s attempts to recruit replacements the band folded in 1988. _START_SECTION_ Reformation _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2004 Sanctuary Records (who have previously acquired the Neat Records back-catalogue) released an Atomkraft anthology. With renewed interest in the band, Tony reformed Atomkraft for live dates in 2005 and a possible new album. The 2005 line-up includes Payre Hulkoff (from Swedish industrial band Raubtier) on guitar and Steve Mason on drums. However, this line-up didn't release any new material._NEWLINE_Atomkraft didn't have real activities during the following years, despite of regular rumors about a possible new album. Finally, an EP of new material came out in 2011 on Austrian underground label W.A.R. Productions. This EP was called Cold Sweat and contents three unreleased tracks recorded with members of the 2005 line-up and session musicians plus a Thin Lizzy cover of the famous "Cold Sweat" track, featuring Australian guitar player Joe Matera on guitar solo._NEWLINE_Following the release of the Cold Sweat EP, Tony Dolan recruited a new line-up and did one date in London under the Atomkraft moniker in 2011, performing classic tracks and songs from the new EP. The 2011 line-up includes Kraen Maier and Rich Davenport on guitars, plus Paul Caffrey (from Gama Bomb) on drums._NEWLINE_This line-up of Atomkraft (minus Rich Davenport) performed the Future Warriors LP in its entirety in March 2014 at the second edition of the Brofest, a NWOBHM festival based in Newcastle upon Tyne. Former Venom guitarist Jeff Mantas appeared as a guest during the gig._NEWLINE_A new compilation album, called Looking Back To The Future, was released in 2014 by Italian label Minotauro Records. It contains essentially unreleased demos and live tracks from every era of the band's history.

18428147061138910642

Q49310

_START_ARTICLE_ Attakullakulla _START_SECTION_ Names _START_PARAGRAPH_ Early on in his life, he was first known as Onkanacleah. According to the anthropologist James Mooney, Attakullakulla's Cherokee name could be translated "leaning wood", from ada meaning "wood", and gulkalu, a verb that implies something long, leaning against some other object. His name "Little Carpenter" derived from the English meaning of his Cherokee name along with a reference to his physical stature. As naturalist William Bartram described him, he was "a man of remarkable small stature, slender, and delicate frame." "His ears were cut and banded with silver, hanging nearly down to his shoulders." He was mild-mannered, brilliant, and witty._NEWLINE_Felix Walker accurately characterized Attakullakulla in his speculation on the origin of the name Little Carpenter: just “as a white carpenter could make every notch and joint fit in wood, so he could bring all his views to fill and fit their places in the political machinery of his nation”. He also excelled at building houses which could be another reason for him getting his title. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Attakullakulla is believed to have been born in the territory of the Overhill Cherokee, in what is now East Tennessee , sometime in the early 1700s. His son, Turtle-at-Home, said that he was born to a sub-tribe of the Algonquian-speaking Nipissing to the north near Lake Superior. He was captured as an infant during a raid in which his parents were killed, and brought back to Tennessee to be adopted by a Cherokee family, where he was raised as Cherokee. He married Nionne Ollie, a Natchez captive adopted as the daughter of his cousin, Oconostota. The marriage was permissible because they were of different clans; he was Wolf Clan and she was Paint Clan._NEWLINE_He was a member of the Cherokee delegation that traveled to England in 1730. In 1736, he rejected the advances of the French, who had sent emissaries to the Overhill Cherokee. Three or four years later, he was captured by the Ottawa, allies of the French, who held him captive in Quebec until 1748. Upon his return, he became one of the Cherokees' leading diplomats and an adviser to the Beloved Man of Chota. _START_SECTION_ Cherokee warrior _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 1750s, Attakullakulla worked to provide a steady supply of trade goods for his people. When the French and Indian War began, Cherokees journeyed to the Pennsylvania frontier to serve in British military campaigns against French and Indian strongholds. Cherokees were murdered on their way home by Virginia frontiersmen. Attakullakulla journeyed to Pennsylvania, to Williamsburg, and then to Charles Town, securing the promise of trade goods as compensation. But this was not enough to satisfy young Cherokee who wished to honor their cultural obligation of "blood revenge" and sought social status. Throughout 1758 and 1759, Cherokee warriors launched retributive raids on the southern colonial frontier. Hoping that matters might be forgiven, Attakullakulla even led a Cherokee war party against French Fort Massiac, and tried to negotiate peace with the British._NEWLINE_These efforts proved unsuccessful. In late 1759, Cherokees went to Charleston to try to negotiate with South Carolina authorities for peace. The colonial governor, William Henry Lyttetton, seized the delegates as hostages until the Cherokee responsible for killing white settlers were surrendered. Having raised an expeditionary force of 1700 men, Lyttleton set out for Fort Prince George, with the hostages in tow, and arrived on December 9, 1759. Attakullakulla was forced to sign a treaty agreeing that the Cherokees would deliver up "murderers" in exchange for nearly two dozen hostages confined at Fort Prince George._NEWLINE_Attakullakulla returned to Fort Prince George in early 1760 to negotiate for the release of the hostages, but to no avail. As peaceful negotiations failed, Oconostota subsequently lured a Lt. Richard Coytmore out of the fort by waving a bridle over his head. He then incited Cherokee warriors hiding in the woods to shoot and kill Coytmore. The garrison in the fort retaliated with the execution of all the remaining Cherokee hostages. Cherokee Indians launched an offensive against settlements on the southern frontier. Many Cherokees blamed Attakullakulla for the death of the hostages. While he worked to try to bring about peace, later in 1760, British and South Carolina troops invaded the Cherokee Lower Towns and Middle Towns. They were forced to retreat and Fort Loudoun fell to the Cherokees. Attakullakulla again attempted to negotiate a peace, but this did not come until after a punitive British and South Carolina military expedition against the Middle and Lower Towns in 1761. Attakullakulla signed peace terms in Charles Town on December 18, 1761, but was robbed and harassed by angry frontiersmen on his journey home. Throughout the 1760s, he would work in vain to stall white settlement and was a frequent guest in Charles Town and Williamsburg. In the early 1740s the French-allied Ottawa warriors captured Attakullakulla and took him to Canada. He returned to the Cherokee country precisely when the imperial rivalry between the British and the French intensified.When he returned he became the top lieutenant in his maternal uncle's Connecorte, Old Hop the head chief of the Chota. _START_SECTION_ Diplomatic contributions _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 1750–1760s Attakullakulla dominated Cherokee diplomacy. Although he usually favored the British he was a skilled diplomat, always looking for a peaceful resolution to problems but looking for in best interests of the Cherokees When Connecorte died, it left Attakullakulla, the diplomat, and Oconostota, the war leader, with shared power and they led the Cherokees for a generation._NEWLINE_On June 2, 1760, he left the fort and was expelled from the Cherokee Council. He moved into the woods to live, finding it impolitic to be among either the ones who lost or the victors of the 1760 Cherokee War. In June 1761 a punitive British expedition dispatched by General Jeffery Amherst and commanded by Colonel James Grant ravaged the Cherokee towns in the Carolinas. Having failed to secure French support, the Cherokees recalled Attakullakulla to the council to negotiate peace with the British. Attakulla also influenced the selection of John Stuart as superintendent of Southern Indian affairs._NEWLINE_In 1772 Attakullakulla leased lands to the Watauga Association, a government formed by settlers, in what is now the upper eastern corner of Tennessee. In 1775 he favored the so-called Transylvania Purchase which North Carolina colonel Richard Henderson bought twenty million acres in Kentucky and Middle Tennessee._NEWLINE_In the Treaty of Broad River (1756), he agreed to a Cherokee land succession in exchange for the English promise to build forts in Cherokee territory to protect their women and children while the men were away at war. He honored treaty promises to the English but was opposed by fellow Cherokees for doing so. However, he played the colonies of South Carolina and Virginia against each other to secure fair trading practices for his people._NEWLINE_In the Treaty of Peace and Friendship concluded by his Excellency William-Henry Lyttjelton with Attakullakulla, it stated that there would “be firm peace and friendship between all His Majesty's subjects of this province and the nation of Indians called the Cherokees, and then said Cherokees shall preserve peace with all his majesty's subjects whatsoever”. _START_SECTION_ Family and death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although little is known of his parentage, his family did produce other leaders. Connecotre (Old Hop), the headman of the Cherokee during the 1750s, was his maternal uncle. Attakullakulla's son Dragging Canoe led a resistance to the United States in the 1780s. His niece, Nancy Ward, was a ‘beloved woman’, who had the power to free war captives.During the Revolutionary War, Attakullakulla was one of a party of elder Cherokee leaders who ceded lands to Virginia, contrary to the wishes of younger warriors. Attakullakulla's son, Dragging Canoe, the Chickamauga Cherokee leader during the Cherokee-American wars, split with his father during this time._NEWLINE_After the Cherokees massacred Fort Loudon, Attakullkulla realized that Capt. Stuart, an agent of Indian Affairs under the colonial government, had escaped death. Attakullakulla had purchased Stuart from the Indian who had taken him. Attakullakulla gave his rifle, clothes and all he could command to purchase Stuart. After so doing, this by Cherokee custom made Stuart his eldest brother. The lifelong friendship proved to be profitable to the English.The life of Capt. Stewart being again menaced, for refusing to aid in the mediated reduction of Fort George, Attakullkulla resolved to rescue his friend or perish in the attempt. He accordingly signified to his countrymen that he intended to go hunting and take his prisoner with him to eat venison. The distance to the frontier settlements was great. The expedition was necessary to prevent being overtaken by those in pursuit of the Cherokee. Nine days and nights they traveled through the wilderness until they fell in with a party of rangers sent out for protection of the frontier, who conducted them in safety to the settlements. Attakullakulla is believed to have died in 1777. He was succeeded as First Beloved Man by Oconostota.

1637310570949576445

Q20400343

_START_ARTICLE_ Attasaddy Misurata Sports Club _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Attasaddy Misurata Sports Club was founded on 1983

3810752292869448229

Q127267

_START_ARTICLE_ Attenberg _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Marina, a sexually inexperienced 23-year-old woman, lives with her terminally-ill architect father, Spyros, in an industrial Greek town by the sea where she works at the local steel mill._NEWLINE_Unable to relate to her fellow humans, she lives her life through the wildlife documentaries of Sir David Attenborough, the songs of Suicide and the sex education lessons given to her by her friend Bella._NEWLINE_Despite her sexual inexperience, Marina's relationships with her father and Bella show warmth and thought. Spyros, contemplative as he approaches death, shares with her how he believes, "Man has designed ruins with mathematical accuracy..." referring to the destiny of most architecture, eventually. But then cynically, he reflects that " We (Greece) went from sheep to bulldozers...'_NEWLINE_When a stranger comes to town, an engineer whom begins a work course at the steel mill, Marina has her first sexual relationship with him. She is secretive. Telling first Spyros and later Bella. Spyros asks of course, "If you do not want me to meet him, why are you telling me about him?"_NEWLINE_As Spyros comes closer to death, Marina asks Bella to sleep with her father, as a favor for a dying man, whom she duly obliges. Meanwhile, Marina begins a sexual relationship with the stranger._NEWLINE_The film reaches its conclusion after Spyros's passing, where the last scenes are of Bella and Marina scattering his ashes in the sea. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Quentin Tarantino, who was head of the Jury for the 67th Venice International Film Festival, said that the film "grew on us the most, and showed another Greece". Journalist Shane Danielsen called the film "an intellectually rigorous, quietly wrenching Greek drama". Peter Bradshaw characterised the film as "an angular, complex, absorbing and obscurely troubling movie". _START_SECTION_ Promotion _START_PARAGRAPH_ A promotional picture for the film, where the tongues of two women meet, was censored on Facebook, but Facebook now hosts a profile for the film in which the picture is allowed.

7194631446326928433

Q65045957

_START_ARTICLE_ Attitude object _START_PARAGRAPH_ An attitude object is the concept around which an attitude is formed and changes over time. This attitude represents an evaluative integration of cognitions and affects in relation to the attitude object.

4303253357300013469

Q2870876

_START_ARTICLE_ Audrey De Montigny _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Her career began in 2003, when she auditioned for the 2003 debut season of Canadian Idol. As a Québécoise, she could speak little English, but was praised for her renditions of English songs as she learned quickly during the competition. Her singing and her personality helped her to win a substantial fan base during the competition, and she made it to the top four._NEWLINE_After her stint on Canadian Idol, De Montigny was signed by 19 Entertainment and BMG Music Canada. Her father was her manager, and he sold his home to help his daughter with her career. She released her debut single Même Les Anges on November 4, 2003. The single debuted at #2 on the Canadian singles chart and stayed on the chart for 28 weeks. In Quebec, the single was #1 for 11 consecutive weeks._NEWLINE_In April 2004 her debut album Audrey which contained a mix of French and English songs (mostly French) was released. She sold 35,000 albums. Her second single Dis-Moi Pourquoi was a top 10 hit in Quebec. The album was nominated for a 2005 Juno Award in the category Francophone Album of the Year._NEWLINE_De Montigny left BMG and 19E in order to have more artistic control over her second album. Her family started their own label called DEM Musique._NEWLINE_In June 2006 her debut single "Prends-Moi Comme Je Suis" from her second album Si l'Amour Existe (out September 26, 2006) was released to radio._NEWLINE_De Montigny had her first international success "Here We Are" (2006) in collaboration with musician Steve Barakatt. The single reached number one on the Top Downloads chart in South Korea. The association with Steve Barakatt allowed Audrey de Montigny to release John Lennon's song "Love" for the Amnesty International "Make Some Noise" project._NEWLINE_In 2012 De Montigny released the single "Aujourd'hui Tout Va Changer" which went to number six on the charts followed by the release of a new album Un Seul Instant that fall. The second single from the album "De Toi Je Rêve" peaked at number two on the Francophone charts._NEWLINE_After 2012, she retired from music and transitioned to a full-time career in real estate in Montreal.

4453835928767781560

Q4821293

_START_ARTICLE_ Augusto La Torre _START_PARAGRAPH_ Augusto La Torre (Mondragone, Province of Caserta, September 24, 1962) is an Italian criminal and former Camorra boss. Up until his arrest and subsequent collaboration with Italian justice in January 2003, La Torre was the head of the La Torre clan, a powerful Camorra organization whose vast lucrative criminal empire stretched from its base Mondragone in the hinterland of Campania out into Aberdeen, Scotland, as well as the Netherlands. His brother is Antonio La Torre.

6998285541907432594

Q1131436

_START_ARTICLE_ Aurelianus (consul) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aurelianus (fl. 393–416), also known as Aurelian, was a prominent politician of the Eastern Roman Empire. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aurelianus was the son of the Consul of 361, Taurus, and brother of Caesarius; he had a son called Taurus, Consul in 428. Aurelianus was a Christian, and erected a church to protomartyr Stephen._NEWLINE_Aurelianus was Praefectus urbi of Constantinople between 393 and 394. When the Gothic Magister militum Gainas rose to power at the court of Emperor Arcadius, he had all supporters of his enemy Eutropius removed; he chose Aurelianus as Praetorian prefect of the East (August 399), replacing Eutychianus, Eutropius' choice. Aurelianus, therefore, became the most powerful civilian official and was involved in the trial against Eutropius, which started at Chalcedon in September of that year and culminated in the latter's execution. He was appointed consul for the year 400, but his colleague in the West, the magister militum Stilicho, did not recognize him in an act of open confrontation with the Eastern court and particularly with Gainas. He was still Prefect at the beginning of 400, when he received the order to confiscate the properties of Eutropius and destroy his statues._NEWLINE_In mid-April 400, Gainas, who had rebelled with his Goths, went to Constantinople, where he forced Arcadius to hand over Aurelianus and Saturninus; Aurelian was exiled (and possibly deposed), but his properties were not confiscated. After the defeat of the Goths at Constantinople (July 12 400), Aurelianus made a triumphant return to the capital. It is known from the laws sent to him and preserved in the Theodosian Code that he was Praetorian prefect of the East a second time between 414 and 416._NEWLINE_He was an important figure in the Senate until late in life and the Senate dedicated him a statue in gold. _START_SECTION_ Aurelianus in literature _START_PARAGRAPH_ The character of Osiris in the work Aegyptus sive de providentia by Synesius of Cyrene has been identified with Aurelianus; in this work Osiris is opposed to Typhon, representing Caesarius or Eutychianus, while Horus should represent Taurus.

13695089189917715018

Q4822370

_START_ARTICLE_ Aurifeuillean factorization _START_PARAGRAPH_ In number theory, an aurifeuillean factorization, or aurifeuillian factorization, named after Léon-François-Antoine Aurifeuille, is a special type of algebraic factorization that comes from non-trivial factorizations of cyclotomic polynomials over the integers. Although cyclotomic polynomials themselves are irreducible over the integers, when restricted to particular integer values they may have an algebraic factorization, as in the examples below.

1882706928525642676

Q168903

_START_ARTICLE_ Aurochs _START_SECTION_ Taxonomy _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aurochs was variously classified as Bos primigenius, Bos taurus, or, in old sources, Bos urus. However, in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature "conserved the usage of 17 specific names based on wild species, which are predated by or contemporary with those based on domestic forms", confirming Bos primigenius for the aurochs. Taxonomists who consider domesticated cattle a subspecies of the wild aurochs should use B. primigenius taurus; those who consider domesticated cattle to be a separate species may use the name B. taurus, which the Commission has kept available for that purpose. _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The words aurochs, urus, and wisent have all been used synonymously in English. But the extinct aurochs/urus is a completely separate species from the still-extant wisent, also known as European bison. The two were often confused, and some 16th-century illustrations of aurochs and wisents have hybrid features._NEWLINE_The word urus (/ˈjʊərəs/; plural uri) is a Latin word, but was borrowed into Latin from Germanic (cf. Old English/Old High German ūr, Old Norse úr). In German, OHG ūr was compounded with ohso "ox", giving ūrohso, which became early modern Aurochs. The modern form is Auerochse._NEWLINE_The word aurochs was borrowed from early modern German, replacing archaic urochs, also from an earlier form of German. The word is invariable in number in English, though sometimes a back-formed singular auroch and/or innovated plural aurochses occur. The use in English of the plural form aurochsen is nonstandard, but mentioned in The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language. It is directly parallel to the German plural Ochsen (singular Ochse) and recreates by analogy the same distinction as English ox (singular) and oxen (plural). _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The appearance of the aurochs has been reconstructed from skeletal material, historical descriptions, and contemporaneous depictions, such as cave paintings, engravings, or Sigismund von Herberstein’s illustration. The work by Charles Hamilton Smith is a copy of a painting owned by a merchant in Augsburg, which may date to the 16th century. Scholars have proposed that Smith's illustration was based on a cattle/aurochs hybrid, or an aurochs-like breed. The aurochs was depicted in prehistoric cave paintings and described in Julius Caesar's The Gallic War, Book 6, Ch. 28. _START_SECTION_ Size _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aurochs were one of the largest herbivores in postglacial Europe, comparable to the wisent (European bison). The size of an aurochs appears to have varied by region; in Europe, northern populations were bigger on average than those from the south. For example, during the Holocene, aurochs from Denmark and Germany had an average height at the shoulders of 155–180 cm (61–71 in) in bulls and 135–155 cm (53–61 in) in cows, while aurochs populations in Hungary had bulls reaching 155–160 cm (61–63 in). The body mass of aurochs appears to have shown some variability. Some individuals were comparable in weight to the wisent and the banteng, reaching around 700 kg (1,540 lb), whereas those from the late-middle Pleistocene are estimated to have weighed up to 1,500 kg (3,310 lb), as much as the largest gaur (the largest extant bovid). The sexual dimorphism between bulls and cows was strongly expressed, with the cows being significantly shorter than bulls on average. _START_SECTION_ Horns _START_PARAGRAPH_ Because of the massive horns, the frontal bones of aurochs were elongated and broad. The horns of the aurochs were characteristic in size, curvature, and orientation. They were curved in three directions: upwards and outwards at the base, then swinging forwards and inwards, then inwards and upwards. Aurochs horns could reach 80 cm (31 in) in length and between 10 and 20 cm (3.9 and 7.9 in) in diameter. The horns of bulls were larger, with the curvature more strongly expressed than in cows. The horns grew from the skull at a 60° angle to the muzzle, facing forwards. _START_SECTION_ Body shape _START_PARAGRAPH_ The proportions and body shape of the aurochs were strikingly different from many modern cattle breeds. For example, the legs were considerably longer and more slender, resulting in a shoulder height that nearly equalled the trunk length. The skull, carrying the large horns, was substantially larger and more elongated than in most cattle breeds. As in other wild bovines, the body shape of the aurochs was athletic, and especially in bulls, showed a strongly expressed neck and shoulder musculature. Therefore, the fore hand was larger than the rear, similar to the wisent, but unlike many domesticated cattle. Even in carrying cows, the udder was small and hardly visible from the side; this feature is equal to that of other wild bovines. _START_SECTION_ Coat colour _START_PARAGRAPH_ The coat colour of the aurochs can be reconstructed by using historical and contemporary depictions. In his letter to Conrad Gesner (1602), Anton Schneeberger describes the aurochs, a description that agrees with cave paintings in Lascaux and Chauvet. Calves were born a chestnut colour. Young bulls changed their coat colour at a few months old to a very deep brown or black, with a white eel stripe running down the spine. Cows retained the reddish-brown colour. Both sexes had a light-coloured muzzle. Some North African engravings show aurochs with a light-coloured "saddle" on the back, but otherwise no evidence of variation in coat colour is seen throughout its range. A passage from Mucante (1596) describes the “wild ox” as gray, but is ambiguous and may refer to the wisent. Egyptian grave paintings show cattle with a reddish-brown coat colour in both sexes, with a light saddle, but the horn shape of these suggest that they may depict domesticated cattle. Remains of aurochs hair were not known until the early 1980s. _START_SECTION_ Colour of forelocks _START_PARAGRAPH_ Some primitive cattle breeds display similar coat colours to the aurochs, including the black colour in bulls with a light eel stripe, a pale mouth, and similar sexual dimorphism in colour. A feature often attributed to the aurochs is blond forehead hairs. Historical descriptions tell that the aurochs had long and curly forehead hair, but none mentions a certain colour for it. Cis van Vuure (2005) says that, although the colour is present in a variety of primitive cattle breeds, it is probably a discolouration that appeared after domestication. The gene responsible for this feature has not yet been identified. Zebu breeds show lightly coloured inner sides of the legs and belly, caused by the so-called zebu-tipping gene. It has not been tested if this gene is present in remains of the wild form of the zebu, the Indian aurochs. _START_SECTION_ Behaviour and ecology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Like many bovids, aurochs formed herds for at least a part of the year. These probably did not number much more than 30. If aurochs had social behaviour similar to their descendants, social status was gained through displays and fights, in which cows engaged as well as bulls. Indeed, aurochs bulls were reported to often have had severe fights. As in other wild cattle, ungulates that form unisexual herds, considerable sexual dimorphism was expressed. Ungulates that form herds containing animals of both sexes, such as horses, have more weakly developed sexual dimorphism._NEWLINE_During the mating season, which probably took place during the late summer or early autumn, the bulls had severe fights, and evidence from the forest of Jaktorów shows these could lead to death. In autumn, aurochs fed up for the winter and got fatter and shinier than during the rest of the year, according to Schneeberger. Calves were born in spring. According to Schneeberger, the calf stayed at the cow's side until it was strong enough to join and keep up with the herd on the feeding grounds._NEWLINE_Calves were vulnerable to wolves and, to an extent, bears, while healthy adult aurochs probably did not have to fear these predators. In prehistoric Europe, North Africa, and Asia, big cats, such as lions and tigers, and hyenas were additional predators that probably preyed on aurochs._NEWLINE_Historical descriptions, like Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Schneeberger, tell that aurochs were swift and fast, and could be very aggressive. According to Schneeberger, aurochs were not concerned when a man approached, but when teased or hunted, an aurochs could get very aggressive and dangerous, and throw the teasing person into the air, as he described in a 1602 letter to Gesner. _START_SECTION_ Habitat and distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ No consensus exists concerning the habitat of the aurochs. While some authors think that the habitat selection of the aurochs was comparable to the African forest buffalo, others describe the species as inhabiting open grassland and helping maintain open areas by grazing, together with other large herbivores. With its hypsodont jaw, the aurochs was probably a grazer and had a food selection very similar to domesticated cattle. It was not a browser like many deer species, nor a semi-intermediary feeder like the wisent. Comparisons of the isotope levels of Mesolithic aurochs and domestic cattle bones showed that aurochs probably inhabited wetter areas than domestic cattle. Schneeberger describes that during winter, the aurochs ate twigs and acorns in addition to grasses._NEWLINE_After the beginning of the Common Era, the habitat of aurochs became more fragmented because of the steadily growing human population. During the last centuries of its existence, the aurochs was limited to remote regions, such as floodplain forests or marshes, with no competing domestic herbivores and less hunting pressure. _START_SECTION_ Domestication _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aurochs, which ranged throughout much of Eurasia and Northern Africa during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene, is the wild ancestor of modern cattle. Archaeological evidence shows that domestication occurred independently in the Near East and the Indian subcontinent between 10,000 and 8,000 years ago, giving rise to the two major domestic taxa observed today: humpless Bos taurus (taurine) and humped Bos indicus (zebu), respectively. This is confirmed by genetic analyses of matrilineal mitochondrial DNA sequences, which reveal a marked differentiation between modern B. taurus and B. indicus haplotypes, demonstrating their derivation from two geographically and genetically divergent wild populations. A third domestication event possibly occurred from another form of the aurochs in Africa. The sanga cattle, a zebu-like cattle breed with no back hump, is commonly believed to originate from crosses between humped zebus with taurine cattle breeds. However, some archaeological evidence indicates these cattle were domesticated independently in Africa and that bloodlines of taurine and zebu cattle were introduced only within the last few hundreds years._NEWLINE_Domestication of the aurochs began in the southern Caucasus and northern Mesopotamia from about the sixth millennium BC. Genetic evidence suggests that aurochs were independently domesticated in India and possibly also in northern Africa. Domesticated cattle and aurochs are so different in size that they have been regarded as separate species; however, large ancient cattle and aurochs have more similar morphological characteristics, with significant differences only in the horns and some parts of the cranium._NEWLINE_A mitochondrial DNA study suggests that all domesticated taurine cattle originated from about 80 wild female aurochs in the Near East._NEWLINE_Comparison of aurochs bones with those of modern cattle has provided many insights about the aurochs. Remains of the beast, from specimens believed to have weighed more than a ton, have been found in Mesolithic sites around Goldcliff, Wales._NEWLINE_Though aurochs became extinct in Britain during the Bronze Age, analysis of bones from aurochs that lived about the same time as domesticated cattle traditionally suggested no genetic contribution to modern breeds. More recent work has pointed to substantial aurochs contributions to indigenous British and Irish cattle breeds, with the most material found in Kerry cattle._NEWLINE_Indian zebu, although domesticated eight to ten thousand years ago, are related to aurochs that diverged from the Near Eastern ones some 200,000 years ago. African cattle are thought to have descended from aurochs more closely related to the Near Eastern ones. The Near East and African aurochs groups are thought to have split some 25,000 years ago, probably 15,000 years before domestication. The "Turano-Mongolian" type of cattle now found in northern China, Mongolia, Korea, and Japan may represent a fourth domestication event (and a third event among B. taurus–type aurochs). This group may have diverged from the Near East group some 35,000 years ago. Whether these separate genetic populations would have equated to separate subspecies is unclear._NEWLINE_The maximum range of the aurochs was from Europe (excluding Ireland and northern Scandinavia), to northern Africa, the Middle East, India, and Central Asia. Until at least 3,000 years ago, the aurochs was also found in eastern China, where it is recorded at the Dingjiabao Reservoir in Yangyuan County. Most remains in China are known from the area east of 105°E, but the species has also been reported from the eastern margin of the Tibetan plateau, close to the Heihe River. In Japan, excavations in various locations, such as in Iwate and Tochigi prefectures, have found aurochs which may have herded with steppe bison. _START_SECTION_ Extinction _START_PARAGRAPH_ By the time of Herodotus (fifth century BC), aurochs had disappeared from southern Greece, but remained common in the area north and east of the Echedorus River close to modern Thessaloniki. The last reports of the species in the southern tip of the Balkans date to the first century BC, when Varro reported that fierce wild oxen lived in Dardania (southern Serbia) and Thrace. By the 13th century AD, the aurochs' range was restricted to Poland, Lithuania, Moldavia, Transylvania, and East Prussia. The right to hunt large animals on any land was restricted first to nobles, and then gradually, to only the royal households. As the population of aurochs declined, hunting ceased, and the royal court used gamekeepers to provide open fields for grazing for the aurochs. The gamekeepers were exempted from local taxes in exchange for their service. Poaching aurochs was punishable by death._NEWLINE_According to a Polish royal survey in 1564, the gamekeepers knew of 38 animals. The last recorded live aurochs, a female, died in 1627 in the Jaktorów Forest, Poland, from natural causes. The causes of extinction were unrestricted hunting, a narrowing of habitat due to the development of farming, and diseases transmitted by domesticated cattle. _START_SECTION_ Breeding of aurochs-like cattle _START_PARAGRAPH_ While all the wild subspecies are extinct, B. primigenius lives on in domesticated cattle, and attempts are being made to breed similar types suitable for filling the extinct subspecies' role in the wild._NEWLINE_The idea of breeding back the aurochs was first proposed in the 19th century by Feliks Paweł Jarocki. In the 1920s, a first attempt was undertaken by the Heck brothers in Germany with the aim of breeding an effigy (a look-alike) of the aurochs. Starting in the 1990s, grazing and rewilding projects brought new impetus to the idea and new breeding-back efforts came underway, this time with the aim of recreating an animal not only with the looks, but also with the behaviour and the ecological impact of the aurochs, to be able to fill the ecological role of the aurochs. _START_SECTION_ Heck cattle _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the early 1920s, two German zoo directors (in Berlin and Munich), the brothers Heinz and Lutz Heck, began a selective breeding program to breed back the aurochs into existence from the descendant domesticated cattle. Their plan was based on the concept that a species is not extinct as long as all its genes are still present in a living population. The result is the breed called Heck cattle. It resembles what is known about the appearance of the aurochs in colour, and in some cases, also horn shape. _START_SECTION_ Taurus Project _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Arbeitsgemeinschaft Biologischer Umweltschutz, a conservation group in Germany, started to crossbreed Heck cattle with southern-European primitive breeds in 1996, with the goal of increasing the aurochs-likeness of certain Heck cattle herds. These crossbreeds are called Taurus cattle. It is intended to bring in aurochs-like features that are supposedly missing in Heck cattle using Sayaguesa Cattle and Chianina, and to a lesser extent Spanish Fighting Cattle (Lidia). The same breeding program is being carried out in Latvia, in Lille Vildmose National Park in Denmark, and in the Hungarian Hortobágy National Park. The program in Hungary also includes Hungarian Grey cattle and Watusi. _START_SECTION_ Tauros Programme _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Dutch-based Tauros Programme, (initially TaurOs Project) is trying to DNA-sequence breeds of primitive cattle to find gene sequences that match those found in "ancient DNA" from aurochs samples. The modern cattle would be selectively bred to try to produce the aurochs-type genes in a single animal. Starting around 2007, Tauros Programme selected a number of primitive breeds mainly from Iberia and Italy, such as Sayaguesa cattle, Maremmana primitivo, Pajuna cattle, Limia cattle, Maronesa cattle, Tudanca cattle, and others, which already bear considerable resemblance to the aurochs in certain features. Tauros Programme started collaborations with Rewilding Europe and European Wildlife, two European organizations for ecological restoration and rewilding, and now has breeding herds not only in the Netherlands but also in Portugal, Croatia, Romania, and the Czech Republic. Numerous crossbred calves of the first, second, and third offspring generations have already been born. An ecologist working on the Tauros programme has estimated it will take 7 generations for the project to achieve its aims, possibly by 2025. _START_SECTION_ Uruz Project _START_PARAGRAPH_ A further back-breeding effort, the Uruz project, was started in 2013 by the True Nature Foundation, an organization for ecological restoration and rewilding. It differs from the other projects in that it is planning to make use of genome editing. Its preliminary plans called for the use of Sayaguesa, Maremmana primitive, or Hungarian Grey (Steppe) cattle, and Texas Longhorn with wildtype colour or Barrosã cattle. The finalised plans now call for setting up two breeding lines, Sayaguesa × Maremmana primitiva/Hungarian Steppe cattle and Watusi × Chianina, and later crossing these lines. Two Watusi × Chianina breeding herds have been set up in Boxmeer and Breda in the Netherlands, another herd using Barrosã is being set up in northern Portugal. _START_SECTION_ Auerrind Project _START_PARAGRAPH_ The newest of the back-breeding efforts, the Auerrindprojekt, was started in 2015 as a conjoint effort of the Experimentalarchäologisches Freilichtlabor Lauresham (Lauresham Experimental-Archaeological Open-air Laboratory, run by Lorsch Abbey), the Förderkreis Große Pflanzenfresser im Kreis Bergstraße e.V. (Promoting Association Megaherbivores in Bergstraße District) and the Landschaftspflegebetrieb Hohmeyer (Landscape Preservation Company Hohmeyer). In accordance with the breeding aims, the Auerrindprojekt has already set up two breeding herds of Watusi × Chianina and one breeding herd of Sayaguesa x Podolian cattle; a second breeding herd of Sayaguesa × Podolian cattle will be started in 2017. Podolian breeds used include Maremmana and Hungarian Grey cattle. The project will not use 'Heck cattle' as they have been deemed too genetically dissimilar to the extinct Aurochs, and it will not use any fighting breeds of cattle, as an animal that has been bred for aggression cannot be released into the wild. The project aims to produce a very close facsimile of the wild Aurochs by 2028-2033. _START_SECTION_ Other projects _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scientists of the Polish Foundation for Recreating the Aurochs (PFOT) in Poland hope to use DNA from bones in museums to recreate the aurochs. They plan to return this animal to the forests of Poland. The project has gained the support of the Polish Ministry of the Environment. They plan research on ancient preserved DNA. Other research projects have extracted "ancient" DNA over the past 20 years and their results have been published in such periodicals as Nature and PNAS. Polish scientists Ryszard Słomski and Jacek A. Modliński believe that modern genetics and biotechnology make it possible to recreate an animal almost identical to the aurochs. They say this research will lead to examining the causes of the extinction of the aurochs, and help prevent a similar occurrence with domesticated cattle. _START_SECTION_ Breeding back the aurochs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Approaches that aim to breed an aurochs-like phenotype do not equate to an aurochs-like genotype. In 2015, researchers mapped the draft genome of a British aurochs dated to 6,750 years before present. Researchers compared the genome to the genomes of 73 modern cattle populations and found that traditional or landrace cattle breeds of Scottish, Irish, Welsh, and English origin – such as Highland, Dexter, Kerry, Welsh Black, and White Park – carry the ancestry of the sequenced aurochs, but the other populations did not. Another study concluded that because of this genomic introgression of the aurochs into these breeds, if this reflects "the bigger picture across the aurochs/cattle range, perhaps several subpopulations of aurochs are not extinct at all." The study proposed that it will be possible to consider breeding back cattle "that are genetically akin to specific original aurochs populations, through selective cross-breeding of local cattle breeds bearing local aurochs-genome ancestry." _START_SECTION_ Cultural significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aurochs was an important game animal appearing in both Paleolithic European and Mesopotamian cave paintings, such as those found at Lascaux and Livernon in France. Aurochs existed into the Iron Age in Anatolia and the Near East, where it was worshiped as a sacred animal, the Lunar Bull, associated with the Great Goddess and later with Mithras. In 2012, an archaeological mission of the British Museum, led by Lebanese archaeologist Claude Doumet Serhal, discovered at the site of the old American school in Sidon, Lebanon, the remains of wild animal bones, including those of an aurochs, dating from the late-fourth to early-third millennium. A 1999 archaeological dig in Peterborough, England, uncovered the skull of an aurochs. The front part of the skull had been removed, but the horns remained attached. The supposition is that the killing of the aurochs in this instance was a sacrificial act._NEWLINE_Also during antiquity, the aurochs was regarded as an animal of cultural value. Aurochs are depicted on the Ishtar Gate. In the Peloponnese there is a 15th-century BC depiction on the so-called violent cup of Vaphio, of hunters trying to capture with nets three wild bulls being probably aurochs, in a possibly Cretan date palm stand. The one of the bulls throws one hunter on the ground while attacking the second with its horns. The cup despite the older perception of being Minoan seems to be Mycenaean. Greeks and Paeonians were hunting aurochs (wild oxen/bulls) and used their huge horns as trophies, cups for wine, and offers to the gods and heroes. For example, as mentioned by Samus, Philippus of Thessalonica and Antipater when Philip V of Macedon killed an aurochs on the foothills of mountain Orvilos, he offered the horns which were 105 cm long and the skin to a temple of Hercules. Aurochs horns were often used by Romans as hunting horns. Aurochs were among those wild animals caught for fights (venationes) in arenas. Julius Caesar described aurochs in Gaul:_NEWLINE_... those animals which are called uri. These are a little below the elephant in size, and of the appearance, colour, and shape of a bull. Their strength and speed are extraordinary; they spare neither man nor wild beast which they have espied. These the Germans take with much pains in pits and kill them. The young men harden themselves with this exercise, and practice themselves in this sort of hunting, and those who have slain the greatest number of them, having produced the horns in public, to serve as evidence, receive great praise. But not even when taken very young can they be rendered familiar to men and tamed. The size, shape, and appearance of their horns differ much from the horns of our oxen. These they anxiously seek after, and bind at the tips with silver, and use as cups at their most sumptuous entertainments._NEWLINE_— Julius Caesar. Gallic War Commentaries, Chapter 6.28_NEWLINE_They survived in the wild in Europe till late in the Roman Empire and were occasionally captured and exhibited live in shows in the colosseum._NEWLINE_The Hebrew Bible contains numerous references to the untameable strength of re'em, translated as "bullock" or "wild-ox" in Jewish translations and translated rather poorly in the King James Version as "unicorn", but recognised from the last century by Hebrew scholars as the aurochs._NEWLINE_When the aurochs became rarer, hunting it became a privilege of the nobility and a sign of a high social status. The "Nibelungenlied" describes Siegfried killing aurochs: "Darnach schlug er schiere einen Wisent und einen Elch, starker Ure viere und einen grimmen Schelch", meaning "After that, he defeated one wisent and one elk, four aurochs, and one Schelch" - the background of the "Schelch" is dubious. Aurochs horns were commonly used as drinking horns by the nobility, which led to the fact that many aurochs horn sheaths are preserved today (albeit often discoloured). The drinking horn at Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, given to the college on its foundation in 1352, probably by the college's founders, the Guilds of Corpus Christi and the Blessed Virgin Mary, is thought to come from an aurochs. A painting by Willem Kalf depicts an aurochs horn. The horns of the last aurochs bulls, which died in 1620, were ornamented with gold and are located at the Livrustkammaren in Stockholm today._NEWLINE_Schneeberger writes that aurochs were hunted with arrows, nets, and hunting dogs. With immobilised aurochs, a ritual was practised that might be regarded as cruel nowadays: the curly hair on the forehead was cut from the skull of the living animal. Belts were made out of this hair and were believed to increase the fertility of women. When the aurochs was slaughtered, a cross-like bone (os cardis) was extracted from the heart. This bone, which is also present in domesticated cattle, contributed to the mystique of the animal and magical powers have been attributed to it._NEWLINE_In eastern Europe, where it survived until nearly 400 years ago, the aurochs has left traces in fixed expressions. In Russia, a drunken person behaving badly was described as "behaving like an aurochs", whereas in Poland, big, strong people were characterized as being "a bloke like an aurochs"._NEWLINE_In Central Europe, the aurochs features in toponyms and heraldic coats of arms. For example, the names Ursenbach and Aurach am Hongar are derived from the aurochs. An aurochs head, the traditional arms of the German region Mecklenburg, figures in the coat of arms of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. The aurochs (Romanian bour, from Latin būbalus) was also the symbol of Moldavia; nowadays, they can be found in the coat of arms of both Romania and Moldova. An aurochs head is featured on an 1858 series of Moldavian stamps, the so-called Bull's Heads (cap de bour in Romanian), renowned for their rarity and price among collectors. In Romania there are still villages named Boureni, after the Romanian word for the auroch. The horn of the aurochs is a charge of the coat of arms of Tauragė, Lithuania, (the name of Tauragė is a compound of taũras "auroch" and ragas "horn"). It is also present in the emblem of Kaunas, Lithuania, and was part of the emblem of Bukovina during its time as an Austro-Hungarian Kronland. The Swiss Canton of Uri is named after the aurochs; its yellow flag shows a black aurochs head. East Slavic surnames Turenin, Turishchev, Turov, and Turovsky originate from the Slavic name of the species tur. In Slovakia, toponyms such as Turany, Turíčky, Turie, Turie Pole, Turík, Turová (villages), Turiec (river and region), Turská dolina (valley) and others are used. Turopolje, a large lowland floodplain south of the Sava River in Croatia, got its name from the once-abundant aurochs (Croatian: tur). The ancient name of the Estonian town of Rakvere, Tarwanpe or Tarvanpea, probably derives from "Aurochs head" (Tarvan pea) in ancient Estonian._NEWLINE_In 2002, a 3.5-m-high and 7.1-m-long statue of an aurochs was erected in Rakvere, Estonia, for the town's 700th birthday. The sculpture, by artist Tauno Kangro, has become a symbol of the town._NEWLINE_Aurochs are frequently mentioned in the A Song of Ice and Fire series of fantasy novels by George R. R. Martin; in particular, roasted aurochs are sometimes served at banquets._NEWLINE_In the 2012 movie Beasts of the Southern Wild, the six-year-old main character imagines aurochs, though the fantasy creatures are portrayed by "costumed" Vietnamese Pot-bellied piglets.

