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Q20736576

_START_ARTICLE_ Alexandra Schneider _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alexandra Schneider (born 10 January 1977) is a German sport shooter who competed in the 2000 Summer Olympics.

5785203473169492183

Q4721180

_START_ARTICLE_ Alexandru Leșco _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alexandru Leșco and the other members of the "Tiraspol Six" were convicted on December 9, 1993, of "terrorist acts". Alexandru Leșco was released only on June 2, 2004._NEWLINE_In July 2005 the European Court of Human Rights ruled that both Moldova and the Russian Federation were responsible for the unlawful detention and torture and ill-treatment suffered by Ilie Ilașcu, Alexandru Leșco, Andrei Ivanțoc, and Tudor Petrov-Popa. His lawyer was Alexandru Tănase._NEWLINE_Alexandru Leșco is a leader of the Democratic Forum of Romanians in Moldova.

7585477154276134403

Q1323788

_START_ARTICLE_ Alexei Mishin _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Sevastopol, Mishin spent his childhood in Tbilisi and later moved to Leningrad (now Saint Petersburg) with his family. He was interested in mechanics from an early age. He started skating relatively late, at age 15, after his parents brought him to the rink. His father skated with him to get him interested in the activity. Mishin was first coached by Nina Lepninskaya, a pupil of Nikolai Panin, and later by Maya Belenkaya. _START_SECTION_ Competitive career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mishin competed in singles within the Soviet Union and won the bronze medal at the 1964 Soviet Championships. In 1966, he took up pair skating as an experiment, teaming up with his first and only partner, Tamara Moskvina. They were coached by Igor Moskvin. Together they won the 1969 Soviet Championships, defeating both the two-time Olympic champions Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov, and the future champions Irina Rodnina and Alexei Ulanov. They went on to win silver at the 1969 World Championships. At the European Championships, they won silver in 1968 and bronze in 1969. Moskvina took time off to have a baby and they decided to retire to concentrate on their coaching careers, with Mishin focusing on coaching singles while Moskvina focused on pairs. Mishin was 28 when he retired from competition and he said he was glad to start coaching when he was young._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_He later stated: _NEWLINE_Tamara Moskvina and I were famous in the USSR: people recognized us in the shops, we could buy a car... But from the very start I looked forward to training other people and never regretted becoming a coach. _START_SECTION_ Coaching career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mishin graduated from university with a degree in mechanics and his dissertation focused on the mechanical base of figure skating technique. He started with coaching junior ladies to success at national and international competitions, but later switched to men's singles. He rapidly became a well-known coach, due to his training methods that made the skaters learn jumps very quickly. In addition, he has authored several books on the biomechanics of figure skating and jumps which have been published in Russia, Germany, China, Japan and several other countries._NEWLINE_Mishin prefers to work with men's single skaters. The most successful students are Alexei Urmanov the 1994 Winter Olympics champion, Alexei Yagudin the 2002 Winter Olympics сhampion, a four-time World Champion (1998, 1999, 2000, 2002), and Evgeni Plushenko the 2006 Winter Olympics champion, 2014 Winter Olympics gold medalist, two-time Olympic silver medalist, and three-time World champion. Plushenko came to Mishin without his parents when he was eleven years old. Then Mishin became Plushenko's father figure, both on and off the ice. Since that time, they have been working together for nearly twenty years._NEWLINE_Plushenko later described Mishin as "Professor Higgins", a character from George Bernard Shaw's play Pygmalion:_NEWLINE_Mishin was like a second father, like Professor Higgins. He taught me how to behave in public. In which hand should I hold the knife, and fork. He pulled me out of the dirt, put me on my feet, and made me into a person._NEWLINE_His current students include Alexander Petrov and Andrei Lazukin._NEWLINE_On the subject of female students, Mishin said in 2009, "better one man of average talent than two super-talented ladies" because "compared with women, men are more sporty and talented and able to learn artistic elements faster" but women are "delicate material":_NEWLINE_Coaching women is dangerous – there's always probability that the story of (mythology) Pygmalion will recur periodically. My wife was a mere pupil at first. See, what has eventually happened?_NEWLINE_Nevertheless, one of his current students is ladies' single skater Elizaveta Tuktamysheva, the 2015 World champion, the 2015 European champion, the 2014–15 Grand Prix Final champion and the 2013 Russian national champion. On the junior level, she is the 2012 Youth Olympics champion, 2011 World Junior silver medalist, and 2010–11 JGP Final silver medalist._NEWLINE_His current female students also include: Sofia Samodurova, Anastasiia Guliakova and Alisa Fedichkina._NEWLINE_His notable former students include: Yuri Ovchinnikov, Vitali Egorov, Anna Antonova, Tatiana Oleneva, Oleg Tataurov, Ruslan Novoseltsev, Elena Sokolova, Ksenia Doronina, Tatiana Basova, Andrei Lutai, Sergei Dobrin, Katarina Gerboldt, Artur Gachinski, Maria Stavitskaya, Artur Dmitriev Jr., Petr Gumennik, Elizaveta Nugumanova, etc._NEWLINE_Mishin is a professor at the Lesgaft School of Sports Science and Physical Education and gives seminars all over the world. He is taking part in the development of a figure skating device which measures the number of revolutions in jumps when attached to the skater's body. According to Mishin, this device has already been patented._NEWLINE_Mishin is based at Saint Petersburg's Yubileyny Sports Palace for most of the season but has annual summer training camps in various locations, such as Jaca (Spain), Tartu (Estonia), Courchevel(France) and Pinzolo (Italy). Alexei surrounds by many talented choreographers as Lori Nichol, David Wilson (figure skating), Jeffrey Buttle, Emanuel Sandhu or Benoit Richaud. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mishin is married to Tatiana Mishina (née Oleneva), a former figure skater. They coach together and separately. They have two sons, Andrei Alexeevich Mishin, born in 1977, and Nikolai Alexeevich Mishin, born in 1983.

11009356563495332308

Q2985050

_START_ARTICLE_ Alexei Rios _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Having started his career at Dinamo Minsk Rios joined FC Shakhtyor Soligorsk in 2005 at the age of 17. At Soligorsk he debuted in the Belarusian Premier League in 2007 where he played for eight years before joining FC BATE Borisov for the 2015 season. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ryas made his debut for Belarus on 31 August 2016, after coming on as a substitute at half time in a friendly match against Norway. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rios was born to a Peruvian father and a Belarusian mother in Minsk. He is married.

3782526698844377959

Q292340

_START_ARTICLE_ Alexis Herman _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Herman was born on July 16, 1947, in Mobile, Alabama, the daughter of politician Alex Herman and schoolteacher Gloria Caponis, and raised in a Catholic household. Her father became Alabama's first black ward leader. She later recounted how members of the white supremacist group, the Ku Klux Klan, assaulted her father when she was five years old. When Herman was growing up in Mobile, schools remained racially segregated. Her parents opted to send Alexis to parochial school, in part because the teachers included white nuns and priests, and thus would expose her to greater diversity._NEWLINE_Herman attended the Heart of Mary High School. As a sophomore, she was suspended for questioning the diocese's exclusion of black students from religious pageants in which white students participated. Following a week of objection from the parents of Herman's fellow black classmates, she was re-admitted._NEWLINE_After graduating high school, Herman attended Edgewood College in Madison, Wisconsin, and Spring Hill College in Mobile. She transferred to Xavier University of Louisiana in New Orleans, where she became an active member of the Gamma Alpha Chapter of the Delta Sigma Theta sorority and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Sociology in 1969. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After college, Herman returned to Mobile to help desegregate their parochial schools, including the school she herself attended. She was then a social worker with Catholic charities in Pascagoula, Mississippi, where she advocated for they city's shipyard to offer training to unskilled black laborers. After Pascagoula, Herman moved to Atlanta, Georgia where she worked as a director of the Southern Regional Council's Black Women's Employment Program, a program designed to promote minority women into managerial or technical jobs._NEWLINE_Later, working at New York based consulting firm RTP, Herman led programs designed to provide apprenticeships for women in nontraditional jobs. At RTP, she met Ray Marshall. After Jimmy Carter won the Presidency in 1977, he and his incoming Labor Secretary Marshall asked Herman to be director of the Labor Department's Women's Bureau. At age 29, she was the youngest person to hold the position, which required her to work towards improving business opportunities for women. She worked to encourage corporations to hire more minority women, with companies like Coca-Cola, Delta Airlines, and General Motors making increased diversity a priority in their hiring process._NEWLINE_In 1981, at the end of the Carter administration, Herman left her job in the Labor Department and founded the consulting firm, A.M. Herman & Associates. Herman and the firm worked with corporations on a variety of marketing and management issues, including how to develop training programs, marketing strategies, and organizational strategies. She managed the convention team for Jesse Jackson in his 1984 and 1988 bids for the Democratic Party's presidential nomination. Her role working for Jackson's campaign led Herman to serve as chief of staff to Democratic National Committee Chairman Ronald H. Brown, and later as vice chair of the 1992 Democratic National Convention. _START_SECTION_ Director of the Office of Public Liaison _START_PARAGRAPH_ After Bill Clinton's victory in the 1992 Presidential election, Herman became deputy director of the Presidential Transition Office. Clinton then appointed her director of the White House Office of Public Liaison, where she was responsible for the administration's relations with interest groups. In that role, Herman repeatedly organized informal dinners to advance White House initiatives or assuage key groups. She earned the support of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People and the Congressional Black Caucus as part of her outreach efforts. Herman also earned the respect of members of the business community as part of her effort to gain support for the Clinton Administration's trade deal, the North American Free Trade Agreement. Her time as director also included the death of Commerce Secretary, and Herman's former boss at the Democratic National Committee, Ronald Brown in a plane crash. As director, Herman made arrangements for public and private grieving following the death. The tragedy strengthened Herman's bond with Present Clinton, who like Herman had been close to Brown. _START_SECTION_ Secretary of Labor _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1996, President Clinton announced his intention to nominate Herman as Secretary of Labor to replace outgoing Secretary Robert Reich. Labor unions publicly supported the nomination, although they had mostly supported other potential nominees. Herman's Senate confirmation was delayed twice. The first resulted from questions regarding her role in organizing White House coffees Clinton used as fundraisers. The second was because Senate Republicans refused to allow a vote on her nomination, as part of their opposition to a proposed executive order related to federal construction projects, which Clinton eventually abandoned. With the delays over, the Senate Labor Committee held its hearing on her nomination on March 18, 1997. Then on April 30, 1997, the Senate voted to confirm by a vote of 85-13. Herman was sworn in on May 9, 1997. She became the first African-American, and the fifth woman, to serve in the position._NEWLINE_As Secretary of Labor, Herman oversaw the Department of Labor, which at the time employed 17,000 people and operated on a $39 billion annual budget. The Department of Labor is tasked with enforcing a variety of workplace laws and regulations, including safety issues and anti-discrimination. During Herman's tenure, American unemployment was at its lowest level in decades._NEWLINE_She earned praise from her peers for her handling of the 1997 United Parcel Service (UPS) workers strike, the largest strike in the United States in two decades. After the strike began in August, Herman met privately with the Teamsters' president and the UPS chairman to frame the issues. She was an instrumental mediator in the talks, and the strike was settled after 15 days. Herman's role in resolving the strike raised her public profile as she began to pursue her agenda as Secretary._NEWLINE_As secretary, Herman supported the 1996 and 1997 raises to the minimum wage, increasing it by $0.90 to $5.15 per hour by September 1997. Herman argued the wage hike increased the buying power of workers. She later opposed a 1999 Republican supported plan to raise the minimum wage over three years, instead supporting a two-year time-table for an increase. Herman also opposed the legislation as it included tax cuts without offsets._NEWLINE_Among Herman's responsibilities as secretary was the enforcement of child labor laws. During her tenure, the Department of Labor fined toy store chain Toys "R" Us $200,000 for violating laws restricting the type of work that may be done, and the number of hours that may be worked by underage employees. It found more than 300 teenage employees were working more and later hours than permitted, and Toys "R" Us agreed to stop the practices._NEWLINE_Herman supported the United States' participation in the International Labor Organization's Child Labor Convention, a treaty designed to protect children under 18 years old from slavery, trafficking, bondage, and other abuses. She also defended the United States' support of a provision to allow for voluntary military service of those under 18 years old, a practice allowed in the United States, Great Britain, Germany, and the Netherlands. Opponents, including other nations, trade unions, and Amnesty International urged tougher provisions; however, Herman contended the focus of the treaty should be on forced labor, not voluntary military service._NEWLINE_Attorney General Janet Reno appointed Independent Council Ralph I. Lancaster Jr., in May 1998, to investigate Herman after businessman Laurent J. Yene alleged she accepted kickbacks while working at the White House. Reno was skeptical of Yene's allegations following a preliminary FBI investigation, but she believed the Independent Council law obligated her to appoint independent council where she could not affirm the claims were without merit. Following a twenty-three month investigation, Independent Council Lancaster concluded that Herman had broken no laws and cleared her of all wrongdoing. She was the fifth Clinton cabinet officer to be investigated by independent counsel, and the fourth cleared of all wrongdoing. The Independent Council investigations of the cabinet members cost $95 million and did not uncover any felonies, leading Congress to allow the Independent Counsel Act to expire in June 1999 without re-authorization._NEWLINE_Herman was active in Al Gore's 2000 campaign for President. During the Florida election recount, Herman was part of the team planning a transition to a Gore Administration. ABC News and The New York Times considered her a likely candidate to remain in Gore's White House if he won. Elaine Chao replaced her as Secretary of Labor in the George W. Bush administration. _START_SECTION_ Post-government _START_PARAGRAPH_ Herman served as co-chair of Democratic Presidential nominee John Kerry's transition team during the 2004 presidential election. In 2005, Howard Dean, serving as Democratic National Committee Chairman, appointed Herman and lawyer James Roosevelt, Jr. co-chairs of its Rules and Bylaws Committee. The position put Herman and Roosevelt at the center of a dispute between the campaigns of democratic primary candidates Barack Obama and Hillary Clinton over whether to seat delegates from Michigan and Florida at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Herman endorsed Hillary Clinton in the 2016 Democratic Party Presidential primaries and served as Deputy Parliamentarian at the 2016 Democratic National Convention._NEWLINE_From 2001 to 2006, Herman was chairwoman of The Coca-Cola Company's Human Resources Task Force. The following year, Coca-Cola made her a director. Herman served on Toyota's Diversity Advisory Board. In 2006, the company appointed her to head a special task force to ensure the company's compliance with anti-discrimination standards following the resignation of Toyota North America's CEO, after being named the defendant in a sexual harassment lawsuit. Herman served on the boards of other major companies, including Cummins, MGM Resorts International, Entergy, Sodexo, and is the chairman and CEO of New Ventures, Inc._NEWLINE_In 2010, Herman was appointed to the board of the Clinton Bush Haiti Fund, a charitable organization founded by Bill Clinton and George W. Bush to aid Haiti following a magnitude 7.0 Mw earthquake in January of that year. Herman has also been involved with civic groups including the National Urban League and the National Epilepsy Foundation. She has been awarded more than 20 honorary doctorate degrees from academic institutions. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Herman was Queen of Carnival for the Mobile Area Mardi Gras Association in 1974. Her father had served as King of Carnival in his youth._NEWLINE_Herman married physician Charles Franklin Jr. in February 2000 at the Washington National Cathedral. Franklin had three children from previous marriages. He died in 2014 following an extended illness.

17996354390643043083

Q21175261

_START_ARTICLE_ Alexis P. Suter _START_SECTION_ Life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alexis P. Suter is the youngest daughter of Carrie and Albert Suter, and was born in Brooklyn, New York City, United States. She began singing in church at the age of four, and met the Mills Brothers and saw them perform in concert five years later. Her interest in music developed at school where she learned to play the sousaphone, and expanded her knowledge of gospel music when attending different churches in her neighborhood. She was also influenced by the work of Ruth Brown, whom she heard on her family's radio. Suter also credited her mother as a source of musical inspiration, given that she had previously provided backing vocals for Mahalia Jackson, Sister Rosetta Tharpe, Harry Belafonte, Mavis Staples and Dionne Warwick amongst others._NEWLINE_Suter released her debut single in 1990, "Slam Me Baby", recorded in a house music setting, which led her to become the first African American woman to be signed to Epic/Sony Records. Years later the track was used on the Live & Remastered compilation album. She later signed with Hipbone Records, releasing Shuga Fix, her debut album in 2005. The same year she and her backing band caught the attention of Levon Helm, who invited them to open for him at his Midnight Rambles in Woodstock, New York._NEWLINE_In 2008, her third album, Just Another Fool, was released by Hipbone Records. It included a guest appearance on piano by Ted Kooshian. Suter has been a guest on The Artie Lange Show and Imus in the Morning, and with her band has opened for artists including Bo Diddley, Dickey Betts, B.B. King, Coco Montoya, Etta James, Buddy Guy, Allen Toussaint, and Emmylou Harris. B.B. King stated "It's a rare thing to share the stage with great talent like that young lady"._NEWLINE_On June 11, 2014, John Ginty recorded his Bad News Travels Live DVD, which included a guest performance from Suter._NEWLINE_Her five piece musical ensemble, released their sixth effort, Love the Way You Roll, in August 2014. It contained two cover versions: firstly of Big Mama Thornton's "You Don't Move Me No More" and also Slim Harpo's "Shake Your Hips". The band currently comprises Alexis P. Suter (lead vocals), Ray Grappone (drums), Michael Louis (guitar), Tom Terry (bass guitar) plus Vicki Bell (backing vocals)._NEWLINE_Suter and her band have appeared at music festivals including Springing the Blues, Briggs Farm Blues Festival (2007, 2009, and 2011), Musikfest (2011), and Blast Furnace Blues Festival (2012),_NEWLINE_In 2015, Suter was nominated in the 'Koko Taylor Award' category at the 33rd Blues Music Awards. Ruthie Foster won the title.

5856610934689586595

Q58755767

_START_ARTICLE_ Alfie Doughty _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Doughty made his Charlton Athletic debut in the EFL Cup against Milton Keynes Dons on 14 August 2018._NEWLINE_On 19 October 2018, Doughty joined Kingstonian on loan until 17 November 2018. Doughty scored his two goals for Kingstonian on his league debut for the club against Harlow Town._NEWLINE_Doughty returned to first team action for Charlton Athletic against Forest Green Rovers in the first round of the EFL Cup on 13 August 2019._NEWLINE_On 7 September, Doughty joined Bromley on a one-month loan.

17839249322442110831

Q4722178

_START_ARTICLE_ Alfred "Teen" Blackburn _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alfred "Teen" Blackburn (April 26, 1842 – March 8, 1951) was the last Confederate Civil War veteran to receive a Class B pension in North Carolina. He was known throughout Yadkin County for his strength, size and longevity. He was the last living person in Yadkin County to have been a slave. He was also believed to be one of the last living survivors of slavery in the United States who had a clear recollection of it as an adult. _START_SECTION_ Birth into Slavery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blackburn was born into slavery on the plantation of the Hampton and Cowles families in Yadkin County, North Carolina. According to family accounts, he was called Teen and was the son of Fannie Blackburn, a mixed-race Cherokee-African held as a slave, and Augustus Blackburn, a white plantation owner._NEWLINE_Teen described holding "the best job" on the plantation as a boy. "It was my duty to shoo the flies from the table, serve at parties when the well-to-do . . . were guests and take care of the children." He said the field slaves were jealous of his job._NEWLINE_During the American Civil War, Blackburn served as the "body servant" of his father, Col. John Augustus Blackburn of Company F, 21st North Carolina Regiment. Blackburn's brother, Wiley Blackburn, is listed in Co. B, 38th North Carolina Regiment roster also as a "body servant". _NEWLINE_Blackburn was a cook, servant and helper for the regiment for almost two years during battles, including the First Battle of Bull Run. In a 1938 interview, Blackburn said he did not carry a gun during his service because "a knife was handier." He described defending Col. Blackburn with his knife, "he just turned around and walked off," he said. "He didn't say a word." _NEWLINE_He returned to Yadkin County after Col. Blackburn was furloughed due to injuries. At the close of the war, Blackburn described seeing Gen. George Stoneman's men in Hamptonville, "riding three abreast and burning everything along the way." _START_SECTION_ Post-Civil War _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the war, Teen Blackburn moved to Davie County and farmed for four years. Then, he worked for Sheriff Tom Watts. He next started work for Clayton Cooper Mines in Ashe County, but quit after one day._NEWLINE_Blackburn returned to Hamptonville. In 1883, he became a contract mail carrier for the United States Post Office, supervising other carriers, black and white. He worked for 60 years, carrying the mail on foot and later by horse from Jonesville to Hamptonville, a distance of more than 10 miles (16 km) every other day. _NEWLINE_In 1880, Blackburn married Lucy Carson, the daughter of Robert Carson, an uncle of Kit Carson. They had 10 children together. He worked other jobs around the county and on his 75-acre (300,000 m²) farm, tending tobacco, in order to help give each of his children a formal education. _NEWLINE_For his service during the Civil War, Blackburn received a Confederate Class B veteran's pension of $200 per year. Blackburn died on March 8, 1951, at the age of 108. He is buried in the Pleasant Hill Baptist Church cemetery in Carsontown, a community in Iredell County south of Hamptonville.

17280918128011322782

Q2835112

_START_ARTICLE_ Alfred Evers _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Evers began his political career in 1974 when he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies after an unpopular nomination from the opposition Liberal Party gave him a favorable outcome. In office, he represented the interests of minority East Germans and led to the creation of the German-speaking community. He served on the Parliament of Wallonia and was chair of the German-speaking committee from 1999 to 2004._NEWLINE_Evers was elected mayor of Eupen in 1977 and served until 2001 when he was eventually defeated by Elmar Keutgen. After this defeat, he withdrew from local politics._NEWLINE_Evers made a comeback into politics in 2012 when Karl-Heinz Klinkenberg was elected mayor of Eupen, and appointed him to the city council. However, Evers would resign a year later, citing health concerns. This would officially end his political career._NEWLINE_Outside of politics, Evers served as chair of the French Federation of Road Haulers, along with many other organizations in the transport and logistics sectors. He was president of a holding company for many Belgian communities, which was a large shareholder of Dexia Bank during their financial crisis._NEWLINE_In the field of transport, he was General Manager of the Ghemar Transport Company and President of the FEBETRA (Belgian Royal Federation of Carriers and Logistics Service Providers).

