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Q4762543

_START_ARTICLE_ Angela Rumbold _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ She was educated at the Perse School for Girls, Cambridge, Notting Hill & Ealing High School and King's College, London. She qualified as a barrister after earning her LLB, but never practised. She travelled across the United States with her father, a physicist who was Pro-Rector of the Imperial College until his death. _START_SECTION_ Marriage and early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ She married John Rumbold, a solicitor, by whom she had two sons and a daughter and, as of November 2008, seven grandchildren._NEWLINE_She returned to a working life after raising her children and worked as the Chief Executive for a charity, The National Association for the Welfare of Children in Hospital. Following that post, as she had become a local councillor, she worked at the Greater London Council as a researcher, transferring across to work on the London desk at Conservative Central Office._NEWLINE_She served on many national committees including the Doctors’ and Dentists’ Review Body and was Chairman of the Teachers’ Negotiating Committee until it was closed down by Act of Parliament. _START_SECTION_ Politician _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rumbold served as a councillor in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames between 1974 and 1983._NEWLINE_In 1982, Bruce Douglas-Mann, the MP for Mitcham and Morden, left the Labour Party to join the Social Democratic Party (SDP). He decided to resign as an MP and seek re-election under the SDP banner. The resulting by-election was held during the Falklands War and was won by Rumbold. She held the seat for the Conservatives in the landslide 1983 general election and for a further 14 years, usually with robust majorities._NEWLINE_Angela Rumbold served as Parliamentary Private Secretary to the Secretary of State for Transport, Under Secretary at the Department of Environment, Minister of State for Education and Minister of State at the Home Office. In 1992 she became the Deputy Chairman of the Conservative Party._NEWLINE_At the 1997 general election she lost her seat to Labour's Siobhain McDonagh on a swing of 11.6%, similar to the national average. _START_SECTION_ School governor _START_PARAGRAPH_ After leaving the House of Commons in 1997 she returned to many of her voluntary activities. She was Chair of the Governing Body of both Danes Hill School in Oxshott and Surbiton High School in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames, as well as Vice Chair of the Governing Body of Tolworth Girls’ School, a large secondary modern school also in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames._NEWLINE_She was Chair of Governors of Wimbledon High School and a Governor of More House Girls’ School in Knightsbridge. She was Chair of the Court of Governors of Mill Hill School for nine years and set up its Pre-prep School Grimsdells. She also chaired the Minerva Fund for replacement of bursaries in Girls' Day School Trust schools after the closure of the Assisted Places Scheme._NEWLINE_She was co-Chair of the Association of Governing Bodies of Independent Schools, and Chair of the Finance and General Purposes Committee of the Independent Schools Council. She was a member of the Trust and Governing Council of the United Church Schools Trust, and Chair of the United Learning Trust.

14372167261434586909

Q4762973

_START_ARTICLE_ Angelo State University College of Liberal and Fine Arts _START_SECTION_ Center for Security Studies _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Angelo State University Center for Security Studies was founded in 2008 in conjuncture with the U.S. Department of Defense. The center will initially offer Bachelor of Arts in International Cultural Fluency, focusing on the language, culture and traditions of the Middle East, Europe, Africa and China. Though concentration will be on offering degrees to Air Force Intelligence members studying at Goodfellow Air Force Base the degrees will be available to all Angelo State Students.

1519189558956090928

Q539702

_START_ARTICLE_ Angiopathy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Angiopathy is the generic term for a disease of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries). The best known and most prevalent angiopathy is diabetic angiopathy, a common complication of chronic diabetes. _START_SECTION_ By caliber _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are two types of angiopathy: macroangiopathy and microangiopathy._NEWLINE_In macroangiopathy, atherosclerosis and a resultant blood clot forms on the large blood vessels, sticks to the vessel walls, and blocks the flow of blood. Macroangiopathy may cause other complications, such as ischemic heart disease, stroke and peripheral vascular disease which contributes to the diabetic foot ulcers and the risk of amputation._NEWLINE_In microangiopathy, the walls of the smaller blood vessels become so thick and weak that they bleed, leak protein, and slow the flow of blood through the body. The decrease of blood flow through stenosis or clot formation impairs the flow of oxygen to cells and biological tissues (called ischemia) and leads to cellular death (necrosis and gangrene, which in turn may require amputation). Thus, tissues which are very sensitive to oxygen levels, such as the retina, develop microangiopathy and may cause blindness (so-called proliferative diabetic retinopathy). Damage to nerve cells may cause peripheral neuropathy, and to kidney cells, diabetic nephropathy (Kimmelstiel-Wilson syndrome).

3447701148074261206

Q16974275

_START_ARTICLE_ Angomonas deanei _START_SECTION_ Structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The body of Angomonas deanei is elliptical in shape, with a prominent tail-like flagellum at its posterior end for locomotion. The bacterial endosymbiont is inside its body and is surrounded by two membranes typical of Gram-negative bacteria, but its cell membrane presents unusual features, such as the presence of phosphatidylcholine, a major membrane lipid (atypical of bacterial membranes), and the highly reduced peptidoglycan layer, which shows reduced or absence of rigid cell wall. The cell membrane of the protozoan host contains an 18-domain β-barrel porin, which is a characteristic protein of Gram-negative bacteria. In addition it contains cardiolipin and phosphatidylcholine as the major phospholipids, while sterols are absent. Cardiolipin is a typical lipid of bacterial membranes; phosphatidylcholine, on the other hand, is mostly present in symbiotic prokaryotes of eukaryotic cells. For symbiotic adaptation, the host trypanosome has undergone alterations such as reduced paraflagellar rod, which is required full motility of the bacterial flagella. Yet the paraflagellar rod gene PFR1 is fully functional. The bacteria are known to provide essential nutrients to the host, and provide electron transport system for the production of cellular energy, the ATP molecules through its glycosomes. The bacteria synthesise amino acids, vitamins, and haem for the protozoan. In return the protozoan offers its enzymes for the complete metabolic pathways for the biosysnthesis of amino acids, lipids and nucleotides, that are absent in the bacterium. Phosphatidylinositol, a membrane lipid required for cell-cell interaction, in the bacteria is also synthesised by the protozoan. Thus the two organisms intimately share and exchange their metabolic systems. When the bacterium is killed using antibiotics, the protozoan can no longer infect insects, due to the altered glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gp63) in the protozoan flagellum. _START_SECTION_ Reproduction _START_PARAGRAPH_ The cellular reproduction shows a strong synergistic adaptation between the bacterium and the protozoan. As each symbiont is each of a single bacterium and a protozoan, and each daughter cell contains the same number, the two cells divide in a coordinated process. The bacterium divides first, followed by the protozoan organelles, and lastly the nucleus. _START_SECTION_ Evolution _START_PARAGRAPH_ Symbiotic bacteria in the trypanosomatid protozoa are descended from a β-proteobacterium of the genus Bordetella. With A. deanei, the bacteria have co-evolved in a mutualistic relationship characterised by intense metabolic exchanges. The endosymbiont contains enzymes and metabolic precursors that complete essential biosynthetic pathways of the host protozoan, such as those in the urea cycle and the production of haemin and polyamine._NEWLINE_The symbiotic bacterium belongs to β-proteobacterium family Alcaligenaceae. Based on the 16S rRNA gene sequences, it is known that it originated from a common ancestor kinetoplastid with Blastocrithidia species. The two groups are assumed to enter two different host protozoans to evolve into different species. Hence the scientific name (Candidatus) Kinetoplastibacterium crithidii was given to the bacterium. Although it was initially proposed that the bacterium evolved from a common ancestor with members of Bordetella, however, detailed phylogenomic analysis revealed that it is more closely related to members of the genus Taylorella.

3479281230532772589

Q4763916

_START_ARTICLE_ Angram Grange _START_PARAGRAPH_ Angram Grange is a small civil parish in the Hambleton district of North Yorkshire, England, about 7 miles south-east of Thirsk. According to the 2001 census it had a population of 17. In 2015 the population was estimated at 20._NEWLINE_The parish was originally a township in the parish of Coxwold.

4942433751844952294

Q4763937

_START_ARTICLE_ Angry Guest _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fan Ke (David Chiang) and Wenlie (Ti Lung) are back, and this time they're up against a powerful Japanese crime syndicate (headed by director Chang Cheh, himself). Not only that, but Killer (Chan Sing), the head villain from "Duel of Fists," has escaped prison and wants retribution. Killer's revenge plot leads to Wenlie's girlfriend's kidnapping, and forces the two heroes to travel to Japan to set things straight and kick some ass. _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Thailand, an architect and his brother capture a gangster wanted by the authorities, a ruthless man named Killer. However he escapes from prison and seeks revenge by killing the brother's family and holding his girlfriend hostage in Japan. Although they catch up with him, they are blackmailed in that if they don't let Killer free, the girlfriend will be killed. Soon after arriving in Japan they are helped by a rival veteran crime boss who wants to oust Killer the gangster for good and dominate his operations._NEWLINE_It leads to a climax scene where Killer's gang are invaded on a construction site, complete with diggers and machinery used in the battle.

17575195253494859995

Q1962402

_START_ARTICLE_ Anima Mundi (film) _START_SECTION_ Release _START_PARAGRAPH_ The short was released on the Criterion Collection alongside the Qatsi trilogy on December 11, 2012.

13376949977915503968

Q28134963

_START_ARTICLE_ Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Animal genetic resources for food and agriculture (AnGR) are a subset of genetic resources (defined by the Convention on Biological Diversity as "genetic material of actual or potential value") and a specific element of agricultural biodiversity. The term animal genetic resources refers specifically to the genetic resources of avian and mammalian species, which are used for food and agriculture purposes. Further terms referring to AnGR are "farm animal genetic resources" or "livestock diversity"._NEWLINE_AnGR can be embodied in live populations or in conserved genetic materials such as cryoconserved semen or embryos. The diversity of animal genetic resources includes diversity at species, breed and within-breed level. Known are currently 8,800 different breeds of birds and mammals within 38 species used for food and agriculture. The main animal species used for food and agriculture production are cattle, sheep, goats, chickens and pigs. In the livestock world, these species are often referred to as "the big five". Some less-utilized species include the dromedary, donkey, bactrian camel, buffalo, guinea pig, horse, rabbit, yak, goose, duck, ostrich,partridge, pheasant, pigeon, and turkey. _START_SECTION_ History of animal genetic resources _START_PARAGRAPH_ The history of animal genetic resources begins about 12,000 to 14,000 years ago. The domestication of major crop and livestock species in the early neolithic time period changed our human evolution and lifestyles. This ability to control food production led to major demographic, technological, political and military changes. Consecutively, thousands of years of natural and human selection, genetic drift, inbreeding, and crossbreeding have contributed to the diversification of animal genetic resources and increased the variety of environments and production systems that livestock keeping takes place. Relatively few species have been domesticated; out of the world's 148 non-carnivorous species weighing more than 45 kg, only 15 have been successfully domesticated. The proportion of domesticated birds used for food and agriculture is even lower- 10 out of 10,000. The reason these numbers are so low is because it is rare to find species with all of the behavioral and physiological traits necessary for domestication. These traits include lack of aggression towards humans, a strong gregarious instinct, a "follow the leader" dominance hierarchy, a tendency not to panic when disturbed, a diet that can be easily supplied by humans (herbivores), a rapid growth rate, relatively short intervals between births, and large litter size._NEWLINE_Besides their initial domestication, dispersion and migration of these domesticated species has had an equally important impact on shaping the composition of livestock diversity. The process of migration likely varied between regions, but certainly involved the movement of human populations and cultural exchanges between populations. In order to look back and determine where livestock domestication occurred, osteometric information from archaeological sites, and ancient livestock DNA studies are useful tools._NEWLINE_Other factors such as mutations, genetic drift and natural and artificial selection have also played a role in shaping the diversity of livestock populations. As animal populations migrated away from their original sites of domestication, sub-populations were formed through geographic and genetic isolation. Interbreeding within these sub-populations between individuals that thrived in the local prevailing environmental conditions (and were thus better able to reproduce) contributed to the formation of distinct groups of animals, known as breeds. This isolation of sub-populations allowed the simultaneous increase in diversification between these sub-populations and increase in uniformity within them. Human intervention through artificial selection of animals with desirable characteristics further increased the differentiation among and uniformity within breeds. Examples of traits that have been deliberately selected by humans include growth rate, milk or egg production, coat color, meat quality, and age of maturity, among many others. The process of artificial selection has been the main reason for gains in output from commercial breeds, whereas the adaptation of indigenous livestock to diverse and challenging environments (natural selection) has been the main factor for their continued survival and production value. Overall, selection, whether it be natural or artificial, generally results in reduced genetic variation._NEWLINE_Over the past 250 years the greatest changes in livestock diversity and creation of formal breeds have occurred mainly due to changes that began in England in the late 18th century. These changes have included development of systematic pedigree and performance recording and applying specific breeding objectives. This led to the fixation of breed-specific traits and an increase in productivity. Some breeds were interbred as distinct, isolated populations, while many breeds continued to interact with each other as a result of intentional cross-breeding or unintended introgression. Before the end of the 19th century, several breeds had been absorbed by other populations. In the 19th century, railways and steamships increased the long-distance transportation of livestock. After the Second World War, artificial insemination became common in cattle and pig breeding. As a result of these developments, a limited number of transboundary commercial breeds, such as the Holstein cow and Large White pig, have become very widespread and nowadays increasingly dominate livestock production globally. Thus, understanding the origins and the history of distribution of livestock are central to maintaining their current utilization and long-term conservation as resources. _START_SECTION_ Benefits and uses of livestock diversity _START_PARAGRAPH_ The wide number of livestock breeds and the genetic diversity within them mean that animal genetic resources have a substantial value to society. The different breeds provide a wide range of animal products and services for the benefit of humankind. The diversity of animal genetic resources allows livestock to be raised successfully in a diverse range of different environments and underpins the supply of a range of different products and services: from meat, milk and eggs to fuel, manure and draught power. _NEWLINE_Diversity also allows the flexibility to change breeding goals if needed and emphasize alternative traits in response to changes in markets or other conditions. For example, the Holstein Friesian Cow, which is widely used for its whole milk production. Changes in cereal feed availability or demand for low-solid-content milk may decrease the advantage of breeding Holstein cows._NEWLINE_Different breeds produce specific wool, hairs and leather for clothing, carpets and furniture and are often the basis for traditional garments._NEWLINE_Local breeds that were developed by a given community often have a huge cultural significance for that community. Livestock are often a source of wealth and are critical for its maintenance. They appear frequently in art and often play key roles in traditional customs, such as religious ceremonies, sporting events and weddings. Cultural ecosystem services also create significant economic opportunities in fields such as tourism (including, in the context of food and agriculture, farm holidays and visits to areas with historical or scenic farming or forest landscapes) and recreational hunting._NEWLINE_Breeds that have been developed primarily through natural selection have effectively evolved with their environments and usually provide ecosystem services, such as landscape management, vegetation control, and promotion of biodiversity, that are critical for maintaining those landscapes. For example, the Engadine sheep, which were near extinction in the 1980s, today help to preserve centuries-old grassland in the Alps by eating invasive shrubs. Grazing livestock also help sequester carbon by removing plant material and encouraging regrowth and thus the movement of carbon from the air into soil organic matter._NEWLINE_Greater livestock diversity allows humans to be better prepared to meet future challenges, such as climate change. Having access to a range of diverse livestock traits may allow for greater ability to cope with harsh climates and emerging diseases. Animals with unique adaptive abilities, such as resistance or tolerance to diseases and pests, or ability to thrive on poor feed and cope with dry or hot climates can help humans be more resilient to changes in climate. Within breeds, greater genetic diversity allows for continued selection for improving a given trait, such as disease resistance. _START_SECTION_ Current state of the world's animal genetic resources _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) has taken initiative and published two global assessments of livestock biodiversity: The State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2007) and The Second Report on the State of the World's Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (2015)._NEWLINE_Although many diverse species and breeds of animals are currently available for food and agricultural production, there is more work to be done on classifying their risk of extinction: in 2014, 17% of the world's farm animal breeds are at risk of extinction and 58% are of unknown risk status, meaning that the problem may be underestimated. The world's pool of animal genetic resources is also currently shrinking, with rapid and uncontrolled loss of breeds and conjointly their often uncharacterized genes. Nearly 100 livestock breeds have gone extinct between 2000 and 2014. With the loss of these breeds comes the loss of their unique adaptive traits, which are often under the control of many different genes and complex interactions between the genotype and the environment. In order to protect these unique traits, and the diversity they allow, collaborative global efforts towards the characterization and management of these genetic resources must be made. Unlike plants, which can be easily conserved in seed banks, a large portion of livestock genetic diversity relies on live populations and their interactions with the environment._NEWLINE_Progress is being made in the characterization and management of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. Recent advances in molecular genetics have provided data on the history and current status of animal genetic resources. Genetic markers and molecular studies are being used to characterize livestock diversity and to reconstruct the events that have shaped the present diversity patterns, including ancestry, prehistoric and historical migrations, admixture, and genetic isolation. Exploration of the past is essential to understand trends and to better characterize the current state of animal genetic resources. In 2009, six years after the completion of the human genome project, cattle became one of the first livestock species to have a fully mapped genome._NEWLINE_Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds only differ by typically 40% in total genetic molecular composition; species differ by about 80% of their genetic material. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and have low genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity. _START_SECTION_ Characterization of animal genetic resources _START_PARAGRAPH_ Characterization of animal genetic resources is a prerequisite for its management. Advances in molecular genetics have provided us with tools to better understand livestock origin and diversity. There are many technologies capable of determining genetic profiles, including whole genome sequencing, shotgun sequencing, RNA sequencing and DNA microarray analysis. These techniques allow us to map genomes and then analyze their implications through bioinformatics and statistical analysis. Molecular genetic studies, especially genome-wide association studies and whole-genome sequencing allow adaptive traits to be linked to genomic regions, genes, or even mutations. For example, horn size, meat quality, gait, and prenatal growth in cattle all have single genes found to be responsible for these phenotypic traits._NEWLINE_Specific regions of DNA, such as quantitative trait loci (QTL), include genes affecting observable traits and thus have statistically detectable associations with those traits. However, DNA polymorphisms that are not linked to specific traits are now more commonly used as markers for genetic diversity studies. Different levels of genetic diversity information can be obtained from different kinds of genetic markers. For example, autosomal polymorphisms are used for population diversity estimates, estimation of genetic relationships and population genetic admixture, whereas mitochondrial DNA polymorphisms are used to detect geographic regions of domestication, reconstructing migration routes and the number of female founders. Drawing such inferences is possible because mitochondrial DNA sequences are transferred only through egg cells of the female._NEWLINE_Some general conclusions from recent molecular studies show that individual breeds within species show variation at only about 1% of the genome, whereas the variation of genetic material between species is about 80%. Additionally, breeds with well-defined and appreciated traits tend to be inbred and have low genetic diversity, while non-descript local populations tend to have high molecular genetic diversity. _START_SECTION_ Conservation of animal genetic resources _START_PARAGRAPH_ For some breeds, opportunities for sustainable use are limited. For such breeds, to ensure that their critical genetic diversity is not lost, conservation programs are required. Several approaches for conservation can be applied, including in situ conservation with live animal populations, and ex situ conservation or cryoconservation involving the freezing of genetic materials. In many instances, both of these approached are used in a complementary manner. In order to establish and strengthen these programs, more research on methods and technologies must be undertaken, especially for less common livestock species, and greater financial investment is required._NEWLINE_Many countries are currently operating conservation programs for their animal genetic resources, at least for some species and breeds. In situ conservation programs are the most commonly used approach. _START_SECTION_ Policy for animal genetic resources _START_PARAGRAPH_ The management of issues regarding animal genetic resources on the global level is addressed by the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (CGRFA), which is a body of FAO. In May 1997, The CGRFA established an Intergovernmental Technical Working Group on Animal Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture (ITWG-AnGR). The ITWG-AnGR's objectives are to review the situation and issues related to agrobiodiversity of animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. With this knowledge it can make recommendations and advise the Commission on these matters, and consider progress resulting from proposed interventions. This group worked with many partners and countries to produce the First Report on the State of Animal Genetic Resources, which served as the basis for creating the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources (GPA). In 2007, the GPA was adopted by 109 countries as the first agreed international framework for the management of livestock biodiversity. The implementation of the GPA is overseen, monitored and evaluated by the CGRFA. The funding for this program arrives from a wide range of actors, under the guidelines of the Funding Strategy for the Implementation of the Global Plan of Action for Animal Genetic Resources._NEWLINE_The access and benefit sharing of animal genetic resources are currently regulated by the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit sharing, which is an agreement to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity. The Nagoya Protocol entered into force on 12 October 2014 and aims to provide a legal framework for the fair and equitable distribution of benefits arising from the utilization of all genetic resources, including animal genetic resources for food and agriculture. This protocol may have both positive and negative impacts on the exchange of animal genetic resources between signatory countries._NEWLINE_Within the Agenda 2030 for Sustainable Development, AnGR are addressed under the target 2.5: "By 2020, maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, cultivated plants and farmed and domesticated animals and their related wild species, including through soundly managed and diversified seed and plant banks at the national, regional and international levels, and promote access to and fair and equitable sharing of benefits arising from the utilization of genetic resources and associated traditional knowledge, as internationally agreed."_NEWLINE_Which is monitored by the following indicators:_NEWLINE_"2.5.1: Number of plant and animal genetic resources for food and agriculture secured in either medium or long term conservation facilities._NEWLINE_2.5.2: Proportion of local breeds, classified as being at risk, not at risk or unknown level of risk of extinction."_NEWLINE_Although policies can have some negative consequences, they are nonetheless important. Lack of adequate policies can lead to the insufficient capacity to manage AnGRs, further a loss of genetic diversity and marginalization of relevant stakeholders, such as pastoralists, who are valuable players in maintaining livestock diversity._NEWLINE_To help regulate the ownership of genetic resources and control their utilization is one example where policies are necessary. Patenting of genetic resources is one approach that has been applied. Patenting of animal genetic resources reached its apex in the late 1990s, focusing on expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with associations in economically important traits. SNPs are important in marker-assisted breeding for the identification of traits such as meat or milk quality. At the same time, patenting activity involving transgenic livestock also increased. However, work on patents and characterization of AnGR declined sharply from 2001, caused by a combination of factors including an increasingly restrictive approach to the patentability of DNA sequences by patent offices and a lack of markets for food products from transgenic animals. Trends in activity arising from genome sequencing projects merit careful attention with regard to their implications (positive or negative) for animal genetic resources management._NEWLINE_Increasingly complex issues are emerging that require balancing the interests of many stakeholders. In a time of rapid and unregulated change, livestock and their products should be used sustainably, developed and ultimately conserved. National planning should integrate "consumer affairs, human health matters, and the management of new biotechnologies, as well as physical and spatial planning of animal production in the context of urban expansion and protected areas."_NEWLINE_There are many online databases for policies, national laws, treaties and regulations on food, agriculture and renewable natural resources, including animal genetic resources. FAOLEX is one of the largest online databases, and is run by FAO.

12426154037830416612

Q4765149

_START_ARTICLE_ Anime Mid-Atlantic _START_SECTION_ Programming _START_PARAGRAPH_ The convention typically offers an anime music-video contest, artist's alley, dance, dealer's room, hall costume contest, karaoke, masquerade, panels, video game tournaments, video rooms, and workshops. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2001, Anime Mid-Atlantic became Richmond, Virginia's first anime convention and was held at the Holiday Inn Select Koger South Conference Center. The 2008 convention was scheduled to be held at the Hyatt Regency Crystal City in Washington, D.C., but due to a double-booking issue, the Hyatt canceled the conventions contract. The convention moved to the Holiday Inn Executive Center in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In 2010, the convention collected donations for the Make-A-Wish Foundation and held an event in remembrance of Carl Macek, who attended the convention in 2002 and was scheduled to attend the convention again before dying. The 2016 convention took place in the Chesapeake Conference Center, along with the Marriott Chesapeake and Wingate By Wyndham hotel. Due to the CEO's health issues, Anime Mid-Atlantic went on hiatus for 2019. _START_SECTION_ AMA Cosplay Fest _START_PARAGRAPH_ AMA Cosplay Fest is a three-day anime convention held during December/January at the Marriott Chesapeake in Chesapeake, Virginia. The convention's programming includes cosplay competitions, cosplay chess, fashion shows, karaoke, masquerade cosplay, panel discussions, tabletop gaming, and workshops.

17761965431002200126

Q17386393

_START_ARTICLE_ Ann Mische _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mische graduated from Yale University with a BA in philosophy 1986 and received her MA in 1992 and PhD in 1998 from The New School for Social Research both in sociology. From 1998 to 1999 she was the coordinator of the Workgroup on Networks, Culture and Social Dynamics, Lazarsfeld Center for the Social Sciences at Columbia University and was co-editor with Charles Tilly of an online pre-print series for the Lazarsfeld Center. From 1987 to 1990, Mische was an Institute of Current World Affairs Fellow for study in Brazil, which set the stage for her doctoral work and first publication. In 1994 she received a Fulbright-Hays Award to continue doctoral dissertation work in Brazil. She completed her dissertation on the political activity of youth activists in Brazil with guidance from Charles Tilly, Ira Katznelson and Harrison White._NEWLINE_From 2001 to 2008, she was the co-editor of journal Social Movement Studies and on the editorial boards of several journals, including Sociological Theory, Qualitative Sociology, American Journal of Sociology. She was chair of the Theory (2007-2008) and the Political Sociology (2013–14) sections of the American Sociological Association. _START_SECTION_ Contributions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Her 2008 publication Partisan Publics: Communication and Contention across Brazilian Youth Activist Networks received an honorable mention for the Best Book Award in Political Sociology from the American Sociological Association. John W. Mohr states that, with this book, "Mische sets a new standard for how to conceptualize the dynamic analysis of an institutional field," and Ronald Breiger contends that "Ann Mische establishes herself at the forefront of research seeking solid foundations for a sociology of action and structure that takes seriously cultural projects and partisanship, networks and narratives, institutions and communicative action, and the creation and demise of publics." Partisan Politics was published in the Princeton University Press' Series: Princeton Studies in Cultural Sociology, which "aims to present for a broad audience a select number of works by the most prominent and the most promising scholars in cultural sociology." The series is edited by Paul J. DiMaggio, Michèle Lamont, Robert J. Wuthnow, and Viviana A. Zelizer.

6661966422171386045

Q3297953

_START_ARTICLE_ Ann Reinking _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reinking was born in Seattle, Washington, the daughter of Frances (née Harrison) and Walter Reinking. She grew up in the suburb of Bellevue. As a child, Reinking began ballet lessons, studying with former Ballets Russes dancers Marian and Illaria Ladre in Seattle._NEWLINE_Reinking made her professional performing debut at the age of 12 in a production of Giselle with the English Royal Ballet. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reinking moved to New York City at age 18, and danced as a member of the corps de ballet at the Radio City Music Hall, performed in the ensemble of the second national tour of Fiddler on the Roof, and at the age of 19 made her Broadway debut in the musical Cabaret. She was a chorus dancer in Coco (1969), Wild and Wonderful (1971), and Pippin (1972). During Pippin she came to the attention of the show's director and choreographer Bob Fosse. Reinking became Fosse's protégée and romantic partner, an affair that continued even as Fosse was still legally married to (though separated from) Gwen Verdon at the time._NEWLINE_In 1974, Reinking came to critical notice in the role of Maggie in Over Here!, winning a Theatre World Award. She starred as Joan of Arc in Goodtime Charley in 1975, receiving Tony Award and Drama Desk nominations for Best Actress in a Musical._NEWLINE_In 1976 she replaced Donna McKechnie as Cassie in A Chorus Line; in 1977 she replaced Verdon in the starring role of Roxie Hart in Chicago, a show directed and choreographed by Fosse. In 1978 she appeared in Fosse's revue Dancin', and received another Tony nomination._NEWLINE_In that year Reinking and Fosse ended their romance and separated. They continued to have a professional, creative collaboration. Reinking has acknowledged Fosse as the major influence on her work as a choreographer._NEWLINE_In 1979, Reinking appeared in Bob Fosse's semi-autobiographical film All That Jazz as Katie Jagger, a role loosely based on her own life and relationship with Fosse._NEWLINE_Reinking remained in Hollywood for several years after All That Jazz, and appeared in two more feature films, Annie (as Grace Farrell) and Micki & Maude (as Micki)._NEWLINE_In March 1985, Reinking appeared at the 57th Academy Awards to give a mostly lip-synced vocal performance accompanied by a dance routine of the Academy Award-nominated Phil Collins single "Against All Odds (Take a Look at Me Now)". The routine was poorly received by critics from the Los Angeles Times and People, as well as by Collins himself in a Rolling Stone interview._NEWLINE_In 1986, she returned to Broadway, replacing Debbie Allen in a successful revival of Fosse's production of Sweet Charity. In 1991, she appeared in her first theater production following the birth of her son, the Broadway National Tour of Bye Bye Birdie, costarring Tommy Tune. In 1992 she contributed choreography to Tommy Tune Tonite!, a three-man revue featuring Tune._NEWLINE_Reinking founded the Broadway Theater Project, a Florida training program connecting students with seasoned theater professionals, in 1994. In 1995, she choreographed the ABC television movie version of the Broadway musical Bye Bye Birdie._NEWLINE_Reinking had retired from performing by this time. In 1996, she was asked to create the choreography "in the style of Bob Fosse" for an all-star four-night-only concert staging of Chicago for City Center's annual Encores! Concert Series. When the producers could not obtain a suitable actress for the role of Roxie Hart, Reinking agreed to reprise the role after almost 20 years. This concert staging of Chicago was a hit, and a few months later the production (in its concert staging presentation) was produced on Broadway, with the Encores! cast: Reinking, Bebe Neuwirth, Joel Grey, James Naughton, and Marcia Lewis. In November 2016 the revival celebrated its 20th year, and as of at least September 2017 it is the longest-running American musical on Broadway. The revival of Chicago won numerous Tony Awards, and Reinking won the Tony Award for Best Choreography. She recreated her choreography for the 1997 London transfer of Chicago, which starred Ute Lemper and Ruthie Henshall._NEWLINE_In 1998 she co-created, co-directed and co-choreographed the revue Fosse, receiving a Tony Award co-nomination for Best Direction of a Musical. For her work on the West End production of Fosse, Reinking (along with the late Bob Fosse himself) won the 2001 Olivier Award for Best Theatre Choreographer._NEWLINE_In 2001, she received an honorary doctorate from Florida State University for her contribution to the arts._NEWLINE_Reinking served as a judge of annual New York City public school dance competitions for inner-city youth, and appeared in Mad Hot Ballroom, the 2005 documentary film about the competition. In 2012, she contributed choreography for the Broadway production of An Evening with Patti LuPone and Mandy Patinkin. She has served as a member of the advising committee for the American Theatre Wing. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reinking has been married four times, first in 1970 to Larry Small. Following their divorce, she married investment banker Herbert Allen Jr. on August 25, 1982; they divorced in 1989. Next she was married in 1989 to businessman James Stuart, with whom she had one child, son Christopher, before their divorce in 1991. Reinking has been married since 1994 to sportswriter Peter Talbert, and is stepmother to Leslie, Christie, Herbert, and Charlie._NEWLINE_As of February 2017, Reinking lives primarily in Phoenix, Arizona._NEWLINE_Reinking's son Chris has Marfan syndrome, and Reinking works with the Marfan Foundation, which is dedicated to raising awareness of the disease. She produced the 2009 documentary In My Hands: A Story of Marfan Syndrome.

14388595580996613759

Q41110006

_START_ARTICLE_ Ann Sissons _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sissons was born in Christchurch in 1958 and attended the University of Canterbury.Sissons was chosen to dive for New Zealand at the 1978 Commonwealth Games at Edmonton and the 1982 Commonwealth Games in Brisbane._NEWLINE_Sissons was the second woman Olympic diver for New Zealand when she dived in the 3 metre springboard event at the Los Angeles Games in 1984._NEWLINE_Sissons moved on to coach and became an official. In 2016 she was given a scholarship to travel to Puerto Rico to refresh her judging skills. Sissons is a member of Wellington Diving Club.

13432895127492405907

Q26625959

_START_ARTICLE_ Anna Forbes Liddell _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anna Forbes Liddell was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, the daughter of Walter Scott Liddell, a manufacturer, and Helen Sherman Ogden Liddell. She was a student at Queens University of Charlotte (then called Presbyterian Female College), then briefly at University of Tennessee and Columbia University as a young woman. In 1918, she completed undergraduate studies at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, where she studied philosophy with Henry Horace Williams. In 1922, she earned a master's degree at Cornell University, and in 1924 she was one of the first two women to finish a Ph.D. at the University of North Carolina (the other was Irene Dillard Elliott). Her dissertation was titled "The Logical Relationship of the Philosophy of Hegel to the Philosophies of Spinoza and Kant." She pursued some post-doctoral education at the University of Heidelberg. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ During her college years, Liddell wrote for magazines and newspapers, and worked in advertising and publishing. In 1913, Forbes Liddell and Susanne Bynum organized the North Carolina Equal Suffrage League. Between college and graduate school, she taught school in North Carolina._NEWLINE_After earning her Ph.D., Liddell was first on the faculty at Chowan College as a professor of social studies. In 1926, she began teaching at the Florida State College for Women, and stayed as it became Florida State University in 1947, until she retired in 1962. She headed the Department of Philosophy and Religion, and was selected as the Robert O. Lawton Distinguished Professor of the Year at Florida State, in 1959. She was the first Southern woman philosopher on the program at the International Congress of Philosophy when it was held in Prague in 1934. She was the first professor at her university to teach a course on closed circuit television. In 1932, she was elected president of the Southern Society of Philosophy and Psychology._NEWLINE_In 1970s, in her eighties and using a wheelchair, Liddell testified for the Equal Rights Amendment in the Florida House of Representatives. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anna Forbes Liddell died in 1979, aged 87 years. A small collection of her papers is archived at Florida State University.