7187722864971136773

Q4822672

_START_ARTICLE_ Aury Wallington _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wallington grew up in Pennsylvania and always wanted to be a writer but was not sure how to go about it. She graduated from Tufts University and moved to New Orleans because one of her favourite writers, Ellen Gilchrist, was from there and Wallington thought that she would soak up some inspiration from living there too. Instead, she spent her nights bartending and her days writing really bad poetry and collecting rejection slips._NEWLINE_After a stint in New York as personal assistant to an actor, she moved to Mexico to do research for a screenplay she was writing. She ran out of money before finishing the script and headed back to New York, landing a job as script coordinator on TV show Sex and the City. Wallington was thrilled when she was asked to write an episode for the final season of the show and in the meantime worked on her novel, Pop! and wrote a one-woman show which was performed off-Broadway as part of the Double Helix Theater’s One Festival._NEWLINE_When Sex and the City ended, she moved to Los Angeles and wrote for Veronica Mars and Courting Alex. She also wrote a pilot called Pure Sunshine for Sony Television. She is currently working on a new FOX drama called Wedding Album._NEWLINE_Wallington currently lives in Los Angeles with her two-year-old rescue dog, Tuesday.

14019599995109872424

Q4823042

_START_ARTICLE_ Austin Cotterell Taylor _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in East York, Ontario, Austin Taylor was educated at St. Andrew's College in Aurora, Ontario, where he would later become a member of the Board of Governors. Taylor would make his home in the province of British Columbia where he would make a fortune in the mining and lumber industries, notably through Bralorne Mines, Ltd. of which he was President. An influential business figure in Canada, in 1934 the Wall Street Journal announced his appointment to the Board of Directors of British Columbia Power Corp. and later was appointed a director of the Bank of Canada._NEWLINE_Austin Taylor married Kathleen Elliott of Winnipeg, Manitoba with whom he had three children. Daughter, Patricia Aldyen Austin Taylor married American conservative author and commentator William F. Buckley, Jr.. _START_SECTION_ Wartime service _START_PARAGRAPH_ During World War I, Austin Taylor was part of the Canadian military and was appointed director of the Department of Aeronautical Supplies with responsibility for overseeing the harvesting and preparation of spruce lumber for military aircraft production. During World War II, Major Taylor was appointed chairman of the British Columbia Security Commission, a provincial government agency created to manage Japanese Canadian internment. As well, he served as one of C.D. Howe's dollar-a-year men. In recognition of his service, Taylor was made a Commander of the Order of the British Empire._NEWLINE_Austin Taylor died at age seventy-six in 1965.

4687606998897875057

Q4823329

_START_ARTICLE_ Austin Washington _START_SECTION_ College and amateur _START_PARAGRAPH_ Washington attended Joel E Ferris High School _START_SECTION_ Professional _START_PARAGRAPH_ Washington was drafted in the fourth round (54th overall) of the 2008 MLS SuperDraft by Chicago Fire. He was sent on loan to the Cleveland City Stars in early 2009.

30387309165569047

Q4824277

_START_ARTICLE_ Australian Indigenous Communications Association _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Australian Indigenous Communications Association (AICA) is the peak body for Australia’s Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander broadcasters. The AICA aims to represent all Indigenous people and organisations in the media, communications and entertainment industry. It develops national policy, advocates and lobbies on behalf of its members and provides assistance for the creation and sustaining of Indigenous media forms. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ AICA was founded in 2003 and replaced the National Indigenous Media Association of Australia. _START_SECTION_ Funding _START_PARAGRAPH_ The AICA receives the bulk of its funds from the Australian Government through the Department of Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts.

14057177834572932816

Q1783444

_START_ARTICLE_ Autodesk Mudbox _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mudbox was developed by Skymatter in New Zealand as the founders David Cardwell, Tibor Madjar and Andrew Camenisch were working on The Lord of the Rings at Weta Digital. They created the software to expand their own toolsets, and was first used as a complete product on King Kong. The beta was released in May 2006, followed by version 1.0 in mid-February 2007. On August 6, 2007, Autodesk announced the acquisition of Skymatter Inc. _START_SECTION_ Features _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Mudbox user interface is a 3D environment that allows the creation of movable cameras that can be bookmarked. Models created within the program typically start as a polygon mesh that can be manipulated with a variety of different tools. A model can be subdivided to increase its resolution and the number of polygons available to sculpt with. 3D layers allow the user to store different detail passes, blending them with multiplier sliders and layer masks. Using layers the user is able to sculpt and mould their 3D model without making permanent changes._NEWLINE_As a detailing app, Mudbox can import and export .obj, .fbx, and .bio files, as well as its own .mud format. A typical workflow is to create a relatively simple (low polygon count) model in a 3D modeling application and then import it to Mudbox for sculpting. Subdivision of models occurs using the Catmull-Clark subdivision algorithm._NEWLINE_The sculpting tool set contains an assortment of brushes with adjustable falloffs._NEWLINE_The use of 3D layers allows for design visualization, non-destructive sculpting, and high polygon counts. Since the layers combine additively, their ordering is unimportant for the final model and may be created arbitrarily. Curves can be created and projected on a mesh for use as precise masking. All of the standard transform and selection tools are here as well. Paint layers were added in Mudbox 2009._NEWLINE_Design visualization plays an important role in Mudbox's production value. Simple poly primitives can be created from within Mudbox, facilitating the creation of busts, props, terrain, etc._NEWLINE_Mudbox also includes stamps and stencils. Stencils work by overlaying a grayscale, or "alpha channel" image, such as a bump map, over the mesh. The artist can then project part or all of the image's detail onto the mesh through brush strokes, providing a method to quickly sculpt surface detail._NEWLINE_The underlying architecture of Mudbox was updated in Mudbox 2009 to allow the sculpting of models with larger polygon counts compared to earlier versions. In Mudbox 2009 3D painting and texturing features were introduced to allow artists to paint directly on their models in 3D. In addition, features to display the model with depth of field and ambient occlusion were added for the release._NEWLINE_In Mudbox 2010, an application programming interface (API) was introduced via a software development kit (SDK). In addition, functionality to improve file interoperability with other 3D applications (Autodesk Maya, 3ds Max etc.) was added via the FBX file format. _START_SECTION_ Interface _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mudbox's interface includes menus, tabbed windows, and tool trays, and can be customized to a limited extent. It also provides keyboard shortcuts. The navigation in the 3D view is similar to that of Autodesk Maya. _START_SECTION_ Platforms _START_PARAGRAPH_ Earlier versions of Mudbox operate on Windows XP (32 and 64 bit), Windows Vista (32 and 64 bit), Windows 7 Professional (32 and 64 bit), Linux 64-bit and Mac OS X. The current version (Mudbox 2014) is 64 bit only, and has dropped support for Windows XP. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 15, 2014, Canadians Andrew Camenisch, David Cardwell and Canadian-Hungarian Tibor Madjar were honored by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences with an Academy Award for Technical Achievement for scientific and technical achievement for the concept and design, along with the two Hungarians, educated at Debrecen University, Csaba Kőhegyi and Imre Major for the implementation of the Mudbox software.

12891826923151836549

Q2323839

_START_ARTICLE_ Automatic parallelization _START_SECTION_ Parse _START_PARAGRAPH_ This is the first stage where the scanner will read the input source files to identify all static and extern usages. Each line in the file will be checked against pre-defined patterns to segregate into tokens. These tokens will be stored in a file which will be used later by the_NEWLINE_grammar engine. The grammar engine will check patterns of tokens that match with pre-defined rules to identify variables, loops, controls_NEWLINE_statements, functions etc. in the code. _START_SECTION_ Analyze _START_PARAGRAPH_ The analyzer is used to identify sections of code that can be executed concurrently. The analyzer uses the static data information provided by the scanner-parser. The analyzer will first find out all the functions that are totally independent of each other and mark them as_NEWLINE_individual tasks. Then analyzer finds which tasks are having dependencies. _START_SECTION_ Schedule _START_PARAGRAPH_ The scheduler will lists all the tasks and their dependencies on each other in terms of execution and start times. The scheduler will produce optimal schedule in terms of number of processors to be used or the total time of execution for the application. _START_SECTION_ Code Generation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The scheduler will generate list of all the tasks and the details of the cores on which they will execute along with the time that they_NEWLINE_will execute for. The code Generator will insert special constructs in the code that will be read during execution by the scheduler. These_NEWLINE_constructs will instruct the scheduler on which core a particular task will execute along with the start and end times. _START_SECTION_ Cyclic multi-threading _START_PARAGRAPH_ A cyclic multi-threading parallelizing compiler tries to split up a loop so that each iteration can be executed on a separate processor concurrently. _START_SECTION_ Example _START_PARAGRAPH_ A loop is called DOALL if all of its iterations, in any given invocation, can be executed concurrently._NEWLINE_The Fortran code below is DOALL, and can be auto-parallelized by a compiler because each iteration is independent of the others, and the final result of array z will be correct regardless of the execution order of the other iterations._NEWLINE_ do i = 1, n_NEWLINE_ z(i) = x(i) + y(i)_NEWLINE_ enddo_NEWLINE_There are many pleasingly parallel problems that have such DOALL loops._NEWLINE_For example, when rendering a ray-traced movie,_NEWLINE_each frame of the movie can be independently rendered,_NEWLINE_and each pixel of a single frame may be independently rendered._NEWLINE_On the other hand, the following code cannot be auto-parallelized, because the value of z(i) depends on the result of the previous iteration, z(i - 1)._NEWLINE_ do i = 2, n_NEWLINE_ z(i) = z(i - 1)*2_NEWLINE_ enddo_NEWLINE_This does not mean that the code cannot be parallelized. Indeed, it is equivalent to_NEWLINE_ do i = 2, n_NEWLINE_ z(i) = z(1)*2**(i - 1)_NEWLINE_ enddo_NEWLINE_However, current parallelizing compilers are not usually capable of bringing out these parallelisms automatically, and it is questionable whether this code would benefit from parallelization in the first place.

830720293543608799

Q28401860

_START_ARTICLE_ Automotive Council UK _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Automotive Council UK is UK industry-run organisation that oversees the combined strategy of the whole UK automotive industry, in collaboration with the UK government. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was formed in 2009. _START_SECTION_ Structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is headquartered in the City of Westminster on Great Peter Street near Channel 4. The council is made from people in the UK government, and chief executives in the automotive industry. _START_SECTION_ Function _START_PARAGRAPH_ It produces reports on the UK automotive industry in collaboration with the UK government, mainly the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy.

15095774240598979493

Q18355540

_START_ARTICLE_ Automotive industry in Slovakia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 2007, Slovakia has been the world's largest producer of cars per capita, with a total of 1 080 000 in 2018 (1,001,520 in 2017 and 1,040,000 in 2016) cars manufactured alone in a country with 5 million people. With production of more than million cars in 2016, Slovakia was 20th in the list of worldwide car production by country and the 7th largest car producer in the European Union. Car manufacture is the largest industry in Slovakia with a share of 12% on the Slovak GDP in 2013 which was 41% of industrial production and 26% of Slovakia's export. 80,000 people were employed in the automotive industry in 2014. 1,500 people were employed when Jaguar Land Rover started production in Nitra in 2018. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The "Drndička" was the first automobile to be fully constructed in Slovakia and was constructed by the blacksmith Michal Majer in 1913. He copied a car owned by the Bulgarian King who was at that time travelling through Slovakia. After World War I Slovakia became a part of the newly formed Czechoslovakia. In the Czech part, the industry had been influenced mostly by Germans - see for example the dispute about the design of Tatra T97 by Hans Ledwinka vs Volkswagen Beetle design by Ferdinand Porsche, who was also born in Bohemia (now part of the Czech Republic). The long tradition of Czech car production started in 1897, when the first Czech car (Präsident) was produced in the factory in Kopřivnice (Nesselsdorfer Wagenbaufabriksgesellschaft later Tatra), followed by the first lorry in 1898. Škoda Auto (and its predecessors) is the world's fifth oldest company producing cars and has an unbroken history. The first Škoda motorcycle made its debut in 1899 and in 1905 the firm started manufacturing automobiles. Even before World War II the automotive industry was a significant and advanced part of the economy of the former Czechoslovakia. Post-war socialist Czechoslovakia restored auto manufacturing with the original brands and became the second largest (after Poland) in the Soviet block outside the USSR. The Czechoslovakian producers Skoda (who produced cars and trolleybuses), Tatra and Avia (who mainly produced trucks and trams), Karosa (buses) Jawa and ČZ (motorcycles) all had their production in the present-day Czech Republic, not in Slovakia. Companies in Slovakia, including Matador Púchov and VSŽ Košice (steel mills), were supplying parts and components to the Czech part of the republic but later (from 1971) some final production of Skoda cars was also established in Slovakia as Bratislava Automotive Works (BAZ) and Trnava Automotive Works (TAZ). Some Tatra car production was also moved to Banovce nad Bebravou. However, following the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1993, the Czech Republic inherited most of its auto production capabilities and since then has grown fast through foreign investment. Although Volkswagen bought Skoda's production sites in Slovakia in 1991, it gained full control only in 1999 when Volkswagen Slovakia was established, which was the real beginning of the rapid development of the auto-industry in Slovakia. _START_SECTION_ Present day _START_PARAGRAPH_ Slovakia is one of the significant European (7th) and World's (20th) automaker, having an annual output of more than 1 million and exports to more than 100 countries. Auto manufacturers in Slovakia, currently include 4 OEM automobile production plants: Volkswagen's in Bratislava, PSA Peugeot Citroën's in Trnava and Kia Motors' Žilina Plant and Jaguar Land Rover in Nitra. There are many other tier suppliers. _START_SECTION_ Volkswagens in Bratislava _START_PARAGRAPH_ Small car line: Volkswagen's Up family: Volkswagen up!, Škoda Citigo, SEAT Mii_NEWLINE_Regular car line: VW luxury SUVs: Volkswagen Touareg, Audi Q7, Porsche Cayenne _START_SECTION_ PSA Peugeot Citroëns in Trnava _START_PARAGRAPH_ Peugeot 207 from 2006 _NEWLINE_Citroën C3 Picasso from middle of 2008_NEWLINE_Peugeot 208 (from November 2011) _START_SECTION_ Kia Motors' Žilina Plant _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kia Cee'd_NEWLINE_Kia Sportage third generation (from 2010) _START_SECTION_ K-1 Engineering _START_PARAGRAPH_ K-1 Attack _START_SECTION_ Jaguar Land Rover Slovakia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Land Rover Discovery

14575523867645756216

Q16826397

_START_ARTICLE_ Avio Design Swan _START_SECTION_ Design and development _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aircraft family was designed to comply with the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale microlight category, including the category's maximum gross weight of 450 kg (992 lb). All models feature a cable-braced hang glider-style high-wing, weight-shift controls, a two-seats-in-tandem open cockpit, tricycle landing gear with wheel pants and a single engine in pusher configuration._NEWLINE_The aircraft is made from bolted-together aluminum tubing, with its double surface wing covered in Dacron sailcloth. Typical wings used have a 9.5 to 10.2 m (31.2 to 33.5 ft) span wing, are supported by a single tube-type kingpost and use an "A" frame weight-shift control bar. The standard powerplant is the twin cylinder, air-cooled, two-stroke, dual-ignition 64 hp (48 kW) Rotax 582 engine. Options do not include the 80 hp (60 kW) Rotax 912 engine.

11631265292027390213

Q3301393

_START_ARTICLE_ Avoca, Wisconsin _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Avoca is located at 43°11′2″N 90°19′31″W (43.183853, -90.325388)._NEWLINE_According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.44 square miles (6.32 km²), of which, 2.31 square miles (5.98 km²) of it is land and 0.13 square miles (0.34 km²) is water. _START_SECTION_ 2010 census _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2010, there were 637 people, 261 households, and 169 families residing in the village. The population density was 275.8 inhabitants per square mile (106.5/km²). There were 347 housing units at an average density of 150.2 per square mile (58.0/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 96.4% White, 0.3% African American, 1.7% Asian, 0.5% from other races, and 1.1% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.9% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 261 households of which 32.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.2% were non-families. 28.4% of all households were made up of individuals and 11.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.95._NEWLINE_The median age in the village was 39.4 years. 24.8% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.5% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 26.8% were from 25 to 44; 25.5% were from 45 to 64; and 16.6% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the village was 50.5% male and 49.5% female. _START_SECTION_ 2000 census _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2000, there were 608 people, 257 households, and 159 families residing in the village. The population density was 267.8 people per square mile (103.4/km²). There were 328 housing units at an average density of 144.5 per square mile (55.8/km²). The racial makeup of the village was 98.19% White, 0.16% Native American, 1.15% Asian, 0.16% from other races, and 0.33% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.49% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 257 households out of which 29.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.2% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 38.1% were non-families. 32.3% of all households were made up of individuals and 15.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.99._NEWLINE_In the village, the population was spread out with 25.2% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 27.6% from 25 to 44, 22.5% from 45 to 64, and 16.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.8 males._NEWLINE_The median income for a household in the village was $28,625, and the median income for a family was $31,786. Males had a median income of $25,795 versus $21,750 for females. The per capita income for the village was $16,758. About 12.2% of families and 17.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.9% of those under age 18 and 14.6% of those age 65 or over.

4507457916289630095

Q2090004

_START_ARTICLE_ Avondale Estates, Georgia _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 1890s, lots were sold in the area, which was known as Ingleside._NEWLINE_Avondale Estates was founded in 1924 by George Francis Willis, a patent medicine magnate, who purchased the entire village of Ingleside to create a planned community. The city was named after Stratford-upon-Avon, England, birthplace of Shakespeare. Downtown buildings were designed in a Tudor style to reinforce this image, as were many of the houses in the city. The city incorporated in 1927. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Avondale Estates is located at 33°46′15″N 84°15′54″W (33.770905, -84.264894). The city is entirely underlain by granite, and clay-rich soil developed on it. Some of this granite can be seen outcropped along the shore of Lake Avondale._NEWLINE_According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.1 square miles (2.8 km²), of which 0.88% is water. _START_SECTION_ Business and entertainment _START_PARAGRAPH_ The mostly Tudor-style downtown area of Avondale Estates, known as the commercial district, is home to a variety of businesses including antique and consignment stores. Pizza, Mexican fare, southern comfort food, a soda fountain/diner and Chicago style hot dogs are some of the restaurant fare options within the city limits. The city is the location of the first Waffle House, which opened its doors Labor Day weekend of 1955. Waffle House operates a museum at the original location today, and a separate restaurant elsewhere in the city._NEWLINE_A selection of art galleries and studios are located in an area of the city known as the Rail Arts District. Little Tree Art Studios located on Franklin Street, is a warehouse that includes multiple artist studios and a music rehearsal space._NEWLINE_The movie, “Instant Family” (2018), starring Mark Wahlberg and produced by Wahlberg, was filmed in Avondale. _START_SECTION_ Government and infrastructure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The city is governed by a mayor and a board of commissioners. Avondale Estates also has a city manager and other administrative positions. The city uses the DeKalb County Fire Service for fire and EMS calls, but provides its own police service._NEWLINE_The Avondale Estates Police Department (AEPD) has approximately 15 members providing around the clock coverage. Officers drive Dodge Chargers equipped with PIT bumpers, LED lights, in-car computers with e-tickets, and digital video cameras. City Court is held multiple times a month._NEWLINE_The Georgia Department of Juvenile Justice has its headquarters in Avondale Estates._NEWLINE_The United States Postal Service operates the Avondale Estates Post Office. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Avondale Estates is served by the DeKalb County School System._NEWLINE_Avondale Elementary School is in the city limits. Druid Hills Middle School, and Druid Hills High School serve the community._NEWLINE_Avondale Middle School and Avondale High School, formerly adjacent to the city limits and serving the city, closed at the end of May 2011, and the students were distributed to neighboring schools. The campus is now used exclusively by the magnet school DeKalb School of the Arts._NEWLINE_In 2008, local parents began organizing formal efforts through the Avondale Education Association, a local grass-roots non-profit organization that was founded in October 2003, to create a charter school that would achieve the standards required by law, while establishing an elementary school that reflected the values of the community. Their proposal was initially rejected by the Dekalb County School Board, but it was subsequently selected by the Georgia Charter Schools Commission as one of a small number of schools to be chartered directly by the State of Georgia. The school, Museum School of Avondale Estates, opened in 2010, and Avondale Estates therefore lies within its attendance zone.

16848100346778269877

Q538968

_START_ARTICLE_ Avro York _START_SECTION_ Origins _START_PARAGRAPH_ During 1941, Avro elected to begin development of a new civil-orientated transport aircraft. In the midst of an uncertain stage of the Second World War, Britain's aircraft industry was preoccupied by urgent wartime demands, not only to produce military aircraft, but to design increasingly capable models as well. The company's decision to embark on this venture was considered to be ambitious, especially as the development project operated with no official backing early on. The project may well have been influenced by a shortage of transport aircraft, as well as by the formation of the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC), in 1940, to run all of the nation's overseas civil air routes. However, according to aviation author Donald Hannah, there was little incentive and few materials available for the construction of transport aircraft, it was impossible to predict when the war would end and, thus, when large-scale demand for civil aircraft would return._NEWLINE_Roy Chadwick, Avro's chief designer, had foreseen a need for a transport aircraft that was powered by four engines and would be capable of flying for long distances. The design, which was designated as the Type 685, had its origins in the company's then-newly developed four-engined bomber, the Avro Lancaster, which had only made its first flight earlier that year. The Type 685 paired various elements of the Lancaster, such as its wings, tail assembly and undercarriage and Rolls-Royce Merlin engines, with a new square-section fuselage that provided double the internal capacity of the Lancaster. The two aircraft also substantially differed in external appearance._NEWLINE_In February 1942, Chadwick submitted his drawings to Avro's experimental department. Within five months, the company refined the design and had quickly assembled an initial prototype. On 5 July 1942, the York prototype, LV626, conducted its maiden flight from Ringway Airport, Manchester. It had initially been fitted with the twin fins and rudders of the Lancaster but the increased fuselage side area forward of the wing compared to the Lancaster necessitated fitting a third central fin to retain adequate control and directional stability; the third fin was fitted as standard on subsequent production aircraft. Flight trials of LV626 were quickly transferred to RAF Boscombe Down. In response to the prototype's favourable performance during trials, the Air Ministry issued an order for three more prototypes of various configurations to be built along with an initial production batch under Specification C.1/42, part of Operational Requirement OR.113 for a new transport aircraft._NEWLINE_The prototypes were used to test various adaptions and potential roles for the aircraft. LV626, the first prototype, was rebuilt to the C.II standard, the principal modification of which was the installation of Bristol Hercules VI radial engines in place of the Merlins; it was later decided to standardise on the Merlin engine, leaving this as the sole Hercules-powered York. The fourth prototype, LV639, was furnished as a paratroop transport, complete with ventral dropping doors. However, flight testing found that the York was unsuited to this role, due to the slipstream wash drawing the parachutes towards the non-retracting tailwheel, posing an entanglement risk. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ Production of the York proved difficult to speed up, due to shortages of key materials. Moreover, Avro was also obligated to place a high priority on the manufacturing and refinement of the Lancaster. Officials had also judged that there was no requirement for large numbers of Yorks at that time. By the end of 1943, only the four prototypes and three production aircraft had been manufactured, but production was scheduled to rise to three aircraft per month throughout 1944. Early production Yorks were principally used as a VIP transport aircraft; notably, the third prototype, LV633 being luxuriously fitted out and becoming the personal transport of Winston Churchill._NEWLINE_On 25 March 1943, RAF Transport Command had been formed, which soon established a clear requirement for the strengthening of Britain's air transport forces; the York became the first British aircraft to be used in quantity by Transport Command. The first RAF production order consisted of 200 aircraft; while a further 100 were ordered under a second order placed shortly after. Throughout 1944, the majority of Yorks produced were passenger transport aircraft, a batch of both pure freighters and combined passenger/freighter-configured Yorks were also manufactured. Several early production aircraft intended for RAF service were instead diverted to BOAC, who had otherwise received little in the way of similar aircraft prior to delivery of the first York in April 1944._NEWLINE_Initial assembly and testing of production Yorks, which were principally destined for service with the Royal Air Force (RAF) at that time, was performed at Ringway, reaching its peak in 1945; these activities later being transferred to facilities in Yeadon, Leeds and Woodford, Cheshire, where work was undertaken at a slower pace. Only eight aircraft of the second order for 100 aircraft were produced; in April 1948, the final York, PE108, was completed._NEWLINE_Abroad, a single pattern aircraft was completed by Victory Aircraft in Canada; however, no further orders were received. Victory had tooled up for the manufacture of 30 aircraft and had built parts for five aircraft, but, ultimately, only one would be completed around the time that the war came to an end. This aircraft would later be purchased by Skyways Ltd. _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Avro York is a high-wing cantilever monoplane using an all-metal construction, bearing many similarities to the Lancaster from which it was derived. The wings use a two-spar structure, which internally housed seven fuel tanks containing 2,478 gallons between the spars. The outboard panels of the wings are tapered on both edges and are furnished with detachable tips. The wings feature all-metal hydraulically-actuated split trailing edge flaps and carry the four Rolls-Royce Merlin engines in four underslung nacelles attached to the front wing spar. Each engine drives a three-bladed constant-speed fully feathering metal propeller, manufactured by de Havilland Hydromatic. The fuselage is of a semi-monocoque construction complete with a flush-rivetted skin, and was built in five separate sections._NEWLINE_In a typical passenger configuration, the York could accommodate a 21-seat three-abreast arrangement split between the fore and aft cabins; the main entrance door along with cloakrooms and lavatory were set between the two cabins, a kitchen and baggage hold was located at the rear of the cabin. Emergency exits were present in the ceiling of each cabin. Passengers were subjected to very noisy conditions due to the aircraft's engines. From a pilot's perspective, the York typically proved to be reasonably pleasant to fly. _START_SECTION_ Military _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1945, No. 511 Squadron became the first squadron to be fully equipped with Yorks; eventually a total of ten squadrons of RAF Transport Command were wholly or partially equipped with the York. In military service, the York was used on all of the trunk routes operated by Transport Command, such as the critical England–India route. Overall, 208 Yorks were manufactured for the RAF._NEWLINE_During the Berlin Airlift, RAF Yorks from seven different squadrons flew over 58,000 sorties to provide the city with vital supplies between 1948 and 1949. In total, in excess of 1,000,000 tons was carried by the York fleet; the type had borne close to half of the British contribution, alongside other aircraft such as the Douglas Dakota and Handley Page Hastings. Following the end of the Airlift, the RAF retired much of their York fleet; around 40 of these were sold onto civilian operators while many others were scrapped due to the onset of corrosion. During the 1950s, numerous military contracts were issued to civilian York operators._NEWLINE_In 1954, the French Aéronavale procured five Yorks from the British Air Ministry and operated the type at Le Bourget for around a year. _START_SECTION_ Civilian _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 21 February 1944, the first civilian York (G-AGJA), initially built for the RAF as MW103, received its airworthiness certificate, thus clearing its delivery shortly thereafter to the British Overseas Airways Corporation (BOAC). On 22 April 1944, the York inaugurated an initial UK-Morocco-Cairo route. Following the diversion of the first five RAF production Yorks to BOAC, it was decided to allocate a further 60 to the airline but in fact only 25 more were delivered to BOAC. Early BOAC operations were conducted in close collaboration with No. 216 Group RAF; this led to some early Yorks bearing a confusing combination of both civilian registrations and military external markings._NEWLINE_Flights were soon established to Johannesburg, South Africa, in conjunction with South African Airways; Yorks assigned to this route outfitted with a total of 12 sleeping berths in addition to passenger seating due to the journey time. The majority of BOAC's York fleet were fully furnished passenger airliners or as combi passenger-cargo aircraft._NEWLINE_In the post-war years, BOAC expanded their use of the York considerably, such as on their Cairo to Durban service, which had previously been operated by Shorts flying boats. Other airlines also adopted the type, such as its use by British South American Airways (BSAAC) on their routes to the Caribbean and South America, prior to their merger into BOAC in September 1949._NEWLINE_On 7 October 1952, BOAC withdrew their Yorks from passenger services, retaining the type for freight operations. BOAC's Yorks continued to operate freight schedules until November 1957 when the last example was withdrawn. After disposal by BOAC and BSAAC, their York fleets were purchased by several UK independent airlines and operated on both passenger and freight flights; these service often included long-distance trooping flights to Jamaica and other UK garrisons. The largest York operator out of the independents was Skyways. In 1964, the last Yorks were retired from service by Skyways and Dan Air._NEWLINE_When the Distant Early Warning Line (Dew Line) was being constructed in Canada in the late 1950s, the York was introduced as a freighter by Associated Airways to support the initiative, these being used later in ordinary airline service. At least one of the Yorks, CF-HAS, was retained, and was in service with Transair as late as 1961. _START_SECTION_ VIP service _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Avro York was, like its Lancaster and Lincoln stablemates, a versatile aircraft. One of the prototypes, LV633, Ascalon, was custom-built as the personal transport and flying conference room for Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Ascalon was to be fitted with a special pressurised "egg" so that VIP passengers could be carried without their having to use an oxygen mask. Made of aluminium alloy, the enclosure had eight perspex windows to reduce claustrophobia. It also had a telephone, an instrument panel, drinking facilities and an ashtray with room for cigars, a thermos flask, newspapers and books. Testing at RAE Farnborough found the "egg" to work satisfactorily. Avro said it was too busy with the new Lancaster IV (Avro Lincoln) work so it was never installed in Ascalon. It was considered for installation in the successor aircraft, a Douglas C-54B but the contractor Armstrong Whitworth decided it was impractical and the project was shelved. The whereabouts of "Churchill's Egg" is not known._NEWLINE_MW140, Endeavour, flew to Australia in 1945 to become the personal aircraft of the Duke of Gloucester, Australia's Governor-General. It was operated by the Governor-General's Flight from 1945 to 1947; it was the Royal Australian Air Force's only York. Another York, MW102 was fitted out as a "flying office" for the use of the Viceroy of India and C-in-C South East Asia Command, Lord Mountbatten. During its first major overhaul by Avro at Manchester (Ringway) in 1945, the aircraft was repainted a light duck egg green, a shade intended to cool down the aeroplane, instead of its former normal camouflage colour scheme. South African leader Jan Smuts also used a York as his personal transport. Air Chief Marshal Sir Trafford Leigh-Mallory was killed on 14 November 1944, while flying to his new posting in Ceylon to take command of Allied air operations in the Pacific, when York MW126 struck a ridge in the French Alps in a blizzard, 30 miles (48 km) south of Grenoble, France. His wife Dora and eight aircrew also died. The wreckage was found by a villager in June 1945. _START_SECTION_ Survivors _START_PARAGRAPH_ Media related to Avro York museum aircraft at Wikimedia Commons_NEWLINE_ _NEWLINE_ _NEWLINE_While there are no flying examples of the Avro York, there are two complete examples on display. Currently at the RAF Museum Cosford Collection is Avro 685 York C1, TS 798 (cn 1223) which was initially intended for the RAF as TS798, but quickly passed to BOAC as G-AGNV and later to Skyways. It was previously preserved at Skyfame (Staverton), Brize Norton and Shawbury._NEWLINE_Another example on public display is held at the Imperial War Museum Duxford: Avro 685 York C1, G-ANTK is an ex-Dan Air London aircraft. This airframe was built at Yeadon, near Leeds, in January 1946 and entered RAF service with 242 Squadron as MW232 that August. It joined the fleet of Allied aircraft engaged in the Berlin Airlift and in May 1947, the York moved to 511 Squadron at Lyneham, where it served until May 1950 when it was used by Fairey Aviation for flight refuelling research. It then retired to 12 Maintenance Unit at Kirkbride for storage prior to disposal. In July 1954, MW232 became G-ANTK with Dan Air and it was used for freight work until its retirement in May 1964. It was ferried to Lasham Airfield and used as a bunk house by the local Air Scouts until 1974. The Dan Air preservation group took it over and began to restore the aircraft in their spare time. In the mid-1980s, Dan Air realised the impracticality of the restoration work being undertaken and began negotiations with the Duxford Aviation Society. In May 1986, the aircraft was dismantled and on 23 May made its journey to Duxford on seven low-loaders.