16276462490061379594

Q360815

_START_ARTICLE_ Alfred Moore Scales _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scales was born at Reidsville, in Rockingham County, North Carolina. He lived on Mulberry Island Plantation. After attending a Presbyterian school, the Caldwell institute and the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Scales entered teaching for a time. Later, he studied law with Judge William H. Battle and Judge Settle and then opened a law office in Madison, North Carolina. While at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, he was a member of the Dialectic and Philanthropic Societies. _START_SECTION_ Pre-War public service _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scales was elected county solicitor in 1852. He was elected four times to the North Carolina state legislature and served as chairman of the Finance Committee. In 1854 he ran a close but unsuccessful race as the Democratic candidate for United States Congress in a Whig district. In 1857 he was elected to Congress but was defeated for re-election two years later. From 1858 until the spring of 1861 he held the office of clerk and master of the court of equity of Rockingham County. In 1860 he was an elector for the Breckinridge ticket and subsequently involved in the debate over North Carolina's secession. _START_SECTION_ Early military service _START_PARAGRAPH_ All of Alfred Scales's Civil War service was with Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia. Soon after the call for troops from Washington he volunteered as a private in the North Carolina service, but was at once elected captain of his company, H of the 13th North Carolina Infantry Regiment, and was elected to succeed General William Dorsey Pender as colonel on November 14, 1862. He was engaged at Yorktown and the Battle of Williamsburg in the Peninsula Campaign, and in the Seven Days Battles near Richmond. After Malvern Hill, he collapsed from exhaustion and came near to death. His superior, Brig. Gen. Samuel Garland, Jr., said in his report that Scales was "conspicuous for his fine bearing. Seizing the colors of his regiment at a critical moment at Cold Harbor and advancing to the front, he called on the 13th to stand to them, thus restoring confidence and keeping his men in position." It took him until November to recuperate so he missed the battles of both Second Manassas and Antietam, but returned in time for the battles of Fredericksburg and Chancellorsville._NEWLINE_During the winter of 1862–63, the 35-year-old colonel married 18-year-old Kate Henderson. She was the daughter of a prominent family from Gaston County, North Carolina._NEWLINE_At Fredericksburg, in December 1862, Scales temporarily took command of the brigade after General Pender fell wounded. Pender turned over the command during a Federal assault, saying to him, "Drive those scoundrels out". Scales promptly ordered Major C. C. Cole of the 22nd North Carolina to dislodge the enemy, which A.P. Hill reported was "handsomely done."_NEWLINE_Scales again served with distinction during the Battle of Chancellorsville in May 1863, where he was wounded in the thigh, continuing on the field until loss of blood forced him to leave. It was to his regiment that General Pender said, "I have nothing to say to you but to hold you all up as models in duty, courage and daring." In his official report Pender referred to Colonel Scales as "a man as gallant as is to be found in the service." _START_SECTION_ Gettysburg Campaign _START_PARAGRAPH_ While at home, recovering from his wound, he was promoted to brigadier general on June 13, 1863, and upon his return was assigned to the command of Pender's old brigade when Pender was promoted to the command of A.P. Hill's Light Division. In the first day's fight at Gettysburg with Pender's Division, it was the attack of his brigade that helped pave the way for Abner M. Perrin's Brigade to break through the Union line on Seminary Ridge and force the enemy to retreat toward Cemetery Hill._NEWLINE_During this attack, Scales's Brigade suffered heavy casualties. He personally fought with great gallantry, and was severely wounded in the leg by a shell fragment on Seminary Ridge. Every field officer of his brigade was killed or wounded except two, and his brigade, already sadly reduced by its terrible sacrifices at Chancellorsville, lost nearly 550 men out of the 1,350 engaged._NEWLINE_On the second day at Gettysburg, the brigade was only engaged in skirmishing, but in the third day's battle, it participated in the famous Pickett's Charge. Half of the General Pender's division, James Lane's and Scales's brigades, advanced in the charge with Pickett's and Pettigrew's Divisions. Since Pender had been wounded, his two brigades in the charge were placed under the command of Major General Isaac R. Trimble. Due to Scales's wounding, his brigade was commanded during the charge by Colonel William Lee J. Lowrance. Elements of this brigade were among the Confederates to advance farthest in the gallant but unsuccessful charge._NEWLINE_With General Pender at his side, Scales rode back to Virginia in an ambulance, and after being left at Winchester, he recovered enough from his wounds to be returned to service however, General Pender died from his wounds. _START_SECTION_ Military service after Gettysburg _START_PARAGRAPH_ After returning to service upon the apparent recovery from his wound, Scales participated in the campaigns of the Army of Northern Virginia during 1864 including the Wilderness, Spotsylvania Court House, and the Siege of Petersburg. Due to his previous wounds being unhealed, Scales took a leave of absence late in the war, and was at home in North Carolina when the army surrendered at Appomattox Court House. There is no record that the general was ever formally paroled, but he applied for amnesty at Raleigh on June 22, 1865, and was pardoned on June 18, 1866. _START_SECTION_ Post-War public service _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the war, Scales returned to the practice of law, a profession in which he gained great distinction. In 1874 he was elected to the Forty-fourth Congress, and was re-elected to the four succeeding congresses. In 1884, he was elected Governor of North Carolina by a majority of over twenty thousand votes. Upon the expiration of his term as governor in 1888 he retired permanently from political life, repeatedly refusing to run again for Congress. In 1888 Scales left the governorship and was elected president of the Piedmont Bank at Greensboro, and served as its president until he died._NEWLINE_Scales was never in good health after leaving the governorship in 1888. His condition was diagnosed as Bright's disease, causing his brain to become so affected that during the last months of his life, he was only conscious for short intervals. He died in Greensboro and was buried there at the Green Hill Cemetery._NEWLINE_Alfred Scales was greatly beloved and respected by all. Noted historian Douglas S. Freeman, in discussing eight promotions to brigadier general Lee needed to make after Chancellorsville said, "One promotion was a matter of course. ..." and then mentioned Scales first of the eight. At the time of his death all the businesses in Greensboro closed and the entire city turned out to attend his funeral. His family life was always pleasant. He was survived by his wife, Kate, and his daughter, Mrs. John Noble Wyllie._NEWLINE_The Alfred Moore Scales Law Office at Madison was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1982.

16650481228226056138

Q16266587

_START_ARTICLE_ Alfredo Nascimento (footballer) _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Montijo, Portugal, Nascimento arrived at 22 to C.F. Os Belenenses, being back-up to José Pereira, but playing most games in 1963–64._NEWLINE_He joined S.L. Benfica in the following year, with Costa Pereira having physical problems, he replaced him in a winning league campaign in 1966–67. However, the rapid ascension of Zé Gato, stalled his career at Benfica, so he moved to União de Tomar in 1970 and retired four years later, age 37.

5643576074577519361

Q4724986

_START_ARTICLE_ Ali Mahmoud Taha _START_PARAGRAPH_ ‘Ali Maḥmūd Ṭāhā (Arabic: علي محمود طه‎‎) (1901–1949) was an Egyptian romantic poet. He has been called several nicknames, such as: The Engineer and The Lost Sailor._NEWLINE_Nevertheless, Taha was not as immersed in romanticism as Ibrahim Nagi and Mohammad al-Hamshari._NEWLINE_Furthermore, Taha's poets were politically-colored, but even provocative and patriotic, despite his death, which was before the 23rd-of-July Revolution. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Taha was born to a family of the middle-class in Mansoura, in Delta, Egypt.

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Q4725674

_START_ARTICLE_ Alicante tomato _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alicante is a medium sized red variety of tomato. It is resistant to "greenback," a condition where the fruit fails to ripen evenly, and produces a reliable, heavy, early crop.

17059792945456443576

Q1242948

_START_ARTICLE_ Alice McDermott _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ McDermott was born in Brooklyn, New York. _NEWLINE_She attended St. Boniface School in Elmont, New York, on Long Island (1967), Sacred Heart Academy in Hempstead (1971), and the State University of New York at Oswego, receiving her BA in 1975, and received her MA from the University of New Hampshire in 1978._NEWLINE_She has taught at UCSD and American University, has been a writer-in-residence at Lynchburg College and Hollins College in Virginia, and was lecturer in English at the University of New Hampshire. Her short stories have appeared in Ms., Redbook, Mademoiselle, The New Yorker and Seventeen. She has also published articles in The New York Times and The Washington Post._NEWLINE_Ms. McDermott lives outside Washington, D.C. with her husband, a neuroscientist, and three children. She is Catholic, though she once deemed herself "not a very good Catholic."

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Q1037579

_START_ARTICLE_ Alick Walker _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alick Donald Walker (26 October 1925 – 4 December 1999) was a British palaeontologist, after whom the Alwalkeria genus of dinosaur is named._NEWLINE_He was born in Skirpenbeck, near York and attended Pocklington School from 1936 to 1943. He began a degree course in engineering at Cambridge, but dropped out in 1944. In 1948 he returned to university after national service, reading Geology at the University of Bristol. On graduation, he join the research group of Professor Stanley Westoll at the University of Newcastle upon Tyne, working on the fossil reptiles of the Late Triassic found in Elgin. He was appointed Lecturer in Geology in 1954, while working on his PhD._NEWLINE_The bony remains of the Elgin reptile fossils were poor, sometimes just indentations in rocks. Walker devised a new casting method to capture the anatomical information in these fossils, using PVC; many of the resulting casts are now in the National Museum of Scotland and the Natural History Museum. His early work was also notable for reclassifying and naming the English theropod dinosaurs Eustreptospondylus and Metriacanthosaurus. _NEWLINE_In the late 1960s Walker studied the origin of crocodilians and of birds, which became controversial in 1972 with his publication of a paper in Nature arguing for a close relationship between sphenosuchian crocodylomorphs and birds. He later accepted that this hypothesis might be incorrect in a 1985 paper on Archaeopteryx.

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Q4727366

_START_ARTICLE_ Alite Island _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alite Island is an island in the Solomon Islands; it is located in Malaita Province. The estimated terrain elevation above sea level is 6 metres.

513564802468406501

Q4727748

_START_ARTICLE_ All's Fair at the Fair _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Film Daily called the short a "novelty cartoon" and gave the following review:_NEWLINE_"A couple of sticks visit the fair grounds where the World's Fair is being held, and find themselves participating in a series of adventures with the ultra-modern mechanism operated by robots. Finally, they reach the dance pavilion, and the wife and husband each are taken in hand by robots and whirled around the floor. Other mechanical gags give them a marvelous meal, beauty and barber treatments, and clinical attention to restore their youth. Very clever and novel. A Max Fleischer cartoon in Technicolor."

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Q16159358

_START_ARTICLE_ All-Military Classic _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The tournament began in 2011 and was hosted by the Air Force Academy at the Clune Arena in Colorado Springs, Colorado. The format was a simple four-team single elimination tournament with a third-place consolation game. Air Force won the inaugural tournament, and won the 2012 tournament which was hosted by The Citadel at the McAlister Field House as well. VMI, who played host in 2013, won the title on their home court by defeating Air Force 71–63 in the championship game, which was also the first time Air Force had ever lost in the tournament, going 5–0 in previous games._NEWLINE_The final installment of the tournament took place from November 14–15, 2014 at Army's Christl Arena in West Point, New York. The Black Knights first defeated Air Force and proceeded to win the title by beating VMI 92–86 in the championship game. It was the school's first AMC victory, and Kyle Wilson was named the tournament's Most Valuable Player with 44 total points in the two games. The host school of the tournament would end up winning the title three out of the four years it was played, with The Citadel's loss in 2012 being the only exception.

13238393809561790141

Q3612195

_START_ARTICLE_ All This Time (Tiffany song) _START_SECTION_ Song information _START_PARAGRAPH_ All This Time, a mid-tempo ballad, was released in 1988 peaking on the Billboard Hot 100 chart at #6, and was also a top-ten hit on the Billboard Adult Contemporary chart. In the UK, "All This Time" served as second single to "Radio Romance", charting in the top 50._NEWLINE_The song was also released several months previously on the Japanese remix EP, I Saw Him Standing There, and the Japanese single edition of "I Saw Him Standing There". It was also released on one of her greatest hits compilations.

1954281073256456900

Q347260

_START_ARTICLE_ All Together (2011 film) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jean (Bedos) is a romantic revolutionary, yet enjoys the spoils of a bourgeois lifestyle with his wife, Annie (Chaplin). Annie is a retired psychologist, who complains about not being able to see enough of her children and assorted grandchildren. Albert (Richard) is showing increasing signs of dementia; his energetic American wife Jeanne (Fonda) is a former university lecturer who is suffering from cancer but who assures her husband that she is cured, yet shops for a brightly-colored coffin. _NEWLINE_Widower Claude (Rich) is an aging womanizer with an appetite for pursuits with prostitutes. Knowing how lonely he is at home alone after a previous heart attack, Jean suggests that the five friends should live together in their house, an idea that appalls Annie. Claude suffers another heart attack from walking up too many flights of stairs, on the way to visiting one of his lady friends. Albert is also hospitalized after his beloved dog knocks him down during a walk, though he claims he slipped on the sidewalk. Unable to see his dog be given away, Jeanne and Albert hire Dirk (Brühl), a German ethnology student, to walk him instead._NEWLINE_After seeing the sad conditions of Claude's retirement home, the friends decide to move in together on Jean's suggestion. Dirk, who has changed his thesis to reflect the condition of France's aging population, moves in with them as a caregiver. Meanwhile, Annie prepares to build a pool on her property in the hopes that it will attract her grandchildren. Jeanne becomes frustrated at Albert's worsening condition as he begins to forget that he is living with his friends instead of at his own home. Albert also speaks with Jeanne's doctor, who informs him that Jeanne's latest tests indicate that her cancer is not cured, but is worsening. _NEWLINE_Jeanne strikes up a friendship with Dirk, giving him advice on troubles with his girlfriend and telling him that life is short and that he should be with someone who is more his type. She also reveals that she had a lover in the past, but is still good friends with him. One day she tells Albert that she is going out to walk the dog with him. Albert acknowledges this, yet forgets and goes off to find her, leaving the bath running. He finds them in a park together and accuses her of starting a relationship with him, angering her; he also forgets who Dirk is and why he hired him. The water overflows from the tub, ruining Annie's precious furniture, yet Albert does not know why she's upset. _NEWLINE_Later, Albert brings Dirk along to help him with opening some old trunks. Accidentally finding Claude's things instead, Albert discovers that Claude had been having an affair with both Annie and Jeanne forty years earlier. He reveals this to Jean, who doesn't believe him until he accuses Annie and she confesses. Jean confronts Claude in the unfinished pool during dinner and threatens him with a knife, and Jeanne faints when she hears that Claude had also been having an affair with Annie. The friends make up that night while Jeanne is bedridden._NEWLINE_The next morning, the friends drink champagne and Jeanne succumbs to her illness shortly after. She is buried in a bright pink coffin, and, as per her requests, the surviving friends leave their champagne glasses on it. The pool is filled shortly after and Annie's grandchildren are finally spending time with her and Jean. Claude finds Dirk having sex with a new part-time caregiver, a girl Jeanne hired who is more of Dirk's type. Before they can toast to the new assistant, a confused Albert wanders in, asking after Jeanne; he still believes her to be alive. The film ends on a melancholy note as the friends and Dirk wander through the streets with Albert, calling Jeanne's name.

794666010808395014

Q4730018

_START_ARTICLE_ All in the Family (film) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ A family gathers to be with its dying father. The reunion brings old rivalries to the surface._NEWLINE_Mr. Hu is dying, so he calls his family to his bedside. After his death, his three sons divide Mr. Hu's belongings, leaving their mother and sister with nothing. Between them, the sister and mother came up with a plan to get revenge. The sister starts a rumor that her mother is actually very rich, when hearing the rumour, the three sons quickly return home and try to gain their mother's favor in the hope of getting the money from her._NEWLINE_Spring Lady is tiring of her husband, Ma, and has an eye on Little Tang, a rickshaw boy. Little Tang is in love with Lin-tze, but as Lin-tze is happily married to Chang Hsun, his attentions are soon swayed by Spring Lady. Although Ma discovers the affair, he is too busy to care.

6950232014059441858

Q4730865

_START_ARTICLE_ Allan Moon _START_SECTION_ Music _START_PARAGRAPH_ Moon's first music release was a 5-song demo EP in 2006 which included Song of the Wind and a hidden tracked acoustic cover version to Billy Joel's Uptown Girl. The demo paved the way to his first full-length album Song of the Wind._NEWLINE_Song of the Wind, was released in 2008 and saw Moon's songwriting as a direct progression from his poetry coupled with country life. The album was characterized by acoustic guitars and Moon's soft, almost breaking voice, reminiscent of Neil Young. The album received favorable reviews, the magazine Americana UK compared his writing to that of Nick Drake and John Martyn._NEWLINE_"...Very straight ahead, personal, even disturbing at times. I liked "Song of the Wind" a lot. It's such a sad song, delivered so delicately. The images of loss are really poetic, and each one tells a complete story in two lines. Very strong stuff ..." – David Kahne – Producer _NEWLINE_Later in 2008, Moon was called upon to produce Yuval Banai's 4th solo album Me'ever Le'Harim (Beyond the Mountains). Banai is lead singer of Israel's premier rock band Mashina, a multi-platinum selling act who's been active since the early 1980s. In Me'ever Le'Harim, Moon took Banai in a new musical direction, towards folk and Americana, lap-steel guitars and stripped down productions._NEWLINE_In 2009, Moon released two singles in very different musical genres. The first single, Do Your Dance, was an electro-folk track with explicit lyrics. The track was released under his pseudonym CANPO. Later in 2009, he released The Art of Rolling, produced by Tamir Muskat and Adam Scheflan, it was a gentle pop song with a Beck'ish musical landscape._NEWLINE_Children of the Call, Moon's second studio album was released in 2014. The album features a roster of Israel's top indie musicians, including: Geva Alon, Uzi Ramirez, Ophir "Kutiman" Kutiel, Uri Brauner Kinrot, Eyal Talmudi, Adam Scheflan and Karolina. Musically, the album was varied in genres: Folk, Rhythm and Blues, Funk and psychedelic. _START_SECTION_ Poetry _START_PARAGRAPH_ Upon arriving in Tel Aviv, Moon broke into the English language poetry scene, participating in underground readings and performances reminiscent of the Beat Generation poets. His poetic style was raw and druggy, with sexual innuendos, often compared to William S. Burroughs. _NEWLINE_"...Moon's poems are authentic photographs of written experience as a kind of sustained ecstatic fictional, (auto)biographical experience. Moon sort of milks an orgasm in his best poems, and leaves the technique floundering for a philosophy. His work contains none of the moral/linguistic imperatives of Bernstein, nor the violent ejaculations of Burroughs, and in its own right becomes a poem distinctly his own." – by Elazar from a preface to ARC 15 – Journal of the Israel Association of Writers in English'_NEWLINE_In 1997, Moon published his first book of titled Word Felon, a collection of poems from 1992–1996 which he had been performing with. The poetic style of Felon, was language deconstruction, broken rhymes and freestyles, inspired by his growing up in the rap culture of 1980s New York City. Most of the poems' dealt with a dark portrayal of underground big city culture, drugs, sex and personal alienation, through the eyes of a lost boy. After Word Felon, Moon focused on mixed-media art experiments; combining art, photography, graphic design and poetry. These works would finally see light in 2002 under the project title: Phoetry, Moon's coining for Photo & Poetry._NEWLINE_Phoetry was published as a book which coincided with an art exhibition of the same name. The book contained poems and their visual interpretations, in the form of photographs, graphic designs and sketches. The exhibition ran in two galleries in Tel Aviv from 2002 through 2003, and it featured "blow-ups" of the visuals in the book. Phoetry found Moon more mature and reconciled, the poems were colored with love, relationship and a newfound affection of nature._NEWLINE_Moon's poems and translations have been featured in several publications around the world.

17565493333001800058

Q1922646

_START_ARTICLE_ Allerton, Iowa _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Allerton is located at 40°42′26″N 93°22′2″W (40.707108, -93.367263)._NEWLINE_According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 1.14 square miles (2.95 km²), all of it land. About three miles to the west is the Allerton reservoir and Bob White State Park _START_SECTION_ Transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Allerton was served by Iowa Highway 40 until it was turned over to Wayne County and made a county road. There is a network of paved farm to market roads radiating out from Allerton and connecting with the surrounding towns._NEWLINE_Allerton was a division point on the Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific Railroad until the bankruptcy of the line in 1980. The old Golden State Route that took off east from Allerton through Seymour, Fairfield and Chicago was then abandoned. There had been some talk of relaying the track from Allerton to Seymour on the old Rock Island right of way to provide a connection between the Canadian Pacific (old Milwaukee Road) and the Union Pacific. This idea has since been dropped due to the objections of the adjacent landowners. The remaining line is now known as Union Pacific's Spine Line. It was purchased by the Chicago & Northwestern after the bankruptcy as a direct line between Kansas City and Minneapolis. It has seen a marked increase in traffic since the Chicago & Northwestern merger with Union Pacific. The last passenger train on the old Rock Island system through Allerton was the Plainsman from Kansas City to Des Moines and Minneapolis. It was discontinued in 1970. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Allerton was platted by the Rock Island Railroad in when it came through the area in 1870. It became a legal town in 1874 and had a peak population of 1,600 in 1913. Allerton and Corydon were rivals for the Wayne County seat. Several times, during the early establishment of the two towns, county records were moved back and forth, sometimes illegally, before Corydon was declared the county seat._NEWLINE_Allerton used to have its own school system and then merged with Lineville and Clio to form ACL Community School. In 1966, Allerton voted to leave ACL and merge with Cambria-Corydon to form Wayne Community School. Classes were held for different grades at the Allerton school until the school house was deemed deficient in the latter part of the 20th century. Classes are now held in Corydon. _START_SECTION_ 2010 census _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2010, there were 501 people, 217 households, and 146 families residing in the city. The population density was 439.5 inhabitants per square mile (169.7/km²). There were 250 housing units at an average density of 219.3 per square mile (84.7/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.2% White, 0.2% Native American, and 0.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.2% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 217 households of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.1% were married couples living together, 10.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.1% had a male householder with no wife present, and 32.7% were non-families. 28.1% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.31 and the average family size was 2.77._NEWLINE_The median age in the city was 44.6 years. 21.6% of residents were under the age of 18; 6.2% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23% were from 25 to 44; 31.6% were from 45 to 64; and 17.8% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. _START_SECTION_ 2000 census _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2000, there were 559 people, 231 households, and 155 families residing in the city. The population density was 490.4 people per square mile (189.3/km²). There were 287 housing units at an average density of 251.8 per square mile (97.2/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 99.28% White, 0.18% Asian, and 0.54% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.89% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 231 households out of which 34.6% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 51.9% were married couples living together, 12.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 32.5% were non-families. 30.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 17.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.42 and the average family size was 2.99._NEWLINE_27.5% are under the age of 18, 5.9% from 18 to 24, 26.8% from 25 to 44, 23.3% from 45 to 64, and 16.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.9 males._NEWLINE_The median income for a household in the city was $28,929, and the median income for a family was $35,000. Males had a median income of $23,854 versus $17,614 for females. The per capita income for the city was $12,218. About 17.6% of families and 18.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.5% of those under age 18 and 15.0% of those age 65 or over. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Wayne Community School District operates public schools serving the community._NEWLINE_The Allerton-Lineville-Clio school district formed with the consolidation of Allerton, Clio, and Lineville school districts, which occurred between 1962 and 1966. Allerton de-merged and merged into the Wayne County Community School District in 1967, while the remaining district became the Lineville-Clio Community School District.

7973725831167653187

Q988

_START_ARTICLE_ Almelo _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the end of the 19th century textile emerged as a major employer and drew many workers to Almelo, at first from within the Netherlands. Since the 1960s workers from Spain and Turkey came to Almelo. The first mosque of the Netherlands was built in Almelo in 1976 for the Turkish population of the city. Almelo also has a sizeable number of Armenians._NEWLINE_In the 1970s the industry dwindled and most factories were relocated to countries with cheaper labour. Some factories remain in the city centre and are now in use for apartments or offices. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Currently, a major employer in Almelo is Urenco Nederland. This is a uranium enrichment plant which uses the gas centrifuge method and produces uranium with about five percent U-235, for nuclear reactors. A bakery factory, Bolletje, Malvern Panalytical, the Stichting Ziekenhuisgroep Twente (a hospital) and the regional court are also major employers. _START_SECTION_ Football _START_PARAGRAPH_ Heracles Almelo, a professional football club playing in the Eredivisie is based in Almelo. _START_SECTION_ Cycling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 1983 Almelo has organised the Profronde van Almelo, an elite men's and women's professional road bicycle racing event.

6393137408694066661

Q1488320

_START_ARTICLE_ Alperton tube station _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alperton was opened on 28 June 1903 by the District Railway (now the District line), with its name being "Perivale Alperton", on its new extension to South Harrow on electrified tracks from Park Royal & Twyford Abbey, which it was opened five days earlier. This new extension was, together with the existing tracks back to Acton Town, the first section of the Underground's surface lines to be electrified and operate electric traction instead of steam. The deep-level tube lines open at that time (City & South London Railway, Waterloo & City Railway and Central London Railway) had been electrically powered from the start._NEWLINE_The station was subsequently renamed "Alperton" on 7 October 1910._NEWLINE_On 4 July 1932, from Ealing Common to South Harrow, the District line service was replaced by the Piccadilly line. Piccadilly line services were extended to run west of its original terminus at Hammersmith, sharing the route with the District. It non-stops stations between Hammersmith and Acton Town, apart from Turnham Green, which the Piccadilly only calls during early mornings and late evenings. At Acton Town, the District and Piccadilly lines use separate platforms. They join back west of Acton Town towards Ealing Common. _START_SECTION_ Incidents and accidents _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 2 March 1944 during the Second World War, bomb damage prevented through services to and from Uxbridge for five days. _START_SECTION_ Connections _START_PARAGRAPH_ London Bus routes 79, 83, 224, 245, 297, 483 and 487 serve the station, with route 297 providing a 24-hour service.