9751890634185464757

Q18353632

_START_ARTICLE_ Anna Pauffley _START_SECTION_ Accommodating child abuse _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 11 June 2015 Pauffley was highly criticised by ministers and child protection campaigners for stating that it was 'okay for migrant families to hit children', suggesting that migrants could hit children because of so-called 'culture context', in response a government spokesman stated that there should never be any exceptions regarding child abuse.

14222022773628526592

Q22668153

_START_ARTICLE_ Anna Shevchenko _START_SECTION_ World Cup results _START_PARAGRAPH_ All results are sourced from the International Ski Federation (FIS).

12059898318914065953

Q258220

_START_ARTICLE_ Annabelle Wallis _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wallis was born in Oxford, England. She was raised in Cascais, Portugal, where her family emigrated when she was eighteen months old. Her maternal great-uncle is actor Richard Harris. On her father's side, she is a descendant of English singer Marie Lloyd. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Portugal, Annabelle Wallis did several short films before she moved to London to pursue a career in film. In London, she did some advertisements and looked into drama schools before ultimately deciding to find an agent._NEWLINE_In 2005 she landed a lead role in the Bollywood film Dil Jo bhi Kahey, though the film did not fare well at box office. In 2009, Wallis starred as Jane Seymour in season three of the Showtime drama series The Tudors. She replace Anita Briem in the third season due to conflicting dates with New Line Cinema over Anita's previous commitment to the movie Journey to the Center of the Earth. She returned as Jane Seymour in a dream sequence to The Tudors for the fourth (and final) season in mid-2010._NEWLINE_In 2010, Wallis was cast in the film W.E., and in 2011 had a minor role in the film, X-Men: First Class. She starred as Grace Burgess in the BBC drama Peaky Blinders, from 2013 to 2016. She returned as Grace in the fifth season of the show, in 2019. In 2014, she starred in the horror film Annabelle, a spin-off of 2013's The Conjuring._NEWLINE_She starred in The Mummy (2017) as Jenny Halsey, an archaeologist._NEWLINE_In April 2018, she was announced to be Cartier's ambassador for jewelry and the new face of the Panthere de Cartier watch. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a result of attending international schools, Wallis speaks fluent English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish. _START_SECTION_ Relationships _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wallis was in an on-off relationship with singer Chris Martin from August 2015 to August 2017._NEWLINE_In April 2018 it was revealed that she has been dating american actor Chris Pine.

9688768575460630351

Q28324428

_START_ARTICLE_ Anne-Claude Gingras _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gingras was born on Île d'Orléans, Quebec. She earned her undergraduate degree at Université Laval in Quebec. She completed her PhD in biochemistry at McGill University in Montreal, studying how 4E-BP1 regulated translation initiation, under the mentorship of Nahum Sonenberg. After graduating in 2001, she began postdoctoral research in Seattle at the Institute for Systems Biology in the lab of Ruedi Aebersold, where she studied proteomics for three years._NEWLINE_In 2005, Gingras moved to Toronto and joined the Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, and in 2006 began teaching at the University of Toronto in the department of molecular genetics. _START_SECTION_ Achievements and awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gingras is considered an specialist in quantitative proteomics. Her work focuses on understanding mutations that may turn cells cancerous. In 2013 she contributed to an article in Nature which helped explain cri du chat syndrome, a rare medical disorder._NEWLINE_In 2011, Gingras was named one of Canada's Top 100 Most Powerful Women. In 2015, Gingras was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Canada.

10618257973575704147

Q58806788

_START_ARTICLE_ Anne Hall _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hall grew up in Orono, Maine, graduating from Orono High School in 1977. She stayed in her hometown to attend the University of Maine where she graduated from in 1981 with a Bachelor of Arts in international relations. She later attended the University of Texas at Austin, earning a Master of Arts (M.A.) and Master of Public Affairs (M.P.A.) in 1987 while studying in a joint program at the LBJ School of Public Affairs and Institute of Latin American Studies. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hall joined the US Foreign Service in 1987. Some of her early postings included working as an economic officer in Brazil, a consular officer in Colombia, and as a desk officer in Peru. She joined the Executive Secretariat Staff of the Secretary of State in 1993 and was made a special assistant to Secretary Warren Christopher in 1994._NEWLINE_In 1997, Hall was sent to Shanghai to serve as chief of the consular section. She returned to Washington in 2000 to serve as a special assistant in the Bureau of Consular Affairs. She moved to the position of desk officer in the Office of Nordic and Baltic Affairs in 2001._NEWLINE_She briefly served as the consul general in Edinburgh, Scotland in 2003 before being named the senior Cyprus officer in the Office of the Special Cyprus Coordinator. While in this position she participated in the negotiations that led to the United Nations settlement of the Cyprus problem in 2004._NEWLINE_Hall was made the US consul general in Krakow, Poland in 2006. She left his position in 2009 to serve as the Deputy Chief of Mission in Vilnius, Lithuania. She served as Chargé d’Affaires in Lithuania from 2012 to 2013._NEWLINE_From 2013 to 2014 she served as the Director of the Office of Central European Affairs in the Bureau of European and Eurasian Affairs. In 2014 she was named acting Principal Deputy Assistant Secretary in the Bureau of Oceans, International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, a position which she held until being named ambassador in 2016._NEWLINE_Hall was nominated by US President Barack Obama in April 2016 to replace Deborah McCarthy as the U.S. Ambassador to Lithuania. She was confirmed by the US Senate on July 14, 2016 and began her term of appointment on September 16 of that year. Her mission was terminated on July 19, 2019._NEWLINE_Hall was the first American Consul General to be awarded the Knight’s Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland in July 2009.

3788572190951788704

Q60240529

_START_ARTICLE_ Annie Florence Petty _START_PARAGRAPH_ Annie Florence Petty (1871 – 1962). was the first professionally educated and trained librarian to work in the state of North Carolina. She served as the first librarian at the North Carolina State Normal and Industrial School (now the University of North Carolina at Greensboro) and was one of the founding members of the North Carolina Library Association (a state affiliate of the American Library Association) _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Annie Petty was born in the Quaker Bush Hill community of Randolph County, North Carolina on August 27, 1871 to William Clinton and Mary Victoria Petty. She attended the Library School of the Drexel Institute of Art, Science and Industry (now Drexel University) in Philadelphia in 1898, where she received her formal training in the emerging field of librarianship.

8460447715653915046

Q66768181

_START_ARTICLE_ Anodic aluminium oxide _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anodic aluminium oxide, anodic aluminum oxide (AAO), or anodic alumina is a self-organized form of aluminium oxide that has a honeycomb-like structure formed by high density arrays of uniform and parallel pores. The diameter of the pores can be as low as 5 nanometers and as high as several hundred nanometers, and length can be controlled from few tens of nanometers to few hundred micrometers. Porous AAO is formed by electrochemical oxidation (anodization) of aluminum in acid electrolytes in the conditions that balance the growth and the AAO films are formed with limited thickness._NEWLINE_Anodizing aluminum has been widely used since early last century for corrosion protection and decorative purposes. The porous nature of anodic alumina films was discovered in the 1930s and further elaborated in the 1950s–1970s. Processes for producing anodic aluminum oxide membranes using chromic acid, sulfuric acid, oxalic acid, or phosphoric acid appear in a patent attributed to Alan W. Smith of the Boeing Company in 1974._NEWLINE_The formation of AAO with highly ordered 2D hexagonal porous structure was first demonstrated in 1995. Further empirical search of anodization parameters shown, that AAO with ordered hexagonal structure can be obtained solely within the narrow regions of processing conditions. Nature of these self-organization windows was explained only in 2017. It was shown, that the formation of the long-range ordered porous structure occurs when all pores grow with equal rate (when anodization rate is limited by kinetics of the barrier layer dissolution at the pore bases or by diffusion of ions in pores)._NEWLINE_Starting in the late 1980s, owing to uniform nanostructure, AAO began to attract interest in the area of nanotechnology, in particular as a template for deposition of the uniform arrays of nanowires. Since several key publications on using AAO for bottom-up templated nanofabrication appeared by the mid-1990s, AAO became widely recognized and very popular platform for design and synthesis of high density arrays of nanostructures (nanowires, nanotubes) and functional nanocomposites._NEWLINE_AAO-based nanomaterials have a broad range of applications, from nanoelectronics and magnetic storage media to photonics and energy conversion to nanoporous substrates and nanotags for bioanalysis. The number of AAO-related publications in this area increased exponentially since 1990s, with over 75% of the papers focused on use of AAO in nanotechnology._NEWLINE_The significance of AAO in science and technology is underpinned by the fact that its structure and chemistry could be controllably engineered at the nanoscale over very large areas and in practical formats, enabling development of new materials and products with desired properties and functionality. For example, AAO membranes have been used as a platform for chemical and biological sensors. Protein molecules like thrombin have been detected using AAO membranes.

12458762048299602128

Q16890498

_START_ARTICLE_ Anshul Verma _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anshul Verma was born on July 18, 1974 to Shri Shyam Lal and Smt. Shanta Verma. He was born in Pushptali, Hardoi, Uttar Pradesh. His educational qualifications include M.A. (History), LL.B. and he received his education at Punjab University, Chandigarh. Anshul Verma married Sharuti Verma on March 23, 2008.

12795070413783025451

Q16059321

_START_ARTICLE_ António José de Ávila, 2nd Marquis of Ávila and Bolama _START_PARAGRAPH_ António José de Ávila (7 November 1842, Horta – 18 March 1917, Lisbon) was a military officer, politician, member of the Portuguese nobility (made Marquis of Ávila, following the death of his illustrious uncle) and benemerit. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ António José was born on the island of Faial to Manuel José de Ávila (brother of the Duke of Ávila) and D. Maria Leonor de Almeida e Silva._NEWLINE_Simultaneously with his military career at the Military School, he completed his studies at the University of Coimbra, obtaining a bachelors in Mathematics. After initiating his studies in the officer's program, he was promoted to alferes in 1868 and scaled, throughout his life, the military hierarchy: lieutenant (1870), captain (1873), major (1884), lieutenant-colonel (1890), colonel (1893) and brigade general (1906), where he eventually passed into the reserves in 1909. During this career, as lieutenant he became a functionary in the Ministry of Public Works (Portuguese: Ministério das Obras Públicas), where he held the post of exam jurist in the Civil Engineering course. At several times during this career he represented Portugal in the foreign conventions, and held the post of Director General of Geodesey (1901–1912)._NEWLINE_He married D. Maria Leonor de Assis Mascarenhas, daughter of General Carlos de Mascarenhas, brother of the Marquis of Fronteira._NEWLINE_He inherited from his uncle the title of Count of Ávila (25 January 1890) and 2nd Marquess de Ávila (31 December 1903). _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He became president of the Municipal Council of Lisbon, and in various legislatures, as deputy in the national parliament. Having been promoted into the political life by his uncle, he held a position in the Chamber of Deputies (1875–78), representing the electoral circle of Valpaços. In later elections, he was selected for the electoral districts of Vila Pouca de Aguiar (during three legislatures) and Vila Real (during two legislatures). His career in the Chamber of Deputies began in 1875, and only ceased on 2 December 1885) when he was elected Peer of the Kingdom, for the electoral districts of Horta and Vila Real (he opted for the latter): he maintained this peerage until 1909. During his career as deputy and peer, he participated in several parliamentary commissions, namely: Recruitment and Public Works (Portuguese: Recrutamento e Obras Públicas), War (Portuguese: Guerra) and Political Reform (Portuguese: Reformas Politicas). He presented several proposals for laws: 10 March 1882, reformulate the polytechnic schools; 31 January 1883, regulating judges competencies; 2 April 1883 and 26 January 1884, conceding to the Municipal Council of Horta and Santa Casa da Misericórdia several buildings (specifically the Convent of the Jesuits and Convent of São Francisco, respectively)._NEWLINE_Although early in his life he opted to represent Vila Real, he was an extremely diligent and active supporter of the peoples of the district of Horta (and in particular, Faial). This is obvious in the amount of correspondence found in the Arquivos Particulares Ávila e Boloma (Personal Archive of the Dukes of Ávila e Boloma), in the Torre do Tombo National Archive and in the deliberations of the Municipal and Santa Casa Councils. In addition to helping install the Municipal Council in the former-Jesuit College, the Count was helpful in installing the financial departments of the council, the conservatory and judicial tribunal and donating funds for streets, as well as repairs for the ports and docks. The O Globe wrote, "Count of Ávila [managed to wrangle] from the Rengerator Government the concession of the vast edifice and courtyard of the extinct convent of the Franciscans...and for the Convent of Glória...[as well as] advantages in the contracts for the ship navigating to the metropole and the ports of the islands in our territory...and the preparatory work that resulted in the yards for the submarine cables that put us in rapid communication with the world." The Count was also responsible for the influencing the construction of the lighthouses of Capelinhos and Flores. _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ In gratitude for his services, the Santa Casa da Misercórdia and Municipal Council of Horta, hanged portraits in their halls, while in memory, the road to the north of the Municipal building was renamed Rua do Major Ávila. In addition, on 13 June 1896, an arterial road in Angústias was named Rua Conde de Ávila.

11837008117369122395

Q4771098

_START_ARTICLE_ Ante Trstenjak _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ante Trstenjak (29 December 1894 – 4 December 1970) was a Slovenian, psychologist, painter and illustrator. He used mostly watercolour and oils. The art gallery in Ljutomer is named after him. He was born in Slamnjak.

10234931484714976407

Q21932354

_START_ARTICLE_ Anthony Martin (bishop) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Most Rev. Anthony Martin, DD, MA was an Anglican priest in Ireland, the Bishop of Meath from 1624 (and Provost of Trinity College Dublin) until his death in July 1650.

4892814657271975612

Q9617657

_START_ARTICLE_ Antiguraleus sericeus _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ This marine species occurs of Transkei, South Africa

322290475868138430

Q4775335

_START_ARTICLE_ Antithetic parallelism _START_SECTION_ Examples _START_PARAGRAPH_ Examples of antithetic parallelism are found in Hebrew poetry, especially in Psalms of the Bible:_NEWLINE_The young lions lack and suffer hunger;_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_But those who seek the LORD shall not lack any good thing. (Psalms 34:10)_NEWLINE_More specifically, antithetical parallelism is defined as text where the meaning in the first part of the couplet contrasts with an opposite theme contained in the second part (see above). The use of opposites clarifies both extremes. In poetry the use of opposites can bring a sharper contrast to an image and provide a greater focus to the desired message. It is often marked by the use of the conjunction ‘but’, placed between two statements to juxtapose them and helps the reader or to view both the positive and negative perspectives of the text._NEWLINE_Antithetic parallelism is not to be confused with 'synonymous' or 'synthetic' parallelism, which reflect repeated and expansive ideas respectively.

17197136205362209393

Q3334420

_START_ARTICLE_ Antoñito _START_SECTION_ Football career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antoñito was born in the Seville neighborhood of El Polígono de San Pablo, where he was known as "El Romario del Polígono", and played only amateur football until the age of 22, signing in the summer of 2000 with Sevilla FC – after turning down an offer from Real Betis – and being assigned to the reserve team, scoring 40 goals in his first season to help them promote to the third division. He made his debut with the main squad also during 2000–01, in the second level; after a loan to Andalusia neighbours Recreativo de Huelva in the same tier, he returned to play an important attacking role (mainly as a substitute) on a side that achieved two consecutive sixth places in La Liga._NEWLINE_For 2005–06, Antoñito was again loaned, being instrumental in Racing de Santander's narrow escape from top flight relegation. He netted nine goals during the campaign, notably an 88th-minute winner against CA Osasuna on 7 May 2006._NEWLINE_In the summer of 2006, Antoñito joined division two club Real Murcia, helping it achieve promotion. The following season he moved to Xerez CD in his native region, and extended his contract one more year late into 2008–09, being a very important unit for their first-ever promotion to the top tier._NEWLINE_In July 2011, after only six league goals for Xerez in two seasons combined, including three in the 2009–10 campaign in an immediate relegation from the top flight, 33-year-old Antoñito signed for CD Atlético Baleares of the third division.

14303332015154557079

Q16237061

_START_ARTICLE_ Anto Vasović _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Belgrade, Vasović made his professional debut for first team on 18 May 2013, in Jelen SuperLiga match versus Hajduk Kula. He began match on the bench and substituted in for Slavko Perović in 80th minute of match._NEWLINE_During the winter break of the 2014–15 season, he joined Serbian League Belgrade side FK Dorćol, after half season spent at same level side FK Brodarac 1947. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anto Vasović is the son of the Serbian water polo player Jugoslav Vasović.

7355173826902684516

Q587247

_START_ARTICLE_ Antoine de la Sale _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antoine de la Sale (also la Salle, de Lasalle; 1385/86 – 1460/61) was a French courtier, educator and writer._NEWLINE_He participated in a number of military campaigns in his youth and he only began writing when he had reached middle age, in the late 1430s. _NEWLINE_He lived in Italy at the time, but returned to France in the 1440s, where he acted as umpire in tournaments, and he wrote a treatise on the history of the knightly tournament in 1459._NEWLINE_He became the tutor of the sons of Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, to whom he dedicated a moral work in 1451._NEWLINE_His most successful work was Little John of Saintré, written in 1456, when he was reaching the age of seventy. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was born in Provence, probably at Arles, the illegitimate son of Bernardon de la Salle, a celebrated Gascon mercenary, mentioned in Froissart's Chronicles. His mother was a peasant, Perrinette Damendel._NEWLINE_In 1402 Antoine entered the court of the third Angevin dynasty at Anjou, probably as a page._NEWLINE_In 1407 he was at Messina with Louis II, Duke of Bourbon, who had gone there to enforce his claim to the kingdom of Sicily. The next years he perhaps spent in Brabant, for he was present at two tournaments given at Brussels and Ghent._NEWLINE_In 1415 he took part in the successful expedition by John I of Portugal against the Moors in Ceuta._NEWLINE_In 1420 he accompanied the 17-year-old Louis III of Anjou in his attempt to assert his claim as King of Naples._NEWLINE_He travelled from Norcia to the Monti Sibillini and the neighboring Pilate's Lake (the final resting place of Pontius Pilate, according to local legend). The story of his adventures on this trip and of the local legends and Sibyl's grotto form a chapter of La Salade, which also has a map of the ascent from Montemonaco._NEWLINE_In 1426 La Sale probably returned with Louis III of Anjou, who was also comte de Provence, to Provence, where he was acting as viguier of Arles in 1429._NEWLINE_In 1434 René of Anjou, Louis's successor, made La Sale tutor to his son, John II, Duke of Lorraine (also known as the Duke of Calabria), to whom he dedicated, between the years 1438 and 1447, his La Salade, a textbook of the studies necessary for a prince. The title is of course a play on his own name, but he explains it as being due to the diverse subject matter of the book: a salad is composed "of many good herbs." The work covered geography, history, protocol and military tactics. One complete original copy has survived, and two early printed editions. _NEWLINE_It includes Queen Sibyl's Paradise (Le Paradis de la reine Sibylle), and Trip to the Lipari Isles (Excursion aux Îles Lipari), but these have often been edited separately._NEWLINE_In 1439 he was again in Italy in charge of the castle of Capua, with John II and his young wife, Marie de Bourbon, when the place was besieged by the king of Aragon. La Sale married Lione de la Sellana de Brusa in the same year. He was about fifty-three; she was fifteen. René abandoned Naples in 1442, and Antoine no doubt returned to France about the same time. His advice was sought at the tournaments which celebrated the marriage of the unfortunate Margaret of Anjou at Nancy in 1445; and in 1446, at a similar display at Saumur, he was one of the umpires._NEWLINE_La Sale's pupil was now twenty years of age, and after forty years' service to the house of Anjou, La Sale left it to become tutor to the sons of Louis de Luxembourg, Count of Saint-Pol, who took him to Flanders and presented him at the court of Philippe le Bon, duke of Burgundy. For his new pupils he wrote at Chatelet-sur-Oise, in 1451, a moral work entitled La Salle. He followed his patron to Genappe in Brabant when the Dauphin (afterwards Louis XI) took refuge at the Burgundian court._NEWLINE_During the last decade of his life, la Sale becomes productive as a writer, publishing his most famous work, Little John of Saintré in 1456, a consolatory epistle Reconfort a Madame de Neufville in 1458 and his tournament book Des anciens tournois et faictz d'armes in 1459. Cent Nouvelles nouvelles, a collection of licentious stories supposed to be narrated by various persons at the court of Philippe le Bon, was apparently collected or edited by him. A completed copy of this was presented to the Duke of Burgundy at Dijon in 1462. If then La Sale was the author, he probably was still living; otherwise the last mention of him is in 1461.

13375216354473980163

Q4776085

_START_ARTICLE_ Anton Õunapuu _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anton Õunapuu VR II/3 (7 November 1887 - 2 April 1919) was an Estonian PE teacher and the founder of the Boy Scouts movement in Estonia. _START_SECTION_ Early life and work as a PE teacher _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anton Õunapuu was born as a son of a farmer near Vändra in 1887. He started his studies in Vaki Municipality School (1897–1901) and graduatuated from Vändra Parish School in 1903. Studied in the Gymnastics Institute of University of Helsinki with the support of Estonian Sports Association Kalev. He graduated in 1913 and returned to Estonia._NEWLINE_From 1913 until 1918 he worked as a PE teacher in numerous schools in Tallinn, most notably in Tallinn Secondary School of Science (Tallinna Reaalkool) and in Tallinn Secondary School of Commerce (Tallinna Kommertskool)._NEWLINE_The first Boy Scout squads in Estonia were formed during 1916 in these schools, mainly due to the work of Anton Õunapuu. From these squads the first Tallinn Troop of Boy Scouts was formed. _START_SECTION_ Before and during the Estonian War of Independence _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1917 Õunapuu formed a Student Home Guard Squad, which consisted of 340 of his students, of which 82 were boy scouts. Õunapuu's squad protected Estonian Salvation Committee on 24 February 1918 during the proclamation of Estonian Independence. During the German Occupation Õunapuu organized an underground squad of Estonian Defence League. On 16 December 1918 he was promoted to serve as the commander of the pioneer company of Kalevlaste Malev. He was wounded in the battle of Järveküla, near Narva. _START_SECTION_ Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anton Õunapuu fell in the battles for Petseri County on 2 April 1919. He was posthumously awarded Cross of Liberty (Grade II, Class 3) - "For Personal Courage". He was buried to Vändra Cemetery on 9 April 1919.

10664012594231600235

Q4086119

_START_ARTICLE_ Antoni Beszta-Borowski _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antoni Beszta-Borowski (1880–1943) was a Polish Roman Catholic priest. He was dean of Bielsk Podlaski. He is one of the 108 Martyrs of World War II.

1688316771959160940

Q18637694

_START_ARTICLE_ Antonio Marín Molina _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Benalúa, Province of Granada, Andalusia, Marín joined UD Almería's youth setup in 2010 at the age of 14, after stints with UCD La Cañada Atlético, Villarreal CF and Granada CF. He made his senior debut with the B-team in the 2013–14 season in Segunda División B, while still a junior._NEWLINE_On 8 January 2014, Marín made his first-team debut, starting in a 1–1 away draw against Racing de Santander for the campaign's Copa del Rey. On 5 December he appeared in his second match, playing the full 90 minutes in a 4–3 win at Real Betis for the same competition._NEWLINE_Marín made his La Liga debut on 8 April of the following year, starting in a 0–4 away loss to FC Barcelona. On 19 June 2015 he signed a new four-year deal with the Rojiblancos, being definitely promoted to the main squad now in Segunda División._NEWLINE_On 21 January 2016, after being rarely used, Marín was demoted to the B-side until the end of the campaign. On 12 August, he joined fellow reserve team Granada CF B in a one-year loan deal._NEWLINE_Marín terminated his contract with Almería on 1 September 2017, and returned to Granada and their reserves the following day. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Marín was called up to the Spain under-16 side in 2012, and later appeared with the under-17s in the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifying and elite rounds. On 28 January 2014, he was called up to the under-18 team after playing in several matches with the level above, winning the L'Alcúdia International Football Tournament in 2013.

14020596894392351797

Q2857411

_START_ARTICLE_ Antonio Ponz _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antonio Ponz (1725–1792) was a Spanish painter._NEWLINE_He was born at Bejís in the province of Castellón. He was a pupil of Antonio Richarte at Valencia, then in 1746 moved to Madrid, where he studied for five years. He then went to Rome for a short time, but soon returned to help in repainting and compilation of the artworks at El Escorial. In 1771 he made a journey through Spain. In 1776 he was appointed secretary of the Royal Academy of San Fernando. He was a member of many of the art academies in the Peninsula. He wrote Comentarios de la Pintura and several other works. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ponz received a comprehensive education in the humanities, arts and theology at Segorbe, University of Valencia, Gandia and the School of the Three Arts in Madrid. He lived in Italy between 1751 and 1760, where he expanded his knowledge of art. There he met Pedro Francisco Jiménez de Góngora y Luján, Duke of Almodovar, who would become Director of the Spanish Royal Academy of History (1792–1794) and formed a friendship with Anton Raphael Mengs. He studied classical art under Johann Joachim Winckelmann and history with Francisco Pérez Bayer. He settled in Rome and visited Naples in 1759 to view the newly discovered ruins of Pompeii and Herculaneum._NEWLINE_In 1773 he was elected scholar of history and in 1776 Secretary of the Real Academia de Bellas Artes de San Fernando was also a fellow of the Royal Basque Economic Society and the Economic society of Madrid, among other distinctions._NEWLINE_Antonio Ponz was a key figure in Bourbon cultural policy and worked on the collection of works and relics of the Library of El Escorial, and was curator of the portrait gallery for which he made copies of some works by Italian masters. _START_SECTION_ Viaje de Espana (Journey around Spain) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Commissioned by Pedro Rodríguez, Conde de Campomanes Ponz made a famous trip around Spain to inspect the artistic treasures of Andalucia that had belonged to the Jesuits, recently expelled from Spain by Carlos III (1767)._NEWLINE_Subsequently Ponz published his famous Voyage around Spain (Viage de España), a collection of letters in which there is news of the most significant events worthy of knowing. The work began in 1772 and was printed in the workshop of Joaquín Ibarra, although as a precaution, the author published the first two under an assumed name. According to his nephew Joseph Ponz this was, at the request of the Eugenio de Llaguno Duke of Almodóvar and Francisco Pérez Bayer among others. An eighteenth volume was printed posthumously in 1794 which referred to Cadiz, Málaga and other towns in Andalucia._NEWLINE_This work was not just an inventory of monuments and a documentary report on the conservation of artistic, epigraphic, and pictorial heritage, but also covered sculpture and architecture and other fixed works of significance that he saw in the course of his voyage. His description of them is strongly influenced by the Renaissance and Neoclassical movements and offer a much broader vision than other writers on many aspects of social reality in the country at the time, albeit with less detail than Eugenio Larruga._NEWLINE_From some of the early volumes published it is easy to see he did not like the situation in the country, because it was thinly inhabited and little or poorly exploited. He noted that domestic markets were poorly served and sensed a certain crisis in artistic creation in relation to other, more enlightened times. This was during the second half of the sixteenth century and the first half of the seventeenth century, and Ponz deplored the excesses of the Baroque style. In recognition of his work King Carlos III granted him the ecclesiastical revenues of the Stipend of Cuervo from the Archbishop of Toledo, and used his influence to have him appointed as the Secretary of the Academy of San Fernando (1776)._NEWLINE_In 1785 Ponz published Voyage beyond Spain (Viaje fuera de España) which documented the tour he took around Europe in 1783 with the dual purpose of defending Spain from adverse travel reviews and contributing external philosophical ideas to the economic, social and artistic evolution within Spain. It is a journey representing the aspirations and tensions of enlightened reformers. Under the critical spotlight he was to flourish in the light and shadow of the French Revolution. He also sampled the economic and social dynamism and political freedom of Britain, the intellectual and religious tolerance in the United Provinces and the bitter memories of the Spanish occupation of The Netherlands. Although his work is concerned primarily with artistic description, it also includes reflections on the economy, as well as the social and religious life abroad, and, more darkly, the foreign policies in the territories visited._NEWLINE_Assigned to moderate reformism and no supporter of breaks, our author advocates the involvement of the nobility, through economic development and the patronage, in the progress of the country, while avoiding reference to sociability and everyday life. In art, he goes in the name of "good taste" neoclassical some selected readers, while perceived growing importance of the public and the market in the world of art. In the religious and political freedoms horrified rejects English and Dutch, without actually sense the impending revolutionary storm in France. Who liked to call himself a "modernario" embodies well compared to other international travelers as Gaspar de Molina and Saldivar, better known as Marquis of Ureña, or Leandro Fernandez de Moratín, face a more disciplined Illustration contained and respectful of the Church, the monarchy and order estates.

11958537869192467089

Q4777681

_START_ARTICLE_ Anu (film) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anu is an orphan and a post graduate in criminal psychology. She joins a TV channel as a reporter. She is entrusted with the task of cracking the secrets behind a series of mysterious serial killings involving the collecting of body organs. The killer always leaves a rose at the crime scene as his signature. While the police attempt to keep the matter silent, Anasuya takes up the task of investigating on these murders._NEWLINE_In this process, she meets a police task force officer, Anand who is involved with the investigation. One night, she finds a shady figure lurking in the shadows of her house. When her watchman is alerted, the figure disappears. She hurriedly reaches for Joseph, only to find him murdered in the same fashion as the other murders._NEWLINE_From here, Anu tries to find out the murderer and his reasons behind the unexplained murders. After her own investigations, she narrows down the suspect to Govind, a hospital attendant. She is surprised to find him physically challenged when he is brought to the police station for interrogation. She detests his disability and terms it as a sham, but the police don't quite convinced with her claims. Govind attempts to murder Anu in order to clear the hurdle in his scheme of things. In this process, the police surround him, but he escapes after murdering a couple of policemen._NEWLINE_In another such attempt by him, Anu accidentally murders a person while in her self-defense. Unfortunately for her, she gets framed and is arrested. Anand, with whom she considers as a good friend after some verbal fights initially, gets her released on a bond. Again, when there is another attempt to kill her, the police trap him, but, the sequence of events suggest that he committed suicide._NEWLINE_When Anu finds him again, everyone dismisses her talk and wonder if she is in a mental trauma._NEWLINE_While she gets fired from her television employer, she does not even find comfort with Anand, who does not believe her. She decides to resolve the mystery and her investigations lead her to a village where Jyothi, a medical college student went into Coma as a result of being unable to bear the mental trauma given / being given to her by Govind, her professor, who fell in love with her on the first day of her entry into the college and believed that they should be married because of their previous birth, It was nothing but the professor's obsessiveness for Jyothi which led him to stalk her._NEWLINE_Her investigation reveals that Jyothi's body organs, according to her will, were donated to those in need. Govind, with a resolve to retrieve all these organs back to her body that he steals from the morgue. After realizing the intentions of Govind, now turned a complete psycho, Anu does a check on the remainder of the organs that were of Jyothi. To her shock, she realizes that Lakshmi's eyes were out of Jyothi's donation._NEWLINE_When Lakshmi is abducted by Govind, Anu finds his location by tracking his phone number. After the ensuing struggle and fightback, with assistance from Anand, Anu kills Govind by putting that place ablazed and closes the case. She is appreciated by her colleagues for her bravery at the end of the movie. _START_SECTION_ Critical response _START_PARAGRAPH_ Now running.com rating 3 out of 5 and stated about Gandhi "Anu is an out and out Pooja Gandhi film who has done a fantastic job. This film will go down as her best film that had her best performance to date. Her expressions and body language in the film suits to the character she portrays. Baalu is top class as a sadistic serial killer. Naag Kiran shines in the role of Police Cop while Duniya Rashmi has played her part well."_NEWLINE_indiaglitz.com stating that "Pooja Gandhi is at her best. The difficult role Pooja has lived with utmost care. She has taken part in action scenes is also new discovery of her talent. Balu the producer also of this film has done very well in his debut film as an actor." _START_SECTION_ Box office _START_PARAGRAPH_ The fim Anu performed fairly well at the sandalwood box office.

18241705858749742431

Q61748345

_START_ARTICLE_ Anuradha Kapur _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anuradha Kapur was born in Nainital in 1951. She is the daughter of M. N. Kapur, the longest-serving Principal of Modern School, New Delhi, and Amrita Kapur. Art historian and critic Geeta Kapur is her sister. After completing her schooling from Modern, Anuradha studied English at Miranda House, Delhi. She obtained her Master's degree in English from the University of Delhi in 1973. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kapur started her teaching career as Lecturer in English in Delhi University's Bharati College. However, she was always sure that she wanted to pursue theatre as a profession. During her student days, she had been a member of the theatre group Dishantar led by Om Shivpuri, and acted in a number of plays, including Adhe-Adhure by Mohan Rakesh. She obtained leave from the college to study for a Master's degree in Drama and Theatre Arts at the University of Leeds, U. K., where she eventually completed a Ph. D._NEWLINE_In 1981, Kapur joined the faculty of NSD as Associate Professor. She later became Professor, and stayed with NSD until her superannuation. During this period, she taught many students who went on to make a mark in theatre and cinema. Some of them are Seema Biswas, Irrfan Khan, Rajpal Yadav and Nawazuddin Siddiqui._NEWLINE_In July 2007 Kapur was appointed Director of NSD for a five-year term, later extended by a year up to July 2013. She was also Chief of the NSD Repertory Company. Currently she is visiting Professor at the School of Culture and Creative Expressions, Ambedkar University Delhi._NEWLINE_Kapur has taught in several institutions in India and abroad. During 2016-2017, she was Fellow at Freie Universitat, Berlin. _START_SECTION_ Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ A distinguishing feature of Kapur's work as a director has been its open and interactive nature. She has worked extensively in collaboration with visual and video artists and filmmakers. Some of the people she has worked with are Arpita Singh, Bhupen Khakhar, Madhusree Dutta, Nalini Malani, Nilima Sheikh and Vivan Sundaram. She is one of the founding members of Vivadi, a working group of painters, musicians, writers and theatre practitioners.