16098774746560431154

Q4829709

_START_ARTICLE_ Awake Zion _START_SECTION_ Summary _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Awake Zion Monica Haim travels from Manhattan to Jamaica to Israel, to interview Rastafarians and Rabbis whose explanations of themselves sound strikingly similar._NEWLINE_In Awake Zion music is the link between the two cultures, and it was at a reggae concert that Haim, a young Jewish woman, first saw a connection between Jews and Rastas. "I distinctly remember sitting on a hilltop in the Pacific Northwest surrounded by smiles and dreadlocks and sweat and sun," Haim says, "the bass from the sound system echoing in my solar plexus while small gentle breezes swept past me leaving aural trails of hemp and lavender."_NEWLINE_At one point, Haim interviews Super Dane, an African American DJ who is part of the reggae scene in Brooklyn who is shocked by Matisyahu—a Hasidic reggae artist from White Plains NY. "It blew my mind," Super Dane exclaims, "because I pass Jewish people every day and I thought they couldn't relate to my life. I thought they couldn't listen to my music." The film also features Jamaica-born, Israeli rapper Yehoshua Sofer. _NEWLINE_The documentary raises questions that undermine a traditional approach to the Old Testament. "Did King Solomon have dreadlocks too?" Haim asks a Rasta. He smiles slowly and nods. Haim then turns to the Old Testament and finds that in Numbers 6:5 it's written of Nazirites, "all the days of his vow of Naziriteship there shall no razor come upon his head." Later a rasta says, "the first plant to grow on King Solomon's grave was herb," and in Ezekiel 34:29 it is written, regarding King Solomon, "I will give them a place that is known for its good crops. They will no longer experience hunger in the land, and they will no longer suffer the insults of other nations." _START_SECTION_ Response _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most reviews of Awake Zion point to the documentary's social conscience, in trying to bridge a gap between two seemingly different cultures. Instead of being overly scholarly, Haim is said to have adapted a "gently irreverent" tone, which is full of enthusiasm and amusement.

5684140323455830289

Q4829711

_START_ARTICLE_ Awake and Sing! _START_SECTION_ Summary and characters _START_PARAGRAPH_ The play is set in The Bronx borough of New York City, New York, in 1933. It concerns the impoverished Berger family, who all live under one roof, and their conflicts as the parents scheme to manipulate their children's relationships to their own ends, while their children strive for their own dreams._NEWLINE_The audience is introduced to a unique family. The matriarch of the family, Bessie, had high hopes and dreams for her family; however, despite her hopefulness, her largest fear is that her family will lose their home and all their possessions. This fear stems from a woman down the street who had this exact thing happen to her._NEWLINE_The household consists of extended family such as Bessie's father, Jacob, her husband Myron, and their son Ralph, 21, and spinster daughter Hennie, 26. To top it all off, in order to ease the financial burden on the family, the Bergers have taken in an immigrant boarder, named Sam._NEWLINE_Besides the desire for financial stability, there are other problems that the Bergers face, such as Hennie's unwanted pregnancy. To avoid this burden on the family, Bessie insists on the marriage between Hennie and the new immigrant boarder in order to save her family's reputation and her daughter's life. Hennie has no love for Sam. The family has very different views on the arranged marriage between Hennie and Sam. For example, Ralph, a more philosophical character of the play, is not in agreement with his mother's decision. Ralph very much resembles his grandfather who is an idealist. The Berger house is therefore divided into idealists and realists, much like society as a whole._NEWLINE_In a turn of events, Jacob commits suicide after making Ralph the beneficiary of his life insurance policy, in hopes that this will give Ralph the freedom for which he yearns._NEWLINE_Themes_NEWLINE_Odets brings to the table the issues of the importance of appearances in relation to respectability in society - how we appear to society is how we improve and gain status - as well as the contrasting worlds of idealism and realism. Odets also presents the contrasting of materialistic ideals and the importance of money in society. Through his writing, he zooms in on the economic burden that is placed on society and how it affects the lives of humans and the way they live their lives. He also shows how values can become blurred and perceptions can change with experience. _START_SECTION_ Productions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The play premiered on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre on February 19, 1935, running for 184 performances before closing on July 27, 1935; it returned two months later on September 9 for an additional 24 performances through September 28, 1935. Directed by Harold Clurman, the cast starred Luther Adler (Moe Axelrod), Stella Adler (Bessie Berger), Morris Carnovsky (Jacob), John Garfield (Ralph Berger) and Sanford Meisner (Sam Feinschreiber)._NEWLINE_It was revived in 1961 at the Teatro Oficina, São Paulo, Brazil._NEWLINE_It was revived off-Broadway in 1970, 1979, 1993 and 1995. It was revived on Broadway in 1938, 1939, 1984 and 2006._NEWLINE_A Lincoln Center Theater production on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre, opening on April 17, 2006, and closing on June 25, 2006 after 80 performances and 27 previews, won the Tony Award for Best Revival of a Play. Directed by Bartlett Sher, the cast featured Ben Gazzara (Jacob), Zoë Wanamaker (Bessie), Mark Ruffalo (Moe), Pablo Schreiber (Ralph), and Lauren Ambrose (Hennie). Gazzara and Ruffalo repeated their roles (with Sher directing) in a 2010 L.A. Theatre Works recording of the play that also starred Jane Kaczmarek._NEWLINE_Directed by Robert Hopkins and Norman Lloyd, Awake and Sing, premiered on PBS March 6, 1972. This film production of the play featured Walter Matthau (Moe), Ruth Storey (Bessie), Felicia Farr (Hennie), Robert Lipton (Ralph), Leo Fuchs (Jacob), Milton Selzer (Myron), Martin Ritt (Uncle Morty), Ron Rifkin (Sam), and John Myhers (Schlosser)._NEWLINE_It was produced at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival in Ashland, Oregon, in 1996._NEWLINE_In 2006, Arena Stage in Washington, D.C. produced the show with the director (and Arena's founding artistic director) Zelda Fichandler in a production featuring Robert Prosky as Jacob, and featuring the adoption of Yiddish in the script that conforms to Odets's earlier version of the play, titled "I Got the Blues."_NEWLINE_Following its American success in revivals, the play was staged in London at the Off West End Almeida Theatre, from August 31, 2007, through October 20, 2007. Directed by Michael Attenborough, the cast featured Stockard Channing as Bessie._NEWLINE_The play opened in Toronto, Ontario, on June 6, 2009, for a two-month run at the Soulpepper Theatre Company._NEWLINE_The National Asian American Theatre Company in New York produced the play from August to September 2013 at the SoHo Walker Space. It won an Obie Award for Mia Katigbak as Bessie Berger. It is currently playing at the New York Public Theatre as part of National Asian American Theatre Company's 25th Anniversary._NEWLINE_In 2014, a production at the Olney Theatre Center for the Arts in Olney, Maryland was directed by Serge Seiden and featured Rick Foucheux as Jacob and Naomi Jacobsen as Bessie Berger. Also in 2014, a production at Boston's Huntington Theater Company, was directed by Melia Bensussen._NEWLINE_In 2015, the Public Theater with National Asian-American Theatre Company presented a production with a cast completely of Asian descent under the direction of Stephen Brown-Fried. It was led by Mia Katigbak and received a Drama League nomination for Outstanding Revival.

8039900816592089279

Q16155003

_START_ARTICLE_ Axe Cop (TV series) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Similar to the webcomic, the series features the eponymous police officer, his partner Flute Cop, and their allies Sockarang, Gray Diamond, Liborg, Bat Warthog Man, and Wexter as they fight various "bad guys" and avoid getting into conflict with the Normal Police. _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ Axe Cop is a popular webcomic that was created by Ethan Nicolle and his young brother Malachai (five years old at the time of its creation). In playing with Malachai, Ethan found that his brother had a vivid and disjointed imagination, and developed the comic by taking the stories that Malachai told, refining the story to some point without losing Malachai's inventiveness, and drawing the comic around it. The webcomic became very popular, leading to publishing deals with Dark Horse Comics for larger comic-book-sized stories._NEWLINE_The development of the Axe Cop series started from a conversation that Nick Offerman had with the ADHD producer Nick Weidenfeld some years before the program's debut. Offerman talked with Weidenfeld about the Axe Cop comic and stated that if a show was to be made from it, Offerman wanted to participate. Weidenfeld took the idea to Phil Lord and Chris Miller, also fans of the webcomic, and they asked Weidenfeld to lead the project, stating that it "has to be emotional", in Weidenfeld's words. As Lord and Miller were working on 21 Jump Street at the time, they suggested Weidenfeld turn to Judah Miller for directional help. Weidenfeld and Miller arranged for a retreat along with writers Dave Jeser & Matt Silverstein, voice actors Ken Marino, Patton Oswalt, and Offerman, and the comic creator Ethan Nicolle, where the group discussed their favorite parts of the comic and how to translate it into a show, keeping all the moments that are "100-percent pure Malachai". As they started to write some of the show's plots, they found themselves with narrative dead ends; Ethan used these moments to contact Malachai, explain the story so far and have Malachai provide the missing narrative. Malachai also provided additional advice during the animation process for the shorts when he visited the studios, such as insisting that Zombie Island be set in space, a tangent that the writers and animators quickly agreed with for its illogical humorous value and included in the short.

11302770276930822387

Q24919

_START_ARTICLE_ Axe bow _START_PARAGRAPH_ The axe bow is a wave-piercing type of a ship's bow, characterised by a vertical stem and a relatively long and narrow entry (front hull). The forefoot is deep and the freeboard relatively high, with little flare, so that the bow profile resembles an axe. The bow cuts through the water, and is less affected by passing through waves than a bow with more flare, making this bow type much less susceptible to pitching. Because the deep forefoot does not generally rise above the water level, it is less susceptible to slamming. The axe bow moves the centre of lateral area forwards and the vessel may need considerably more rudder motion to hold its course, and this increases with the wave steepness._NEWLINE_A vertical prow is not unique; they were common in the early steam era. The innovation of the axe bow is combined with a lengthened bow of the ship. This concept was developed in the Netherlands by Lex Keuning of Delft University of Technology, Damen Shipyards Group, Marin (Maritime Research Institute Netherlands), the Royal Netherlands Sea Rescue Institution, the Royal Netherlands Navy, Damen Schelde Naval Shipbuilding and the United States Coast Guard. _START_SECTION_ Ax-Box _START_PARAGRAPH_ This is a bulbous bow with a wave-deflecting axe-shape at the top of the prow. It was developed by NKK of Japan, and first noted in the early 2000s. It offers an advantage of several percent in added resistance by incident waves over the ordinary bow shape. _START_SECTION_ LEADGE-bow _START_PARAGRAPH_ The LEADGE (or LEAding eDGE) bow is a non-bulbous bow that fills in between the bulb and the Ax to form a straight and vertical bow, slightly higher than normal prow to ensure wave deflection. It was first described by K, Hirota et al. in 2005. It offers an advantage of about 5% over the Ax-box and a further similar amount over the ordinary bow from incident wave resistance._NEWLINE_This bow has been adopted for the intended Royal New Zealand Navy replenishment ship (replacing HMNZS Endeavour (A11) in 2020), in what is called the "Enviroship" design by Hyundai Heavy Industries.

4592484387133618242

Q3631315

_START_ARTICLE_ Axe to Fall _START_SECTION_ Writing and recording _START_PARAGRAPH_ Converge began writing Axe to Fall in November 2008. With Jacob Bannon, Kurt Ballou and Nate Newton all living within a half a mile of each other in Boston, and Ben Koller living a couple hours away in Brooklyn, Converge could easily practice for weeks at a time. Though most songs originated from a guitar or bass riff from Ballou or Newton, all members had equal input on the writing process, with each member proposing different songs. Vocalist Bannon wrote a few songs for Axe to Fall, but were scrapped because they were slower than the rest of the songs, and did not fit the energy of the album._NEWLINE_Following a short tour in March 2009 with Ceremony, Coliseum, Pulling Teeth, Rise and Fall, Converge entered the studio to begin recording in May 2009. During this short tour, the band debuted a few new songs live, and footage could be seen online. The album was self-produced by Converge's guitar player, Kurt Ballou, in his own GodCity Studios located in Massachusetts. Ballou has produced and co-produced several Converge albums. Throughout the recording process, the band updated their fans via Twitter of their progress in the studio. _START_SECTION_ Guest collaboration _START_PARAGRAPH_ While creating Axe to Fall, Converge tried to challenge themselves creatively as artists. Ballou stated that with each new Converge album, he "always [wants] to create a new listening experience" and continued with the concept of "pushing [themselves] forward and not repeating [themselves]." Lead singer Jacob Bannon stated, "We appreciate our past albums, but we're very much about forward movement and challenging ourselves musically and expressing ourselves emotionally." Bannon has stated that he felt that the main artistic difference between Axe to Fall and previous albums was the large number of guest musicians included on the record. Axe to Fall features various members from Cave In, Neurosis, and Genghis Tron among others. Most of the guest musicians already had an existing relationship with one or more band members of Converge prior to recording, or the band had "admired in some way." Converge had previously thought of the idea of creating a collaborative album with many guest artists for a number of years, but the band felt that the "time to execute it [had] never been there." Bannon has stated that working with a number of different artists was difficult and something the band was not used to, however the finished product was "an extremely focused album."_NEWLINE_Though writing did not officially begin until November 2008, work on some songs from Axe to Fall began four to five years earlier. In 2004, Converge collaborated with Cave In and recorded some songs together. The material from these recording sessions, dubbed the "Verge In" sessions, was never released and the project later dissolved. The instrumental parts that Cave In contributed to "Effigy" were from the original recordings in 2004. Converge took the parts they contributed to the project to create the foundation for what would become "Cruel Bloom" and "Wretched World." While producing Board Up the House, Ballou gave Genghis Tron a rough mix of "Wretched World" to contribute their talents. According to Ballou, Genghis Tron "embellished it and created a whole new melodic structure on top of the song that we would've never come up with." Brad Fickeisen from The Red Chord also later added his own drum track to "Wretched World". Much of the song "Plagues" from No Heroes also originated from the Verge In sessions. With the release of Axe to Fall, everything Converge contributed to the sessions has been released in some form. _START_SECTION_ Release and promotion _START_PARAGRAPH_ In August 2009, two months prior to the release of Axe to Fall, Converge made the opening track "Dark Horse" available for streaming and as a free download. It can also be found on the soundtrack for the horror movie Saw VI and is featured as downloadable content on Rock Band 2 via the Rock Band Network. The song was noted for being one of the few tracks lacking guest musicians, and was also met with a very positive reaction from reviewers. The title track, "Axe to Fall," was also made available for free download in September 2009. The entire album was available for streaming one week before the official release date on Converge's MySpace page. Axe to Fall was released in the US through Epitaph Records on October 20, 2009, in digital and CD formats. The vinyl edition of the album was released through Jacob Bannon's own independent record label, Deathwish Inc, shortly after the release of the CD version. _START_SECTION_ Artwork _START_PARAGRAPH_ The artwork for the cover and liner note booklet of Axe to Fall was designed and created by Jacob Bannon. The booklet features a different piece of artwork for each song on the album. Bannon tried to create images that "encapsulated some of the emotion of each song" in contrast to more literal imagery, such as avoiding an axe literally falling for the song "Axe to Fall." He also experimented with a technique where a single image would be repeated within a frame, but the copies would be distressed or slightly different. This could be seen in the cover art where a single image of a woman's profile was broken down within the repetition, and some of the copies showed the woman's teeth through her cheek. Bannon stated that for the cover art, he "just wanted to have something that felt timeless and sort of embodied the whole emotional gamut of the record, something that was explosive and powerful but also something that felt poetic and soft at the same time. It could look violent and beautiful at the same time." _START_SECTION_ "Axe to Fall" music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ A music video was directed by Craig Murray for the album's title track and was released in October 2009. The short video (1:40 in duration) shows a man and a woman strapped to a machine, a television that gives birth to a bio-mechanical creature and several disturbing clips in between. The video features stop motion animation influenced by horror films and has been referred to as "terrifying," "seizure-inducing," "nightmarish," "excruciating" and "gross" by various sources. It was filmed in Ronda, Spain with the intent of making "a film in which we see a cycle. This cycle will study an idea of new creation without pleasure and the art of numbing for progression." Murray was inspired and influenced by artists Chris Cunningham, Gaspar Noé, Nine Inch Nails and the films Ringu, A Clockwork Orange and Hardware while making the music video. On November 7, the "Axe to Fall" video debuted on MTV2's heavy metal music program, Headbangers Ball. _START_SECTION_ Touring _START_PARAGRAPH_ Converge's first tour in support of Axe to Fall was the Metalocalypse tour in late 2009 sponsored by Cartoon Network's Adult Swim. Alongside High on Fire, Converge held an opening slot for co-headliners Mastodon and Dethklok. Axe to Fall was released midway through the tour. Converge's first headlining tour in support of the album took place starting in April 2010, with Coalesce, Harvey Milk, Gaza, Lewd Acts and Black Breath. The first week of the tour also featured Thursday and Touche Amore. Converge began the European leg of their world tour in July 2010 with Kylesa, Gaza and Kvelertak. For this tour, the band released a limited-edition 7-inch vinyl single called "On My Shield" which was recorded between the US and European legs. _START_SECTION_ Musical style and theme _START_PARAGRAPH_ Converge took their music in a more progressive direction with Axe to Fall. Kurt Ballou noted that drummer Ben Koller had been listening to more progressive rock over the last few years, and that he tried to complement this sound on the guitar. He went on to say that he was getting the "more straightforward, raw punk aggression out in a yet-to be named hardcore side project that I started. So that leaves me free to get weird and progressive with Converge." Ballou considers the band's previous three albums (Jane Doe, You Fail Me and No Heroes) to be a trilogy in regards to their sound, and hoped to push their musical boundaries on Axe to Fall. The tracks on the album have been noted to range from "drone-and-pummel" to atmospheric. Jacob Bannon believes this album is "not about being as loud and vicious as possible." Feeling that 40–50 minutes of metallic hardcore can be difficult to listen to for some, Converge used softer tracks, or "slow jams," such as "Damages" and "Wretched World" to take the listener "to some other places."_NEWLINE_Unlike previous Converge releases, the songs on Axe to Fall do not have a central and consistent lyrical theme throughout the record. Each song was meant to be a "standalone song" about Bannon's life between this album and No Heroes. Bannon has said that he uses his lyrics and Converge to "vent about things in a healthy way so I'm not a person that walks around with a lot of negative energy." The opening track, "Dark Horse," was written about the passing of a close friend of Bannon, and how he died while trying to succeed as the "underdog". _START_SECTION_ Charts and sales _START_PARAGRAPH_ Axe to Fall debuted at number 74 on the Billboard 200 with 7,400 copies sold, becoming Converge's highest charting album in the US at that time. That chart high was surpassed by 2012's All We Love We Leave Behind. It also became the first Converge album to not appear on the Billboard Top Heatseekers albums, which ranks the top 50 albums released by bands that have never charted higher that 100 on the Billboard 200. By November 4, 2009, the album had sold 10,487 units. Axe to Fall also appeared in Canada's Chart Magazine, a weekly chart that compiles airplay data from various Canadian campus radio stations, and peaked at number 42 on their "Top 50" album chart and number 1 on their "Metal/Punk" chart.

11347485703839294254

Q4830270

_START_ARTICLE_ Axel Gabriel Sjöström _START_PARAGRAPH_ Axel Gabriel Sjöström (16 August 1794 – 11 December 1846) was a Finnish educator and poet. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was born in Janakkala, and became professor of Greek Literature at the Imperial Alexander University in Helsinki in 1833. He married Margareta Sofia Helsberg in 1828. During his lifetime a few of his poems earned him a high, but short-lived, reputation in Finnish literary circles. Aside from original poetry, Sjöström also did translations from Greek (Homer, Euripides, Anacreon, Theocritus, and Johan Paulinus-Lillienstedt's Magnus Principatus Finlandia) and German (Goethe and Romantic poets).

11597571771796014242

Q98372

_START_ARTICLE_ Axel Köhler _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Axel Köhler studied violin pedagogy and singing at the Carl Maria von Weber Academy of Music in Dresden. In 1987 he made his singing debut as Eustazio in Peter Konwitschny's production of Rinaldo. A number of demanding countertenor roles followed, especially in Handel's operas, as Köhler guested at international festivals and concerts, and in compact disc, radio and opera productions. _START_SECTION_ Singing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 1984, Köhler has belonged to the ensemble Halle an der Saale, first as a baritone and later as a countertenor. In 1995, Köhler sang at the Royal Opera House in London at the premiere of Arianna by Alexander Goehr. In 1998 he took over the title role in the world premiere of Farinelli by Siegfried Matthus. In 2001, he played the devil in Detlev Glanert's comic opera Scherz, Satire, Ironie und tiefere Bedeutung at its premiere. He sang the role of Ajib in L'Upupa by Hans Werner Henze in 2003 at the Salzburg Festival premiere. In 2006, Köhler designed the title role in Cantor – Die Vermessung des Unendlichen by Ingomar Grünauer, a world premiere in which he sang as a baritone._NEWLINE_In 2005, Köhler sang at the Semper Opera in Dresden in the role of Poro in Johann Adolf Hasse's opera Cleofide. He sang with the Bavarian State Opera for Poppea and Rinaldo, the Hamburg State Opera for Poppea. He also sang in Monteverdi's L'Orfeo in the part of La Speranza and the Polinesso in Handel's Ariodante. In 2011, he appeared as The Roasted Swan in Carl Orff's Carmina Burana. From 2007 to 2010, he appeared as Artemis in Hans Werner Henze's Phaedra in Berlin, Brussels, Vienna, Frankfurt and London. Subsequently he played the part of Trasimede in Handel's Alceste at the Leipzig Opera. He also sang on the Dresden Theatre Barge, the Opera Hall and at the Rheingau Music Festival in the cabaret program Greife wacker nach der Sünde._NEWLINE_As a concert singer, Köhler worked with early music ensembles and conductors René Jacobs, Marcus Creed and Howard Arman. Köhler has released four solo CDs on the Capriccio and Berlin Classics labels. _START_SECTION_ Directing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 2000, Axel Koehler also worked as a director. He made his debut with Monteverdi's L'Incoronazione di Poppea, and in 2001 followed with Handel's Rodrigo. In 2005 he followed with A Midsummer Night's Dream by Benjamin Britten. Koehler's staging of Handel's opera Teseo was performed in 2003 in Germany, Switzerland and England._NEWLINE_In 2006, he staged opera air productions of Amadigi in Dresden and Alceste in Halle. In 2007 he brought Tom Johnson's Riemannoper to the stage of the basement theater of the Leipzig Opera House, and at the Mecklenburg State Theatre Schwerin, he directed Mozart's Don Giovanni. In 2008 he presented at the Dresden State Operetta's production of Mozart's Magic Flute. For the Chamber Opera Schloss Rheinsberg, he produced a White Lady by François Adrien Boieldieu. As a co-production of the Academy of Music and drama in Dresden, he brought Monteverdi's Poppea to the stage._NEWLINE_In 2009, Koehler staged Argenore by Wilhelmine of Bayreuth at the Margravial Opera House, Lehár's The Land of Smiles on the outdoor stage at Augsburg and Mozart's Magic Flute at the Innsbruck State Theatre. In 2010, these were followed by productions of Emmerich Kálmán's Countess Maritza at the Dresden State Operetta, Abraham's The Flower of Hawaii and Verdi's Macbeth at the Halle Opera House. In 2011, he produced Emmerich Kálmán's Countess Maritza and Telemann's The Patience of Socrates at the State Theatre of Gärtnerplatz, Munich. In 2012, Axel Köhler was invited by the Opera director of the Semperoper, Eytan Pessen, to direct numerous productions. In 2012 Köhler produced "Schwanda the Bagpiper” by Jaromír Weinberger and Domenico Sarro Dorina e Nibbio at the Semperoper in Dresden. In the 2013-2014 season he will direct Bizet's Carmen and Martini's L'impresario delle Canarie there. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Axel Köhler was honored in 1994 for his performances with the Handel Festival Prize. In 1998, he received the 1999 Prize of the Critics' Berliner Zeitung.

7867626412306361545

Q4830657

_START_ARTICLE_ Axminster Monastery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Axminster Monastery was a monastery in Devon, England. Cyneheard the Ætheling was buried in the minster.

12744376836276809833

Q4831921

_START_ARTICLE_ Ayyavazhi rituals _START_SECTION_ Vegetarianism _START_PARAGRAPH_ The practice of vegetarianism is one of the important facts among the followers of Ayyavazhi, seeming to have originated along with Thuvayal Thavasu. Some followers adopted partial vegetarianism. Today, vegetarianism is being strictly practised in one form or another by a section of the followers of Ayyavazhi as one of their religious observances. In particular, most of the Panividaiyalars (one who performs Panividai) of Pathis and Nizhal Thangals strictly follow Vegetarianism._NEWLINE_The vegetarianism is also activated and highly motivated by the narration of myth in Akilam. Five of the most serious non-vegetarian devils are converted into pure and vegetarian god-heads as Sivayis or Garuda for serving Vaikundar throughout the incarnation. Arul Nool too teaches one should be vegetarian to a high degree, or otherwise at least partially, especially during the reading of scriptures and during festivals and when practising rituals._NEWLINE_Also the Thuvayal Thavasu teaches one not only to be vegetarian, but also how to diet or control food-intake. _START_SECTION_ Muthirikkinaru and Muthiri patham _START_PARAGRAPH_ Akilattirattu mentions a well, situated near the place where Ayya Vaikundar undertook the tavam, and the prevalence of certain ritual practices around it. The well, situated at present at a distance of a furlong to the west of the main pathi (temple) at Swamithoppe, is the historical well._NEWLINE_Akilattirattu speaks of "the eighteen castes assembling in one place, and bathing from the same well". This refers to the prevalence of a seemingly innocuous practice of the people, gathered around Ayya Vaikundar, bathing together from the water of this well. People of different castes bathe together at this well, mindless of their social differences. _NEWLINE_Physical closeness was necessitated mainly because of the smallness of the well. Besides bathing, they drank this water as a cure for their illnesses. They cooked their food with this water, and ate the food in a community feast. In the course of events, the well and its water seem to have acquired religious significance to the people of Ayyavazhi. The acts of bathing, drinking a few drops of it, and cooking the food with this water came to be repeated with a ritual fervour. People consider the well a sacred one, and the water as having miraculous powers to heal sicknesses, thousands of people having benefited. A couplet from the Sattu Nittu Olai of Arul Nool reads: "everyone is drinking the milk of the well around which miracles are growing". People considered it a religious obligation to bathe and drink at least a few drops of water from this well._NEWLINE_Currently, one of the important ritual actions performed by the devotees of Ayyavazhi is to take this ritual bath, drawing water from a well dug near every pathi. This has become a necessary ritual before one worships at the pathis. Devotees throng the well to get a few buckets of water onto them and drink a few drops ceremoniously a total of five times before proceeding to the pathi. This practice of bathing at the well is being addressed as patamitutal or muttiripatam. _START_SECTION_ Thirunamam _START_PARAGRAPH_ Thiru (word representing sacredness) + Namam (name) represents (The Sacred name). The people of Ayyavazhi wear a vertical white mark on the forehead in the shape of a flame, starting from the central point between the eyebrows, going straight up near the top edge of the forehead._NEWLINE_The flame shape represents Aanma Jyothi or Atman meaning Atman is considered sacred and is the name of God. Zealous devotees smear it on the exterior of the upper arms and over the chest. This white mark was unlike the one worn by a Hindu of Vaishnavism tradition who wore it on the forehead in the shape of a 'U', or of Saivism tradition where it is worn horizontally in three parallel lines. The white powder used for this mark was made from coarse white soil._NEWLINE_Ayya Vaikundar seems to have personally touched the forehead of followers and worn it for them. On account of this action, it came to be called thottunamam – meaning 'a mark with a personal touch'. A verse in Ukappatippu of Arulnool says: "Our Ayya is coming to us by wearing a thottunamam". This dimension of personal touch stood out to the public eye and was much appreciated by the people of Ayyavazhi._NEWLINE_At present, those who 'serve' in every Pathi or Nizhal Thangals, wear this white mark for the people and offer a portion of it in their hands. People carry it home as a holy object, and some of them even swallow a little of it believing it to be medicinal. _START_SECTION_ Wearing of headgear during worship _START_PARAGRAPH_ One of the significant ritual actions that distinguished the Ayyavazhi male worshipper from others was 'wearing a headgear' during worship. Ayya Vaikundar seems to have enjoined upon his male followers to tie a headgear when they came to worship God. Accordingly, the male followers seem to have tied a headgear during worship. This is to reveal that every person is a king and every one in to rule the Earth. This philosophy is told symbolically by the practice of wearing the headgear since the wearing of headgear is considered as a matter of pride. It was said that this is one of the practices which ties Ayyavazhi close to the Advaita tradition. In addition to the uniqueness of this practice, writings of the historians point to the emergence of this practice as unique to Ayyavazhi._NEWLINE_It became a ritual action to be performed before the people entered the Pathi to worship. The male devotees usually removed their upper garment and tied the headgear and entered the Pathi for worship. To this day this practice is followed. _START_SECTION_ Healing diseases _START_PARAGRAPH_ Akilam says that Ayya Vaikundar also cured illness in some people with the power he had as the avatar of Narayana. The LMS Report for the year 1843 mentions that Vaikuntacami, "asserts that one of the principle Hindoo deities has taken up his abode within him," and that because of this, "he is enabled to perform the cure of all diseases, and to confer innumerable blessings on his followers." People believing him to be an avatar who could perform cures, seem to have flocked to him and to have been cured by him. In reality, Ayya Vaikundar seems to have initiated a practice of treating the diseases with water and earth. His devotees realised that Ayya was doing these things as a realisation of the dharma that he came to proclaim._NEWLINE_Even today there are a few faithful devotees in Ayyavazhi in their absolute faith in Vaikundar, who do not take any medicine and instead take soil (Thirunamam) and water (Patham) from Pathis and Nizhal Thangals, wearing the Thirunamam on their forehead and drinking the Patham ceremoniously. _START_SECTION_ Panividai _START_PARAGRAPH_ Panividai means service. It originally seems to have denoted the service rendered by the disciples to Ayya Vaikundar while he performed the tavam and other activities. It included the activities of serving him with a meal, instructing the people on his behalf, and carrying him to different places wherever he wished to go._NEWLINE_After the earthly life of Ayya Vaikundar, panividai had come to mean the service rendered at the sanctuary of Pathis and Nizhal Tangals where Ayya Vaikundar is believed to reside. This service includes cleaning the floor of the sanctuary with water, cleansing and lighting the lamp, offering Churul (betel leaf, arecanut, and bananas), conducting or leading the prayers of incantation like Ucchippatippu or Ukappatippu, wearing Thirunamam and serving food to the devotees. Those who do this service are called panividaiyalar (one who performs panividai). This service may be considered as the counterpart of the puja offered in the temples of Hinduism. _START_SECTION_ Patippu, Pattu, Pothippu (The prayers) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the religious gatherings of Ayyavazhi, even as certain forms of worship were in their rudimentary form, one could find the practice of singing songs together which, later on, seems to have been recognised as 'prayer formulas', and recited ritually. _NEWLINE_Among these prayer formulas, Ukappattu, known also as Ukappatippu, which have been formulated during the Thuvayal Thavasu, seems to have occupied a prominent place during the worship. It was recited by a leader and was repeated after him by the people in unison. This prayer formula, for its main part, dwells on the themes of Ayya Vaikundar's divine attributes, his mission to destroy the kali, to establish the Dharma Yukam, and to rule the earth as the undisputed king. Currently, a short form of this prayer is recited every morning and evening at the worship centres of Ayyavazhi or at homes, and the full version of it during special occasions_NEWLINE_Other prayer formulas of Uccippatippu – a form of incantationary prayer that speaks about the special attributes of God, recited currently during the noon-worship, Vazhappatippu – are a form of adulatory repetitive prayer that has statements of wishes for the prosperity of the people of Santror Makkal and seem to have developed during the course of the early development of Ayyavazhi. Pothippu, another short formulaic prayer, the content of which invokes God for forgiveness, protection, means of livelihood, attitudes of tolerance and amiability towards one another, and, intelligence, seems to have evolved over the years. It is now recited at the start of every collective worship session. The followers of Ayyavazhi are enjoined to recite this prayer at the break of each day. _START_SECTION_ Offering of Churul _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ayyavazhi does not have the idea of 'giving offerings' but only 'giving Churul’ This is also one of the significant practices of Ayyavazhi. The gift offered to Ayya Vaikundar was called ‘Churul’, a word that denoted the gift exchanged between consanguinous relatives during marriage functions by way of introducing the kith and kin to the affines. Whoever brought a gift to Ayya Vaikundar gave it to him as if giving to his / her Ayya (father), a curul. It is said in Akilattirattu that towards the end of his mission, Ayya Vaikundar was invited to the houses of his followers and was treated with this Churul._NEWLINE_At present this act of giving Churul has been ritualised and it is also known as nemital. People bring bananas, coconuts and flowers, in a box made of palm leaves, and hand it over to the one performing Panivitai. The panivitaiyalar receives it and offers it to Ayya and then, after retaining a major portion of it for sharing with others, returns the box with a small portion as Inimam – a gift from Ayya to his children. _START_SECTION_ Worship in front of a mirror _START_PARAGRAPH_ This is yet another unique practice that distinguishes Ayyavazhi from other Hindu religious traditions. The Nizhal Thangals and Pathis have, in their sanctuary, a mirror to reflect the images of those who come to worship. People pay obeisance to their God standing in front of this mirror, facing the Elunetru amidst two oil lamps. Even in the houses of the people of Ayyavazhi, the place earmarked for their daily worship has at least a mirror and a lamp. This is to show the worshippers who go in front of the mirror that, 'God is inside him or herself'._NEWLINE_Regarding the time of origin of this practice, as soon as Ayya attained Vaikundam – a religious euphemism to indicate pass over – people, as per his earlier instruction, installed the mirror over his tomb and began worshipping._NEWLINE_The Ayyavazhi worship focuses on and revolves around the constant, formless, supreme self which exists inside and as all elements. But this formless self is visible or accessible in one or more different forms or ways with respect to the subjects (viewers); this was symbolised by using the mirror in the Palliyarai, that the image seen in a mirror is nothing but which varies according to the visible object. On the other hand, this mirror installation symbolises the advaidic term that 'God is you' , (i.e.) The mirror is kept facing the worshipper in Palliyarai, and one who sees the sanctum sanctorum only sees himself there. _START_SECTION_ Congregational worship _START_PARAGRAPH_ Congregational worship was a distinctive feature of Ayyavazhi worship. Praying together or 'mass prayer' was a form of worship Ayya Vaikundar formulated, in distinction to the practice of priests performing Poojas for individual or collective audiences._NEWLINE_Currently, congregational worship takes place at appointed hours in the worship centres of Ayyavazhi. The devotees worship God, standing close to each other, hands folded over their chests, and a turban (Thalai pahai) on the heads of the males. They recite together the Ucchippatippu and Ukappatippu, the central prayers. Apart from these, the devotees that come to worship in the Pathi perform certain other rituals also. _START_SECTION_ Anna Dharmam (Charity on food) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Inter-dining was an important activity that originated in the gatherings of AV. It has been already noted that people of different castes, coming from far and wide, brought with them food materials for cooking their meals when they came to meet Ayya Vaikundar. They cooked and ate in the presence of Ayya Vaikundar. This commonplace action evolved into a significant practice of inter-dining between persons of different groups, cutting across the boundaries of caste restrictions. This practice, being performed in a religious setting with a certain measure of earnestness and respect, seems to have acquired the character of a ritual too._NEWLINE_The practice of Anna Dharmam (charity on food) too seems to have emerged in association with inter-dining. With a ritual significance, food was distributed to the needy and to all those gathered around Ayya Vaikundar._NEWLINE_Today, the food being served as Anna Dharmam is known as Unpan Annam, literally meaning 'the food to be eaten', and, it has its own specific method of preparation. Rice, vegetables, and spices are cooked and mixed together for the purpose. Then it is served ceremoniously. When it is served, the partakers wait till everyone is served. Then a question is posed customarily by the partakers: "Ayya annam kutikkalama ?" (Ayya, may we eat the meal?) and when it is answered by those who serve as "Ayya annam kutiyunkal" (You may kindly eat the meal), the partakers eat the meal. This was to ensure that everyone got the meal. The poor and the rich – all partake of this meal without discrimination. It was considered as a religious virtue to partake of this meal. _NEWLINE_There is another variant of Anna Dharmam known as Palvaippu, serving of gruel-like food boiled in milk. Currently, every centre of worship of Ayyavazhi has this practice once a month. Anna Dharmam in one form or the other is a daily feature in most of the worship centres of Ayyavazhi. _START_SECTION_ Shamanism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Shamanism is still in practice in some worship centres. Some believe that through the words of these possessed persons one could be able to know what God tells about him or herself or their activities. As part of shamanic practice, they exhorted the people on various matters, practiced divination (Kanakku) to discern the causes of sickness and misfortunes, and 'foretold future happenings'. The Akilattirattu Ammanai seems to have recognized shamanic acts of worship. A quote in Arul Nool reads, "For imparting knowledge and making things clear, I kept those who practice divination in the temples." _NEWLINE_Though shamanism was practised in Ayyavazhi, it was accepted by the scriptures only as an ignorant way of worship (beginning stage in worship) or the initial way to teach a beginner the metaphysics. But on the other hand, shamanic actions in the worship centers of Ayyavazhi are quite often criticised. Commonly it was believed that in 'Ayyavazhi possessions', the possessed person being in the Padmasana posture simply utters or speaks to the audience instead of standing and dancing, as now is the practice. This act of 'standing and dancing' is criticised seriously almost universally by Ayyavazhi followers. _NEWLINE_Also, Akilam tells of a false deity which was sent to the world by Narayana after Vaikundar attained Vaikundam. It also states that this false deity used to say, "I am Vaikundar, I was the one who married the deities and unified into myself." Also this false deity shows many magic practices and also many miracles. Some people used to compare shamanic actions to that of false deity. They cite several quotes from Ayyavazhi scriptures for their criticism. But with a different point of view the supporters of shamanism give different synonymous outputs for the quotes and strengthen their stands. _NEWLINE_There is also a belief that Mudisoodum Perumal is a shaman, within whom Vaikundar was a divine power. Though this was commonly not accepted, some theologians refer to some quotes in Akilam and Arul Nool to support their claim.