7804814494814629535

Q536237

_START_ARTICLE_ Alphonse Le Gastelois _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Le Gastelois was born on the island of Jersey to French parents. His father was from Besneville and his mother from Montgardon. He studied at St Martin's School. _START_SECTION_ Suspicion and arrest _START_PARAGRAPH_ In a documentary, a journalist described how Le Gastelois liked to roam the country lanes at night. Stan de la Haye of the Honorary Police described Le Gastelois as a loner who wore a dirty old raincoat tied up with a piece of rope - thus matching the description of the wanted man._NEWLINE_Unfounded grudges against Le Gastelois were formed in fear, and fueled by the local police force in Jersey not speaking out to silence gossip. As the hysteria reached fever pitch, Le Gastelois' unconventional lifestyle led him to become one of 30 suspects arrested during an investigation by Scotland Yard. He was released after 14 hours of questioning due to a lack of evidence. His clothes were sent for forensic examination at Scotland Yard, and on release he was issued with ill-fitting clothes. Unlike the other suspects, Le Gastelois' name was released to the public, and he became a scapegoat._NEWLINE_The attacks of the Beast of Jersey continued unabated. Public suspicion against Le Gastelois remained so strong, however, that his cottage was burnt down in an act of arson._NEWLINE_In the documentary, Le Gastelois said that the police had searched his house 12 times in 12 months. _START_SECTION_ Exile _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1961, Advocate Denys Richardson took Le Gastelois out to the reef in his boat, where Le Gastelois took on some work refurbishing the hut belonging to Advocate Richardson, and doing odd jobs for other hut owners. He described his life on the reef as "paradise compared to what I've been through." _START_SECTION_ Reclusive life on the reef _START_PARAGRAPH_ From May 1961 until April 1975 and despite Paisnel's capture, Le Gastelois continued to live a quiet life of solitude on the islet of La Marmotière, explaining that he had become so used to it and it was his home with all his possessions there with him. His story became a cause célèbre and the bearded character soon established himself as the "King of the Ecréhous" and became an attraction for those visiting the reef._NEWLINE_The huts on the reef have no running water nor electricity. During the bitterly cold winters, there would be no visitors to the islands for months at a time. To survive, he lived off the land as best he could, becoming expert at finding lobsters in the expanse of rock pools at low tide. He collected rain water, and his diet also included seaweed and seagull eggs. Visitors to the reef would often bring him supplies and books from Jersey. He said in an interview that he did not like the fish but preferred the seaweed. To keep warm he would pull two tables together, cover them with a blanket to make a tent and then light a candle or small fire inside it. _START_SECTION_ King of the Ecréhous _START_PARAGRAPH_ Exonerated, Le Gastelois remained on the Écréhous where he formed the firm conviction based on what he had read in the law books given to him by visitors that the archipelago could become an independent entity since they were not permanently occupied. He claimed that status pursuant to Norman law in force since Rollo in 911, which provides that a person can claim possession of a deserted place if he lives there for 10 years. His request was formally submitted to the Queen, not as Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland but in her capacity as Duke of Normandy. His request was unsuccessful and the Écréhous remained a possession of the Bailiwick of Jersey. _START_SECTION_ Accusation of arson _START_PARAGRAPH_ After Le Gastelois lived for 14 years as a hermit, in 1975 a posse of officials from Jersey went to the reef to exterminate rabbits which were said to be destroying what little vegetation existed there. As they were returning to Jersey, the biggest building on the reef, a hut belonging to Lady Trent, caught fire and was destroyed. The rabbits were a source of food for Le Gastelois, who was arrested and accused of lighting the fire as an act of revenge. He was imprisoned for 3 months on remand, but at his subsequent Royal Court trial he was unanimously acquitted by the 24-strong jury who took just minutes to reach their 'not guilty' verdict. _START_SECTION_ Return to Jersey _START_PARAGRAPH_ Despite saying that he had no reason to go back to Jersey, Le Gastelois did not return to the Écréhous and remained in Jersey from 1975 until his death in June 2012. He moved into a single room at the rear end of a cottage in Dumaresq Street, St. Helier owned by the States of Jersey. He mostly kept himself locked in. He suffered severe back pain which impaired his ability to walk very far. Having received no pension he was living in extreme poverty._NEWLINE_Later he lived at Victoria Cottage Homes for 3 years, then Guardian Nursing Home for another 3 years and then the last 18 months of his life at Palm Springs nursing home. _START_SECTION_ Interviews and documentary _START_PARAGRAPH_ Le Gastelois gave an interview to Channel Television in 1964 and to the Jersey Evening Post in 1966. In 1998, he was the subject of an award-winning 24 minute documentary. _START_SECTION_ Proposed compensation _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1999, The States of Jersey debated a proposition brought by Senator J.S. Rothwell to pay Le Gastelois £20,000 in compensation as a token of support to redress the injustice that he had suffered. In a BBC interview, he was quoted as saying "What can you do? You can't rebuild my life, you can't rebuild me. I don't want much now, only want to be left in peace." He said of the proposed compensation: "It's a bit late in life but it will help."_NEWLINE_The Finance and Economics Committee presented written comments to the States, expressing their sympathy for Le Gastelois' circumstances but in their opinion paying compensation could establish a precedent. After the States voted in favour of holding the debate in camera, Senator Rothwell withdrew his proposition. _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ Le Gastelois never married, and he left no children. His nephew William Du Heaume and wife Valerie Du Heaume along with their family still live in the island. Valerie Du Heaume looked after him when his health failed. She has called for the States of Jersey to make a public apology, and for a memorial to him to be placed on the reef. _START_SECTION_ Memorial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amongst the many friends that attended his funeral were 9 expert mariners from Normandy who had been amongst Le Gastelois' most frequent visitors during his exile, including Alain Blancheton, former harbourmaster of Carteret who gave the eulogy._NEWLINE_Shortly after Le Gastelois' death, a Facebook group was set up to gain public support for a suitable memorial. St Martin's honorary police also expressed interest. The Facebook group has suggested "Wrongly Accused; forgive us" as a suitable epitaph. A letter to the editor of the Jersey Evening Post suggested that Jersey Heritage which each year commissions a portrait of one of the Island's well known citizens should select Le Gastelois as its next subject. _START_SECTION_ Theatrical performance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scriptwriter Andrea Earl has written a play about Le Gastelois' life. It was performed for the first time at Jersey Opera House on 28 October 2014, the month being the 100th year anniversary of his birth.

5455041531666788777

Q18115399

_START_ARTICLE_ Alphonse Lemonnier _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He made his comedian debut at the Cirque-Olympique before he became theatrical columnist for many newspapers._NEWLINE_The founder of the Moniteur des théâtres et des plaisirs (1869), the Parisien illustré (1867) and La Vie thermale (1867), he was the publication director of the Paris-mondain (1880-1881) and Colombine (1894-1895) periodics._NEWLINE_Stage manager of the Théâtre des Variétés, then successively director of the Théâtre des Délassements-Comiques, the Théâtre du Château-d'eau and the Théâtre Déjazet, he later was managing director of the Alhambra and the Comédie-Mondaine (1906) in Brussels._NEWLINE_His plays were presented on the most important Parisian stages of his time, including the Théâtre Déjazet, the Théâtre de la Gaîté and the Théâtre des Folies-Dramatiques.

12232977563028733515

Q17479497

_START_ARTICLE_ Also Sprach Zarathustra (painting) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Also sprach Zarathustra (Thus Spoke Zarathustra or Thus Spake Zarathustra) is the oil painting cycle by Lena Hades painted from 1995 to 1997 and inspired by Friedrich Nietzsche's philosophical novel of the same name. The painter created her first painting on December 1995 in Moscow. The Thus Spake Zarathustra cycle is a series of twenty-eight oil paintings made by the artist from 1995 to 1997 and thirty graphic works made in 2009. Twenty-four of the paintings depict so-called round-headed little men and their struggles in life. The remaining four depict Zarathustra himself, his eagle and serpent. Six paintings of the series were purchased by the Moscow Museum of Modern Art and by some important private collectors. The oil painting Also Sprach Zarathustra series was exhibited several times — including the exhibition at the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 1997 and at the First Moscow Biennale of contemporary art in 2005._NEWLINE_In 2004, a bilingual edition of Nietzsche's book Also sprach Zarathustra was published in Russian and German by the Institute of Philosophy of the Russian Academy of Sciences. The edition includes 20 Hades paintings from this cycle and the art critical essays written by three art historians Alexander Yakimovich, Olga Yushkowa and Jean-Christophe Ammann, professor at the Goethe University Frankfurt in Frankfurt and the director of the Museum of Modern Art in 1991-2001. _START_SECTION_ Paintings _START_PARAGRAPH_ All paintings of the cycle the artist herself calls visual metaphors to the book and not illustrations. The first half of Hades' cycle begins addressing the Last Man, "who makes everything small". The last man is sneaky and coward, he takes no risks, but he wants success and comfort. The second half of the cycle is devoted to Zarathustra himself and to his friend — the eagle._NEWLINE_In Lena Hades interview with Nietzsche.ru portal, she told about the prehistory of the cycle. "To be very brief, in my case, there was the birth of painting from the spirit of the text. An artist was born inside me only due to Nietzsche. Without Nietzsche I would never have decided to become a professional artist, to abandon from all other "callings" in favor of painting. It was a difficult decision, because the artist is easy to die from starvation. Very easy. Prior to Nietzsche I naively believed in many things that I had been imposed on by the surrounding society. I believed, for example, in culture, science, friendship, love, and church. A lot of things were unshakeable for me, and I lived with the ideas about them established without me. But when I first read Zarathustra - this text insulted me in all my best beliefs and convictions. It didn’t leave even the slightest hint of these my naive notions, it denied everything. Everything turned out not so, as I thought. And since it hurt me so, I began to read it more carefully. And gradually I realized that in general it was right that the world is not what it seems to us, not what our parents and social environment tries to teach us, or in other words, social suggestion of the world does not match the reality of the world. And most importantly - the real world has values completely different from the "conventional" values of any taken separately culture. All this led to the inner upheaval and change in attitude. I saw the world with different eyes. With Nietzsche’s eyes! And then his eyes for some reason just became my eyes. Apparently, there is a certain spiritual affinity between us, which allows me now to breathe easy his texts"._NEWLINE_"Your works, especially large ones, are dominated by these expressive saturated reds and yellows, creating an atmosphere of condensed semi-insanity, inhuman, demonic tension. Therefore, your paintings crush with their power and heavy energy. Heavy pressing power. You have it anywhere. Is that the feeling you have due to Nietzsche’s texts?" _NEWLINE_Lena Hades replies "For me, this is what the nakedness of life is, or more precisely, its halkion element. And somehow none of the Nietzsche experts have ever paid any attention to this halkion perception of Nietzsche. And yet, in ECCE HOMO Nietzsche calls himself a halkioner. I think that Nietzsche borrowed the word "halkioner" from Ancient Greek, which he knew brilliantly. In ancient Greek "halkeyo" means "to be a blacksmith, to forge." A halkion element is a kind of a forging element, not just chthonic, underground, but forging, where metal melts and is forged. This is a kind of an inner smithy, where the character is forged, and human will and strength are forged." _START_SECTION_ Painting perception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jean-Christophe Ammann called the painting of the series tablets. "Figurative language of Lena Hades expresses itself often intentionally as a poster, because we see here some visual tablets which should stir and awaken. At the same time, the language of her images remains faithful to the fundamental task of the artist: every artist should be a dervish, not only in order to conjure the collective memory, being in constant motion, but also to stay in the thought and memory of our times. Lena Hades is a dervish."

5998431244201814073

Q4736417

_START_ARTICLE_ Alternating knot _START_PARAGRAPH_ In knot theory, a knot or link diagram is alternating if the crossings alternate under, over, under, over, as one travels along each component of the link. A link is alternating if it has an alternating diagram._NEWLINE_Many of the knots with crossing number less than 10 are alternating. This fact and useful properties of alternating knots, such as the Tait conjectures, was what enabled early knot tabulators, such as Tait, to construct tables with relatively few mistakes or omissions. The simplest non-alternating prime knots have 8 crossings (and there are three such: 8₁₉, 8₂₀, 8₂₁)._NEWLINE_It is conjectured that as the crossing number increases, the percentage of knots that are alternating goes to 0 exponentially quickly._NEWLINE_Alternating links end up having an important role in knot theory and 3-manifold theory, due to their complements having useful and interesting geometric and topological properties. This led Ralph Fox to ask, "What is an alternating knot?" By this he was asking what non-diagrammatic properties of the knot complement would characterize alternating knots._NEWLINE_In November 2015, Joshua Evan Greene published a preprint that established a characterization of alternating links in terms of definite spanning surfaces, i.e. a definition of alternating links (of which alternating knots are a special case) without using the concept of a link diagram._NEWLINE_Various geometric and topological information is revealed in an alternating diagram. Primeness and splittability of a link is easily seen from the diagram. The crossing number of a reduced, alternating diagram is the crossing number of the knot. This last is one of the celebrated Tait conjectures._NEWLINE_An alternating knot diagram is in one-to-one correspondence with a planar graph. Each crossing is associated with an edge and half of the connected components of the complement of the diagram are associated with vertices in a checker board manner. _START_SECTION_ Hyperbolic volume _START_PARAGRAPH_ Menasco, applying Thurston's hyperbolization theorem for Haken manifolds, showed that any prime, non-split alternating link is hyperbolic, i.e. the link complement has a hyperbolic geometry, unless the link is a torus link._NEWLINE_Thus hyperbolic volume is an invariant of many alternating links. Marc Lackenby has shown that the volume has upper and lower linear bounds as functions of the number of twist regions of a reduced, alternating diagram.

17639508789216830165

Q3141095

_START_ARTICLE_ Alvania pseudoareolata _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The maximum recorded shell length is 2.4 mm. _START_SECTION_ Habitat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Minimum recorded depth is 18 m. Maximum recorded depth is 808 m.

268921513613412342

Q24732817

_START_ARTICLE_ Alvin Endt _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alvin Endt (September 28, 1933 – June 20, 2016) was an American educator and politician. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Ocean Springs, Mississippi, Endt graduated from the University of Southern Mississippi. He taught history in high school. Endt served on the Ocean Springs city council and on the Jackson County, Mississippi Board of Supervisors. From 1984 to 1999, Endt served in the Mississippi House of Representatives. Endt was a Democrat. In 1990, Endt, with three other Mississippi state legislators, left the Democratic Party and joined the Republican Party. He died in Ocean Springs, Mississippi.

18119674632558799310

Q4738489

_START_ARTICLE_ Alwayz into Somethin' _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song is an early example of G-funk produced by Dr. Dre. His commercially successful solo debut, The Chronic, further developed the subgenre with beats, samples, and instrumentation similar to the one used in "Alwayz into Somethin'". The song was featured in Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, on the West Coast gangsta rap station, Radio Los Santos._NEWLINE_In a part of the lyrics, M.C. Ren disses O'Shea "Ice Cube" Jackson in the line, "Dre I was speakin' to your bitch O'Shea", referring to Ice Cube leaving the group over royalty disputes. _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the music video, N.W.A's members are shown shoplifting, stealing cars, shooting at rival gang members, blowing things up, being arrested and thrown in jail, and generally making a nuisance of themselves. The video depicts scenes of murder and gang violence. The D.O.C. makes a cameo appearance.

16192143824833507212

Q4738764

_START_ARTICLE_ Alyssa LaRoche _START_SECTION_ Activities as Aimee Weber _START_PARAGRAPH_ LaRoche joined Second Life on January 30, 2004. Under the name Aimee Weber, LaRoche has guest-hosted, and been interviewed on the Second Life-centric podcast SecondCast. She produced what has been referred to as the first use of machinima for educational use when she produced a virtual tour of the solar system. She was the lead author on Creating Your World: The Official Guide to Advanced Content Creation for Second Life. In November 2007, LaRoche was granted a trademark to "Aimee Weber"._NEWLINE_Aimee Weber Studio Inc. has provided services for several real-world business, including the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, United Nations, American Cancer Society, American Apparel, Warner Bros., NBC and Save the Children. _START_SECTION_ *PREEN* _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prior to forming her company, LaRoche created the in-world fashion brand *PREEN*, described as a "punk ballerina" style. *PREEN* consists of 5 virtual locations with no physical stores currently.

13903772168214209814

Q2736087

_START_ARTICLE_ Amédée-François Frézier _START_SECTION_ Family history _START_PARAGRAPH_ As described by G.M. Darrow, Frézier's ancient surname was derived from fraise, the French word for strawberry. A story relates the surname is derived from the fact that Julius de Berry, a citizen of Anvers (i.e. Antwerp), was knighted by Charles the Simple in 916 for a timely gift of ripe strawberries. The Emperor gave the Fraise family (the surname was corrupted as "Frazer") three "fraises" or stalked strawberries for their coat of arms. _NEWLINE_Members of the Frazer family emigrated to Scotland as members of the retinue of the French ambassador, who had been sent by Henry I of France as a gesture of friendship to Malcolm III of Scotland, the vanquisher of Macbeth. For the services against the invading Danes, King Máel Coluim (Malcolm) rewarded the Frazers with grants of land and a coat of arms – which contained the original crest of three strawberries (see Clan Fraser). _NEWLINE_Édouard Frazer returned to France from Edinburgh around 1500 to escape Scottish political troubles, taking refuge in Amsterdam. The son of Édouard was Charles-Simon, who settled in France. Charles-Simon's descendants later settled in Savoy. _START_SECTION_ Youth and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amédée-François Frézier was born in Chambéry, Savoy, in 1682. Frézier's father, Pierre-Louis Frézier, a distinguished attorney of law, professor, and advisor to the Duke of Savoy at Chambéry, intended his son to follow him in the law. However, Frézier resisted this career path and was sent instead to study science and theology at Paris. His thesis was entitled Treatise on Navigation and the Elements of Astronomy. After completing his scientific studies, Frézier traveled to Italy where he studied art and architecture –interests he later applied to his study of fortresses and defense structures. He returned to France around 1700 and accepted a lieutenantship in an infantry regiment. _START_SECTION_ Treatise on Fireworks _START_PARAGRAPH_ Frézier's post gave him enough leisure time to publish his Traité des feux d'artifice pour le spectacle (1706, revised 1747) (Treatise on Fireworks). In this treatise, Frézier studied the recreational and ceremonial uses of fireworks – and pyrotechnics in general, rather than their military uses. Frézier surveyed earlier works on the subject. As Frézier included also instructions for the manufacture of decorative fireworks, the book became a standard text for fireworks makers._NEWLINE_Frezier’s Treatise on Fireworks earned its author a transfer to the military intelligence corps, as military engineer for Saint-Malo. _START_SECTION_ Work in South America _START_PARAGRAPH_ Frézier's superior officers, impressed by his competence, recommended that Frézier be the one to receive the assignment of studying the defense fortifications of Chile and Peru. _NEWLINE_Frézier was a lieutenant-colonel of the French Army Intelligence Corps when on January 7, 1712 he was dispatched to South America, four months after the return from the same continent of Louis Feuillée. The goal of Frezier's reconnaissance mission seems to have included making hydrographical observations, correcting existing charts, and taking exact plans of the most important ports and fortresses along the coasts. Frézier ended up disagreeing with Feuillée in regards to the latter's measurement of the latitudes and longitudes of the South American coast and of the principal ports of Chile and Peru. Frézier actually pointed out several mistakes in Feuillée's Relation, which led to a bitter feud between the two travelers. _NEWLINE_Sailing aboard the St. Joseph, an armed merchant ship, for about five months, he arrived in Concepción, Chile, on June 16, 1712 after rounding Cape Horn. _NEWLINE_Passing himself off as a trader or merchant captain so that he could visit the fortifications as a tourist. Frézier ingratiated himself with the Spanish Governors, and based in Concepción, sketched maps of the ports that showed the best approaches for attack, where ammunition was stored and the routes of escape, estimated the strength of the Spanish colonial governments, the state of these colonies' natives, and examined the Spanish gold and silver mines. He also reported on the operations of the Church, the physical geography and flora and fauna of the area, as well as its agricultural products – such as the species of strawberry that he would subsequently introduce to Europe. About the beach strawberry, Frézier wrote: "They there cultivate entire fields of a type of strawberry differing from ours by their rounder leaves, being fleshier and having strong runners. Its fruit are usually as large as a whole walnut, and sometimes as a small egg. They are of a whitish-red colour and a little less delicate to the taste than our woodland strawberries." _START_SECTION_ Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud _START_PARAGRAPH_ All of this was valuable information, which was immediately translated into other major European languages after its first appearance in French as Relation du voyage de la mer du Sud, aux côtes du Chili, du Pérou et de Brésil, fait pendant les années 1712, 1713, et 1714. Frézier's account of his travels in South America was published in Paris in 1716 (2d ed., enlarged, 1732). It was published in England in 1717 as A Voyage to the South-Sea, And along the Coasts of Chili and Peru, In the Years 1712, 1713, and 1714, which included a supplement by Edmund Halley. A Dutch translation appeared in Amsterdam in 1718 and a German translation appeared in Hamburg in 1718. _NEWLINE_Additional works included his Réponse au P. Feuillée, which was added to the Paris edition of 1832. Frézier also published a Lettre concernant l'histoire des tremblements de terre de Lima ("Letter concerning the history of earthquakes in Lima") (1755). _START_SECTION_ Awards and return to the New World _START_PARAGRAPH_ Frézier left Concepción on February 19, 1714 and reached Marseilles on August 17. Upon his return, he was allowed to present his maps to King Louis XIV, who awarded Frézier with 1,000 écus from the royal treasury._NEWLINE_In 1719, Frézier returned to the New World as Engineer-in-Chief to Hispaniola (Santo Domingo) on a two-year assignment to fortify the island. He made a map of the island, and also a plan of the City of Santo Domingo. He suffered from malaria there, but was only allowed to return to Europe in 1728._NEWLINE_On his return, he received the cross of St. Louis. He was elected a member of the French Academy of Sciences in 1752. _START_SECTION_ Work in Europe _START_PARAGRAPH_ Upon his return to Europe, Frézier was sent to Philippsburg and then to Landau, where he built twenty-six defense structures. _NEWLINE_Frézier wrote a work that applied the theories of architecture to practical engineering, called La Théorie et la Pratique de la Coupe des Pierres et des Bois pour la Construction des Voûtes et autre Parties des Bâtimens Civils & Militaires, ou Traité de Stéréotomie à l'Usage de l'Architecture (Doulsseker; Paris: L.H. Guerin, 1737-38-39) (The theory and practice of cutting stones and wood for the construction of vaults and other parts of civil and military buildings, or treatise on stereotomy in architectural usage). This work was the standard text on the subject of stone cutting, outlining the principles of three-dimensional geometry. Frézier illustrates complicated intersections between forms such as spheres and cones. He also examines actual building problems, and analyzes complex vaults. _NEWLINE_He also married, and was commissioned as a captain. In 1739, he was named Director of Fortifications for the whole of Brittany._NEWLINE_In 1764, he retired from service, but still maintained an interest in various subjects, including desalinization, architecture, navigation, and landing methods for the Isles Lucayes (the Bahamas). It is said he made himself read at least six hours a day, especially books on travel and history._NEWLINE_He died in Brest.