6150413454945714478

Q57242655

_START_ARTICLE_ Anurag Chauhan _START_SECTION_ Works _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2015, Anurag started a project called WASH - Women, Sanitation, Hygiene, that works towards educating women about menstrual hygiene, providing them sanitary napkins and giving training to them for making bio-degradable sanitary napkins. Chauhan started this after reading an article written about deaths caused due to lack of menstruation hygiene. His cause received support from actress Twinkle Khanna. Anurag runs awareness programs in many villages, slums, schools & colleges of Uttarakhand, Delhi, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh, Maharashtra and Karnataka, reportedly by Dainik Jagaran. _START_SECTION_ Other _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chauhan acted in a film as a lead actor, shot in Rajasthan. The film is based on Clean India Campaign, an initiative by PM Narendra Modi. In 2016, he launched the Dehradun Literature Festival, an annual literary fest in Dehradun. Ruskin Bond and Shobhaa De are the ambassadors of the festival. _NEWLINE_In September, 2017, Chauhan started an online compaign #TheDoorChallenge to promote rich Indian cultural heritage and traditional Indian attire among youngsters. The challenge went viral, was well received by international audience and garnered support from many countries such as Australia, Canada, Bangladesh to name a few.

1287339211453122974

Q4778403

_START_ARTICLE_ Anywhere but Here (song) _START_SECTION_ Content _START_PARAGRAPH_ The narrator is getting a bus ticket to leave town after he found his lover fooling around. He doesn't care where the bus takes him as long as it is "anywhere but here". _START_SECTION_ Critical reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Deborah Evans Price, of Billboard magazine reviewed the song favorably, saying that Kershaw "adds a bit of George Jones flair on this particular number." _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The music video was directed by Matthews/Smith and premiered in late 1992. It features Sammy and his band on tour stopping at a truck stop, when Sammy gets out of the bus, he bumps into NASCAR driver Mark Martin and his pit crew. After his band leaves the truck stop without him, he asks Mark to drive him to where he and his band are performing live.

13321231138120232590

Q11661600

_START_ARTICLE_ Aoki Yayoi _START_SECTION_ Personal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aoki was from Shizuoka Prefecture and graduated from what is now known as Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences (東京薬科大学). While going home from school one day around the end of World War II, the air raid siren went off while she was on a crowded train and she had a revelation about how war is not just about destroying things, but also about wasting each persons life, which connected to her way of life after the war. She was married to Kitazawa Masakuni (北沢方邦) and her real name is Kitazawa Yayoi (北沢弥生). _START_SECTION_ Scholarship _START_PARAGRAPH_ One of Aoki's most notable publications was "Feminism and Imperialism", which she wrote in the 1980s. The work analyzed the relationship between the Japanese imperial institution and the patriarchal Japanese household, and showed how this relationship was central to the construction of the modern Japanese nation-state. She argued that the model systemically marginalized women, and raised the question of whether such a model was still legitimate in contemporary Japan and, if so, what its consequences were for the family unit and women. She was a proponent of Takamure Itsue's bosei-ism or spirit of motherhood, which made her ecofeminism seem like Japanese 1970s nationalist feminism. She advised Japanese young women to question femininity or onnarashisa and masculinity or otokorashisa in her work The Myth of Femaleness. She was also particularly interested in how Japanese honorifics influence power politics._NEWLINE_In addition to Aoki's interest in Japanese society, she was committed to a feminist analysis of artistic productions, including two works on Beethoven as well as research on indigenous peoples, such as the Hopi in Southwestern U.S. _START_SECTION_ Claims, Aims and Criticisms _START_PARAGRAPH_ One of Aoki Yayoi's criticisms was, at the root of modern civilization only the "masculine principle" exists, furthermore the "feminine principle," that should be balanced with it, doesn't exist and consequently the masculine principle is being distorted. The ultimate women's liberation that Aoki Yayoi aimed for was none other than a fundamental revolution from the most basic levels of society focused on changing the distorted masculine principle, and society as a whole having been founded upon it, and realizing a feminine principle underlying society and an equality of the sexes predicated on a masculine principle that derives from that feminine principle. She seems to be anti-Western in many of her works by criticizing Western civilization, but she also uses a misreading of Western theories to support her ecofeminist arguments. _START_SECTION_ Controversy with Chizuko Ueno _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the mid 1980s, Aoki was involved in a public debate with Chizuko Ueno, where Aoki's feminist principles were accused of being essentialist for romanticizing the problematic construct of the "feminine". Ueno eventually wrote Can Women Save the Earth?, critiquing Aoki's analyses, but this criticism was based on an oversimplification of terms taken out of context. Because of Aoki's use of the term "feminine principle" and her emphasis on reintroducing caring and nurturing values into contemporary society, her work has also been criticized for being too emotionally charged, maternalist, or utopian. This debate became the last in the Japanese ecofeminist sphere. _START_SECTION_ Women and technology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aoki's analyses regarding technologies were situated within the global geopolitical context. Aoki was particularly concerned about the impact of new technologies (especially reproductive technologies) on third world women, and argued that one must consider a variety of contexts within which women develop a relationship to technology. For example, Aoki cited that a Japanese woman may have a liberating or empowering experience with reproductive technologies while a South Indian woman's experience with the same technology might be involuntary._NEWLINE_Aoki was also wary of contemporary society's growing dependence on technology, since she believed it led to political apathy, war, and nuclear disasters. She argued that we should be developing a more self-reliant system of existence._NEWLINE_In 1990, Aoki, alongside several women's rights groups, opposed a government proposal to restrict Japan's abortion law as she argued that the policy would infringe on a woman's right to control her body. _START_SECTION_ Women and the future _START_PARAGRAPH_ While Aoki recognized that the economic independence of woman is crucial to the feminist movement, she argued that "if all it achieves is the right of passage of woman into existing male social structures and practices, I don't know that we have achieved very much". She cited alternative value systems like the ecological feminism of Denmark or the Green Party in West Germany as other routes that feminism should explore.

11894619548461190011

Q4778789

_START_ARTICLE_ Aotea (canoe) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aotea was a double canoe built by Toto from half of a great tree from Hawaiki, the other half being used for the canoe Matahourua. Toto gave Aotea to his daughter Rongorongo, who was married to Turi. In strife with the chief Uenuku, Turi killed the chief's son and thereafter had to flee for New Zealand with 33 passengers. During the voyage, they stopped at Rangitahua and encountered some of the crew from the Kurahaupō canoe (Craig 1989:24). The Aotea canoe arrived at Aotea Harbour on the west coast of the North Island, and its people eventually settled in the Taranaki region. _START_SECTION_ Aircraft _START_PARAGRAPH_ 'Aotea' was the name given to the first Jumbo Jet (a Boeing 747-219B. Registration: ZK-NZV) acquired by Air New Zealand. This aircraft and several more of her type were acquired by Air New Zealand as a replacement aircraft for the carriers' DC-10 fleet.

13824458800790667723

Q27926168

_START_ARTICLE_ Apache Beam _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apache Beam is one implementation of the Dataflow model paper. The Dataflow model is based on previous work on distributed processing abstractions at Google, in particular on FlumeJava and Millwheel._NEWLINE_Google released an open SDK implementation of the Dataflow model in 2014 and an environment to execute Dataflows locally (non-distributed) as well as in the Google Cloud Platform service._NEWLINE_In 2016 Google donated the core SDK as well as the implementation of a local runner, and a set of IOs (data connectors) to access Google Cloud Platform data services to the Apache Software Foundation. Other companies and members of the community have contributed runners for existing distributed execution platforms, as well as new IOs to integrate the Beam Runners with existing Databases, Key-Value stores and Message systems. Additionally new DSLs have been proposed to support specific domain needs on top of the Beam Model.

503359811826414637

Q24185156

_START_ARTICLE_ Aparejadores Rugby _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The club was founded in 2006 after the merge of Burgos Rugby Club and Aparejadores Rugby Club, the team of the Technical Architecture School of the University of Burgos._NEWLINE_In January 2014, the club promoted for the first time to División de Honor B de Rugby.

9954254361760648209

Q60786711

_START_ARTICLE_ Apeman, Spaceman _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Publishers Weekly called the anthology "[a]n ambitious, and for the most part rewarding, melange of science fiction, anthropology, and nonfiction about the future" featuring both "tried and true stalwarts" like Clarke, Oliver, Heinlein, Knight, and Del Rey, and "other lesser known writers." Hall's and Suggs's contributions are singled out for particular comment, the former as "one of the most devastating and original satires on Army red tape through the ages we have ever read," and the latter as "both good anthropology and interesting at the same time, no mean achievement." The book is summed up as "[i]n the main, a thoughtfully conceived assortment."_NEWLINE_Kirkus Reviews considered the book "a handy and stimulating anthology for the student who might wonder whether what would happen if Pithecanthropus were still around—as a football player for instance. The stories are top notch, from Arthur C. Clarke's Nine Billion Names of God to Peanuts. What if a galactic survey team picked an Eskimo as representative of Earth's highest form of civilization; if dolphins had to train man to survive in their world after the holocaust; if there were a lost tribe of Neanderthals somewhere? Mr. Stover contributes an entertaining lesson at the end to demonstrate where authors went both right and wrong and the book should become a teacher's pet in this science."_NEWLINE_The anthology was also reviewed by Yole G. Sills in American Anthropologist v. 71, no. 4, 1969, pp. 798-799._NEWLINE_The anthology was also reviewed by Charlie Brown in Locus no. 55, June 3, 1970, and P. Schuyler Miller in Analog Science Fiction/Science Fact, November 1971 .

3699676696854667130

Q773651

_START_ARTICLE_ Aplomado falcon _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aplomado falcon is very slender, long-winged, and long-tailed, the size of a small peregrine falcon (F. peregrinus), at 12–16 in (30–40 cm) long and with an average wingspan of about 36 in (90 cm), but only half the weight, at about 7.3–10.8 oz (208–305 g) in males and 9.6–16 oz (271–460 g) in females. In adult birds, the upperparts are dark blue-grey, as is much of the head, with the usual falcon "moustache" contrasting sharply with the white throat and eyestripe. The upper breast continues the white of the throat; there are black patches on each side of the lower breast that meet in the middle; the belly and thighs, below the black patches, are light cinnamon. The tail is black with narrow white or grey bars and a white tip. The cere, eye-ring, and feet are yellow or yellow-orange._NEWLINE_Except that females are bigger than males, the sexes are similar. Juvenile birds are very similar to adults, but their upperparts and belly band are blackish brown, the chest is streaked with black, the white on the head and breast is buffy, and the cinnamon on the underparts is paler, as are the feet._NEWLINE_This species may be confused with the bat falcon (F. rufigularis) and the orange-breasted falcon (F. deiroleucus), which have similar white-black-rust patterns below, but those species are built more like peregrine falcons and have solidly blackish heads and darker rufous bellies. These two species are generally considered to belong to the same lineage as the aplomado falcon. Two other Falco species of the Americas, merlin (F. columbarius) and American kestrel (F. sparverius), seem to be closer to the Aplomado group than most other falcons, but the relationships of all these lineages are fairly enigmatic. All that can be said with some certainty is that they diverged as part of an apparently largely western Holarctic radiation in the Late Miocene, probably around 8 to 5 million years ago. _START_SECTION_ Range, ecology and status _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aplomado falcon's habitat is dry grasslands, savannahs, and marshes. It ranges from northern Mexico and Trinidad locally to southern South America, but has been extirpated from many places in its range, including all of northern and central Mexico except for a small area of Chihuahua. Globally, however, it is so widespread that it is assessed as Species of Least Concern by the IUCN._NEWLINE_It feeds on large invertebrates and small vertebrates, with small birds making up the overwhelming bulk of its prey. Mixed-species feeding flocks in open cerrado and grassland will go on frenzied alert upon spotting this species; small birds fear it more than most other predators. It is often seen soaring at twilight hunting insects and eating them on the wing. It also hunts at fields being burned, at which many birds of this species may gather; cooperation between individual aplomado falcons – usually members of a pair – has also been recorded. In Brazil, aplomado falcons have been observed following maned wolves (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and chasing birds that the wolves flush. Prey items typically weigh one-fifth to one-half of the falcons' own weight, but females of this species (which due to their size can tackle larger prey) have been recorded eating birds larger than themselves, such as a cattle egret (Bulbucus ibis) or a plain chachalaca (Ortalis vetula), on rare occasions._NEWLINE_The nest is a platform built of sticks at any height in a bush or tree. Two or three eggs are laid._NEWLINE_Until the 1950s it was found in the extreme southwestern United States, and reintroduction efforts are under way in West and South Texas. It began to reoccupy its former range in West Texas and southern New Mexico in the 1990s. Documentary evidence for these naturally occurring birds was obtained in New Mexico in 1991, and sightings built steadily through that decade and the next, leading to successful fledging of three young in 2002. Sightings and nesting activity continue to the present. The addition of nesting platforms to areas where Northern Aplomado Falcons Falco femoralis septentrionalis were reintroduced in South Texas improved the birds' productivity. This resulted in a stable population, however without the addition of nest platforms the re-introduced population would likely decline to extinction._NEWLINE_The expansion of the reintroduction program to that area has met with criticism, because technically, all aplomado falcons in New Mexico are classified as part of the "experimental" (reintroduction) population. As such, while they are still legally protected from hunting, they are not protected by Endangered Species Act requirements to preserve habitat and the like. It is believed that mainly habitat destruction caused the species' (near-)disappearance from the US and hinders reestablishment of a wild breeding population. A coalition of environmental groups is attempting to have full protection restored so as not to jeopardize the success of the expanding wild population and the reintroduction efforts. A published paper describes the mixed success of the reintroduction program, carried out by The Peregrine Fund. Reintroduced birds are now breeding on the Texas coast. But in the Chihuahuan Desert locations of west Texas and southern New Mexico, the birds were never successful for an extended period of time, and The Peregrine Fund has now abandoned the reintroduction program. _START_SECTION_ Falconry _START_PARAGRAPH_ Similar to the merlin, the aplomado falcon will chase after game such as small birds and quail, by pursuit flight, which is flying after quarry flushed out. It is mainly acquired from breeders because of its scarcity in the United States, and many falconers in Europe will buy a pair for about £4000. It's admired for its accipiter-like hunting style, which has made the bird famous for being more like an accipiter than a falcon. This is also shown through its determination to catch the quarry even going into heavy cover. They are ideal for quail, doves, and will sometimes even go after squirrel or rabbits. Unfortunately, these birds are also known for carrying their game, like many small falcons, where they try fly away from the falconer with their catch. The range of quarry vary from sparrows to adult pheasants. One of the most difficult quarry for the aplomado is the partridge because of its strength, speed and flight distance._NEWLINE_Articles on hunting with aplomado falcons as well as basic research on this species can be found at www.aplomadofalcons.com_NEWLINE_American falconer Jim Nelson has written, "During the time of Shakespeare a new bird from the New World came upon the falconry scene in Spain, Portugal and France. It was known to courtiers of Henry IV and Louis XIII as the Alethe... prized as "high mettled" partridge hawks...french falconer Charles d'Arcussia is the only writer who actually saw game taken with trained Alethes." Nelson concluded that the true identity of the Old World Alethe is the modern day aplomado falcon.

9257125405159627481

Q61873226

_START_ARTICLE_ Apollo Makubuya _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Makubuya was born in Uganda in the 1960s. After attending local primary and secondary schools, he was admitted to Makerere University Law School, where he graduated with a Bachelor of Laws degree. He went on to obtain a Diploma in Legal Practice, from the Law Development Centre, in Kampala, Uganda's capital city. He was then admitted to the Uganda Bar, as a practicing attorney. Later, he obtained a Master of Laws degree, from the University of Cambridge, in the United Kingdom. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apollo Makubuya is a partner at MMAKS Advocates, an upscale legal firm based in Kampala, Uganda. He is a member of the Corporate Advisory team at the firm and serves a Co-Managing partner at MMAKS Advocates._NEWLINE_He has extensive experience in the field of international human rights law. Makubuya advises banks, mining companies, regional and international investors on corporate, commercial law and tax issues._NEWLINE_Before going into private practice, he was a legal advisor at a private bank. He also served as the assistant head of the financial sector adjustment credit (FSAC) division of the Bank of Uganda, the country's central bank. He also has served as a consultant on human rights, development and corporate law issues with the Uganda Human Rights Commission, DANIDA and UNDP. _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apollo Makubuya was married to the late Stella Nansikombi Makubuya (11 November 1967–5 September 2018), a fellow lawyer and women's rights activist. Together, they are parents to three daughters (a) Athena Mulungi Nakku (b) Angela Kitiibwa Nakimuli and (c) Andrea Kwagalakwe Nabakka. _START_SECTION_ Other considerations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apollo Makubuya concurrently serves as the Chief Palace Advisor to the Kabaka of Buganda, a constitutional monarch, currently Ronald Muwenda Mutebi II. He was appointed to that position in February 2019, having previously served as Buganda's Third Deputy Prime Minister , Minister of Justice and Constitutional Affairs and Attorney General

7041141034937486784

Q11906234

_START_ARTICLE_ Apollodorus (sculptor) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apollodorus was a sculptor of ancient Greece, who made statues in bronze. He was so fastidious that he often broke his works in pieces after they were finished, and hence he obtained the surname of " the madman," in which character he was represented by the sculptor Silanion. Assuming from this that the two artists were contemporary, Apollodorus flourished about 324 BCE._NEWLINE_A little further on Pliny names an Apollodorus among the artists who had made bronze statues of philosophers._NEWLINE_On the base of the Venus de' Medici, Apollodorus is mentioned as the father of the sculptor Cleomenes. Classicist Friedrich Thiersch suggests that he may have been the same person as the subject of this article, for that the statue of the latter by Silanion may have been made from tradition at any time after his death. But Apollodorus is so common a Greek name that no such conclusion can be drawn from the mere mention of it.

3224782962641862307

Q192638

_START_ARTICLE_ Apollonius of Rhodes _START_SECTION_ Homeric scholar _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apollonius was among the foremost Homeric scholars in the Alexandrian period. He wrote the period's first scholarly monograph on Homer, critical of the editions of the Iliad and Odyssey published by Zenodotus, his predecessor as head of the Library of Alexandria. Argonautica seems to have been written partly as an experimental means of communicating his own researches into Homer's poetry. It has even been called "a kind of poetic dictionary of Homer", without at all detracting from its merits as poetry. He has been credited with scholarly prose works on Archilochus and on problems in Hesiod. He is also considered to be one of the period's most important authors on geography, though approaching the subject differently from Eratosthenes, his successor at the library and a radical critic of Homer's geography. It was a time when the accumulation of scientific knowledge was enabling advances in geographical studies, as represented by the activities of Timosthenes, a Ptolemaic admiral and a prolific author. Apollonius set out to integrate new understandings of the physical world with the mythical geography of tradition and his Argonautica was, in that sense, a didactic epic on geography, again without detracting from its merits as poetry. _START_SECTION_ Argonautica _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Argonautica differs in some respects from traditional or Homeric Greek epic, though Apollonius certainly used Homer as a model. The Argonautica is shorter than Homer's epics, with four books totalling fewer than 6000 lines, while the Iliad runs to more than 16,000. Apollonius may have been influenced here by Callimachus's brevity, or by Aristotle’s demand for "poems on a smaller scale than the old epics, and answering in length to the group of tragedies presented at a single sitting" (the Poetics)._NEWLINE_Apollonius' epic also differs from the more traditional epic in its weaker, more human protagonist Jason and in its many digressions into local custom, aetiology, and other popular subjects of Hellenistic poetry. Apollonius also chooses the less shocking versions of some myths, having Medea, for example, merely watch the murder of Apsyrtus instead of murdering him herself. The gods are relatively distant and inactive throughout much of the epic, following the Hellenistic trend to allegorise and rationalise religion. Heterosexual loves such as Jason's are more emphasized than homosexual loves such as that of Heracles and Hylas, another trend in Hellenistic literature. Many critics regard the love of Medea and Jason in the third book as the best written and most memorable episode._NEWLINE_Opinions on the poem have changed over time. Some critics in antiquity considered it mediocre. Recent criticism has seen a renaissance of interest in the poem and an awareness of its qualities: numerous scholarly studies are published regularly, its influence on later poets like Virgil is now well recognised, and any account of the history of epic poetry now routinely includes substantial attention to Apollonius. _START_SECTION_ Poetic style _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apollonius's poetic skills and technique have only recently come to be appreciated, with critical recognition of his successful fusing of poetry and scholarship.

5504528034968336162

Q4780964

_START_ARTICLE_ Appeal Virtual Machines _START_PARAGRAPH_ Appeal Virtual Machines was a Swedish company created in 1998 by students from the Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm. They were mainly known for their JRockit Java Virtual Machine._NEWLINE_They were acquired in 2002 by BEA Systems, who became part of Oracle Corporation in 2008._NEWLINE_As of 2010, some of the company founders still worked for Oracle.

10924276141963299210

Q4781269

_START_ARTICLE_ Apple doll _START_PARAGRAPH_ An apple doll, also known as an apple-head or applehead doll, is a North American folk craft in which the doll's head is made from dried apples. In modern times, apple dolls are mostly used as decorations or to display craftsmanship, rather than as children's toys. Because of the different effects drying produces, no two dolls are alike. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In colonial America, white settlers and enslaved people fashioned children's toys from utilitarian objects and materials to hand such as corn husks, clothes-pins and rags, using ingenuity and imagination. The use of apples as doll heads was a Native American practice and may have originated among the Iroquois or Seneca people._NEWLINE_As colonists came into contact with Native peoples, they copied their dolls; Native peoples also began to make brightly and elaborately costumed apple-head dolls to sell to tourists. Skookum dolls in Native dress, which were popular novelties between 1913 and the early 1960s, were originally made with apple heads; however their creator, Mary Dwyer McAboy, was not Native. _START_SECTION_ Method of making _START_PARAGRAPH_ The doll is made in two parts: the head and the body. To make the head, an apple is peeled, then the flesh is carved or pressed using a spoon and paring knife to create the facial features of the doll. In some early examples, the facial features and expressions were produced by pinching the apple as it began to shrink._NEWLINE_Next the apple is pierced to the core with a wire and left to dry for up to 30 days. It can be immersed in lemon juice for a day to prevent its turning black. However, the apple will naturally darken in colour during the drying process, and will shrink to about a third its original size. As it shrinks the surface will wrinkle like an old person's face, giving character to the facial expression. One maker, Margaret Owens, explained that only after an apple dried did she decide whether to make the doll male or female, and that sometimes the face becomes misshapen during the drying process and she has to throw the apple away._NEWLINE_When the apple is completely dry, white beads or grains of rice can be pushed into the mouth to serve as teeth, and buttons or sequins can be added to serve as eyes. Hair for the doll can be made from wool, yarn, fleece, cotton batting, faux fur, or human hair collected from a hairbrush. This is first glued to a piece of felt, which is then glued to the top of the apple._NEWLINE_The finished head is positioned on the top of a wire armature which is shaped into the rest of the doll's body, and padded using rags, paper or wadding. The doll's hands are sometimes modelled using a clay made from bread. The body is then covered by the doll's clothing, which is usually sewn by hand to the maker's tastes.

3492580183463201937

Q19830062

_START_ARTICLE_ April 2015 Nepal earthquake _START_SECTION_ Earthquake _START_PARAGRAPH_ The earthquake occurred on 25 April 2015 at 11:56 am NST (06:11:26 UTC) at a depth of approximately 15 km (9.3 mi) (which is considered shallow and therefore more damaging than quakes that originate deeper in the ground), with its epicentre approximately 34 km (21 mi) east-southeast of Lamjung, Nepal, lasting approximately fifty seconds. The earthquake was initially reported as 7.5 Mw by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) before it was quickly upgraded to 7.8 Mw. The China Earthquake Networks Center (CENC) reported the earthquake's magnitude to be 8.1 Mₛ. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) said two powerful quakes were registered in Nepal at 06:11 UTC and 06:45 UTC. The first quake measured 7.8 Mw and its epicenter was identified at a distance of 80 km to the northwest of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal. Bharatpur was the nearest major city to the main earthquake, 53 km (33 mi) from the epicenter. The second earthquake was somewhat less powerful at 6.6 Mw. It occurred 65 km (40 mi) east of Kathmandu and its seismic focus lay at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi) below the earth's surface. Over thirty-eight aftershocks of magnitude 4.5 Mw or greater occurred in the day following the initial earthquake, including the one of magnitude 6.8 Mw._NEWLINE_According to the USGS, the earthquake was caused by a sudden thrust, or release of built-up stress, along the major fault line where the Indian Plate, carrying India, is slowly diving underneath the Eurasian Plate, carrying much of Europe and Asia. Kathmandu, situated on a block of crust approximately 120 km (74 miles) wide and 60 km (37 miles) long, rapidly shifted 3 m (10 ft) to the south in a matter of just 30 seconds._NEWLINE_The risk of a large earthquake was well known beforehand. In 2013, in an interview with seismologist Vinod Kumar Gaur, The Hindu quoted him as saying, "Calculations show that there is sufficient accumulated energy [in the Main Frontal Thrust], now to produce an 8 magnitude earthquake. I cannot say when. It may not happen tomorrow, but it could possibly happen sometime this century, or wait longer to produce a much larger one." According to Brian Tucker, founder of a nonprofit organization devoted to reducing casualties from natural disasters, some government officials had expressed confidence that such an earthquake would not occur again. Tucker recounted a conversation he had had with a government official in the 1990s who said, "We don't have to worry about earthquakes anymore, because we already had an earthquake"; the previous earthquake to which he referred occurred in 1934. _START_SECTION_ Geology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nepal lies towards the southern limit of the diffuse collisional boundary where the Indian Plate underthrusts the Eurasian Plate, occupying the central sector of the Himalayan arc, nearly one-third of the 2,400 km (1,500 mi) long Himalayas. Geologically, the Nepal Himalayas are sub-divided into five tectonic zones from north to south and, east to west and almost parallel to sub-parallel. These five distinct morpho-geotectonic zones are: (1) Terai Plain, (2) Sub Himalaya (Shivalik Range), (3) Lesser Himalaya (Mahabharat Range and mid valleys), (4) Higher Himalaya, and (5) Inner Himalaya (Tibetan Tethys). Each of these zones is clearly identified by their morphological, geological, and tectonic features._NEWLINE_The convergence rate between the plates in central Nepal is about 45 mm (1.8 in) per year. The location, magnitude, and focal mechanism of the earthquake suggest that it was caused by a slip along the Main Frontal Thrust._NEWLINE_The earthquake's effects were amplified in Kathmandu as it sits on the Kathmandu Basin, which contains up to 600 m (2,000 ft) of sedimentary rocks, representing the infilling of a lake._NEWLINE_Based on a study published in 2014, of the Main Frontal Thrust, on average a great earthquake occurs every 750 ± 140 and 870 ± 350 years in the east Nepal region. A study from 2015 found a 700-year delay between earthquakes in the region. The study also suggests that because of tectonic stress buildup, the earthquake from 1934 in Nepal and the 2015 quake are connected, following a historic earthquake pattern. A 2016 study on historical great (M ≥ 8) earthquake pairs and cycles found that associated great earthquakes are likely to occur in the West China region through the 2020s. _START_SECTION_ Intensity _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the USGS website, the maximum intensity was VIII (Severe). In most of Kathmandu the intensity was VI, as evidenced by the numerous undamaged water towers installed on top of undamaged multi story buildings. Tremors were felt in the neighboring Indian states of Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Assam, West Bengal, Sikkim, Jharkhand, Uttarakhand, Gujarat, in the National capital region around New Delhi and as far south as Karnataka. Damage was extensive in northern Bihar and minor damage was also reported from parts of Odisha. Shaking was felt in high-rise buildings as far as Kochi in the southern state of Kerala. The intensity in Patna was V (Moderate). The intensity was IV (Light) in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The earthquake was also experienced across southwestern China, ranging from the Tibet Autonomous Region to Chengdu, which is 1,900 km (1,200 mi) away from the epicenter. Tremors were felt in Pakistan and Bhutan. _START_SECTION_ Aftershocks _START_PARAGRAPH_ A series of aftershocks began immediately after the mainshock, at intervals of 15–30 minutes, with one aftershock reaching 6.6Mw within 34 minutes of the initial quake. A major aftershock of magnitude 6.9 Mw occurred on 26 April 2015 in the same region at 12:54 NST (07:08 UTC), with an epicenter located about 17 km (11 mi) south of Kodari, Nepal. The aftershock caused fresh avalanches on Mount Everest and was felt in many places in northern India including Kolkata, Siliguri, Jalpaiguri, and Assam. The aftershock caused a landslide on the Koshi Highway, which blocked the section of the road between Bhedetar and Mulghat._NEWLINE_A model of GeoGateway, based on a United States Geological Survey mechanism of a near-horizontal fault as well as location of aftershocks showed that the fault had an 11° dip towards the north, striking at 295°, 50 km (31 mi) wide, 150 km (93 mi) long, and had a dip slip of 3 m (9.8 ft). The USGS says the aftershock registered at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 mi)._NEWLINE_As of 24 May 2016, 459 aftershocks had occurred with different epicenters and magnitudes equal to or above 4 Mw (out of which 51 aftershocks are equal to or above 5 Mw and 5 aftershocks above 6 Mw) and more than 20,000 aftershocks less than 4 Mw. _START_SECTION_ 12 May 2015 earthquake _START_PARAGRAPH_ A second major earthquake occurred on 12 May 2015 at 12:50 NST with a moment magnitude (Mw) of 7.3Mw 18 km (11 mi) southeast of Kodari. The epicenter was near the Chinese border between the capital of Kathmandu and Mt. Everest. It struck at the depth of 18.5 km (11.5 miles). This earthquake occurred along the same fault as the original magnitude 7.8 earthquake of 25 April but further to the east. As such, it is considered to be an aftershock of 25 April quake. Tremors were also felt in northern parts of India including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and other North-Indian States. At least 153 died in Nepal as a result of the aftershock and about 2,500 were injured. 62 others died in India, two in Bangladesh, and one in China. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Disastrous events in very poor and politically paralyzed nations such as Nepal often become a long drawn out chain of events, in that one disaster feeds into another for years or even decades upon end. The aftereffects from the earthquake had subsequent effects on a myriad of things: human trafficking, labour cost and availability, rental and property cost burdens, urbanization, private and public debt burdens, mental health, politics, tourism, disease, and damage to the healthcare system. A survey some 30 months afterwards found only 12% of the reconstruction money had been distributed, and those without land were locked out of financial support, exacerbating the social divide and feeding marginalization. _START_SECTION_ Avalanches on Mount Everest _START_PARAGRAPH_ This earthquake caused avalanches on Mount Everest. At least 19 died, with at least 120 others injured or missing. _START_SECTION_ Landslides in the Langtang Valley _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Langtang valley located in Langtang National Park, 329 people were reported missing after an avalanche hit the village of Ghodatabela and the village of Langtang. The avalanche was estimated to have been two to three kilometres wide. Ghodatabela was an area popular on the Langtang trekking route. The village of Langtang was destroyed by the avalanche. Smaller settlements on the outskirts of Langtang were buried during the earthquake, such as Chyamki, Thangsyap, and Mundu. Twelve locals and two foreigners were believed to have survived. Smaller landslides occurred in the Trishuli River Valley with reports of significant damage at Mailung, Simle, and Archale. On 4 May it was announced that 52 bodies had been found in the Langtang area, of which seven were of foreigners._NEWLINE_According to geological models, the frequency and intensity of future landslides in the Langtang Valley is due to increase in the coming decades. This is attributable directly to the effect of the earthquake, which caused widespread fracturing in the grounds of the Langtang area. _START_SECTION_ Damage _START_PARAGRAPH_ Thousands of houses were destroyed across many districts of the country, with entire villages flattened, especially those near the epicenter._NEWLINE_The Tribhuvan International Airport serving Kathmandu was closed immediately after the earthquake, but was re-opened later in the day for relief operations and, later, for some commercial flights. It subsequently shut down operations sporadically due to aftershocks, and on 3 May was closed temporarily to the largest planes for fear of runway damage. During strong aftershocks, the airport opened all boarding-lounge exit doors onto the tarmac, allowing travelers who were waiting post security and immigration to flee to the open spaces of the runway tarmac. Many travelers remained outside as planes were delayed and the airport swelled to capacity. The airport facilities suffered damage and there was no running water or operating toilets for travelers waiting in the airport lounges. Few airport workers were at their posts; most were killed in the earthquake or had to deal with its aftereffects._NEWLINE_Flights resumed from Pokhara, to the west of the epicentre, on 27 April._NEWLINE_Several of the churches in the Kathmandu valley were destroyed. As Saturday is the principal day of Christian worship in Nepal, 500 people were reported to have died in the collapses._NEWLINE_Several temples on Kathmandu Durbar Square, a UNESCO World Heritage Site, collapsed, as did the Dharahara tower, built in 1832; the collapse of the latter structure killed at least 180 people, Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, previously damaged in an earlier quake, tilted several inches further. The northern side of Janaki Mandir in Janakpur was reported to have been damaged. Several temples, including Kasthamandap, Panchtale temple, the top levels of the nine-story Basantapur Durbar, the Dasa Avtar temple and two dewals located behind the Shiva Parvati temple were demolished by the quake. Some other monuments including the Taleju Bhawani Temple partially collapsed._NEWLINE_The top of the Jaya Bageshwari Temple in Gaushala and some parts of the Pashupatinath Temple, Swyambhunath, Boudhanath Stupa, Ratna Mandir, inside Rani Pokhari, and Durbar High School have been destroyed._NEWLINE_In Patan, the Char Narayan Mandir, the statue of Yog Narendra Malla, a pati inside Patan Durbar Square, the Taleju Temple, the Hari Shankar, Uma Maheshwar Temple and the Machhindranath Temple in Bungamati were destroyed. In Tripureshwar, the Kal Mochan Ghat, a temple inspired by Mughal architecture, was completely destroyed and the nearby Tripura Sundari also suffered significant damage. In Bhaktapur, several monuments, including the Phasi Deva temple, the Chardham temple and the 17th century Vatsala Durga Temple were fully or partially destroyed._NEWLINE_Outside the Valley, the Manakamana Temple in Gorkha, the Gorkha Durbar, the Palanchok Bhagwati, in Kabhrepalanchok District, the Rani Mahal in Palpa District, the Churiyamai in Makwanpur District, the Dolakha Bhimsensthan in Dolakha District, and the Nuwakot Durbar suffered varying degrees of damage. Historian Prushottam Lochan Shrestha stated, "We have lost most of the monuments that had been designated as World Heritage Sites in Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Lalitpur District, Nepal. They cannot be restored to their original states." The northeastern parts of India also received major damage. Heavy shocks were felt in the states of Uttrakhand, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal and others. Huge damage was caused to the property and the lives of the people. _START_SECTION_ Economic loss _START_PARAGRAPH_ Concern was expressed that harvests could be reduced or lost this season as people affected by the earthquake would have only a short time to plant crops before the onset of the Monsoon rains._NEWLINE_Nepal, with a total Gross Domestic Product of US$19.921 billion (according to a 2012 estimate), is one of Asia's poorest countries, and has little ability to fund a major reconstruction effort on its own. Even before the quake, the Asian Development Bank estimated that it would need to spend about four times more than it currently does annually on infrastructure through to 2020 to attract investment. The U.S. Geological Survey initially estimated economic losses from the tremor at 9 percent to 50 percent of gross domestic product, with a best guess of 35 percent. "It's too hard for now to tell the extent of the damage and the effect on Nepal's GDP", according to Hun Kim, an Asian Development Bank (ADB) official. The ADB said on the 28th that it would provide a US$3 million grant to Nepal for immediate relief efforts, and up to US$200 million for the first phase of rehabilitation._NEWLINE_Rajiv Biswas, an economist at a Colorado-based consultancy, said that rebuilding the economy will need international effort over the next few years as it could "easily exceed" USD$5 billion, or about 20 percent of Nepal's gross domestic product. _START_SECTION_ Social effects _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was reported that the survivors were preyed upon by human traffickers involved in the supply of girls and women to the brothels of South Asia. These traffickers took advantage of the chaos that resulted from the aftermath of the earthquake. The most affected were women from poor communities who lost their homes._NEWLINE_In response to the unsafe conditions of the temporary campsites, international organizations implemented Safety Committees which were provided cash grants for necessities like additional toilets and bathrooms. _START_SECTION_ Most affected _START_PARAGRAPH_ Single women had very little access to relief, according to a report by the Inter-party Women's Alliance (IPWA). The report also found that violence and rapes against women and minors has increased after the earthquake. Additionally, the earthquake has significantly affected certain groups of people. Tibeto-Burman peoples were hardest hit as they tend to inhabit the higher slopes of mountains as opposed to the central valleys and are less educated and connected. All of these factors make them harder to access. According to a government survey, malnutrition in children has worsened considerably some 3 months after the quake, with the most undernourished being Tamang and Chepang peoples. Before the quake, 41 percent of children under five were stunted, 29 percent were underweight and 11 percent were emaciated, according to the World Food Programme. _START_SECTION_ Media coverage _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 3 May, the hashtag #GoHomeIndianMedia was trending worldwide on Twitter, condemning news covered by the Indian media as insensitive and inhumane to victims of the tragedy. The people of Nepal acknowledged the aid and effort put by the Indian armed forces, yet, at the same time, accused Indian news networks of carrying out "a public relations exercise" on behalf of the Indian government, of overemphasizing the role of the Indian Army, and of hogging space on relief planes where aid material or rescue or medical personnel could have been sent instead. Indian users responded with the hashtags #SorryNepal and #DontComeBackIndianMedia. _START_SECTION_ Disease _START_PARAGRAPH_ Though a feared mass cholera outbreak failed to materialize (there were sporadic reports), other outbreaks were reported. At least 13 people died of scrub typhus while 240 people were taken ill since the disease was first diagnosed in the country in August 2015 until September 2016. The mental and emotional impact of an earthquake is the other invisible disaster. _START_SECTION_ Rescue and relief _START_PARAGRAPH_ About 90% of soldiers from the Nepalese Army were sent to the stricken areas in the aftermath of the earthquake under Operation Sankat Mochan, with volunteers mobilized from other parts of the country. Rainfall and aftershocks were factors complicating the rescue efforts, with potential secondary effects like additional landslides and further building collapses being concerns. Impassable roads and damaged communications infrastructure posed substantial challenges to rescue efforts. Survivors were found up to a week after the earthquake._NEWLINE_As of 1 May international aid agencies like Médecins Sans Frontières and the Red Cross were able to start medically evacuating the critically wounded by helicopter from outlying areas, initially cut-off from the capital city, Kathmandu, and treating others in mobile and makeshift facilities. There was concern about epidemics due to the shortage of clean water, the makeshift nature of living conditions and the lack of toilets._NEWLINE_Emergency workers were able to identify four men who had been trapped in rubble, and rescue them, using advanced heartbeat detection. The four men were trapped in up to ten feet of rubble in the village of Chautara, north of Kathmandu. An international team of rescuers from several countries using FINDER devices found two sets of men under two different collapsed buildings._NEWLINE_Volunteers used crisis mapping to help plan emergency aid work. Local organization Kathmandu Living Labs helped coordinate local knowledge on the ground and collaborated with international crisis mapping and humanitarian organizations. Public volunteers from around the world participated in crowdmapping and added details into online maps. Information was mapped from data input from social media, satellite pictures and drones of passable roads, collapsed houses, stranded, shelterless and starving people, who needed help, and from messages and contact details of people willing to help. On-site volunteers verified these mapping details wherever they could to reduce errors._NEWLINE_Digital mappers, through the Kathmandu Living Labs, were already charting the densely populated Kathmandu Valley, and then focused on earthquake relief. "They were doing an inventory in the poorer communities where they didn't have a very good sense of the quality of buildings," says Cowan, whose students helped add Kathmandu's buildings and roads to OpenStreetMap. First responders, from Nepalese citizens to the Red Cross, the Nepal army and the United Nations used this data. The Nepal earthquake crisis mapping utilized experience gained and lessons learned about planning emergency aid work from earthquakes in Haiti and Indonesia._NEWLINE_India decided to donate $1 billion in cash and materials to Nepal. India's External Affairs Minister Sushma Swaraj said "I am happy to announce Government of India's pledge for Nepal's post-earthquake reconstruction of Nepali Rupees 10,000 crores, equivalent to one billion US dollars, one fourth of it as Grant." The International Conference on Nepal's Reconstruction has been organised by the Nepalese government to raise funds for rebuilding the country._NEWLINE_Reports are also coming in of sub-standard relief materials and inedible food being sent to Nepal by many of the foreign aid agencies._NEWLINE_A United States Marine Corps helicopter crashed on 12 May while involved in delivering relief supplies. The Bell UH-1Y Venom crashed at Charikot, roughly 45 miles (72 kilometers) east of Kathmandu. Two Nepalese soldiers and six American Marines died in the crash._NEWLINE_Need-fulfillment application, Getmii, launched a special pilot version in partnership with the Red Cross to double daily blood donors at the Kathmandu donation center using the app._NEWLINE_Imaging technologies such as satellites and smartphones, were instrumental to relief efforts in Nepal. GLIMS, group of volunteer scientists from nine nations, were able to provide rapid, systematic mapping of the damaged area, allowing the investigation of earthquake-induced geo-hazard processes that provided information to relief and recovery officials on the same timeframe as those operations were occurring. _START_SECTION_ Monuments _START_PARAGRAPH_ UNESCO and the Ministry of Culture began strengthening damaged monuments in danger of collapsing before the monsoon season. Subsequent restoration of collapsed structures, including historic houses is planned. Architectural drawings exist that provide plans for reconstruction. According to UNESCO, more than 30 monuments in the Kathmandu Valley collapsed in the quakes, and another 120 incurred partial damage. Repair estimates are $160 million to restore 1,000 damaged and destroyed monasteries, temples, historic houses, and shrines across the country. The destruction is concentrated in the Kathmandu Valley. UNESCO designated seven groups of multi-ethnic monuments clustered in the valley as a single World Heritage Site, including Swayambhu, the Durbar squares of Kathmandu, Patan, and Bhaktapur, and the Hindu temples of Pashupatinath and Changu Narayan. Damaged in the quakes were the structures in the three Durbar squares, the temple of Changu Narayan, and the 1655 temple in Sankhu. Drones fly above cultural heritage sites to provide 3D images of the damage to use for planning repairs.