14916063058849510347

Q4352014

_START_ARTICLE_ Azapirone _START_PARAGRAPH_ Azapirones are a class of drugs used as anxiolytics, antidepressants, and antipsychotics. They are commonly used as add-ons to other antidepressants, such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs). _START_SECTION_ Medical uses _START_PARAGRAPH_ Azapirones have shown benefit in general anxiety and augmenting SSRIs in social anxiety and depression. Evidence is not clear for panic disorder and functional gastrointestinal disorders. _START_SECTION_ Side effects _START_PARAGRAPH_ Side effects of azapirones may include dizziness, headaches, restlessness, nausea, and diarrhea._NEWLINE_Azapirones have more tolerable adverse effects than many other available anxiolytics, such as benzodiazepines or SSRIs. Unlike benzodiazepines, azapirones lack abuse potential and are not addictive, do not cause cognitive/memory impairment or sedation, and do not appear to induce appreciable tolerance or physical dependence. However, azapirones are considered less effective with slow onset in controlling symptoms. _START_SECTION_ Chemistry _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buspirone was originally classified as an azaspirodecanedione, shortened to azapirone or azaspirone due to the fact that its chemical structure contained this moiety, and other drugs with similar structures were labeled as such as well. However, despite all being called azapirones, not all of them actually contain the azapirodecanedione component, and most in fact do not or contain a variation of it. Additionally, many azapirones are also pyrimidinylpiperazines, though again this does not apply to them all._NEWLINE_Drugs classed as azapirones can be identified by their -spirone or -pirone suffix. _START_SECTION_ Pharmacokinetics _START_PARAGRAPH_ Azapirones are poorly but nonetheless appreciably absorbed and have a rapid onset of action, but have only very short half-lives ranging from 1–3 hours. As a result, they must be administered 2-3 times a day. The only exception to this rule is umespirone, which has a very long duration with a single dose lasting as long as 23 hours. Unfortunately, umespirone has not been commercialized. Although never commercially produced, Bristol-Myers Squibb applied for a patent on Oct 28, 1993 and received the patent on Jul 11, 1995 for an extended release formulation of buspirone. An extended release formulation of gepirone is currently under development and if approved, should help to improve this issue._NEWLINE_Metabolism of azapirones occurs in the liver and they are excreted in urine and feces. A common metabolite of several azapirones including buspirone, gepirone, ipsapirone, revospirone, and tandospirone is 1-(2-pyrimidinyl)piperazine (1-PP). 1-PP possesses 5-HT1A partial agonist and α₂-adrenergic antagonist actions and likely contributes overall mostly to side effects.

16756775959216874489

Q1020562

_START_ARTICLE_ Bühler Motor _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Company was founded 1855 as a clock manufacturer by brothers Adolf and Karl Heinrich Bühler in Triberg/Black Forest. The company was purchased (MBO) by the great-grandfather of the current partner, Josef Furtwängler (1862-1926) and was renamed in “Gebrüder Bühler Nachfolger Furtwängler”._NEWLINE_The production of drive technology moved to Nuremberg under the trade name “Gebrüder Bühler Nachfolger GmbH”. The first Bühler motor, so-called “brass motor” was produced in 1955. Construction of a new subsidiary plant in Monheim, Bavaria in 1960. In 1969 the first automotive applications were produced for Delco Electronics, USA. In 1974 “Buehler Products Inc” was founded in Kinston, North Carolina, USA. In 1983 headquarters USA, development center and second USA production site was opened in Cary, North Carolina, USA. In 1994 a new production site “Bühler Motor s.r.o.” was opened in Hradec Králové in the Czech Republic; expansions of the plant in 1998 and 2001._NEWLINE_The Headquarters and all subsidiaries were renamed 1998 in “Bühler Motor”. In the same year the subsidiary “Buehler Motor Ltd.” in Hong Kong was founded with production facilities in Huizhou in China. In 2002 the production plant in Chihuahua, Mexico was founded. In 2003 the North American production moved from Kinston, North Carolina, USA to Chihuahua, Mexico. In 2006 “Buehler Motor Zhuhai Ltd.” in the PR China was founded and constructed. In 2009 setup of the North American Tech Center (NATC) in Morrisville, North Carolina, USA. In 2012 a sales office in Shanghai in the PR China was opened. A representative office in Yokohama, Japan was founded in 2015. 2017 takeover of Dornier Technologie Systems GmbH, Uhldingen-Mühlhofen, Germany, the acquisition also includes the takeover of Dornier Technologie GmbH & Co. KG and Dornier Technologie Beteiligungs GmbH, in 2018 renaming in "Bühler Motor Aviation GmbH". 2018 opening new sales and tech office in Farmington Hill (Detroit-Michigan) in USA.

9576920022226755195

Q23540986

_START_ARTICLE_ B-coloring _START_PARAGRAPH_ In graph theory, a b-coloring of a graph is a coloring of the vertices where each color class contains a vertex that has a neighbor in all other color classes._NEWLINE_The b-chromatic number of a G graph is the largest b(G) positive integer that the G graph has a b-coloring with b(G) number of colors._NEWLINE_Victor Campos, Carlos Lima és Ana Silva used the relation between b-coloring and a graph's smallest cycle to partly prove the Erdős–Faber–Lovász conjecture.

1550109780677280951

Q55072099

_START_ARTICLE_ B. Traven _START_SECTION_ Novels _START_PARAGRAPH_ The writer with the pen name B. Traven appeared on the German literary scene in 1925, when the Berlin daily Vorwärts, the organ of the Social Democratic Party of Germany, published the first short story signed with this pseudonym on 28 February. Soon, it published Traven's first novel, Die Baumwollpflücker (The Cotton Pickers), which appeared in installments in June and July of the same year. The expanded book edition was published in 1926 by the Berlin-based Buchmeister publishing house, which was owned by the left-leaning trade-unions-affiliated book sales club Büchergilde Gutenberg. The title of the first book edition was Der Wobbly, a common name for members of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Industrial Workers of the World; in later editions the original title Die Baumwollpflücker was restored. In the book, Traven introduced for the first time the figure of Gerald Gales (in Traven's other works his name is Gale, or Gerard Gales), an American sailor who looks for a job in different occupations in Mexico, often consorting with suspicious characters and witnessing capitalistic exploitation, nevertheless not losing his will to fight and striving to draw joy from life._NEWLINE_In the same year (1926), the book club Büchergilde Gutenberg, which was Traven's publishing house until 1939, published his second novel Das Totenschiff (The Death Ship). The main character of the novel is again Gerard Gales, a sailor who, having lost his documents, virtually forfeits his identity, the right to normal life and home country and, consequently, is forced to work as a stoker's helper in extremely difficult conditions on board a "death ship" (meaning a coffin ship), which sails on suspicious voyages around the European and African coasts. The novel is an accusation of the greed of capitalist employers and bureaucracy of officials who deport Gale from the countries where he is seeking refuge. In the light of findings of Traven's biographers, The Death Ship may be regarded as a novel with autobiographical elements. Assuming that B. Traven is identical with the revolutionary Ret Marut, there is a clear parallel between the fate of Gale and the life of the writer himself, devoid of his home country, who might have been forced to work in a boiler room of a steamer on a voyage from Europe to Mexico._NEWLINE_Traven's best known novel, apart from The Death Ship, was The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, published first in German in 1927 as Der Schatz der Sierra Madre. The action of the book is again set in Mexico, and its main characters are a group of American adventurers and gold seekers. In 1948 the book was filmed under the same title (The Treasure of the Sierra Madre) by the Hollywood director John Huston. The film, starring Humphrey Bogart and Walter Huston, was a great commercial success, and in 1949 it won three Academy Awards._NEWLINE_The figure of Gerald Gales returned in Traven's next book, The Bridge in the Jungle (Die Brücke im Dschungel), which was serialized in Vorwärts in 1927 and published in an extended book form in 1929. In the novel, Traven first dealt in detail with the question of the Indians living in America and with the differences between Christian and Indian cultures in Latin America; these problems dominated his later Jungle Novels._NEWLINE_In 1929 B. Traven's most extensive book The White Rose (Die Weiße Rose) was published; this was an epic story (supposedly based on fact) of land stolen from its Indian owners for the benefit of an American oil company._NEWLINE_The 1930s are mainly the period in which Traven wrote and published the so-called Jungle Novels – the series of six novels consisting of The Carreta (Der Karren, 1931), Government (Regierung, 1931), March to the Monteria (Der Marsch ins Reich der Caoba, 1933), Trozas (Die Troza, 1936), The Rebellion of the Hanged (Die Rebellion der Gehenkten, 1936), and The General from the Jungle (Ein General kommt aus dem Dschungel, with a Swedish translation published in 1939 and the German original in 1940). The novels describe the life of Mexican Indians in the state of Chiapas in the early 20th century who are forced to work under inhuman conditions at clearing mahogany in labour camps (monterias) in the jungle; this results in rebellion and the outbreak of the Mexican Revolution._NEWLINE_After the Jungle Novels, B. Traven practically stopped writing longer literary forms, publishing only short stories, including the novella or Mexican fairy tale Macario, which was originally written in English but first published in German in 1950. The story, whose original English title was The Healer, was honored by The New York Times as the best short story of the year in 1953. Macario was made into a film by Mexican director Roberto Gavaldón in 1960._NEWLINE_Traven's last novel, published in 1960, was Aslan Norval (so far not translated into English), the story of an American millionairess who is married to an aging businessman and at the same time in love with a young man; she intends to build a canal running across the United States as an alternative for the nuclear arms race and space exploration programs. The subject and the language of the novel, which were completely different from the writer's other works, resulted in its rejection for a long time by publishers who doubted Traven's authorship; the novel was accused of being "trivial" and "pornographic". The book was only accepted after its thorough stylistic editing by Johannes Schönherr who adapted its language to the "Traven style". Doubts about Aslan Norval remain and exacerbate the problems of the writer's identity and the true authorship of his books. _START_SECTION_ Other works _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apart from his twelve novels, B. Traven also authored many short stories, some of which remain unpublished. Besides the already mentioned Macario, the writer adapted the Mexican legend about The Creation of the Sun and the Moon (Sonnen-Schöpfung, with a Czech translation published in 1934 and the German original in 1936). The first collection of Traven's short stories, entitled Der Busch, appeared in 1928; its second, enlarged edition was published in 1930. From the 1940s onwards many of his short stories also appeared in magazines and anthologies in different languages._NEWLINE_A solitary position in Traven's oeuvre is held by Land des Frühlings (Land of Springtime, 1928), a travel book about the Mexican state of Chiapas that doubles as a soapbox for the presentation of the leftist and anarchist views of its author. The book, published by Büchergilde Gutenberg like his other works, contained 64 pages of photographs taken by B. Traven himself. It has not been translated into English. _START_SECTION_ Themes in B. Traven's works _START_PARAGRAPH_ B. Traven's writings can be best described as "proletarian adventure novels". They tell about exotic travels, outlaw adventurers and Indians; many of their motifs can also be found in Karl May's and Jack London's novels. Unlike much of adventure or Western fiction, Traven's books, however, are not only characterized by a detailed description of the social environment of their protagonists but also by the consistent presentation of the world from the perspective of the "oppressed and exploited". Traven's characters are drawn commonly from the lower classes of society, from the proletariat or lumpenproletariat strata; they are more antiheroes than heroes, and despite that they have this primal vital force which compels them to fight. The notions of "justice" or Christian morality, which are so visible in adventure novels by other authors, for example Karl May, are of no importance here._NEWLINE_Instead, an anarchist element of rebellion often lies at the centre of the novel's action. The hero's rejection of his degrading living conditions frequently serves as motive and broad emphasis is placed upon the efforts of the oppressed to liberate themselves. Apart from that, there are virtually no political programmes in Traven's books; his clearest manifesto may be the general anarchist demand "Tierra y Libertad" in the Jungle Novels. Professional politicians, including ones who sympathize with the left, are usually shown in a negative light, if shown at all. Despite this, Traven's books are par excellence political works. Although the author does not offer any positive programme, he always indicates the cause of suffering of his heroes. This source of suffering, deprivation, poverty and death is for him capitalism, personified in the deliberations of the hero of The Death Ship as Caesar Augustus Capitalismus. Traven's criticism of capitalism is, however, free of blatant moralizing. Dressing his novels in the costume of adventure or western literature, the writer seeks to appeal to the less educated, and first of all to the working class._NEWLINE_In his presentation of oppression and exploitation, Traven did not limit himself to the criticism of capitalism; in the centre of his interest there were rather racial persecutions of Mexican Indians. These motifs, which are mainly visible in the Jungle Novels, were a complete novelty in the 1930s. Most leftist intellectuals, despite their negative attitude to European and American imperialism, did not know about, or were not interested in persecutions of natives in Africa, Asia or South America. Traven deserves credit for drawing public attention to these questions, long before anti-colonial movements and struggle for emancipation of black people in the United States. _START_SECTION_ The mystery of B. Traven's biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ B. Traven submitted his works himself or through his representatives for publication from Mexico to Europe by post and gave a Mexican post office box as his return address. The copyright holder named in his books was "B. Traven, Tamaulipas, Mexico". Neither the European nor the American publishers of the writer ever met him personally or, at least, the people with whom they negotiated the publication and later also the filming of his books always maintained they were only Traven's literary agents; the identity of the writer himself was to be kept secret. This reluctance to offer any biographical information was explained by B. Traven in words which were to become one of his best-known quotations:_NEWLINE_The creative person should have no other biography than his works._NEWLINE_The non-vanity and non-ambition claimed by Traven was no humble gesture, Jan-Christoph Hauschild writes: _NEWLINE_By deleting his former names Feige and Marut, he extinguished his hitherto existences and created a new one, including a suitable story of personal descent. Traven knew that values like credibility and authenticity were effective criteria in the literary matters he dealt with and that he needed to consider them. Above all, his performance was self-fulfilment, and after that the creation of an artist. Even as Ret Marut he played parts on stage but also in the stalls and in real life, so he equipped and coloured them with adequate and fascinating stories of personal descent till they became a spleeny mixture of self-discovery, self-invention, performance and masquerade. It seems indisputable that Traven's hide-and-seek manners became progressively obsessive; although we have to consider that self-presentation is irrevocable. This turned into a trap because he was no longer able to expose his true vita without appearing as a show-off._NEWLINE_Although the popularity of the writer was still rising (the German Brockhaus Enzyklopädie devoted an article to him as early as 1934,) B. Traven remained a mysterious figure. Literary critics, journalists and others were trying to discover the author's identity and were proposing more or less credible, sometimes fantastic hypotheses. _START_SECTION_ Ret Marut theory _START_PARAGRAPH_ The author of the first hypothesis concerning B. Traven's identity was the German journalist, writer and anarchist Erich Mühsam, who conjectured that the person who hides behind the pseudonym was the former actor and journalist Ret Marut. Marut, whose date and place of birth are unknown, performed on stage in Idar (today Idar-Oberstein), Ansbach, Suhl, Crimmitschau, Berlin, Danzig and Düsseldorf before the First World War. From time to time, he also directed plays and wrote articles on theatre subjects. After the outbreak of the war, in 1915, he declared to the German authorities that he was an American citizen. Marut also became politically engaged when, in 1917, he launched the periodical Der Ziegelbrenner (The Brick Burner) with a clearly anarchistic profile (its last issue appeared in 1921). After the proclamation of the Bavarian Soviet Republic in Munich in 1919, Ret Marut was made director of the press division and member of the propaganda committee of this anarchist Schein-Räterepublik (Fake-Soviet Republic), as the communists under Eugen Leviné, who took over after a week, called it. Marut got to know Erich Mühsam, one of the leaders of the anarchists in Munich. Later, when B. Traven's first novels appeared, Mühsam compared their style and content with Marut's Der Ziegelbrenner articles and came to the conclusion that they must have been written by one and the same person. Ret Marut was arrested after the overthrow of the Bavarian Soviet Republic on May 1, 1919, and taken to be executed, but managed to escape (it is said). All this may explain why Traven always claimed to be American and denied any connections with Germany; a warrant, in the German Reich, had been out for Ret Marut's arrest since 1919._NEWLINE_Rolf Recknagel, an East German literary scholar from Leipzig, came to very similar conclusions as Erich Mühsam. In 1966, he published a biography of Traven in which he claimed that the books signed with the pen name B. Traven (including the post-war ones) had been written by Ret Marut. At present, this hypothesis is accepted by most "Travenologists". _START_SECTION_ Otto Feige theory _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Ret Marut hypothesis did not explain how the former actor and anarchist reached Mexico; it did not provide any information about his early life either. In the late 1970s, two BBC journalists, Will Wyatt and Robert Robinson, decided to investigate this matter. The results of their research were published in a documentary broadcast by the BBC on 19 December 1978 and in Wyatt's book The Man who Was B. Traven (U.S. title The Secret of the Sierra Madre) which appeared in 1980. The journalists gained access to Ret Marut's files in the United States Department of State and the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office; from these they discovered that Marut attempted to travel from Europe, via Britain, to Canada in 1923, but was turned back from that country. He was finally arrested and imprisoned as a foreigner without a residence permit in Brixton Prison, London on 30 November 1923._NEWLINE_Interrogated by the British police, Marut testified that his real name was Hermann Otto Albert Maximilian Feige and that he had been born in Schwiebus in Germany (modern day Świebodzin in Poland) on 23 February 1882. Wyatt and Robinson did research in the Polish archives and confirmed the authenticity of these facts; both the date and place of birth and the Christian names of Feige's parents agreed with Marut's testimony. The British journalists discovered further that after his apprenticeship and National Service in the German army around 1904/1905 Otto Feige disappeared leaving no trace except for a photograph made by a studio in Magdeburg. Robinson showed photographs of Marut and Traven to a brother and a sister of Feige, and they appeared to recognise the person in the photos as their brother. In 2008 Jan-Christoph Hauschild did research in German archives and confirmed the authenticity of the family memories. After working as a mechanic in Magdeburg, Feige became (summer 1906) head of the metal workers' union in Gelsenkirchen. In September 1907 he left the city and turned into Ret Marut, actor, born in San Francisco. He started his career in Idar (today Idar-Oberstein)._NEWLINE_Ret Marut was held in Brixton prison until 15 February 1924. After his release in the spring of 1924, he went to the US consulate in London and asked for confirmation of his American citizenship. He claimed that he had been born in San Francisco in 1882, signed on a ship when he was ten and had been travelling around the world since then, but now wanted to settle down and get his life in order. Incidentally, Marut had also applied for US citizenship earlier when he lived in Germany. He filed altogether three applications at that time, claiming that he had been born in San Francisco on 25 February 1882 to parents William Marut and Helena Marut née Ottarent. The consulate officials did not take this story seriously, especially as they also received the other version of Marut's biography from the London police, about his birth in Schwiebus, which he had presented during the interrogation. Birth records in San Francisco were destroyed in the 1906 earthquake and fire, and for several decades afterward false claims of birth there were common. In the opinion of Wyatt and Robinson, the version presented by Marut to the police was true – B. Traven was born as Otto Feige in Schwiebus (modern day Świebodzin) and only later changed his name to Ret Marut, his stage name Marut being the anagram of traum (dream in German). Further painting the lily, the name is an anagram of turma (herd in Romanian, accident in Finnish, and squadron or swarm in Latin)._NEWLINE_The above dates of Marut's supposed incarceration in the UK seem to be supported by travel documents. On 27 July 1923, a 41-year-old US citizen named Ret Marut left Liverpool aboard the SS Magnetic bound for Quebec and Montreal, Canada. The passenger list from Liverpool states that Marut's original point of departure was Copenhagen, Denmark, and lists question marks under his country of residence and country of citizenship. Upon disembarking in Canada, he declared his intent to travel to the United States via Canada, that he was born in the US, a US citizen, had 50 dollars in his possession, and listed his occupation as a farmer and his language as "American." On 19 August 1923 Ret/Rex/Rox Marut arrived back in Liverpool as a deportee from Canada, still aboard SS Magnetic._NEWLINE_The hypothesis that B. Traven is identical with Ret Marut and Otto Feige is nowadays accepted by many scholars. Tapio Helen points out that the adoption of such a version of the writer's biography would be very difficult to reconcile with the many Americanisms in his works and the general spirit of American culture pervading them; these must be proof of at least a long life of the writer in the American environment which was not the case in Feige's or Marut's biography. On the other hand, if Marut was not identical with Otto Feige, it is difficult to explain how he knew the details of his birth so well, including his mother's maiden name, and the similarity of the faces and the handwriting._NEWLINE_The Otto Feige hypothesis has been rejected by Karl S. Guthke, who believes that Marut's story about his birth in San Francisco was nearer the truth, even though Guthke agrees with the opinion that Marut fantasized in his autobiography to some extent. _START_SECTION_ Arrival in Mexico _START_PARAGRAPH_ After his release from the London prison, Ret Marut supposedly traveled from Europe to Mexico. The circumstances of this journey are not clear either. According to Rosa Elena Luján, the widow of Hal Croves, who is identified with B. Traven by many scholars (see below), her husband signed on a "death ship" after his release from prison and sailed to Norway, from there on board another "death ship" to Africa and, finally, on board a Dutch ship, reached Tampico on the Gulf of Mexico in the summer of 1924. He allegedly utilized his experiences from these voyages later in the novel The Death Ship. These assertions are partly supported by documents. Marut's name is on the list of the crew members of the Norwegian ship Hegre, which sailed from London to the Canary Islands on 19 April 1924; the name is, however, crossed out, which could imply that Marut did not take part in the voyage in the end._NEWLINE_In the spring of 1917, after the United States entered the First World War, Mexico became a haven for Americans fleeing universal military conscription. In 1918, Linn A(ble) E(aton) Gale (1892–1940) and his wife Magdalena E. Gale fled from New York to Mexico City. Gale soon was a founding member of one of the early Communist Parties of Mexico (PCM). The Gales published the first Mexican issue of their periodical Gale's Journal (August 1917 – March 1921), sometimes subtitled The Journal of Revolutionary Communism in October 1918. In 1918, the Mexican section of the anarcho-syndicalist trade union Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) was also established; members of the IWW were known as "Wobblies". This was certainly a favourable environment for an anarchist and fugitive from Europe. In December 1920 Gale had even published an article in his magazine inviting revolutionaries to come. Gale, the person and the name, could have been the source for the figure of Gerald Gale, the hero of many novels by B. Traven, including The Cotton Pickers (first published as Der Wobbly) and The Death Ship. But from Traven's preserved notes, it does not appear that he also had to work in difficult conditions as a day labourer on cotton plantations and in oil fields._NEWLINE_However, as, Tapio Helen points out, there is an enormous contrast between the experiences and life of Marut, an actor and bohemian in Munich, and Traven's novels and short stories, characterized by their solid knowledge of Mexican and Indian cultures, seafaring themes, the problems of itinerant workers, political agitators and social activists of all descriptions, and pervaded with Americanisms._NEWLINE_A solution to this riddle was proposed by the Swiss researcher Max Schmid, who put forward the so-called Erlebnisträger ("experience carrier") hypothesis in a series of eight articles published in the Zurich daily Tages-Anzeiger at the end of 1963 and the beginning of 1964. According to this hypothesis (which was published by Schmid under the pseudonym Gerard Gale!), Marut arrived in Mexico from Europe around 1922/1923 and met an American tramp, someone similar to Gerard Gale, who wrote stories about his experiences. Marut obtained these manuscripts from him (probably by trickery), translated them into German, added some elements of his own anarchist views and sent them, pretending that they were his own, to the German publisher._NEWLINE_Schmid's hypothesis has both its adherents and opponents; at present its verification seems to be impossible. Anyway, B. Traven's (Ret Marut's) life in Mexico was as mysterious as his fate in Europe. _START_SECTION_ Traven Torsvan theory _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most researchers also identify B. Traven with the person named Berick Traven Torsvan who lived in Mexico from at least 1924. Torsvan rented a wooden house north of Tampico in 1924 where he often stayed and worked until 1931. Later, from 1930, he lived for 20 years in a house with a small restaurant on the outskirts of Acapulco from which he set off on his travels throughout Mexico. As early as 1926, Torsvan took part as a photographer in an archeological expedition to the state of Chiapas led by Enrique Juan Palacios; one of the few photographs which may depict B. Traven, wearing a pith helmet, was taken during that expedition. Torsvan also travelled to Chiapas as well as to other regions of Mexico later, probably gathering materials for his books. He showed a lively interest in Mexican culture and history, following summer courses on the Spanish and Mayan languages, the history of Latin American literature and the history of Mexico at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM) in the years 1927 and 1928._NEWLINE_In 1930 Torsvan received a foreigner's identification card as the North American engineer Traven Torsvan (in many sources, there also appears another first name of his: Berick or Berwick). It is known that B. Traven himself always claimed to be American. In 1933, the writer sent the English manuscripts of his three novels – The Death Ship, The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and The Bridge in the Jungle – to the New York City publishing house Alfred A. Knopf for publication, claiming that these were the original versions of the novels and that the earlier published German versions were only translations of them. The Death Ship was published by Knopf in 1934; it was soon followed by further Traven books which appeared in the United States and the United Kingdom. However, comparison of the German and English versions of these books shows significant differences between them. The English texts are usually longer; in both versions there are also fragments which are missing in the other language. The problem is made even more complex by the fact that Traven's books published in English are full of Germanisms whereas those published in German full of Anglicisms._NEWLINE_B. Traven's works also enjoyed a soaring popularity in Mexico itself. One person who contributed to this was Esperanza López Mateos, the sister of Adolfo López Mateos, later the President of Mexico, who translated eight books by Traven into Spanish from 1941. In subsequent years she acted as his representative in contacts with publishers and as the real owner of his copyright which she later transferred to his brothers. _START_SECTION_ Filming of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and Hal Croves theory _START_PARAGRAPH_ The commercial success of the novel The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, published in English by Knopf in 1935, induced the Hollywood Warner Bros. company to buy the film rights of the book in 1941. They signed up John Huston to direct it; however, the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor caused an interruption in work on the film, which was renewed after the war._NEWLINE_In 1946, Huston arranged to meet B. Traven at the Bamer Hotel in Mexico City to discuss the details of the filming. However, instead of the writer, an unknown man turned up at the hotel and introduced himself as Hal Croves, a translator from Acapulco and San Antonio. Croves showed an alleged power of attorney from B. Traven, in which the writer authorized him to decide on everything in connection with the filming of the novel on his behalf. Croves, instead of the writer, was also present at the next meeting in Acapulco and later, as a technical advisor, all the time on location during the shooting of the film in Mexico in 1947. At this point, the mysterious behaviour of the writer and his alleged agent made a great number of the crew members believe that Hal Croves was B. Traven himself in disguise. When the film became a big box office success after its premiere on 23 January 1948 and later won three Academy Awards, a real Traven fever broke out in the United States. This excitement was partly fuelled by Warner Bros. itself; American newspapers wrote at length about a mysterious author who took part incognito in the filming of the film based on his own book._NEWLINE_Many biographers of B. Traven repeat the thesis that the director John Huston was also convinced that Hal Croves was B. Traven. This is not true. Huston denied identifying Hal Croves with Traven as early as 1948. Huston also brought the matter up in his autobiography, published in 1980, where he wrote that he had been considering first that Croves might be Traven, but after observing his behaviour he had come to the conclusion that this was not the case. According to Huston, "Croves gave an impression quite unlike the one I had formed of Traven from reading his scripts and correspondence." However, according to Huston, Hal Croves played a double game during the shooting of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre. Asked by the crew members if he was Traven, he always denied, but he did so in such a way that his interlocutors came to the conclusion that he and B. Traven were indeed one and the same person. _START_SECTION_ The "exposure" and vanishing of Torsvan _START_PARAGRAPH_ The media publicity which accompanied the premiere of The Treasure of the Sierra Madre and the aura of mystery surrounding the author of the literary original of the film (rumour had it that Life magazine offered a reward of $5,000 for finding the real B. Traven) induced a Mexican journalist named Luis Spota to try to find Hal Croves, who disappeared after the end of the shooting of the film in the summer of 1947. Thanks to information obtained from the Bank of Mexico, in July 1948, Spota found a man who lived under the name of Traven Torsvan near Acapulco. He formally ran an inn there; however, his shabby joint did not have many customers; Torsvan himself was a recluse, called El Gringo by his neighbours, which would confirm his American nationality. Investigating in official archives, Spota discovered that Torsvan had received a foreigner's identification card in Mexico in 1930 and a Mexican ID card in 1942; on both documents the date and place of birth was 5 March 1890 in Chicago. According to official records, Torsvan arrived in Mexico from the United States, crossing the border in Ciudad Juárez in 1914. Using partly dishonest methods (Spota bribed the postman who delivered letters to Torsvan), the journalist found out that Torsvan received royalties payable to B. Traven from Josef Wieder in Zurich; on his desk, he also found a book package from the American writer Upton Sinclair, which was addressed to B. Traven c/o Esperanza López Mateos. When Spota asked Torsvan directly whether he, Hal Croves and B. Traven are one and the same person, he denied this angrily; however, in the opinion of the journalist, Torsvan got confused in his explanations and finally admitted indirectly to being the writer._NEWLINE_Spota published the results of his investigations in a long article in the newspaper Mañana on 7 August 1948. In reply to this, Torsvan published a denial in the newspaper Hoy on 14 August. He received Mexican citizenship on 3 September 1951. A man named Traves Torstvan flew from Mexico City to Paris on Air France on 8 September 1953 and returned to Mexico City from Paris on 28 September of the same year. On 10 October 1959, Traves Torsvan arrived in Houston, Texas from Mexico on a KLM airlines flight accompanied by his wife Rosa E. Torsvan, presumably Rosa Elena Luján. Torsvan states his citizenship as Mexican and his date and place of birth as 2 May 1890 (3 May in the typewritten version of the document) in Chicago, Illinois. Rose E. Torstvan states her date of birth as 6 April 1915 in Proginoso [sic], Yucatan. These documents are evidence that Traven/Torsvan/Croves are one and the same person, and that rather than "disappearing," Torsvan took on his mother's supposed maiden name of Croves sometime after 1959. _START_SECTION_ B. Traven's agents and BT-Mitteilungen _START_PARAGRAPH_ Esperanza López Mateos had been cooperating with B. Traven since at least 1941 when she translated his first novel The Bridge in the Jungle into Spanish. Later she also translated seven other novels of his. Esperanza, the sister of Adolfo López Mateos, later the President of Mexico, played an increasingly important role in Traven's life. For example, in 1947, she went to Europe to represent him in contacts with his publishers; finally, in 1948, her name (along with Josef Wieder from Zurich) appeared as the copyright holder of his books. Wieder, as an employee of the Büchergilde Gutenberg book club, had already been cooperating with the writer since 1933. In that year, the Berlin-based book club Büchergilde Gutenberg, which had been publishing Traven's books so far, was closed by the Nazis after Adolf Hitler took power. Traven's books were forbidden in Nazi Germany between 1933 and 1945, and the author transferred the publication rights to the branch of Büchergilde in Zurich, Switzerland, where the publishers also emigrated. In 1939, the author decided to end his cooperation with Büchergilde Gutenberg; after this break, his representative became Josef Wieder, a former employee of the book club who had never met the writer personally. Esperanza López Mateos died, committing suicide, in 1951; her successor was Rosa Elena Luján, Hal Croves' future wife._NEWLINE_In January 1951, Josef Wieder and Esperanza López Mateos, and after her death, Rosa Elena Luján, started publishing hectographically the periodical BT-Mitteilungen (BT-Bulletins), which promoted Traven's books and appeared until Wieder's death in 1960. According to Tapio Helen, the periodical used partly vulgar methods, often publishing obvious falsehoods, for example about the reward offered by Life magazine when it was already known that the reward was only a marketing trick. In June 1952, BT-Mitteilungen published Traven's "genuine" biography, in which it claimed that the writer had been born in the Midwestern United States to an immigrant family from Scandinavia, that he had never gone to school, had had to make his living from the age of seven and had come to Mexico as a ship boy on board a Dutch steamer when he was ten. The editors also repeated the thesis that B. Traven's books were originally written in English and only later translated into German by a Swiss translator. _START_SECTION_ Return of Hal Croves _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the meantime, Hal Croves, who had disappeared after shooting the film The Treasure of the Sierra Madre, appeared on the literary scene in Acapulco again. He acted as a writer and the alleged representative of B. Traven, on behalf of whom he negotiated the publication and filming of his books with publishers and film producers. Rosa Elena Luján became Croves' secretary in 1952, and they married in San Antonio, Texas, on 16 May 1957. After the wedding, they moved to Mexico City, where they ran the Literary Agency R.E. Luján. Following Josef Wieder's death in 1960, Rosa was the only copyright holder for Traven's books._NEWLINE_In October 1959, Hal Croves and Rosa Elena Luján visited Germany to take part in the premiere of the film The Death Ship based on Traven's novel. During the visit reporters tried to induce Croves to admit to being Traven, but in vain. Such attempts ended without success also in the 1960s. Many journalists tried to get to Croves' home in Mexico City; but only very few were admitted to him by Rosa, who guarded the privacy of her already very aged, half blind and half deaf husband. The articles and interviews with Croves always had to be authorized by his wife. Asked by journalists if he was Traven, Croves always denied or answered evasively, repeating Traven's sentence from the 1920s that the work and not the man should count. _START_SECTION_ Hal Croves' death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hal Croves died in Mexico City on 26 March 1969. On the same day, his wife announced at a press conference that her husband's real name was Traven Torsvan Croves, that he had been born in Chicago on 3 May 1890 to a Norwegian father Burton Torsvan and a mother Dorothy Croves of Anglo-Saxon descent and that he had also used the pseudonyms B. Traven and Hal Croves during his life. She read this information from her husband's will, which had been drawn up by him three weeks before his death (on 4 March). Traven Torsvan Croves was also the name on the writer's official death certificate; his ashes, following cremation, were scattered from an airplane above the jungle of Chiapas state._NEWLINE_This seemed at first to be the definitive solution to the riddle of the writer's biography – B. Traven was, as he always claimed himself, an American, not the German Ret Marut. However, the 'solution' proved fleeting: some time after Croves' death, his widow gave another press announcement in which she claimed that her husband had authorized her to reveal the whole truth about his life, including facts which he had omitted from his will. The journalists heard that Croves had indeed been the German revolutionary named Ret Marut in his youth, which reconciled both the adherents of the theory of the Americanness and the proponents of the hypothesis about the Germanness of the writer. Rosa Elena Luján gave more information about these facts in her interview for the International Herald Tribune on 8 April 1969, where she claimed that her husband's parents had emigrated from the United States to Germany some time after their son's birth. In Germany, her husband published the successful novel The Death Ship, following which he went to Mexico for the first time, but returned to Germany to edit an anti-war magazine in the country "threatened by the emerging Nazi movement". He was sentenced to death, but managed to escape and went to Mexico again._NEWLINE_On the other hand, the hypothesis of B. Traven's Germanness seems to be confirmed by Hal Croves' extensive archive, to which his widow granted access to researchers sporadically until her death in 2009. Rolf Recknagel conducted research into it in 1976, and Karl Guthke in 1982. These materials include train tickets and banknotes from different East-Central European countries, possibly keepsakes Ret Marut retained after his escape from Germany after the failed revolution in Bavaria in 1919. A very interesting document is a small notebook with entries in the English language. The first entry is from 11 July 1924, and on 26 July the following significant sentence appeared in the notebook: "The Bavarian of Munich is dead". The writer might have started this diary on his arrival in Mexico from Europe, and the above note could have expressed his willingness to cut himself from his European past and start a new existence as B. Traven. _START_SECTION_ B. Traven is Moritz Rathenau, halfbrother of Walther Rathenau? _START_PARAGRAPH_ On the 100th anniversary of the end of the Bavarian Soviet Republic Timothy Heyman, the husband of B. Traven's stepdaughter Malú Montes de Oca and co-manager of the B. Traven Estate published an article in the Mexican magazine Letras libres that reintroduced a hitherto neglected theory. According to the theory, B. Traven was the illegitimate son of Emil Rathenau, founder of AEG and therefore the half-brother of the politician Walter Rathenau. Traven's real name was Moritz Rathenau._NEWLINE_This information was provided by Traven’s translator Esperanza López Mateos, who had a close relationship with B. Traven and addressed him as "Mauricio". In 1947, four years before her death, she had revealed the dtory in writing to Mexican cinematographer Gabriel Figueroa, her brother-in-law. He remained silent until 1990. He then gave the name in an article in the French newspaper "Libération". Figueroa further stated that Traven's mother was an Irish actress, Helen Mareck,, which might explain Traven's early mastery of English, as well as his closeness to the theater. _NEWLINE_The Traven expert Karl S. Guthke analyzed the theory in the Schweizer Monat in 1991 . He came to the conclusion that the thesis was not provable at the time, but that there were reasons to believe it: "It adds credibility to the story (...) in principle that it begins with Esperanza and secondly that it is a definitely unromantic identification." . Traven is therefore not, as other theories suggest, son of a fisherman, a farmer or a theater impresario. Furthermore, Guthke goes on to suggest that "Ret Marut" may be a partial anagram of "Moritz Rathenau". Emil Rathenau's middle name was Moritz, and his grandfather's name was Moritz. The marriage of Emil Rathenaus was not very happy; he loved both the theater and women._NEWLINE_A third point Guthke mentions is that Ret Marut repeatedly indicated that he was not dependent on theater fees, and also the "Ziegelbrenner" could hardly have brought in very much. Other things may arguably make sense if one assumes that B. Traven was Moritz Rathenau. He was in many ways the opposite of his half-brother. Traven was a pacifist, the politician Walter Rathenau was responsible for German armaments in the First World War. Traven's solidarity with the proletariat would also be understandable, in opposition to his relationship with a great industrialist which he, as an illegitimate son, was not supposed to have._NEWLINE_Proof could not be obtained from the Rathenau famiy, says Guthke (1990), because Walther Rathenau’s estate was lost in 1939 and Emil Rathenau’s estate was burned in 1943. However, Walther’s estate reappeared again in an archive kept secret in Moscow until 1990 and can now, nearly 30 years after Guthke's essay, be consulted at the Walther Rathenau Society.