1042033506718897944

Q4990060

_START_ARTICLE_ Amanda Sandborg Waesterberg _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amanda Teresia Waesterberg (1842–1918) was a Swedish composer._NEWLINE_Amanda (née Sandborg) was born in Stockholm on 16 December 1842 as the daughter of Carl Sandborg (1793−1862), a cantor at Maria Magdalena Church and the Royal Swedish Opera, and his wife Frederica Cecilia (née Hagberg). At her baptism, Jacob Niclas Ahlström, conductor at the Royal Court of Sweden, was one of Amanda's godfathers. After having received her first music lessons at home together with her siblings, she enrolled in the class choir at the educational institution of the Royal Swedish Academy of Music. She was married to Lars Magnus Waesterberg, and became the mother-in-law of the industrialist Fredrik Ljungström._NEWLINE_From 1875, under the nom de plume "A S-g", Amanda Sandborg Waesterberg composed hundreds of works. She was also active in piano pedagogy. As a member of the Protestant free church in Sweden, many of her works were sacred songs. Half of the sacred ones were written for one or more voices with accompaniment. The remainder were in four-part harmonies for choir or for congregational singing._NEWLINE_Stylistically, Sandborg-Waesterberg was typical of mid-1800s song composition: a style that continued to be used in bourgeoisie salon music as well as within the frikyrkan, even when it had lost its pertinence in coeval art music. [...] Since she was a pianist and accompanist herself, her piano parts are often quite elaborate and independent from the vocal parts. In some of her songs one can hear virtuosic figurations or onomatopoeic verse, interpretive of the chirping of birds in the coloratura-like ornamented vocal part. Several of her earlier songs relate to art music arrangements of folk tunes. She creates dramatic effects with the use of diminished chords. – Ph.D. Hans Bernskiöld (transl. Thalia Thunander), Swedish Musical Heritage, the Royal Swedish Academy of Music

2023416951175883676

Q4740876

_START_ARTICLE_ Amazon tax _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Proponents of forcing Amazon.com to collect sales tax—at least in states where it maintains a physical presence—argue the corporation wields an anti-competitive advantage over storefront businesses forced to collect sales tax. Tax opponents respond to this argument by pointing out that individual states could make storefront businesses more competitive by lowering or entirely eliminating sales tax. Amazon is under increasing legal and political pressure from state governments, traditional retailers and other groups because of its refusal to collect sales tax in 41 of the 45 states with a statewide sales tax (as of March 2017). Those states include several where Amazon has a clear physical presence via distribution centers and wholly owned subsidiaries._NEWLINE_Amazon says it would support a federal solution to the sales tax problem as long as such legislation was fair and simple. As of May 2011 legislation has been introduced in Congress to allow states to impose sales taxes on sales to their residents from out-of-state. Amazon has not stated a public position on the bill. Amazon's competitors say it is insincere. Similar legislation, called the Main Street Fairness Act, failed in committee in 2010. Several earlier versions of the bill also failed to advance. Amazon lobbyists met four times with members of Congress or their aides in 2010 regarding the Main Street Fairness Act. The company spent $100,000 on lobbying in 2010, although these expenses also covered other bills discussed at the same time. Amazon has increased political contributions to federal lawmakers. Amazon's political action committee spent $214,000 during the 2010 election cycle, double what it spent for the 2008 elections. _START_SECTION_ State legislation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Not all states listed below have instituted Amazon laws. State responses have varied widely. In many cases, Amazon has started collecting sales taxes because they have opened up a fulfillment center or some other physical presence in the state. In other cases, states have entered into agreements with Amazon to collect sales taxes, but formal laws have not been passed. Finally, some states have passed laws that require out-of-state retailers to either collect sales tax or notify buyers that they are responsible for reporting their owed sales tax to state tax authorities. During the first wave of "Amazon laws", many states determined that if an affiliate or other entity in the state received compensation for referrals to an online retailer, then that constituted a nexus in the state and hence retailers were liable for collecting sales taxes. In many cases, after these laws were passed, Amazon shut down its affiliate program in those states and was able to avoid collecting sales taxes. Other states (such as New York) took stricter stances and required online retailers to collect sales taxes on all sales and shipments to residents of their states whether or not the retailer had a physical presence in the state. Finally, many agreements and laws require Amazon and other online retailers to only collect state sales tax, not local sales taxes. _START_SECTION_ Alabama _START_PARAGRAPH_ On October 1, 2015, Alabama allowed retailers to voluntarily join their Simplified Sellers Use Tax program in which sellers would collect a flat 8% sales tax no matter where they shipped to within the state. Alabama's law also allows them to lock in the 8 percent rate even if the federal government adopts a higher figure in the future. The tax applies to all sales regardless of where they are shipped in the state. Furthermore, if sellers paid on time, they would be able to keep 2% and only remit 6% to Alabama. As a condition of joining the program, sellers agree to maintain records of all sales into Alabama, including purchaser name and address as well as purchase amount and taxes collected. Then, on January 1, 2016, new rules promulgated by the Alabama Department of Revenue required any out-of-state sellers doing more than $250,000 in sales to Alabama residents would be required to collect sales tax. This appears to be in contradiction to Quill Corp. v. North Dakota._NEWLINE_As of November 1, 2016, Amazon started collecting state sales tax by participating in Alabama's Simplified Use Tax Remittance Program, joining over 50 other retailers that had joined the program. _START_SECTION_ Arizona _START_PARAGRAPH_ On October 26, 2012, Amazon reached an agreement with the Arizona Department of Revenue to pay $53 million to settle unpaid sales taxes. Furthermore, effective February 1, 2013, Amazon agreed to begin collecting sales taxes for goods sold to Arizonans. Furthermore, on July 1, 2013, Amazon would also begin collecting sales tax on digital products or services, like books. Amazon only agreed to collect the 6.6% state sales tax, but there was no requirement to collect local sales taxes, which can bring total tax close to 10%. This was an agreement between Amazon and Arizona, which mainly centered on Amazon's tax obligations because it maintains warehouses in Arizona. Arizona does not have a state law forcing other online retailers to collect sales tax if they do not have a physical nexus in Arizona. _START_SECTION_ Arkansas _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2011, Arkansas passed a bill requiring Amazon to collect sales tax. The bill took advantage of Amazon's use of affiliates based in Arkansas to establish the necessary physical nexus. Amazon responded by terminating the contracts of its Arkansas-based affiliates effective July 24, 2011. As of March 1, 2017, Amazon will be charging Arkansas residents sales tax after legislation was being moved to collect sales taxes from online retailers. Whether Amazon collects local sales taxes is unclear. Arkansas is currently considering two bills that would require online retailers to collect sales tax (SB 140) or notify Arkansas residents that they owe sales taxes to the Arkansas government (HB 1388)._NEWLINE_In April 2017, Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state. _START_SECTION_ California _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2009, California representative Nancy Skinner pushed legislation to tax online sales that was approved as part of the state budget. Gov. Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed the legislation. On January 19, 2011 Skinner introduced similar legislation in the form of AB153 that later became law. The bill required out-of-state online sellers with affiliates in California to collect sales tax on purchases made by state residents. The affiliate provision was included to ensure that only sellers with a California nexus are taxed, as required by federal law. "This legislation will close the current loophole in tax law that has allowed out-of-state companies to avoid collecting California sales and use tax," stated Skinner. Skinner estimated that AB153 could produce between $250 million and $500 million per year in new revenue. She and other supporters of the bill believe that the election of Jerry Brown to the governorship and support from retailers such as Barnes & Noble will help the measure become law._NEWLINE_In 2011, Amazon threatened to terminate roughly 10,000 of its affiliates located in California if legislation pending in the state legislature to deem such affiliates as constituting a nexus that requires the collection of sales tax is passed. California affiliates would no longer receive commissions on referrals to Amazon. As of March 2011, four bills are pending in the state legislature that would define the use of associates located in California-* for sales referrals as activity subject to taxation by California. In a letter addressed to California's Board of Equalization, the agency responsible for collecting sales taxes, Amazon called such legislation "unconstitutional" and said it would terminate its California affiliates if passed. "If any of these new tax collection schemes were adopted, Amazon would be compelled to end its advertising relationships with well over 10,000 California-based participants in the Amazon 'Associates Program,'" wrote Paul Misener, Amazon's Vice President for Global Public Policy._NEWLINE_Responding to Amazon, Nancy Skinner said, "This is really about e-fairness. It's really to be fair and show our California Businesses that we're not hanging them out to dry." According to the American Independent Business Alliance, the corporation has operations in at least seven California cities and should be forced to collect sales tax regardless of its threats._NEWLINE_In July 2011, Amazon made good on its promises to terminate California affiliates. According to the Performance Marketing Association, there were 25,000 Amazon affiliates based in California. However, on Amazon's website, under "United States Subsidiaries," listed are four California locations for A2Z Development Center Inc. - "an innovative customer-centric software development company" - including in San Francisco and Cupertino, where the Kindle was designed; a search engine company called A9.com in Palo Alto; and, in San Francisco, Alexa Internet, another Amazon search company._NEWLINE_Due to its opposition to rules that would require the company to collect sales tax, Amazon.com is facing a boycott from a coalition of California non-profits. One of the groups behind the boycott, Think Before You Click CA, says improved sales tax enforcement will bring in $200 million per year in additional revenue and encourage people to shop at local traditional retailers instead of online. _START_SECTION_ Compromise with Amazon.com _START_PARAGRAPH_ In response to resistance from Amazon.com, other online retailers, and anti-tax groups, the State of California agreed to a delay of one year before requiring online retailers to begin collecting sales tax on sales to California addresses. In return for the one-year delay, Amazon.com says it will create 10,000 full-time jobs, 25,000 seasonal jobs, invest $500 million in various facilities in California over the next few years, and begin remitting sales taxes on orders shipped to California. California began collecting sales taxes on September 15, 2012 and the rate will depend upon where the buyer is located. However, this requirement may not apply to third-party sellers on Amazon. _START_SECTION_ Colorado _START_PARAGRAPH_ In response to HB 10-1193 passed in 2010, Amazon terminated its relationship with all affiliates located in Colorado. The bill originally sought to tax sales to Colorado residents by online retailers with Colorado affiliates. The bill was amended to remove all reference to affiliates in order to discourage Amazon from cutting ties with them. The final bill required large online retailers to either remit tax on sales to Colorado residents or provide information on Colorado customers to the state. In spite of this move Amazon still decided to terminate its Colorado affiliates._NEWLINE_Amazon began collecting sales tax in Colorado on February 1, 2016. On February 23, 2016, the Federal 10th Circuit Court of Appeals court upheld the law against a legal challenge by the Direct Marketing Association. Ruling Judge Neil M. Gorsuch contended that overturning the law would create a statewide "tax shelter" for online retailers. Following the ruling, policy experts predicted that the decision could lead to a unified push for national internet sales taxes. It is unclear whether or not Amazon collects local taxes. _START_SECTION_ Connecticut _START_PARAGRAPH_ In May 2011, Connecticut Gov. Dannel P. Malloy signed legislation that requires online retailers to collect sales tax if they have affiliates in the state. The legislation aims to raise $9.4 million. Amazon said Connecticut’s legislation violates Quill Corporation v. North Dakota and immediately moved to terminate its affiliate relationships in Connecticut. Amazon accused traditional retailers such as Wal-Mart of being behind Connecticut's new law._NEWLINE_“We opposed this new tax law because it is unconstitutional and counterproductive. It was supported by big-box retailers, most of which are based outside Connecticut, that seek to harm the affiliate advertising programs of their competitors. Similar legislation in other states has led to job and income losses, and little, if any, new tax revenue," Amazon said in a letter to its affiliates._NEWLINE_Amazon has agreed to collect state sales tax of 6.35% in CT starting November 1, 2013. Amazon has also agreed to invest $50 million in Connecticut and to create hundreds of new full-time jobs in the state. _START_SECTION_ District of Columbia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon began collecting DC's 5.75% sales tax on October 1, 2016. _START_SECTION_ Florida _START_PARAGRAPH_ In a 2012 editorial supporting tax equity, the Florida St. Petersburg Times wrote, "As long as Internet-only sellers such as Amazon.com can get away with not collecting state sales tax and effectively sell their products for at least 6 percent less, Florida merchants pay the price. It's past time for lawmakers to work toward a level playing field."_NEWLINE_In May 2014, Amazon started collecting sales tax in Florida after starting plans to build two warehouses in the state. Amazon agreed to collect the state sales tax of 6%, but there was no mention of collecting local sales taxes _START_SECTION_ Georgia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Georgia had passed a law that became effective in January 2012 expanding the definition of what constituted a physical presence in the state in hopes that it would force online retailers to begin collecting sales taxes. However, Amazon did not collect sales taxes until Amazon agreed to start collecting Georgia sales tax on September 1, 2013. _START_SECTION_ Hawaii _START_PARAGRAPH_ In January 2017, Hawaii state lawmakers were considering legislation requiring Amazon and other online retailers to collect sales tax. Amazon began to collect a 4% state sales tax, beginning April 1, 2017. _START_SECTION_ Idaho _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon began collecting Idaho's 6% sales tax from customers who reside in Idaho beginning Saturday, April 1, 2017. _START_SECTION_ Illinois _START_PARAGRAPH_ Illinois passed legislation to tax online sales made to consumers located in the state. In March 2011 Gov. Pat Quinn signed the "Main Street Fairness Act," which targets online retailers with Illinois affiliates. Quinn said the act would help create fair competition and generate more revenue for the state. Illinois estimates that it loses $153 million in sales taxes every year because out-of-state retailers do not remit sales tax on purchases made by Illinois residents. Some online retailers have responded to this legislation and similar efforts in other states by threatening income tax revenues collected from their online affiliates. Amazon, along with Overstock.com, has threatened to terminate affiliates in states that demand that sales tax be collected by online retailers, including Illinois. Wal-Mart responded by inviting online businesses based in Illinois to join its affiliate network._NEWLINE_The Illinois Policy Institute has said that the law has been "all pain and no gain." While it was "sold as a significant revenue raiser and a step toward improved tax fairness, it is accomplishing little more than pushing online entrepreneurs out of state."_NEWLINE_The law was declared unconstitutional in October 2013 by the Illinois Supreme Court because it applied only to online businesses. Illinois subsequently passed similar legislation which applied to "catalog, mail-order and similar retailers along with online sellers... if they have sales of $10,000 or more in the prior year." Although the law went into effect January 1, 2015, retailers were given an additional month to comply with the legislation. Online retailers are required to collect the 6.25% state sales tax, but do not have to collect local sales taxes in addition to the state rate._NEWLINE_Amazon announced in October that it plans to build several facilities in Illinois by 2017, including the first this year, which eventually would have required it to collect the state's use tax. _START_SECTION_ Indiana _START_PARAGRAPH_ Indianapolis based Simon Property Group sued the state in 2011 to force it to collect sales tax from Amazon in an attempt to level the playing field. In a settlement deal brokered by Gov. Mitch Daniels in January 2012, Amazon agreed to collect sales tax from Indiana residents beginning January 1, 2014. Amazon owns four distribution centers in Indiana, which satisfies the physical requirement. _START_SECTION_ Iowa _START_PARAGRAPH_ On January 1, 2017, Amazon began collecting 6% sales tax in Iowa. As Amazon has no physical presence in Iowa, it is not compelled by law to collect state sales tax. Amazon will not collect the local option portion of the sales tax. _START_SECTION_ Kansas _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon has collected sales tax in Kansas since at least 2005 even though it opened up a distribution center back in 1999, which satisfies the physical presence requirement that often forces retailers to collect sales taxes. Proposed Senate Bill 111 would require online retailers to notify Kansas residents of their sales tax liabilities if the retailer does not collect sales taxes on the transaction. _START_SECTION_ Kentucky _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon has collected sales tax in Kentucky since 2005 according to the Tax Justice Blog, but Amazon has maintained a distribution center in Kentucky since at least 1999. Kentucky does not have a law requiring sales tax collection for companies that do not have a physical presence in the state._NEWLINE_In a 2011 editorial The State (A South Carolina paper) criticized the Kentucky incentives given to Amazon to build a distribution center in Lexington. They wrote, with respect to the South Carolina deal, that that deal with Amazon created "...yet another exemption in our Swiss-cheese tax code, and surrender[ed] what little leverage we have to collect taxes on the fastest-growing segment of the retail sector — from which we derive the largest share of the revenue that runs state government. It’s only a small step from giving Amazon a five-year exemption from collecting the sales taxes from S.C. residents to giving that same break to Walmart, Target and all the other businesses that offer online shopping — as one Senate amendment actually proposed to do." _START_SECTION_ Louisiana _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of January 1, 2017, Amazon began collecting sales tax in Louisiana. Louisiana citizens, whose state has one of the highest average combined sales tax rate in the nation, now pay, on average, 9% in state and local sales and use tax for Amazon purchases._NEWLINE_Act 22, passed in on March 14, 2016 requires online retailers to collect sales taxes on online purchases. _START_SECTION_ Maine _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 1, 2017, Amazon started collecting 5.5% sales tax in Maine following pressure from State officials. _START_SECTION_ Maryland _START_PARAGRAPH_ On October 1, 2014, Amazon started collecting sales tax in Maryland ahead of a planned opening of a new distribution center in Southeast Baltimore. Maryland does not currently require online retailers without a physical presence in the state to collect sales taxes. _START_SECTION_ Massachusetts _START_PARAGRAPH_ On November 1, 2013, Amazon began collecting the states' 6.25% sales tax for Massachusetts residents. The collection only applies to purchases made on Amazon and not to third-party sellers through Amazon. Amazon is now collecting sales taxes primarily because it now has a physical presence in Massachusetts. _START_SECTION_ Michigan _START_PARAGRAPH_ On October 1, 2015, Amazon started collecting sales tax in Michigan in accordance with a state law compelling online retailers to do so if they have a physical presence in the state. _START_SECTION_ Minnesota _START_PARAGRAPH_ On October 1, 2014, Amazon started collecting sales tax in Minnesota. There is no state law compelling it to collect taxes. This decision came ahead of Amazon's decision to open up a distribution center in Shakopee that is opened in early 2017. _START_SECTION_ Mississippi _START_PARAGRAPH_ On January 12, 2017, Mississippi's chief tax collector filed to require any company doing more than $250,000 of sales in Mississippi each year to collect the state's 7% sales tax. Amazon has already begun collecting sales tax as of February 1, 2017. Furthermore, at least 3 bills have been introduced into the state legislature to require remote retailers to pay sales tax. Mississippi will allow the internet tax bill passed by the house committee on February 1, 2017, to die in committee. Lt. Gov. Tate Reeves called the bill unconstitutional. _START_SECTION_ Missouri _START_PARAGRAPH_ Two legislators in Missouri have proposed joining the Streamlined Sales Tax Project to ensure that the state collects sales tax on goods shipped from online retailers located out-of-state. Currently Missourians are required to remit use tax for purchases made online but the state government has no practical method to force compliance. Legislative staff report that taxing online sales should significantly increase revenue. Rep. Margo McNeil cited a University of Tennessee study saying that Missouri stands to lose $187 million in 2011 by not taxing online sales. McNeil also said the streamlined sales tax is a good way to end the unfair advantages enjoyed by online retailers over traditional businesses. "The tax is a step in trying to even the playing field because right now we have a lot of people who are going in and using the stores as a showroom and then going home and buying on the Internet ...," McNeil said._NEWLINE_On February 1, 2017, Amazon began collecting the state portion of the sales tax rate in Missouri that is 4.225 percent, but does not collect city and county portions of the sales tax rate that is charged on local purchases. _START_SECTION_ Nebraska _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon began collecting sales tax in Nebraska on January 1, 2017. Nebraska does not currently have a law requiring online retailers to collect sales taxes if they do not have a physical presence in the state. The sales tax in Nebraska is 6%. _START_SECTION_ Nevada _START_PARAGRAPH_ Legislation that would have required Amazon to collect sales tax on purchases shipped to Nevada failed in committee in the state legislature in May 2011. The legislation was proposed by the Retail Association of Nevada and was expected to generate $16 million annually in additional sales tax collections. Concerns about whether such a move might prompt Amazon.com to close its distribution center in the state were partially responsible for derailing this legislation. However, in April 2012, an agreement was reached that would require Amazon to collect sales tax from Nevada customers beginning on January 1, 2014. The agreement would include collecting state and local sales taxes. Nevada does not require other online retailers without a physical presence in Nevada to collect sales taxes. _START_SECTION_ New Jersey _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon began collecting sales tax in New Jersey on July 1, 2013. This was a result of opening up warehouses in New Jersey. New Jersey has not passed a law that would require online retailers without a physical presence to collect sales taxes. _START_SECTION_ New Mexico _START_PARAGRAPH_ Effective April 1, 2017, Amazon began collecting sales taxes in New Mexico. New Mexico's Revenue Department says that just over 5 percent sales tax will be collected with some going to the state's general fund and some going to the cities where the product was purchased. This 5 percent is much less than the average combined state and local sales tax of 7.51%._NEWLINE_Several bills are currently under consideration to reform New Mexico's tax laws and force online retailers to collect sales taxes. _START_SECTION_ New York _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2008, New York passed a law that would force online retailers to collect sales taxes on shipments to state residents. Shortly after the law was signed, Amazon filed a complaint in the New York Supreme Court objecting to the law. The complaint wasn't based on whether in-state customers should pay tax, but upon the long-standing practice of it being the responsibility of the customer to report the sales tax (known as use tax in this case) and not that of the out-of-state businesses. The lawsuit was tossed out of court in January 2009, when New York State Supreme Court Justice Eileen Bransten stated "there is no basis upon which Amazon can prevail."_NEWLINE_As of 2011 Overstock.com is suing New York state to prevent being required to collect sales taxes on goods shipped to New York residents. In order to comply with the physical presence requirement of Quill Corp. v. North Dakota the law targets out-of-state retailers who make use of New York-based affiliates. Overstock.com argues that the use of affiliates is not enough to meet the physical presence test and that the law thus violates the Commerce Clause. In addition to filing suit, Overstock.com has terminated its 3,400 affiliates in New York._NEWLINE_In early 2017, Governor Cuomo proposed that sales tax collection be applied to Amazon's "Marketplace" operations. In April 2017, Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state. _START_SECTION_ North Carolina _START_PARAGRAPH_ Due to former state laws, Amazon did not allow North Carolina residents to participate in the Amazon Affiliates program, however this is no longer the case._NEWLINE_Starting February 1, 2014, Amazon began collecting NC state sales tax on orders. _START_SECTION_ North Dakota _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon has collected sales tax in North Dakota since at least 2001 because they operated a fulfillment center in Grand Forks at that time until 2005. Even after closing the fulfillment center, they still collect sales tax even though North Dakota still has not passed any Amazon tax laws. _START_SECTION_ Ohio _START_PARAGRAPH_ A study released by the University of Cincinnati in October 2011 determined that Ohio's state government could increase tax revenue by at least $200 million per year if Congress were to require online retailers to collect and remit sales taxes. Ohio consumers who make online purchases are already required to self-report and pay sales tax but compliance is rare. According to the study, even though more than 60 percent of households in the state made at least one purchase from an online retailer in 2010 less than 1 percent of Ohio state income tax returns included tax payments for such purchases._NEWLINE_On June 1, 2015, Amazon began collecting sales tax in the State of Ohio due to the new data centers that are being built at the Columbus, Ohio area. This satisfies the requirement of a physical presence of Amazon to begin collecting sales tax in the state due to the affiliate owned by Amazon. _START_SECTION_ Oklahoma _START_PARAGRAPH_ Oklahoma Governor Mary Fallin announced in February 2017 that on March 1, Amazon would begin collecting sales taxes on online purchases. This followed the passage by the state legislature of the Oklahoma Retail Protection Act, introduced by Representative Chad Caldwell. Under the Act, affected retailers are responsible for either collecting and remitting state and local sales tax or notifying their customers of their tax obligations. _START_SECTION_ Pennsylvania _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Pennsylvania Department of Revenue released a sales tax bulletin on December 1, 2011 outlining the Commonwealth's interpretation of the Tax Reform Code of 1971 (TRC). The bulletin focuses on the Commonwealth's definition of a nexus for the purposes of collecting sales tax, and points out that the TRC defines a business as "maintaining a place of business in this Commonwealth" if that business engages in an activity within the Commonwealth "either directly or through a subsidiary, representative, or agent, in connection with the lease, sale or delivery of tangible personal property."_NEWLINE_While issuing the sales tax bulletin, Revenue Secretary Dan Meuser said that the Commonwealth would lose an estimated $380 million in 2011 due to the non-collection of online sales taxes. At issue is the presence of four Amazon Fulfillment Centers located in Pennsylvania. Early in December 2011, Meuser said that if out-of-state sellers who haven’t previously collected state sales tax register and start collecting the taxes by February 1, 2012, then the Commonwealth would not seek payments of back taxes. After this deadline, Meuser said the Commonwealth would take enforcement action seeking back taxes. On January 27, 2012, Meuser said that the new tax collection policy was being granted a one time extension until September 1, 2012 because the original "compliance deadline [was] impractical from operational and technical standpoints." Amazon began collecting sales tax in the state beginning on that September 1 deadline. Currently, Amazon just collects Pennsylvania's 6% sales tax, but does not collect any local sales taxes. _START_SECTION_ Rhode Island _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 1, 2017, Amazon began voluntarily collecting Rhode Island's 7% sales tax. Back in 2009, Rhode Island had passed a law which would have forced Amazon to collect sales taxes if it had "affiliates" in the state. As a result, Amazon cut ties with its affiliates in Rhode Island. _START_SECTION_ South Carolina _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon had agreed to open a distribution center near Columbia, South Carolina that would employ 1,200 people in exchange for a five-year exemption from collection of sales taxes from shoppers in South Carolina. The state House of Representatives rejected the deal in April 2011 and Amazon cancelled plans for its distribution center. Amazon resumed negotiations and offered 2,000 jobs in exchange for a sales tax exemption and other incentives. Under a compromise approved by the South Carolina state legislature in May 2011, Amazon agreed to notify South Carolina customers by email that sales tax was owed on their purchases but shoppers would still be responsible for paying the tax by themselves. Governor Nikki Haley says she plans to allow the bill to become law without signing it._NEWLINE_In a statement made after the deal for Amazon passed the state House the Alliance for Main Street Fairness said, “Today’s vote in the South Carolina House of Representatives is just one step in the process, yet it’s unfortunate that the majority of the House favors special deals for one prospective retailer at the expense of our state’s existing employers and their 375,000 employees. The vote is particularly disappointing in light of dubious, last minute promises that certainly appear to have influenced some legislators to switch their vote. We’ll rally our troops and voice our concerns to the Senate where we hope they will come to a more fair and rational decision. The case against this special deal continues to grow on a daily basis."_NEWLINE_Main Street expressed strong disapproval of the South Carolina Senate's approval of this arrangement. In a press release Main Street said, “Nobody complained when Amazon was given free land, property tax cuts, job tax credits and a repeal of the limits on weekend sales. But in the end, this special exemption only passed after backroom deals and last-minute promises were made by Amazon officials – something which should disappoint everyone interested in transparency and good government."_NEWLINE_South Carolina has passed legislation that required Amazon and other internet retailers to start collecting sales tax in 2016. Prior to 2016, Amazon was not required to collect sales tax on purchases made by South Carolina residents. However, the company was responsible for notifying South Carolina residents via e-mail that they faced liability for sales tax and residents were still required to report the value of all purchases made on Amazon in the previous year and pay the appropriate sales tax on their South Carolina tax return . As of January 1, 2016, the tax legislation has expired, meaning that Amazon is now required to collect sales tax at the point of sale from South Carolina residents. _START_SECTION_ South Dakota _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 1, 2017, Amazon agreed to being collecting sales tax in South Dakota. This followed legislation passed in 2016 requiring retailers to remit sales tax even if they did not have a physical presence in the state. _START_SECTION_ Tennessee _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon attempted to avoid being required to collect Tennessee sales tax during negotiations with economic development officials to build two warehouses outside of Chattanooga. Amazon argues that its warehouses are not directly affiliated with the company and thus do not create a nexus that would require the collection of sales taxes. Tennessee revenue officials will not reveal any specific information on a deal with Amazon as they claim doing so would violate state confidentiality laws._NEWLINE_A legal opinion by the state attorney general affirmed the constitutionality of a proposed bill in the state legislature that would require Amazon to collect sales tax on goods it ships to Tennessee residents. The opinion also stated that Amazon's construction of distribution centers in the state constitutes a physical nexus._NEWLINE_According to study done by the University of Tennessee's Center for Business and Economic Research, the Tennessee state government and local governments will lose about $410 million in tax revenue in 2011 due to online sales._NEWLINE_On January 1, 2014, Amazon began collecting sales tax on purchases in Tennessee, after a two-year delay from when Governor Haslam signed the online sales tax bill in 2012. Amazon collects both state and local sales tax. _START_SECTION_ Texas _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2010, Texas sent a demand letter for $269 million in sales taxes that the state argues should have been collected and remitted for sales to Texas customers. This dollar amount covers uncollected taxes from December 2005 to December 2009 and also includes penalties and interest. Texas authorities began an investigation of Amazon's tax status after a May 2008 report by The Dallas Morning News questioned why Amazon does not collect sales tax from Texas customers despite maintaining a distribution center in Irving near the Dallas/Fort Worth International Airport. Amazon argues that this distribution center, owned by Amazon.com KYDC LLC, located at the same address as Amazon's corporate headquarters in Seattle, is a legally separate entity and thus does not establish a physical presence in Texas that would require Amazon to collect sales taxes. Amazon has decided to close the Irving distribution center in order to avoid future attempts by Texas to force the collection of sales taxes._NEWLINE_Texas Comptroller Susan Combs faced skeptical questions and criticism from members of the Texas Senate Finance Committee February 16, 2011 over her attempts to collect back sales tax from Amazon.com. Combs replied by saying that all businesses must obey the law "It is our belief that this is a very, very clear issue about nexus. As I say, this started probably because of catalog sales 47 years ago in 1963," said Combs. Combs also cited a Texas law to back up her argument that Amazon is required to collect sales taxes: "A retailer is engaged in business in this state if the retailer: 1.) maintains, occupies, or uses in this state permanently, temporarily, directly, indirectly or through a subsidiary or agent, however named, an office, place of distribution, sales or sample room or place, warehouse, storage place, or any other place of business.” The Dallas Morning News published an editorial supporting Combs' efforts to collect sales tax from Amazon.com on 17 February 2011. The paper wrote, "It defies logic that a book bought online can elude sales tax while the same book bought in a bookstore can’t. A sales transaction is a sales transaction, and if one is taxed, why shouldn’t the other be taxed as well?"_NEWLINE_In March 2010, State Rep. Linda Harper-Brown filed House Bill 2719. House Bill 2719 would allow Amazon to avoid Texas sales tax by amending the state tax code to exempt companies or individuals from being classified as retailers or being ordered to provide state agencies with information on purchases made in Texas, if they make use of "only a fulfillment center...or computer server." House Bill 2719 stands in sharp contrast to House Bill 2403, introduced by Rep. John Otto. House Bill 2403 would close loopholes in the Texas tax code that support Amazon's claim of being exempt from collecting sales tax._NEWLINE_Legislation pushed by Rep. John Otto to require Amazon and other online retailers with a physical nexus in the state of Texas to collect and remit sales tax became law in 2011. The legislation deems any company with a store, distribution center, or other place of business in Texas as having a physical nexus there for the purpose of collecting sales tax. Otto said that Amazon contended that they did not need to collect the state sales tax because the company did not have a store front in the state and that a subsidiary owned their distribution center in Irving, Texas._NEWLINE_In April 2012, Amazon agreed to create 2,500 jobs and invest $200 million in new distribution centers in Texas if the state forgave $269 million in back sales taxes. Under the agreement, Amazon began collecting sales taxes from Texas customers beginning July 1, 2012. Under the agreement, Amazon collects the state sales tax of 6.25%, but likely not local sales tax. _START_SECTION_ Utah _START_PARAGRAPH_ Under Utah state law, internet retailers are only required to collect sales tax for online sales if they have a physical presence and Amazon does not have a physical presence in Utah. However, on December 7, 2016, Gov. Gary Herbert announced that his 2017 tax plan includes a deal with Amazon to start collecting sales tax on Utah purchases. Amazon began collecting sales tax on January 1, 2017. The details of the deal between the state and Amazon, however, remain confidential. _START_SECTION_ Vermont _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of February 1, 2017, Amazon began collecting Vermont's 6% state sales tax, ahead of a Vermont statute about internet sales tax due to go into effect in July 2017. Online retailers will not be required to collect the 1% local sales tax that many Vermont towns impose. _START_SECTION_ Virginia _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of January 2012, Virginia state senator Frank Wagner has introduced legislation that would require companies with a distribution center, warehouse, fulfillment center, office, or other such location in the Commonwealth of Virginia to collect and remit sales tax. Amazon has announced its intent to build two distribution centers in Richmond. This legislation is supported by the Alliance for Main Street Fairness. This legislation was passed in early 2013 with an effective date of September 1, 2013. The only retailers to be affected by this bill, since it only clarifies what qualifies as a physical nexus, are Amazon and backcountry.com._NEWLINE_On January 22, 2012, Gov. Robert F. McDonnell’s office announced that an agreement that Amazon.com would begin collecting state sales tax had been reached with Amazon.com and members of the General Assembly. The announcement notes that Amazon.com began collecting and remitting Virginia sales tax on September 1, 2013. _START_SECTION_ West Virginia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starting on October 1, 2013, Amazon began collecting sales tax in West Virginia. This was after West Virginia passed a law requiring out-of-state retailers to apply sales tax if they or a subsidiary have a physical presence in the state. _START_SECTION_ Washington _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2008, Amazon began collecting sales tax in Washington, their home state, after a state law was passed requiring in-state online retailers to collect sales tax. On January 1, 2018, Amazon began enforcing and collecting tax on third-party merchant sales to Washington state customers, as required by a new state law. Washington was the first to have this policy enforced, with plans to bring merchant order taxes to other states in the future. _START_SECTION_ Wisconsin _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon began collecting sales taxes in Wisconsin on November 1, 2013, about a year before its Kenosha distribution center was set to open._NEWLINE_ Amazon will only be collecting the 5% state sales tax, but not the local sales tax. Wisconsin has not passed an Amazon law, Amazon is collecting sales tax because of its distribution center in the state. _START_SECTION_ Wyoming _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starting March 1, 2017, Amazon voluntarily agreed to begin collecting sales tax in Wyoming. On March 1, 2017, Wyoming passed a bill requiring anyone that does more than 200 transactions or over $100,000 in sales in Wyoming to pay state sales tax. _START_SECTION_ Affiliates _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon in the past was often able to overcome threats from state governments by cutting ties with local partners or leaving the state in question. Amazon severed its relationships with affiliates in Colorado due to efforts by the state government to collect sales tax on internet purchases. Amazon has threatened similar action against affiliates in Illinois over the same issue. In February 2011, Amazon announced that it would be closing its Dallas, Texas distribution center over the sales-tax dispute _START_SECTION_ Entity isolation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amazon has created subsidiaries that are treated separately for tax matters, a legal technique called "entity isolation". The subsidiary that developed the Kindle is in California, but because it doesn't sell the Kindle directly to customers, Amazon's legal position was that it wasn't required to collect sales taxes in California. In the company's financial report for the quarter ending September 30, 2009, the company stated that the imposition of sales-tax collection by more states or Congress could "decrease our future sales."