10669781564496831004

Q18352818

_START_ARTICLE_ Apsara International Air _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apsara Air began operations with its inaugural flight on 8 October 2014 between Phnom Penh and Siem Reap. _START_SECTION_ Fleet _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of January 2017 Apsara International Air does not operate any aircraft

14806412934262958096

Q21665063

_START_ARTICLE_ Arabella Valpy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arabella Valpy (1833 – 18 January 1910) was one of six children of William Henry Valpy and Caroline Valpy (born Jeffreys), a pioneer family that emigrated from England to Dunedin, New Zealand, in January 1849 aboard the Ajax. Arabella was born in West Bengal, India, where her father was a judge._NEWLINE_Valpy is remembered for inviting General William Booth to New Zealand to introduce The Salvation Army to the colony. She wrote to him in April 1882, including a bank draft for two hundred pounds to cover costs, and in November 1882 two officers were sent to New Zealand to found the Salvation Army._NEWLINE_She established the Band of Hope Coffee Rooms with her sisters Ellen Penelope Jeffreys and Catherine Valpy and also used her own money to hire a building in Dunedin for a Sailors' Coffee Room, which she ran herself._NEWLINE_Valpy supported the passing of the Electoral Act 1893, which extended suffrage to women and signed the petition to Parliament asking for the vote to be extended to women.

7694718476517807992

Q24572436

_START_ARTICLE_ Aravind Bellad _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born on 3 Aug 1969, Arvind is the son of Chandrakant Bellad and Leelavathi C Bellad. The youngest among five children, this product of KE Boards High School and Karnataka Science College Dharwad completed his engineering from SDM College of Engineering, Dharwad. He has also completed his PGDM in Business Management from INSEAD, France. His immediate family consists of his gracious wife Smriti and his two children Agastya and Pracchi. _START_SECTION_ Constituency _START_PARAGRAPH_ He represents the Hubli-Dharwad West constituency. _START_SECTION_ Political Party _START_PARAGRAPH_ He is from the Bharatiya Janata Party.

17466976491467202029

Q20446

_START_ARTICLE_ Arc-sur-Tille _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arc-sur-Tille is located approximately 12 kilometres by road east of Dijon by road D70 which continues north-west to Magny-Saint-Medard. The A31 autoroute passes through the west of the commune from north to south with exit  4  in the commune west of the town. The commune can also be accessed from Remilly-sur-Tille in the south by road D34 which continues north to Chateau d'Arcelot. Road D961 also goes east from the village to Étevaux. Apart from the large sized village occupying some 15% of the commune, the rest of the area is almost entirely farmland. _START_SECTION_ Geology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The commune is located on a marshy plain _START_SECTION_ Hydrography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The commune is traversed from north to south by the Tille, a tributary of the Saône. It has often flooded in the past, overwhelming and damaging the village and crops._NEWLINE_The Lake of Arc-sur-Tille, west of the town, is a former gravel pit converted since 2002 to create the largest sandy beach in Burgundy. It is very popular in summer with swimmers and it allows many water activities (sailing, canoeing, water skiing and fishing basins reserved). The lake water is of excellent quality. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Arc-sur-Tille Parish in the 17th century had its name corrupted by the vulgar pronunciation Astille. The village was a bailiwick, revenue office, and storehouse for salt from Dijon. Depends on both the Bishop of Chalon-sur-Saône and the Archdeacon of Oscheret. Three-quarters of the tithe was for the lord and the rest for the priest. It was 11, 12, or 13 bundles of all kinds of grain._NEWLINE_The patron saint of the parish was Saint Martin, Archbishop of Tours, whose principal feast is not on 11 November, the day of his death, but on 4 July, the day of the Translation of his relics; the dedication of the church is celebrated the Sunday before 3 August._NEWLINE_Abbots from the Abbey of Saint-Étienne of Dijon have the right to preach at this church, from Gautier, Bishop of Chalon-sur-Saône who gave this right to them in 1117. Jotsalde or Joussaud, his successor in the bishopric, ratified this in the same year in a full synod of Tournus and it was subsequently confirmed by various popes in 1124, by Callistus II in 1139, by Innocent II, then in 1156, 1185, 1238, 1245 and 1290. This land with full justice rights was raised to a marquisate. The only trade was in coal. It grew wheat, barley, oats and conceau in vineyards and meadows that yielded a very bad hay. The 138 inhabitants were very poor except for three or four. In 1260 Henry de Vergy declared tenure in fief with allegiance to the Duke of Burgundy the fiefs of Bere, Arc-sur-Tille, and Janle. The village was given the name of a local family. Maifroi of Archo gave the enclosed land within the lordship of Arc to the abbot of Saint-Étienne and also gave him the right of heating from the wood in 1115._NEWLINE_It was in the 14th century that the last heir of the lordship, Jehanne d'Arc, took as her husband Eudes de Saulx and thus the land entered the House of Saulx-Tavannes where it still was in the 18th century. The levy cost the States the sum of 45,000 livres in 1614. Before the French Revolution there were four fairs a year: on 4 January, March, May, and September. In 1636 Arc was burned by Matthias Gallas and the castle was plundered and destroyed._NEWLINE_On 9 February 1650 near Arc there was a battle between the troops of the King, led by the Marquis de Tavannes and the Count, his nephew, who commanded those of the Prince of Conde, then a prisoner at Le Havre. The King was defeated and lost all his equipment.

2492752716791999774

Q16232553

_START_ARTICLE_ Arceto Clark _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Clark was born in Tupelo, Mississippi. A graduate of Shannon High School in Shannon, Mississippi, Clark was selected to play in the Mississippi-Alabama High School All-Star game at the wide receiver position. He was ranked among the top 25 high school recruits in the state of Mississippi by The Clarion-Ledger following the conclusion of his senior season. He was selected as the Class 4A Division 4 Offensive Most Valuable Player in high school. _START_SECTION_ Seattle Seahawks _START_PARAGRAPH_ On June 4, 2013, he signed with the Seattle Seahawks as an undrafted free agent. On August 31, 2013, he was released by the Seahawks. _START_SECTION_ Cleveland Browns _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 10, 2013, he signed with the Cleveland Browns. _START_SECTION_ Seattle Seahawks (second stint) _START_PARAGRAPH_ On October 2, 2013, he re-signed with the Seattle Seahawks to join the practice squad. He was released by the Seahawks on August 30, 2014.

6729299995609469380

Q6064756

_START_ARTICLE_ Archaeology of Iowa _START_PARAGRAPH_ The archaeology of Iowa is the study of the buried remains of human culture within the U.S. state of Iowa from the earliest prehistoric through the late historic periods. When the American Indians first arrived in what is now Iowa more than 13,000 years ago, they were hunters and gatherers living in a Pleistocene glacial landscape. By the time European explorers visited Iowa, American Indians were largely settled farmers with complex economic, social, and political systems. This transformation happened gradually. During the Archaic period (10,500–2,800 years ago) American Indians adapted to local environments and ecosystems, slowly becoming more sedentary as populations increased. More than 3,000 years ago, during the Late Archaic period, American Indians in Iowa began utilizing domesticated plants. The subsequent Woodland period saw an increase on the reliance on agriculture and social complexity, with increased use of mounds, ceramics, and specialized subsistence. During the Late Prehistoric period (beginning about AD 900) increased use of maize and social changes led to social flourishing and nucleated settlements. The arrival of European trade goods and diseases in the Protohistoric period led to dramatic population shifts and economic and social upheaval, with the arrival of new tribes and early European explorers and traders. During the Historical period European traders and American Indians in Iowa gave way to American settlers and Iowa was transformed into an agricultural state. _START_SECTION_ Iowa archaeologists _START_PARAGRAPH_ Archaeologists have studied the prehistory of Iowa since the mid-19th century, when large American Indian mounds were first observed along the Mississippi. Early archaeologists such as S.V. Proudfit and Theodore Lewis documented large sites such as earthworks, mounds, and earthlodges. Truly systematic recording of Iowa sites began with Charles R. Keyes and Ellison Orr’s surveys and excavations beginning in the 1920s. Documenting hundreds of sites, often just before they disappeared under the plow, Keyes’ and Orr’s work led to the formation of the Iowa Archaeological Survey, the Iowa Archeological Society, and the designation of Effigy Mounds National Monument. After their deaths in 1951, the Survey was disbanded, and their efforts were continued by the University of Iowa’s Department of Sociology and Anthropology, which formed the Office of the State Archaeologist (OSA) in 1959. The OSA maintains an extensive list of more than 23,000 recorded archaeological sites in Iowa, and conducts survey and excavation across the state. Other institutions conducting archaeological research in Iowa include the State Historical Society of Iowa, the Iowa Archeological Society, the University of Iowa, Iowa State University, Grinnell College, Luther College, and private archaeological firms. Professional archaeologists in Iowa are represented by the Association of Iowa Archaeologists. Iowa archaeology grew dramatically beginning in the 1960s with the introduction of Cultural Resources Management legislation that required archaeological survey and excavation at many federal projects in Iowa. _START_SECTION_ Paleoindian (13,500–10,500 years ago) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Paleoindian hunters and gatherers were the first occupants of Iowa, entering the state at the end of the Pleistocene glacial period. At the time the state was covered by tundra, conifer forests, and deciduous forests. Areas immediately north of Des Moines extending to Minnesota were covered by the receding Des Moines Lobe, a large glacier system. Highly mobile, their sites are scattered across Iowa and are noted for their large stone points. While Paleoindians were traditionally viewed as big game hunters, more recent research suggests much of their subsistence was derived from small game and wild plants. Paleoindian points are found throughout Iowa, but almost no intact Paleoindian sites have been excavated, probably because they were ephemeral and are now either destroyed by plowing or are very deeply buried in river valleys. _START_SECTION_ Clovis and other Early Paleoindian _START_PARAGRAPH_ The oldest artifacts found in Iowa are Clovis points, large lanceolate points found occasionally in all parts of the state except for the Des Moines Lobe. Possible sources of game were giant Pleistocene megafauna, including mammoth, mastodon, and giant forms of bison, all of which are now extinct. While widespread, only two Clovis sites have been excavated in Iowa. The Rummells-Maske site is a Clovis site in Cedar County; unfortunately, this site was damaged by plowing, although 20 points and point fragments were recovered. The Carlisle Clovis Cache Site in Warren County contained 38 unfinished stone tools that appear to date to the Clovis period, but these results have not yet been published._NEWLINE_Other Iowa Early Paleoindian points include Gainey, a point that appears to be intermediate between Clovis and Folsom. Gainey points were also recovered at Rummells-Maske. While Folsom points are found throughout Iowa, especially western Iowa, none have been excavated in a well-preserved site. _START_SECTION_ Dalton and other Late Paleoindian _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the beginning of the glacial-free Holocene Epoch, humans in Iowa utilized projectile point found throughout the mid-continent, including Dalton, Fayette, Agate Basin, and Hell Gap. Humans were still highly mobile, and by this time most of the Pleistocene megafauna had gone extinct. As with the Early Paleoindian period, no intact Late Paleoindian sites have been excavated in Iowa. _START_SECTION_ Archaic Period _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Archaic is the longest period of Iowa prehistory, lasting about 8,000 years. Overall, populations appear to have increased in Iowa during the Archaic, despite a changing climate. During this time American Indians transitioned from highly mobile hunters and gatherers with large ranges towards a focus on local resources and ecosystems. Domesticated plants appeared in Iowa towards the end of the Archaic. _START_SECTION_ Early Archaic (10,500–7,500 years ago) _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the Early Archaic period regional variation in point forms is seen in Iowa, and Indians adapted to more localized forms of hunting and gathering while probably maintaining seasonal movements from camp to camp. Common stone tool types are Corner-notched St. Charles points and Thebes Knives. Soon Hardin and Kirk points appear in Iowa as well. Excavated Early Archaic sites in Iowa include the Soldow Site, Horizons IIIa and II of the Cherokee Sewer Site, and the Simonsen Site. _START_SECTION_ Middle Archaic (7,500–5,000 years ago) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Temperatures rose in the mid-continent during the Middle Archaic, a warming trend known as the Hypsithermal. Grasslands expanded east, forests became less common, and many Iowa lakes shrank or disappeared. Humans responded by diversifying their subsistence strategy: eastern Iowa saw a shift towards river resources, and western Iowa towards Plains resources. Excavated sites in eastern and central Iowa include the Brash Site, the Gast Spring Site, and the Ed’s Meadow Site. Western Iowa sites include the Turin Site, Horizon I of the Cherokee Sewer Site, and the Pony Creek Site. _START_SECTION_ Late Archaic (5,000–2,800 years ago) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Late Archaic the climate became more similar to modern with the end of the Hypsithermal. The number of Late Archaic Sites increased in Iowa, perhaps reflective of increased populations allowed by climate change and new subsistence strategies. The Late Archaic sees the first indication of mound building in Iowa, as well as direct evidence of domesticated plants, and large, long-term settlements. The Red Ocher Culture appeared in northeast Iowa, associated with copper artifacts and mound building. Numerous Late Archaic sites have been excavated in eastern Iowa, some showing the gradual adaptation of cultigens, including squash, little barley, marsh elder, and barnyard grass. Sites with evidence for early cultigens in Iowa include the Edgewater Park Site in Coralville, the Gast Spring Site, and the Sand Run Slough West Site. In western Iowa, Late Archaic sites are common, however large bison killing or processing sites are less common than before, and there is little evidence for the use of domesticated plants. _START_SECTION_ Woodland Period _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the Woodland period, many American Indians in Iowa shifted away from hunting and gathering and used more domesticated plants, although wild food was still important. Ceramics, the bow and arrow, burial mounds, and evidence of political and social hierarchy became common at Woodland sites in Iowa. _START_SECTION_ Early Woodland (800 BC–200 BC) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Early Woodland period saw the introduction of ceramics to Iowa, including Marion Thick and Black Sand types. Marion Thick may have originated with the nucleated Late Archaic cultures of the Upper Midwest, and was widespread in distribution. Early Woodland Indians in eastern Iowa built large burial mounds in the Mississippi River region, and participated in long-distance trade of exotic raw material. This long-distance trade may have been the forerunner of the later Havanna-Hopewell trading sphere. In north-central Iowa, Early Woodland peoples appear to have interacted more directly with the Prairie Lakes region of Minnesota. Numerous Early Woodland sites have been excavated in Iowa, including the Gast Spring Site, and many sites which have not been formally published. _START_SECTION_ Middle Woodland (200 BC–400 AD) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Middle Woodland Indians of eastern Iowa participated at the edge of the Havana and Hopewell interaction networks. This cultural connection to the East is seen in the construction of large mounds, earthworks, and the trade of exotic goods over very long distances. There were several large earthwork enclosures in Iowa along the Mississippi that date to the Middle Woodland period, but none in the interior of the state, indicating Iowa is the western edge of Havana-Hopewell influence. The Toolesboro Mound Group in Louisa County included a large octagonal earthen enclosure that covered several acres; earthworks of this style are indicative of the monumental construction once seen in Havana, Illinois along the Illinois River and sites in the Ohio River drainage including Chillicothe and Newark, Ohio. Hopewell trading networks were quite extensive, with obsidian from the Yellowstone area, copper from Lake Superior, and shells from the Gulf Coast appearing in Middle Woodland Iowa sites. Sites in eastern Iowa appeared to nucleate, vacating much of the hinterlands. Western Iowa appears to have been not directly involved in this exchange network, and the Havana-Hopewell flourishing did not extend much above the Kansas City area of the Missouri River. _START_SECTION_ Late Woodland (400–1250 AD) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Late Woodland Period was once considered to be relatively unimportant and uninteresting compared to earlier and later periods, but recent research shows unexpected cultural complexity. Late Woodland sites are more dispersed than Middle Woodland sites, but they are apparently more numerous. Gone are the complex earthworks and long-distance trade networks, but this does not appear to be a cultural collapse, since Late Woodland sites and artifact types overlap with and transition from Middle Woodland sites. Technical changes of the Late Woodland include the use of true arrow heads, thinner and larger ceramics with less elaborate decorations, and the adaptation of new crops, including maize. Numerous regional variations and phases have been defined in Iowa, based in large extent on differences of ceramic form and decoration. Excavations at Late Woodland sites are common, some of these sites showing surprising complexity. The Gast Farm Site excavations revealed a complex settlement associated with a midden of refuse 100 m in diameter. Large storage and food processing pits, trash middens, and other features were excavated. Occupants utilized acorns, other nuts and fruits, goosefoot, little barley, maygrass, sunflower, fish, birds, deer, muskrat, and turtle. There was little evidence of long-distance trade. The Rainbow and M.A.D. sites provide a glimpse into the Late Archaic of western Iowa. At Rainbow, a large house was excavated, showing evidence of reuse and possible joint occupation by two families. Mound building became more common during the Late Woodland Period, large groups of mounds appeared including the Slinde Mound Group, and the Fish Farm Mound Group. _START_SECTION_ Effigy Mounds _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Late Woodland in Iowa is perhaps best known for effigy mounds, large, low mounds shaped like animals such as birds and bears. Effigy mounds are distributed across southern Wisconsin, northern Illinois, and northeast Iowa. A large concentration of mounds in several groups is preserved at Effigy Mounds National Monument. Like most mounds in Iowa, excavation reveals that these mounds were commonly used as sacred burial locations but contain few artifacts. Recent ground-penetrating radar survey of selected mounds at Effigy Mounds National Monument reveal that many are badly disturbed, but others appear to be comparatively intact. The Folkert Mound Group in central Iowa contains an enigmatic cruciform mound that may or may not be astronomically aligned. _START_SECTION_ Late Prehistoric (900–1600) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Maize appears to have been the catalyst for change in the Late Prehistoric period in Iowa. While maize had been a minor crop in the Woodland Period, many archaeologists believe new varieties of maize were introduced to the region that produced higher yields, allowing for a population boom. This increase in population, combined with the potential for surplus and growing tensions over control of territory, appears to have led to large nucleated settlements throughout the eastern U.S. Although this manifested itself earliest along the Mississippi south of Iowa, the earliest Late Prehistoric cultures appeared in the western part of the state. _START_SECTION_ Great Oasis (ca. 900–1100) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Great Oasis sites appeared in the Missouri River drainage, and have attributes of both Late Woodland and Late Prehistoric cultures. Great Oasis cultures extended through the eastern Plains from Iowa to South Dakota. Developing independently from the eastern Mississippian cultures, Great Oasis sites display large sites along major stream terraces, increased reliance on agriculture combined with hunting and gathering, substantial pit earth lodges, and a transition from Late Woodland to Late Prehistoric ceramic forms. Overall, Great Oasis appears to have been a regional adaptation of new forms of farming and settlement patterns, including seasonal occupation of different ecological zones, that includes aspects of Late Woodland and the subsequent Middle Missouri Tradition. _START_SECTION_ Mill Creek and Glenwood (1100–1300) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In northwestern Iowa, Great Oasis underwent dramatic changes as Mill Creek sites appeared. While Mill Creek has many stylistic similarities with Great Oasis and some Mill Creek sites contain Great Oasis ceramic forms, Mill Creek sites are substantially different. Mill Creek sites became nucleated, often fortified, had a much higher dependence on maize and bison hunting, show substantial evidence of long-distance trade, and appear to have been occupied year-round. The Phipps and Chan-Ya-Ta sites are classic examples. Glenwood culture sites in southwest Iowa near the Missouri River appear to be unrelated to the earlier Great Oasis sites, and are notable for their large earthlodge sites. Glenwood sites appear to have been more oriented in lifeways and trade with the Central Plains Tradition cultures to the west than with the Mississippian cultures to the southeast. Around 1300 AD Mill Creek and Glenwood sites in Iowa disappeared, replaced by the rapidly spreading Oneota cultures. _START_SECTION_ Oneota (1250–1700) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Very large Mississippian centers appeared around AD 1000, with enormous earthen pyramids, palisades, and extreme social hierarchy. The earliest large Mississippian center was Cahokia, east of St. Louis. Cahokia appears to have dominated trade in the upper Mississippi, with satellite or closely aligned settlements as far as Aztalan in Wisconsin. In Iowa, there is little evidence of Mississippian occupation, and the Late Woodland lasts longer in the east than in the west. This is puzzling, given the proximity to Mississippian cultures; it is possible that the nearby presence of the large, hierarchal Mississippian trading network inhibited local development. After the decline of the Cahokia network after AD 1250 the local Late Woodland populations expanded in complexity, developing large nucleated villages and their own trading network, known as Oneota. Oneota, named by Charles Keyes for a river in northeast Iowa, was a large cultural manifestation that covered the Upper Midwest at the edge of the Mississippian cultures. Oneota sites are easily identifiable by the globular, shell-tempered pots, which typically have strap handles and incised designs. Pots of this kind were well designed for the cooking of porridge and foods made from the various cultivated foods of the area. Important Oneota sites in Iowa include Kingston, Mckinney, Christenson, Blood Run, Hartley Fort, the Lane Enclosure, three sites in downtown Des Moines, and sites along the Upper Iowa River, including several large earthwork enclosures. After the decline of the Mill Creek and Glenwood cultures in western Iowa, Oneota cultures appeared across the state. It is widely accepted that the Oneota were the ancestors of modern American Indian tribes associated with Iowa, including the Ioway, Ho-Chunk (Winnebago), Otoe, Missouria, and Omaha. _START_SECTION_ Protohistoric (1600–1800) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Protohistoric refers to the period when American Indians were exposed to European trade items and large population shifts occurred because of introduced European diseases and warfare, but there is very little direct written documentation. Explorers such as Marquette and Joliet occasionally documented American Indians along the Mississippi in Iowa, but it was not until the early 19th century that regular written accounts of American Indians in Iowa became common. American Indians in the early Protohistoric period continued many aspects of Oneota culture, but soon almost all indigenous technology disappeared, including ceramics and stone tool production. It was during this period that the Meskwaki (Fox) and Sauk appeared in eastern Iowa, displaced from their homelands in the east. Important protohistoric sites include Milford; Blood Run; Gillett Grove; and Iowaville. _START_SECTION_ Historical (1800–present) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The earliest European forts and settlements were established by traders beginning in the 1680s. Almost none of these ephemeral early historical sites have been located archaeologically. Julien Dubuque’s Mines of Spain settlement and adjacent Meskwaki village occupied in the late 18th century and early 19th century, has been the subject of numerous archaeological surveys. Fort Madison (1808–1813), the first American settlement and the first American fort in Iowa, was partially excavated in 1965. American settlement began in earnest in the 1830s, and the official removal of American Indians from Iowa was completed by 1852. Several of these historical sites have been excavated, including Gilbert’s Trading Post. and Fort Atkinson. Archaeologists have also studied historical American settlements, including excavations at the Plum Grove Historic House, the Buxton African-American community, and the Bowen’s Prairie community.

13114293022120412321

Q2692553

_START_ARTICLE_ Archbishop of Cologne _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Archbishop of Cologne is an archbishop representing the Archdiocese of Cologne of the Catholic Church in western North Rhine-Westphalia and northern Rhineland-Palatinate in Germany and was ex officio one of the electors of the Holy Roman Empire, the Elector of Cologne, from 1356 to 1801._NEWLINE_Since the early days of the Catholic Church, there have been ninety-four bishops and archbishops of Cologne. Seven of these ninety-four retired by resignation, including four resignations which were in response to impeachment. Eight of the bishops and archbishops were coadjutor bishops before they took office. Seven individuals were appointed as coadjutors freely by the Pope. One of the ninety-four moved to the Curia, where he became a cardinal. Additionally, six of the archbishops of Cologne were chairmen of the German Bishops' Conference._NEWLINE_Currently, Rainer Maria Cardinal Woelki is the Archbishop of Cologne, since his 2014 transfer from Berlin, where he had been Cardinal Archbishop.

9801388219562707477

Q956763

_START_ARTICLE_ Archduchess Hermine of Austria _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hermine was the daughter of Archduke Joseph, Palatine of Hungary and Princess Hermine of Anhalt-Bernburg-Schaumburg-Hoym. Her mother died shortly after giving birth to her and her twin brother, Archduke Stephen, Palatine of Hungary. She was brought up by her stepmother, Duchess Maria Dorothea of Württemberg. She spent much of her childhood in Buda and at the family estate in Alcsútdoboz and received an excellent education.Contemporaries described Archduchess Hermine as a comely, kind and modest. However, she was a slim young woman, frail body, and prone to diseases._NEWLINE_Hermine was Princess-Abbess of the Theresian Royal and Imperial Ladies Chapter of the Castle of Prague (1835-1842), and she died 13 February 1842 in Vienna, Austria.