15041434560999988254

Q795289

_START_ARTICLE_ B41 nuclear bomb _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ The development of the B-41 began in 1955 with a USAF requirement for a Class B (high-yield, over 10,000 lb or 4,500 kg) weapon. It was based on the "Fagotti (bassoon)" test device first fired in the Redwing Zuni test of 27 May 1956. An ICBM warhead version of the weapon was cancelled in 1957 while still in the design stage. _START_SECTION_ Composition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The B-41 was the only three-stage thermonuclear weapon fielded by the U.S. It had a deuterium-tritium boosted primary, probably with lithium-6-enriched deuteride fuel for the fusion reaction in the secondary stage. This was followed by a yet-larger third fusion stage, the tertiary stage, compressed by the secondary stage. Finally, there was a fission jacket._NEWLINE_Two versions were deployed, Y1, a "dirty" version with a tertiary stage encased with U-238 (natural uranium), and Y2, a "clean" version with a lead-encased tertiary. It was the highest-yield nuclear weapon ever deployed by the United States, with a maximum yield of 25 megatons (Mt), and weighing in at 4,850 kg (10,690 lb). It remains the highest yield-to-weight ratio of any weapon created. The US claimed in 1963 that it could produce a 35 Mt fusion bomb, and put it on a Titan II (3,700 kg [8,200 lb] payload), almost doubling the yield-to-weight ratio of the B-41._NEWLINE_The B-41 was of the usual long cylindrical shape. The nuclear fusion warhead was of the Teller-Ulam type and used a 40–100 kiloton implosion type nuclear fission primary (reportedly based on the Smokey TX-41 shot of Operation Plumbbob)_NEWLINE_fueled by HEU to trigger the lithium-6 deuteride fusion fuel. The Y1 version, the third ("tertiary") stage was enclosed in a uranium tamper._NEWLINE_The B-41 was an example of a fission-fusion-fusion-fission type thermonuclear weapon, or tertiary stage bomb. The additional tertiary fusion stage, compressed by a previous fusion stage, could be used to make a bomb with yields as large as desired. _START_SECTION_ Physical characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The weapon was 12 ft 4 in (3.76 m) long, with a body diameter of 4 ft 4 in (1.32 m). It weighed 10,670 lb (4,840 kg). It was carried only by the B-52 Stratofortress and B-47 Stratojet. It could be deployed in free-fall or aerial (parachute) configuration, and could be set for airburst, groundburst, or laydown delivery. _START_SECTION_ Service life _START_PARAGRAPH_ The B-41 (designated Mk-41 until 1968) entered service in 1961. About 500 of these weapons were manufactured between September 1960 and June 1962. The B-41 was progressively phased out of service beginning in 1963, superseded by the B53 nuclear bomb. The last B-41s were retired in July 1976. _START_SECTION_ Efficiency _START_PARAGRAPH_ During its operational lifetime, the B-41 was the most efficient known thermonuclear weapon in terms of yield to actual weight, with a 5.2 Megaton/tonne ratio (based on a 25 Mt yield). Its blast yield was 25 to 50% that of the AN602 Tsar Bomba, which delivered a blast of 50 or 100 megatons of TNT, depending on its own configuration as a "clean" (lead encased) or dirty (uranium encased) bomb. However even at the Tsar Bomba's theoretical maximum yield of 100 megatons, it would still only achieve a yield to weight ratio of ~ 3.7 Megaton/tonne, thus the B-41 is the most efficient, highest yield to weight ratio, weapon ever created. However, since neither full yield versions of the B-41 nor "Tsar Bomba" were ever demonstrably tested, the B-41's high efficiency is merely theoretical; the most efficient tested and proven nuclear physics package is the W56.

7153582788393169648

Q4834438

_START_ARTICLE_ B4U (network) _START_SECTION_ Company history _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1999, the newly formed network launched B4U Movies and B4U Music in the UK on the Sky Digital platform as a subscription package along with Sony Entertainment Television. In 2001, the network went on to launch the channels in the United States and Canada and the Middle East by the end of the year._NEWLINE_By 2000, B4U had established itself as a leading brand in Bollywood entertainment for the Indian Diaspora. The launch was surrounded in controversy, with rival network Zee TV claiming that B4U had stolen its database of subscribers in the UK. The B4U management claimed that they had got hold of the database from ex-employees and has been using it to send mailers promoting its service. As well as expanding into Europe, Africa and Asia, the network debuted in India to popular acclaim. B4U brand awareness increased after the company signed a deal with FTV to broadcast Indian fashion shows throughout the world. The network also became involved in local level promotions like showing Indian fashion shows in theatres, promoting new faces and organising fashion shows and contests throughout India and the world. The Network gained further international attention and acclaim after winning 9 Promax Awards in 2001. By this time the B4U company was a main rival to Zee TV and Sony in the Indian broadcasting market. The network then ventured into movie production in 2002, co-producing all films produced by iDream. In addition the B4U network started to produce much more local content for the various local versions of its channels. _START_SECTION_ B4U Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ The network has a strong presence in Indian culture and is one of the 'Big Three' Indian television networks to operate worldwide. The B4U brand is now well known over the world, with the network staging many high-profile events such as the Times of India new talent searches, and the Mayor of London's annual Diwali Festival in Trafalgar Square. _START_SECTION_ B4U Films _START_PARAGRAPH_ B4U Films (alternatively named, B4U Productions Plc. )is a wholly owned subsidiary of B4U TV Ltd. (B4U), Mumbai based media and entertainment production company. It was started in 1997, and handles the motion picture production and distribution of B4U._NEWLINE_B4U Films produces films in Bollywood as well as in Punjab, where it partners with other leading film studios.They distributes Lollywood movies as well._NEWLINE_It first produced, Bhai, which starred Suniel Shetty, Kader Khan and Kunal Khemu. Bhai failed at the box office, but later helped with the home-production of Bollywood 1957 classic movie, Mother India. In 2015 they started distributed Pakistani Films by distributing Karachi Se Lahore worldwide.The latest film, they had distributed was Mahira Khan starred Pakistani romantic comedy film 7 Din Mohabbat In.

16419617792417969618

Q4834649

_START_ARTICLE_ BASA-press _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ BASA press was founded by a group of five journalists (including Vasile Botnaru) in Chişinău on 5 November 1992. The newsagency was the first independent news agency in the Republic of Moldova. Infotag was the second one, operating officially since 1 December 1993. BASA-press covered the entire range of political, social, economic, business and other events._NEWLINE_On 31 December 2009, BASA-press, Moldova's oldest independent news agency closed down. Agency's ex-director Sergiu Ipati told the agency had been closed down because of the ongoing crisis. In 2009, the Moldovan information market lost another news agency - Flux, which was controlled by the Christian-Democratic People's Party (Moldova).

16927927961578682667

Q48796923

_START_ARTICLE_ BAZAAR Stars’ Charity Night _START_PARAGRAPH_ BAZAAR Stars’ Charity Night (Chinese: 芭莎明星慈善夜) is an annual fundraising gala hosted by Harper’s Bazaar China in China for Chinese celebrities who support charities. The event was founded at 2003 due to the outbreak of SARS upon Na Ying's suggestion and the fundraising event was continued every year ever since. Since 2014, the charity night has been a collaboration between Harper's Bazaar China and Zhejiang Television where the latter will broadcast the charity night on national television. In recent years, the event is divided into the auction segment and the donation segment with intervals of performances. _START_SECTION_ Suggestion _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the outbreak of SARS, the crew of Harper's Bazaar China felt a strong social responsibility to contribute for the betterment of the society. Singer Na Ying suggested auctioning clothes and items owned by fellow celebrities and donate the money to the poor. First few years of operation for this fund raising event was not a media highlight as not many sponsors and brands gave their support. The induction of more celebrities made the fundraising event a national event and a commercial success. The event is attended by the Chinese entertainment industry with guest ranging from singers, actors, actresses to entertainment moguls.

5379809223566357256

Q556818

_START_ARTICLE_ BKM algorithm _START_PARAGRAPH_ The BKM algorithm is a shift-and-add algorithm for computing elementary functions, first published in 1994 by Jean-Claude Bajard, Sylvanus Kla, and Jean-Michel Muller. BKM is based on computing complex logarithms (L-mode) and exponentials (E-mode) using a method similar to the algorithm Henry Briggs used to compute logarithms. By using a precomputed table of logarithms of negative powers of two, the BKM algorithm computes elementary functions using only integer add, shift, and compare operations._NEWLINE_BKM is similar to CORDIC, but uses a table of logarithms rather than a table of arctangents. On each iteration, a choice of coefficient is made from a set of nine complex numbers, 1, 0, −1, i, −i, 1+i, 1−i, −1+i, −1−i, rather than only −1 or +1 as used by CORDIC. BKM provides a simpler method of computing some elementary functions, and unlike CORDIC, BKM needs no result scaling factor. The convergence rate of BKM is approximately one bit per iteration, like CORDIC, but BKM requires more precomputed table elements for the same precision because the table stores logarithms of complex operands._NEWLINE_As with other algorithms in the shift-and-add class, BKM is particularly well-suited to hardware implementation. The relative performance of software BKM implementation in comparison to other methods such as polynomial or rational approximations will depend on the availability of fast multi-bit shifts (i.e. a barrel shifter) or hardware floating point arithmetic.

1992626084307948279

Q62389259

_START_ARTICLE_ BKN _START_PARAGRAPH_ BKN, or Bohbot Kids Network (also BKN Kids), were syndicated blocks of animated TV series owned by Bohbot Communications and its subsidiaries or successors. BKN also is used to referred to Bohbot Communications and its subsidiaries or successors._NEWLINE_BKN Kids and BKN Kids II did not initially share programming as to grant the networks Syndex protection. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 13, 1992, Bohbot Entertainment launched Amazin' Adventures, a syndicated action-oriented block that aired for two hours on Sundays. Byrne Enterprises sold barter for the block. During the 1996–1997 season, Amazin' Adventures also aired for an hour on weekdays._NEWLINE_Amazin' Adventures was re-launched as the BKN Kids Network in September 1997. By 1997, the network had signed up 104 stations reaching 75% of the US, with 65 stations airing BKN in pattern and 35 stations signing on for three years. Stations that aired the BKN block included BHC Communications stations, WCIU-TV, WPGH-TV, and The WB 100+ Station Group. During BKN's first season, its programs were split into three blocks: the "Extreme Block" (Extreme Dinosaurs and Extreme Ghostbusters) and the "Comedy Block" (The Mask: Animated Series and Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog) on weekdays, and "Amazin’ Adventures" (Captain Simian & the Space Monkeys) on weekends._NEWLINE_On August 29, 1999, BKN was re-positioned as an action-oriented block; it was referred to internally as "Bulldog TV" because the block's bumpers featured an animated bulldog. Bulldog TV stopped airing on most stations in 2000, but The WB 100+ Station Group continued to air reruns of BKN shows during the 2000–2001 season. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ With multiple offers in top 50 markets for BKN, Bohbot Entertainment planned to launch a second syndication network, BKN Kids II, in September 1998 to meet the demand. Station groups affiliating with BKN 2 at launch included Sinclair Broadcast Group, Tribune Broadcasting, Clear Channel Communications and ACME Communications. Bohbot planned to use several of its library series, Mighty Max, Highlander: The Animated Series, The Mask: The Animated Series, and Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog to fill out the schedule. The block's launch was postponed to August 29, 1999. BKN Kids II ceased to exist in 2000. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bohbot Communications Inc. was founded on November 19, 1985 as a media planning and buying service. BC added additional services over the following 10 years: animated children’s programming syndicator, program syndication sales distribution, licensing and merchandising. After previous attempts at local promotions and request from promotional agencies at 1995 NATPE, Bohbot entered the national promotions field in 1996._NEWLINE_Bohbot Entertainment distributed 65 episodes of Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog in syndication starting in 1993. BE picked up Double Dragon for syndication in 1993._NEWLINE_Bohbot Communications Inc. in January 1994 split its operations into two units, Bohbot Media Worldwide (BM) and Bohbot Entertainment Worldwide (BE). Bohbot Media would take over BC's media planning and buying services, while Bohbot Entertainment took over BC's TV distribution, licensing and merchandising, promotions and public relations operations. In 1994, Bohbot Media agreed to distribute A.J.'s Time Travelers for Time Travelers, Inc. to Fox Children's Network for which the various Bohbot entities were sued in 1995 along with the producers._NEWLINE_In March 1997, BE and DIC Entertainment agreed to a three-year output deal for Bohbot Kids Network consisting of five series. BE launched BKN Kids Network in September of that year By October, Bohbot Enterprises Worldwide, Inc., Bohbot Entertainment, Bohbot Media and the International Division were renamed BKN, Inc. (BKN), Bohbot Entertainment & Media Inc. (BEM), Quantum Media International, Inc. (QMI) and BKN International respectively._NEWLINE_In April 1998, United Television and Columbia TriStar Television took a minority stake in BEM._NEWLINE_With multiple offers in top 50 markets for the Bohbot Kids Network, Bohbot Entertainment scheduled the launch of a second syndication network, BKN Kids II, for September 1998 to meet the demand. BE also looked for shows from other syndicators to include in BKN Kids II. With financial setbacks that had happened in the past, a consortium of banks gave Bohbot $100 million in new financing in September 1998. Two new blocks were announced at the same time as well as the new chairman/CEO of Bohbot Kids Network, Rick Ungar. BKN also indicated that long-term network affiliation agreements were under close to being finalized with Chris-Craft/United Television, Tribune Broadcasting, Paramount Stations Group, Sinclair Broadcast Group and the WB network's WeB fill-in cable network. BKN also purchased Epoch Ink Animation which was renamed to BKN Studios._NEWLINE_BKNI went public and independent of BKN in 1999 on the Frankfurt Neuer Market stock exchange with BKN retaining 34% ownership._NEWLINE_In January 2000, Bohbot Entertainment & Media Inc. was sued by Sinclair Broadcast Group over a supposed failure of Bohbot to purchase enough advertising on the broadcasting group's TV stations as agreed to in their BKN Network carriage agreement. In July, the A.J.'s Time Travelers case ended in which the various Bohbot entities and Time Travelers entities had to pay damages with BKN paying $10 million, BEM $10 million and QMI, $5 million._NEWLINE_BKN International in January 2001 acquired BKN, Inc.'s operating assets with BKN, Inc. would continue as a holding company with its BKNI holdings. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ BKN International was originally the Cologne, Germany based international arm of BKN, Inc. BKNI went public and independent of BKN in 1999 on the Frankfurt Neuer Market stock exchange with BKN retaining 34% ownership. The Jumanji, Starship Troopers and Extreme Ghostbusters series were being produced by BKNI for Sony Pictures by 2001. BKN International in January 2001 acquired BKN, Inc.'s operating assets: BKN animation library (5th largest at the time in the US), L.A. studio and its trademark for $28.1 million. BKN, Inc. would continue as a holding company with it BKNI holdings. Following the BKN acquisition, Sony Pictures Family Entertainment Group (SPFEG) purchased a 3.8% stake in BKNI from BKN, Inc. as the company expanded into US and Asia. Under the deal, SPFE president Sander Schwartz became a member of the company's supervisory board while Allen Bohbot moved from the advisory board chairmanship to the management board's chairmanship._NEWLINE_By October 2005, BKN New Media Inc. agreed to a $10 million outsourcing partnership with UTV Toons of India._NEWLINE_In January 2009, BKNI was involved in talks to buy Entertainment Rights. The company was delisted from the London stock exchange while remaining on the Deutsche Bourse. In mid-year, BKN International filed for insolvency and began its sale of its assets in December 2009._NEWLINE_Bohbot left the company by July 2010 to start up a new company, 41 Entertainment.

11376330991060754075

Q4835926

_START_ARTICLE_ BM/85 mine _START_PARAGRAPH_ The BM/85 is an Italian blast resistant bounding anti-personnel mine that was produced by Tecnovar italiana SpA. The mine is cylindrical with a three pronged tilt/pressure fuze on the top with a central post for attaching a tripwire. A plastic safety clip prevents the fuze from tilting when in transit. Once the pressure clip is removed the mine is armed. Once the fuze is pulled sideways by a trip wire or by downward pressure, the mine is triggered. A small charge launches the mine to a height of about 0.45 meters where it explodes scattering 1,000 fragments to a lethal radius of about 25 meters._NEWLINE_The mine is similar to the Valmara 69, both share a similar fuze mechanism which is resistant to blast overpressure making them difficult to clear rapidly._NEWLINE_The mine was in service with the Italian army but all operational stocks of the mine have been destroyed.

4152902593455029383

Q2267069

_START_ARTICLE_ BMD-2 _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ When the Soviet–Afghan War broke out, the Soviet forces operated BMP-1 IFVs and BMD-1 airborne IFVs. They were both armed with 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" low pressure smoothbore short-recoil semi-automatic gun, 9S428 ATGM launcher capable of firing 9M14 "Malyutka" (NATO: AT-3A Sagger A), 9M14M "Malyutka-M" (NATO: AT-3B Sagger B) and 9M14P "Malyutka-P" (NATO: AT-3C Sagger C) ATGMs and 7.62 mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun. Although their armament made for strong anti-tank firepower, it didn't provide sufficient firepower against enemy unarmored vehicles, infantry, firing points and light fortified positions, especially during mountain battles because of low elevation angle of the main gun._NEWLINE_In 1981 the units fighting in Afghanistan started receiving new BMP-2 IFVs. Its 30 mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon with two-belt loading system and very high elevation angle solved some of the serious drawbacks of the 73 mm 2A28 "Grom" gun. Also the 9S428 ATGM launcher was replaced by pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher with semi-automatic control capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel), 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B), 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and 9M111-2 "Fagot" (AT-4B Spigot B) ATGMs which proved to be much more effective and reliable than the MCLOS guided 9M14 "Malyutka" (AT-3 Sagger), 9M14M "Malyutka-M" (AT-3B Sagger B) and 9M14P "Malyutka-P" (AT-3C Sagger C) ATGMs. Because of that the high command of Soviet airborne forces decided to arm their units with similar vehicles._NEWLINE_In the beginning it became obvious that the hull of BMD-1 was too small for the BMP-2 turret. Therefore, it was decided to design two vehicles. The first one was supposed to satisfy the immediate need of a new airborne IFV by modifying the BMD-1/BMP-1 turret, arming it with the same armament as the one on the BMP-2 and then fitting it onto the BMD-1 hull. The second vehicle was supposed to be much bigger to allow fitting of the BMP-2 turret and later became the BMD-3._NEWLINE_The modernized variant of BMD-1 was developed in 1983 and incorporated the new B-30 turret armed with 30 mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon, 7.62 mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun and pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher. After it passed the trials it entered production in 1985. _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ BMD-2 has a slightly modernized BMD-1 hull and a new turret. _START_SECTION_ Crew _START_PARAGRAPH_ The BMD-2's crew is the same as the one in BMD-1 with slight changes like the fact that the commander no longer operates the left bow-mounted 7.62 mm PKT tank machine gun which was removed because the trials proved that he is too consumed by his primary duties to accurately fire it. He also received the R-123M radio set for communication._NEWLINE_The new turret seats the gunner on the left hand side of the main gun. On top of the turret there's one single piece circular hatch opening to the front. Located in front of the said hatch is the gunner's sight which is the same one as the one used in BMP-2. Another gunner's sight is located on the left hand side of the main gun and moves in vertical planes along with it. It is a high angle of fire sight used when the gunner is aiming at air targets. The vehicle also has additional periscopes that provide it with vision on the sides. A white searchlight is mounted in front of the turret. _START_SECTION_ Turret _START_PARAGRAPH_ The B-30 turret is a modified version of the BMP-1/BMD-1 turret. _START_SECTION_ Armament _START_PARAGRAPH_ The vehicle is armed with stabilized 30 mm 2A42 multi-purpose autocannon and 7.62 mm PKT coaxial tank machine gun (mounted on the right hand side of the main gun). The vehicle carries 300 rounds for the main gun (180 AP and 120 HE) and 2,940 rounds for the machine gun. The main gun can be elevated or depressed between 75° and -5° and can be used to fire at air targets. The turret is also armed with pintle-mounted 9P135M-1 ATGM launcher, on the right hand side of the roof of the turret, with semi-automatic control capable of firing SACLOS guided 9M113 "Konkurs" (AT-5 Spandrel), 9M113M "Konkurs-M" (AT-5B Spandrel B), 9M111 "Fagot" (AT-4 Spigot) and 9M111-2 "Fagot" (AT-4B Spigot B) ATGMs. _START_SECTION_ Maneuverability _START_PARAGRAPH_ The BMD-2 has the same engine and same suspension as the BMD-1 but it has a maximum road operational range of 450 km. _START_SECTION_ Air-drop techniques _START_PARAGRAPH_ The vehicle can be transported by An-12, An-22, Il-76, An-124 airplanes and Mi-6 and Mi-26 helicopters._NEWLINE_A rocket parachute, the PRSM-915, was developed to ensure the vehicle's safe landing. To use the parachute, the BMD is first packed onto a special pallet before takeoff. To drop the BMD, a drogue chute is released that initially drags the BMD out of the Il-76 transport plane. Once clear of the plane a single large main chute opens. The deployment of the main chute triggers the deployment of four long rods which hang beneath the pallet. As soon as the rods touch the ground a retrorocket fires, slowing the BMD to a descending speed between 6 m/s and 7 m/s and giving it a relatively soft landing. It allowed a BMD to be relatively safely parachuted with both the driver and the gunner. This system entered service in 1975 for the BMD-1, and was always used for the BMD-2 afterwards. _START_SECTION_ Armour protection _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aluminium armour thickness is 7 mm on the turret, 15 mm on the front of the hull and 10 mm on the rest of the hull. Hull's front armour has two sections: upper and lower. The upper section is angled at 78° while the lower one is angled at 50°. It's resistant to small arms fire and shrapnel. _START_SECTION_ Troop compartment _START_PARAGRAPH_ The design was made in order to save necessary weight, and sacrifices crew comfort. Like the BMD-1, the BMD-2 has an extremely cramped interior space. It is much smaller than the ones inside the BMP-1 and BMP-2 IFVs. It can carry five infantrymen, including vehicle's commander, bow machine gunner and three soldiers seated behind the turret._NEWLINE_It is equipped with periscope vision blocks on the sides and rear of the vehicle. Also there are only three firing ports, two on each side of the hull and one in the rear. _START_SECTION_ Equipment _START_PARAGRAPH_ The BMD-2 has the same equipment except for the R-123 radio set which was replaced by the R-123M radio set. _START_SECTION_ Service history _START_PARAGRAPH_ BMD-2 entered service with Soviet airborne forces in 1985. They took part in Soviet–Afghan War. Later they were used by Russian airborne units of SFOR including the Russian airborne brigade stationed in Tojsici which supported the Operation Joint Guard. It is also used by Russian airborne units stationed in Abkhazia. BMD-2s were also employed by Russian 234th Airborne Assault Regiment in the Russo-Georgian War in 2008, one of their number being lost in action. _START_SECTION_ War in Donbass _START_PARAGRAPH_ BMD-2s were used by units of the Ukrainian Airmobile Forces, and by separatists of Novorossiya. Ukrainian Airborne BMD-2s were some of the first armored vehicles destroyed in the conflict. At least one BMD-2 was reported to have been used by separatists while they were besieged in the city of Sloviansk, and others separatists BMD-2s were recorded in action.

8912748820117067122

Q4034735

_START_ARTICLE_ BRM Type 15 _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the end of the Second World War motor racing slowly returned, based on whatever machinery could be found, largely consisting of the pre-war Voiturette cars conforming to a formula of supercharged 1.5-litre engines. One of the more successful voiturette constructors of the late 1930s had been English Racing Automobiles, founded by Raymond Mays and others. Mays was a very patriotic British driver with an enviable reputation, but despite considerable success in lesser races he had been given little opportunity to race in Grands Prix, since there were very few significant British attempts to build suitable cars to challenge the dominant Italian and later German cars. In early 1939, ERA's wealthy backer Humphrey Cook withdrew his funding, and Mays along with talented and imaginative ERA engineer Peter Berthon founded Automobile Developments Ltd, a project to build a fully-fledged British Grand Prix car along the lines of Mercedes-Benz and Auto Union. Throughout the war, the idea gestated in the two men's minds, with Berthon latching on to the idea of a supercharged 135° V16 engine as had been proposed to power the British Union Grand Prix car. With the end of the war in sight, Mays began to look for backers within British industry for his project. _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ Designers Peter Berthon and Eric Richter were expecting 500 bhp and at least 12,000rpm from their new British Racing Motors V16 engine, which was a 1.5-litre 135° V16 designed to meet the 1947 "Formula A" regulations that would go on to become Formula One in 1950. A V8 configuration had also been considered but it has been suggested that the V16 was chosen in part to bolster the car's image when approaching potential sponsors._NEWLINE_After Germany fell, Mays had access to several of the Mercedes and Auto Union designs, as well as other relevant German wartime technology. This showed in the design of the chassis, with Auto Union derived trailing arm suspension at the front and Mercedes inspired de Dion radius arms at the rear. This arrangement did little for the car's road-holding, although few cars of the period handled particularly well. However the car used Lockheed oleo-pneumatic struts in place of the conventional coil spring and damper units, it being thought at the time that this aviation-derived system would become a common road car arrangement._NEWLINE_Another significant departure from previous designs was the use of twin centrifugal rather than Roots-type superchargers, developed by Rolls-Royce based on the units used on later versions of the Merlin aero engine. This was to prove one of the car's main shortcomings, as while it allowed for tremendous power at high revs the engine produced significantly less power lower down the rev range meaning drivers were constantly struggling to keep the revs within a very small power band._NEWLINE_The chassis itself was not particularly advanced, essentially a ladder chassis with pairs of tubes running down either flank of the car each linked with welded sheet metal, with cross members running across the car between the two. Much attention was paid to keeping the centre of gravity low, and the Type 15 has a significantly lower profile compared with other Formula One cars of the time. Steering was by recirculating ball and nut, and continued to be so despite calls from Stirling Moss in particular to switch to a rack and pinion system to increase responsiveness. Initially the car had drum brakes developed by Girling with three shoes per corner, but in late 1951 the team began to fit disc brakes, a first for a Formula One car. _START_SECTION_ Racing at last _START_PARAGRAPH_ With all the delays the team found themselves well behind as the new World Championship began at the British Grand Prix in May. Not being in a position to enter the race itself, Mays gave the car a demonstration run in front of the very large Silverstone crowd and donations from the public flooded in. A second car was completed later in 1950 and the team set the International Trophy as the car's first full race meeting, in part due to pressure from the team's backers and also the Daily Express who in addition to sponsoring the event had prepared a brochure about the car which was to be distributed amongst the spectators._NEWLINE_The much anticipated début by the new machines could not have gone much worse. Of the two cars, only Raymond Sommer's car was fit to start at the back of the qualifying race after the car had been flown down overnight, and at the start the car lurched forward only a few inches before being stranded by a drive shaft failure, putting it out of both that race and the final. Loud boos rang out from the crowd and as the car was wheeled away some even mockingly threw pennies at the car._NEWLINE_The car's second race meeting at Goodwood a month later was considerably more encouraging despite very wet conditions, with Reg Parnell winning not only the minor Woodcote Cup but also the full Formula One Goodwood Trophy later that same day. "All we need now is a little longer time to develop it and then we hope to show the continent what we really can do" said Parnell after the race, but in truth the cold conditions had masked overheating problems that would later come back to haunt the team. The final outing for 1950 came with a two car entry at the Spanish Grand Prix, but after qualifying fourth and fifth Parnell was out early when his supercharger's drive shaft snapped before Peter Walker retired at two-thirds distance because of an oil leak in his gearbox. _START_SECTION_ 1951 _START_PARAGRAPH_ For 1951 two new cars were built with improvements to the brakes, steering and fuel tanks, and were entered into the team's first full Championship Grand Prix at Silverstone. Problems with the cars prevented them setting qualifying times, but both cars were ready to start from the back. The exhausts of the cars had been designed to run within the bodywork, but with this being the first race the cars had run to a full Grand Prix length the drivers found themselves dealing with almost unbearable heat within the cockpit, to the point that they had to have burns dressings applied during pitstops to act as insulation and protect the arms from the hot exhaust piping. With the thought of all the effort that had gone into the project Parnell and Walker steeled themselves to struggle on to the finish and came home in fifth and seventh, albeit several laps down on the winning Ferrari of José Froilán González._NEWLINE_The car's next race was deep within "enemy territory", at Monza for the Italian Grand Prix. BRM turned up with two cars and a very impressive transporter, with Parnell now partnered with BRM mechanic and test driver Ken Richardson. In practice the pair were unable to run their cars to the full but set the eighth and tenth fastest times, but then Richardson's entry was cancelled on the grounds that he had insufficient racing experience. Mays turned down the organisers' requests that he step in, but 50-year-old Hans Stuck agreed to drive and did a few practice laps. However an inspection of the gearboxes showed they were not too far from seizure, and both cars were withdrawn before the race on safety grounds._NEWLINE_There were to be no further races in 1951, a car entered for Parnell in the Goodwood Trophy failing to arrive. Parnell still managed to finish second in a Ferrari entered by Tony Vandervell, who by now had grown tired of the BRM project and left to conquer Formula One in his own way, becoming a bitter rival to the BRMs. _START_SECTION_ Change of regulations 1952 _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the start of 1952 Alfa Romeo announced the withdrawal of their Alfettas from the World Championship, and with 1951 Champion Juan Manuel Fangio now a free agent Mays saw an opportunity to sign him up for BRM. Mays invited Fangio to test the car at Folkingham, and in an all-out effort to curry favour with the busy driver he decided that having a working car on hand for testing at a time convenient for Fangio was more important than entering April's Gran Premio del Valentino in Turin, and with financial problems also weighing on Mays' mind BRM withdrew their three entries from the race._NEWLINE_It turned out to be an error for BRM. With not only no Alfa Romeos but now no BRMs to challenge them either, Ferraris romped home in 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 5th, with Peter Whitehead's Thinwall Special Ferrari in 4th. Faced with the prospect of a season dominated by just a single serious Formula One team, the FIA bowed to pressure from race organisers and decreed that the World Championship Grands Prix would be run to Formula Two regulations, for which the Type 15 was not admissible. As it turned out Ferrari won every championship Grand Prix that year anyway, but with no car eligible for the World Championship BRM had to content themselves with various non-championship Formula one, Formula Libre and minor British races. _START_SECTION_ Non-championship career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fangio and fellow Argentine José Froilán González both started on the front row in the BRMs at the Albi GP but after running one and two both suffered overheating problems that put them out. For the Ulster Trophy Stirling Moss partnered Fangio, but clutch issues did for Moss at the start and Fangio had to retire with a blocked oil filter._NEWLINE_The next day Fangio's season was terminated by a serious crash in Italy, so Ken Wharton lined up at the Formula Libre race that supported the British Grand Prix with González, who set fastest time in practise but slid off and damaged a radiator while running second in the race. He took over Wharton's car but had to retire from third when his gearbox failed with only three laps left. Neither car managed to finish the International Trophy either, but Reg Parnell did manage to win an FL race in Scotland. BRM entered three cars in each of the races at Goodwood, with first and third closely followed by a one-two-three in two races, another second place following in the car's last race of the year at Charterhall._NEWLINE_By now though many of BRM's backers had already had enough and decided to sell the team to Alfred Owen. Stirling Moss later spoke of the Type 15 and did not have warm feelings of the experience of racing it; he called the car "without doubt the worst car I ever raced - it was a disgrace."_NEWLINE_With the new team in place for 1953, the Type 15 finally started to produce some consistent results. At the Easter Goodwood races Wharton was second in the first race ahead of Parnell in fourth, with Wharton winning the second race. He also finished third at Charterhall. At Albi the Type 15 struggled with tyres throwing their treads but managed first, second and fifth in the heat, with González second in the final as the other two cars dropped out. At Silverstone for the Grand Prix meeting Fangio came second with Wharton third. Wharton then won three races in succession at Snetterton and Charterhall, and after three podium places in two races for the team at Goodwood Wharton won the last race of the year at Castle Combe. _START_SECTION_ BRM P30 _START_PARAGRAPH_ For 1954 an updated version of the Type 15 was produced which weighed over 200 lb (91 kg) less than the original car and featured a shorter wheelbase and a much smaller fuel tank, since the car was no longer taking part in long races. Wharton raced the old car in two races in New Zealand but could do no better than two third places because of car problems. The two new P30s, as the Mk.2 cars came to be known, appeared in thirteen races at ten different meetings in the year, driven by Wharton and Ron Flockhart. Between them they won five of the first six races, but various spins and problems prevented them from adding to their tally. By now though the team was working to get back into Formula One and 1955 was the car's last year of racing. From six races Peter Collins took two wins and Flockhart picked up two second places. _START_SECTION_ Survivors _START_PARAGRAPH_ A total of four Type 15s were produced, one of which was written off by a collision during the Glover Trophy and salvaged for spares, while another car that crashed at Albi was used as the basis for one of the two P30s produced. One Type 15 is on display at the National Motor Museum in Beaulieu, the other is on display as part of the Donington Grand Prix Exhibition in its original light green paint scheme alongside a P30 and a cutaway V16 engine. The fourth surviving car, another P30, is in the ownership of Bernie Ecclestone, having previously been owned by Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason. The cars can sometimes be seen in action at the various historic racing events such as the Goodwood Festival of Speed.

3350433364255582548

Q4837564

_START_ARTICLE_ Babayo Garba Gamawa _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Babayo Garba Gamawa served as both the Deputy Governor and Speaker of the Bauchi State House of Assembly. He became Deputy Governor of Bauchi when Alhaji Mohammed Garba Gadi was impeached from his position. When this impeachment was appealed and the original ruling was deemed unconstitutional, Gadi arrived at the offices to reclaim his seat. Gamawa refused to give up his seat and his supporters rioted in the street, saying "Gamawa is the authentic deputy governor." Gadi's supporters, however, proclaimed that "the owner has arrived, the pretender should roll up his mat." Gamawa would eventually concede and Gadi would reclaim his seat as Deputy Governor. _NEWLINE_In 2011, he was elected as the Bauchi North Senator for the 7th National Assembly. He was the Vice-President of the Aviation Committee and a member of the Land Transport Committee.

4446397305129468686

Q21647254

_START_ARTICLE_ Babu Bangaram _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ ACP Krishna (Venkatesh) is a kindhearted man who has a lot of empathy even towards criminals. Sailaja (Nayanthara) is the daughter of an accused person named Sastry (Jayaprakash) for a murder, wanted by the police and hiding somewhere. Sailaja runs her family with a catering business and is struggling for her four sisters and grandmother (Sowcar Janaki) on one side. On another side, she is facing an existential threat from Mallesh Yadav (Sampath Raj), a big goon who is a henchman of MLA Puchappa (Posani Krishna Murali), and who both are after Sastry. One more thing that suffers her is Battayi Babji (Prudhviraj), her maternal uncle's son who tortures her every day to marry him._NEWLINE_Once, Krishna meets Sailaja when she is in a sorrow mood. The sympathy inside him works out, and he falls in love with her at first sight. Afterward, he comes to know about her problems, and the fact that Sailaja hates the police. Because of this, he hides his identity, targets Babji, traps him with some comic tricks, introduces himself to Sailaja as a common man with Babji's help, and starts helping her and her family. In this process, they develop a bond, and Sailaja also starts loving him. However, Krishna's real agenda is completely different. He has been appointed by the commissioner (Murali Sharma) to catch Sailaja father Sastry. That is why he had made this entire plan._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, Sailaja's grandmother collapses from a heart attack and wants to see her son Sastry, Krishna forces Sailaja to call her father. By giving an assurance, he makes her do so. However, his actual motive is to catch him. Sastry visits the hospital. When Krishna tries to arrest him, he listens to the good impression that Sailaja and her family are having on him, so he is not able to arrest him. Suddenly a CI (Brahmaji), who is an assistant to Krishna, enters the scene, surrounds Sastry, and reveals the entire truth regarding Krishna. Sastry escapes from there but is suddenly attacked by goons of Puchappa and Mallesh. He is seriously injured and goes into a coma. Krishna protects him and joins in the hospital, but when Sailaja comes to know Krishna's real motive, she starts hating him and asks him to never show his face. Things get upset between the couple, and they break up with each other._NEWLINE_Soon after, Krishna starts a serious investigation to explore the hidden truth in which he comes to know that Sastry is an income tax officer. In a raid at Puchappa's house, he and his superior officer get a pendrive, which contains life secrets of Puchappa and Mallesh. The superior officer tries make a deal with Mallesh. Knowing this, Sastry keeps the pendrive under wrap. Because of this, Puchappa and Mallesh kill the superior officer, put the blame on Sastry, and they are after the pendrive and his family._NEWLINE_The rest of the story is all about how Krishna protects Sailaja's family, proves her father's innocence, catches the culprits, and gets back his love. _START_SECTION_ Release _START_PARAGRAPH_ 12 August 2016 was announced as the worldwide release date. In 2017, it was dubbed into Hindi as Revolver Raja. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film has opened to some decent reviews all over. Noted website, 123telugu has rated the film 3.25 stars and quoted that "Venkatesh is the heart of the film which is a complete time pass family entertainer". _START_SECTION_ Box office _START_PARAGRAPH_ Babu Bangaram collected approximately $177,045 from 97 screens at the U.S. box office in the premiere shows on Thursday. This is the highest collection for a movie featuring Venkatesh and "Babu Bangaram" has become the biggest opener for him. The movie has shattered the record of "Race Gurram", which collected $102,782 at the U.S. premieres. Its collection is on par with that of Allu Arjun's "Sarainodu", which collected $190,679 from 95 locations at paid preview shows in the U.S.