15640364422625839660

Q4063994

_START_ARTICLE_ Ambal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ambal (Russian: Амбал) was a prince of Khanty and Tatars who lived in 16th and 17th centuries in the basin of Sylva River. In the 1623—1624 census book of Mikhail Kaysarov this territory was divided into two uluses, Karyevsky Ulus and Rozhin Ulus. According to A. A. Dmitriyev, a residence of Ambal was situated in Rozhin._NEWLINE_Ambal is mentioned in the biography of Russian Saint Tryphon of Vyatka, who settled at the banks of Lower Mulyanka River in 1570 and began preaching Christ to Khanty and Mansi. When Tryphon cut down the giant spruce, which was an object of worship among the pagans, Ambal said him, "I'm wondering, old man, how could you do it? Own fathers and we worshiped this tree as god; nobody could even think to destroy it. Even people of your faith didn't dare to touch it. Or you are stronger than our gods?". Tryphon answered, "God, whom I preach to you, He helped me in that deed astonished you, helped for your Salvation." Later, as it said in hagiography, Khanty, being astonished by the Tryphon's miracles, began to adopt Christianity. One of the newly converted was Prince Ambal's daughter.

13134301354299315591

Q4740986

_START_ARTICLE_ Ambalapuzha North _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ambalapuzha North is a panchayat and part of Ambalapuzha. It is in Alappuzha district, Kerala, India.

9071338019883938882

Q441239

_START_ARTICLE_ Amber Neben _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the age of four Neben survived a bout of spinal meningitis, which left her in a coma for three days. Doctors told her parents that she was unlikely to survive, and that if she did, she would probably have endured brain damage and have lost her hearing. Neben played soccer and ran cross-country in junior high and high school. She attended the University of Nebraska on a track and cross-country scholarship. Stress fractures stopped her running and she became an undergraduate assistant coach in distance running. She took up cycling after graduating from college with a Bachelor of Science degree in biology. She then obtained a master's degree in biology from the University of California, Irvine, having originally commenced studies for a PhD. Whilst she was at UC Irvine she scored a top 10 finish at the national collegiate cycling championships, which persuaded her to exit with her master's degree and focus on professional cycling. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ She concentrated first on mountain biking but her greatest success was on the road. She won the Rupert to Pomerelle stage of the 2001 Women's Challenge race with its long, steep climb to the finish, the fourth American to win a stage at the Women's Challenge since it became a UCI event. She then concentrated on road cycling and was picked for the road world championship team in 2001 and 2002._NEWLINE_Neben raced again in 2004. She missed placing first by eight seconds in the time trial selection race for the Olympic Games. In spring 2005, she won the Tour de l'Aude in France. She won again in 2006. She was picked for the 2008 U.S. Olympic team and came 33rd in the road race event in Beijing. Later in 2008 she became the World TT Champion._NEWLINE_Neben made the 2012 U.S. Olympic team for the Women's road race, along with Kristin Armstrong, Shelley Olds and Evelyn Stevens. In the Women's time trial she finished 7th. _START_SECTION_ Doping suspension _START_PARAGRAPH_ Neben tested positive for the banned substance 19-Norandrosterone in 2003, after the Montreal World Cup race. The results were not confirmed until after the Tour du Montreal, which she won. Neben appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport [CAS] and accepted a provisional suspension from mid-July 2003. Neben said the positive test came from contaminated supplements. The North American CAS ruled in October 2003 that doping had occurred but that it was not intentional. Neben was suspended, in a split decision, for six months, starting from the provisional ban. She would have to be tested for drugs regularly for the following 18 months. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ She is married to Jason, an assistant professor of education at Concordia University Irvine. In 2007, she underwent a successful program of treatment for melanoma.

8873244365525187919

Q16197413

_START_ARTICLE_ Amber Welty _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amber Marie Cnossen (née Welty; born April 29, 1967) is an American former track and field athlete who competed in the high jump. She represented the United States at the 1992 Olympic Games in Barcelona. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Welty was born in Twin Falls, Idaho, United States. She finished third at the NCAA Championships in 1987 with 1.86 m._NEWLINE_In June 1988, Welty won the NCAA title with a career best of 1.92 m. Two weeks later, she finished third at the US National Championships, clearing 1.89 m. In July, at the Olympic trials in Indianapolis, she was fifth with 1.90 m. In 1990, she won her third NCAA medal, finishing second to Angie Bradburn, both clearing 1.89 m._NEWLINE_In 1992, at the US National Championships in New Orleans, incorporating the Olympic trials, Welty finished second with 1.89 m, to earn Olympic selection, providing she could attain the qualifying standard of 1.92 m. She achieved this a week later at a meet in Boise. At the Barcelona Olympics, she cleared 1.88 m in the qualifying round to finish 27th overall._NEWLINE_Welty also represented the US at the 1992 IAAF World Cup, held a month after the Olympics in Havana. There she cleared 1.75 m to finish sixth.

9988089422909536249

Q437455

_START_ARTICLE_ Ambra Angiolini _START_SECTION_ Television beginnings and music career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1992, at the age of 15, she took part in the second edition of Non è la RAI. She left the show in 1995 to host Generazione X in Italia 1. She also hosted the shows Super, Non dimenticate lo spazzolino da denti and Cominciamo bene estate during the subsequent years, as well as Stasera niente MTC in MTV Italy._NEWLINE_Her first album T'appartengo was released in 1994 and it was an instant success. The following year she recorded a Spanish version, Te pertenezco, which was a moderated hit reaching #21 on the Hot Latin Songs chart of Billboard. In February 1997 she was invited to take part in the Viña del Mar International Song Festival in Chile, where she aspicy and controversial performance with it is iconic today in the festival's history._NEWLINE_Her follow-up album, Angiolini (Angelitos in the Spanish-speaking markets), was released in 1996. Her third album Ritmo vitale was released in 1997 in Italy and a Spanish version entitled Ritmos vitales followed in 1998. Her last album InCanto was released in 1999 only in Italy. _START_SECTION_ Acting career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Angiolini won the Nastro d'Argento, the David di Donatello for Best Supporting Actress and the Ciak d'oro alla rivelazione dell'anno for her role in Saturno contro (2007) directed by Ferzan Özpetek. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Angiolini was born in Rome to Doriana and Alfredo. She lived in Brescia with the singer-songwriter Francesco Renga and they had two children, Jolanda (born in 2004) and Leonardo (born in 2006). The couple separated in 2015 and now she has a relationship with the former football player Massimiliano Allegri, coach of Juventus.

3449525413102702987

Q39074704

_START_ARTICLE_ Ambulance (TV programme) _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Michael Hogan, writing for The Daily Telegraph gave the second series 4 stars, saying "All human life was here. We witnessed birth, death and resurrection in the space of just two shifts. It sure beats Casualty". _START_SECTION_ International versions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ambulance Australia screens on Network Ten in Australia._NEWLINE_The first series of Ambulance (אמבולנס), was aired on Reshet in Israel during 2018.

11591951401829226482

Q1346482

_START_ARTICLE_ Ameerega hahneli _START_SECTION_ Taxonomy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ameerega hahneli has been mixed with Ameerega picta, and also considered its synonym. It may represent several species; Ameerega altamazonica has already been split off from the former Ameerega hahneli. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Males measure 17–19 mm (0.67–0.75 in) and females 19–22 mm (0.75–0.87 in) in snout–vent length. The back and limbs are finely granular and brown in colour, with or without black spots. The flanks are black and bordered above by a narrow, white or cream coloured dorsolateral line that extends from the tip of the snout to the groin. There is also a white or cream coloured labial stripe that does not extend onto the arm. The venter is blue with black reticulations. There are yellow-orange oval spots on the ventral surfaces of the arms, inner surfaces of the shanks, and in the groin. The iris is dark brown. _START_SECTION_ Reproduction _START_PARAGRAPH_ Males are territorial. The territorial call is a long series of short "peep" notes, whereas the courtship call is similar but consists of only three notes. Females lay 6-33 pigmented eggs on the leaf-litter. Eggs hatch after 4–16 days and are carried on the back of their father to a creek. The tadpoles recuire running water. Tadpoles are brown, with a depressed body, and long tail. They metamorphose after two months. _START_SECTION_ Habitat and conservation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ameerega hahneli is a common frog, apart from the Guianas where it is uncommon. It occurs on the forest floor in the tropical rainforest. It is usually associated with fallen palm fronds, branches, and small gaps in the forest. They are active during the day and hide in low vegetation at night._NEWLINE_It can be threatened by habitat loss, but the total population is stable and the species is not threatened.

11092179462920449627

Q2842663

_START_ARTICLE_ Amelia Kinkade _START_SECTION_ Pet psychic _START_PARAGRAPH_ Her credits include television appearances on The Other Half, The James Van Praagh Show, VH1's Where Are They Now, London Tonight, The View, Extra, and The Jenny Jones Show._NEWLINE_Her lectures, classes and book discussions have taken her to numerous places around the world, including South Africa, Thailand and the United Kingdom. In 2002, she was invited to Buckingham Palace to work with the household cavalry of Queen Elizabeth II and to “whisper” with the hunting horses of Prince Charles. _START_SECTION_ Books _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kinkade's first book, Straight From the Horse's Mouth - How to Talk to Animals and Get Answers was published by Crown Books in 2001. Her second book, The Language of Miracles - A Celebrated Psychic Teaches You to Talk to Animals was published by New World Library in 2006. Kinkade was also featured in Top 100 Psychics in America. _START_SECTION_ Dance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kinkade graduated from Interlochen Arts Academy in Interlochen, Michigan with a major in modern dance._NEWLINE_After moving to Los Angeles, she undertook a career as a professional jazz dancer and choreographer. As a lead dancer, she performed with Smokey Robinson, Ray Charles, The Four Tops, and a multitude of Motown stars in the TV series The Motown Review. She was a featured dancer in Breakin' 2: Electric Boogaloo, Girls Just Want to Have Fun, Body Rock, and Fast Forward, among others. Amelia toured with Donna Summer and appeared in rock videos by the Stray Cats, Cher, Scorpions, Yarbrough and Peoples, and Sheena Easton. _START_SECTION_ Actress _START_PARAGRAPH_ As an actress, she has performed in numerous television series and films, mostly in bit parts. Her most prominent role is as the villainess Angela Franklin in the horror series Night of the Demons and its sequels.

9496494056515854137

Q4742741

_START_ARTICLE_ America Ammayi _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sridhar is an Indian youth staying in America. He marries an American woman Debora and brings her to India. His parents refuse to accept her into their house. Debora learns the Indian culture including language, dance and singing and impresses them. They finally accepts her as their daughter-in-law.

15130277584284981209

Q30609738

_START_ARTICLE_ America Ammayi (TV Serial) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ America Ammayi is a story about a girl, Samantha, born and brought up in America and values Indian traditions and culture. Her mum was disowned by her parents after she chooses to marry an American against their wishes. _NEWLINE_Over the years, she falls ill and wishes to reunite with her family. So, Samantha takes it upon herself to bring the family together. She enters her grandparents' house and convinces them to accept their daughter. While all this, she falls in love with her maternal uncle's son, Surya.

641339061282525144

Q16159804

_START_ARTICLE_ American Athletic Conference Baseball Tournament _START_SECTION_ Format _START_PARAGRAPH_ Unlike the previous Big East Tournament, the American adopted a round-robin tournament format in 2014. The top eight teams were divided into two groups of four, with each team facing the others in the group. The winners of each group then faced off in a single championship game. This format was similar to the format used by several new members from the Conference USA Baseball Tournament from 2010 to 2013._NEWLINE_In 2015, the event reverted to the traditional two-bracket, double-elimination tournament leading to a single championship game.

691342788842820025

Q4743132

_START_ARTICLE_ American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The journal is a student-run law review that was established in 1992 by a group of St. John's University School of Law students. It contains articles and student notes on issues of bankruptcy law. _START_SECTION_ Conrad B. Duberstein National Bankruptcy Moot Court Competition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The journal cosponsors the Conrad B. Duberstein National Bankruptcy Moot Court Competition with the St. John's Moot Court Honor Society. _START_SECTION_ Bankruptcy Case Blog _START_PARAGRAPH_ Each journal staff member contributes to the Bankruptcy Case Blog, which contains brief updates on recent bankruptcy decisions and the implications of those decisions for bankruptcy law. _START_SECTION_ Student organization _START_PARAGRAPH_ Membership on the American Bankruptcy Institute Law Review is offered to students who have attained a minimum grade point average of 3.3 and successfully complete the St. John's University School of Law writing competition held at the end of first-year day and second-year evening programs.

15353668641581227587

Q4033902

_START_ARTICLE_ American Champion Citabria _START_SECTION_ Production history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Citabria was designed and initially produced by Champion Aircraft Corporation, and was a derivative of designs the company had been building since acquiring the 7-series Champ from Aeronca in 1954. The model 7ECA Citabria entered production at Champion in 1964. The 7GCAA and 7GCBC variants, added in 1965, were joined by the 7KCAB in 1968._NEWLINE_In 1970, Champion was acquired by Bellanca Aircraft Corporation, which continued production of all of the Champion-designed variants. Bellanca introduced two designs with close connections to the Citabria: The 8KCAB Decathlon and the 8GCBC Scout. Production at Bellanca ended in 1980 and the company's assets were liquidated in 1982._NEWLINE_The Citabria designs passed through the hands of a number of companies through the 1980s, including a Champion Aircraft Company which was no relation to the Champion Aircraft of the 1960s. In that period, only one Citabria model was built—a 7GCBC marketed as "Citabria 150S." American Champion Aircraft Corporation acquired the Citabria, Decathlon, and Scout designs in 1989 and returned the 7ECA, 7GCAA, and 7GCBC models to production over a period of years. _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Citabria traces its lineage back to the Champ. The most noticeable external changes to the design are the Citabria's squared-off rudder surface, wingtips, and rear windows. Like the Champ, the Citabria features tandem seating. The fuselage and tail surfaces are constructed of welded metal tubing. The outer shape of the fuselage is created by a combination of wooden formers and longerons, covered with fabric. The cross-section of the metal fuselage truss is triangular, a design feature which can be traced all the way back to the earliest Aeronca C-2 design of the late 1920s._NEWLINE_The strut-braced wings of the Citabria are, like the fuselage and tail surfaces, fabric covered, utilizing aluminum ribs. Most Citabrias were built with wooden spars. American Champion has been using aluminum spars in the aircraft it has produced and has, as well, made the aluminum-spar wings available for retrofit installation on older aircraft._NEWLINE_The landing gear of the Citabria is in a conventional arrangement. The main gear legs of most Citabrias are made of spring steel, though American Champion began to use aluminum gear legs in 2004. Early Citabrias were fitted with a steel tube main gear which uses an oleo strut for shock absorption. All of the variants are discussed in more detail below. _START_SECTION_ Operational history _START_PARAGRAPH_ When the Citabria was introduced, it was the only airplane being commercially produced in the United States which was certified for aerobatics. Citabrias were also popular as trainers—because of their conventional gear and their aerobatic capabilities—and as personal aircraft. They were also found in utility roles as bush planes—thanks to their short take off and landing (STOL) ability, agriculture, pipeline patrol, and as glider towplanes. Though variants of the design, and other better-suited designs have largely taken over the Citabria's utility roles, Citabrias remain popular as trainers, glider towplanes, and for personal use. _START_SECTION_ 7ECA, Citabria Standard, Citabria Aurora _START_PARAGRAPH_ Introduced in 1964, the 7ECA was the first version of the design and utilized the Continental O-200-A engine of 100 horsepower (75 kW). When introduced, it featured wood-spar wings and oleo-shock main gear. Within the first year of production, Champion began offering the Lycoming O-235-C1 engine of 115 horsepower (86 kW) as an alternative to the Continental. In 1967, Champion switched to spring steel main gear legs; by then, the Lycoming engine had become the standard. On acquiring the design, Bellanca gave this model the name Citabria "Standard" and began using the 115 horsepower (86 kW) Lycoming O-235-K2C engine. When American Champion reintroduced the 7ECA in 1995 as the Citabria "Aurora, " the biggest change was the use of metal-spar wings; the most recent significant design change has been the switch to aluminum main gear legs in 2004. _START_SECTION_ 7GCAA, Citabria 150, Citabria "A" Package, Citabria Adventure _START_PARAGRAPH_ Introduced in 1965, the Champion 7GCAA, like the 7ECA, featured wood-spar wings and oleo-shock main gear. The major difference was in the engine, which in the 7GCAA was a Lycoming O-320-A2B of 150 horsepower (110 kW). Champion switched to spring steel main gear legs in 1967. Bellanca continued production of the 7GCAA as the Citabria "A" Package (a designation apparently begun by Champion), but with no significant design changes. American Champion's 7GCAA, reintroduced in 1997 as the Citabria "Adventure," is similar to earlier versions, with the exception of the metal-spar wings and the use of the Lycoming O-320-B2B engine of 160 horsepower (120 kW); the most recent significant design change has been the switch to aluminum main gear legs in 2004. An "Ultimate Adventure" version, with a Superior Vantage O-360-A3A2 engine of 180 horsepower (130 kW) and a composite propeller, is also produced by American Champion. _START_SECTION_ 7GCBC, Citabria 150s, Citabria "C" Package, Citabria Explorer _START_PARAGRAPH_ Champion introduced the 7GCBC in 1965. It was substantially similar to the 7GCAA of the same year, with a Lycoming O-320-A2B engine of 150 horsepower (110 kW), wood-spar wings, and spring steel main gear legs. The major differences between these two models are that the 7GCBC has a wingspan of 34.5 feet (10.5 m), 1-foot (0.30 m) longer than the 7ECA and 7GCAA, and carries wing flaps. Bellanca continued production of the 7GCBC, calling it the Citabria "C" Package (a designation apparently begun by Champion). American Champion's 7GCBC, reintroduced in 1994 as the Citabria "Explorer," is similar to earlier versions, with the exception of the metal-spar wings and the use of the Lycoming O-320-B2B of 160 horsepower (120 kW); the most recent significant design change has been the switch to aluminum main gear legs in 2004. A "High Country Explorer" version, with a Superior Vantage O-360-A3A2 engine of 180 horsepower (130 kW) and larger wheels, is also produced by American Champion. _START_SECTION_ 7KCAB, Citabria "B" Package _START_PARAGRAPH_ Champion introduced the 7KCAB in 1968. It was substantially similar to the 7GCAA of the same year, with wood-spar wings and spring steel main gear legs. The major differences between the7GCAA and 7KCAB were in the fuel system and the engine oil system. The engine was replaced with a Lycoming IO-320-E2A of 150 horsepower (110 kW), while a header tank of 1.5 gallons—located beneath the instrument panel—was added to the fuel system. In addition, the carburetor was replaced with a fuel injection system, and a Christen Industries inverted oil system was fitted to the engine. All of these changes were made in order to allow for extended inverted flight, a mode not possible in the earlier models. Bellanca continued production of the 7KCAB as the Citabria "B" Package (a designation apparently begun by Champion). _START_SECTION_ Citabria Pro _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Citabria Pro was tested by Champion in 1968, but was never put into production at Champion nor by Bellanca which acquired the company and designs only a short time later. The Citabria Pro was based on the 7KCAB, but with a vertically shortened fuselage, a wing of semi-symmetric airfoil mounted in a parasol configuration, and a unique engine, the Lycoming IO-360SPL. While it was flown as a single-seat, there was a second set of controls and room for a second seat. The design changes were intended to produce an aircraft capable of more complex maneuvers and better performance in inverted flight. Sources conflict over whether the Citabria Pro was assigned model number 8KCAB or 9KCAB. Since the 8KCAB designation ultimately belonged to the Decathlon design, which was in development at Champion at the same time, it is unlikely that it was used for the Citabria Pro.