4399984879136019267

Q4785948

_START_ARTICLE_ Archer Denness _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Denness was born 26 December 1914 in Fremantle, Western Australia. He married Jessie Elma Brown on 23 November 1946 at Orange, New South Wales. She was born 12 August 1916, Gunnedah or Coonabarabran, New South Wales and was an Army Nurse during the Second World War. The couple had three children, (Helen, Ian and Janice), and 11 grandchildren. Archer died in Temora, New South Wales on 12 September 1997, and Jessie on 13 April 2006. _START_SECTION_ Military career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following the outbreak of the Second World War Denness enlisted in the Second Australian Imperial Force in 1940, listing his pre-service occupation as a butcher. In 1941, after undertaking officer training, he was commissioned with the rank of lieutenant and assigned to the 2/32nd Battalion, of the 9th Division, serving with them during the North African campaign and then later in New Guinea after they were brought back to fight against the Japanese. In 1944 he received a Mentioned in Despatches for his service while deployed. _NEWLINE_Following the end of the war, Denness transferred to the 66th Battalion and deployed to Japan as part of the British Commonwealth Occupation Force, where he commanded the battalion's 'B' Company, carrying out a number of operations including a search raid on the village of Kinoe where Denness' company discovered a contraband smuggling vessel. In 1948, however, he returned to Australia and after being discharged on 26 May, he was placed on the Reserve of Officers list._NEWLINE_Following the outbreak of the Korean War, Denness returned to the active list and was assigned to the 3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment. While in command of 'C' Company he took part in the Battle of Yongju in Korea, for which he was later awarded the Military Cross. In July 1951, Denness briefly commanded 3RAR between the departure of Lieutenant Colonel Bruce Ferguson and the arrival of the new commanding officer, Lieutenant Colonel Frank Hassett. _NEWLINE_He retired in 1960. _START_SECTION_ Military Cross citation _START_PARAGRAPH_ DENNESS, Archer Patterson, Captain (2/400335),_NEWLINE_ _NEWLINE_3rd Battalion, Royal Australian Regiment, 1950_NEWLINE_On 22 October 1950, Captain Denness commanded C Company which was the advance guard during a drive north from Yongu in North Korea to link with elements of 11 US Airborne Division some three miles to the north. On reaching a position approximately one mile from the Airborne Division, his company came under heavy rifle and machine-gun fire from a wooded ridge to his front and right flank. Captain Denness quickly organised an attack on the position. As this attack was about to be launched, his company came under more machine-gun fire and rifle fire from approximately forty enemy entrenched in an orchard to his left flank. Despite heavy fire from three sides, Captain Denness resolutely pressed home his original attack, accounting for seventy-five enemy dead. As the attack progressed, his company came under further heavy fire from a position 400 yards to the north. Again Captain Denness quickly launched an attack, killing forty enemy soldiers. During this engagement, which lasted for two hours, his company killed 130 enemy for the loss of three wounded. Captain Denness's task was the more difficult as the proximity of elements of 11 US Airborne Division precluded the use of artillery or mortar fire. Throughout this bitter engagement, Captain Denness was constantly under heavy fire and showed little regard for his personal safety. His calm, resolute action was an inspiration to the entire company and ensured an early junction with the forward elements of 11 US Airborne Division who were in desperate need of support.

11477461914936605677

Q134676

_START_ARTICLE_ Archosauromorpha _START_SECTION_ History and definition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The term Archosauromorpha was first used by Friedrich von Huene in 1946 to refer to reptiles more closely related to archosaurs than to lepidosaurs. However, there was little consensus on ancient reptile relationships prior to the late 20th century, so the term Archosauromorpha was seldom used until many years after its creation._NEWLINE_The advent of cladistics helped to sort out at least some of the relationships within Reptilia, and it became clear that there was a split between the archosaur lineage and the lepidosaur lineage somewhere within the Permian, with certain reptiles clearly closer to archosaurs and others allied with lepidosaurs. Jacques Gauthier reused the term Archosauromorpha for the archosaur lineage at the 1982 annual meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, and later used it within his 1984 Ph.D. thesis. Archosauromorpha, as formulated by Gauthier, included four main groups of reptiles: Rhynchosauria, "Prolacertiformes", "Trilophosauria", and Archosauria (now equivalent to the group Archosauriformes). Cladistic analyses created during the 1980s by Gauthier, Michael J. Benton, and Susan E. Evans implemented Gauthier's classification scheme within large studies of reptile relations._NEWLINE_Michel Laurin (1991) defined Archosauromorpha as the clade containing the most recent common ancestor of Prolacerta, Trilophosaurus, Hyperodapedon and all of its descendants. David Dilkes (1998) formulated a more inclusive (and currently more popular) definition of Archosauromorpha, defining it as the clade containing Protorosaurus and all other saurians that are more closely related to Protorosaurus than to Lepidosauria._NEWLINE_In 2016, Martin Ezcurra named a subgroup of Archosauromorpha, Crocopoda ("crocodile feet"). Crocopoda is defined as all archosauromorphs more closely related to allokotosaurs (specifically Azendohsaurus and Trilophosaurus), rhynchosaurs (specifically Rhynchosaurus), or archosauriforms (specifically Proterosuchus) rather than Protorosaurus or tanystropheids (specifically Tanystropheus). This group roughly corresponds to Laurin's definition of Archosauromorpha. _START_SECTION_ Unambiguous members _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since the seminal studies of the 1980s, Archosauromorpha has consistently been found to contain four specific reptile groups, although the definitions and validity of the groups themselves have been questioned. The least controversial group is Rhynchosauria ("beak reptiles"), a monophyletic clade of stocky herbivores. Many rhynchosaurs had highly modified skulls, with beak-like premaxillary bones and wide heads._NEWLINE_Another group of archosauromorphs has traditionally been represented by Trilophosaurus, an unusual iguana-like herbivorous reptile quite different from the rhynchosaurs. Gauthier used the name "Trilophosauria" for this group, but a 2015 study offered an alternative name. This study found that Azendohsauridae, Triassic reptiles previously mistaken for "prosauropod" dinosaurs, were in fact close relatives of Trilophosaurus and the rest of Trilophosauridae. Trilophosaurids and azendohsaurids are now united under the group Allokotosauria ("strange reptiles")._NEWLINE_These two groups did not survive the end of the Triassic period, but the most famous group of archosauromorphs not only survived, but have continued to diversify and dominate beyond the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. These were the Archosauriformes, a diverse assortment of animals including the famous dinosaurs and pterosaurs. Two subclades of Archosauriformes survive to the present day: the semiaquatic crocodilians and the last of the feathered dinosaurs: birds. Gauthier used the name Archosauria to refer to what is now called the Archosauriformes; in modern studies, the name Archosauria has a more restricted definition that only includes the ancestors of crocodilians (i.e. Pseudosuchia) and birds (i.e. Avemetatarsalia)._NEWLINE_The final unambiguous members of Archosauromorpha represent the most controversial group. These were the first archosauromorphs to appear, and can be characterized by their long necks, sprawling posture, and carnivorous habits. One name for the group, Protorosauria, is named after Protorosaurus, the oldest archosauromorph known from good remains. Another name, Prolacertiformes, is in reference to a different member, Prolacerta. Protorosauria/Prolacertiformes has had a complicated history, and many taxa have entered and left the group as paleontologists discover and re-evaluate reptiles of the Triassic. By far the most famous of these are tanystropheids such as Tanystropheus, known for having necks longer than their entire body. Other notable genera include Boreopricea, Pamelaria, and Macrocnemus, as well as strange gliding reptiles such as Sharovipteryx and Mecistotrachelos. A landmark 1998 study by David Dilkes completely deconstructed the concept of Prolacertiformes as a traditional monophyletic group (i.e. one whose members have a single common ancestor). He argued that Prolacerta was much closer to Archosauriformes than to other "prolacertiforms", invalidating the name. Likewise, Pamelaria is now considered an allokotosaur, Macrocnemus is a tanystropheid, and Protorosaurus may be too basal ("primitive") to form a clade with any of its supposed close relatives. As such, this final group of Archosauromorpha is generally considered paraphyletic or polyphyletic, and few modern studies use it. _START_SECTION_ Disputed members _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apart from these four groups, Archosauromorpha is sometimes considered to encompass several additional groups of reptiles. One of the most common additions is Choristodera, a group of semiaquatic reptiles with mysterious origins. Although choristodere fossils are only known from the Jurassic through the Miocene, it is theorized that they first appeared during the Permian alongside the earliest archosauromorphs. Choristoderes share numerous otherwise unique traits with archosauromorphs, but they share an equal or greater number of unique traits with lepidosauromorphs as well, so there is still some debate over their inclusion within either group. The chameleon- or tamandua-like drepanosaurs are also semi-regularly placed within Archosauromorpha, although some studies have considered them to be part of a much more basal lineage of reptiles. The aquatic thalattosaurs and gliding kuehneosaurids are also irregularly considered archosauromorphs._NEWLINE_Genetic studies have found evidence that modern testudines (turtles and tortoises) are more closely related to crocodilians than to lizards. If this evidence is accurate, then turtles are part of basal Archosauromorpha. Likewise, extinct turtle relatives known as Pantestudines would also fall within Archosauromorpha. Some geneticists have proposed a name to refer to reptiles within the group formed by relatives of turtles and archosaurs. This name is the clade Archelosauria. Since Pantestudines may encompass the entire aquatic reptile order Sauropterygia, this means that Archosauromorpha (as Archelosauria) may be a much wider group than commonly believed. However, anatomical data disagrees with this genetic evidence, instead placing Pantestudines within Lepidosauromorpha. _START_SECTION_ Anatomy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although the most diverse clade of living archosauromorphs are birds, early members of the group were evidently reptilian, superficially similar to modern lizards. When archosauromorphs first appeared in the fossil record in the Permian, they were represented by long-necked, lightly-built sprawling reptiles with moderately long, tapering snouts.This body plan, similar to that of modern monitor lizards, is also shared by Triassic archosauromorphs such as tanystropheids and Prolacerta. Other early groups such as trilohpsaurids, azendohsaurids, and rhynchosaurs deviate from this body plan by evolving into stockier forms with semi-erect postures and higher metabolisms. The archosauriforms went to further extremes of diversity, encompassing giant sauropod dinosaurs, flying pterosaurs and birds, semiaquatic crocodilians, phytosaurs, and proterochampsians, and apex predators such as erythrosuchids, pseudosuchians, and theropod dinosaurs. Despite the staggering diversity of archosauromorphs, they can still be united as a clade thanks to several subtle skeletal features. _START_SECTION_ Skull _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most archosauromorphs more "advanced" than Protorosaurus possessed an adaptation of the premaxilla (tooth-bearing bone at the tip of the snout) known as a posterodorsal or postnarial process. This was a rear-facing branch of bone that stretched up below and behind the external nares (nostril holes) to contact the nasal bones on the upper edge of the snout. A few advanced archosauriforms reacquired the plesiomorphic ("primitive") state present in other reptiles, that being a short or absent posterodorsal process of the premaxilla, with the rear edge of the nares formed primarily by the maxilla bones instead. As for the nares themselves, they were generally large and oval-shaped, positioned high and close to the midline of the skull._NEWLINE_Many early archosauromorphs, including Protorosaurus, tanystropheids, Trilophosaurus, and derived rhynchosaurs, have a blade-like sagittal crest on the parietal bones at the rear part of the skull roof, between a pair of holes known as the supratemporal (or upper temporal) fenestrae. However, in other allokotosaurs, the basal rhynchosaur Mesosuchus, and more crownward archosauromorphs, the sagittal crest is weakly differentiated, although the inner edge of each supratemporal fenestra still possessed a depressed basin of bone known as a supratemporal fossa. Ezcurra (2016) argued that presence of supratemporal fossae and an absence or poor development of the sagittal crest could be used to characterize Crocopoda. He also noted that in almost all early archosauromorphs (and some choristoderes), the parietal bones have an additional lowered area which extends transversely (from left to right) behind the supratemporal fenestrae and sagittal crest (when applicable)._NEWLINE_The lower temporal fenestra is not fully enclosed in early archosauromorphs (and choristoderes) due to alterations to the structure of the quadratojugal bone at the rear lower corner of the skull. This bone is roughly L-shaped in these taxa, with a tall dorsal process (vertical branch), a short anterior process (forward branch), and a tiny or absent posterior process (rear branch). The bones surrounding the quadratojugal also reconfigure to offset the changes to the quadratojugal. For example, the lower branch of the squamosal bone is shortened to offset the tall dorsal process of quadratojugal which connects to it. On the other hand, the rear branch jugal bone lengthens to fill some of the space left by the shortening of the anterior process of the quadratojugal. In archosauriforms, the jugal even re-encloses the lower temporal fenestra. The stapes are long, thin, and solid, without a perforating hole (stapedial foramen) present in the more robust stapes of other reptiles. _START_SECTION_ Vertebrae _START_PARAGRAPH_ In conjunction with their long, S-shaped necks, early archosauromorphs had several adaptations of the cervical (neck) vertebrae, and usually the first few dorsal (back) vertebrae as well. The centrum (main body) of each vertebra is parallelogram-shaped, with a front surface typically positioned higher than the rear surface. The transverse processes (rib facets) of these vertebrae extend outwards to a greater extent than in other early reptiles. In many long-necked archosauromorphs, the rib facets are slanted, connecting to cervical ribs that are often long, thin, and dichocephalous (two-headed)._NEWLINE_Thin, plate-like ridges known as laminae develop to connect the vertebral components, sloping down from the elongated transverse processes to the centra. Laminae are practically unique to archosauromorphs, being present even in the earliest Permian genera such as Aenigmastropheus and Eorasaurus. However, they are also known to occur in the bizarre semiaquatic reptile Helveticosaurus, as well as the biarmosuchian synapsid Hipposaurus. In all adult archosauromorphs with the exception of Aenigmastropheus, the vertebrae lack notochordal canals, holes which perforate the centra. This also sets the archosauromorphs apart from most other Permian and Triassic reptiles. _START_SECTION_ Forelimbs _START_PARAGRAPH_ The humerus (forearm bone) is solid in archosauromorphs, completely lacking a hole near the elbow known as the entepicondylar foramen. This hole, present in most other tetrapods, is also absent in choristoderes yet not fully enclosed in some proterosuchids. In many advanced archosauromorphs, the capitullum and trochlea (elbow joints) of the humerus are poorly developed. Early archosauromorphs retain well-developed elbow joints, but all archosauromorphs apart from Aenigmastropheus have a trochlea (ulna joint) which is shifted towards the outer surface of the humerus, rather than the midpoint of the elbow as in other reptiles. In conjunction with this shift, the olecranon process of the ulna is poorly developed in archosauromorphs apart from Aenigmastropheus and Protorosaurus. _START_SECTION_ Hindlimbs _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ankle bones of archosauromorphs tend to acquire complex structures and interactions with each other, and this is particularly the case with the large proximal tarsal bones: the astragalus and calcaneum. The calcaneum, for example, has a tube-like outer extension known as a calcaneal tuber in certain archosauromorphs. This tuber is particularly prominent in the ancient relatives of crocodylians, but it first appeared earlier at the last common ancestor of allokotosaurs, rhynchosaurs, and archosauriforms. The presence of a calcaneal tuber (sometimes known as a lateral tuber of the calcaneum) is a synapomorphy of the group Crocopoda, and is also responsible for its name.

13638467374800830623

Q48816710

_START_ARTICLE_ Ardvagh _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ardvagh (from Irish: Ard Bheathach, meaning "The Height of the Birches") is a townland in the civil parish of Templeport, County Cavan, Ireland. It lies in the Roman Catholic parish of Corlough and barony of Tullyhaw. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ardvagh is bounded on the north by Eshveagh townland, on the west by Tullytiernan and Gub (Glangevlin) townlands, on the south by Dunmakeever and Tullynacross (Glangevlin) townlands and on the east by Tullycrafton townland. Its chief geographical features are Dunmakeever Lough, Dunmakeever Lough North, mountain streams, forestry plantations and spring wells. Ardvagh is traversed by the R200 road (Ireland), minor public roads and rural lanes. The townland covers 307 statute acres,. A sub-division is called Tullycasson (Tulaigh an Cásain = The Hill of the Pathway). _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In earlier times the townland was probably uninhabited as it consists mainly of bog and poor clay soils. It was not seized by the English during the Plantation of Ulster in 1610. Under the Cromwellian settlement of 1652, Ardvahagh was granted to Mr Henry Crafton & others._NEWLINE_The 1832 Tithe Applotment books list eight tithepayers in the townland._NEWLINE_The Ardvagh Valuation Office Field books are available for August 1839._NEWLINE_In 1841 the population of the townland was 76, being 46 males and 30 females. There were ten houses in the townland, all of which were inhabited._NEWLINE_In 1851 the population of the townland was 74, being 39 males and 35 females, the reduction being due to the Great Famine (Ireland). There were eleven houses in the townland, of which one was uninhabited was inhabited._NEWLINE_Griffith's Valuation of 1857 lists thirteen landholders in the townland._NEWLINE_In 1861 the population of the townland was 84, being 42 males and 42 females. There were fourteen houses in the townland of which one was uninhabited._NEWLINE_In 1871 the population of the townland was 69, being 33 males and 36 females. There were eleven houses in the townland, all were inhabited._NEWLINE_In 1881 the population of the townland was 61, being 33 males and 28 females. There were twelve houses in the townland, all were inhabited._NEWLINE_In 1891 the population of the townland was 51, being 30 males and 21 females. There were twelve houses in the townland, all were inhabited._NEWLINE_In the 1901 census of Ireland, there are fourteen families listed in the townland._NEWLINE_In the 1911 census of Ireland, there are nine families listed in the townland. _START_SECTION_ Antiquities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The site of Tullycasson National school. The school was in existence in 1844. In 1979, Tullycasson N.S. was amalgamated with Curravagh N.S., leaving Curravagh N.S. as the sole remaining school in the area. The 1930s Schools folklore collection for Tullycasson school is available at . A class photo from 1923 is available at . In 1921, the first year of Ardscoil Bhréifne, the Irish College in Glangevlin, the students were taught in Tullycassan school._NEWLINE_The Reports from the Commissioners of National Education in Ireland give the following figures for Tullycasson School, Roll No. 4024-_NEWLINE_1846: One male teacher who received an annual salary of £8. There were 97 pupils, 77 boys and 20 girls. _NEWLINE_1854: One male teacher who received an annual salary of £18. There were 62 pupils, 42 boys and 20 girls._NEWLINE_1862: Peter McAuley was the headmaster and Mary Magauran was the monitor, both Roman Catholics. There were 102 pupils, all Roman Catholic. The Catechism was taught to the Catholic pupils on Saturdays from 10:30am to 12:30. _NEWLINE_1874: The school name was changed to Tullycassan Ordinary Agricultural School, which meant it was a national school with a small farm attached. One male teacher who received an annual salary of £30-13s-4d. There were 127 pupils, 70 boys and 57 girls._NEWLINE_1890, Roll No. 13,431: 126 pupils.

4914777683187765399

Q3150352

_START_ARTICLE_ Area codes 706 and 762 _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the NANP, area codes 706 and 762 cover parts of northern and west central Georgia outside metropolitan Atlanta._NEWLINE_This area code is divided into two disconnected geographical regions. A small section is west-central Georgia, in the region around Columbus. This is bordered by area code 334 to the west in Alabama, area code 478 to the east, area code 229 to the south, and metro Atlanta's 404, 678, 770, and 470. It does not border the landline area of 404, only the cellphone area._NEWLINE_The major section of 706 wraps around from Rome in northwest Georgia, east through the mountains past Dahlonega, meeting its narrowest point at Toccoa, then broadening south to Athens and Augusta. It touches Alabama's area code 256/938 and 334 on the far west, Tennessee's area code 423 on the northwest, North Carolina's area code 828 and Upstate South Carolina's area code 864 to the north-northeast, and midlands area code 803 to the east, and middle Georgia's 478 and metro Atlanta as above. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was created in 1992 as a split from 404, and was Georgia's first new area code in 38 years. Previously, 404 had served the northern half of the state, roughly everything from Columbus and Augusta northward to the Tennessee and North Carolina borders. After the split, 404 was retained by the metro area._NEWLINE_Originally, 706 completely wrapped around the inner ring of the Atlanta metropolitan area. It also included a number of southern exurbs of Atlanta. However, the residents of these areas felt chagrin at no longer being associated with 404. Shortly after 706 commenced service, BellSouth returned several of these areas to 404. The boundary was redrawn in such a way that Columbus and the surrounding area was cut off from the rest of the 706 territory, making 706 one of the few area codes that is not contiguous. However, 404 had been close to exhaustion even after the creation of 706, and the return of the southern exurbs forced the Georgia Public Service Commission to switch most of Atlanta's suburbs over to 770 sooner than it had planned._NEWLINE_In June 2005, the GPSC announced that 706 had nearly exhausted its capacity for new telephone exchange prefixes. The supply of numbers was further limited because the 706 territory includes portions of three LATAs that spill into neighboring states. The Atlanta LATA, which includes Columbus, spills into Alabama. The northern portion is split between the Atlanta and Chattanooga LATAs. The Augusta LATA spills into South Carolina. On June 24, 2005, the NANPA assigned area code 762 for this purpose. However, the Columbus area was not large enough for its own area code, but was too large to stay in 706. For this reason, it was decided to make 762 an overlay, with 10-digit dialing to be allowed on September 3. On April 1, 2007, 10-digit dialing became mandatory in the 706/762 territory._NEWLINE_This is the third time that the GPSC has flip-flopped on its policy for deciding how new area codes would be assigned. Atlanta's suburbs were split into 770, but then both 404 and 770 were overlaid with 678, and cellphones (originally 404 only) can now have any of those no matter where in the metro area. Southern Georgia was then split three ways instead of an overlay._NEWLINE_Despite the rapid growth in 706/762's main section (particularly the northern portion), it is nowhere near exhausting. Under current projections, it is expected to remain in its unusual, non-contiguous state until after 2049. _NEWLINE_Prior to 1990, area code 706 covered regions of Mexico. _START_SECTION_ Counties served _START_PARAGRAPH_ Banks, Burke (part with area code 478), Chattooga, Catoosa, Chattahoochee, Clarke, Columbia, Dade, Dawson, Elbert, Fannin, Franklin, Floyd Gilmer, Glascock, Gordon, Greene, Habersham, Hancock, Harris, Hart, Heard, Jackson, Jasper, Jefferson (part with area code 478), Jenkins, Lincoln, Lumpkin, Madison, McDuffie, Meriwether, Morgan, Murray, Muscogee, Oconee, Oglethorpe, Putnam, Rabun, Richmond, Stephens, Talbot, Taliaferro, Towns, Troup, Union, Upson (part with area code 478), Walker, Warren, White, Whitfield, and Wilkes

2751250725062552273

Q20685370

_START_ARTICLE_ Arfin Rumey _START_SECTION_ His life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arfin Rumey was a brilliant student in the Dhaka Government Muslim School. He completed his college study at Sharawardi College and then get admitted in Jaganath University in an Honours degree of Finance. He also learned audio engineering. He was a cricketer and played as an allrounder in different clubs of Dhaka. He married Lamiya Islam Ananna; they have one son but they divorced. His second marriage is with Kamrun Nessa; their first son is Ariyan and their second son is Ayaan. His manager is his mother, Nasima Akter Rozi.

3313770970051689462

Q3092236

_START_ARTICLE_ Argentine University Federation _START_SECTION_ Latin America _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since its beginnings the FUA supported a politic of Latin American unity and international solidarity. In 1920 Gabriel del Mazo signed, on behalf of the FUA, an exchange and coordination agreement with the Peruvian Federación de Estudiantes del Perú's president Raúl Haya de la Torre._NEWLINE_In 1921 the FUA participated of the organization of the First International Students Congress at Mexico City, from which the International Students Federation was born. In 1925 it participated of the organization of the First Ibero-American Students Congress also in Mexico city. In that congress Alfredo Palacios, Miguel de Unamuno, José Ingenieros, José Martí and José Vasconcelos are declared "teachers of the youth"._NEWLINE_In 1937 took place in Santiago de Chile the First Latin American Students Congress. In 1957 the FUA organised the Second Latin American Students Congress, in La Plata. _START_SECTION_ Student leaders _START_PARAGRAPH_ Some important students' leaders of the FUA have been: _START_SECTION_ 1918-1940 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Deodoro Roca, Enrique Barros, Emilio Biagosh, Gabriel del Mazo, Héctor Ripa Alberti, Guillermo Watson, Julio V. González, Gumersindo Sayago, Horacio Valdés, Ismael Bordabehere, Conrado Nalé Roxlo, Alfredo Brandán Caraffa, Florentino Sanguinetti, Guillermo Korn Villafañe, Carlos Cossio, Miguel Angel Zabala Ortiz, Miguel Berçaitz, Aníbal Ponce, Ricardo Balbín, Bartolomé Fiorini, Homero Manzi, Arturo Jaureche, Sebastián Soler, Alejandro Korn, José Peco, Ernesto Sábato, Héctor Agosti, Ernesto Giudici, Carlos Sánchez Viamonte, Gregorio Bermann, Luis Dellepiane, Raúl Orgaz, Arturo Capdevila, Arturo Orgaz, Bernardo Kleiner, Alfredo Abregú, Emilio Nadra. _START_SECTION_ 1940-1960 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Carlos Canitrot, Emilio Gibaja, León Patlis, Noé Jitrik, Gustavo Cirigliano, Francisco Oddone, Marcos Merchensky, Andrés López Accotto, Ana María Eichelbaum, Gregorio Klimovsky, Ismael Viñas, Julio Godio, Germán López, Guillermo Estévez Boero. _START_SECTION_ 1960-1980 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Carlos Cevallos, Ariel Seoane, Domingo Teruggi, Jorge Enea Spilimbergo, Hugo Varsky, Marcelo Stubrin, Federico Storani, Roberto Vázquez, Ernesto Jaimóvich, Changui Cáceres, Rubén Giustiniani, Miguel Talento, José Pablo Ventura, Rafael Pascual, Vilma Ibarra, Ricardo López Murphy, Rogelio Simonato, Francisco Delich, María del Cármen Viñas, Gustavo Galland, Facundo Suárez Lastra. _START_SECTION_ 1980- _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrés Delich, Mario Alarcón, Damián Farah, Juan Artusi, Verónica García, Martín Baintrub, Daniel Pavicich, Alicia Castigliego, Ariel Martinez, Daniel Bravo. _START_SECTION_ Parties and movements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Throughout its history, there have been several and varied movements, ideologies, and parties that coexisted, and still do, in the Argentine students' politics: radicals, socialists, Peronists, communists, Maoists, etc._NEWLINE_The Franja Morada, youth arm of the UCR, is the party that most often has directed the FUA since Franja Morada's creation in 1970, and has remained in the presidency from 1973 to 2016. Other important parties are the Juventud Universitaria Peronista or JUP (of the Justicialism) and the Movimiento Nacional Reformista (MNR) of the Socialist Party, who has ruled during the 1970s.

10326967187630577215

Q16821768

_START_ARTICLE_ Arid Forest Research Institute _START_SECTION_ About _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Arid Forest Research Institute was established in 1988 to cater the forestry research needs of the arid and semi-arid region of Rajasthan, Gujarat, Dadra and Nagar Haveli, and Daman-Diu._NEWLINE_The institute is situated on Jodhpur Pali Road (NH 65) in a campus spreading over 66 hectares, housing office buildings, laboratories, a library-cum-information center, community center, guest house, scientist hostel and residential quarters._NEWLINE_The institute has an additional campus at Plot No. 729 adjoining CAZRI. The institute also has three experimental areas and a model nursery within the vicinity of the main campus._NEWLINE_The institute is headed by the Director supported by a Group Coordinator (Research) and Coordinator (Facilities). The Institute has six divisions with well-equipped laboratories and technical manpower, namely: _START_SECTION_ Facilities _START_PARAGRAPH_ IT Cell, Library, Model Nursery, GIS Lab, Community centre, Dispensary. _START_SECTION_ Mandate of the Institute _START_PARAGRAPH_ Forestry research for conservation of biodiversity and enhancement of bio-productivity in Rajasthan, Gujarat, and Dadra and Nagar Haveli, with special emphasis on arid and semi-arid regions.

9856111785604944270

Q4790461

_START_ARTICLE_ Ariel Schrag _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ While attending Berkeley High School in Berkeley, California, Schrag self-published her first comic series, Awkward, depicting events from her freshman year, originally selling copies to friends and family. Schrag then published three more graphic novels based on her next three years of school: Definition, Potential, and Likewise. The comics describe Schrag's experiences with family life, going to concerts, experimenting with drugs, high school crushes, and coming out as bisexual and later as lesbian._NEWLINE_Schrag graduated from high school in 1998. She graduated from Columbia University with a bachelor's degree in English in 2003, and has continued to work as a cartoonist and writer. Schrag was a writer for the third and fourth seasons of the Showtime series The L Word, and for the second season of the HBO series How To Make It In America._NEWLINE_The documentary Confession: A Film About Ariel Schrag was released in 2004. It explores the then-23-year-old Schrag's world in which she "negotiates fame, obsesses about disease, and discusses the way she sees as a dyke comic book artist."_NEWLINE_Schrag is a part-time faculty member at The New School in Manhattan, where she teaches in the writing program. Schrag participates in the artistic community Yaddo, and the queer-centric creative retreat Radar Lab. In 2014, Schrag published her novel Adam. _START_SECTION_ High school comics _START_PARAGRAPH_ Slave Labor Graphics subsequently reprinted Awkward as a graphic novel. Her follow-up works Definition, Potential, and Likewise were republished by Touchstone/Simon & Schuster in 2008 and 2009._NEWLINE_Killer Films is producing a movie adaptation of Potential; Schrag has written the screenplay. _START_SECTION_ Adam _START_PARAGRAPH_ Adam is coming-of-age story which follows Adam, a seventeen-year-old boy who comes to New York City to live with his older sister for the summer of 2006. Adam is straight and cisgender, but is introduced to the LGBTQ community of New York through his sister, an LGBTQ advocate. During his stay, he becomes attracted to a gay woman. After being mistaken for a transgender man, he decides to maintain the deception in order to date the woman._NEWLINE_In an interview with The Rumpus, Schrag stated that she was inspired to write Adam while working on the third season of The L Word. All of the writers on that season were lesbian women except one straight, cisgender man, Adam Rapp. Schrag found the situation unusual and imagined Rapp going to gay bars pretending to be a transgender man in order to collect material for writing on the show. She decided to write a novel based on the concept, initially picturing the character Adam as an adult male. Eventually she decided that it would be in poor taste, and revised the character as a love-struck teenager, stating she believed it was more sympathetic that way because "a teenager is clueless". She also mentioned having lesbian friends who were attracted to trans men, and thought that "a teenage boy could clean up if he got in there." Overall she was interested in the challenge of trying to write about a character doing inappropriate things but remaining sympathetic. In an interview with Brooklyn, she stated she was "intrigued by the idea of taking a standard YA formula — awkward teen boy finds love for the first time — and subverting it with unexpected explicit and hopefully thought-provoking content about gender and sexuality."_NEWLINE_In addition to being inspired by co-worker Adam Rapp, Schrag drew inspiration from her experiences in the New York LGBT scene around 2006, while she was in her 20s. She started writing the book in 2007, and retained the setting even though the book was not released until 2014; it wound up a period piece as a result. Schrag has stated she feels this is to the book's benefit, as transgender issues were much less visible during the 2000s, meaning that Adam's ignorance about the transgender community was much more justifiable than it would be in a modern setting._NEWLINE_Schrag was also interested in exploring her perceptions of the LGBT community and the subtle prejudices its members may hold. Schrag addressed biphobia and heterophobia through the character Gillian, who was inspired by Constance McMillen. In 2010, McMillen was barred from attending her school's prom with her girlfriend. Schrag wondered how McMillen would feel if she later discovered she was attracted to men despite the heavy coverage of her as "a proud lesbian", and explored that through Gillian, a lesbian who comes to date Adam._NEWLINE_In an interview with Diva magazine, Schrag discussed the controversy generated by the story's unusual premise. She explained that the book was intended to be "satirical and nuanced", rather than being a typical story about the experience of being transgender. Speaking to Lambda Literary, she declared that the novel was intended to be provocative, for the purpose of sparking discussions about gender and sexual identity. She felt it was particularly important to write characters who acted realistically "obnoxious, self-involved, self-righteous, or entitled," regardless of their gender or sexuality. Some characters display prejudiced behaviors, even towards groups that they may be a part of, which Schrag included to highlight the hypocrisy of such behavior from people who may themselves be marginalized. Schrag has expressed frustration with people who have criticized the book's premise without first reading it; she feels it is unfair to do so and has asked people to refrain from forming an opinion before reading the book.