15628401370338886488

Q24572313

_START_ARTICLE_ Baburao Chinchansur _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chinchansur was born to Basavannappa Chinchansur and hails from Gulbarga in Karnataka. He did his Master of Arts from Mysore University. _START_SECTION_ Political party _START_PARAGRAPH_ He is from the Bharatiya Janata Party. _START_SECTION_ Ministry _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was the Minister for Textiles Ports & Inland Transport K. Siddaramaiah led Indian National Congress Karnataka Government. _START_SECTION_ Controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ A woman had alleged that the minister borrowed Rs 11.88 crore from her in 2011, but has not returned it.

1066013749435382248

Q11106

_START_ARTICLE_ Bacon _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon is a type of salt-cured pork. Bacon is prepared from several different cuts of meat, typically from the pork belly or from back cuts, which have less fat than the belly. It is eaten on its own, as a side dish (particularly in breakfasts), or used as a minor ingredient to flavour dishes (e.g., the club sandwich). Bacon is also used for barding and larding roasts, especially game, including venison and pheasant. The word is derived from the Old High German bacho, meaning "buttock", "ham" or "side of bacon", and is cognate with the Old French bacon._NEWLINE_Meat from other animals, such as beef, lamb, chicken, goat, or turkey, may also be cut, cured, or otherwise prepared to resemble bacon, and may even be referred to as, for example, "turkey bacon". Such use is common in areas with significant Jewish and Muslim populations as both religions prohibit the consumption of pork. Vegetarian bacons such as "soy bacon" also exist and attract vegetarians and vegans. _START_SECTION_ Curing and smoking _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon is cured through either a process of injecting with or soaking in brine, known as wet curing, or using plain crystal salt, known as dry curing. Bacon brine has added curing ingredients, most notably sodium nitrite (or less often, potassium nitrate), which speed the curing and stabilize color. Fresh bacon may then be dried for weeks or months in cold air, or it may be smoked or boiled. Fresh and dried bacon are typically cooked before eating, often by pan frying. Boiled bacon is ready to eat, as is some smoked bacon, but they may be cooked further before eating. Differing flavours can be achieved by using various types of wood, or less common fuels such as corn cobs or peat. This process can take up to eighteen hours, depending on the intensity of the flavour desired. The Virginia Housewife (1824), thought to be one of the earliest American cookbooks, gives no indication that bacon is ever not smoked, though it gives no advice on flavouring, noting only that care should be taken lest the fire get too hot. In early American history, the curing and smoking of bacon (like the making of sausage) seems to have been one of the few food-preparation processes not divided by gender._NEWLINE_Bacon is distinguished from other salt-cured pork by differences in the cuts of meat used and in the brine or dry packing. Historically, the terms "ham" and "bacon" referred to different cuts of meat that were brined or packed identically, often together in the same barrel. Today, ham is defined as coming from the hind portion of the pig and brine specifically for curing ham includes a greater amount of sugar, while bacon is less sweet, though ingredients such as brown sugar or maple syrup are used for flavor. Bacon is similar to salt pork, which in modern times is often prepared from similar cuts, but salt pork is never smoked, and has a much higher salt content._NEWLINE_For safety, bacon may be treated to prevent trichinosis, caused by Trichinella, a parasitic roundworm which can be destroyed by heating, freezing, drying, or smoking. Sodium polyphosphates, such as sodium triphosphate, may also be added to make the product easier to slice and to reduce spattering when the bacon is pan-fried. _START_SECTION_ Around the world _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon is often served with eggs and sausages as part of a full breakfast. _START_SECTION_ Australia and New Zealand _START_PARAGRAPH_ The most common form sold is middle bacon, which includes some of the streaky, fatty section of side bacon along with a portion of the loin of back bacon. In response to increasing consumer diet-consciousness, some supermarkets also offer the loin section only. This is sold as short cut bacon and is usually priced slightly higher than middle bacon. Both varieties are usually available with the rind removed. _START_SECTION_ Canada _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Canada, the term bacon on its own typically refers to side bacon. Canadian-style back bacon is a lean cut from the eye of the pork loin with little surrounding fat. Peameal bacon is an unsmoked back bacon, wet-cured and coated in fine-ground cornmeal (historically, it was rolled in ground, dried peas); it is popular in southern Ontario. Bacon is often eaten in breakfasts, such as with cooked eggs or pancakes. Maple syrup is often used as a flavouring while curing bacon in Canada. _START_SECTION_ Germany _START_PARAGRAPH_ Some of the meanings of bacon overlap with the German-language term Speck. Germans use the term bacon explicitly for Frühstücksspeck ('breakfast Speck') which are cured or smoked pork slices. Traditional German cold cuts favor ham over bacon, however "Wammerl" (grilled pork belly) remains popular in Bavaria._NEWLINE_Small bacon cubes (called "Grieben" or "Grammerln" in Austria and southern Germany) have been a rather important ingredient of various southern German dishes. They are used for adding flavor to soups and salads and for speck dumplings and various noodle and potato dishes. Instead of preparing them at home from larger slices, they have been sold ready made as convenience foods recently as "Baconwürfel" ("bacon cubes") in German retail stores. _START_SECTION_ Japan _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Japan, bacon (ベーコン) is pronounced "bēkon". It is cured and smoked belly meat as in the US, and is sold in either regular or half-length sizes. Bacon in Japan is different from that in the US in that the meat is not sold raw, but is processed, precooked and has a ham-like consistency when cooked. Uncured, sliced pork belly, known as bara (バラ), is very popular in Japan and is used in a variety of dishes (e.g. yakitori and yakiniku). _START_SECTION_ United Kingdom and Ireland _START_PARAGRAPH_ Back bacon is the most common form in the UK and Ireland, and is the usual meaning of the plain term "bacon". A thin slice of bacon is known as a rasher; about 70% of bacon is sold as rashers. Heavily trimmed back cuts which consist of just the eye of meat, known as a medallion, are also available. All types may be unsmoked or smoked. The side cut normal in America is known as "streaky bacon", and there is also a long cut, curving round on itself, known as "middle bacon", which is back bacon at one end, and streaky at the other, as well as less common cuts. Bacon is also sold and served as joints, usually boiled, broiled or roast, or in thicker slices called chops or steaks. These are usually eaten as part of other meals._NEWLINE_Bacon may be cured in several ways, and may be smoked or unsmoked; unsmoked bacon is known as "green bacon". Fried or grilled bacon rashers are included in the "traditional" full breakfast. Hot bacon sandwiches are a popular cafe dish in the UK and Ireland, and is anecdotally recommended as a hangover cure. _START_SECTION_ United States _START_PARAGRAPH_ The term bacon on its own generally refers to side bacon, which is the most popular type of bacon sold in the US. Back bacon is known as "Canadian bacon" or "Canadian-style bacon", and is usually sold pre-cooked and thick-sliced. American bacons include varieties smoked with hickory, mesquite or applewood and flavourings such as chili pepper, maple, brown sugar, honey, or molasses. A side of unsliced bacon is known as "slab bacon". _START_SECTION_ Bacon mania _START_PARAGRAPH_ The United States and Canada have seen an increase in the popularity of bacon and bacon-related recipes, dubbed "bacon mania". The sale of bacon in the US has increased significantly since 2011. Sales climbed 9.5% in 2013, making it an all-time high of nearly $4 billion in US. In a survey conducted by Smithfield, 65% of Americans would support bacon as their "national food". Dishes such as bacon explosion, chicken fried bacon, and chocolate-covered bacon have been popularised over the internet, as has using candied bacon. Recipes spread quickly through both countries' national media, culinary blogs, and YouTube. Restaurants have organised and are organising bacon and beer tasting nights, The New York Times reported on bacon infused with Irish whiskey used for Saint Patrick's Day cocktails, and celebrity chef Bobby Flay has endorsed a "Bacon of the Month" club online, in print, and on national television._NEWLINE_Commentators explain this surging interest in bacon by reference to what they deem American cultural characteristics. Sarah Hepola, in a 2008 article in Salon.com, suggests a number of reasons, one of them being that eating bacon in the modern, health-conscious world is an act of rebellion: "Loving bacon is like shoving a middle finger in the face of all that is healthy and holy while an unfiltered cigarette smoulders between your lips." She also suggests bacon is sexy (with a reference to Sarah Katherine Lewis' book Sex and Bacon), kitsch, and funny. Hepola concludes by saying that "Bacon is American"._NEWLINE_Alison Cook, writing in the Houston Chronicle, argues the case of bacon's American citizenship by referring to historical and geographical uses of bacon. Early American literature echoes the sentiment—in Ebenezer Cooke's 1708 poem The Sot-Weed Factor, a satire of life in early colonial America, the narrator already complains that practically all the food in America was bacon-infused._NEWLINE_On 1 February 2017, The Ohio Pork Council released a report that demand for pork belly (bacon) product is outpacing supply. As of December 2016 national frozen pork belly inventory totaled 17.8 million lb (8.1 million kg), the lowest level in 50 years. _START_SECTION_ Bacon dishes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon dishes include bacon and eggs, bacon, lettuce, and tomato (BLT) sandwiches, Cobb salad, and various bacon-wrapped foods, such as scallops, shrimp, and asparagus. Recently invented bacon dishes include chicken fried bacon, chocolate covered bacon, and the bacon explosion. Tatws Pum Munud is a traditional Welsh stew, made with sliced potatoes, vegetables and smoked bacon. Bacon jam and bacon marmalade are also commercially available._NEWLINE_In the US and Europe, bacon is commonly used as a condiment or topping on other foods, often in the form of bacon bits. Streaky bacon is more commonly used as a topping in the US on such items as pizza, salads, sandwiches, hamburgers, baked potatoes, hot dogs, and soups. In the US, sliced smoked back bacon is used less frequently than the streaky variety, but can sometimes be found on pizza, salads, and omelettes._NEWLINE_Bacon is also used in adaptations of dishes; for example, bacon wrapped meatloaf, and can be mixed in with green beans or served sautéed over spinach. _START_SECTION_ Bacon fat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon fat liquefies and becomes drippings when it is heated. Once cool, it firms into a form of lard. Bacon fat is flavourful and is used for various cooking purposes. Traditionally, bacon grease is saved in British and southern US cuisine, and used as a base for cooking and as an all-purpose flavouring, for everything from gravy to cornbread to salad dressing._NEWLINE_In Germany, Griebenschmalz is a popular spread made from bacon lard._NEWLINE_Bacon is often used for a cooking technique called barding consisting of laying or wrapping strips of bacon or other fats over a roast to provide additional fat to a lean piece of meat. It is often used for roast game birds, and is a traditional method of preparing beef filet mignon, which is wrapped in strips of bacon before cooking. The bacon itself may afterwards be discarded or served to eat, like cracklings. It may also be cut into lardons._NEWLINE_One teaspoon (4 g or 0.14 oz) of bacon grease has 38 calories (40 kJ/g). It is composed almost completely of fat, with very little additional nutritional value. Bacon fat is roughly 40% saturated. Despite the disputed health risks of excessive bacon grease consumption, it remains popular in the cuisine of the American South. _START_SECTION_ Nutrients _START_PARAGRAPH_ One 10-g slice of cooked side bacon contains 4.5 g of fat, 3.0 g of protein, and 205 mg of sodium. The fat, protein, and sodium content varies depending on the cut and cooking method._NEWLINE_68% of the food energy of bacon comes from fat, almost half of which is saturated. A serving of three slices of bacon contains 30 milligrams of cholesterol (0.1%). _START_SECTION_ Health concerns _START_PARAGRAPH_ Studies have consistently found the consumption of processed meat to be linked to increased mortality, and to an increased risk of developing a number of serious health conditions including cancer, cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. Although as of 2017 these links have not been definitely established as causal, they are likely to be._NEWLINE_According to the World Health Organization, regular consumption of processed meats such as bacon increases the likelihood of developing colorectal cancers by 18%. _START_SECTION_ Alternatives _START_PARAGRAPH_ Several alternatives to and substitutes for bacon have been developed for those who cannot or prefer not to eat standard pork bacon. _START_SECTION_ Turkey bacon _START_PARAGRAPH_ Turkey bacon is an alternative to bacon. People may choose turkey bacon over real bacon due to health benefits, religious laws, or other reasons. It is lower in fat and food energy than bacon, but may be used in a similar manner (such as in a BLT sandwich)._NEWLINE_The meat for turkey bacon comes from the whole turkey and can be cured or uncured, smoked, chopped, and reformed into strips that resemble bacon. Turkey bacon is cooked by pan-frying. Cured turkey bacon made from dark meat can be 90% fat free. The low fat content of turkey bacon means it does not shrink while being cooked and has a tendency to stick to the pan. _START_SECTION_ Macon _START_PARAGRAPH_ Macon is another alternative to bacon, produced by curing cuts of mutton in a manner similar to the production of pork bacon. Historically produced in Scotland, it was introduced across Britain during World War II as a consequence of rationing. It is today available as an alternative to bacon, produced for the Muslim market and sold at halal butchers; it is largely similar in appearance to pork bacon except for the darker colour. _START_SECTION_ Vegetarian bacon _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vegetarian bacon, also referred to as facon, veggie bacon, or vacon, is a product marketed as a bacon alternative. It has no cholesterol, is low in fat, and contains large amounts of protein and fibre. Two slices contain about 310 kilojoules (74 kcal). Vegetarian bacon is usually made from marinated strips of textured soy protein or tempeh. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon Today states that bacon has a very valuable amount of protein that is "valuable to maintaining our energy levels and a fully functioning, healthy body". Everything Tastes Better with Bacon, a book by Sara Perry, is a cookbook that compliments bacon's many uses in cooking._NEWLINE_On the other hand, as with most meat products, producers of bacon have received heavy criticism for how their pigs are treated. Many petitions and protests have been made trying to raise awareness and change how producers treat their pigs. Many of these protests have turned out successful: for example, following NBC News's report of an undercover investigation of an abusive pig farm, Tyson Foods terminated their contract with the pig farm. Similar to NBC's investigation, The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) investigated Seaboard Foods, one of the pig breeding facilities that supply Walmart. According to HSUS, the pigs were treated poorly and abused. Walmart spokesperson Diana Gee said, "As soon as we were made aware of the allegations, we immediately reached out to Seaboard to begin investigating the issue ... Pending our review, we will take any action necessary." Petitions also exist that oppose poor treatment of pigs, many of which state that the current treatment of pigs in factories is cruel and unethical. _START_SECTION_ Bacon-flavoured products _START_PARAGRAPH_ The popularity of bacon in the United States has given rise to a number of commercial products that promise to add bacon flavouring without the labour involved in cooking it or the perceived negative qualities of bacon. _START_SECTION_ Bacon bits _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon bits are a frequently used topping on salad or potatoes, and a common element of salad bars. They are usually salted. Bacon bits are made from small, crumbled pieces of bacon; in commercial plants they are cooked in continuous microwave ovens. Similar products are made from ham or turkey, and analogues are made from textured vegetable protein, artificially flavoured to resemble bacon. _START_SECTION_ Other bacon-flavoured products _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is also a wide range of other bacon-flavoured products, including a bacon-flavoured salt (Bacon Salt), Baconnaise (a bacon-flavoured mayonnaise), Bacon Grill (a tinned meat, similar to Spam) and bacon ice cream. _START_SECTION_ In popular culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bacon has been gaining popularity over the past decade. An internet fad arose around bacon._NEWLINE_Epic Meal Time, a cooking show based on YouTube, features bacon in many of their episodes. In one episode entitled Bacon Tree, Epic Meal Time creates a tree made out of bacon using over 2,000 strips of bacon. In another episode entitled Boss Bacon Burger, over 400 strips of bacon are used to make a gigantic hamburger with bacon and other toppings.

10459967216117591024

Q2495478

_START_ARTICLE_ Bad Luck Blackie _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ As the story begins, a small white kitten is being mercilessly tormented by a mean bulldog. The kitten manages to escape, and while hiding for safety behind a garbage can, she is met by a bowler hat-wearing, cigar-chomping black cat, who offers to protect the kitten (his business card reads "Black Cat — Bad Luck Company — Paths Crossed–Guaranteed Bad Luck"). The black cat demonstrates his skills by crossing the path of the rapidly approaching bulldog (to the tune of Comin' Through the Rye), who is then knocked out by a flowerpot that falls from the sky. The black cat leaves the scene after giving the kitten a whistle, to be blown in case of emergency._NEWLINE_The bulldog revives, and tries multiple times to attack the kitten, but every attempt is foiled in the same way: the kitten blows the whistle, the black cat crosses the bulldog's path regardless of circumstances, and the dog is pummeled by various objects falling from the sky, including a cash register, a piano, and a set of good luck horseshoes (not to mention the horse they belong to)._NEWLINE_Eventually, the bulldog frightens the kitten into giving up the whistle, and (after a couple of false starts) he gains the upper hand on the black cat by luring him under a large paint brush, turning him white and rendering his bad luck powers useless. However, the white kitten saves the day by painting herself black and crossing the bulldog's path. The bulldog is conked by a falling anvil, and ends up swallowing the whistle, triggering a case of the hiccups, each one of which causes the whistle to go off. As a result, all manner of huge objects plummet from the sky (ranging from a kitchen sink all the way to a battleship), causing the bulldog to flee in terror. The cartoon ends with the formerly-black cat giving the kitten his bowler hat as a show of gratitude.

3316372003372612560

Q638649

_START_ARTICLE_ Bageshwar _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The city and Bagnath Temple find mention in the Manaskhand of Shiva Purana, where it is written that the temple and its surrounding city was built by Chandeesh, a servant of the Hindu deity Shiva. According to another Hindu Legend, Sage Markandeya worshipped Lord Shiva here. Lord Shiva blessed sage Markandeya by visiting here in the form of a Tiger._NEWLINE_Bageshwar has historically been a part of Kumaon Kingdom. Bageshwar was located adjacent to Kartikeypura, the then capital of Katyuri Kings that ruled over Kumaon in the 7th century. According to historians, Nepalese invader Kranchaldev won the Bageshwar region by defeating Katyuri kings in 1191. He later weakened the Katyuris and kept his local governors to rule the region. These governors later became independent before Chand king Balo Kalyan Chand of Almora won the region from local Khas rulers in 1565. In the 10th century, the Chand kingdom was established by Som Chand. He displaced the Katyuri Kings, called his state Kurmanchal and established its capital in Champawat in Kali Kumaon. In 1568, Kalyan Chand established a permanent capital at Khagmara and called it Almora._NEWLINE_In 1791, the Gorkhas of Nepal while expanding their kingdom westwards across Kali River, invaded and overran Almora, the seat of the Kumaon Kingdom and other parts of Kumaon including Bageshwar. The Gorkhas were defeated by the East India Company in Anglo-Nepalese War in 1814 and were forced to cede Kumaon to the British as part of the Treaty of Sugauli in 1816._NEWLINE_The Kumaon region was joined with the eastern half of the Garhwal region and was governed as a chief-commissionership, also known as the Kumaon Province, on the non-regulation system. According to Atkinson's The Himalayan Gazetteer, Bageshwar had a population of 500 in 1886. In 1891, the division was composed of the three districts of Kumaon, Garhwal and the Tarai; but the two districts of Kumaon and the Tarai were subsequently redistributed and renamed after their headquarters, Nainital and Almora._NEWLINE_Before the First World War, the British Government did a Survey for a rail link connecting Bageshwar with Tanakpur in 1902. However, the project was stalled by British due to The World War. The Surveys restarted in the 1980s after Indira Gandhi visited Bageshwar. The first motor road arrived in Bageshwar in 1952 from Almora via Garur. Bus services started operating on the Bageshwar-Kapkot motorway in 1955-56. After the 1962 India-China War, an important strategic road connecting Bageshwar with Pithoragarh was completed in 1965._NEWLINE_In the early phase of its urban development, the central township of Bageshwar was a group of 9 small mutually tangled group of villages which had three uninhabited and 6 manned village. The Bageshwar State village was formed in 1948 by joining these villages. Bageshwar was declared a town in 1955, under the UP Town Area Act of 1914, and the first Town area committee was constituted in 1957. Bageshwar received the status of a notified area committee in 1962 and municipal Council in 1968. The pumping water supply scheme was introduced in Bageshwar town in 1975. The estimate for water supply was prepared in 1968-69 for a designed population of 6000 persons for the year 1997._NEWLINE_In the early Twentieth century dispensary (1906) and Post Office (1909) were established in Bageshwar. A public school started in 1926, which was made junior high school in 1933. After independence by several attempts from local residents, a private high school was opened in 1949 in memory of Victor Mohan Joshi, which became an Inter College in 1967. The first women's primary school started in the 1950s and women's public high school started in 1975. A new Government Degree College was inaugurated in 1974 by the then Chief Minister Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna._NEWLINE_After Independence of India in 1947, Bageshwar was a part of the Almora District. Bageshwar had a population of 1740 people according to the 1951 Census. It was part of the Kanda development block, that was later converted into Bageshwar development block. On 15 September 1997 the Bageshwar district was carved out of Almora district by then Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Mayawati and Bageshwar became its Headquarter. On 9 November 2000, Bageshwar came in the Uttarakhand State that was created from the Himalayan and adjoining northwestern districts of Uttar Pradesh. _START_SECTION_ Government and Politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bageshwar Assembly seat is reserved for a person belonging to the Scheduled Castes. Chandan Ram Das from Bharatiya Janata Party is the present MLA OF Bageshwar. Bageshwar is a "Nagar Palika Parishad" (Municipal Council) city in district of Bageshwar, Uttarakhand. The Bageshwar city is divided into 7 wards, for which elections are held every 5 years. The Bageshwar Nagar Palika Parishad has population of 9,079 of which 4,711 are males while 4,368 are females as per report released by Census India 2011. Suresh khetwal from Independent candidate is the Mayor of Bageshwar. Bageshwar Nagar Palika Parishad has total administration over 2,054 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. It is also authorized to build roads within Nagar Palika Parishad limits and impose taxes on properties coming under its jurisdiction. The Uttarakhand Power Corporation Ltd. (UPCL) is responsible for supply of electricity in the city. Uttarakhand Jal Vidyut Nigam Ltd. generates electricity from the 8.5 MW electric sub-station at Bageshwar. The Notified Area Committee, Bageshwar is responsible for approval of building plans after getting no objection certificate from various departments like Jal Nigam, PWD, Electricity Board and Health Department etc. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bageshwar's largest economic sectors include agriculture, trade, transportation, municipal, tourism and resource extraction. Copper Utensils and Carpets were listed as the two most important industrial commodities produced in Bageshwar in the 2011 Census of India. Large portions of the local economy of Bageshwar depend on its geographical location and surrounding natural resources. Per Capita Income of Bageshwar was Rs 22709 in 2015. Bageshwar is a major tourist destination and acts as a starting point for many trekking routes notably being to Pindari, Kafni and Sunderdhunga Glacier. It also lies along the path to Kailash-Mansarovar pilgrimage._NEWLINE_Bageshwar has traditionally been a major gateway for trade with Central Asia and Tibet. It carried on a brisk trade between Central Asia and Kumaon, and was described in The Imperial Gazetteer of India as "one of the main outlets for the Tibetan traffic". The Bhotiya traders travelled to Tibet and sold their wares at major fairs in Bageshwar, Gyanema and Gartok. The city was once rich in agriculture and animal husbandry. Besides growing crops, people were mainly engaged in sheep rearing. However, agriculture and sheep rearing in Bageshwar have suffered as villagers, who are increasingly joining armed forces, after retirement are settling down in Bageshwar town instead of their native villages._NEWLINE_The traditional Uttarayani festival organised since centuries on the banks of the Sarju and Gomati rivers was the main place where woollen outfits made by Saukas of Munsiyari were brought form higher valleys for ages, thus strengthening trade links between the two communities._NEWLINE_As of 2006, Bageshwar had a total of 6 Health Care units including four Hospitals (Two Allopathik, one Ayurvedik and one Homoepathik), one Maternity & Child welfare centre and one Community Health Centre. Bageshwar has a total of Five Nationalized Bank’s, Two Post Offices, One Telegraph Office, 80 PCO'S and 1844 Telephone Connections. Mobile Communication services are provided by Private companies like Vodafone, Airtel, Idea, Reliance etc. _START_SECTION_ Culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Many classical dance forms and folk art are practised in the city. Some well-known dances include Hurka Baul, Jhora-Chanchri, Jhumaila, and Chholiya. Music is an integral part of the Kumaoni culture. Popular types of folk songs include Mangal, Basanti, Khuded and Chhopati. These folk songs are played on instruments including dhol, damau, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora, mandan and mashakbaja.Music is also used as a medium through which the gods are invoked. Jagar is a form of spirit worship in which the singer, or Jagariya, sings a ballad of the gods, with allusions to great epics, like Mahabharat and Ramayana, that describe the adventures and exploits of the god being invoked. Ramleela has been staged annually during the autumn festival of Navratri since 1948 in Bageshwar._NEWLINE_The primary food of Bageshwar is vegetables with wheat being a staple. A distinctive characteristic of Uttarakhand cuisine is the sparing use of tomatoes, milk, and milk based products. Coarse grain with high fibre content is very common in Uttarakhand due to the harsh terrain. Another crop which is associated with Uttarakhand is Buckwheat (locally called Madua or Jhingora). Generally, either Desi Ghee or Mustard oil is used for the purpose of cooking food. Simple recipes are made interesting with the use of hash seeds "Jakhiya" as spice. Bal Mithai is a popular fudge-like sweet. Other popular dishes include Dubuk, Chains, Kap, Chutkani, Sei, and gulgula. A regional variation of Kadhi called Jhoi or Jholi is also popular. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pantnagar Airport, located in Pantnagar is the primary Airport serving entire Kumaon Region. The Government is planning to develop Naini Saini Airport in Pithoragarh which once developed will be much nearer. Indira Gandhi International Airport, located in Delhi is the nearest international Airport._NEWLINE_Kathgodam railway station is the nearest railway station. Kathgodam is the last terminus of the broad gauge line of North East Railways that connects Kumaon with Delhi, Dehradun, and Howrah. A new Railway line connecting Bageshwar with Tanakpur has been a long-standing demand of the people of the region. the tanakpur-Bageshwar rail link was first planned by British in 1902. However the project was stalled by Railway ministry in 2016 citing the commercial viability of the rail line. There have also been speculations about another railway line, that would connect Bageshwar to Chaukhutia via Garur._NEWLINE_Bageshwar is well connected by motorable roads with major destinations of Uttarakhand state and northern India. The major roads passing through Bageshwar include NH 309A, Bareilly-Bageshwar Highway, Bageshwar-Garur-Gwaldam Road, Bageshwar-Someshwar-Dwarahat road and the Bageshwar-Kapkot-Tejam Road. Uttarakhand Transport Corporation runs Buses Bageshwar bus station to Delhi, Dehradun and Almora; while K.M.O.U (Kumaon Motor Owner's Union) runs 55 buses on various routes to Haldwani, Almora, Takula, Berinag, Pithoragarh, Didihat and Gangolihat. Taxis and Private Buses, mostly run by K.M.O.U, connect Bageshwar to other major destinations of Kumaon region. A Sub Regional Transport Office is located in Bageshwar where Vehicles are registered by the number UK-02. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are mainly government-run, private unaided (no government help), and private aided schools in the city. The language of instruction in the schools is either English or Hindi. The main school affiliations are CBSE, CISCE or UBSE, the state syllabus defined by the Department of Education of the Government of Uttarakhand. There are Eleven junior basic schools, three senior basic schools, two higher secondary schools and one post-graduate college to serve the needs of the population. The teacher-student ratio in Bageshwar is 1:47. Bageshwar has an average literacy rate of 80%, with 84% of the males and 76% of females literate._NEWLINE_The first public school in Bageshwar was started in 1926, which was made junior high school in 1933. Another private high school was opened in 1949 in memory of Victor Mohan Joshi, which became an Inter College in 1967. The first women's primary school started in the 1950s and women's public high school started in 1975. A new Government Degree College was inaugurated in 1974 by the then Chief Minister Hemwati Nandan Bahuguna._NEWLINE_Kumaon Kesari Pandit Badridutt Pandey Government PG College is located here.

9209279829952885224

Q2879034

_START_ARTICLE_ Baghal State _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The state of Baghal was founded around 1640. _START_SECTION_ Rulers _START_PARAGRAPH_ The rulers of Baghal bore the title 'Raja' from 1860 onward.

11207205843309712191

Q3016488

_START_ARTICLE_ Bahamian slender blind snake _START_SECTION_ Geographic range _START_PARAGRAPH_ C. biminiensis is endemic to the Bahamas. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ C. biminiensis has a long and slender body. The dorsal scales in the vertebral row number 465-500 from the rostral to the tail-tip spine, and the scales around the body number 22-24. The snout is broad and rounded. The rostral scale is wide, half as wide as the head. The preocular is in contact with the second and third upper labials. _START_SECTION_ Reproduction _START_PARAGRAPH_ C. biminiensis is oviparous.

7309285049305425915

Q16240823

_START_ARTICLE_ Bahamut (album) _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bahamut peaked at #12 on Billboard's "Top Blues Albums" chart._NEWLINE_Reviewing the album for Allmusic, Jeff Tamarkin gave it four stars out of a possible five, and termed it a "stunning debut". Tamarkin praised the band for successfully fusing styles as disparate as blues, jazz, klezmer, calypso, and ska into "music that sounds at once ageless and primeval, authentically indigenous and inexplicably otherworldly, familiar and unlike anything else." He also praised the group for making "listener-friendly music" that doesn't "require a degree in ethnomusicology to enjoy"._NEWLINE_Pitchfork Media reviewer Joe Tangari gave the album's track "Everybody Loves You," a collaboration with Tuvan throat singers Huun-Huur-Tu, a four-star review. Characterizing it as "generalized roots music that takes from pretty much any roots it sees fit," he praised it as "true world music, weird and wonderful to the last note."

7246770318272453782

Q804055

_START_ARTICLE_ Baiyoke Tower II _START_SECTION_ Late 1980s _START_PARAGRAPH_ Project conceived by Panlert Baiyoke. _START_SECTION_ Early 1991 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Official ground breaking. Foundation works carried out by Multiplex RSY Concert and the rest of the year of high quality of structions (Australia). Workers began to install 360 concrete piles (driven to 65m depth) before placing a 5m thick mat over the top. _START_SECTION_ November 1992 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Concrete Constructions (Thailand) Ltd took over the project, work on the superstructure began. The contractor achieved 1.5 floors per month using jump forms and pumped concrete, the construction pace quadruple to 6 floors per month after the first 21 floors were built. _START_SECTION_ 1995 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Installation of mechanical and electrical services._NEWLINE_Completion of the 19 level parking and retail podium. _START_SECTION_ August 1996 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Concrete pouring ceremony on the tower's 85th floor (tower topped out in early 1997). _START_SECTION_ June 1999 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Official opening of the Baiyoke Sky Hotel _START_SECTION_ August 1999 _START_PARAGRAPH_ ITV is the first station that has established TV transmitter station and install TV transmitter with antenna on the top of tower for broadcasting at that time on UHF-Channel 29 since 1 August same year. (Later TITV in 2007 also TPBS in 2008 and Now renamed Thai PBS , together with the present only broadcasting on UHF-Channel 44 for Digital terrestrial television Service) As a result, other television stations also performed in the same manner in the near future Only each station then broadcast on different channels. _START_SECTION_ Other Technical Info _START_PARAGRAPH_ This building contains a total 60,000 cubic metres of cement. Its floor plan is typically 50m square plate with corner columns (one side has open column for external lift). A 30m diameter cylindrical plate begins at the 80th floor._NEWLINE_Up to 360 piles of concrete were driven through clay into thick sand layer to the depth of over 50m and sealed with a 5m thick mat._NEWLINE_The building represents one of the most sophisticated uses of concrete in Thailand, with 60N/sq mm (compressive strength) concrete forming the main material for the columns in a lightweight composite structure along with steel box girder reinforcement. The concrete core is surrounded by a square pattern of hollow columns fused together by key studs with a 200mm outer layer of 60N high strength concrete._NEWLINE_Columns start solid at the base and becoming hollow at the top._NEWLINE_The erection of tower was sped up with the use of VSL Climbform self-climbing, modular system for construction of vertical walls. It is the first time VSL Climbform technology was in use in Thailand._NEWLINE_Concrete were pumped to a 300m height level using Putzmeister pump (the pump previously set world record in high-rise conveying of concrete to a height of 532 metre during the construction of the Riva del Garda dam in Italy). And from the 300m level the concrete were lifted by a Favelle 310D luffing jib tower crane._NEWLINE_Baiyoke 2 was the tallest reinforced concrete building in the world at the time of completion in 1997. This record was surpassed by CITIC Plaza building in Guangzhao (China) which was completed a year later._NEWLINE_Site testing shows the building sway to a cycle of about six seconds. Expert sources suggested that the building may have sunk by 40mm during construction and may have impacted on the foundations of several smaller buildings nearby._NEWLINE_The estimated cost of the project was put at around 3.4 Billion Baht (costed before the devaluation of the Thai Baht in July 1997)._NEWLINE_Initial plans call for a 140m high communication tower to be placed on top of the building (see rendering of the building's 3D model with the proposed telecom tower on top) although the developer has opted for a smaller radio transmission tower._NEWLINE_Baiyoke 2 was the world's tallest hotel at the time it was completed - but this was never registered in the Guinness Book of World Records. The JW Marriott Marquis Dubai which completed in 2012 is currently the tallest hotel.

7054223300916097438

Q804213

_START_ARTICLE_ Bajuni Islands _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The islands, as well as the extreme southern area of present-day Somalia, were part of British East Africa prior to World War I. They were later transferred to Italy after the war. According to C. Wightwick Haywood, then a British official in Kismayo, who visited the islands in 1913, the only inhabited islands in the chain were Tovai (i.e., Chovaye - the biggest island in the chain) and the nearby Tula (i.e. Chula). Each of these two islands were no more than 3 miles long and a mile across._NEWLINE_On his 1913 trip, Haywood saw ruins of what he described as a "fair-sized town" on the Tovai (Chovaye) Island. He was impressed He mentioned that somewhat similar stone scrollwork could also be seen on houses in the Lamu Islands in present-day Kenya. _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The islands are today mainly inhabited by the eponymous Bajuni people. All Bajuni inhabitants of Koyama island belong to the Nowfali sub-clan.

12430453953485439323

Q4849782

_START_ARTICLE_ Balado railway station _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Opened by the Devon Valley Railway, it became part of the North British Railway and so into the London and North Eastern Railway. The line then passed on to the Scottish Region of British Railways on nationalisation in 1948. The station was then closed by the British Railways Board. _START_SECTION_ The site today _START_PARAGRAPH_ Part of the platform still remains

7926438835580722441

Q4849995

_START_ARTICLE_ Balanced polygamma function _START_PARAGRAPH_ In mathematics, the generalized polygamma function or balanced negapolygamma function is a function introduced by Olivier Espinosa Aldunate and Victor H. Moll._NEWLINE_It generalizes the polygamma function to negative and fractional order, but remains equal to it for integer positive orders.

18393735136268224180

Q16837281

_START_ARTICLE_ Baldpate Mountain _START_SECTION_ In fiction _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was the setting of Seven Keys to Baldpate (novel), followed by a play and several film adaptations._NEWLINE_It was also a key location in the slenderverse ARG wed series EverymanHYBRID.

2224512863140582835

Q4850526

_START_ARTICLE_ Baldwin Bazuaye _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Nigeria, Bazuaye moved to play in the Greek second division at the age of 24, signing with Ethnikos Piraeus F.C.._NEWLINE_Bazuaye would finish his playing career in Nigeria, playing for Concord F.C. and Shooting Stars F.C., helping the latter in their 1999 CAF Champions League campaign. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bazuaye was a member of Nigeria's squad which won the 1985 FIFA U-16 World Championship. He would also play for the senior Nigeria national football team and participated in the 1990 African Nations Cup finals. _START_SECTION_ Managerial career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After his playing career ended, Bazuaye began coaching and took the helm of Lobi Stars F.C.

17798209572981764038

Q18209859

_START_ARTICLE_ Ballance Agri-Nutrients (Kapuni) Ltd v The Gama Foundation _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ballance leased a Christchurch industrial property. In April 2001, Ballance had given 6 months notice that they were terminating the lease. At this date, the property was originally owned by Gama Holdings, but on 10 June 2001, ownership was transferred to the related company Gama Foundation._NEWLINE_Ballance were not notified of the sale at the time._NEWLINE_Due to the fact that the sale was a related party transaction, the sale was not registered until 9 months later in January 2002._NEWLINE_This delay caused problems for the landlord, when they sought payment for damages to the property, forcing Gama to seek payment as a permitted assignor under section 4 of the Contracts (Privity) Act 1982._NEWLINE_Ballance disputed that Gama Foundation was a permitted assignor.