9336610923523274698

Q8676

_START_ARTICLE_ American Civil War _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 1860 presidential election, Republicans, led by Abraham Lincoln, supported banning slavery in all the U.S. territories. The Southern states viewed this as a violation of their constitutional rights, and as the first step in a grander Republican plan to eventually abolish slavery. The three pro-Union candidates together received an overwhelming 82% majority of the votes cast nationally: Republican Lincoln's votes centered in the north, Democrat Stephen A. Douglas' votes were distributed nationally and Constitutional Unionist John Bell's votes centered in Tennessee, Kentucky, and Virginia. The Republican Party, dominant in the North, secured a plurality of the popular votes and a majority of the electoral votes nationally; thus Lincoln was constitutionally elected president. He was the first Republican Party candidate to win the presidency. However, before his inauguration, seven slave states with cotton-based economies declared secession and formed the Confederacy. The first six to declare secession had the highest proportions of slaves in their populations, with an average of 49 percent. Of those states whose legislatures resolved for secession, the first seven voted with split majorities for unionist candidates Douglas and Bell (Georgia with 51% and Louisiana with 55%), or with sizable minorities for those unionists (Alabama with 46%, Mississippi with 40%, Florida with 38%, Texas with 25%, and South Carolina, which cast Electoral College votes without a popular vote for president). Of these, only Texas held a referendum on secession._NEWLINE_Eight remaining slave states continued to reject calls for secession. Outgoing Democratic President James Buchanan and the incoming Republicans rejected secession as illegal. Lincoln's March 4, 1861, inaugural address declared that his administration would not initiate a civil war. Speaking directly to the "Southern States", he attempted to calm their fears of any threats to slavery, reaffirming, "I have no purpose, directly or indirectly to interfere with the institution of slavery in the United States where it exists. I believe I have no lawful right to do so, and I have no inclination to do so." After Confederate forces seized numerous federal forts within territory claimed by the Confederacy, efforts at compromise failed and both sides prepared for war. The Confederates assumed that European countries were so dependent on "King Cotton" that they would intervene, but none did, and none recognized the new Confederate States of America._NEWLINE_Hostilities began on April 12, 1861, when Confederate forces fired upon Fort Sumter. While in the Western Theater the Union made significant permanent gains, in the Eastern Theater, the battle was inconclusive during 1861–1862. Later, in September 1862, Lincoln issued the Emancipation Proclamation, which made ending slavery a war goal. To the west, by summer 1862 the Union destroyed the Confederate river navy, then much of its western armies, and seized New Orleans. The successful 1863 Union siege of Vicksburg split the Confederacy in two at the Mississippi River. In 1863, Robert E. Lee's Confederate incursion north ended at the Battle of Gettysburg. Western successes led to Ulysses S. Grant's command of all Union armies in 1864. Inflicting an ever-tightening naval blockade of Confederate ports, the Union marshaled the resources and manpower to attack the Confederacy from all directions, leading to the fall of Atlanta to William Tecumseh Sherman and his march to the sea. The last significant battles raged around the Siege of Petersburg. Lee's escape attempt ended with his surrender at Appomattox Court House, on April 9, 1865. While the military war was coming to an end, the political reintegration of the nation was to take another 12 years, known as the Reconstruction era._NEWLINE_The American Civil War was among the earliest industrial wars. Railroads, the telegraph, steamships, and iron-clad ships, and mass-produced weapons were employed extensively. The mobilization of civilian factories, mines, shipyards, banks, transportation, and food supplies all foreshadowed the impact of industrialization in World War I, World War II, and subsequent conflicts. It remains the deadliest war in American history. From 1861 to 1865, it is estimated that 620,000 to 750,000 soldiers died, along with an undetermined number of civilians. By one estimate, the war claimed the lives of 10 percent of all Northern men 20–45 years old, and 30 percent of all Southern white men aged 18–40. _START_SECTION_ Causes of secession _START_PARAGRAPH_ The causes of secession were complex and have been controversial since the war began, but most academic scholars identify slavery as a central cause of the war. James C. Bradford wrote that the issue has been further complicated by historical revisionists, who have tried to offer a variety of reasons for the war. Slavery was the central source of escalating political tension in the 1850s. The Republican Party was determined to prevent any spread of slavery, and many Southern leaders had threatened secession if the Republican candidate, Lincoln, won the 1860 election. After Lincoln won, many Southern leaders felt that disunion was their only option, fearing that the loss of representation would hamper their ability to promote pro-slavery acts and policies. _START_SECTION_ Slavery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Slavery was a major cause of disunion. Although there were opposing views even in the Union States, most northern soldiers were mostly indifferent on the subject of slavery, while Confederates fought the war mainly to protect a southern society of which slavery was an integral part. From the anti-slavery perspective, the issue was primarily about whether the system of slavery was an anachronistic evil that was incompatible with republicanism. The strategy of the anti-slavery forces was containment—to stop the expansion and thus put slavery on a path to gradual extinction. The slave-holding interests in the South denounced this strategy as infringing upon their Constitutional rights. Southern whites believed that the emancipation of slaves would destroy the South's economy, due to the large amount of capital invested in slaves and fears of integrating the ex-slave black population. In particular, Southerners feared a repeat of "the horrors of Santo Domingo", in which nearly all white people – including men, women, children, and even many sympathetic to abolition – were killed after the successful slave revolt in Haiti. Historian Thomas Fleming points to the historical phrase "a disease in the public mind" used by critics of this idea, and proposes it contributed to the segregation in the Jim Crow era following emancipation. These fears were exacerbated by the recent attempt of John Brown to instigate an armed slave rebellion in the South._NEWLINE_Slavery was illegal in much of the North, having been outlawed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. It was also fading in the border states and in Southern cities, but it was expanding in the highly profitable cotton districts of the rural South and Southwest. Subsequent writers on the American Civil War looked to several factors explaining the geographic divide. _START_SECTION_ Territorial crisis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between 1803 and 1854, the United States achieved a vast expansion of territory through purchase, negotiation, and conquest. At first, the new states carved out of these territories entering the union were apportioned equally between slave and free states. Pro- and anti-slavery forces collided over the territories west of the Mississippi._NEWLINE_With the conquest of northern Mexico west to California in 1848, slaveholding interests looked forward to expanding into these lands and perhaps Cuba and Central America as well._NEWLINE_Northern "free soil" interests vigorously sought to curtail any further expansion of slave territory. The Compromise of 1850 over California balanced a free-soil state with stronger fugitive slave laws for a political settlement after four years of strife in the 1840s. But the states admitted following California were all free: Minnesota (1858), Oregon (1859) and Kansas (1861). In the Southern states the question of the territorial expansion of slavery westward again became explosive. Both the South and the North drew the same conclusion: "The power to decide the question of slavery for the territories was the power to determine the future of slavery itself."_NEWLINE_By 1860, four doctrines had emerged to answer the question of federal control in the territories, and they all claimed they were sanctioned by the Constitution, implicitly or explicitly. The first of these "conservative" theories, represented by the Constitutional Union Party, argued that the Missouri Compromise apportionment of territory north for free soil and south for slavery should become a Constitutional mandate. The Crittenden Compromise of 1860 was an expression of this view._NEWLINE_The second doctrine of Congressional preeminence, championed by Abraham Lincoln and the Republican Party, insisted that the Constitution did not bind legislators to a policy of balance—that slavery could be excluded in a territory as it was done in the Northwest Ordinance of 1787 at the discretion of Congress; thus Congress could restrict human bondage, but never establish it. The Wilmot Proviso announced this position in 1846._NEWLINE_Senator Stephen A. Douglas proclaimed the doctrine of territorial or "popular" sovereignty—which asserted that the settlers in a territory had the same rights as states in the Union to establish or disestablish slavery as a purely local matter. The Kansas–Nebraska Act of 1854 legislated this doctrine. In the Kansas Territory, years of pro and anti-slavery violence and political conflict erupted; the congressional House of Representatives voted to admit Kansas as a free state in early 1860, but its admission in the Senate was delayed until January 1861, after the 1860 elections when Southern states began to leave._NEWLINE_The fourth theory was advocated by Mississippi Senator Jefferson Davis, one of state sovereignty ("states' rights"), also known as the "Calhoun doctrine", named after the South Carolinian political theorist and statesman John C. Calhoun. Rejecting the arguments for federal authority or self-government, state sovereignty would empower states to promote the expansion of slavery as part of the federal union under the U.S. Constitution. "States' rights" was an ideology formulated and applied as a means of advancing slave state interests through federal authority. As historian Thomas L. Krannawitter points out, the "Southern demand for federal slave protection represented a demand for an unprecedented expansion of federal power." These four doctrines comprised the dominant ideologies presented to the American public on the matters of slavery, the territories, and the U.S. Constitution before the 1860 presidential election. _START_SECTION_ States' rights _START_PARAGRAPH_ The South argued that just as each state had decided to join the Union, a state had the right to secede—leave the Union—at any time. Northerners (including President Buchanan) rejected that notion as opposed to the will of the Founding Fathers, who said they were setting up a perpetual union. Historian James McPherson writes concerning states' rights and other non-slavery explanations:_NEWLINE_While one or more of these interpretations remain popular among the Sons of Confederate Veterans and other Southern heritage groups, few professional historians now subscribe to them. Of all these interpretations, the states'-rights argument is perhaps the weakest. It fails to ask the question, states' rights for what purpose? States' rights, or sovereignty, was always more a means than an end, an instrument to achieve a certain goal more than a principle. _START_SECTION_ Sectionalism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sectionalism resulted from the different economies, social structure, customs, and political values of the North and South. Regional tensions came to a head during the War of 1812, resulting in the Hartford Convention, which manifested Northern dissastisfaction with a foreign trade embargo that affected the industrial North disproportionately, the Three-Fifths Compromise, dilution of Northern power by new states, and a succession of Southern presidents. Sectionalism increased steadily between 1800 and 1860 as the North, which phased slavery out of existence, industrialized, urbanized, and built prosperous farms, while the deep South concentrated on plantation agriculture based on slave labor, together with subsistence agriculture for poor whites. In the 1840s and 1850s, the issue of accepting slavery (in the guise of rejecting slave-owning bishops and missionaries) split the nation's largest religious denominations (the Methodist, Baptist, and Presbyterian churches) into separate Northern and Southern denominations._NEWLINE_Historians have debated whether economic differences between the mainly industrial North and the mainly agricultural South helped cause the war. Most historians now disagree with the economic determinism of historian Charles A. Beard in the 1920s, and emphasize that Northern and Southern economies were largely complementary. While socially different, the sections economically benefited each other. _START_SECTION_ Protectionism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Slave owners preferred low-cost manual labor with no mechanization. Northern manufacturing interests supported tariffs and protectionism while southern planters demanded free trade. The Democrats in Congress, controlled by Southerners, wrote the tariff laws in the 1830s, 1840s, and 1850s, and kept reducing rates so that the 1857 rates were the lowest since 1816. The Republicans called for an increase in tariffs in the 1860 election. The increases were only enacted in 1861 after Southerners resigned their seats in Congress. The tariff issue was a Northern grievance. However, neo-Confederate writers have claimed it as a Southern grievance. In 1860–61 none of the groups that proposed compromises to head off secession raised the tariff issue. Pamphleteers North and South rarely mentioned the tariff. _START_SECTION_ Nationalism and honor _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nationalism was a powerful force in the early 19th century, with famous spokesmen such as Andrew Jackson and Daniel Webster. While practically all Northerners supported the Union, Southerners were split between those loyal to the entire United States (called "unionists") and those loyal primarily to the southern region and then the Confederacy. C. Vann Woodward said of the latter group,_NEWLINE_A great slave society ... had grown up and miraculously flourished in the heart of a thoroughly bourgeois and partly puritanical republic. It had renounced its bourgeois origins and elaborated and painfully rationalized its institutional, legal, metaphysical, and religious defenses ... When the crisis came it chose to fight. It proved to be the death struggle of a society, which went down in ruins._NEWLINE_Perceived insults to Southern collective honor included the enormous popularity of Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) and the actions of abolitionist John Brown in trying to incite a slave rebellion in 1859._NEWLINE_While the South moved towards a Southern nationalism, leaders in the North were also becoming more nationally minded, and they rejected any notion of splitting the Union. The Republican national electoral platform of 1860 warned that Republicans regarded disunion as treason and would not tolerate it: "We denounce those threats of disunion ... as denying the vital principles of a free government, and as an avowal of contemplated treason, which it is the imperative duty of an indignant people sternly to rebuke and forever silence." The South ignored the warnings: Southerners did not realize how ardently the North would fight to hold the Union together. _START_SECTION_ Lincoln's election _START_PARAGRAPH_ The election of Abraham Lincoln in November 1860 was the final trigger for secession. Efforts at compromise, including the "Corwin Amendment" and the "Crittenden Compromise", failed._NEWLINE_Southern leaders feared that Lincoln would stop the expansion of slavery and put it on a course toward extinction. The slave states, which had already become a minority in the House of Representatives, were now facing a future as a perpetual minority in the Senate and Electoral College against an increasingly powerful North. Before Lincoln took office in March 1861, seven slave states had declared their secession and joined to form the Confederacy._NEWLINE_According to Lincoln, the people had shown that they can be successful in establishing and administering a republic, but a third challenge faced the nation, maintaining a republic based on the people's vote against an attempt to overthrow it. _START_SECTION_ Secession crisis _START_PARAGRAPH_ The election of Lincoln provoked the legislature of South Carolina to call a state convention to consider secession. Prior to the war, South Carolina did more than any other Southern state to advance the notion that a state had the right to nullify federal laws, and even to secede from the United States. The convention summoned unanimously voted to secede on December 20, 1860, and adopted the "Declaration of the Immediate Causes Which Induce and Justify the Secession of South Carolina from the Federal Union". It argued for states' rights for slave owners in the South, but contained a complaint about states' rights in the North in the form of opposition to the Fugitive Slave Act, claiming that Northern states were not fulfilling their federal obligations under the Constitution. The "cotton states" of Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas followed suit, seceding in January and February 1861._NEWLINE_Among the ordinances of secession passed by the individual states, those of three—Texas, Alabama, and Virginia—specifically mentioned the plight of the "slaveholding states" at the hands of northern abolitionists. The rest make no mention of the slavery issue, and are often brief announcements of the dissolution of ties by the legislatures. However, at least four states—South Carolina, Mississippi, Georgia, and Texas—also passed lengthy and detailed explanations of their causes for secession, all of which laid the blame squarely on the movement to abolish slavery and that movement's influence over the politics of the northern states. The southern states believed slaveholding was a constitutional right because of the Fugitive Slave Clause of the Constitution. These states agreed to form a new federal government, the Confederate States of America, on February 4, 1861. They took control of federal forts and other properties within their boundaries with little resistance from outgoing President James Buchanan, whose term ended on March 4, 1861. Buchanan said that the Dred Scott decision was proof that the South had no reason for secession, and that the Union "was intended to be perpetual", but that "The power by force of arms to compel a State to remain in the Union" was not among the "enumerated powers granted to Congress". One quarter of the U.S. Army—the entire garrison in Texas—was surrendered in February 1861 to state forces by its commanding general, David E. Twiggs, who then joined the Confederacy._NEWLINE_As Southerners resigned their seats in the Senate and the House, Republicans were able to pass bills for projects that had been blocked by Southern Senators before the war. These included the Morrill Tariff, land grant colleges (the Morrill Act), a Homestead Act, a transcontinental railroad (the Pacific Railroad Acts), the National Bank Act and the authorization of United States Notes by the Legal Tender Act of 1862. The Revenue Act of 1861 introduced the income tax to help finance the war._NEWLINE_On December 18, 1860, the Crittenden Compromise was proposed to re-establish the Missouri Compromise line by constitutionally banning slavery in territories to the north of the line while guaranteeing it to the south. The adoption of this compromise likely would have prevented the secession of every southern state apart from South Carolina, but Lincoln and the Republicans rejected it. It was then proposed to hold a national referendum on the compromise. The Republicans again rejected the idea, although a majority of both Northerners and Southerners would likely have voted in favor of it. A pre-war February Peace Conference of 1861 met in Washington, proposing a solution similar to that of the Crittenden compromise, it was rejected by Congress. The Republicans proposed an alternative compromise to not interfere with slavery where it existed but the South regarded it as insufficient. Nonetheless, the remaining eight slave states rejected pleas to join the Confederacy following a two-to-one no-vote in Virginia's First Secessionist Convention on April 4, 1861._NEWLINE_On March 4, 1861, Abraham Lincoln was sworn in as President. In his inaugural address, he argued that the Constitution was a more perfect union than the earlier Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union, that it was a binding contract, and called any secession "legally void". He had no intent to invade Southern states, nor did he intend to end slavery where it existed, but said that he would use force to maintain possession of Federal property. The government would make no move to recover post offices, and if resisted, mail delivery would end at state lines. Where popular conditions did not allow peaceful enforcement of Federal law, U.S. marshals and judges would be withdrawn. No mention was made of bullion lost from U.S. mints in Louisiana, Georgia, and North Carolina. He stated that it would be U.S. policy to only collect import duties at its ports; there could be no serious injury to the South to justify armed revolution during his administration. His speech closed with a plea for restoration of the bonds of union, famously calling on "the mystic chords of memory" binding the two regions._NEWLINE_The South sent delegations to Washington and offered to pay for the federal properties and enter into a peace treaty with the United States. Lincoln rejected any negotiations with Confederate agents because he claimed the Confederacy was not a legitimate government, and that making any treaty with it would be tantamount to recognition of it as a sovereign government. Secretary of State William Seward, who at the time saw himself as the real governor or "prime minister" behind the throne of the inexperienced Lincoln, engaged in unauthorized and indirect negotiations that failed. President Lincoln was determined to hold all remaining Union-occupied forts in the Confederacy: Fort Monroe in Virginia, Fort Pickens, Fort Jefferson and Fort Taylor in Florida, and Fort Sumter – located at the cockpit of secession in Charleston, South Carolina. _START_SECTION_ Battle of Fort Sumter _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fort Sumter was located in the middle of the harbor of Charleston, South Carolina. Its garrison recently moved there to avoid incidents with local militias in the streets of the city. Lincoln told its commander, Maj. Anderson to hold on until fired upon. Confederate president Jefferson Davis ordered the surrender of the fort. Anderson gave a conditional reply that the Confederate government rejected, and Davis ordered General P. G. T. Beauregard to attack the fort before a relief expedition could arrive. He bombarded Fort Sumter on April 12–13, forcing its capitulation._NEWLINE_The attack on Fort Sumter rallied the North to the defense of American nationalism. Historian Allan Nevins underscored the significance of the event:_NEWLINE_"The thunderclap of Sumter produced a startling crystallization of Northern sentiment. ... Anger swept the land. From every side came news of mass meetings, speeches, resolutions, tenders of business support, the muster of companies and regiments, the determined action of governors and legislatures."_NEWLINE_Union leaders incorrectly assumed that only a minority of Southerners were in favor of secession and that there were large numbers of southern Unionists that could be counted on. Had Northerners realized that most Southerners favored secession, they might have hesitated at attempting the enormous task of conquering a united South._NEWLINE_Lincoln called on all the states to send forces to recapture the fort and other federal properties. The scale of the rebellion appeared to be small, so he called for only 75,000 volunteers for 90 days. The governor of Massachusetts had state regiments on trains headed south the next day. In western Missouri, local secessionists seized Liberty Arsenal. On May 3, 1861, Lincoln called for an additional 42,000 volunteers for a period of three years._NEWLINE_Four states in the middle and upper South had repeatedly rejected Confederate overtures, but now Virginia, Tennessee, Arkansas, and North Carolina refused to send forces against their neighbors, declared their secession, and joined the Confederacy. To reward Virginia, the Confederate capital was moved to Richmond. _START_SECTION_ Attitude of the border states _START_PARAGRAPH_ Maryland, Delaware, Missouri, and Kentucky were slave states that were opposed to both secession and coercing the South. West Virginia then joined them as an additional border state after it separated from Virginia and became a state of the Union in 1863._NEWLINE_Maryland's territory surrounded the United States' capital of Washington, D.C. and could cut it off from the North. It had numerous anti-Lincoln officials who tolerated anti-army rioting in Baltimore and the burning of bridges, both aimed at hindering the passage of troops to the South. Maryland's legislature voted overwhelmingly (53–13) to stay in the Union, but also rejected hostilities with its southern neighbors, voting to close Maryland's rail lines to prevent them from being used for war. Lincoln responded by establishing martial law and unilaterally suspending habeas corpus in Maryland, along with sending in militia units from the North. Lincoln rapidly took control of Maryland and the District of Columbia by seizing many prominent figures, including arresting 1/3 of the members of the Maryland General Assembly on the day it reconvened. All were held without trial, ignoring a ruling by the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Roger Taney, a Maryland native, that only Congress (and not the president) could suspend habeas corpus (Ex parte Merryman). Indeed, federal troops imprisoned a prominent Baltimore newspaper editor, Frank Key Howard, Francis Scott Key's grandson, after he criticized Lincoln in an editorial for ignoring the Supreme Court Chief Justice's ruling._NEWLINE_In Missouri, an elected convention on secession voted decisively to remain within the Union. When pro-Confederate Governor Claiborne F. Jackson called out the state militia, it was attacked by federal forces under General Nathaniel Lyon, who chased the governor and the rest of the State Guard to the southwestern corner of the state (see also: Missouri secession). In the resulting vacuum, the convention on secession reconvened and took power as the Unionist provisional government of Missouri._NEWLINE_Kentucky did not secede; for a time, it declared itself neutral. When Confederate forces entered the state in September 1861, neutrality ended and the state reaffirmed its Union status, while trying to maintain slavery. During a brief invasion by Confederate forces in 1861, Confederate sympathizers organized a secession convention, formed the shadow Confederate Government of Kentucky, inaugurated a governor, and gained recognition from the Confederacy. Its jurisdiction extended only as far as Confederate battle lines in the Commonwealth and went into exile for good after October 1862._NEWLINE_After Virginia's secession, a Unionist government in Wheeling asked 48 counties to vote on an ordinance to create a new state on October 24, 1861. A voter turnout of 34 percent approved the statehood bill (96 percent approving). The inclusion of 24 secessionist counties in the state and the ensuing guerrilla war engaged about 40,000 Federal troops for much of the war. Congress admitted West Virginia to the Union on June 20, 1863. West Virginia provided about 20,000–22,000 soldiers to both the Confederacy and the Union._NEWLINE_A Unionist secession attempt occurred in East Tennessee, but was suppressed by the Confederacy, which arrested over 3,000 men suspected of being loyal to the Union. They were held without trial. _START_SECTION_ General features of the War _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Civil War was a contest marked by the ferocity and frequency of battle. Over four years, 237 named battles were fought, as were many more minor actions and skirmishes, which were often characterized by their bitter intensity and high casualties. In his book The American Civil War, John Keegan writes that "The American Civil War was to prove one of the most ferocious wars ever fought". Without geographic objectives, the only target for each side was the enemy's soldier. _START_SECTION_ Mobilization _START_PARAGRAPH_ As the first seven states began organizing a Confederacy in Montgomery, the entire U.S. army numbered 16,000. However, Northern governors had begun to mobilize their militias. The Confederate Congress authorized the new nation up to 100,000 troops sent by governors as early as February. By May, Jefferson Davis was pushing for 100,000 men under arms for one year or the duration, and that was answered in kind by the U.S. Congress._NEWLINE_In the first year of the war, both sides had far more volunteers than they could effectively train and equip. After the initial enthusiasm faded, reliance on the cohort of young men who came of age every year and wanted to join was not enough. Both sides used a draft law—conscription—as a device to encourage or force volunteering; relatively few were drafted and served. The Confederacy passed a draft law in April 1862 for young men aged 18 to 35; overseers of slaves, government officials, and clergymen were exempt. The U.S. Congress followed in July, authorizing a militia draft within a state when it could not meet its quota with volunteers. European immigrants joined the Union Army in large numbers, including 177,000 born in Germany and 144,000 born in Ireland._NEWLINE_When the Emancipation Proclamation went into effect in January 1863, ex-slaves were energetically recruited by the states, and used to meet the state quotas. States and local communities offered higher and higher cash bonuses for white volunteers. Congress tightened the law in March 1863. Men selected in the draft could provide substitutes or, until mid-1864, pay commutation money. Many eligibles pooled their money to cover the cost of anyone drafted. Families used the substitute provision to select which man should go into the army and which should stay home. There was much evasion and overt resistance to the draft, especially in Catholic areas. The draft riot in New York City in July 1863 involved Irish immigrants who had been signed up as citizens to swell the vote of the city's Democratic political machine, not realizing it made them liable for the draft. Of the 168,649 men procured for the Union through the draft, 117,986 were substitutes, leaving only 50,663 who had their personal services conscripted._NEWLINE_In both the North and South, the draft laws were highly unpopular. In the North, some 120,000 men evaded conscription, many of them fleeing to Canada, and another 280,000 soldiers deserted during the war. At least 100,000 Southerners deserted, or about 10 percent. In the South, many men deserted temporarily to take care of their distressed families, then returned to their units. In the North, "bounty jumpers" enlisted to get the generous bonus, deserted, then went back to a second recruiting station under a different name to sign up again for a second bonus; 141 were caught and executed._NEWLINE_From a tiny frontier force in 1860, the Union and Confederate armies had grown into the "largest and most efficient armies in the world" within a few years. European observers at the time dismissed them as amateur and unprofessional, but British historian John Keegan concluded that each outmatched the French, Prussian and Russian armies of the time, and but for the Atlantic, would have threatened any of them with defeat. _START_SECTION_ Women _START_PARAGRAPH_ The number of women who served as soldiers during the war is estimated at between 400 and 750, although an accurate count is impossible because the women had to disguise themselves as men._NEWLINE_Women also served on the Union hospital ship Red Rover and nursed Union and Confederate troops at field hospitals._NEWLINE_Mary Edwards Walker, the only woman to ever receive the Medal of Honor, served in the Union Army and was given the medal for her efforts to treat the wounded during the war. Her name was deleted from the Army Medal of Honor Roll in 1917 (along with over 900 other, male MOH recipients); however, it was restored in 1977. _START_SECTION_ Motivation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Perman and Taylor (2010) write that historians are of two minds on why millions of men seemed so eager to fight, suffer and die over four years:_NEWLINE_Some historians emphasize that Civil War soldiers were driven by political ideology, holding firm beliefs about the importance of liberty, Union, or state rights, or about the need to protect or to destroy slavery. Others point to less overtly political reasons to fight, such as the defense of one's home and family, or the honor and brotherhood to be preserved when fighting alongside other men. Most historians agree that no matter what a soldier thought about when he went into the war, the experience of combat affected him profoundly and sometimes altered his reasons for continuing the fight. _START_SECTION_ Prisoners _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the start of the civil war, a system of paroles operated. Captives agreed not to fight until they were officially exchanged. Meanwhile, they were held in camps run by their army. They were paid, but they were not allowed to perform any military duties. The system of exchanges collapsed in 1863 when the Confederacy refused to exchange black prisoners. After that, about 56,000 of the 409,000 POWs died