10846403441889711787

Q454841

_START_ARTICLE_ Arizona State Route 85 _START_SECTION_ Route description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The southern terminus of SR 85 is located at the United States-Mexico border near Lukeville in Pima County. From Lukeville to Why, SR 85 is designated the Organ Pipe Cactus Parkway by ADOT. The road continues across the border into Mexico to the town of Sonoita as Mexican Federal Highway 8. SR 85 heads north from the border as a two-lane road, passing through the Organ Pipe Cactus National Monument. The highway leaves the monument boundary and heads to a junction with SR 86 in Why. SR 86 heads east from this junction towards Tucson and southeastern Arizona. SR 85 heads northwest from this junction to the town of Ajo. From Ajo, the highway heads north and enters the Barry M. Goldwater Air Force Range. While within the range, the highway enters Maricopa County. After the highway passes through the range, it continues towards the north to a junction with I-8 in Gila Bend. After passing I-8, the highway intersects the business loop of I-8 and turns towards the east to run concurrently with business loop along Pima Street in Gila Bend. The two highways split, with the business loop heading towards the southeast and SR 85 heading northeast providing access to Gila Bend Municipal Airport_NEWLINE_SR 85 continues north from Gila Bend towards the Phoenix Metropolitan Area. The mileposts north of Gila Bend reflect the mileage of old US 80 in proximity to the California state line. This stretch of highway north of Gila Bend is a part of the National Highway System. The highway passes near the western edge of the Sonoran Desert National Monument and also provides access to the Buckeye Hills Recreational Area. SR 85 continues northward to a crossing of the Gila River as it nears Buckeye. The highway intersects Buckeye Road which is where the original routing of US 80 and later SR 85 followed into Phoenix before being rerouted onto its current alignment. The highway continues towards the north, crossing over the Buckeye Canal before reaching its northern terminus at exit 112 on I-10. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first numbered highway along the SR 85 corridor was established in 1927 between Gila Bend and Phoenix as US 80. At the time, it was only paved from Phoenix to Hassayampa. Although not paved between Hassayampa and Gila Bend, it was an improved road. This original routing of US 80 still exists as Old US 80 west of the SR 85 alignment. A dirt road between Gila Bend and Ajo did exist at this time, but it was not a part of the state highway system. By 1935, the entire route of US 80 between Gila Bend and Phoenix had been paved. The road south of Gila Bend had also been improved to a gravel road._NEWLINE_In 1936, SR 85 was established, but it only extended as far north as Gila Bend and as far south as Ajo. By 1938, SR 85 had been paved as well as the portion between Ajo and Why that would eventually become part of SR 85. The portion between Why and the border with Mexico began showing up on maps at this time as a gravel road. In 1943, the portion of the highway between Ajo and Why was added to the state highway system, but as SR 86, when it was extended west from Tucson to Ajo. In 1955, the highway was extended to Lukeville at the United States-Mexico border with an overlap with SR 86 between Ajo and Why when a county road was added to SR 85._NEWLINE_In 1973, the connector between I-10 and Baseline Road was established, and was redesignated in 1978 as a spur route of SR 85. As the old, indirect US 80 was removed from Arizona, SR 85 was extended north in 1977 over the old alignment of US 80 to Buckeye and extended east to Phoenix. Portions of the route in Buckeye and Phoenix were turned over to their respective cities for maintenance in 1990. The following year, a portion of the highway between Avondale and Phoenix was turned over to Maricopa County for maintenance. (This portion is designated today as MC 85.) Also in 1991, the overlap between SR 85 and SR 86 was eliminated and the western terminus of SR 86 was changed to its junction with Route 85 in Why. In 1994, the northern end of SR 85 was moved onto the SR 85 Spur that connected to I-10 and the remaining portions along the old alignment to the east were redesignated as a temporary route of SR 85. In 1999, the portion of the old route in Avondale was turned over to the city for maintenance. The portion of the old route around the state capitol complex, the last remaining section of the old route between Phoenix and Buckeye, was turned over to the city of Phoenix in 2001. _START_SECTION_ Future _START_PARAGRAPH_ The segment of SR 85 between Buckeye and Gila Bend is a connector between I-8 and I-10, and serves both as a connector from I-8 from San Diego, California to Phoenix. This segment is being upgraded to a divided highway, and is planned to become a freeway. Most of the four-lane road upgrades have already been completed._NEWLINE_In 2010, an environmental study into building a freeway-to-freeway interchange in Gila Bend from SR 85 to I-8 was completed by ADOT and the Federal Highway Administration. The study found no significant impact on the local environment and outlined a finalized full freeway standard design, bypassing the I-8 Business/Maricopa Road intersection SR 85 currently traverses through. A diamond interchange (Exit 121) is planned at Maricopa Road/I-8 Business along with a second diamond interchange slightly northeast of the proposed Exit 121.

6011186422480734371

Q18279804

_START_ARTICLE_ Arkady Chepelev _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chepelev was born on 24 January 1915 in the village of Tamlyk in Voronezh Governorate to a peasant family. After he completed four years of primary school, Chepelev's family moved to Voronezh. Chepelev then worked at a factory there. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ In April 1942, Chepelev was drafted into the Red Army. He was sent to the 180th Separate Sapper Battalion of the 167th Rifle Division in April 1943. The division fought in the Battle of Kursk._NEWLINE_By September 1943, he was a senior sergeant commanding a sapper squad in the battalion. On 12 September, he was awarded the Order of the Red Star. He fought in the Battle of the Dnieper. On 26 September, Chepelev and his squad cleared lanes in German minefields near Vyshhorod, enabling the advance of infantry units. During the subsequent crossing of the Dnieper, Chepelev reportedly made several trips on a raft, ferrying weapons and ammunition to troops on the west bank. Chepelev's squad reportedly built an improvised rowboat and ferried two artillery guns and an infantry battalion across the river. On 3 November, Chepelev helped repulse German counterattacks on the bridgehead. _NEWLINE_On 10 January 1944, Chepelev was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union and the Order of Lenin. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1944. Chepelev continued to fight with the 167th Rifle Division. In the summer, he fought in the Lvov–Sandomierz Offensive. During the fall, he participated in the Battle of the Dukla Pass. On 8 December, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 2nd class. In January 1945, he fought in the Western Carpathian Offensive. During April, he fought in the Moravian-Ostrava Offensive. _START_SECTION_ Postwar _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the end of the war in 1945, Chepelev demobilized with the rank of sergeant major or Starshina and returned to Voronezh. He worked as a factory mechanic at the Voronezh Aircraft Production Association. On 11 March 1985, he was awarded the Order of the Patriotic War 1st class on the 40th anniversary of the end of World War II. Chepelev died on 31 July 1985 and was buried in the city's Southwestern Cemetery.

7527764108029652633

Q2431493

_START_ARTICLE_ Arkansas Highway 299 _START_SECTION_ Route description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Highway 299 begins at Interstate 30 in Hemsptead County. The route runs south to intersect Highway 174 before turning east toward Emmet. In Emmet the route has a 0.1 miles (0.16 km) overlap with US 67 before continuing east into Nevada County. The route has a short concurrency with Highway 53 and then US 371 near Laneburg. East of this overlap the route serves as a terminus for Highway 372 and later Highway 200 before entering White Oak Lake State Park. After an intersection with Highway 387 the route terminates at Highway 24. The route was most recently paved when a segment in Nevada County was resurfaced 1975, with all portions last receiving paving prior to that project. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The portions from Emmet-Highway 53 and from Highway 24-White Oak Lake State Park (at the time the Arkansas State Nursery) were added to the state highway system on April 24, 1963. The discontinuous segments were connected on June 23, 1965.

1963273224501896685

Q4349765

_START_ARTICLE_ Armando José Fernandes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Armando José Fernandes (Lisbon, 26 July 1906 - Lisbon, 3 May 1983) was a neoclassical Portuguese composer; with Jorge Croner de Vasconcelos, Fernando Lopes-Graça, and Pedro do Prado, one of the "group of four" who dominated mid-20th-century Portuguese music. After studying at the National Conservatory of Lisbon (Conservatório Nacional de Lisboa in Portuguese), he won a three-year scholarship to Paris and became a pupil of, among others, Nadia Boulanger._NEWLINE_Originally trained as a concert pianist, Fernandes came to concentrate more on composition and teaching. He composed, among other works, a cello sonata, a violin concerto, and numerous piano pieces. His work, usually of an intimate character, occasionally contains virtuosic passages. It has been described as "[pursuing] a more conventional neoclassical path, albeit with great finesse". Most of his works were written for the national broadcasting station._NEWLINE_From 1940 onwards he taught at the Academia de Amadores de Música in Lisbon, and from 1953 to 1976 at the Lisbon Conservatory._NEWLINE_He also produced editions of early music from Portugal.

8764355056724326710

Q10828406

_START_ARTICLE_ Arrow in the Dust _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arrow In the Dust is a 1954 Western starring Sterling Hayden and Coleen Gray. It was directed by Lesley Selander. _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cavalry deserter Bart Laish comes upon an ambushed wagon and a mortally wounded major. The officer's dying request is for Laish to catch up to the remainder of the wagon train and help guide it safely to a fort._NEWLINE_Laish transports the major's body, then dons his uniform and assumes his identity when joining up with a wagon train that has been repeatedly attacked by Indians. He is resented at first by Christella Burke, who owns one of the wagons, and Lt. Steve King, who until now has been leading the wagon train. Laish also shoots a crew boss who challenges him._NEWLINE_Unable to understand why the Indians keep staging raids against these same wagons, Laish and scout Crowshaw distract them with cases of liquor. They also anger Tillotson, a trader, by using his large wagon as bait. Christella is impressed by Laish's bravery, then accidentally learns of his true identity. Crowshaw ends up shooting Tillotson, whose wagons are filled with guns and ammunition that the Indians have been after all along. Christella falls in love with Laish, who decides to turn himself in, with Lt. King offering to vouch for his character.

9124320232755778563

Q4798028

_START_ARTICLE_ Arthur Blennerhassett (1799–1843) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arthur Blennerhassett (1 January 1799 – 23 January 1843) was an Irish politician._NEWLINE_He was born the son of Arthur and Dorcas née Twiss Blennerhassett and educated at Trinity College, Dublin._NEWLINE_He was appointed High Sheriff of Kerry for 1821. In the 1832 elections for Tralee he fought a duel with the Liberal candidate Maurice O'Connell (MP). Neither was hurt and O'Connell went on to win the seat. Blennerhassett later served in British Parliament as Member of Parliament (MP) for Kerry from 1837 to 1841._NEWLINE_He died whilst staying in Nantes, France aged only 44. He had married Frances Grady in 1821; they lived at Ballyseedy and had 9 children. He was a cousin of Sir William Godfrey, 3rd Baronet.

16799350233126163033

Q23668524

_START_ARTICLE_ Arthur Margelidon _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Margelidon won the bronze medal the 2015 Pan American Games in Toronto and the gold medal at the 2016 Pan American Judo Championships in Havana._NEWLINE_In June 2016, he was selected for Canada's Olympic team but had to withdraw after he injured his arm.

9421386514361853015

Q4799830

_START_ARTICLE_ Arthur Newton (cricketer) _START_SECTION_ County cricket _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to his obituary in the 1953 edition of Wisden, Newton started playing for Somerset in 1880, and his final appearance for the side was 35 seasons later in 1914. The first match for which statistics are readily available was a two-day non-first-class match between Somerset and Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) at Taunton in August 1880: Newton made 14 in a match that Somerset won by an innings, and it is not clear whether he kept wicket or not. Somerset's matches between 1882 and 1885 are regarded as first-class, but Newton did not play in any of these games. He was, however, in the side in 1886 for a non-first-class game against Warwickshire at Edgbaston when Sammy Woods made his debut and took a wicket with his first ball: "C. W. Rock, batting for Warwickshire, missed a very fast yorker on the leg-side, and Newton stumped him brilliantly."_NEWLINE_From 1887 onwards, Newton played regularly for Somerset in the second half of most seasons. From 1891, Somerset resumed first-class cricket status, and Newton played in the first County Championship match involving the team, against Middlesex at Lord's. In these early days of Somerset's first-class cricket, the county did not lack capable amateur wicket-keepers, and Newton shared the position with the Rev. Archdale Wickham and then Henry Martyn, with the Test player Leslie Gay intervening for a season in 1894. For the seven seasons from 1897 to 1903, Newton played fairly regularly, and his batting improved in these seasons. In 1899, his batting average was more than 20 for the only time in his career, and he made an unbeaten 64 in a high-scoring match against Surrey at Taunton. In 1900, batting in the unaccustomedly high position of No 5 in the batting order, he made 77, equalling his highest career score, in the match against Gloucestershire at Bristol: this was a good match for wicket-keeper/batsmen, with Wickham, Newton's Somerset colleague, making his highest career score with 28 and Jack Board, the Gloucestershire wicket-keeper, trumping both of them with a score of 214 to give his side an innings victory._NEWLINE_Newton's wicket-keeping in this period was also of high quality: against Middlesex at Lord's in 1901, he dismissed nine batsmen in the match, with six catches and three stumpings, to set a Somerset record for first-class cricket that has been equalled but not surpassed in the 109 years since. In two other matches in 1901 and 1902 he made seven dismissals. His representative cricket at higher level, though, was restricted to just two matches for the Gentlemen in the Gentlemen v Players series, one at The Oval in 1897 and the other the more important Lord's match in 1902. He did not progress to Test selection, however._NEWLINE_After the 1903 season, Newton reverted to more occasional first-class cricket appearances with Somerset, playing at least one match each season through to 1914, but never more than nine games. His final match for the county ended just three days before the outbreak of World War I; according to Wisden, Newton "showed remarkable form behind the wickets for a man approaching the age of fifty-two". _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Newton continued to play club cricket well beyond normal retirement age: his obituary in Wisden records that he played for amateur sides such as the Somerset Stragglers until he was 81. It noted: "When 74, having cycled to the Taunton ground to turn out for Somerset Stragglers, he demonstrated that his ability had not seriously declined by stumping five batsmen." He also continued hunting in the Taunton area into his 80s.

2250904540426071582

Q4800265

_START_ARTICLE_ Arthur Shapton Richards _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was born in Reading, Berkshire, England and came to New Zealand in 1894, first at Gisborne and Poverty Bay, then from 1922 Auckland.

5576323479040562821

Q4800573

_START_ARTICLE_ Arthur W. V. Reeve _START_SECTION_ Early life and family _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Auckland on 2 December 1912, Reeve was the son of Ethel Mary Whitta and her husband Benjamin Alfred Reeve. He was educated at Eastbourne and West Christchurch Primary Schools._NEWLINE_On 5 February 1944, Reeve married Jacqueline Lorraine Taylor at St Matthew's Church, in the Wellington suburb of Brooklyn, and the couple went on to have three children. _START_SECTION_ Working life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reeve joined the Post and Telegraph Department as a telegram delivery boy in 1929. By the time he retired from the New Zealand Post Office in 1971, he had risen to become the assistant principal public relations officer. He had been involved in the organisation of various international conferences in Wellington, including for SEATO, the Colombo Plan, the Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, and the Pacific Basin Economic Council in 1972. He then became chairman of the Wellington branch of the Royal Forest and Bird Protection Society. _START_SECTION_ Scouting _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reeve's name first appears in the Troop records for St Matthew's Scout Group in Christchurch, New Zealand, in 1926. He started as a scout and moved on to take over the troop as a much-respected scoutmaster. From there he was promoted to district scoutmaster and formally resigned from St Matthew's Scout Group with a letter left in the troop log book dated 11 December 1936, although he kept in contact throughout the years and often visited the group when he could. His roles in Scouting New Zealand included commissioner for Pacific Island Scouting and international commissioner._NEWLINE_In the 1978 New Year Honours, Reeve was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire, for services to scouting._NEWLINE_In 1979, Reeve was presented with the Bronze Wolf Award by the World Scout Committee, awarded in recognition of "outstanding service by an individual to the World Scout Movement". It is the highest honour that can be given to a volunteer Scout leader in the world. He also received the Commonwealth's highest Scouting honour, Silver Wolf Award, and the Silver Tui, Scouting New Zealand's highest award. _START_SECTION_ Rugby _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reeve was an avid follower of rugby union, and a life member of the Wellington Rugby Football Union. He donated a trophy, the Arthur Reeve Cup, which is contested in the Wellington Secondary Schools rugby competition in the under-80 kg grade. It was first awarded in 1989._NEWLINE_After injuring his leg playing rugby at 19, he joined the Scottish Harriers, and was elected vice president. _NEWLINE_Reeve was a rugby columnist for over 23 years for Rugby News and then the Sunday Times. He wrote a history of college rugby, Cradle of Rugby, published in 1992. _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reeve died in Wellington on 21 May 2002 from cancer. As well as rugby and scouts he supported the Masonic Lodge and St Matthew’s Church in Brooklyn, Wellington.

11523965840397170439

Q421297

_START_ARTICLE_ Articaine _START_SECTION_ Structure and metabolism _START_PARAGRAPH_ The amide structure of articaine is similar to that of other local anesthetics, but its molecular structure differs through the presence of a thiophene ring instead of a benzene ring. Articaine is exceptional because it contains an additional ester group that is metabolized by esterases in blood and tissue. The elimination of articaine is exponential with a half-life of 20 minutes. Since articaine is hydrolized very quickly in the blood, the risk of systemic intoxication seems to be lower than with other anesthetics, especially if repeated injection is performed. _START_SECTION_ Clinical use _START_PARAGRAPH_ Articaine is used for pain control. Like other local anesthetic drugs, articaine causes a transient and completely reversible state of anesthesia (loss of sensation) during (dental) procedures._NEWLINE_In dentistry, articaine is used mainly for infiltration injections. Articaine, while not proven, has been associated with higher risk of nerve damage when used as a block technique. However, articaine is able to penetrate dense cortical bone — as found in the lower jaw (mandible) — more than most other local anaesthetics._NEWLINE_In people with hypokalemic sensory overstimulation, lidocaine is not very effective, but articaine works well._NEWLINE_Studies comparing lidocaine and articaine found that articaine is more effective than lidocaine in anaesthetising the posterior first molar region. Articaine has been found to be 3.81 times more likely than lidocaine to produce successful anaesthesia when used for infiltration injections. However, there is no evidence to support the use of articaine over lidocaine for inferior alveolar nerve blocks. Furthermore, articaine has been demonstrated to be superior to lidocaine for use of supplementary infiltration following persistent pain despite a successful inferior dental nerve block with lidocaine. _START_SECTION_ Paresthesia controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Paresthesia, a short-to-long-term numbness or altered sensation affecting a nerve, is a well-known complication of injectable local anesthetics and has been present even before articaine was available._NEWLINE_An article by Haas and Lennon published in 1993 seems to be the original source for the controversy surrounding articaine.This paper analyzed 143 cases reported in to the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario (RCDSO) over a 21-year period. The results from their analysis seemed to indicate that 4% local anesthetics had a higher incidence of causing paresthesia, an undesirable temporary or permanent complication, after the injection. The authors concluded that “...the overall incidence of paresthesia following local anesthetic administration for non-surgical procedures in dentistry in Ontario is very low, with only 14 cases being reported out of an estimated 11,000,000 injections in 1993. However if paresthesia does occur, the results of this study are consistent with the suggestion that it is significantly more likely to do so if either articaine or prilocaine is used.”_NEWLINE_In another paper by the same authors, 19 reported paresthesia cases in Ontario for 1994 were reviewed, concluding that the incidence of paresthesia was 2.05 per million injections of 4% anesthetic drugs. Another follow up study by Miller and Haas published in 2000, concluded that the incidence of paresthesia from either prilocaine or articaine (the only two 4% drugs in the dental market) was close to 1:500,000 injections. (An average dentist gives around 1,800 injections in a year.)_NEWLINE_Almost all recorded cases of long-term numbness or altered sensation (paresthesia) seem only to be present when this anesthetic is used for dental use (no PubMed references for paresthesia with articaine for other medical specialties), and only affect, in the vast majority of the reports, the lingual nerve._NEWLINE_Nonetheless, direct damage to the nerve caused by 4% drugs has never been scientifically proven._NEWLINE_Some research points to needle trauma as the cause of the paresthesia events.

7751552633654121190

Q3109230

_START_ARTICLE_ Articular cartilage repair _START_SECTION_ Different articular cartilage repair procedures _START_PARAGRAPH_ Though the different articular cartilage procedures differ in the used technologies and surgical techniques, they all share the aim to repair articular cartilage whilst keeping options open for alternative treatments in the future. Broadly taken, there are five major types of articular cartilage repair: _START_SECTION_ Arthroscopic Lavage / Debridement _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arthroscopic lavage is a "cleaning up" procedure of the knee joint. This short term solution is not considered an articular cartilage repair procedure but rather a palliative treatment to reduce pain, mechanical restriction and inflammation. Lavage focusses on removing degenerative articular cartilage flaps and fibrous tissue. The main target group are patients with very small defects of the articular cartilage. _START_SECTION_ Marrow Stimulation Techniques (Microfracture Surgery and others) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Marrow stimulating techniques attempt to solve articular cartilage damage through an arthroscopic procedure. Firstly, damaged cartilage is drilled or punched until the underlying bone is exposed. By doing this, the subchondral bone is perforated to generate a blood clot within the defect. Studies, however, have shown that marrow stimulation techniques often have insufficiently filled the chondral defect and the repair material is often fibrocartilage (which is not as good mechanically as hyaline cartilage). The blood clot takes about 8 weeks to become fibrous tissue and it takes 4 months to become fibrocartilage. This has implications for the rehabilitation._NEWLINE_Further on, chances are high that after only 1 or 2 years of the surgery symptoms start to return as the fibrocartilage wears away, forcing the patient to reengage in articular cartilage repair. This is not always the case and microfracture surgery is therefore considered to be an intermediate step._NEWLINE_An evolvement of the microfracture technique is the implantation of a collagen membrane onto the site of the microfracture to protect and stabilize the blood clot and to enhance the chondrogenic differentiation of the MSCs. This technique is known as AMIC (Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis) and was first published in 2003. _START_SECTION_ Marrow Stimulation augmented with Hydrogel Implant _START_PARAGRAPH_ A hydrogel implant to help the body regrow cartilage in the knee is currently being studied in U.S. and European clinical trials. Called GelrinC, the implant is made of a synthetic material called polyethylene glycol (PEG) and denatured human fibrinogen protein._NEWLINE_During the standard microfracture procedure, the implant is applied to the cartilage defect as a liquid. It is then exposed to UVA light for 90 seconds, turning it into a solid, soft implant that completely occupies the space of the cartilage defect._NEWLINE_The implant is designed to support the formation of hyaline cartilage through a unique guided tissue mechanism. It protects the repair site from infiltration of undesired fibrous tissue while providing the appropriate environment for hyaline cartilage matrix formation. Over six to 12 months, the implant resorbs from its surface inward, enabling it to be gradually replaced with new cartilage._NEWLINE_Preliminary clinical studies in Europe have shown the implant improves pain and function. _START_SECTION_ Marrow Stimulation augmented with Peripheral Blood Stem Cells _START_PARAGRAPH_ A 2011 study reports histologically confirmed hyaline cartilage regrowth in a 5 patient case-series, 2 with grade IV bipolar or kissing lesions in the knee. The successful protocol involves arthroscopic microdrilling/ microfracture surgery followed by postoperative injections of autologous peripheral blood progenitor cells (PBPC's) and hyaluronic acid (HA). PBPC’s are a blood product containing mesenchymal stem cells and is obtained by mobilizing the stem cells into the peripheral blood. Khay Yong Saw and his team propose that the microdrilling surgery creates a blood clot scaffold on which injected PBPC’s can be recruited and enhance chondrogenesis at the site of the contained lesion. They explain that the significance of this cartilage regeneration protocol is that it is successful in patients with historically difficult-to-treat grade IV bipolar or bone-on-bone osteochondral lesions. _NEWLINE_Saw and his team are currently conducting a larger randomized trial and working towards beginning a multicenter study. The work of the Malaysian research team is gaining international attention. _START_SECTION_ Osteochondral Autografts and Allografts _START_PARAGRAPH_ This technique/repair requires transplant sections of bone and cartilage. First, the damaged section of bone and cartilage is removed from the joint. Then a new healthy dowel of bone with its cartilage covering is punched out of the same joint and replanted into the hole left from removing the old damaged bone and cartilage. The healthy bone and cartilage are taken from areas of low stress in the joint so as to prevent weakening the joint. Depending on the severity and overall size of the damage multiple plugs or dowels may be required to adequately repair the joint, which becomes difficult for osteochondral autografts. The clinical results may deteriorate over time._NEWLINE_For osteochondral allografts, the plugs are taken from deceased donors. This has the advantage that more osteochondral tissue is available and larger damages can be repaired using either the plug (snowman) technique or by hand carving larger grafts. There are, however, worries on the histocompatibility, though no rejection drugs are required and infection has been shown to be lesser than that of a total knee or hip. Osteochondral allografting using donor cartilage has been used most historically in knees, but is also emerging in hips, ankles, shoulders and elbows. Patients are typically younger than 55, with BMI below 35, and have a desire to maintain a higher activity level that traditional joint replacements would not allow. Advances in tissue preservation and surgical technique are quickly growing this surgery in popularity. _START_SECTION_ Cell Based Repairs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aiming to obtain the best possible results, scientists have striven to replace damaged articular cartilage with healthy articular cartilage. Previous repair procedures, however, always generated fibrocartilage or, at best, a combination of hyaline and fibrocartilage repair tissue. Autologous chondrocyte implantation (ACI) procedures are cell-based repairs that aim to achieve a repair consisting of healthy articular cartilage._NEWLINE_ACI articular cartilage repair procedures take place in three stages. First, cartilage cells are extracted arthroscopically from the patient's healthy articular cartilage that is located in a non load-bearing area of either the intercondylar notch or the superior ridge of the femoral condyles. Then these extracted cells are transferred to an in vitro environment in specialised laboratories where they grow and replicate, for approximately four to six weeks, until their population has increased to a sufficient amount. Finally, the patient undergoes a second surgery where the in vitro chondrocytes are applied to the damaged area. In this procedure, chondrocytes are injected and applied to the damaged area in combination with either a membrane or a matrix structure. These transplanted cells thrive in their new environment, forming new articular cartilage. _START_SECTION_ Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant _START_PARAGRAPH_ For years, the concept of harvesting stem cells and re-implanting them into one's own body to regenerate organs and tissues has been embraced and researched in animal models. In particular, mesenchymal stem cells have been shown in animal models to regenerate cartilage[1]. Recently, there has been a published case report of decrease in knee pain in a single individual using autologous mesenchymal stem cells.[2]An advantage to this approach is that a person's own stem cells are used, avoiding transmission of genetic diseases. It is also minimally invasive, minimally painful and has a very short recovery period. This alternative to the current available treatments was shown not to cause cancer in patients who were followed for 3 years after the procedure._NEWLINE_See also Autologous Mesenchymal Stem Cell Transplant for Cartilage Growth _START_SECTION_ The importance of rehabilitation in articular cartilage repair _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rehabilitation following any articular cartilage repair procedure is paramount for the success of any articular cartilage resurfacing technique. The rehabilitation is often long and demanding. The main reason is that it takes a long time for the cartilage cells to adapt and mature into repair tissue. Cartilage is a slow adapting substance. Where a muscle takes approximately 35 weeks to fully adapt itself, cartilage only undergoes 75% adaptation in 2 years. If the rehabilitation period is too short, the cartilage repair might be put under too much stress, causing the repair to fail. _START_SECTION_ Concerns _START_PARAGRAPH_ New research by Robert Litchfield, September 2008, of the University of Western Ontario concluded that routinely practised knee surgery is ineffective at reducing joint pain or improving joint function in people with osteoarthritis. The researchers did however find that arthroscopic surgery did help a minority of patients with milder symptoms, large tears or other damage to the meniscus — cartilage pads that improve the congruence between femur and tibia bones. Similarly, a 2013 Finnish study found surgery to be ineffective for knee surgery (arthroscopic partial meniscectomy), by comparing to sham treatment.

13096771502834399255

Q17006331

_START_ARTICLE_ Artifact-centric business process model _START_PARAGRAPH_ Artifact-centric business process model represents an operational model of business processes in which the changes and evolution of business data, or business entities, are considered as the main driver of the processes. The artifact-centric approach, a kind of data-centric business process modeling, focuses on describing how business data is changed/updated, by a particular action or task, throughout the process. _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ In general, a process model describes activities conducted (i.e. activity-centric) in order to achieve business goals, informational structures, and organizational resources. Workflows, as a typical process modeling approach, often emphasize the sequencing of activities (i.e., control flows), but ignore the informational perspective or treat it only within the context of single activities. Without a complete view of the informational context, business actors often focus on what should be done instead of what can be done, hindering operational innovations._NEWLINE_Business process modeling is a foundation for design and management of business processes. Two key aspects of business process modeling are a formal framework that integrates both control flow and data, and a set of tools to assist all aspects of a business process life cycle. A typical business process life cycle includes at least a design phase, concerned with the “correct” realization of business logic in a resource-constrained environment, and an operational phase, concerned with optimizing and improving execution (operations). Traditional business process models emphasize a procedural and/or graph-based paradigm (i.e., control flow). Thus, methodologies to design workflow in those models are typically process-centric. It has been argued that a data-centric perspective is more useful for designing business processes in the modern era._NEWLINE_Intuitively, business artifacts (or simply artifacts) are data objects whose manipulations define the underlying processes in a business model. Recent engineering and development efforts have adopted the artifact approach for design and analysis of business models. An important distinction between artifact-centric models and traditional data flow (computational) models is that the notion of the life cycle of the data objects is prominent in the former, while not existing in the latter. _START_SECTION_ Research and history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Artifact-centric modeling is an area of growing interest. Nigam and Caswell introduced the concept of business artifacts and information-centric processing of artifact lifecycles. Kumaran et al.'s further studies on artifact-centric business processes can be found here. Bhattacharya described a successful business engagement which applies business artifact techniques to industrialize discovery processes in pharmaceutical research. Liu et al. formulated nine commonly used patterns in information-centric business operation models and developed a computational model based on Petri Nets. Bhattacharya, K., et al. provides a formal model for artifact-centric business processes with complexity results concerning static analysis of the semantics of such processes. Kumaran et al. presented the formalized information-centric approach to discovering business entities from activity-centric process models and transforming such models into artifact-centric business process models. An algorithm was provided to achieve this transformation automatically._NEWLINE_Other approaches related to artifact-centric modelling can be found in,. Van der Aalst et al. provides a case-handling approach where a process is driven by the presence of data objects instead of control flows. A case is similar to the business entity concept in many respects. Wang and Kumar proposed the document-driven workflow systems which is designed based on data dependencies without the need for explicit control flows. Muller et al. also introduced the framework for the data-driven modelling of large process structures, namely COREPRO. The approach reduces modelling efforts significantly and provides mechanisms for maintaining data-driven process structures._NEWLINE_Another related thread of work is the use of state machines to model object lifecycles. Industries often define data objects and standardize their lifecycles as state machines to facilitate interoperability between industry partners and enforce legal regulations. Redding et al. and Küster et al. give techniques to generate business processes which are compliant with predefined object lifecycles. In addition, event-driven process modelling, for example, Event-driven Process Chains (EPC), also describes object lifecycles glued by events._NEWLINE_More recent and closely related work on artifact-centric process model can be found in. Gerede and Su developed a specification language ABSL to specify artifact behaviours in artifact-centric process models. The authors showed decidability results of our language for different cases and provided key insights on how artifact-centric view can affect the specification of desirable business properties. Gerede et al. identified important classes of properties on artifact-centric operational models focusing on persistence, uniqueness and arrival properties. They proposed a formal model for artifact-centric operational models to enable a static analysis of these properties and showed that the formal model guarantees persistence and uniqueness._NEWLINE_Fritz, Hull, and Su formulated the technical problem of goal-directed workflow construction in the context of declarative artifact-centric workflow, and develop results concerning the general setting, design time analysis, and the synthesis of workflow schemas from goal specifications. The work is among the important initial steps along the path towards eventual support for tools that enable substantial automation for workflow design, analysis, and modification. Deutsch et al. introduced the artifact system model, which formalizes a business process modelling paradigm that has recently attracted the attention of both the industrial and research communities. The problem of automatic verification of artifact systems, with the goal of increasing confidence in the correctness of such business processes is also studied._NEWLINE_Sira and Chengfei proposed a novel view framework for artifact-centric business processes. It consists of artifact-centric process model, process view model, a set of consistency rules, and the construction approach for building process views. The formal model of artifact-centric business processes and views, namely ACP, is defined and used to describe artifacts, services, business rules that control the processes, as well as views. They developed a bottom-up abstraction mechanism for process view construction to derive views from underlying process models according to view requirements. Consistency rules are also defined to preserve the consistency between constructed view and its underlying process. This work can be considered as one approach to the abstraction, i.e., generalization of artifact-centric business processes. The framework has also been extended to address modelling and change validation of inter-organizational business processes.

17116386858312235994

Q4801232

_START_ARTICLE_ Artist Pension Trust _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2004, a company named MutualArt launched the Artist Pension Trust as the first pension program for visual contemporary artists. It was founded by businessman Moti Shniberg, Hebrew University business professor, Dan Galai, and David A. Ross, former director of the Whitney Museum and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art. APT started with eight regional trusts and subsequently launched a global trust, APT Global One, with a total of 628 artists. _NEWLINE_After the first year, Artist Pension Trust owned the collection of approximately 65 artworks created by artists in the New York branch, including Jules de Balincourt, William Cordova, Anthony Goicolea, and Aida Ruilova. _START_SECTION_ Storage Fee Changes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Artist Pension Trust announced that, beginning in September 2017, it would charge $6.50 per month for each work that members stored. The former CEO of the Mutual Art Group, which includes APT, defended the fee, arguing that the cost is much less than artists will have to pay elsewhere. He told Colin Gleadell of Artnet that “it’s not about raising money to balance our books; [it’s about getting] the work out of storage so that it can be seen and eventually sold. Some works have been in storage for ten years and that’s not good.” According to Brenner, the appeal of APT for some artists was the free storage facilities. In order to become a member, one originally had to agree to contribute to the storage expenses for oversize works when signing the contract, but the policy has never been enforced. In October 2017 seven former APT directors of the New York, London, Berlin, and Dubai Trusts and 21 APT officials— put their names on an open letter expressing solidarity with the aggrieved artists. The letter expresses “deep disappointment in the direction APT is moving,” saying that the policy changes deviate from the original vision of the Trust as they understood it. _START_SECTION_ Artwork distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ The artworks in the trust are gradually sold over the course of 20 years for the benefit of the artists. The funds from the net proceeds of each artwork sold are distributed in the following manner: 72% are distributed to the artists in the trust, with 40% to the individual artist and 32% among the artists in that trust based on the number of artworks they have deposited. The remaining 28% is used to cover the operational costs of the trusts. _START_SECTION_ Exhibitions _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 2013, Venice Biennale, a major contemporary art exhibition that takes place once every two years (in odd years) in Venice, Italy, included 26 artists who are also a part of the global Artist Pension Trust. _START_SECTION_ APT Institute _START_PARAGRAPH_ In July 2013, Artist Pension Trust announced establishment of APT Institute, a non-profit organization whose task is to facilitate exhibitions and loans for curators, museums, and art organizations, as well as to promote contemporary art and artists worldwide. Recent loans arranged through the APT Institute include Jean Shin’s installation of neckties and a chain link fence named "Untied", which featured in the solo show "Jean Shin: Common Threads", at the Smithsonian American Art Museum, and Sherif El Azma’s "Powerchord Skateboard", a two-screen DVD installation that was part of the Tate Modern’s recent show "Project Space: Objects in Mirror Are Closer Than They Appear".