4051777796916359420

Q3497331

_START_ARTICLE_ Balram Jakhar _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jakhar was born in Panchkosi village of Fazilka district in Punjab now in Abohar on 23 August 1923. His father was Chaudhari Rajaram Jakhar and his mother Patodevi Jakhar. His elder son, Sajjan Kumar Jakhar, is a former Punjab minister and his youngest, Sunil Jakhar is three time MLA from Abohar and became Leader of the Opposition in Punjab in March 2012 and Member of Parliament from Gurdaspur and became PPCC President in 2017._NEWLINE_Jakhar earned a degree in Sanskrit from Forman Christian College, Lahore, in 1945. He had knowledge of English, Punjabi, Urdu, Sanskrit and Hindi languages. _START_SECTION_ Politician _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jakhar was elected to the Punjab Legislative Assembly in 1972 and was re-elected in 1977 becoming the Leader of the Opposition._NEWLINE_He was elected to the seventh Lok Sabha from Ferozepur in 1980 and re-elected to the eighth Lok Sabha from Sikar in 1984. He served twice as Speaker of Lok Sabha from 1980 to 1989, a rare achievement in indian parliament history,thus became the longest speaker of the Lok Sabha (lower house of the Indian Parliament). As Speaker of Lok Sabha he was an instrument for automation and computerization of Parliamentary works. He promoted Parliament library, reference, research, documentation and information services for the knowledge and use of members of Parliament. The establishment of Parliament Museum was his contribution. He was first Asian to be elected as Chairman of Commonwealth Parliamentarian Executive Forum._NEWLINE_He became the Central Agriculture minister in 1991 in INC govt headed by P. V. Narasimha Rao._NEWLINE_He was Governor of Madhya Pradesh state from 30 June 2004 to 30 May 2009. _START_SECTION_ Social activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jakhar was the life president of Bharat Krishak Samaj and president of Jallianwala Bagh Memorial Trust Management Committee. He has written a book, People, Parliament and Administration. He tried to introduce scientific techniques in agriculture to increase production. The president of India awarded him 'Udyan Pandit' in 1975 for his contribution to Horticulture. Haryana Agricultural University Hisar and Gurukul Kangri Visvavidyalaya Haridwar have awarded him Doctor of Science and ‘'Vidya Martand'’ honorary degrees for his contribution to the Agriculture and Horticulture._NEWLINE_Sports, farming and reading were his hobbies.

8028223363424366262

Q4852883

_START_ARTICLE_ Baltimore International College _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ BIC was accredited by the American Culinary Federation. It lost its accreditation from the Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools on August 31, 2011 due to unaddressed issues from its 2007 review. BIC was acquired by Stratford University in January 2012, and the former campuses are now Stratford campuses. _START_SECTION_ Campus & facilities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The college’s main campus is located in downtown Baltimore near the Inner Harbor. The college owns two full-service hotels downtown Baltimore—the Mount Vernon Hotel and Hopkins Inn. Further, BIC owns and operates the Bay Atlantic Club, which offers delivery breakfast and lunch, dine-in lunch, and as banquet hall with reservations. In addition, the college operates the Park Hotel on its 100-acre (400,000 m²) Virginia Park satellite campus in Virginia, County Cavan, Ireland. _START_SECTION_ Students _START_PARAGRAPH_ The college offers student housing in Dublin Hall, which is location in the Mount Vernon Hotel. Slightly more than half (52 percent) of its 800 or so students are male.

4122290947214698578

Q4853393

_START_ARTICLE_ Bambolino's _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Managers and investors of the Ninfa's restaurant chain established Bambolino's. Most of the funding came from the Ninfa's Inc. restaurants. When Bambolino's started, it raised $400,000 through a private placement of notes and an additional $160,000 through a debt-and-equity arrangement with MESBIC Financial Corp. Bambolino's was the Laurenzo family's second attempt in making an Italian-American restaurant. The first Bambolino's was scheduled to open on March 30, 1987 in Southwest Houston. The Laurenzo family hoped that the increasing trend of carry-out food would help the restaurant chain's success. The original Bambolino's was to be only serving carry out and drive through customers. Each location consisted of a group of portal spaces that could occupy 275 square feet (25.5 m²) in two spaces in a standard parking lot. The president of Ninfa's and a son of Ninfa Laurenzo, Roland Laurenzo, said that this would allow a Bambolino's restaurant to make relatively few sales in order to break even._NEWLINE_In February 1987 the company elected D. Drue Pollan Jr. as the president, Leo J. Kelleher as the chief financial officer, and Joanne L'Abbate as the secretary-treasurer. The first restaurant opened in April 1987. It was the Ninfa's company's first restaurant established since the dissolving of the joint venture with McFaddin Ventures. In June 1987 Ninfa Laurenzo signed for the second location, at the intersection of Durham Drive and Washington Avenue. It was scheduled to open at the end of the month. In September 1987 Ninfa Laurenzo signed for the lease of the fourth location on Montrose Boulevard. In February 1988 the chain leased 14,654 square feet (1,361.4 m²) of space to house its fifth location._NEWLINE_In 1989 and 1990, RioStar converted four Bambolino's locations into Ninfa's Cafe fajitarias. The first conversion occurred in November 1989, and the conversions of the other three occurred afterwards. Ten Bambolino's remained. In 1992 Houston Intercontinental Airport (now George Bush Intercontinental Airport) had two Bambolino's locations, with one in Terminal C and one in the Mickey Leland International Airlines Building (now Terminal D)._NEWLINE_In 1996 one Bambolino's remained. In 1997 Bambolino's filed for bankruptcy. The Laurenzo family kept the rights to the name. Between the chain's opening and 1993, 17 Bambolino's restaurants had been in operation._NEWLINE_As of 2019, there is one franchised Bambolino's location in operation on 1525 Westheimer Rd. In 2011, the Laurenzo family opened a Bambolino's location on Airline Drive at the site that had housed their short-lived fast casual restaurant known as Chispas del Tiempo. Like the fast casual restaurant, the Bambolino's on Airline Drive remained in operation only briefly. _START_SECTION_ Cuisine _START_PARAGRAPH_ The original Bambolino's had Italian items such as antipasto salad, lasagna, pizza, and spaghetti. Pizza slices were the signature item on the menu._NEWLINE_In regards to the Bambolino's on Montrose Boulevard, the individual slices are packed in cardboard boxes that absorb the grease. During that year Houston Chronicle columnist Ken Hoffman said, "That's precisely what I love about Bambolino's. You can buy slices. If I'm driving around, and I'm in the mood for pizza, I don't want to mess with a whole pie. I want a couple of slices. I want them hot. And I want them now. I don't want to wait 30 minutes. I don't want to tip some driver. I especially don't want my name, address and phone number entered in some pizza conglomerate's computer so Big Brother knows that I'm a sausage and green peppers guy." In addition to individual slices, the Montrose Boulevard Bambolino's sold entire pizzas and partially baked pizza slices._NEWLINE_In 1996 a single plain cheese pizza slice had a cost of $1.69, and a fully loaded double-wide slice such as the "Double Big House -The Works," which had bell peppers, Canadian bacon, hamburger, Italian sausage, jalapeños, mozzarella, mushrooms, black olives, pepperoni, and red onions. In regards to the flavor, Hoffman said in 1996 that "Bambolino's is surprisingly tasty pizza. I was expecting a lesser quality because Bambolino's is pretty much a fast-food hamburger joint that just happens to sell pizza. The dough has a sweet pastry flavor. The sauce is mild, and the cheese is the real deal. Bambolino's also heaps on the toppings. My Double Big House was about an inch tall. The mushrooms, et al., were so heavy that I had to eat my pizza with a knife and fork._NEWLINE_And spoon."_NEWLINE_Roland Laurenzo, the founder of the new Bambolino's, said, as paraphrased by Allison Wollam of the Houston Business Journal, that the pizza dough used to make the pizzas is "as spongy and airy, tender on the inside and crispy on the outside and made from scratch each day." The fresh-squeezed lemonade was a signature item on the menu of the old Bambolino's. In regards to the new Bambolino's, Laurenzo said "It’s our signature drink. It’s a frozen Lemonade — very tart, not too sweet, and it will give you a brain freeze when you drink it." The restaurant's "frozen lemonade" was delivered via a margarita machine. The restaurant sold the frozen lemonade by the glass, quart, and half gallon. Laurenzo also said that the chain would have a chicken fajita pizza.

7281584426597463290

Q4853755

_START_ARTICLE_ Banaag at Sikat _START_SECTION_ Analysis and reviews _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although a work that discusses politics in the Philippines, Banaag at Sikat is the only novel included by the Filipino critic Teodoro Agoncillo to a list of important books about Tagalog literature in 1949, because according to Agoncillo the book has a weakness but it started the system of writing a Tagalog novel. Thus, this book of Lope K. Santos paved the way on how to write other Tagalog-language novels which has a combined themes about love, livelihood, and the truthful and moving status of society. Furthermore, despite of being one of the first long narrative in the Philippines that provoked the mood of society, it also motivated the cause of the Hukbalahap (Hukbo ng Bayan Laban sa Hapon, literally the "people’s army against the Japanese occupiers" during World War II)._NEWLINE_However, this is not the first Tagalog novel, because Lope K. Santos' novel was published after Nena at Neneng - Nena and Neneng - (1905), which is considered as the first Tagalog novel published as a book and written by Valeriano Hernandez Peña. Still, there was another Tagalog novel, Cababalaghan ni P. Brava (literally, P. Brava’s Mystery) by Gabriel Beato Francisco, which appeared in installment on the pages of the magazine Kapatid ng Bayan (literally, Comrades of the Nation) in 1899._NEWLINE_The title Banaag at Sikat is translated by critics and reviewers into From Early Dawn to Full Light of the sun, a translation derived from the reviews done by Patricio N. Abinales and Donna J. Amoroso. _START_SECTION_ Primary characters _START_PARAGRAPH_ The novel is about two friends: Delfin and Felipe. Delfin is a socialist, while Felipe advocates the works of an anarchist. As a socialist, Delfin believes and wishes to spread the principles of socialism to the public, where the citizens could have more right in all the businesses, properties, and other national activities. Although he is poor who studies law and works as a writer for a newspaper, Delfin still strongly believes that a society inclined to the cause of the poor through peaceful means, a challenge that could be achieved through violence._NEWLINE_On the other hand, Felipe – who advocates anarchy – believes in the forceful way of destroying the existing powers and cruelty harbored by the rich landowners. He wants to dispel the abusive members of society who rule society. Even though he is the son of a rich town leader, Felipe hates the cruel ways of his father. He would rather see a society with equal rights and equal status for all its citizens: where there is no difference between the poor and the rich classes. _START_SECTION_ Selected scenes and scenarios _START_PARAGRAPH_ Due to his hatred of his life as a son of a cruel and rich landowner, Felipe left his home to live a life of poverty. He left his life of luxury in order to join the common class of society. He decided to live with Don Ramon, a godfather through the Catholic sacrament of confirmation, in Manila. Later on, Felipe also felt hatred against his godfather who was just like his father: a rich man cruel to his helpers. Felipe fell in love with Tentay, a commoner but with dignity despite of being poor. Felipe was forced by his father to return to their home in the town of Silangan, but was only forced to leave the home after teaching the farmers at household helpers about their inherent human rights._NEWLINE_Don Ramon, Felipe’s godfather, has two siblings. Thalia was the eldest and Meni is the youngest daughter. Delfin - Felipe’s friend – fell in love with one of these two siblings, a woman named Meni. Meni became pregnant and was disowned by Don Ramon. Meni decided to live with Delfin to live as a commoner. Because of what Meni did, Don Ramon left the Philippines, together with a favored household helper named Tekong, but was murdered while in New York City. Don Ramon’s body was brought back to the Philippines by Ruperto, the long lost brother of Tentay, Felipe’s lover. It was Ruperto who revealed the reason why Don Ramon was killed by an unknown assailant: he was ruthless to his household helpers._NEWLINE_The novel ends at a scene when Felipe and Delfin decided to stay for a while at the grave of Don Ramon. They talked about their principles and social beliefs. They left the cemetery while approaching the darkness and the depth of the night.

2648888152781081464

Q826551

_START_ARTICLE_ Banaue Rice Terraces _START_SECTION_ Ifugao rice culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The terraces are found in the province of Ifugao and the Ifugao people have been its caretakers. Ifugao culture revolves around rice, and the culture engenders an elaborate array of celebrations linked with agricultural rites from rice cultivation to rice consumption. The harvest season generally calls for thanksgiving feasts, while the concluding harvest rites called tango or tungul (a day of rest) entail a strict taboo on any agricultural work. Partaking of the bayah rice wine), rice cakes, and betel nut constitutes an indelible practice during the festivities._NEWLINE_The Ifugao people practice traditional farming spending most of their labour at their terraces and forest lands while occasionally tending to root crop cultivation. The Ifugaos have also been known to culture edible shells, fruit trees, and other vegetables which have been exhibited among Ifugaos for generations. The building of the rice terraces entails constructing retaining walls with stones and rammed earth which are designed to draw water from a main irrigation canal above the terrace clusters. Indigenous rice terracing technologies have been identified with the Ifugao’s rice terraces such as their knowledge of water irrigation, stonework, earthwork and terrace maintenance. As their source of life and art, the rice terraces have sustained and shaped the lives of the community members. _START_SECTION_ Organic farming _START_PARAGRAPH_ In March 2009 the Ifugao rice terraces were declared free from genetically modified organisms (GMO). An event declaring this achievement was organized in Dianara Viewpoint in collaboration with local and municipal government, Greenpeace, and the Miss Earth Foundation. _START_SECTION_ Official heritage designation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Banaue Rice Terraces refer to the cluster close to the Banaue poblacion as seen from the viewpoint. Contrary to popular belief perpetrated by its inclusion on the twenty peso banknote, the Banaue Rice Terraces are not a UNESCO World Heritage Site. They were not included in the UNESCO inscription Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras due to the presence of numerous modern structures, making it score low in the integrity criterion of UNESCO._NEWLINE_The five clusters inscribed as part of the Rice Terraces of the Philippine Cordilleras are Batad, Bangaan, Hungduan, Mayoyao Central and Nagacadan. Batad and Bangaan are under the jurisdiction of the Municipality of Banaue but are not called the Banaue Rice Terraces._NEWLINE_The Banaue Rice Terraces were declared by the Philippine government as a National Cultural Treasure under Ifugao Rice Terraces by virtue of Presidential Decree No. 260 in 1973. _START_SECTION_ Tourism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Another thriving economy in the Banaue Rice Terraces is tourism. The Tourism industry has developed a number of activities for visitors which may include traditional sightseeing of the terraces and visits to the tribes at the foot of the terraces. A Mumbaki (traditional Ifugao witch doctor) is also recommended to visitors: these doctors can perform spiritual healing rituals. _NEWLINE_Domestic tourism however has gone down over the past few years. A contributing factor to this is the treatment of domestic tourists by the local guides in the area where it has been reported that local guides are more willing to entertain foreign visitors. The Batad Environmental Tour Guides Association (BETGA) in association with the Batad Baranguay authorities are currently laying a concrete track down from the Batad Saddle to the village proper._NEWLINE_The park is featured on the reverse side of the 1985 series of the Philippine one thousand peso note as well as the reverse side of the 2010 series of the Philippine twenty peso note. _START_SECTION_ Other notable rice terraces in Ifugao _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aside from the Banaue Rice terraces there are 4 other similar terraces: the Batad Rice Terraces, Mayoyao Rice Terraces, Hapao Rice Terraces, and Kiangan Rice Terraces. Soil types in this mountainous province are similar to that used to fabricate clay pots or clay jars (also used in construction by firing clay). The Batad Rice Terraces are located in Barangay Batad in Banaue, these terraces resemble an amphitheatre. The Mayoyao Rice Terraces are for a rice variety called "tinawon", a rare type of organic rice which is grown in red and white varieties in these terraces. The Hapao Rice Terraces are located in Hungduan and are stone-walled from Sagada rock formation and date back to 650 AD. The Kiangan Rice Terraces are in Banaue, on which are grown the rice varieties of nagacadan and julungan.

14946688612317757201

Q4854085

_START_ARTICLE_ Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño (building) _START_SECTION_ Location _START_PARAGRAPH_ The building is located on Calle Marina (Marina Street) and Calle Amor (Amor Street, now "Paseo Arias" (Arias Promenade), facing west across Plaza Degetau. It is bounded on the east by Calle Mayor (Mayor Street). Amor Street was also called Callejon Amor (Amor Alley), literally, Love Alley. In 1991, Amor Street was converted into a promenade and renamed Paseo Antonio S. Arias Ventura, after the long-time employee of Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño who started as a custodian and rose to become the bank's general manager. _START_SECTION_ History and Significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Built in 1924 as the main office for the expanding Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceño bank this building represents one of the last examples of the once popular turn-of-the-century eclectic architecture so common in Ponce after the 1918 earthquake. Banco Crédito was designed and built by Francisco Porrata-Doria, who at the time had recently returned to Puerto Rico after studying engineering at Cornell University and architectural courses at Columbia University. Porrata Doria was one of the island's finest architects, a pioneer in the development of a local modern architecture, and one of the architects responsible for what can be called "Ponce Monumental Architecture", of which Banco Crédito is a good example. Among the directors and officers of this prominent bank were some of the most recognized names in the city of Ponce and Puerto Rico at large, including former Ponce mayor, Ulpiano Colóm._NEWLINE_This building together with the one next door it, Banco de Ponce, exemplify the effort of local financial institutions to compete with US-based banks for the wealth of Puerto Rico's booming sugar economy._NEWLINE_Banco Crédito's monumental exuberance expresses the pride of the institution, its solidity, and its capacity to hold its own against far more wealthy Stateside institutions competing for the dollars of the local moneyed classes._NEWLINE_The Banco Crédito y Ahorro Ponceños setting on the city's main square contributes to the elegance of this part of the city. Several adjacent structures are already listed in the National Register, including the old Firehouse (1883) the City Hall (1845) and the Cathedral (1841). The latter's facade is a 1932 Porrata-Doria design. _START_SECTION_ Architecture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The building's architect was Francisco Porrata-Doria. It is a two-story masonry and concrete building located near the southeastern end of Ponce's main square. It sits on a corner lot, looking southwestward towards the main street, Plaza Degetau (Calle Atocha)._NEWLINE_It is a single, compact volume which wraps itself around the corner in a dramatic curve that corresponds to the chamfered corner required since the late 19th century by city ordinances. The main two levels have nearly twenty-feet-high ceilings, thus giving the structure sufficient bulk so as to stand out within its context. Verticality is accented by the use of colossal Corinthian pilasters, square and paired at the facades to each street and round and single at the corner._NEWLINE_The exterior is compositionally organized in three levels: the bottom one is a base executed in the pink limestone common to this area; the central and main body is defined by the aforementioned colossal pilasters, which articulate the openings of the two main floors in three-bay modules with additional one-bay modules flanking the longer, Amor Street facade._NEWLINE_The upper body is an elaborate entablature with garlands, dentils, and a projecting, bracketed upper cornice. On top there is a balustered railing filling the space between three broken pediments, the one on the corner curved, with medallions on their centers. The medallions on the facades contain stained glass inserts, and the one on the corner a clock. First-floor openings are arched, those on the second are rectangular. The first-floor windows are covered by bulging cages of fine cast iron bars; those on the second floor are balustered. The entire ensemble is topped by a copper roof in a Mansard configuration._NEWLINE_Officers and historians with the Puerto Rico Historic Preservation Office have stated that "The Banco Crédito building, overall, is a fine example of the early twentieth century Beaux-Arts style which is extensively represented in the Ponce architecture of this period." _START_SECTION_ Contemporary use _START_PARAGRAPH_ Today, the bank is used as a branch of the Banco de Santander, a Spanish concern that bought the assets of Banco Credito y Ahorro Ponceño during the late 1970s.

15743699100099191367

Q806188

_START_ARTICLE_ Banco Espírito Santo _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Banco Espírito Santo's origins began with the lottery, currency exchange, and securities business carried out by José Maria do Espírito Santo e Silva between 1869 and 1884. The first references to trading that the “patriarch of the only dynasty of Portuguese bankers” was undertaking was in the purchase and sale of lotteries, along with national and international transactions in loan securities, on his own account. This took place in his Casa de Cambio, situated in centre of Lisbon and which dated back to the second half of the 19th century (1869). Since then and until 1920, he founded a number of banking institutions, such as Beirão, Silva Pinto & Cª., (1884–1887), Silva, Beirão, Pinto & Cª. (1897–1911), J. M. Espírito Santo Silva (1911–1915), and J. M. Espírito Santo Silva & Cª. (1915)._NEWLINE_In 1915, after the death of José Maria do Espírito Santo e Silva, these firms were dissolved and his heirs founded the Casa Bancária Espírito Santo Silva & Cª, which was transformed into a public limited-liability company in 1920 under the name Banco Espírito Santo with the bank, in this decade, managing to consolidate its position within the context of national banking by opening agencies and using a renewed management model._NEWLINE_In 1937, the bank strengthened its position in commercial banking through a merger with Banco Comercial de Lisboa to form Banco Espírito Santo e Comercial de Lisboa (BESCL), which again changed its name to BES in 1999._NEWLINE_Up to the mid-1970s, BESCL reinforced its international presence with acquisitions, partnerships, and the creation of banks in countries such as the United States, Angola, and the United Kingdom, among others. Under a Decree Law of 1975, the bank was nationalised and the Espírito Santo family was prevented from doing business in Portugal. Within this context, the family re-established its financial interests abroad in countries such as Brazil, Switzerland, France, and the United States, culminating in 1975 with the creation of a holding company based in Luxembourg. This company was the predecessor of the Espírito Santo Financial Group (ESFG)._NEWLINE_The return to Portugal began in 1986 in partnership with Crédit Agricole and with the support of a core group of Portuguese shareholders. They formed the Banco Internacional de Crédito (BIC), also forming Espírito Santo Sociedade de Investimentos (ESSI), together with Swiss bank UBS and KBC Bank of Luxembourg._NEWLINE_In 1990, the Espírito Santo Group recovered Companhia de Seguros Tranquilidade — the Espirito Santo family held a stake since 1935 — and the control of Banco Espírito Santo in 1991 with the creation of a holding company between ESFG and Crédit Agricole, called BESPAR._NEWLINE_In 1992, BES began operating in the Spanish market where it created Banco Espírito Santo S.A. and in 1995, to open Banco Espírito Santo do Oriente (BESOR) that offers corporate and investment solutions to private clients. Also, in 2001, Banco Espírito Santo Angola, a bank formed under Angolan law, was founded._NEWLINE_In the first six months of 2014 the bank lost the equivalent of $4.8 billion raising concerns about the health of the bank. BES shares fell by 89 per cent. On 3 August 2014, Portugal's central bank announced BES would be restructured by splitting the bank into two. This announcement, following BES record Q2 loss of €3.49 billion, allowed Portuguese stocks to outperform the broader European market the next day.

8925849029043368687

Q4854153

_START_ARTICLE_ Bancroft County, Iowa _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bancroft County, Iowa was a county located in what today is the northern portion of Kossuth County. The county was established in 1851 by the Iowa General Assembly, but then abolished six years later in 1857 and the area joined to Kossuth County._NEWLINE_The county was named for George Bancroft (1800–1891), the historian._NEWLINE_There never was a county-seat established or the organization of a county government.

14654182093023387013

Q2045821

_START_ARTICLE_ Bandurria, Peru _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bandurria is a large archaeological site on the Huaura River in Peru going back to 4,000 BC. It is located about 3 km south of the city of Huacho, in Huacho District, Huaura Province, Lima Region. It corresponds chronologically to the period known as the 'Late Archaic' or 'Late preceramic' covering the years from about 4000 to 2000 BC. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The site is located near the Pacific coast, in the area called Playa Chica at kilometer 141 of the Panamericana Norte highway. It was discovered in 1973 by Domingo Torero Fernandez de Cordova. It occupies the area of 54 hectares and has been studied by a team led by archaeologist Alejandro Chu. _START_SECTION_ Environment _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bandurria is located near the Santa Rosa irrigation project, and the nearby wetland area. Part of the archaeological site has been destroyed as a result of water infiltration when the project started in 1973. But this is also when the site was discovered._NEWLINE_The area got its name from a species of birds present in this area, known also as Buff-necked ibis. _START_SECTION_ Research history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The site was investigated by Rosa Fung in 1973 and 1977. These investigations concluded that the site belongs to the Late Archaic period, from the 4th to the 3rd millennium BC. Some of the radiocarbon dates obtained were between 2,500 and 2,300 BC._NEWLINE_Bandurria represents an early coastal fishing settlement featuring the first evidence of a ceremonial stone architecture. Archaeological sites belonging to the Late Archaic period had been identified previously to the north, but Bandurria was prior to them chronologically._NEWLINE_In August 2005, the research work restarted on the site, more than 30 years after its discovery. The Bandurria Archaeological Project, led by Alejandro Chu, uncovered a section of a monument built with boulders and mortar. These recent excavations have uncovered the evidence of monumental architecture, and established that this was an urban center distinct from the other monumental sites on the north central coast of Peru. This may represent the earliest evidence of urbanism in this larger coastal area._NEWLINE_The site is divided into two distinct sectors. The area featuring domestic occupation is the largest. Most of this area was destroyed by the irrigation project._NEWLINE_The sector featuring monumental architecture at first seemed like a natural formation made up of low rocky hills. However, a thorough review of the surface and surroundings of these hills revealed at least 4 major mounds, to which other smaller mounds were associated. _START_SECTION_ Recent developments _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2007, additional radio-carbon dates have been obtained. According to Alejandro Chu Barrera, the director of the Archaeological Project of Bandurria, the site is now dated firmly to 3200 BC. This is older than Caral, the more famous site in the River Supe Valley to the north, that has previously been described as 'the oldest city in the New World'. Caral is located 33 km northeast of Bandurria._NEWLINE_Bandurria has similar architecture to Caral and several other sites in the Supe Valley, featuring a sunken circular plaza and stairways. There are also other related structures constructed in a symmetrical pattern._NEWLINE_There are also other coastal sites in Peru that have been dated very early as the result of recent excavations. They include Sechin Bajo with the oldest radiocarbon dates of 3600 BC, and Huaricanga, dated to about 3500 BC. _START_SECTION_ Current conditions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Unfortunately Bandurria has been subject to systematic destruction that began when the nearby irrigation project started in 1973. Since it was visited in 2002 for the first time, the archaeological site was invaded by squatters, who built shacks on the mound._NEWLINE_Subsequently, the Directorate General of Archaeological Heritage of the Peruvian National Institute of Culture tried to protect the archaeological site. The regional government has also been supportive. Students from the Faculty of Management and Tourism of the Jose Faustino Sanchez Carrion National University of Huacho have also contributed to the preservation efforts.

3488919018267336214

Q4855580

_START_ARTICLE_ Bangor Trail _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bangor Trail is a waymarked walking trail in Erris, North Mayo, Ireland. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is about 29 kilometres in length. It takes a route south from Bangor Erris through the Nephin Beg Mountain range to Newport and is a fairly tough, remote hiking trail. The area is largely Atlantic blanket bog terrain although the Atlantic is some distance from the trail. The Western Way is another walking trail in the same area. There are several other walking trails in Erris, most of them cliff walks along the Benwee Head and Glinsk areas of the North Mayo coastline overlooking Broadhaven Bay. Walking Maps have been drawn up by Comhar Dún Chaocháin Teo and are available at Carrowteige._NEWLINE_The Bangor Trail follows an old drover path which may date from the Iron Age. There are, along the route, evidence of previous human habitation, particularly from the mid-19th century just prior to the Irish Famine when population pressure in this area was intense. In the days (16th century until early 20th century) when English landlords owned vast estates across Ireland, fishing and hunting lodges abounded, especially beside the rivers and lakes, which were used seasonally for red deer and shooting expeditions and the leisure activities of the aristocracy. The landlords would have been responsible for the maintenance of sections of the trail which passed through their lands. The trail was the main route for people and livestock before roads were built in the area in the first half of the 19th century.

3745984017488091302

Q4855655

_START_ARTICLE_ Banhpur _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of 2011 Indian Census, Banhpur village's total population was 3,340, of which 1,800 were males and 1,540 were females. The average literacy rate was 64.3%, of which male literary was 73.8% and female literacy was 53.1%. the population between 0 to 6 years of age was 450. The Scheduled Caste population was 1,355. The village had 618 households as of 2011. _START_SECTION_ Language _START_PARAGRAPH_ Banhpur's official language is Hindi.

13328107958774367328

Q4855660

_START_ARTICLE_ Bani, Mirpur _START_PARAGRAPH_ Banni is a village in the Mirpur Tehsil of Mirpur District of Azad Kashmir, Pakistan. _START_SECTION_ Demography _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to 1998 census of Pakistan, its population was 1,389.

17371802952102824040

Q4856703

_START_ARTICLE_ Banksia ser. Abietinae _START_SECTION_ Recent developments _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 1998, Austin Mast has been publishing results of ongoing cladistic analyses of DNA sequence data for the subtribe Banksiinae. His analyses suggest a phylogeny that is very greatly different from George's taxonomic arrangement, including finding Banksia to be paraphyletic with respect to Dryandra. Early in 2007 Mast and Thiele initiated a rearrangement of Banksia by transferring Dryandra into it, and publishing B. subg. Spathulatae for the species having spoon-shaped cotyledons. Abietinae all fall within Mast and Thiele's B. subg. Spathulatae, and for the most part fall close together. However B. nutans (Nodding Banksia) appears to be rather less closely related to the other species in series Abietinae than are Banksia dryandroides (Dryandra-leaved Banksia) and the members of B. ser. Grandes. Mast and Thiele have foreshadowed publishing a full arrangement once DNA sampling of Dryandra is complete.

9317921506696616782

Q4857012

_START_ARTICLE_ Bannside (Northern Ireland Parliament constituency) _START_SECTION_ Boundaries and Boundary Changes _START_PARAGRAPH_ This was a division of County Antrim. Before 1929 it was part of the seven-member Antrim constituency. The constituency sent one MP to the House of Commons of Northern Ireland from 1929 until the Parliament was temporarily suspended in 1972, and then formally abolished in 1973._NEWLINE_In terms of the then local government areas the constituency in 1929 comprised parts of the Rural Districts of Antrim, Ballymena and Ballymoney._NEWLINE_After boundary changes in 1969 the constituency included parts of the same Rural Districts but Bannside was extended to take in the northern part of the 1929–1969 Antrim Borough constituency.

1634227714262186931

Q9106493

_START_ARTICLE_ Bao Jianfeng _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bao Jianfeng was born into a military family on November 3, 1975. He attended the East China Model High School. After completing his education in Shanghai Theatre Academy, he was assigned to Shanghai Dramatic Arts Center. _START_SECTION_ Acting career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bao Jianfeng's first screen acting credit was Zhenkong Aiqing Jilu and subsequently appearing on television series such as Pearl Tower (1998), The 28 Nannies of Professor Tian's Family (1998), Love and Resentment of Two Generations (2000), and Purple File (2001)._NEWLINE_Bao Jianfeng's first film role was uncredited appearance in the film A Beautiful New World (1999), a comedy film starring Jiang Wu, Tao Hong, Richie Jen, and Wu Bai._NEWLINE_In 2002, Bao Jianfeng co-starred with Ni Jingyang, Kym and Li Zhinan in the idol drama The Shining Teenagers as Gu Yuetao, the class teacher and Chinese teacher. That same year, he had key supporting role as Liu Bei, a warlord in the late Eastern Han dynasty and the founder of the state of Shu Han in the Three Kingdoms period, in Chen Kaige's Lü Bu and Diao Chan._NEWLINE_In 2003, Bao Jianfeng starred as Emperor Gaozong of Tang, reuniting him with co-star Jia Jingwen, who played Wu Zetian, in the historical romantic television series Lady Wu: The First Empress. It was a hot TV series in mainland China in that year._NEWLINE_In 2004, Bao Jianfeng starred in a historical television series called The Prince of Qin, Li Shimin with Peter Ho, Gao Yuanyuan, Kevin Yan, and Jia Jingwen. At the same year, he also played the Kangxi Emperor, the lead role in Huayi Brothers's Qingtian Yamen, costarring Zhong Fuxiang and Xu Yun._NEWLINE_In 2005, Bao Jianfeng starred as Xue Rengui in The Legend of Xue Rengui, alongside Jin Qiaoqiao, Ashton Chen, Li Xiaoran, and Zhang Tielin. He also played the character Yang Yande in Warriors of the Yang Clan, opposite Ti Lung and Angie Chiu._NEWLINE_In 2006, Bao Jianfeng appeared in Super Boy and Girl, a romantic television series starring Hu Bing, Ady An, Victor Huang, and Fu Miao._NEWLINE_In 2007, Bao Jianfeng was cast in the film Detection of Knight-errant： the Scholar's Death, opposite Gu Zhixin, Cherrie Ying and Fu Heng. That same year, he starred opposite Alex Fong, Zhang Jiani, and Qin Lan in Dreams Link, adapted from Taiwanese novelist Chiung Yao's romantic novel Fantasies Behind the Pearly Curtain._NEWLINE_In 2008, Bao Jianfeng was cast in Nühai Chongchongchong, a comedy television series starring Jing Boran, Yang Zi, and Huang Shengyi._NEWLINE_In 2011, Bao Jianfeng co-starred with Zhou Dongyu, Qian Feng and Tao Shuai in the biographical film The Road of Exploring as Mao Zedong. He also made cameo appearances in Close To Me and The Founding Father Sun Yat-sen. He had a minor role in Romance of Tang′ Kongfu, which starred Alex Fong and Chrissie Chau._NEWLINE_In 2012, he guest starred in the historical drama film The Assassins. That same year, he starred in Good Wife, playing the husband of Liu Tao's character._NEWLINE_In 2013, he starred in the historical television series Hua Xu Yin: City of Desperate Love with Kevin Cheng, Lin Yuan, Yuan Hong, and Jiang Xin._NEWLINE_In 2014, Bao Jianfeng starred opposite Yang Gongru, Zhang Xiwen and Danny Lee in Country Wind and Rain. He co-starred with Liu Tao in Outsmarted His Huashan Legend._NEWLINE_In 2015, he starred with Yan Bingyan in We Will Make It Right. The film won the Best World Movie at the 20th Sedona Film Festival and the Best Small and Medium Cost Feature Film at the 30th Golden Rooster Awards. He had a cameo appearance in Money Game, a comedy film starring Lee Seung-hyun, Zhang Lanxin, Liu Hua, and Zhang Yishan. He also had a minor role as a wealthy merchant in the 3D fantasy action comedy adventure film Monster Hunt, which starred Bai Baihe, Jing Boran and Jiang Wu._NEWLINE_In 2016, it was announced that Bao Jianfeng joined Midnight Diner 2, opposite Yi Yi and Qiao Shan. He also portrayed one of the leads as King Zhou of Shang in Zhaoge._NEWLINE_In 2017, he had key supporting role in the war film Battle of Xiangjiang River, created by August First Film Studio. He portrayed Tan Pingshan in Andrew Lau's The Founding of an Army, a historical film released on July 28, 2017 to mark the 90th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Liberation Army. _START_SECTION_ Musical career _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 2, 2008, Bao Jianfeng released his debut album, Heartbreaker. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 25, 2009, Bao Jianfeng married He Jiahao (Chinese: 何珈好) in Shanghai. Their son was born on June 25, 2015.

4151335956589958306

Q15904553

_START_ARTICLE_ Baozang Temple _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The temple was originally built during the Qing Dynasty rule. It was the rebuilt in 1971. The temple is designated as a third grade historic building. In 1995, public toilet and parking lot was built in front of the temple, enabling more visitors to visit the temple. _START_SECTION_ Architecture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The temple presents refined sculptures and traditional Chinese architectural style. The building was built in a tri-hall dual side-wings structure. _START_SECTION_ Exhibitions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The temple displays several historic objects and almost 100 statues of gods. _START_SECTION_ Transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The temple is accessible by bus from Changhua Station of Taiwan Railways.