in prisons during the war, accounting for nearly 10 percent of the conflict's fatalities. _START_SECTION_ Naval tactics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The small U.S. Navy of 1861 was rapidly enlarged to 6,000 officers and 45,000 men in 1865, with 671 vessels, having a tonnage of 510,396. Its mission was to blockade Confederate ports, take control of the river system, defend against Confederate raiders on the high seas, and be ready for a possible war with the British Royal Navy. Meanwhile, the main riverine war was fought in the West, where a series of major rivers gave access to the Confederate heartland. The U.S. Navy eventually gained control of the Red, Tennessee, Cumberland, Mississippi, and Ohio rivers. In the East, the Navy supplied and moved army forces about, and occasionally shelled Confederate installations. _START_SECTION_ Modern navy evolves _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Civil War occurred during the early stages of the industrial revolution. Many naval innovations emerged during this time, most notably the advent of the ironclad warship. It began when the Confederacy, knowing they had to meet or match the Union's naval superiority, responded to the Union blockade by building or converting more than 130 vessels, including twenty-six ironclads and floating batteries. Only half of these saw active service. Many were equipped with ram bows, creating "ram fever" among Union squadrons wherever they threatened. But in the face of overwhelming Union superiority and the Union's ironclad warships, they were unsuccessful._NEWLINE_In addition to ocean-going warships coming up the Mississippi, the Union Navy used timberclads, tinclads, and armored gunboats. Shipyards at Cairo, Illinois, and St. Louis built new boats or modified steamboats for action._NEWLINE_The Confederacy experimented with the submarine CSS Hunley, which did not work satisfactorily, and with building an ironclad ship, CSS Virginia, which was based on rebuilding a sunken Union ship, Merrimack. On its first foray on March 8, 1862, Virginia inflicted significant damage to the Union's wooden fleet, but the next day the first Union ironclad, USS Monitor, arrived to challenge it in the Chesapeake Bay. The resulting three hour Battle of Hampton Roads was a draw, but it proved that ironclads were effective warships. Not long after the battle the Confederacy was forced to scuttle the Virginia to prevent its capture, while the Union built many copies of the Monitor. Lacking the technology and infrastructure to build effective warships, the Confederacy attempted to obtain warships from Britain. _START_SECTION_ Union blockade _START_PARAGRAPH_ By early 1861, General Winfield Scott had devised the Anaconda Plan to win the war with as little bloodshed as possible. Scott argued that a Union blockade of the main ports would weaken the Confederate economy. Lincoln adopted parts of the plan, but he overruled Scott's caution about 90-day volunteers. Public opinion, however, demanded an immediate attack by the army to capture Richmond._NEWLINE_In April 1861, Lincoln announced the Union blockade of all Southern ports; commercial ships could not get insurance and regular traffic ended. The South blundered in embargoing cotton exports in 1861 before the blockade was effective; by the time they realized the mistake, it was too late. "King Cotton" was dead, as the South could export less than 10 percent of its cotton. The blockade shut down the ten Confederate seaports with railheads that moved almost all the cotton, especially New Orleans, Mobile, and Charleston. By June 1861, warships were stationed off the principal Southern ports, and a year later nearly 300 ships were in service. _START_SECTION_ Blockade runners _START_PARAGRAPH_ British investors built small, fast, steam-driven blockade runners that traded arms and luxuries brought in from Britain through Bermuda, Cuba, and the Bahamas in return for high-priced cotton. Many of the ships were designed for speed and were so small that only a small amount of cotton went out. When the Union Navy seized a blockade runner, the ship and cargo were condemned as a Prize of war and sold, with the proceeds given to the Navy sailors; the captured crewmen were mostly British, and they were released. _START_SECTION_ Economic impact _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Southern economy nearly collapsed during the war. There were multiple reasons for this: the severe deterioration of food supplies, especially in cities, the failure of Southern railroads, the loss of control of the main rivers, foraging by Northern armies, and the seizure of animals and crops by Confederate armies._NEWLINE_Most historians agree that the blockade was a major factor in ruining the Confederate economy; however, Wise argues that the blockade runners provided just enough of a lifeline to allow Lee to continue fighting for additional months, thanks to fresh supplies of 400,000 rifles, lead, blankets, and boots that the homefront economy could no longer supply._NEWLINE_Surdam argues that the blockade was a powerful weapon that eventually ruined the Southern economy, at the cost of few lives in combat. Practically, the entire Confederate cotton crop was useless (although it was sold to Union traders), costing the Confederacy its main source of income. Critical imports were scarce and the coastal trade was largely ended as well. The measure of the blockade's success was not the few ships that slipped through, but the thousands that never tried it. Merchant ships owned in Europe could not get insurance and were too slow to evade the blockade, so they stopped calling at Confederate ports._NEWLINE_To fight an offensive war, the Confederacy purchased ships from Britain, converted them to warships, and raided American merchant ships in the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. Insurance rates skyrocketed and the American flag virtually disappeared from international waters. However, the same ships were reflagged with European flags and continued unmolested. After the war, the U.S. demanded that Britain pay for the damage done, and Britain paid the U.S. $15 million in 1871. _START_SECTION_ Diplomacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although the Confederacy hoped that Britain and France would join them against the Union, this was never likely, and so they instead tried to bring Britain and France in as mediators. The Union, under Lincoln and Secretary of State William H. Seward worked to block this, and threatened war if any country officially recognized the existence of the Confederate States of America. In 1861, Southerners voluntarily embargoed cotton shipments, hoping to start an economic depression in Europe that would force Britain to enter the war to get cotton, but this did not work. Worse, Europe developed other cotton suppliers, which they found superior, hindering the South's recovery after the war._NEWLINE_Cotton diplomacy proved a failure as Europe had a surplus of cotton, while the 1860–62 crop failures in Europe made the North's grain exports of critical importance. It also helped to turn European opinion further away from the Confederacy. It was said that "King Corn was more powerful than King Cotton", as U.S. grain went from a quarter of the British import trade to almost half. When Britain did face a cotton shortage, it was temporary, being replaced by increased cultivation in Egypt and India. Meanwhile, the war created employment for arms makers, ironworkers, and British ships to transport weapons._NEWLINE_Lincoln's administration failed to appeal to European public opinion. Diplomats explained that the United States was not committed to the ending of slavery, and instead repeated legalistic arguments about the unconstitutionality of secession. Confederate representatives, on the other hand, were much more successful by ignoring slavery and instead focusing on their struggle for liberty, their commitment to free trade, and the essential role of cotton in the European economy. The European aristocracy was "absolutely gleeful in pronouncing the American debacle as proof that the entire experiment in popular government had failed. European government leaders welcomed the fragmentation of the ascendant American Republic."_NEWLINE_U.S. minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams proved particularly adept and convinced Britain not to boldly challenge the blockade. The Confederacy purchased several warships from commercial shipbuilders in Britain (CSS Alabama, CSS Shenandoah, CSS Tennessee, CSS Tallahassee, CSS Florida, and some others). The most famous, the CSS Alabama, did considerable damage and led to serious postwar disputes. However, public opinion against slavery created a political liability for politicians in Britain, where the antislavery movement was powerful._NEWLINE_War loomed in late 1861 between the U.S. and Britain over the Trent affair, involving the U.S. Navy's boarding of the British ship Trent and seizure of two Confederate diplomats. However, London and Washington were able to smooth over the problem after Lincoln released the two. In 1862, the British considered mediation between North and South, though even such an offer would have risked war with the United States. British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston reportedly read Uncle Tom's Cabin three times when deciding on this._NEWLINE_The Union victory in the Battle of Antietam caused them to delay this decision. The Emancipation Proclamation over time would reinforce the political liability of supporting the Confederacy. Despite sympathy for the Confederacy, France's seizure of Mexico ultimately deterred them from war with the Union. Confederate offers late in the war to end slavery in return for diplomatic recognition were not seriously considered by London or Paris. After 1863, the Polish revolt against Russia further distracted the European powers, and ensured that they would remain neutral. _START_SECTION_ Eastern theater _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Eastern theater refers to the military operations east of the Appalachian Mountains, including the states of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Pennsylvania, the District of Columbia, and the coastal fortifications and seaports of North Carolina. _START_SECTION_ Western theater _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Western theater refers to military operations between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River, including the states of Alabama, Georgia, Florida, Mississippi, North Carolina, Kentucky, South Carolina and Tennessee, as well as parts of Louisiana. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Trans-Mississippi theater refers to military operations west of the Mississippi River, not including the areas bordering the Pacific Ocean. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Lower Seaboard theater refers to military and naval operations that occurred near the coastal areas of the Southeast: in Alabama, Florida, Louisiana, Mississippi, South Carolina, and Texas) as well as southern part of the Mississippi River (Port Hudson and south). Union Naval activities were dictated by the Anaconda Plan. _START_SECTION_ Pacific Coast theater _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Pacific Coast theater refers to military operations on the Pacific Ocean and in the states and Territories west of the Continental Divide. _START_SECTION_ Conquest of Virginia _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the beginning of 1864, Lincoln made Grant commander of all Union armies. Grant made his headquarters with the Army of the Potomac, and put Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman in command of most of the western armies. Grant understood the concept of total war and believed, along with Lincoln and Sherman, that only the utter defeat of Confederate forces and their economic base would end the war. This was total war not in killing civilians but rather in taking provisions and forage and destroying homes, farms, and railroads, that Grant said "would otherwise have gone to the support of secession and rebellion. This policy I believe exercised a material influence in hastening the end." Grant devised a coordinated strategy that would strike at the entire Confederacy from multiple directions. Generals George Meade and Benjamin Butler were ordered to move against Lee near Richmond, General Franz Sigel (and later Philip Sheridan) were to attack the Shenandoah Valley, General Sherman was to capture Atlanta and march to the sea (the Atlantic Ocean), Generals George Crook and William W. Averell were to operate against railroad supply lines in West Virginia, and Maj. Gen. Nathaniel P. Banks was to capture Mobile, Alabama. _START_SECTION_ Grant's Overland Campaign _START_PARAGRAPH_ Grant's army set out on the Overland Campaign with the goal of drawing Lee into a defense of Richmond, where they would attempt to pin down and destroy the Confederate army. The Union army first attempted to maneuver past Lee and fought several battles, notably at the Wilderness, Spotsylvania, and Cold Harbor. These battles resulted in heavy losses on both sides, and forced Lee's Confederates to fall back repeatedly. At the Battle of Yellow Tavern, the Confederates lost Jeb Stuart._NEWLINE_An attempt to outflank Lee from the south failed under Butler, who was trapped inside the Bermuda Hundred river bend. Each battle resulted in setbacks for the Union that mirrored what they had suffered under prior generals, though unlike those prior generals, Grant fought on rather than retreat. Grant was tenacious and kept pressing Lee's Army of Northern Virginia back to Richmond. While Lee was preparing for an attack on Richmond, Grant unexpectedly turned south to cross the James River and began the protracted Siege of Petersburg, where the two armies engaged in trench warfare for over nine months. _START_SECTION_ Sheridan's Valley Campaign _START_PARAGRAPH_ Grant finally found a commander, General Philip Sheridan, aggressive enough to prevail in the Valley Campaigns of 1864. Sheridan was initially repelled at the Battle of New Market by former U.S. Vice President and Confederate Gen. John C. Breckinridge. The Battle of New Market was the Confederacy's last major victory of the war, and included a charge by teenage VMI cadets. After redoubling his efforts, Sheridan defeated Maj. Gen. Jubal A. Early in a series of battles, including a final decisive defeat at the Battle of Cedar Creek. Sheridan then proceeded to destroy the agricultural base of the Shenandoah Valley, a strategy similar to the tactics Sherman later employed in Georgia. _START_SECTION_ Sherman's March to the Sea _START_PARAGRAPH_ Meanwhile, Sherman maneuvered from Chattanooga to Atlanta, defeating Confederate Generals Joseph E. Johnston and John Bell Hood along the way. The fall of Atlanta on September 2, 1864, guaranteed the reelection of Lincoln as president. Hood left the Atlanta area to swing around and menace Sherman's supply lines and invade Tennessee in the Franklin–Nashville Campaign. Union Maj. Gen. John Schofield defeated Hood at the Battle of Franklin, and George H. Thomas dealt Hood a massive defeat at the Battle of Nashville, effectively destroying Hood's army._NEWLINE_Leaving Atlanta, and his base of supplies, Sherman's army marched with an unknown destination, laying waste to about 20 percent of the farms in Georgia in his "March to the Sea". He reached the Atlantic Ocean at Savannah, Georgia in December 1864. Sherman's army was followed by thousands of freed slaves; there were no major battles along the March. Sherman turned north through South Carolina and North Carolina to approach the Confederate Virginia lines from the south, increasing the pressure on Lee's army. _START_SECTION_ The Waterloo of the Confederacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lee's army, thinned by desertion and casualties, was now much smaller than Grant's. One last Confederate attempt to break the Union hold on Petersburg failed at the decisive Battle of Five Forks (sometimes called "the Waterloo of the Confederacy") on April 1. This meant that the Union now controlled the entire perimeter surrounding Richmond-Petersburg, completely cutting it off from the Confederacy. Realizing that the capital was now lost, Lee decided to evacuate his army. The Confederate capital fell to the Union XXV Corps, composed of black troops. The remaining Confederate units fled west after a defeat at Sayler's Creek. _START_SECTION_ Confederacy surrenders _START_PARAGRAPH_ Initially, Lee did not intend to surrender, but planned to regroup at the village of Appomattox Court House, where supplies were to be waiting, and then continue the war. Grant chased Lee and got in front of him, so that when Lee's army reached Appomattox Court House, they were surrounded. After an initial battle, Lee decided that the fight was now hopeless, and surrendered his Army of Northern Virginia on April 9, 1865, at the McLean House. In an untraditional gesture and as a sign of Grant's respect and anticipation of peacefully restoring Confederate states to the Union, Lee was permitted to keep his sword and his horse, Traveller._NEWLINE_On April 14, 1865, President Lincoln was shot by John Wilkes Booth, a Southern sympathizer. Lincoln died early the next morning, and Andrew Johnson became the president. Meanwhile, Confederate forces across the South surrendered as news of Lee's surrender reached them. On April 26, 1865, General Joseph E. Johnston surrendered nearly 90,000 men of the Army of Tennessee to Major General William Tecumseh Sherman at the Bennett Place near present-day Durham, North Carolina. It proved to be the largest surrender of Confederate forces, effectively bringing the war to an end. President Johnson officially declared a virtual end to the insurrection on May 9, 1865; President Jefferson Davis was captured the following day. On June 2, Kirby Smith officially surrendered his troops in the Trans-Mississippi Department. On June 23, Cherokee leader Stand Watie became the last Confederate general to surrender his forces. _START_SECTION_ Slavery as a war issue _START_PARAGRAPH_ While not all Southerners saw themselves as fighting to preserve slavery, most of the officers and over a third of the rank and file in Lee's army had close family ties to slavery. To Northerners, in contrast, the motivation was primarily to preserve the Union, not to abolish slavery. Abraham Lincoln consistently made preserving the Union the central goal of the war, though he increasingly saw slavery as a crucial issue and made ending it an additional goal. Lincoln's decision to issue the Emancipation Proclamation angered both Peace Democrats ("Copperheads") and War Democrats, but energized most Republicans. By warning that free blacks would flood the North, Democrats made gains in the 1862 elections, but they did not gain control of Congress. The Republicans' counterargument that slavery was the mainstay of the enemy steadily gained support, with the Democrats losing decisively in the 1863 elections in the northern state of Ohio when they tried to resurrect anti-black sentiment. _START_SECTION_ Emancipation Proclamation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Emancipation Proclamation enabled African-Americans, both free blacks and escaped slaves, to join the Union Army. About 190,000 volunteered, further enhancing the numerical advantage the Union armies enjoyed over the Confederates, who did not dare emulate the equivalent manpower source for fear of fundamentally undermining the legitimacy of slavery._NEWLINE_During the Civil War, sentiment concerning slaves, enslavement and emancipation in the United States was divided. In 1861, Lincoln worried that premature attempts at emancipation would mean the loss of the border states, and that "to lose Kentucky is nearly the same as to lose the whole game." Copperheads and some War Democrats opposed emancipation, although the latter eventually accepted it as part of total war needed to save the Union._NEWLINE_At first, Lincoln reversed attempts at emancipation by Secretary of War Simon Cameron and Generals John C. Frémont (in Missouri) and David Hunter (in South Carolina, Georgia and Florida) to keep the loyalty of the border states and the War Democrats. Lincoln warned the border states that a more radical type of emancipation would happen if his gradual plan based on compensated emancipation and voluntary colonization was rejected. But only the District of Columbia accepted Lincoln's gradual plan, which was enacted by Congress. When Lincoln told his cabinet about his proposed emancipation proclamation, Seward advised Lincoln to wait for a victory before issuing it, as to do otherwise would seem like "our last shriek on the retreat". Lincoln laid the groundwork for public support in an open letter published in abolitionist Horace Greeley's newspaper._NEWLINE_In September 1862, the Battle of Antietam provided this opportunity, and the subsequent War Governors' Conference added support for the proclamation. Lincoln issued his preliminary Emancipation Proclamation on September 22, 1862, and his final Emancipation Proclamation on January 1, 1863. In his letter to Albert G. Hodges, Lincoln explained his belief that "If slavery is not wrong, nothing is wrong ... And yet I have never understood that the Presidency conferred upon me an unrestricted right to act officially upon this judgment and feeling ... I claim not to have controlled events, but confess plainly that events have controlled me."_NEWLINE_Lincoln's moderate approach succeeded in inducing border states, War Democrats and emancipated slaves to fight for the Union. The Union-controlled border states (Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) and Union-controlled regions around New Orleans, Norfolk and elsewhere, were not covered by the Emancipation Proclamation. All abolished slavery on their own, except Kentucky and Delaware._NEWLINE_Since the Emancipation Proclamation was based on the President's war powers, it only included territory held by Confederates at the time. However, the Proclamation became a symbol of the Union's growing commitment to add emancipation to the Union's definition of liberty. The Emancipation Proclamation greatly reduced the Confederacy's hope of getting aid from Britain or France. By late 1864, Lincoln was playing a leading role in getting Congress to vote for the Thirteenth Amendment, which made emancipation universal and permanent. _START_SECTION_ Texas v. White _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Texas v. White, 74 U.S. 700 (1869) the United States Supreme Court ruled that Texas had remained a state ever since it first joined the Union, despite claims that it joined the Confederate States; the court further held that the Constitution did not permit states to unilaterally secede from the United States, and that the ordinances of secession, and all the acts of the legislatures within seceding states intended to give effect to such ordinances, were "absolutely null", under the constitution. _START_SECTION_ Reconstruction _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reconstruction began during the war, with the Emancipation Proclamation of January 1, 1863, and it continued until 1877. It comprised multiple complex methods to resolve the outstanding issues of the war's aftermath, the most important of which were the three "Reconstruction Amendments" to the Constitution, which remain in effect to the present time: the 13th (1865), the 14th (1868) and the 15th (1870). From the Union perspective, the goals of Reconstruction were to consolidate the Union victory on the battlefield by reuniting the Union; to guarantee a "republican form of government for the ex-Confederate states; and to permanently end slavery—and prevent semi-slavery status._NEWLINE_President Johnson took a lenient approach and saw the achievement of the main war goals as realized in 1865, when each ex-rebel state repudiated secession and ratified the Thirteenth Amendment. Radical Republicans demanded proof that Confederate nationalism was dead and that the slaves were truly free. They came to the fore after the 1866 elections and undid much of Johnson's work. In 1872 the "Liberal Republicans" argued that the war goals had been achieved and that Reconstruction should end. They ran a presidential ticket in 1872 but were decisively defeated. In 1874, Democrats, primarily Southern, took control of Congress and opposed any more reconstruction. The Compromise of 1877 closed with a national consensus that the Civil War had finally ended. With the withdrawal of federal troops, however, whites retook control of every Southern legislature; the Jim Crow period of disenfranchisement and legal segregation was about to begin. _START_SECTION_ Post-War Politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Civil War would have a huge impact on American politics in the years to come. Many veterans on the both sides were subsequently elected to political office, including five U. S. Presidents: U. S. Grant, Rutherford B. Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, and William McKinley. _START_SECTION_ Memory and historiography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Civil War is one of the central events in American collective memory. There are innumerable statues, commemorations, books and archival collections. The memory includes the home front, military affairs, the treatment of soldiers, both living and dead, in the war's aftermath, depictions of the war in literature and art, evaluations of heroes and villains, and considerations of the moral and political lessons of the war. The last theme includes moral evaluations of racism and slavery, heroism in combat and heroism behind the lines, and the issues of democracy and minority rights, as well as the notion of an "Empire of Liberty" influencing the world._NEWLINE_Professional historians have paid much more attention to the causes of the war, than to the war itself. Military history has largely developed outside academia, leading to a proliferation of studies by non-scholars who nevertheless are familiar with the primary sources and pay close attention to battles and campaigns, and who write for the general public, rather than the scholarly community. Bruce Catton and Shelby Foote are among the best-known writers. Practically every major figure in the war, both North and South, has had a serious biographical study. Deeply religious Southerners saw the hand of God in history, which demonstrated His wrath at their sinfulness, or His rewards for their suffering. Historian Wilson Fallin has examined the sermons of white and black Baptist preachers after the War. Southern white preachers said:_NEWLINE_God had chastised them and given them a special mission—to maintain orthodoxy, strict biblicism, personal piety, and traditional race relations. Slavery, they insisted, had not been sinful. Rather, emancipation was a historical tragedy and the end of Reconstruction was a clear sign of God's favor._NEWLINE_In sharp contrast, Black preachers interpreted the Civil War as:_NEWLINE_God's gift of freedom. They appreciated opportunities to exercise their independence, to worship in their own way, to affirm their worth and dignity, and to proclaim the fatherhood of God and the brotherhood of man. Most of all, they could form their own churches, associations, and conventions. These institutions offered self-help and racial uplift, and provided places where the gospel of liberation could be proclaimed. As a result, black preachers continued to insist that God would protect and help him; God would be their rock in a stormy land. _START_SECTION_ Lost Cause _START_PARAGRAPH_ Memory of the war in the white South crystallized in the myth of the "Lost Cause": that the Confederate cause was a just and heroic one. The myth shaped regional identity and race relations for generations. Alan T. Nolan notes that the Lost Cause was expressly "a rationalization, a cover-up to vindicate the name and fame" of those in rebellion. Some claims revolve around the insignificance of slavery; some appeals highlight cultural differences between North and South; the military conflict by Confederate actors is idealized; in any case, secession was said to be lawful. Nolan argues that the adoption of the Lost Cause perspective facilitated the reunification of the North and the South while excusing the "virulent racism" of the 19th century, sacrificing African-American progress to a white man's reunification. He also deems the Lost Cause "a caricature of the truth. This caricature wholly misrepresents and distorts the facts of the matter" in every instance. _START_SECTION_ Beardian historiography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The economic and political-power determinism forcefully presented by Charles A. Beard and Mary R. Beard in The Rise of American Civilization (1927) was highly influential among historians and the general public until the civil rights movement of the 1950s and 1960s. The Beards downplayed slavery, abolitionism, and issues of morality. They ignored constitutional issues of states' rights and even ignored American nationalism as the force that finally led to victory in the war. Indeed, the ferocious combat itself was passed over as merely an ephemeral event. Much more important was the calculus of class conflict. The Beards announced that the Civil War was really:_NEWLINE_[A] social cataclysm in which the capitalists, laborers, and farmers of the North and West drove from power in the national government the planting aristocracy of the South._NEWLINE_The Beards themselves abandoned their interpretation by the 1940s and it became defunct among historians in the 1950s, when scholars shifted to an emphasis on slavery. However, Beardian themes still echo among Lost Cause writers. _START_SECTION_ Battlefield preservation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first efforts at Civil War battlefield preservation and memorialization came during the war itself with the establishment of National Cemeteries at Gettysburg, Mill Springs and Chattanooga. Soldiers began erecting markers on battlefields beginning with the First Battle of Bull Run in July 1861, but the oldest surviving monument is the Hazen monument, erected at Stones River near Murfreesboro, Tennessee, in the summer of 1863 by soldiers in Union Col. William B. Hazen's brigade to mark the spot where they buried their dead in the Battle of Stones River. In the 1890s, the United States government established five Civil War battlefield parks under the jurisdiction of the War Department, beginning with the creation of the Chickamauga and Chattanooga National Military Park in Tennessee and the Antietam National Battlefield in Maryland in 1890. The Shiloh National Military Park was established in 1894, followed by the Gettysburg National Military Park in 1895 and Vicksburg National Military Park in 1899. In 1933, these five parks and other national monuments were transferred to the jurisdiction of the National Park Service._NEWLINE_The modern Civil War battlefield preservation movement began in 1987 with the founding of the Association for the Preservation of Civil War Sites (APCWS), a grassroots organization created by Civil War historians and others to preserve battlefield land by acquiring it. In 1991, the original Civil War Trust was created in the mold of the Statue of Liberty/Ellis Island Foundation, but failed to attract corporate donors and soon helped manage the disbursement of U.S. Mint Civil War commemorative coin revenues designated for battlefield preservation. Although the two non-profit organizations joined forces on a number of battlefield acquisitions, ongoing conflicts prompted the boards of both organizations to facilitate a merger, which happened in 1999 with the creation of the Civil War Preservation Trust. In 2011, the organization was renamed, again becoming the Civil War Trust. After expanding its mission in 2014 to include battlefields of the Revolutionary War and War of 1812, the non-profit became the American Battlefield Trust in May 2018, operating with two divisions, the Civil War Trust and the Revolutionary War Trust. From 1987 through May 2018, the Trust and its predecessor organizations, along with their partners, preserved 49,893 acres of battlefield land through acquisition of property or conservation easements at more than 130 battlefields in 24 states._NEWLINE_The five major Civil War battlefield parks operated by the National Park Service (Gettysburg, Antietam, Shiloh, Chickamauga/Chattanooga and Vicksburg) had a combined 3.1 million visitors in 2018, down 70% from 10.2 million in 1970. Attendance at Gettysburg in 2018 was 950,000, a decline of 86% since 1970. _START_SECTION_ Civil War commemoration _START_PARAGRAPH_ The American Civil War has been commemorated in many capacities ranging from the reenactment of battles, to statues and memorial halls erected, to films being produced, to stamps and coins with Civil War themes being issued, all of which helped to shape public memory. This varied advent occurred in greater proportions on the 100th and 150th anniversary._NEWLINE_Hollywood's take on the war has been especially influential in shaping public memory, as seen in such film classics as Birth of a Nation (1915), Gone with the Wind (1939), and more recently Lincoln (2012). Ken Burns produced a notable PBS series on television titled The Civil War (1990). It was digitally remastered and re-released in 2015. _START_SECTION_ Technological significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Numerous technological innovations during the Civil War had a great impact on 19th-century science. The Civil War was one of the earliest examples of an "industrial war", in which technological might is used to achieve military supremacy in a war. New inventions, such as the train and telegraph, delivered soldiers, supplies and messages at a time when horses were considered to be the fastest way to travel. It was also in this war when countries first used aerial warfare, in the form of reconnaissance balloons, to a significant effect. It saw the first action involving steam-powered ironclad warships in naval warfare history. Repeating firearms such as the Henry rifle, Spencer rifle, Colt revolving rifle, Triplett & Scott carbine and others, first appeared during the Civil War; they were a revolutionary invention that would soon replace muzzle-loading and single-shot firearms in warfare, as well as the first appearances of rapid-firing weapons and machine guns such as the Agar gun and the Gatling gun.