6209772416525326965

Q5707413

_START_ARTICLE_ Arturo Porzecanski _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born and raised in Montevideo, Uruguay, of European Jewish immigrant parents, Porzecanski came to the United States in early 1968 and earned his B.A. degree in economics at Whittier College (1968-1971) and then his M.A. and Ph.D. in economics at the University of Pittsburgh (1971-1975). _START_SECTION_ Financial Industry Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After a summer internship as a visiting economist at the International Monetary Fund (1973), and a year-and-a-half stint as a research economist at the Center for Latin American Monetary Studies in Mexico City (1975–76), he began his Wall Street career as an international economist and country risk analyst at the Morgan Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, one of the forerunners of today’s JP Morgan Chase (1977-1989). He went on to become the chief economist at Republic National Bank of New York (1989-1992); chief emerging-markets economist at Kidder, Peabody & Co. (1992-1993); chief economist for the Americas at ING Barings (1994-2000); and chief economist for emerging markets at ABN AMRO (2000-2005). He was recognized in 2005 for his outstanding professional accomplishments on Wall Street and named a “Legacy Laureate” by his alma mater, the University of Pittsburgh. _START_SECTION_ Academia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Porzecanski decided to open up a second act in his professional career in 2005 by becoming a full-time university professor of international economics, a shift in professional direction that was part of a generational handover by pioneers in emerging-markets research who had also taken early retirement and started out on new career paths. Having taught on an adjunct basis at Columbia University and New York University, he was a visiting professor of economics at Williams College in Spring 2005. He was appointed to the faculty of the School of International Service at American University as of Fall 2005, first as Scholar of International Finance and then, as of Fall 2007, as Distinguished Economist-in-Residence. In 2012, he was also named Director of the International Economic Relations Program at SIS through August 2018. Besides devoting himself to teaching and policy-oriented research in his field, he has provided consulting services to legal and financial firms, as well as to U.S. government agencies and multilateral organizations. He has also been appointed a Dispute Resolution Arbitrator for the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority and was a Senior Associate (Non-resident) at the Center for Strategic and International Studies during 2007-2013. _START_SECTION_ Patient Advocacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since late 2005, Porzecanski has struggled with an exceedingly rare illness, Systemic Capillary Leak Syndrome (SCLS), which left him partially disabled and brought him near death several times. He became an international advocate for those affected by the disease, setting up a website for patients and doctors around the world to share information and provide support, and serving as its resident expert. He also persuaded the National Institutes of Health to carry out basic biomedical research on this syndrome. In early 2009, Porzecanski was profiled in the Health section of The Washington Post for this initiative and his determination to cope with this life- and limb-threatening illness. His leadership role as a patient advocate was recognized by Whittier College with an Outstanding Alumni Award for Community Impact. In 2016, the National Institutes of Health publicly acknowledged Porzecanski’s “indispensable” role in spreading awareness of SCLS and in enabling NIH scientific research on the deadly disease. In 2018, Porzecanski won a lawsuit against the Secretary of the U.S. Health and Human Services Department in U.S. federal court, which overturned a Medicare denial of treatment with intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG), a therapy which has become the standard of care for SCLS patients. _START_SECTION_ Scholarship _START_PARAGRAPH_ Porzecanski has published widely in the fields of international finance and Latin American economics, with scholarly articles in many edited volumes and in journals such as Business Economics, Chicago Journal of International Law, Development, Ethics & International Affairs, Fordham International Law Journal, International Finance, Journal of Banking and Finance, Journal of Developing Areas, Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, Law & Contemporary Problems, National Tax Journal and, World Economics. His only scholarly, sole-authored book, "Uruguay’s Tupamaros: The Urban Guerrilla", a contribution to political science, was published in the United States when he was a 23-year-old graduate student. He has been a life member of the Council on Foreign Relations since 1992, as well as a member of the Board of Directors of the Tinker Foundation since 2007.

6878778679133655301

Q2722732

_START_ARTICLE_ Arvin Sloane _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Arvin Sloane is the cold, calculating leader of SD-6, directing its operations against the U.S. government under the guise of being a secret organization within the government itself. He is eventually promoted to being a full member of "The Alliance", the organization that operates above each individual SD cell._NEWLINE_It is revealed through the course of the series that Sloane speaks Spanish, French, Japanese, Nepali, Mandarin, and Russian and reads Homeric Greek. It was revealed in the third season that Sloane has a life-threatening allergy to morphine._NEWLINE_Sloane is married to his long-time wife, Emily, for over 30 years. Early in his marriage Sloane was with the CIA, attached to the US Army Corps of Engineers, which is where he first encountered the works of Milo Rambaldi. Initially, Sloane dismissed Rambaldi and his works. That would change following the death of Arvin and Emily's infant daughter, Jacqueline. Wracked with grief, Sloane stumbled across some Rambaldi pages that he had stuck in a desk drawer and forgotten about. Reviewing the pages, Sloane was gripped by the possibilities inherent in what he saw there. This interest would rapidly grow into an obsession with all things Rambaldi._NEWLINE_At some point, Sloane had a brief affair with Jack Bristow's wife, Irina Derevko (alias Laura). This resulted in the birth of the child who would become known as Nadia Santos. It is unclear exactly when this affair took place or exactly when Nadia was born. Sydney Bristow was born in 1975. It's stated in the series that Michael Vaughn's father kidnapped Nadia for her own safety when she was a young girl, and he was killed by Irina in 1979. It's also stated that Irina gave birth to Nadia in a Russian prison after she left Jack. Sydney is age 6 when Irina fakes her death in late 1981, which means that Nadia must have been born in 1982. The timelines cannot be reconciled. Regardless of the exact timeline, Jack did not learn of this affair for over two decades. After Irina's apparent death, Jack was taken into federal custody and Sloane and Emily became Sydney's temporary guardians. Sydney believes that she didn't meet Sloane until she was recruited, as she reveals in season 2 episode Cipher that she has "big gaps in [her] memory" around the time of the death of her mother._NEWLINE_Some time after that, Sloane and a number of other CIA agents broke from the agency to attach themselves to the Alliance of Twelve. Sloane eventually became head of that section of the Alliance known as SD-6. When Sydney was 19 and a freshman in college, Sloane recruited her to join SD-6, convincing her that she was joining the CIA. _START_SECTION_ Season 1 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Partway through season 1, it is revealed that Emily was suffering from apparent terminal cancer. Emily learned that her husband had never truly left the world of intelligence. She made the mistake of telling Sydney what she knew and SD-6 soon caught wind of this fact. As a condition of Sloane's being promoted to a full member of the Alliance he was ordered to kill his wife. Unable to bring himself to do this, Sloane set up an elaborate ruse, including the amputation of Emily's finger, to convince the Alliance that she was dead. _START_SECTION_ Season 2 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Concurrent with his engineering the downfall of The Alliance and SD-6, Sloane went underground, allying with Julian Sark and continuing his obsessive pursuit of Rambaldi artifacts. Emily collaborated secretly with the CIA to expose her husband's new crimes and consented to helping them capture Sloane by wearing a hidden wire but was coaxed by Sloane, during this operation, swaying Emily from her cooperation with the CIA, thus allowing them to foil the CIA's original task. They attempted to flee together, with cover fire from Julian Sark and the help of Sydney's mother, Irina Derevko, (who was stealing a Rambaldi book) to Sloan's awaiting helicopter, but Emily was accidentally shot in the shoulder by the bullet meant for her husband and killed by Marcus Dixon, a former SD-6 agent now with the CIA. In retaliation, Sloane later arranged for Dixon's death by having a bomb placed in his vehicle one night while he and his wife, Diane, were having dinner with Sydney & Vaughn. Dixon & Diane were supposed to be in the same vehicle but ended up driving separate vehicles that night. His wife, who had already gotten into her SUV and was driving away, was killed in the car bomb explosion. At the last minute, Dixon had turned around and was coming back to tell Sydney something, sparing him from seeing the actual explosion. _START_SECTION_ Season 3 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between seasons 2 and 3 (the two-year gap where Sydney went missing), Sloane turned himself in to the U.S. government and, in exchange for a full pardon, utilized all of his knowledge to help bring down various terrorist organizations. Sloane then moved to Zurich, Switzerland, setting up a humanitarian organization called Omnifam and apparently becoming a philanthropist, claiming that his research into Rambaldi's secrets led him to one word: peace. Sloane still occasionally worked for the CIA by utilizing his contacts with the Covenant and other organizations, but his motives still elicited suspicion within the government, and particularly from Sydney, who never forgave him for authorizing the murder of her fiancé during the SD-6 days._NEWLINE_In fact, besides the word "peace", the Rambaldi device known as Il Dire (The Telling) printed out the DNA pattern for a person Rambaldi called The Passenger. Sloane determined that The Passenger was his daughter with Irina Derevko, a woman named Nadia Santos who was an agent with Argentine intelligence. Sloane abducts her and injects her with a green "Rambaldi fluid" which makes her a "living conduit to Rambaldi". Nadia generates a complex algebraic equation that translates into a longitude and latitude for another Rambaldi artifact, The Sphere of Life. Sloane and Nadia briefly teamed up to recover the Sphere, but Nadia left her father when it appeared his Rambaldi obsession had become madness; she returned to Argentina. _START_SECTION_ Season 4 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sloane is subsequently pardoned again and is recruited by the CIA to head up a new black ops division patterned after SD-6, called Authorized Personnel Only (APO). Sloane's first task was to hand-pick the agents he wanted to serve in the APO, choosing Sydney, Jack, Dixon and Vaughn. He later successfully convinced Nadia to join and added Marshall Flinkman and Eric Weiss._NEWLINE_Sloane's biggest challenge as the head of APO was in convincing Sydney, Vaughn, and Marcus that his intentions are genuine. Under orders by CIA superiors to keep close tabs on Sloane, the three agents have on several occasions sparked false alarms as to Sloane's loyalty. Meanwhile, Sloane and Jack have been following an agenda of their own, that appears to be related to the surviving sisters of Irina Derevko._NEWLINE_Late in season four it was revealed there was another man, dubbed "Arvin Clone" and virtually identical to Arvin Sloane in every way, was still tracking down Rambaldi artifacts in Sloane's name and committing numerous criminal acts in the process. "Arvin Clone" (real name Ned Bolger) is blamed for Irina's death by setting her up to appear as if she had contracted an assassin to kill Sydney._NEWLINE_Toward the conclusion of the fourth season, Sloane confesses that through his work with Omnifam, he has seeded water supplies around the world with chemical contaminants designed to make humanity more peaceful. He abandons his post as APO director, apparently to join Elena Derevko's scheme to destroy civilization using the contaminated water in conjunction with the Mueller device. In reality, Sloane is infiltrating Elena's organization in order to stop her endgame but Dixon is seriously wounded when trying to stop Sloane. During the final mission to stop Elena, Sloane aids APO, but in doing so is forced to shoot Nadia (who has been transformed by the chemical contaminants into a killing machine and is strangling Sydney). As the season ends, Sloane is imprisoned by the CIA, but receives an unexpected visit from Sydney, who tells him she believes his motives were good as she arranges for him to visit with his daughter. _START_SECTION_ Season 5 _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the fifth season, Sloane finds himself at the mercy of turncoat CIA agent Gordon Dean, who runs an SD-6-like criminal organization called "The Shed" on behalf of a larger group called Prophet Five. Dean arranges for Sloane to be released from federal custody, opening the door for Sloane to be reinstated with APO (albeit at a lower rank), which will allow Sloane to search for a cure for Nadia's condition. Dean threatens to undo all this if Sloane doesn't agree to act as a mole within APO._NEWLINE_This arrangement is short-lived as Sloane ultimately refuses to jeopardize the safety of Sydney or the others any longer, and he betrays Dean. Dean is captured by APO, but Sloane soon finds himself becoming beholden to another (as yet unexplained) element of Prophet Five, who holds the key to curing Nadia. This is proven when Nadia briefly regains consciousness. Under the promise of a more permanent cure, Sloane is ordered to kill Dean, which he does. Once again, Sloane is forced to act as a mole within APO on behalf of Prophet Five, with a vague promise of a cure for Nadia. When he attempts to use his new contact to locate Sydney after she is kidnapped, he is asked to make a choice between saving Sydney and saving Nadia._NEWLINE_Ultimately, Sloane continues to work with Prophet Five until they provide him with a cure for Nadia's condition. He administers it, and she is successfully cured. Sloane's relationship with Nadia was always hindered by his obsession with Rambaldi's work (frequently at the expense of her well-being). This tension between his love for Nadia and his fixation upon Rambaldi comes to a head when Nadia demands that he choose between her and Page 47. The severity of his dichotomy was evident as he tearfully begs Nadia, "Please, don't make me choose between the two most important things in my life." When Nadia casts Page 47 into the fireplace, Sloane's obsession takes hold and he throws her out of the way to save it, accidentally killing her when she falls through a glass table._NEWLINE_Following Nadia's death, Sloane realizes that his faith in Rambaldi was all he ever truly had, making the betrayal of his loved ones inevitable. Nadia's death, according to this interpretation, was a necessary sacrifice. Sloane then leaves APO to join Prophet Five and see Rambaldi's work to its conclusion. Sloane subsequently is haunted by an apparition of Nadia, who states she is only appearing because Sloane wants her to be there._NEWLINE_Sloane realized that once his expertise with Rambaldi was no longer necessary to Prophet Five, he would be 'removed' from their services permanently. To this end he convinced Julian Sark and Kelly Peyton to betray Prophet Five and ally with him, having Peyton execute all leaders of Prophet Five and having Sark eliminate APO with high explosives (killing Thomas Grace)._NEWLINE_Sloane finally set about achieving his endgame, kidnapping Marshall Flinkman and Rachel Gibson to force them to hack into a satellite network to locate a cavern where he could utilize another Rambaldi artifact, an amulet, to uncover further details towards the fruition of his ultimate goal._NEWLINE_Finally, Sloane's endgame was achieved in Mongolia, in the Tomb of Rambaldi, where Sloane used The Horizon to create a strange hovering sphere from which a reddish liquid drained. However before the purpose of this sphere could be revealed, Sydney intervened, removing The Horizon from its setting and causing the sphere to dissipate. A stand-off ensued and Sloane shot Jack to distract Sydney long enough for Sark to recover The Horizon from her. However, Sloane himself was shot and killed in retaliation by Sydney, one bullet entering his head to confirm a kill._NEWLINE_As Sloane's body collapsed, he fell into a vat of the strange liquid created by The Horizon which imbued with him special gifts, apparently the ultimate revelation of Rambaldi, immortality. Sloane recovered from his bullet wounds and was revived fully intact but was confronted by a dying Jack Bristow. Sloane offered his old friend the chance to be saved in the same rejuvenating liquid but Jack refused. Instead, Jack trapped Sloane in the tomb forever by detonating a powerful explosive and sacrificing himself._NEWLINE_Sloane is currently trapped under large rocks in the tomb, several hundred feet underground and alone but he is alive and seemingly immortal. The Nadia apparition makes one final appearance before vanishing. It is implied that his fate is to spend eternity trapped in this place. _START_SECTION_ Jacquelyn Sloane _START_PARAGRAPH_ Thirty years before season 4, Emily Sloane was pregnant with her and Arvin's daughter. They had considered other names, but eventually stuck with Jacquelyn. It is suggested that the baby died during birth. According to Arvin, it was a risky pregnancy and the baby had fought hard to stay with them, but in the end it was overwhelming and her heart was not strong enough.

12290837125231249466

Q3564922

_START_ARTICLE_ As-Salam Palace _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Al-Salam Palace was taken over by coalition forces during the 2003 invasion of Iraq. The palace was significantly damaged during the "Shock and Awe" campaign, when it sustained several airstrike attacks. It is headquarters for the Joint Area Support Group. It has been known to coalition forces as "Camp Prosperity" and "Forward Operating Base Prosperity." _START_SECTION_ Layout and amenities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The palace has 200 rooms with approximately 1,000,000 square feet (93,000 m²) floor space. There are six floors, three of which are usable (others serve as 'false floors'); two large ball rooms. The palace is internally lined with marble floors with hundreds of thousands of hand-cut pieces, granite walls, and ceilings that also have hundreds of thousands of hand-carved and inlaid hand-painted flowers._NEWLINE_The palace is also surrounded by a sequence of square tiles bearing the initials of Saddam Hussein (S & H); the letters in Arabic are called "Saad" & "Haa." These tiles are obvious on the top side of the palace building. Iraqis report that the palace dome used to have a life-sized statue of Saddam. _NEWLINE_The fireplaces, which are placed around the lake in front of the palace, are fresh air vents used to provide fresh air to the bunkers below the lake. These bunkers are now inaccessible, having been flooded and sealed off by the coalition._NEWLINE_In the basement of the palace is an entry to one of many concrete tunnels lying beneath the city of Baghdad. These tunnels are also ventilated and provide access to other palaces, governmental facilities and Baghdad International Airport. _START_SECTION_ Current use _START_PARAGRAPH_ From April 2009 to January 2010, FOB Prosperity was run by JASG-C 32d IBCT from Wisconsin. From 2012, the FOB is occupied by the Iraqi Government, who have taken over the operations due to the U.S. military draw down.

3247865997381943938

Q4803123

_START_ARTICLE_ Asa Gillett House _START_SECTION_ Description and history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Asa Gillett House stands on the east side of South Main Street, south of downtown West Hartford and a short way north of the Noah Webster House. The front of its property is lined by a low brownstone retaining wall. The house is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney. The main entrance, centered on the front facade, is flanked by sidelight windows and pilasters, and topped by an entablature. The main block is extended by a single-story ell to the right, and a two-story ell to the rear._NEWLINE_The house was probably built in the mid-18th century by Asa Gillett, grandson of one of West Hartford's early proprietors. Joseph Gillett settled the area in 1694, and was one of the signatories to a petition for a western parish of Hartford, which the area was then part of. He was also a founding organizer of the new Congregational church. Asa Gillett was primarily a merchant, although other Gilletts were active in farming the surrounding land.

7751500919118981952

Q43378576

_START_ARTICLE_ Asada no Yasu _START_PARAGRAPH_ Asada no Yasu (麻田陽春) was a poet in Japan's Nara period who composed both waka (poetry in Japanese) and kanshi (poetry in Chinese). _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Asada no Yasu was active in the Nara period of Japanese history. His birth and death dates are unknown._NEWLINE_He was a member of the immigrant Tōhon clan (答本氏), and was originally named Tōhon no Yasu, but in the fifth month of Jinki 1 (724) was given the surname Asada and the hereditary title Muraji, and so became Asada no Muraji Yasu (麻田連陽春). At this time, he held the court rank of Senior Eighth Rank, Upper Grade._NEWLINE_It is known that by 730 he was working in Dazaifu under Ōtomo no Tabito, and had attained the Junior Sixth Rank, Lower Grade._NEWLINE_In the first month of 739 he was promoted to the Junior Fifth Rank, Lower Grade. According to the Kaifūsō, during the time he held this rank he became the governor of Iwami Province, and this was in his fifty-sixth year, but it is unclear when that was._NEWLINE_He probably lived until around 749. _START_SECTION_ Waka _START_PARAGRAPH_ Four of his tanka (the name used for waka in the standard 5-7-5-7-7 metre in the pre-Heian period) were included in the Man'yōshū. These poems were number 569 and 570 (book 4), and 884 and 885 (book 5). All of these poems were composed during his time at Dazaifu. Poems 884 and 885 are accompanied by responses from the poet Yamanoue no Okura, so it is clear he had some amount of literary engagement with that poet._NEWLINE_His socializing with both Tabito and Okura while they were in Tsukushi has led to speculation that he may have been involved in the compilation of an early form of what became book 5 of the Man'yōshū. _START_SECTION_ Kanshi _START_PARAGRAPH_ One of his kanshi was included in the Kaifūsō._NEWLINE_He wrote a response to a kanshi composed by Fujiwara no Nakamaro during the time the latter was governor of Ōmi Province (a position he was granted in the ninth month of 747), and this appears to have been composed toward the end of his life.

10444012598407168972

Q4803390

_START_ARTICLE_ Asahiko Mihara _START_PARAGRAPH_ Asahiko Mihara (三原 朝彦 Mihara Asahiko, born May 23, 1947) is a Japanese politician of the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet (national legislature). A native of Onga, Fukuoka, he attended Hitotsubashi University and Dag Hammarskjöld College in the United States, and received a master's degree from Carleton University in Canada. He was elected to the House of Representatives for the first time in 1986. He participated in the formation of the New Party Sakigake in 1993 but later returned to the LDP. He was defeated in the 2009 election by DPJ candidate Rintaro Ogata._NEWLINE_Representative Mihara was re-elected in 2012 to the Fukuoka Prefectural 9th district. He is a member of the Party Ethics and Fundamental National Policies Committees as well as the Director of the Special Committee on Promotion of Science and Technology, and Innovation._NEWLINE_In 2004, Mihara received political donations of ¥ 300,000 from organizations related to the Unification Church._NEWLINE_Mihara is a member of the Diet groups of Nippon Kaigi, an openly revisionist lobby, and Shintō Seiji Renmei, a fundamentalist Shintō lobby.

3768783776721772634

Q22117749

_START_ARTICLE_ Asano Nagatake _START_PARAGRAPH_ Asano Nagatake (May 7, 1895 – January 3, 1969) was the 29th family head of the Asano clan, which ruled over Hiroshima Domain before 1871.

3940536784731025653

Q2321177

_START_ARTICLE_ Ascot, Queensland _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Historically, the land was occupied by the Aboriginal Turrbal clan. The Turrbal called the area Yowoggerra, meaning Corroboree Place. The clan had camping grounds on the north side of the Brisbane River around the Breakfast Creek area. It was at Breakfast Creek that explorers Oxley and Cunningham met members of the clan in 1824. The clan was often called the ‘Duke of York’s clan’ by whites. In 1858 two Aborigines, Dalinkua and Dalpie from the Breakfast Creek area, wrote letters to The Moreton Bay Courier protesting against the treatment their people._NEWLINE_Convicts were used in the 1830s to clear land and build basic roads. Within a decade wealthy free settlers took land with a view of the Brisbane River. In 1855, pastoralist James Sutherland purchased a large portion of land in the Brisbane area, including Ascot and its surrounds. He built one of Ascot's surviving and historically listed homes, Windermere._NEWLINE_The Eagle Farm Racecourse was established in 1863. Horse racing was one of the earliest sports in Brisbane and the name "Ascot" was given to the suburb as a tongue-in cheek reference to Ascot, England, and its prestigious Ascot Racecourse. There were racing stables throughout the suburb until the late 1920s._NEWLINE_During World War II, several buildings were used by General Douglas MacArthur and the Central Bureau, which had its headquarters at "Nyrambla", 21 Henry Street. In July 1942, MacArthur moved his headquarters to Queen Street in Brisbane city. The Central Bureau work of intercepting and decoding Japanese intelligence remained in Ascot._NEWLINE_Also used was the fire station at 77 Kitchener Road and several other locations in nearby Hamilton. In 1941 military authorities took over the racecourse, then known as Camp Ascot, to house thousands of American troops. Camp Ascot was home to several US units, including the 2nd battalion of the 131st Field Artillery Regiment and the 35th Fighter Group comprising the 39th, 40th and 41st Fighter Squadrons and Headquarters Squadron._NEWLINE_From the 1990s the old servants' quarters of "Nyrambla" were home to the late Australian actor Bille Brown (1952-2013), honorary ambassador for Queensland for his stage work in the Queensland Theatre Company in Brisbane and the Royal Shakespeare Company. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Due to the popularity of the horse races, in 1882 a railway line branch was extended from Eagle Junction Eagle Farm Racecourse in Ascot. In 1899 the first electric tram service was extended to Ascot. Trams which ran from Hamilton along Racecourse Road, Lancaster Road and terminated in Alexandra Road continued until 1969._NEWLINE_Ascot railway station Doomben railway station provide access to Citytrain services. _START_SECTION_ Schools _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ascot has a kindergarten in Kitchener Road, a preschool in Barlow Street and a state primary school in Pringle Street. St Margaret's Anglican Girls' School is a prestigious private school in the neighbourhood that provides education from Pre-Prep to Year 12. Ascot State School, in Pringle Street, provides primary education from Prep to Year 6.

2872439713538722423

Q4804133

_START_ARTICLE_ Asembo _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Asembo is a place in the region of Nyanza Province in Kenya at 0°10'48" south of the equator and 34°23'24" east of the Greenwich Prime Meridian._NEWLINE_Asembo Bay, also known as Kamito is a lakeside town with a population of about 100,000 people. Asembo Bay boasted of being the place to watch East African Safari Rally, and considering that this sport was watched in the African Great Lakes countries of Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania, these lakeside people must have been very privileged to be part of this worldwide sport. These lakeside people also enjoyed a Factual 1974 cinema every 7th of the month, not to mention an excellent water transport that connected her to other countries in the region._NEWLINE_Above all it must be known that this was an initially a business hub, thanks to the original Indian business men and women who built massive infrastructure that are still visible today. Half of these buildings are gone due to the buildings built using iron sheets which only lasted for 20-25 years._NEWLINE_In fact Kamito, as the town is also known, originated from an Indian businesswoman a residence of the shopping centre known as Min mitu loosely translated mother of Mitu (or as per the locals, mito)._NEWLINE_Asembo Bay name cannot be mentioned without mentioning the owner of the best address in town, plot number 1 and 2 owner Ogut Awalla and his son Samwel Oyugi Ogut(very prominent business men). But the main credit goes to the hardest working business man whose action speaks for itself in the center Ongong'a Sigar, Oyugi Misula, Sure - a very bright fisherman and talented wizard. Fishing being part of this town. A prominent Engineer Gwela Jakandang'o must take his credit here. A good teacher of the yesteryear Mr Onyango Ted of Asembo Bay Primary School must take his credit here.

6263237982653239015

Q177394

_START_ARTICLE_ Ashley Rickards _START_SECTION_ Early life and acting career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rickards was born in Sarasota, Florida. She grew up on a horse farm that catered for children with special needs. She attended a local Montessori school where, at age 13, she had her first taste of acting in an opera production. Rickards graduated from high school at age fifteen and is a member of Mensa. After attending a local talent showcase, organized by Lou Pearlman, Rickards traveled to Los Angeles where she eventually gathered a team of representatives. Upon graduating, Rickards began to appear in a number of minor roles, while child labor laws restricted the number of hours she was able to work. After making a number of guest appearances and shorts, she landed the role of Samantha Walker, a runaway foster child, in the sixth season of The CW's One Tree Hill. Although not aware of the show before auditioning, Rickards found that she "learned so much from acting techniques to different ways of shooting things". Her character did not return the following season, while in the same year she had a bit part in her first feature film, Gamer._NEWLINE_Rickards spent much of 2009 attending auditions while a proposed lead role in the film Dirty Girl fell through. In 2010, she appeared opposite Jimmy Smits in an episode of the legal drama Outlaw while she also auditioned for the lead role in the MTV series Awkward. Initially rejected, her manager Adam Griffin sent the producers a tape Rickards had made for Fly Away "to show how she can do anything". The actress landed both roles and filmed the pilot for the MTV series prior to Fly Away, a feature where she played a girl with severe autism._NEWLINE_As the lead in Awkward, Rickards' profile began to rise and she was also given the opportunity to direct an episode. In 2012, she had a minor role in the moderately successful comedy Struck by Lightning and another coming-of-age film Sassy Pants. In 2014 Rickards moved into the horror genre with a lead role in At the Devil's Door and as a teenage daughter in A Haunted House 2. In 2015, she filmed the fifth and final season of Awkward. In August 2016 it was announced that Rickards would play Rosalind "Rosa" Dillon/The Top in the CW series The Flash. _START_SECTION_ Other activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2011, Rickards helped to launch the Project Futures Somaly Mam Foundation, which works to prevent and end human trafficking and sexual slavery in Southeast Asia. In March 2015, she published a book A Real Guide to Getting It Together Once and For All._NEWLINE_Over the course of her career, she has also appeared in various music videos such as The Fray's "How to Save a Life", The Format's "She Doesn't Get It" and M83's "Claudia Lewis".