2323984414806559310

Q15954764

_START_ARTICLE_ Baptism of the Lord _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Baptism of the Christ (or the Baptism of Christ) is the feast day commemorating the baptism of Jesus in the Jordan River by John the Baptist. Originally the baptism of Christ was celebrated on Epiphany, which commemorates the coming of the Magi, the baptism of Christ, and the wedding at Cana. Over time in the West, however, the celebration of the baptism of the Lord came to be commemorated as a distinct feast from Epiphany. It is celebrated in the Catholic Church as well as the Anglican and Lutheran Churches on the first Sunday following The Epiphany of Our Lord (January 6). _START_SECTION_ Eastern celebration _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Eastern Orthodox and the Eastern Catholic Churches, the Baptism of the Lord is celebrated as an integral part of the celebration on January 6, the Great Feast of the Theophany. For those churches which follow the traditional Julian Calendar, January 6 falls on January 19 of the modern Gregorian Calendar (see Epiphany (holiday) and Theophany for details). _START_SECTION_ Roman Catholic Church _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Baptism of the Lord is observed as a distinct feast in the Roman rite, although it was originally one of three Gospel events marked by the feast of the Epiphany. Long after the visit of the Magi had in the West overshadowed the other elements commemorated in the Epiphany, Pope Pius XII instituted in 1955 a separate liturgical commemoration of the Baptism._NEWLINE_In fact, the Tridentine Calendar had no feast of the Baptism of the Lord for almost four centuries. Then the feast was instituted, under the denomination "Commemoration of the Baptism of our Lord", for celebration on 13 January as a major double, using for the Office and the Mass those previously said on the Octave of the Epiphany, which Pius XII abolished; but if the Commemoration of the Baptism of Our Lord occurred on Sunday, the Office and Mass were to be those of the Feast of the Holy Family without any commemoration._NEWLINE_In his revision of the calendar five years later, Pope John XXIII kept on 13 January the "Commemoration of the Baptism of our Lord Jesus Christ", with the rank of a second-class feast._NEWLINE_A mere 14 years after the institution of the feast, Pope Paul VI set its date as the first Sunday after January 6 (as early as January 9 or as late as January 13) or, if in a particular country the Epiphany is celebrated on January 7 or 8, on the following Monday._NEWLINE_Pope John Paul II initiated a custom whereby on this feast the Pope baptizes babies in the Sistine Chapel. _START_SECTION_ Anglican Communion _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Church of England, Epiphany may be observed on January 6 proper, or on the Sunday between January 2 and 8. If Epiphany is observed on a Sunday on January 6 or before, the Baptism of Christ is observed on the following Sunday. If the Epiphany is observed on January 7 or 8, the Baptism of Christ is observed on the following Monday. In the Church of England, Ordinary Time does not begin until the day after the Presentation of Christ in the Temple._NEWLINE_In the Episcopal Church [USA], Epiphany is always celebrated on January 6, and the Baptism of the Lord is always celebrated on the following Sunday. It is not clear as to whether or not the Feast of the Baptism of our Lord is the end of Christmastide for the Episcopal Church. On one hand, the Prayer Book refers to the "Twelve Days of Christmas," and clearly distinguishes the Christmas and Epiphany seasons, the latter extending until Ash Wednesday. On the other hand, the Prayer Book allows for the continued use of Christmas prayers and readings on the weekdays following the Epiphany and leading up to the Baptism of our Lord. Further, the Epiphany and the Baptism of Christ are viewed as specially connected, allowing the interpretation that Christmastide does extend through and end with the Feast of our Lord's Baptism on the Sunday following the Epiphany.

6006796008999591414

Q2052988

_START_ARTICLE_ Baptiste Reynet _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reynet was born in Romans._NEWLINE_He joined Dijon in May 2011 after spending three years with Martigues whom he made over 50 appearances with. He made his club debut with Dijon on 13 August 2011 in a 2–0 league defeat to Toulouse._NEWLINE_Reynet was loaned back to Dijon FCO after one year in FC Lorient._NEWLINE_On 29 June 2018, Reynet joined Toulouse FC for four seasons.

5812547480040602698

Q3300974

_START_ARTICLE_ Bar massacre _START_SECTION_ Massacre _START_PARAGRAPH_ By 1942, the city of Bar became a home of many Serbians and other refugees who were forced to flee from Kosovo and to escape the violence done by Albanian units. Many of these joined the Partisan forces and participated in their activities at Bar._NEWLINE_The victims were Albanian recruits from Kosovo, who had been pressed by the Yugoslav Partisans into service. These men were then assembled in Prizren and marched on foot in three columns to Bar where they were supposed to receive short training and then sent off to the front. The march took the rugged mountain ranges of Kosovo and Montenegro to reach its destination. Upon arrival locals reported that these men, who had marched a considerable distance, were "exhausted" and "distressed". The column of men which stretched a few kilometres were then gathered on the Barkso Polje. At one point, in Polje, one of the Albanians from the column attacked and killed one of the Yugoslav officers, Boža Dabanovića. Very soon after that somebody from the column threw a smuggled bomb at the commander of the brigade. This created a panic among the Partisans. The guards watching over the recruits then fired into the crowd killing many and prompting the survivors to flee into the surrounding mountains. In another case, several hundred Albanians were herded into a tunnel, near Bar, which was subsequently sealed off so that all of those trapped within the tunnel were asphyxiated. _NEWLINE_Yugoslav sources put the number of victims at 400 while Albanian sources put the figure at 2,000 killed in Bar alone. According to Croatian historian Ljubica Štefan, the Partisans killed 1,600 Albanians in Bar on 1 April after an incident at a fountain. There are also accounts claiming that the victims included young boys. Other sources cited that the killing started en route for no apparent reason and this was supported by the testimony of Zoi Themeli in his 1949 trial. Themeli was a collaborator who worked as an important official of the Sigurimi, the Albanian secret police. After the massacre, the site was immediately covered in concrete by the Yugoslav communist regime and built an airport on top of the mass grave.

11639631096459019256

Q807307

_START_ARTICLE_ Barbados National Stadium _START_SECTION_ Structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Stadium holds 15,000 seats with the five stands such as The Clarence Jemmott "A" Stand; The O'Donnell "Don" Norville "B" Stand; The VIP Stand; The Jim Wedderburn "C" Stand; and The Patricia "Patsy" Callender "D" Stand; and also there is the Randolph Fields Velodrome and the Jaycees Gate at the north side of the Stadium._NEWLINE_In 2006, FIFA condemned the national football stadium of Barbados though the country was hoping to demolish and rebuild the ground before its 2010 World Cup qualification campaign begins. In 2011 the Barbadian government estimated the cost to re-engineer the stadiums' running track at 2 million dollars. No date has been determined when the funding could be sourced or the works could be carried out. But Barbados' past World Championships in Athletics gold-medalist Ryan Brathwaite has publicly condemned the current state of the National Stadiums' track infrastructure. In 2010 the stadium started hosting the Joseph Payne Memorial Classic, a competitive event among Barbadian secondary school students. The National Stadium's five stands were closed in April 2015 because of the rusty pieces of debris which fell from the steel which stood underneath the roofs. From December 2018 to January 2019, the roofs on all the five stands were removed and soon the whole of the Stadium would soon be demolished. It will soon be constructed into a brand new stadium with new stands, car parks and new LED stadium lights as soon as possible.

63721124935539989

Q4859147

_START_ARTICLE_ Barbara McIntire _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barbara Joy McIntire (born January 12, 1935) is an American amateur golfer._NEWLINE_McIntire was born in Toledo, Ohio. Living in Florida, she began playing golf as a young girl and at age 15 made a splash at the 1950 U.S. Women's Amateur by eliminating six-time Champion Glenna Collett Vare in the opening round._NEWLINE_A student at Rollins College in Winter Park, Florida in 1956, McIntire came close to becoming the first amateur to win the U.S. Women's Open when she was tied with professional Kathy Cornelius at the end of regulation play but lost in the ensuing playoff. In 1957, she won the first of her six North and South Women's Amateur s then in 1959 at the U.S. Women's Amateur she defeated the reigning champion Anne Quast in the quarter-finals and went on to win the tournament. The following year she won the 1960 British Ladies Amateur, becoming one of eight women to simultaneously hold the American and British titles and earning her the cover of Sports Illustrated magazine. She also won the Women's Western Amateur in 1958 and 1963._NEWLINE_A member of the U.S. Curtis Cup team in 1958, 1960, 1962, 1964, 1966 and 1972, McIntire won her second U.S. Women's Amateur in 1964 and went on to dedicate herself to the game of golf, serving on the United States Golf Association Women's Committee from 1985-1996 and its chairperson for 1995 and 1996._NEWLINE_McIntire was inducted into the Colorado Golf Hall of Fame in 1964, the Ohio Golf Hall of Fame in 1995 and the Colorado Sports Hall of Fame in 1998. In 2000, she was voted the Bob Jones Award, the highest honor given by the United States Golf Association in recognition of distinguished sportsmanship in golf.

11641163990959377472

Q9165558

_START_ARTICLE_ Barbara Rosiek _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rosiek made her literary debut in 1985 as the author of "Pamiętnik Narkomanki" (English: ‘Diary of a drug addict’), a book she started when she was 14 and finished while studying, describing her life dominated by her struggle with drug addiction. Breaking the habit was a long and difficult process for Rosiek which required perseverance and strength. She won and finished college. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rosiek is a clinical psychologist. She worked in hospitals in Lubiniec and Częstochowa as well as in the Society of Friends of Families and Friends of Children Addicted but due to poor health, Barbara Rosiek doesn’t work professionally anymore. In 1993 he became a member of the department of Cracow Polish Writers Union. She is interested in philosophy, even more attracted to travelling. When asked what is the most important thing in her life, he replied: love, friendship, peace of mind. Writing is a form of therapy for the author, which makes her very calm and thanks to this she is able to survive many hard periods. She cannot imagine life without possibility to express her anxiety and the attitude to her own experiences. She claims it is also kind of spiritual contact with God, and the dialogue with the rest of the world._NEWLINE_In addition to the "Pamiętnik narkomanki" which achieved number of theater-setting, Rosiek has written few other books like „Byłam schizofreniczką” (English: ‘I was schizophrenic’) which is an authentic record of the writer’s battle against the disease. Her artistic achievements also include some volumes of poetry. In 2002, the author was honour for lifetime with Silver Medal of Cambridge. Receipt of this medal is associated with replacing a biography of person awarded in the international edition of the "Who 's Who 2000-2100”.

12265576065999033243

Q807776

_START_ARTICLE_ Barbaroux _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The oldest potential mention of Barbaroux grape, under the synonym Barbarons, dates to 1667 when it was described as being used as both wine and table grape in Toulon in the Provence region of southern France. Here the vine is described as having massive clusters of large violet colored berries. However, despite the synonyms use, there is some doubt among ampelographers about this reference since the modern Barbaroux vine of Provence has more pink-ish colored skins though the violet description could be referring to the color of the wine, particularly after a long period of extended maceration. The name "Barbaroux" itself comes from the term barbarous which means "reddish berries" in the Provençal dialect. The first appearance of the modern spelling of Barbaroux appeared in 1715. _START_SECTION_ Viticulture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Barbaroux vine has the potential to be very fertile and high yielding but is generally not very vigorous. It buds early but requires a long growing season before it large berries and clusters achieves full ripeness. Among the viticultural hazards that Barbaroux is susceptible to are botrytis bunch rot and powdery mildew. _START_SECTION_ Wine regions and AOC regulations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Despite being an authorized grape for the red, white and rosé wines of the Côtes de Provence and Cassis AOC, plantings of Barbaroux have been on the decline in the Provence region with only 94 acres (38 hectares) of the vine reported in 2008, most of it in the Cassis region. These numbers are likely to continue to drop as AOC wine laws governing its use in the Côtes de Provence AOC now limit the inclusion of Barbaroux to grapes harvested from vines that were planted before 1994._NEWLINE_In Cassis, Barbaroux can be blended with Mourvèdre, Cinsault and Grenache in the red and rosé wines or it can be used to produce a white wine made with very little skin contact. Usually blended with Clairette, Bourboulenc, Marsanne, Sauvignon blanc or Trebbiano, Barbaroux can add deep gold color and aromatics to the blend._NEWLINE_In Corsica it is used in red and rosé wines where it is permitted in the Ajaccio and Vin de Corse AOCs. Here it is blended with Sciacarello, Nielluccio, Rolle, Carignan, Syrah, Grenache and Cinsault._NEWLINE_For both Ajaccio and Cassis, Barbaroux grapes destined for AOC wine production must be harvested to yields no greater than 45 hectoliters/hectare with the finished wine needing to attain a minimum alcohol level of at least 12% in Ajaccio and 11% in Cassis. For the larger Vin de Corse AOC, Barbaroux can be harvested to yields up to 50 hectoliters/hectare with the finished wines needing an alcohol level of at least 11.5%. _START_SECTION_ Confusion with other grapes _START_PARAGRAPH_ While long thought to be the same variety, in 2009 DNA testing showed that the Barbaroux vine of Provence was different from the Barbarossa vines grown in Liguria and Piedmont and likely different from the other Italian varieties also known as Barbarossa. As of 2012, it had not yet been determined if the Barbaroux vine grown in Corsica is different from the Provençal variety and what relationship, if any, that the Corsican Barbaroux may have with any of the Italian Barbarossa varieties._NEWLINE_Despite having several synonyms similar to Gänsfüssler, the Provençal and Corsican Barbaroux vines are not related to red German wine grape of the same name that grows in the Rheinland-Pfalz region of Germany. _START_SECTION_ Synonyms _START_PARAGRAPH_ Over the years Barbaroux has been known under a variety of synonyms recognized by the Vitis International Variety Catalogue. However, as more DNA research leads to the proper identification of Barbaroux vines some of these synonyms may be found to belong to completely separate varieties such as the Italian Barbarossa grapes. But as of 2012, the current list of recognized synonyms for Barbaroux include:_NEWLINE_Aronova Boroda, Barbaraise de Provence, Barbarons, Barbarossa, Barbarossa Rose, Barbaru, Barbi Rossa, Barbirossa, Barbirossu, Roter Calebstraube, Candolle Roth, Roter Candollo, Cardeina, De Kandol, Gänsefüssler, Hellroter Gänsfüssler, Grappe de Cinq Kilos, Gray Rouge, Grec Rose, Grec Rouge, Gromier du Cantal, Gros Barbaroux, Gros Gommier du Cantal, Roter Hammelshode, Kanaani, Kanaantraube, Limdi Kana, Malaga Rose, Merveille, Monstrueux de Candolle, Murcentin, Pepin Isfaganskii, Perle Rose, Roter Perltraube, Plant du Pauvre, Pompeiana, Prun Gentile, Raisin du Pauvre, Raisin Grec, Raisin Monstrueux, Regina Rossa, Roter Riesentraube, Rossea, Rossoly, Roussee, Rousselet, and Sorita.

12785607692267404645

Q22021811

_START_ARTICLE_ Barberg–Selvälä–Salmonson Sauna _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sauna had been practiced for centuries in Finland, and Finnish immigrants to the United States in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries did not want to leave sauna behind. Often the first structure they built on their new rural property was a sauna, which they could live and bathe in while they built their other farm buildings. That was the case with the Barberg–Selvälä–Salmonson Sauna._NEWLINE_Finns first came to the Cokato area in 1865, looking for available farmland. Three Finnish families—the Barbergs (also known as the Barbas), Selväläs, and Salmonsons—were among the town's earliest settlers, moving onto their adjoining homesteads by 1868. That year, the families agreed to build a shared savusauna along the property line between the Barberg and Selvälä farms._NEWLINE_Traditionally sauna occurred at least once a week, often on Saturday nights, throughout the year. The simple savusauna was a wood building with a hearth inside. The hearth was covered with rocks that could be heated to great temperatures. Also inside was a wooden platform for bathers to sit or lie on, near the roof to maximize the savusauna's heat. Steps and a lower bench were available for those who did not want the maximum temperature. A fire burned in the savusauna's hearth during the day and then was put out, allowing the smoke in the sauna to dissipate before bathing. The hearth's heated rocks kept the sauna warm for hours after the fire was put out and provided heat for the bathing that followed._NEWLINE_Sauna users like the Barbergs, Selväläs, and Salmonsons sat in the structure long enough to sweat and then cooled off by going outside or rinsing with cold water or snow, if available. They would repeat the process as needed. Bathers also used whisks made of flexible birch branches to beat and stimulate the skin, which caused cleansing through exfoliation._NEWLINE_Non-Finns in Cokato and elsewhere were unfamiliar with sauna. They did not know what their Finnish neighbors were doing in sauna buildings, which looked to them like strange little huts, and there was great speculation. Adding to the controversy was the standard practice of taking sauna and cooling off naked, often outside in the air if the sauna did not have a separate dressing room, which many early Minnesota savusaunas did not. The Barberg-Selvälä-Salmonson sauna was one of these, so the families cooled themselves in the fresh air, naked. This was fine when their property was remote, but it caused quite a stir as Cokato grew and one of the major town roads was laid out along the Barberg-Selvala property line, right next to the sauna._NEWLINE_In 1885 the controversy over the Barberg–Selvälä–Salmonson sauna went to court. Members of the community accused the Selvälä family, who had bought the Barberg and Salmonson families out of their shares of the sauna by then, of strange religious or other practices related to their sauna use. The Selväläs proved to the court that they were upstanding citizens and good Lutherans, and that they were just using the sauna to get clean; they won $30 in damages for the accusations made against them. However the Selväläs were ordered by the court to move their sauna to a more private location on their property, away from the road. They were given an additional $40 to do so. Nils Selvälä moved the sauna, but used it from then on as a shed, taking the money his family had won in court to build a bigger, nicer sauna elsewhere on their property._NEWLINE_In 1979 the original 1868 savusauna, which had been moved a number of times since the 1880s, was moved one last time to Cokato's Temperance Corner, named for the Cokato Temperance Hall that has stood there since 1896. The original savusauna became one of a group of buildings celebrating the Finnish heritage of many in the region, and now it is cared for by the Cokato Finnish American Historical Society. In 2008 the savusauna was repaired and fully restored to its original appearance.

14171711387121470205

Q17155

_START_ARTICLE_ Barcelona Cathedral _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Parts of an early Christian and visigothic episcopal complex including the baptistery (fourth century), a basilical hall (fifth century), a cross shaped church (sixth-seventh century) and bishop's palace (sixth-seventh century) are displayed in Barcelona City History Museum archaeological underground. Reportedly, this Visigothic chapel was dedicated to Saint James, and was the proprietary church of the Viscounts of Barcelona. However, in a document from the Second Council of Barcelona in 599, it states that the cathedral was dedicated to the Holy Cross. This church was severely damaged by al-Mansur (Almanzor) during his attack on Barcelona in 985._NEWLINE_In 1046, Count Ramon Berenguer I and his wife Almodis, together with Bishop Guislabert, began construction of a Romanesque cathedral at the site; it was consecrated in November 1058. The cathedral was constructed over the crypt of the former church. It has been reported that a Viscount of Barcelona, Mir Geribert, sold the site to Bishop Guislebert in 1058, though however this date does not coincide with the reported start of construction._NEWLINE_The present Gothic cathedral was begun on the foundations of the previous churches on 1 May 1298; James II the Just was King of Aragon at the time, and Bernat Pelegri was Bishop of Barcelona. The church was built from the east end towards the west end, with a simple west facade completed in 1417. The cloister was completed in 1448, making the total duration of construction 150 years. In the late nineteenth century, Miguel Girona i Agrafel offered to complete the neo-Gothic facade and central tower as inspired by the original fifteenth-century design prepared by master Carlí and rearranged and drawn by the architect Josep O. Mestres. This work was completed in 1913 by Girona's children. _START_SECTION_ Chapel of Lepanto _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Chapel of the Holy Sacrament and of the Holy Christ of Lepanto is a small side chapel constructed by Arnau Bargués in 1407, as the chapterhouse. It was rebuilt in the seventeenth century to house the tomb of San Olegarius, Bishop of Barcelona and Archbishop of Tarragona._NEWLINE_The "Holy Christ of Lepanto" crucifix, is located on the upper part of the chapel entrance's front façade. The curved shape of the body is explained by a Catalan legend which holds that the cross was carried on the prow of the galley captained by Juan of Austria, step-brother of Spanish Philip II of Spain during the Battle of Lepanto in 1571. When a cannonball flew toward the cross, it leaned out of the way in order to avoid being hit, and has been inclined ever since. The Habsburgs were said to have regarded this as an encouraging omen._NEWLINE_A separate story says that the cross was in the ship's hold and that the figure moved to cover a large hole that would have sunk the ship. _START_SECTION_ Present day _START_PARAGRAPH_ The cathedral has been updated in response to an increasing number of tourists. The cloister now contains a gift shop, the traditional candles normally lit at the shrines of saints have been replaced with electronic candles, and cellular phones have been banned from the Chapel of Lepanto.

336724306987339092

Q20711502

_START_ARTICLE_ Bark at the Moon Tour _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mötley Crüe and Waysted were support acts for the tour. Osbourne witnessed Mötley Crüe perform at the US Festival in May 1983 and chose them as his opening act for his upcoming world tour. Osbourne has been credited for the fame and success Mötley Crüe received going forward in their careers, and also the popularity of their hedonistic lifestyle.

12698102911596844719

Q4861377

_START_ARTICLE_ Barnaby Skurloke or Skurlog _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barnaby Skurloke or Skurlock (1520 – c.1587) was an prominent and politically influential lawyer in Ireland in the mid-sixteenth century. He held the office of Attorney General for Ireland, and was the first holder of the office to be so described. He was for a short time the acting Lord Chief Justice of Ireland. In later life he became a leading opponent of the Crown's policies and was imprisoned as a result. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was a native of Bective, County Meath. The family name is an early form of Sherlock. They were originally from Wales: a branch of the family came to Ireland with Strongbow in the twelfth century. The Irish Skurlocks are associated mainly with Meath, and gave their name to Skurlockstown. Barnaby's parentage is obscure: Sir Henry Sidney in 1577 made a reference to his "father and grandfather" having acquired substantial estates, and his father was probably the Barnabas Skurlock who received a grant of lands in Meath in 1529. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barnaby attended Lincoln's Inn and then returned to practice law in Ireland. In 1554 Mary I appointed him Attorney General for Ireland. He was the first Irish Law Officer to use that title, which replaced the earlier title of King's Attorney. On the accession of Elizabeth I, he was reappointed Attorney General and also acted briefly as Lord Chief Justice, pending a permanent appointment. He was soon removed from both offices: the cause of his dismissal as Attorney General was later stated to be negligence, and what would nowadays be called the "leaking" of State secrets. It has been suggested that this was the cause of his later opposition to the Crown, but it is clear that the authorities, especially Lord Deputy of Ireland, Thomas Radclyffe, 3rd Earl of Sussex, already regarded him as a troublemaker. From the 1550s on he was consistent in his opposition to the levying of cess (a tax to fund the military garrisons in the Pale). His enemy Henry Sidney later said that he had made a fortune as Attorney General. _NEWLINE_Despite his opposition to cess, Skurlock was well-regarded by the authorities: he was on the commission to execute martial law in Meath in 1564, and was party to the renewal of the lease of the King's Inn in 1567. The Lord Chancellor of Ireland, Sir William Gerard, described him as one of the most experienced lawyers in Ireland in 1576, when he was referred to as "one of the Queen's learned counsel". He seems to have suffered serious ill-health around this time, being described as "aged and sickly" (56 was a considerable age then). _START_SECTION_ The cess controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Serious political trouble arose in the following year, when there was renewed opposition by the Anglo-Irish gentry to the cess. Skurlock was chosen, with Henry Burnell and Richard Netterville, to travel to London to petition the Queen for its abolition, on account of the ruinous cost it imposed on the gentry of the Pale. The Lord Deputy, Sir Henry Sidney, argued that the petition was a defiance of the Royal Prerogative. The Queen agreed and the three petitioners were imprisoned in the Fleet Prison. They were soon released, after having made an abject apology to the Queen and the Lord Deputy, although they did not drop their opposition to the cess._NEWLINE_His last years seem to have been peaceful enough, apart from a dispute with the Lord Justice of Ireland, Sir Henry Wallop, in 1584 over the right of Skurlock's sons to take possession of the manors of_NEWLINE_Skurlockstown and Ifernack. His date of death is not recorded but he was still living in 1586. _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ He married a daughter of the Lord Chief Justice of Ireland, Sir John Plunket, and they had at least two sons: Oliver, who held the manor of Skurlockstown, and Walter, who was Attorney General for Connaught from 1601 to 1613. The Barnaby Scurlock who surrendered his estate in 1622 and had it regranted to him was probably a grandson of the elder Barnaby. _START_SECTION_ Character _START_PARAGRAPH_ In character he was described as "learned, modest and discreet" although his enemy Lord Deputy Sidney, while admitting his "credit and influence", called him a man who had grown "old and crafty", and was given to "indecent and undutiful speech".

15997480525307674850

Q808462

_START_ARTICLE_ Barnes Foundation _START_SECTION_ Albert C. Barnes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Albert C. Barnes began collecting art as early as 1902, but became a serious collector in 1912. He was assisted at first by painter William Glackens, an old schoolmate from Central High School in Philadelphia. On an art buying trip to Paris, France, Barnes visited the home of Gertrude and Leo Stein where he purchased his first two paintings by Henri Matisse. In the 1920s, Barnes became acquainted with the work of other modern artists such as Pablo Picasso, Amedeo Modigliani and Giorgio de Chirico through his Paris art dealer Paul Guillaume._NEWLINE_On December 4, 1922, Barnes received a charter from the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania establishing the Barnes Foundation as an educational institution dedicated to promoting the appreciation of fine art and arboriculture. He purchased property in Merion from the American Civil War veteran and horticulturist Captain Joseph Lapsley Wilson, who had established an arboretum there in around 1880. He commissioned architect Paul Philippe Cret to design a complex of buildings, including a gallery, an administration building, and a service building. The Barnes Foundation officially opened on March 19, 1925._NEWLINE_The main building features several unusual Cubist bas-reliefs commissioned by Barnes from the sculptor Jacques Lipchitz. Elements of African art decorate the exterior wrought iron and the tile work created by the Enfield Pottery and Tile Works on the front portico of the building. Barnes built his home next to the gallery, which now serves as the administration building of the Foundation. His wife, Laura Leggett Barnes, developed the Arboretum of the Barnes Foundation and its horticultural education program in 1940. _START_SECTION_ Art Education Programs _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1908, Barnes organized his business, the A.C. Barnes Company, as a cooperative, devoting two hours of the work day to seminars for his workers. They read philosophers William James, Georges Santayana, and John Dewey. Barnes also brought some of his art collection into the laboratory for the workers to consider and discuss. This kind of direct experience with art was inspired by the education philosophy of John Dewey and planted the seed that eventually grew into the establishment of the Barnes Foundation. The two met at a Columbia University seminar in 1917 becoming close friends and collaborators spanning more than three decades._NEWLINE_Barnes's conception of his foundation as a school rather than a typical museum was shaped through his collaboration with John Dewey (1859–1952). Like Dewey, Barnes believed that learning should be experiential. The Foundation classes included experiencing original art works, participating in class discussion, reading about philosophy and the traditions of art, as well as looking objectively at the artists' use of light, line, color, and space. Barnes believed that students would not only learn about art from these experiences but that they would also develop their own critical thinking skills enabling them to become more productive members of a democratic society._NEWLINE_The early education programs at the Barnes Foundation were taught in partnership with the University of Pennsylvania and Columbia University. The courses at Penn were first taught by Laurence Buermeyer (1889–1970), who held a philosophy PhD from Princeton, and later by Thomas Munro (1897–1974), a philosophy professor and one of Dewey's students. Each served as the Associate Director of Education, while Dewey served in the largely honorary position of Director of Education._NEWLINE_Another collaborator was Violette de Mazia (1896–1988), who was born in Paris and educated in Belgium and England. Originally hired to teach French to the Foundation staff in 1925, de Mazia became a close associate of Barnes, teaching and co-authoring four Foundation publications. After Barnes' death, she became a trustee and the Director of Education of the Art Department, continuing to express Barnes' philosophy in her teaching. The Violette de Mazia Foundation was then established after her death, and in 2011 the Barnes Foundation came to an agreement with them to allow the de Mazia Foundation student access to the collection for art education after its move to the Parkway. In 2015 however, the de Mazia Foundation ceased its operations and was absorbed by the Barnes Foundation._NEWLINE_Barnes created detailed terms of operation in an indenture of trust to be honored in perpetuity after his death. These included limiting public admission to two days a week, so the school could use the art collection primarily for student study, and prohibiting the loan of works in the collection, colored reproductions of its works, touring the collection, and presenting touring exhibitions of other art. Matisse is said to have hailed the school as the only sane place in America to view art. _START_SECTION_ Financial crisis _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1992, Richard H. Glanton, president of the foundation, said the museum needed extensive repairs to upgrade its mechanical systems, provide for maintenance and preservation of artworks, and improve security. The old Philadelphia firm J.S. Cornell & Son was the contractor of choice. In order to raise the money, Glanton decided to break some terms of the indenture. From 1993 to 1995, 83 of the collection's Impressionist and post-Impressionist paintings were sent on a world tour, attracting large crowds in numerous cities, including Washington, D.C.; Fort Worth, Texas; Paris; Tokyo; Toronto; and Philadelphia at the Philadelphia Museum of Art._NEWLINE_The revenue earned from the tour of paintings was still not enough to ensure its endowment. By fall 1998, Glanton and fellow board member Niara Sudarkasa were suing each other. Lincoln University, which according to the Barnes Foundation's indenture, controlled four of the five seats on the board of trustees, began an investigation into the Foundation's finances. The Foundation's board believed that a similar investigation was warranted for activities during Glanton's tenure as president. In 1998 the board of directors began a forensic audit conducted by Deloitte, which was kept private for three years, eventually released, and criticized Glanton's expenses and management._NEWLINE_In 1998, Kimberly Camp was hired as the foundation's CEO and first arts professional to run the Barnes. During her seven-year tenure, she turned the struggling foundation around and provided necessary support to the petition to move the Barnes to Philadelphia. _START_SECTION_ Proposed move _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 24, 2002, the foundation announced that it would petition the Montgomery County Orphans' Court (which oversees its operations) to allow the art collection to be moved to Philadelphia (which offered a site on the Benjamin Franklin Parkway) and to triple the number of trustees to 15. The foundation's indenture of trust stipulates that the paintings in the collection be kept "in exactly the places they are". _NEWLINE_The foundation argued that it needed to expand the board of trustees from five (four of which were held by persons appointed by Lincoln University) to 15 to increase fundraising. For the same reason, it needed to move the gallery from Merion to a site in Center City, Philadelphia, which would provide greater public access. In its brief to the court, the foundation said that donors were reluctant to commit continuing financial resources to the Barnes unless the gallery were to become more accessible to the public._NEWLINE_On December 15, 2004, after a two-year legal battle that included an examination of the foundation's financial situation, Judge Stanley Ott ruled that the foundation could move. Three charitable foundations, The Pew Charitable Trusts, the Lenfest Foundation and the Annenberg Foundation, had agreed to help the Barnes raise $150 million for a new building and endowment on the condition that the move be approved._NEWLINE_On June 13, 2005, the Foundation's president, Kimberly Camp, announced her resignation, to take effect no later than January 1, 2006. Camp had been appointed in 1998 with the goal of stabilizing and restoring the foundation to its original mission. During her tenure, she began the Collection Assessment Project, the first full-scale effort to catalog and stabilize the artworks; brought in exemplary professional staff; created the fundraising program; restored Ker-feal and the Barnes Arboretum; and worked with the board to approve policies and procedures to make the foundation viable. In 2002, Dr. Bernard C. Watson began the proposal to move the Barnes._NEWLINE_The foundation pledged to reproduce Barnes's artistic arrangement of the artworks and other furniture within the new gallery to maintain the experience as he intended. _START_SECTION_ Planning the move _START_PARAGRAPH_ In August 2006, the Barnes Foundation announced that it was beginning a planning analysis for the new gallery. The board selected Derek Gillman (formerly of the Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts) as the new director and president. In June 2011, the foundation announced that it had surpassed its $200 million fund-raising goal, of which $150 million would go toward construction of the Philadelphia building and associated costs, and $50 million to the foundation's endowment._NEWLINE_The foundation proceeded with plans to build a new facility in the 2000 block of the Benjamin Franklin Parkway, near the Rodin Museum and the Philadelphia Museum of Art. Tod Williams & Billie Tsien Architects of New York were lead architects of the building project. The building team also consisted of the Philadelphia-based firm, Ballinger, as associate architect; OLIN as landscape architect; and Fisher Marantz Stone as lighting designers. Aegis Property Group served as external project managers, with L. F. Driscoll as construction managers. Project executive Bill McDowell supervised and coordinated the project for the foundation._NEWLINE_Construction for the new building began in fall, 2009 and the building opened in May, 2012. The new galleries were designed to replicate the scale, proportion and configuration of the original galleries in Merion. Reviews have praised the new facility, claiming the additional natural light has improved the viewing experience. The new site contains more space for the foundation's art education program and conservation department, a retail shop, and cafe. _START_SECTION_ Legal challenges to the move _START_PARAGRAPH_ After Judge Ott's decision in 2004, The Friends of the Barnes Foundation and Montgomery County filed briefs in Montgomery County Orphan's Court to reopen the hearings that allowed the move. They hoped to persuade Ott to reopen the case because of the changed circumstances in the County. On May 15, 2008, Ott published an opinion dismissing the request of both the Friends of the Barnes Foundation and the Montgomery County Commissioners to reopen the case due to lack of standing. Congressman Jim Gerlach strongly supported keeping the Barnes in Merion._NEWLINE_On May 20, 2009, Friends of the Barnes Foundation appeared before the Commissioners of the Delaware River Port Authority (DRPA) in Camden, New Jersey, to request that they reconsider their 2003 authorization of a grant of $500,000 toward the plan to move the foundation. They contended there was insufficient evidence of substantial economic benefit to Philadelphia, and that DRPA had not undertaken necessary economic evaluation assessing the impact at both locations. They introduced a study by economist Matityahu Marcus that challenged the claimed benefits. The DRPA said that it would consider the Friends' request but did not change its decision. The history is chronicled in the HBO documentary The Collector._NEWLINE_In late February 2011, The Friends of the Barnes Foundation filed a petition to reopen the case. A new hearing, set for March 18, was postponed until August 3, 2011. The court ordered the foundation and the Attorney General's office, who argued in favor of the move, to explain why the case should not be reopened. The opposition group, Friends of the Barnes Foundation, says The Art of the Steal revealed that Ott did not have all the evidence in 2006, when he approved the art collection's move. On October 6, 2011, Judge Ott ruled that the Friends of the Barnes Foundation had no legal standing and that there was no new information in the movie. _START_SECTION_ After the move _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the move, the Barnes Foundation retained its ownership of the building in Merion, using it as a storage space. In 2018, Saint Joseph's University took a 30-year lease on the building and its adjoining arboretum at a cost of $100 a year, with Saint Joseph's University undertaking to pay the maintenance and security costs for the property. The lease allows the university to hang its own artworks in the gallery space. _START_SECTION_ Merion Arboretum _START_PARAGRAPH_ The original Barnes Foundation campus in Merion, Pennsylvania, is now a 12-acre arboretum open to the public for tours. The plant collection features favorite plants assembled by Mrs. Barnes for teaching purposes, and includes stewartia, aesculus, phellodendron, clethra, magnolia, viburnums, lilacs, roses, peonies, hostas, medicinal plants, and hardy ferns. A herbarium and horticulture library is available to the Foundation's horticulture students and other scholars by appointment. Classes are offered in horticulture topics for the general public.

2530776181632767244

Q808514

_START_ARTICLE_ Barnowiec, Pomeranian Voivodeship _START_SECTION_ Notable residents _START_PARAGRAPH_ Johanna von Bismarck, née von Puttkamer (1824-1894) wife of Otto von Bismarck

11287876785722632625

Q19896064

_START_ARTICLE_ Baron Marmion _START_PARAGRAPH_ There have been four different baronies held by the Marmion family, two feudal baronies, one purported barony created by Simon de Montfort and one barony by writ. _START_SECTION_ Feudal barony of Tamworth _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first feudal barony was obtained by Roger Marmion (d. circa 1129), who held lands in Lindsay in 1115-18, lord of the manor of Fontenay and castellan of Falaise Castle, Normandy, when between 1110 and 1114 he was granted the feudal barony of Tamworth, the caput of which was Tamworth Castle, after the exile of Roger d'Abetot, nephew and heir of the King's steward, Robert Despenser. The eldest son of the 3rd Marmion feudal baron of Tamworth acquired the manor of Winteringham in North Lincolnshire. _START_SECTION_ Welsh feudal barony of Llanstephan _START_PARAGRAPH_ A second barony was obtained by Roger Marmion, lord of the manor of Fontenay-le-Marmion during the Norman invasion of Wales when he was rewarded with the Barony of Llanstephan, whose caput at Llansteffan Castle played a central role in the Welsh wars. _START_SECTION_ Barony of Torrington, purported barony by writ (1264) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The third barony was a barony by writ of summons for William Marmion (as "Baron of Torrington") to Simon de Montfort's Parliament in 1264, but the summons was not continued after the rebels' defeat at the Battle of Evesham in 1265. Under modern law, this summons did not create a peerage. _START_SECTION_ Barony of Winteringham, barony by writ _START_PARAGRAPH_ Created for John Marmion (d.1322). _START_SECTION_ Ancestry _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to Cokayne "the earliest known occurrence of the Marmion name seems to be that of a William Marmion who exchanged 12 acres of land with Ralf Taisson, son of Ralf the Angevin, which were granted by the latter to the abbey of Fontenay before Oct 1049 and who acted as a witness to a confirmation charter by William Duke of Normandy in 1060. Due to similarities between the coats of arms of the Taisson and Marmion families there is some speculation that they were related. _START_SECTION_ King's Champion _START_PARAGRAPH_ Legend has it that the Marmions were Champions of Normandy before moving to England during the Anarchy. Robert Marmion's defence of King Stephen's castle at Falaise (birthplace of William the Conqueror and former seat of the Dukes of Normandy) in 1140 against Geoffrey of Anjou, is possibly an indication that the title originally had more than symbolic meaning. In addition, as Normandy was still the homeland of the Kings of England at this time, it makes sense that, if one existed, the King's Champion would be known as "Champion of Normandy and England"._NEWLINE_Philip Marmion (d.1291) used the "3 Swords" badge, later used by the Dymokes to denote being hereditary Champions of England, as a seal as early as 1265, and in 1328 Tamworth Castle was held by the service of "appearing armed in the Royal Arms and mounted on the King's best charger to make proof for the king against any who opposed his coronation"._NEWLINE_The duty passed to the Dymokes through Philip's granddaughter Margaret Ludlow, due to his having no legitimate male heirs.

1615398047903916847