8542967618482281503

Q726316

_START_ARTICLE_ Ashtanga vinyasa yoga _START_SECTION_ Approach _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ashtanga Yoga students are expected to memorize a sequence and to practice in the same room as others without being led by the teacher. The role of the teacher is to guide as well as provide adjustments or assist in postures. In other locations, led classes are taught twice per week in place of Mysore style classes, and the teacher will lead a group through the same series at the same time. The led classes were only introduced in Pattabhi Jois's senior years. _START_SECTION_ Method of instruction _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to Pattabhi Jois's grandson R. Sharath Jois, one must master poses before being given permission to attempt others that follow. However, Manju Jois disagrees. According to Jois's son Manju Jois, students were occasionally allowed to practice in a non linear format._NEWLINE_In the 21st century, a "new generation" of Ashtanga vinyasa yoga teachers have adopted Sharath's new rules, teaching in a linear style without variations. Practice takes place in a strict Mysore environment under the guidance of a Sharath-approved teacher. How-to videos and workshops, detailed alignment instructions and strength-building exercises are not part of the method, neither for the practitioner nor for the teacher. However, most teachers who claim to have been taught by Sharath teach the above methods, exercises, and postures. _START_SECTION_ Principles _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ashtanga vinyasa yoga emphasizes certain main components, namely tristhana ("three places of action or attention", or the more physical aspects of poses) and vinyasa (which Sharath Jois defines as a system of breathing and movement). _START_SECTION_ Tristhana _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tristhana means the three places of attention or action: breathing system (pranayama), posture (asana), and looking place (drishti). These are considered core concepts for ashtanga yoga practice, encompassing the three levels of purification: the body, nervous system and the mind; and are supposed to be "performed in conjunction with each other"._NEWLINE_The asanas in ashtanga yoga follow a set sequence as described above. Their stated purpose is to increase strength and flexibility of the body. Officially, the style has very little alignment instruction. _NEWLINE_Breathing is ideally even and steady in the length of the inhale and exhale._NEWLINE_Drishti is the location where one focuses the eyes while practicing asana. In the ashtanga yoga method, there is a prescribed point of focus for every asana. There are nine dristhis: the nose, between the eyebrows, navel, thumb, hands, feet, up, right side and left side. _START_SECTION_ Vinyasa _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vinyasas are flowing sequences of movements to connect each asana with the next. Modern vinyasa yoga in addition coordinates the breath with the vinyasa transition movements between asanas._NEWLINE_According to Sharath Jois, the purpose of vinyasas is to purify the blood, which is otherwise heated and supposedly contaminated by the practice of asanas. _START_SECTION_ Breath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although Ashtanga yoga keeps a general principle of steady and even inhales and exhales, the specifics of breath during the asanas are debated._NEWLINE_In his book Yoga Mala, Pattabhi Jois recommends staying five to eight breaths in a posture, or staying for as long as possible in a posture. Breathing instructions given are to do rechaka and puraka, (exhale and inhale) as much as possible. "It is sufficient, however, to breathe in and out five to eight times in each posture." In an interview regarding the length of the breath, Pattabhi Jois instructs practitioners to (translated quote), "Inhale 10 to 15 seconds then exhale also 10 to 15 seconds". He goes on to clarify, "(As) your breath strength is possibly 10 second inhalations and exhalations, you do 10, 15 seconds possible, you do 15. One hundred possible, you perform 100. 5 is possible, you do 5". His son Manju Jois also recommends taking more breaths in difficult postures._NEWLINE_Various influential figures have discussed the specific process of breathing in Ashtanga. Pattabhi Jois recommended breathing fully and deeply with the mouth closed, although he did not specifically name this as Ujjayi breathing. However, Manju Jois does, and refers to breathing called "dirgha rechaka puraka, meaning long, deep, slow exhalations and inhalations. It should be dirgha... long, and like music. The sound is very important. You have to do the Ujjayi pranayama". In late 2011, Sharath Jois stated that Ujjayi breathing as such was not done in the asana practice, but that asanas should be accompanied by deep breathing with sound. He reiterated this notion in a conference in 2013 stating, "You do normal breath, inhalation and exhalation with sound. Ujjayi breath is a type of prāṇāyāma. This is just normal breath with free flow"._NEWLINE_As far as other types of pranayama in Ashtanga, the consensus seems to be they should be practiced after the asanas have been mastered. Pattabhi Jois originally taught pranayama to those practicing the second series, and later changed his mind, teaching pranayama after the third series._NEWLINE_Sharath Jois recently produced a series of videos teaching alternate nostril breathing to beginners. This pranayama practice was never taught to beginners by his grandfather, and is one of the many changes Sharath has made to the Ashtanga Yoga method of instruction. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pattabhi Jois claimed to have learned the system of Ashtanga from Tirumalai Krishnamacharya, who in turn claimed to have learned it from a supposed text called Yoga Kurunta by an otherwise unknown author, Vamama Rishi. This text was imparted to Krishnamacharya in the early 1900s by his Guru, Yogeshwara Ramamohana Brahmachari. Jois insists that the text described all of the āsanas and vinyāsas of the sequences of the Ashtanga system. However, the Yoga Kurunta text is said to have been eaten by ants, so it is impossible to verify his assertions. Additionally, it is unusual that the text is not mentioned as a source in either of the books by Krishnamacharya, Yoga Makaranda (1934) and Yogāsanagalu (c. 1941)._NEWLINE_According to Manju Jois, the sequences of Ashtanga yoga were created by Krishnamcharya. There is some evidence to support this in Yoga Makaranda, which lists nearly all the postures of the Pattabhi Jois Primary Series and several postures from the intermediate and advanced series, described with reference to vinyasa._NEWLINE_There is also evidence that the Ashtanga Yoga series incorporates exercises used by Indian wrestlers and British gymnasts. Recent academic research details documentary evidence that physical journals in the early 20th century were full of the postural shapes that were very similar to Krishnamacharya's asana system. In particular, the flowing Surya Namaskar, which later became the basis of Krishnamacharya's Mysore style, was in the 1930s considered as exercise, not part of yoga; Surya Namaskar and Krishnamacharya's yoga were taught separately, in adjacent halls of the Mysore palace. _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jois elided any distinction between his sequences of asanas and the eight-limbed Ashtanga Yoga (Sanskrit अष्टांग asht-anga, "eight limbs") of Patanjali's Yoga Sutras. The eight limbs of Patanjali's scheme are Yama, Niyama, Asana, Pranayama, Pratyahara, Dharana, Dhyana, and Samadhi. It was Jois's belief that asana, the third limb, must be practiced first, and only after that could one master the other seven limbs. However, the name Ashtanga in Jois's usage may, suggests yoga scholar Mark Singleton, derive from the old name of Surya Namaskar in the system of dand gymnastic exercises, which was Ashtang dand, after one of the original postures in the sequence, Ashtanga Namaskara (now replaced by Chaturanga Dandasana), in which 8 body parts all touch the ground, rather than Patanjali's yoga. _START_SECTION_ Tradition _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is a lot of debate over the term "traditional" as applied to Ashtanga Yoga. The founder's students noted that Jois freely modified the sequence to suit the practitioner. Some of the differences include the addition or subtraction of postures in the sequences, changes to the vinyasa (full and half vinyasa), and specific practice prescriptions to specific people._NEWLINE_Several changes to the practice have been made since its conception. Nancy Gilgoff, an early student, describes many differences in the way she was taught ashtanga to the way it is taught now. According to her experiences, some of the differences include: Pattabhi Jois originally left out seven postures in the standing sequence, but later assigned Utthita Hasta Padangusthasana and Ardha Baddha Padmottanasana before the Intermediate Series was given; Utkatasana, Virabhadrasana A and B, Parivritta Trikonasana, and Parivritta Parsvakonasana were not in the series at this point; and Jois did not give her vinyasa between sides of the body poses or between variations of a pose (e.g., Janu Sirsasana A, B, and C were done together, then a vinyasa. Likewise Baddha Koṇāsana, Upavishta Konasana, and Supta Konasana were also grouped together without vinyasa between them, as were Ubhaya Padangusthasana and Urdhva Mukha Paschimottanasana._NEWLINE_According to Gilgoff, Pattabhi Jois prescribed practicing twice a day, primary and intermediate, with no vinyasa between sides in Krounchasana, Bharadvajasana, Ardha Matsyendrasana, Eka Pada Sirsasana, Parighasana, and Gomukhasana in the intermediate series. Shalabhasana to Parsva Dhanurasana were done in a group, with a vinyasa only at the end. Ushtrasana through Kapotasana also were done all together. The same went for Eka Pada Sirsasana through Yoganidrasana. The closing sequence included only Mudrasana, Padmasana, and Tolasana until the completion of the Intermediate sequence, when the remainder of the closing sequence was assigned. Urdhva Dhanurasana and "drop-backs" were taught after Intermediate Series. She states that the original Intermediate series included Vrishchikasana after Karandavasana and ended with Gomukhasana. She also notes that Pattabhi Jois added Supta Urdhva Pada Vajrasana as well as the seven headstands when another yogi asked for more; these eight postures were not part of the Intermediate Series prior to this. _START_SECTION_ Power Yoga spinoffs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Power Yoga began in the 1990s with "nearly simultaneous invention" by two students of K. Pattabhi Jois, and similar forms led by other yoga teachers._NEWLINE_Beryl Bender Birch created what Yoga Journal calls "the original Power Yoga" in 1995._NEWLINE_Bryan Kest, who studied Ashtanga Yoga under K. Pattabhi Jois, and Baron Baptiste, a Bikram Yoga enthusiast, separately put their own spins on the style, and branded it. Neither Baptiste's Power Yoga nor Kest's Power Yoga are synonymous with Ashtanga Yoga. In 1995, Pattabhi Jois wrote a letter to Yoga Journal expressing his disappointment at the association between his Ashtanga Yoga, and the newly coined style "power yoga", referring to it as "ignorant bodybuilding". _START_SECTION_ Risk of injury _START_PARAGRAPH_ In an article published by The Economist, it was reported that "a good number of Mr Jois's students seemed constantly to be limping around with injured knees or backs because they had received his "adjustments", yanking them into Lotus, the splits or a backbend". Tim Miller, one of Jois's students, indicates that "the adjustments were fairly ferocious". Injuries related to Jois's Ashtanga Yoga have been the subject of discussion in a Huffington Post article._NEWLINE_In 2008, yoga researchers in Europe published a survey of practitioners of Ashtanga Yoga, indicating that 62 percent of the respondents had suffered at least one injury that lasted longer than one month. However, the survey lacked a control group (of similar people not subject to the treatment, such as people who had practised a different form of yoga), limiting its validity.

9969298713614821288

Q28169459

_START_ARTICLE_ Ashura Year Book Award _START_SECTION_ Selection process _START_PARAGRAPH_ Members of an anonymous Council of Nominators are chosen for their expertise in the fields relevant to the award for which they will be nominating. After the nominators have chosen the candidates, the nominations are forwarded to a jury consisting of noted experts in each of the 15 categories. The jury then chooses the final recipients and sends these to the program’s Board for final approval. _START_SECTION_ In Picture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hadi Laziri, Jame Daran

15877507490287206388

Q864740

_START_ARTICLE_ Asian emerald cuckoo _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Asian emerald cuckoo grows to a length of about 18 cm (7 in). The adult male has an iridescent dark green head, upper parts and upper breast, a white lower breast and a green barred belly. Bare skin round the eye is orange and the beak is orange/yellow tipped with black. The adult female has coppery-green upper parts, rusty brown crown and nape and green-barred underparts. Both sexes show a white band on the underwing when in flight. The underparts of the juvenile male lack the white lower breast and are more heavily barred. The voice is a “chweek” uttered while flying, and various whistled twitters. _START_SECTION_ Distribution and habitat _START_PARAGRAPH_ This cuckoo has a breeding range that extends from the Himalayas eastwards to Myanmar, China and northern Thailand. Further south it is a vagrant or migrant in northern India, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Sumatra; it is not known to breed in these areas. It frequents forests and woodland margins. _START_SECTION_ Ecology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Asian emerald cuckoo mainly forages in the upper levels of the canopy where it feeds on insects and other small invertebrates, including ants, caterpillars and bugs. It is a brood parasite, the females laying their eggs in the nests of other birds, such as the crimson sunbird (Aethopyga siparaja) and the little spiderhunter (Arachnothera longirostra). _START_SECTION_ Status _START_PARAGRAPH_ C. maculatus has a very wide range but is generally an uncommon species. No particular threats have been recognised and the population is believed to be stable, so the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".

2717148737813757464

Q127499

_START_ARTICLE_ Asier Illarramendi _START_SECTION_ Real Sociedad _START_PARAGRAPH_ A product of local Real Sociedad's youth system, Illarramendi was born in Mutriku, Gipuzkoa, and he spent the vast majority of his first four senior seasons with the B-team, contributing with 27 games and two goals in 2009–10 as the Basques returned to Segunda División B after one year out. On 19 June 2010, in the last day of the Segunda División campaign, as the first team had already sealed promotion to La Liga as champions, he made his first official appearance, in a 1–4 away loss against Elche CF._NEWLINE_On 23 January 2011, Illarramendi made his top division debut, in a 1–2 loss at Villarreal CF. The following month, he first appeared as a starter playing the full 90 minutes in another away defeat (1–4 against RCD Espanyol); the bulk of the season was spent, however, with the reserves in level three._NEWLINE_Illarramendi started in all of his 32 league appearances in 2012–13, as Real Sociedad finished fourth and qualified to the UEFA Champions League for the first time in ten years. At the LFP Awards, he was named Breakthrough Player and Best Midfielder. _START_SECTION_ Real Madrid _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 12 July 2013, Illarramendi signed a six-year contract with Real Madrid for a fee of €32.2 million, the highest amount paid by the club for a Spanish player. He made his official debut on 14 September by starting in a 2–2 away draw against Villarreal, and scored his first goal on 18 December in a 2–0 home win over CD Olímpic de Xàtiva for the season's Copa del Rey (also the aggregate score)._NEWLINE_Illarramendi netted his first league goal for the Merengues on 22 February 2014, after his long-range effort against Elche was deflected and the hosts won it 3–0. His second came on 5 April, as he scored the first in an eventual 4–0 success at former team Real Sociedad in the 44th minute; he was a regular in the domestic cup campaign, coming on as a late substitute for Ángel Di María in the 2–1 final defeat of FC Barcelona, adding 11 appearances – five starts – in the team's Champions League run but remaining on the bench as they clinched the trophy against Atlético Madrid in the final at the Estádio da Luz._NEWLINE_Illarramendi began his second year with a brief substitute appearance in the 2014 UEFA Super Cup triumph against compatriots Sevilla FC at the Cardiff City Stadium, and was also part of Real Madrid's squad which won the FIFA Club World Cup in Morocco, playing the entirety of the 4–0 semi-final over against Cruz Azul. _START_SECTION_ Return to Real Sociedad _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 26 August 2015, Illarramendi returned to Real Sociedad, signing a six-year deal– the transfer fee was not officially disclosed by the clubs, but was stated in the media as being between €15–17 million, around half of the figure paid in the opposite direction two years previously. He made his league debut in his second spell three days later, starting and being booked in a 0–0 home draw against Sporting de Gijón. He recorded his first goal for the team in his second spell on 25 October, in a 4–0 win at Levante UD._NEWLINE_In the 2016–17 campaign, Illarramendi had the second-highest number of interceptions across Europe's five major leagues behind only Chelsea's N'Golo Kante. However, he was also noted for his poor disciplinary record, having racked up ten yellow cards by March 2017 including one in each of his four previous games. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Illarramendi helped Spain reach the final of the 2007 FIFA U-17 World Cup, featuring in all games but one. He missed one of the penalties in the final shootout, which allowed Nigeria to lift the trophy._NEWLINE_Illarramendi played 16 times for the under-21s, in two years. He represented them at the 2013 UEFA European Championship in Israel, being first-choice as the nation won the competition and being selected in the team of the tournament._NEWLINE_Manager Julen Lopetegui first called up Illarramendi for the senior side in March 2017, ahead of a 2018 FIFA World Cup qualifier against Israel and a friendly with France. Additionally, he played for the Basque XI from 2013 onwards, scoring to open a 3–1 win over FIFA member Tunisia at the San Mamés Stadium on 30 December 2016._NEWLINE_Illarramendi made his debut for Spain on 7 June 2017, playing the full 90 minutes in a 2–2 friendly draw to Colombia in Murcia. He scored his first goal on 9 October of that year, netting the game's only in Israel for the World Cup qualifying campaign.

13821847516817525766

Q65088752

_START_ARTICLE_ Asleep (song) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ This song was only performed live once on 1 October 1985, at Eden Court in Inverness, on the final day of their 1985 Scotland tour. It was only after a piano, that couldn't be moved off of the side of the stage, was discovered during soundcheck. Apparently, Morrissey was in the middle of the stage, on the ground, in a fetal position by the end of the song.

5795057454657848368

Q23467724

_START_ARTICLE_ Assembly (events promoter) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Assembly can trace its roots back to the 1981 Edinburgh Fringe when William Burdett-Coutts, who at the time was working at the Old Vic, intended to bring a show to the Fringe, The Madman and the Nun. However, he had left it too late to organise a venue. Fortunately, the Assembly Rooms on George Street had been vacated by the Festival Club, which had found it unprofitable to operate there. This meant there was space for Burdett-Coutts to host both his own show, and others. This was the foundation of the company which would become one of the "Big Four" Fringe venues, promoting shows at multiple venues across the city._NEWLINE_An early success was Alternative Cabaret, a show featuring Tony Allen, Jim Barclay, Andy de la Tour and Pauline Melville, which became one of the critical hits of 1981. _START_SECTION_ Assembly Festival _START_PARAGRAPH_ During August, as part of the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, and under the title "Assembly Festival", the company now operates seventeen theatre spaces, and eight bars. In 2015, the Assembly Festival programme consisted of 163 shows, including performances by Milton Jones, Adam Hills and Jason Byrne._NEWLINE_The company has been running events at the Fringe since the early 1980s, originally at the Assembly Rooms, from which the name is derived. In recent years, the contract for operating the Assembly Rooms building during the Fringe has been awarded to the promoters behind The Stand Comedy Club, separating the company from its origins. However, from 2016, the company will again be operating the building._NEWLINE_In more recent times, the Assembly has been based in and around George Square, and has made particular use of the George Square Theatre, having rebranded it as Assembly George Square._NEWLINE_The entire Assembly Festival operation is three times the size of the Edinburgh International Festival and plays to audiences the equivalent of the BBC Proms. _START_SECTION_ Assembly Roxy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Assembly also run a year-round venue in Edinburgh in a converted church building near the main university campus. It is named the Assembly Roxy after the street on which it stands, Roxburgh Place. It hosts a small theatre, music and comedy programme, and also operates as a function suite for weddings and corporate events._NEWLINE_The current building dates to the early 20th century, when it was built to replace an old chapel on the site. That previous chapel - a "dark, oddly-shaped building" - had been taken over in 1856 by the congregation of Lady Glenorchy's Parish Church, who had moved there when their original church was demolished in the development of Waverley Station. In 1904, the minister, Reverend Thomas Burns, decided to rebuild the church to better meet the needs of the people. It was built in 2 stages - the hall, by Thomas Ross, in 1908-10 and the church, by Peter MacGregor Chalmers, in 1912-13. It cost £21,000 and opened in December 1913. As Lady Glenorchy South Church (to distinguish it from another church in Leith) it became one of the busiest churches in Edinburgh. The congregation diminished with the demolition of surrounding tenements in the mid 20th century. In 1969, it was sold to the University of Edinburgh, and used as an examination hall, under the name "Roxburgh Place Hall". During this time, it also served as a venue for the Fringe, under the management of the nearby Pleasance as "Pleasance Over The Road". The Edinburgh University Settlement charity, which owned the building, went bankrupt in 2010, and the building was bought by Assembly in a joint deal with restaurateur Malcolm Innes to become Assembly's first permanent Edinburgh home._NEWLINE_It has four performance spaces, including the 250-seater Roxy Central, and a snug bar in the basement. _START_SECTION_ Assembly Checkpoint _START_PARAGRAPH_ Plans are also being discussed for the permanent conversion of another of Assembly's Fringe venues, Assembly Checkpoint, into a year-round music venue. The building, a former church built in 1900, was taken over by Assembly in 2012. It is situated on Bristo Place, near the National Museum of Scotland. The plan is for live music events to be held on the upper floor of the Grade B listed building, which has been soundproofed. _START_SECTION_ Brighton _START_PARAGRAPH_ In September, Assembly run Brighton Comedy Festival, a curated festival, operating across five venues. In 2014, the festival featured 140 acts across 16 days including Simon Amstell, Bridget Christie, Marcus Brigstocke, Jack Dee and Seann Walsh. _START_SECTION_ London _START_PARAGRAPH_ Assembly's London base is at Riverside Studios in Hammersmith. Riverside is currently under redevelopment, with a plan to reopen in 2018 will as a national live and digital arts hub.

637112786514329957

Q4808670

_START_ARTICLE_ Assembly Rowdy _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mohan Babu is a slacker who wastes time and loses every job he applies for. This outrages his father Jagayya, a newly transferred science teacher of his village. One day when Mohan Babu witnesses a murder and sees his mother Annapoorna have a head injury because of the goons, he takes legal action until he is framed for another murder. His parents beg the villagers to tell the truth in court as they are all witnesses, however the don who rules the village forces them to lie. Thus, Mohan Babu is sent to jail. His parents however manage him to get into politics and make him the MLA. Mohan Babu successfully becomes the new MLA, but this angers his opponent Mohan Raj, also revealed to be the don's boss. Mohan Babu later on arrests the don after he attacks his family. He also ends all of the don's schemes. Mohan Raj angered, kills his parents. Mohan Babu resigns as the MLA due to their tragic death, but still sees the end of the villains by killing them. Although, he is stabbed during the process. The film ends with Mohan Babu surviving and promising to protect everyone in the village as the MLA.

18237865681029501859

Q4808679

_START_ARTICLE_ Assembly for the Sovereignty of the Peoples _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Assembly for the Sovereignty of the Peoples (Asamblea por la Soberanía de los Pueblos, ASP) was a political organization in Bolivia. It was formed as a "political instrument" of the popular movements of the country. Alejo Véliz was the national president of ASP. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ ASP was founded at a congress in Santa Cruz de la Sierra in 1995 titled 'Land, Territory and Political Instrument'. Present at the congress were CSUTCB, CSCB, the Bartolina Sisa National Federation of Peasant Women of Bolivia and CIDOB. The congress had been convened by CSUTCB following a decision at its congress in 1994. The Cochabamba peasant leader Alejo Véliz became the main leader of ASP with Evo Morales in second position. _START_SECTION_ Internal conflict _START_PARAGRAPH_ From 1996 onwards, Evo Morales began to rise as a prominent leader inside ASP. Soon he became a competitor of Veliz. Internal conflict emerged between the followers of Morales and Veliz, evistas and alejistas, surged. ASP wanted to contest the 1997 national elections, but never obtained the registration of a political party at the National Electoral Court. Instead the group contested the election of the lists of the United Left. Veliz was candidate for presidency and for parliament (on the proportional representation list). However, many trade unions decided not to support Veliz's candidature, accusing him of having manipulated the candidate lists of the United Left. Four ASP members of the Chamber of Deputies were elected from the Chapare province (the entire United Left group); Evo Morales, Román Loayza Caero, Félix Sanchéz Veizaga and Néstor Guzmán Villarroel._NEWLINE_After the 1997 elections a split occurred in ASP, and Evo Morales was expelled from the organization. In 1998 the supporters of Evo Morales founded the Political Instrument for the Sovereignty of the Peoples (IPSP). Notably, the majority of the grassroots supporters of ASP sided with Morales in the split. One of the prominent ASP leaders who sided with Morales was Román Loayza Caero, leader of CSUTCB. _START_SECTION_ 1999 elections _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ahead of the 1999 municipal elections, ASP had still not obtained any registration. Contested the elections on the lists of the Communist Party of Bolivia (PCB). In Cochabamba Alejo Veliz ran for the post of mayor and received 1.1% of the votes in the city. _START_SECTION_ 2002 elections _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ahead of the 2002 general elections, a sector of ASP led by Hugo Moldiz denounced Veliz and declared their support for the candidacy of Evo Morales.

14666036575528190577

Q65086399

_START_ARTICLE_ Assembly of the People United _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The party was established in November 2014 by Nuno Gomes Nabiam following the April–May 2014 general elections, in which he was runner-up in the presidential contest. Prior to the 2019 parliamentary elections the party signed a coalition agreement with the African Party for the Independence of Guinea and Cape Verde. It went on to receive 8.5% of the vote and won five seats in the National People's Assembly.

14728679390709173407

Q3163088

_START_ARTICLE_ Aster yellows _START_SECTION_ Hosts and symptoms _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aster yellows affects a long list of plant species including native plants, ornamentals, weeds, and vegetables crops. The largest family affected is the Asteraceae, and ornamental plants commonly infected are asters, marigolds, coreopsis, and purple coneflower. Regarding vegetable crops, onion, lettuce, celery, and carrot are affected with the latter suffering the greatest losses._NEWLINE_The range of characteristic symptoms varies by the phytoplasma strain, timing of infection, plant species, temperature, age, and size of the plant. The symptoms can be mistaken for herbicide damage. They include vein clearing until the entire leaf becomes chlorotic, stunting, deformation, virescence (greening of flowers), phyllody (development of leaf-like flower petals), reddening of foliage, reduced root system, and sterility. Aster yellows does not typically kill perennial host plants._NEWLINE_Characteristic symptoms specific to the carrot include initial vein clearing and chlorosis, followed by production of many adventitious shoots, with the tops looking like a witches’-broom. The internodes of such shoots are short as are the leaf petioles. Young leaves are smaller and dry up while the petioles of older leaves twist and break off. Any remaining older leaves turn bronze or red late in the season. Floral parts are deformed and roots are smaller, abnormally shaped, and have woolly secondary roots. The carrot roots are predisposed to soft rots in the field and storage and taste unpleasant to the consumer. _START_SECTION_ Disease cycle _START_PARAGRAPH_ The aster yellows disease is caused by the aster yellows phytoplasma (AYP) which is a phloem-limited, bacterium-like organism and is vectored by the aster leafhopper, Macrosteles quadrilineatus, a phloem-feeding insect of the order Hemiptera._NEWLINE_Phytoplasmas are small (0.5-1 μm in diameter) prokaryotes that reproduce by division or budding in the phloem sieve cells of the host plants, as well as the bodies of their leafhopper vectors. Currently, AYP cannot be cultured in cell-free media, making detailed study somewhat more challenging. AYP has the ability to increase the fecundity and lifespan of their insect vector, thus enhancing the ability of the host to transfer AYP from plant to plant. AYP survives in perennial weeds, ornamentals, and vegetables. Some examples of weed host plants are thistle, wild carrot, dandelion, field daisy, black-eyed Susan, and wide-leafed plaintain._NEWLINE_The vector leafhopper feeds on the phloem of aster yellows-infected plants by inserting its straw-like mouthpart, a stylet, into the cell and extracting it. Once the phytoplasma is acquired, an incubation period follows in which it multiplies within the leafhopper and then moves to the salivary glands. At this point, the phytoplasma can be transmitted to a new host through the saliva as the leafhopper feeds. Within 8–24 hours after inoculation, the phytoplasma moves out of the leaf into the host plant phloem. Cells adjacent to the phloem enlarge and die while surviving cells begin to divide, but soon die, too. Surrounding cells in the region of the necrotic area begin to divide and enlarge, producing abnormal sieve elements, while the phloem elements within the necrotic areas degenerate and collapse. Infected plants usually show symptoms after 8–9 days at 25°C and 18 days at 20°C, with no symptoms developing at 10°C. _START_SECTION_ Environment _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hardly any conditions directly affect the development of aster yellows, but a few indirect factors strongly influence the rate of transmission by the leafhopper. Conditions that favor movement and spread of the leafhopper and encourage feeding assist in the spread of the phytoplasma._NEWLINE_Transcontinental migration begins in the spring when the prevailing winds and jet streams help carry the leafhoppers from their overwintering sites in the South to the Midwest. Upon arrival in the Midwest, they begin feeding. The leafhopper may have migrated into the region already carrying the phytoplasma, which it could have acquired from infected plants along the migration or while still in the South. The leafhopper could have also arrived not yet carrying the phytoplasma. If this is the case, it could feed on perennial weeds that are infected to acquire AYP. _NEWLINE_Weather conditions greatly influence leafhopper flight because they are poor flyers. Temperatures below 15°C or rainfall temporarily halt their migration and delay the time of infection. The leafhoppers then feed all summer until they migrate back to their overwintering sites in the fall._NEWLINE_Weather conditions of the region also greatly influence leafhopper feeding patterns. If conditions are hot and dry plants do not appear as lush and nutrient-rich to the phloem-feeding leafhopper, whereas seasons with abundant rainfall allow the plants to have much more lush growth. This means that hot and dry conditions are less conducive to the spread of aster yellows than times of abundant rainfall._NEWLINE_In the Western United States, no migration of the vector leafhoppers occurs. This allows for transmission of the phytoplasma year round. _START_SECTION_ Management _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aster yellows phytoplasma is a difficult pathogen to control. Currently, no cure for aster yellows is known. Infected plants and weeds should be removed to eliminate that source of the phytoplasma and minimize spread. Unfortunately, this is the only control method that home gardeners have available._NEWLINE_On an agricultural level, speaking specifically about carrots, some methods can be used to manage the leafhopper populations in an attempt to control AYP spread. The aster yellows index (AYI) can be used to determine when to apply chemical controls. The AYI equals the percentage of leafhopper population containing AYP multiplied by the number of leafhoppers present per 100 sweeps. The resulting number can determine when to apply insecticides based on how susceptible the crop or cultivar is to leafhopper feeding. For highly susceptible crops or cultivars, an AYI of 50 indicates the need for application, while for intermediate crops or cultivars the AYI is 75 and for crops or cultivars relatively resistant to economically harmful symptoms the AYI is 100. _START_SECTION_ Importance _START_PARAGRAPH_ AYP is an economically important plant pathogen both in agricultural and nursery industries. A 25% reduction in carrot yield is common, with losses reaching 80% on occasion. AYP causes symptoms that make the infected carrots unmarketable. In processed carrots, the presence of 15% of aster yellows-infected carrots results in a rejection of the entire product due to their distasteful flavor. The deformation of flowers and reproductive structures causes seed not to form. This can be a problem in crops grown for seed for replanting purposes, or for consumption, such as coriander or caraway. Root stunting can also result in loss of biannual crops over winter._NEWLINE_Similar problems arise in the nursery industry. Homeowners and landscapers purchasing plants do not want to buy an aster flower that is misshapen and has the potential to cause the spread of AYP to other plants. This makes it critical for nurseries to monitor their plants to prevent initial infection of the phytoplasma. Insecticides can be used to limit leaf hopper feeding on nursery stock and as soon as infected plants are seen, they must be removed.

6518318025709898341

Q4811031

_START_ARTICLE_ Aston Villa F.C. in the 1880s _START_SECTION_ 1879–80 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Villa collected their first ever piece of silverware, the Birmingham Senior Cup in 1880. They defeated Saltley College 3–2 in the Final with goals from Eli Davis, William Mason and George Ramsay in front of 6,000 at Aston Lower Grounds (modern-day Villa Park)._NEWLINE_Villa's first attempt to win the FA Cup came in the same year, but ended in controversy and confusion. Having defeated Stafford Road 3–2 in the First Round replay, Villa were drawn to play the then-successful Oxford University in the Second Round. Perhaps feeling that it was a waste of time spending good money on travel expenses for a match they felt they would lose, the Villa board took the decision to 'scratch' (forfeit) the game. _START_SECTION_ 1880–81 _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1881 Villa departed the FA Cup at the Third Round stage. Their first ever official defeat coming against the same team against whom they had achieved their first victory in the competition, Stafford Road. They also defeated Hearts 4–1 in a "glamour" friendly at Wellington Road. _START_SECTION_ 1881–82 _START_PARAGRAPH_ This year saw several Club records being set. Howard Vaughton and Albert Brown became the first Villa players to gain international caps. They represented England against Ireland at Belfast. It was not a bad start for the 'Perry Barr Pets' either as Brown scored four, while Vaughton scored five in a 13–0 victory._NEWLINE_Vaughton was a dangerous inside-left for Villa throughout the decade, picking up a Cup Winner's medal before his retirement through injury in 1888. He also owned a silversmith's which still exists today in Birmingham's Jewellery Quarter, and was commissioned to make a new FA Cup trophy when the original was stolen while in holders Villa's care in 1895. No England player has ever bettered his record of five goals in one international._NEWLINE_It also saw a significant friendly defeat against the famous Queen's Park club of Glasgow. While Villa were beaten 4–1, they learned from the Scottish club's innovative passing style. It was about this year that Villa began to wear what were described as 'maroon' shirts emblazoned with a large 'Lion Rampant' that now forms the central feature of the club's badge. The Lion Rampant was chosen by William McGregor as the club's emblem in tribute to his native Scotland, and also in recognition of the club's Scottish stars Ramsay and Archie Hunter. This was the first time the Villa kit had come to resemble anything like that worn by the team today. Throughout the 1870s they had worn a variety of kits, including all white, blue and black and all green. _START_SECTION_ 1882–83 _START_PARAGRAPH_ 1883 saw an increased takeover by professionals in the English game with Preston North End, in particular, attracting and paying a number of stars (mostly from Scotland). This move away from amateurism was to prove an advantage for Villa, whose industrial Birmingham home gave them access to large numbers of potential supporters. This is turn meant they could afford to pay decent wages to players with the ticket revenue accrued._NEWLINE_The year also saw Villa's longest run in the FA Cup. They beat Walsall Swifts, Wednesbury Old Athletic, Aston Unity and Walsall Town before a controversial 4–3 loss to Notts County. A County player appeared to punch the ball off the line in the dying stages, but the referee was unmoved. The beaten Walsall Swifts and Walsall Town would later merge to make the present-day Walsall FC. _START_SECTION_ 1883–84 _START_PARAGRAPH_ After victories over Walsall Swifts, Stafford Road and Wednesbury Old Athletic (7–4), Villa were given their first FA Cup game that would mean having to travel outside the Midlands. They travelled to Glasgow to play Queen's Park. At the time, Scottish clubs regularly entered the 'English' FA Cup. After another large defeat 6–1, the Villa committee decided to change the playing style. At this time, before managers or coaches, committees picked the team. For the first time, Villa would now use two backs rather than one. _START_SECTION_ 1884–85 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 1885 FA Cup saw Villa's first encounter with the West Bromwich Albion. Villa lost 3–0 in their Third Round Replay. _START_SECTION_ 1885–86 _START_PARAGRAPH_ This year saw Villa's most modest Cup performance since their first effort to win the trophy, in 1880. Villa were beaten in the Second Round by Derby County. _START_SECTION_ 1886–87 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Villa started their road to The Oval (then the home of FA Cup finals) with a club record 13–0 victory over Wednesbury Old Athletic that still stands today. After Derby Midland were beaten (6–1) Villa needed four matches (three replays) to defeat Wolverhampton Wanderers. A bye in the Fourth Round added to victories over Horncastle and Darwen meant that Villa were set for their first Semi-Final, against Scottish giants Rangers, to be played at Crewe._NEWLINE_In a bid to win the trophy, the Scottish FA allowed Rangers to borrow players from other clubs. Consequently, stars from Queen's Park and Hibernian were amongst the eleven that lined up to face Villa. However Villa won 3–1 to reach their first FA Cup final._NEWLINE_The Final pitted Villa against local rivals West Bromwich Albion. With Albion installed as favourites, thousands travelled from Birmingham and the Black Country to watch the game. Winger Dennis Hodgetts opened the scoring for Villa in bizarre circumstances. The Albion keeper didn't bother to prevent the ball going into the net, as he believed, wrongly, that Hodgetts was offside. The legendary Archie Hunter added Villa's second. He prodded the ball over the goal-line while lying on the floor following a deliberate collision with the West Brom goalkeeper. Such 'attacks' on goalies were legal and commonplace back then. After a goalless second half, Hunter received the trophy, and with it the distinction of being Villa's first FA Cup winning captain._NEWLINE_Villa's team in their first FA Cup Final was as follows- Jimmy Warner (goalkeeper); Frank Coulton, Joseph Simmonds (backs), John Burton, Frankie Dawson, Harry Yates (centre/wing-halves), Richmond Davis, Albert Brown, Archie Hunter (c), Howard Vaughton, Dennis Hodgetts (forwards)._NEWLINE_To add gloss to their victory Villa took on, and defeated, Scottish Cup winners Hibs the following Saturday. They could now make a legitimate claim to being 'best club in the World'. _START_SECTION_ 1887–88 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The following year was not as successful. With competitive football at a premium, William McGregor (Villa's President) sought to create a competition involving regular matches and wrote to the leading clubs of the time (all based in the North of England and the Midlands)._NEWLINE_After some discussion the clubs agreed to set up a twelve team league. Each club would play the other home and away, for a total of twenty-two matches each. Villa were to be joined in the inaugural competition by Stoke, Wolves, West Brom, Notts County, Burnley, Blackburn Rovers, Derby County, Bolton Wanderers, Everton, Accrington (no relation to the present-day Accrington Stanley) and Preston North End. The league was never styled 'the English League' as McGregor envisioned that Scottish clubs would one day wish to join._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, in Villa's last pre-league FA Cup campaign, they reached the Fifth Round, beating Small Heath 4–0 on the way. This was their first meeting with modern rivals Birmingham City. Preston were a fine side and the match was billed as a clash between England's best teams. This prompted a then-record crowd of 27,000, which the police had some difficulty keeping off the pitch. With Preston leading 3–1 and chaos in the stadium, the clubs tried to calm things down by declaring the match a 'friendly'. However, the FA overruled the decision and decided that the result would stand. Villa, the holders, were out. _START_SECTION_ 1888–89 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Villa finished as runners-up to Preston's 'Invincibles' double-winning team in their first league season. Ignominy was suffered in the FA Cup, however, as Villa lost 8-1 to Blackburn Rovers. This still remains their heaviest ever defeat.

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