10687048352208201544

Q4743415

_START_ARTICLE_ American Classic Voyages _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ American Classic acquired the Delta Queen Steamboat Company, operators of the famous river boat Delta Queen, along with their acquired subsidiary American Hawaii Cruises, who operated the cruise liners Independence and her sister Constitution, in 1993. In the mid 1990s American Classic was in good shape, with the paddle boats of the Delta Queen Steamboat Company often running at maximum passenger capacity, while the American Hawaii Cruises fleet ran at fairly large passenger capacity but had small MARAD repair loans unpaid. In 1996 Constitution, at 45 years of age, was in need of extensive repairs. These repairs were not carried out, and the Constitution sank while under tow to a scrapyard on November 17, 1997, in over 10,000 feet of water. The wreck was unrecoverable, although insurance would cover her loss._NEWLINE_American Classic Voyages then purchased the Holland America Line cruise ship Nieuw Amsterdam and renamed her the Patriot to operate her in Hawaii beginning on December 9, 2000 under the brand name United States Lines, a revival of the original company which had ended operations in 1986. American Classic Voyages then bought the small coastal cruise ships Cape May Light and Cape Cod Light in hopes of starting a new subsidiary company for these vessels called American Coastal Voyages. _START_SECTION_ Project America _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Patriot was reregistered in the United States by special act of Congress as a "stop gap" until a pair of new 72,000 ton cruise ships could be completed in an American shipyard. The decision to relaunch United States Lines was taken, due to the historic connotations of the brand name and the strong association of the American Hawaii brand with its aging ocean liners, being deemed unsuitable for the fresh, modern image American Classic Voyages hoped to create for their Hawaiian operations._NEWLINE_A contract was signed with the Litton-Ingalls yard in Mississippi for construction of the two new ships for United States Lines under the code name Project America. The US government contributed considerable support in the form of loan guarantees, tax credits and a construction mortgage from the Maritime Administration. American Classic Voyages planned to have put six vessels into service by 2004. _START_SECTION_ Bankruptcy _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the September 11 terrorist attacks caused a slump in the cruise industry, the company started losing large amounts of money. A month after the terrorist attacks, in October 2001, American Classic Voyages filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, reporting assets of just over $37 million and liabilities of nearly $453 million. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company released a statement on their website: _NEWLINE_We believe this process will allow us to rebuild our business in the aftermath of the September 11 terrorist attacks and continue our proud tradition as America’s cruise line._NEWLINE_United States Lines, Delta Queen Coastal Voyages, and American Hawaii Cruises immediately ceased operations. amcv.com was taken down by September 21, 2002._NEWLINE_The MS Patriot was laid up and eventually sold back to her original owner, Holland America Line, before being chartered to Louis Cruise Lines and being chartered again to Thomson Holidays. The unfinished Project America hulls were later purchased for US$24 million and completed for Norwegian Cruise Line, the resulting ship being the Pride of America. Additional parts from the other mainly unfinished Project America hull were later refitted onto the Pride of Hawaii. Pride of America continues to sail Hawaiian cruises for NCL America, while Pride of Hawaii was eventually transferred to Norwegian Cruise Line as Norwegian Jade. After years of lay-up in California, the American Hawaii Cruises liner Independence was wrecked while under tow bound for the scrapyard, the remains are being broken up on site._NEWLINE_Cape May Light, performed cruises from April 2001 to October 2001 for Delta Queen Coastal Voyages prior to the bankruptcy, and her unfinished sister ship, Cape Cod Light, were repossessed by the shipyard and eventually sold to International Shipping Partners and renamed Sea Discoverer and Sea Voyager, but remained largely unused for years aside from a charter to the US government to house aid workers after the 2010 Haiti earthquake._NEWLINE_The original Delta Queen Steamboat Company division survived the bankruptcy of American Classic Voyages, being purchased by Delaware North Companies in 2002, along with three of its four riverboats (Delta Queen, Mississippi Queen, and American Queen.)

8198995322615750261

Q60749242

_START_ARTICLE_ American Committee for the Protection of Foreign Born _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ By 1922, groups to defend foreign born communists began to emerge locally, but a National Council for Protection of Foreign Born did not form until May 1926._NEWLINE_In 1933, Roger Nash Baldwin of the American Civil Liberties Union formed the American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born. The committee sought to defend rights of foreign born, especially radicals and Communist Party members, who went otherwise legally undefended. It pursued three avenues: litigation, legislation, and public education._NEWLINE_The US federal government determined that the committee worked closely with the International Labor Defense, legal arm of the Communist Party USA, in turn an arm of the Soviet-formed Communist International and thus supported Party (Soviet) policies._NEWLINE_In the 1930s, the committee campaigned for asylum rights for refugees of European fascism who faced deportation. After the start of the Spanish Civil War in 1936, the committee protected fighters against Francisco Franco who could not (re-)enter the United States legally, e.g., American members of the Abraham Lincoln Brigade._NEWLINE_During World War II, the committee joined the Popular Front in promoting national unity against fascism. It helped Japanese-Americans after internment. It successfully defended CPUSA leader William Schneiderman against cancelation of his naturalization due to communist memberships. It defended Australian-born labor leader Harry Bridges._NEWLINE_During the early Cold War, the US federal government increased its efforts to deport foreign born trade unionists and Communists; it also attacked the committee itself. In June 1948, Attorney General Tom C. Clark added the committee to a Justice Department list of "subversive" organizations. The McCarran Internal Security Act of 1950 and the McCarran-Walter Immigration Act of 1952 targeted foreign born Communist Party members. In 1950, Attorney General Herbert Brownell Jr. asked the Subversive Activities Control Board to make the committee register as a Communist front. In 1951, executive secretary, Abner Green went to imprisoned for six months for refusing to submit names of contributors. In January 1952, Carol Weiss King, general counsel, died. _NEWLINE_From 1955 to 1957, the committee faced a charge of violating charitable laws. In 1957, a New York State Supreme Court ex parte injunction stopped the committee from all activities. The committee reformed as a charitable organization. Although also in 1957, the United States Supreme Court reversed deportation of Charles Rowoldt based on membership in the Communist Party, the committee gave up direct legal defense of foreign born to focus on public opinion and legislation, e.g., revision or repeal of the McCarran-Walter Act._NEWLINE_In the 1960s, the committee focused on discrimination against Mexican immigrants and West Indian workers. It campaigned to establish a statute of limitation, to eliminate supervisory parole, and to defend the free speech and association of foreign born. Specific bills targeted included the Rodino Bill and the Field-Knorr Bill, "both of which proposed the establishment of sanctions against employers of 'illegal' aliens." The committee also defended political asylum for Haitians._NEWLINE_On April 26, 1965, the United States Supreme Court in American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born, Petitioner, v. Subversive Activities Control Board affirmed an order of the Subversive Activities Control Board requiring that the committee, represented by Joseph Forer, must register as a 'Communist-front' organization._NEWLINE_In 1977, the committee helped win right to public education for children of illegally immigrated parents._NEWLINE_In 1982, the National Emergency Civil Liberties Committee absorbed the committee. _START_SECTION_ People _START_PARAGRAPH_ The committee had a small staff. Dwight C. Morgan served as executive secretary from 1933 to 1939. Abner Green succeeded him and served from 1941 to 1959. Carol Weiss King served as general counsel from 1942 to 1952; she also co-founded the International Juridical Association (IJA). Ira Gollobin served as associate counsel from 1936-1966 and then general counsel from 1967 to 1982. _START_SECTION_ Members _START_PARAGRAPH_ Members or individuals affiliated with the American Committee for Protection of Foreign Born included: Albert Einstein, Bela Lugosi, Rex Stout, Emily Balch, Donald Ogden Stewart, Joris Ivens, Edward G. Robinson, Jacob Ben Ami, Zlatko Balokovic, Bay Lev, Maurice Hindus, Emil Lengyel, Max Lerner, Ella Winter, Maxim Kopf, Pachita Crespi, Yasuo Kuniyoshi, Li Yu Ying, Bela Schick, Vilhjalmur Stefansson, Charles Collins, Hugo Ernst, Leo Krzycki, Michael Obermeier, Michael Quill, Ira DeA Reid, Vito Marcantonio, Canada Lee, William Rose Benet, Dr. Aaron Bodansky, Irene Bordoni, Louis B. Boudin, Henrietta Buckmaster, Morris Carnovsky, Aaron Copland, Kyle Crichton, Joseph Curran, Henry Pratt Fairchild, Abram Flaxer, Langston Hughes, George Jessel, Emil Ludwig, Frederic March (and Florence Eldridge), Dudley Nichols, Olga Petrova, Arthur Upham Pope, Louis S. Posner, Adam Clayton Powell Jr., Elmer Rice, Paul Robeson, Doris Rosenthal, Lisa Sergio, Frank Tuttle, Orson Welles, Max Yergan, Blanche Yurka, William Zorach, James A. Baker, Hugh De Lacey, Leo Eloesser, Guy Endore, Edward L. Parsons, Reid Robinson, Maxwell S. Stewart, Theodore Dreiser, Mary McLeod Bethune, Franz Boas, Van Wyck Brooks, Thomas F. Ford, Frank P. Graham, Sidney Hillman, Rockwell Kent, Robert Morss Lovett, Sidney Lovett, Henry N. MacCracken, Francis J. McConnell, Culbert L. Olson, Max Radin, Walter Rautenstrauch, Rose Schneiderman, Guy Emery Shipler, Harry F. Ward, Mary E. Wooley, Pearl M. Hart, Carey Me Williams, Thomas Addis, Sophonisba Breckinridge, Henry Cohen, Stephen Fritchman, Aline Davis Hays, Carol King, Edgar A. Lowther, Lewis Merrill, Stanley Nowak, Max C. Putney, Adolph J. Sabath, George Seldes, Peter Shipka, Herman Shumlin, Curt Swinburne, Donald Henderson, Manuel Buaken, Frederick N. Myers, Frederick V. Field, Lewis Alan Berne, Joseph Cadden, Martha Dodd, Muriel Draper, Abram Flaxer, Alexander Meiklejohn, Genevieve Taggard, John B. Thompson, Oswald Garrison Villard, J. Raymond Walsh, Art Young, Louis Adamic, and James Waterman Wise._NEWLINE_Joseph Freeman (writer) a member, as wel Mady Christians.

7610137484643274772

Q4743601

_START_ARTICLE_ American Dental Volunteers for Israel _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Founded in 1972, by Dr. Robert S. Breakstone, ADVI was the first organization to establish a framework in which American dental professionals could volunteer their services in Israel. Its mission was to provide free high-level professional dental care for Israelis primarily on Kibbutzim. ADVI was set up after Dr. Breakstone first volunteered on Kibbutz Sha'ar HaAmakim in 1970. Upon returning to the USA he established ADVI, and was able to secure the cooperation of the emissary of the Kibbutz Aliyah Desk in New York City in placing hundreds of dentists who were prepared to offer their services for a minimum of two weeks each year in return for modest accommodations on a Kibbutz. _NEWLINE_Eight years later in 1980, a parallel organization, Dental Volunteers for Israel (DVI)_NEWLINE_was created to provide free dental services to poor children in Israeli urban settings. With Holocaust Survivor Trudi Birger at the helm, DVI founders established the free Jerusalem clinic, the sole remaining clinic in Israel where foreign dentists may legally volunteer. _NEWLINE_ADVI slowly phased out in the late 1990s, in good part because of a feeling from the Ministry of Health that Israel was by then producing enough dentists to fill the country's needs. ADVI donated a large share of its remaining funds to DVI and a plaque was hung in the Trudi Birger Clinic to honor ADVI leaders: Dr Robert Breakstone (Founder and President from 1973-1983), Paul Jarmon (President from 1984-1993), and Robert E. Lewis (President from 1993-1997). _START_SECTION_ Membership _START_PARAGRAPH_ At its height ADVI was sending between 200 and 300 dentists a year to Israel, with an estimated 1500 dental volunteers throughout its existence.

17289202950331309617

Q55393585

_START_ARTICLE_ American Epic: The Best of The Carter Family _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the pre-production of the American Epic films, film director Bernard MacMahon and producers and co-writers Duke Erikson and Allison McGourty created a series of compilation album releases exploring the music of some of the performers featured in the documentaries. MacMahon stated that “the Carter Family’s story is central to the whole notion of country music, and it has been told in many ways, but we were particularly interested in them because so much of early country music was recorded by male artists, and to us the Carter Family is very much a female group.” MacMahon opened the film with the Carter Family’s story showing how they were one of the most important country acts discovered at the legendary Bristol Sessions in 1927. The Bristol recording sessions are widely regarded as “the Big Bang of country music.” A significant motivation for releasing the album was the sonic breakthrough that the American Epic film sound department had made in transferring and restoring the old shellac 78rpm discs for the film’s soundtrack. _START_SECTION_ Compilation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The album collects performances from the Carter Family's recording sessions for Victor Records and Bluebird Records between 1927 and 1933. It includes three of their first commercial recordings for Ralph Peer at the Bristol Sessions, “The Wandering Boy”, “The Poor Orphan Child” and “Bury Me Under the Weeping Willow”. It features songs about historical events like “Engine One-Forty-Three” about the train wreck of Chesapeake and Ohio Railway's Fast Flying Virginian near Hinton, West Virginia on 23 October 1890 and “John Hardy Was a Desperate Little Man” about the hanging of a railroad worker, John Hardy, on January 19, 1894 after he shot Thomas Drews over a dispute in a craps game in Keystone, West Virginia in 1893. The album includes songs that would be covered by many subsequent acts and have become country music standards like “Wildwood Flower” and “Keep on The Sunny Side”. The compilation also contains religious songs in the band’s early repertoire like “When the World’s on Fire” along with blues numbers like “Worried Man Blues” as well as Appalachian ballads like “Lonesome Valley”, “The Foggy Mountain Top” and “Sweet Fern”. All the songs are credited as being written by A.P. Carter who searched for material on frequent song hunting trips throughout the Appalachians where he uncovered and adapted old folk songs, although Sara Carter stated in a 1978 interview that she and Maybelle Carter were also responsible for finding many of their early songs in their recorded repertoire. _START_SECTION_ Restoration _START_PARAGRAPH_ New sound restoration techniques developed for the American Epic film series were utilized to restore the fifteen recordings on the album. The 78rpm record transfers were made by sound engineer Nicholas Bergh using reverse engineering techniques garnered from working with the restored first electrical sound recording system from the 1920s in The American Epic Sessions. This was followed by meticulous sound restoration on these 1920s recordings, by sound engineers Peter Henderson and Joel Tefteller, to reveal greater fidelity, presence, and clarity than had been heard before. Some of the recordings were repressed from the original metal parts, which the audio team located whilst researching the films. Henderson explained, "in some cases we were lucky enough to get some metal parts – that’s the originals where they were cut to wax and the metal was put into the grooves and the discs were printed from those back in the '20s. Some of those still exist – Sony had some of them in their vaults." _START_SECTION_ Release _START_PARAGRAPH_ The album was released on June 16, 2017, one month after the US broadcast of American Epic: The Big Bang, the first film in the American Epic series, which included the Carter Family’s story. The album was issued as a download by Sony Legacy and a vinyl LP by Third Man Records. _START_SECTION_ Critical reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The album was described by The Village Voice as featuring “re-mastering I can only call profound. Performances you might think you knew sound as if you’ve never heard them before — never apprehended them.” Simon Cosyns in The Sun commented that the recordings were “in their best ever quality, in an operation likened to fine art restoration.” Ian Anderson reviewing the work in fRoots added, “you haven’t really heard these tracks at all. Not like this. Forget bad dubs of worn-out 78s pressed on poor vinyl. The ‘reverse engineering’ transfers by Nicholas Bergh and subsequent restorations are so startlingly better, practically everything you will ever have experienced from this era can be discounted and CD is the best way to hear them. The clarity of group recordings where every instrument is well defined, and their instruments and voices suddenly sound real, will have you on the edge of your seat. And there’s none of that fog of 78 surface noise which many people find too much of a distraction: suddenly, legendary artists are in the room with you.”

7552959770354570580

Q4743877

_START_ARTICLE_ American Gamelan Institute _START_PARAGRAPH_ The American Gamelan Institute (AGI) is an organization devoted to promoting and documenting all forms of gamelan, the performing arts of Indonesia, and their international counterparts._NEWLINE_The Institute was founded in Berkeley, California in 1981; the office moved to New Hampshire in 1990. AGI publishes scores, recordings, monographs, translations and other material. AGI has an online library with a wide variety of monographs, collections of notation, and a font for the cipher notation commonly used for gamelan, called KepatihanPro. These materials may be freely downloaded for educational use. AGI maintains an extensive archive of notation and scores for both new and traditional gamelan music, scholarly writings on gamelan, as well as audio and video recordings. Its founder and director is the composer and gamelan musician Jody Diamond. The organization's scope includes gamelan music as practiced in Indonesia as well as around the world. The journal Balungan was started in 1984 to encourage a dialog between artists and scholars involved in gamelan. Current and back issues of Balungan are on line, and many libraries have subscriptions. The sixteenth issue was printed in December 2010._NEWLINE_The Institute also has a podcast, called Gongcast and hosts directories _NEWLINE_of gamelan groups around the world. The directories for North America (Canada and the U.S.), are maintained by Barbara Benary. _NEWLINE_In the early 1990s, AGI produced three gamelan festivals called "Planet Gamelan."_NEWLINE_The American Gamelan Institute is the publisher of all gamelan works by the American composer Lou Harrison, who built gamelan instruments with his partner William Colvig.

4732344277467727630

Q14554266

_START_ARTICLE_ American Idol (season 13) _START_SECTION_ Changes _START_PARAGRAPH_ There were a number of other major changes in the season, from the judges to the format of the show itself including the opening intro, which used the "Gyroscope 2.0". On May 9, 2013, Randy Jackson announced that he would no longer serve as a judge. On May 30, 2013, Mariah Carey and Nicki Minaj also announced they would not return to the judging panel. On August 1, 2013, it was confirmed that Keith Urban would return as a judge for another season. Executive producers Nigel Lythgoe and Ken Warwick were succeeded by Per Blankens, previously of Idol, the Swedish version of the Idols format. On June 25, 2013, it was confirmed that producers Jesse Ignjatovic and Evan Prager would join Blankens as executive producers of the show. Bill DeRonde replaced Warwick as a director of the audition episodes, and Louis J. Horvitz also replaced Gregg Gelfand as a director of the show, who had been directing since the sixth season. Fox television executive Mike Darnell who helped launch American Idol in 2002 left as programming head of Fox, and Fox Sports executive David Hill was hired to oversee the series. Rickey Minor returned to the show as musical director after having left at the end of the ninth season to go to The Tonight Show with Jay Leno._NEWLINE_In August 2013, Jennifer Lopez's boyfriend Casper Smart stated Lopez would be returning as an American Idol judge. On August 22, 2013, it was reported that Jimmy Iovine would not return as the in-house mentor for this season, but he is to be replaced by former judge Randy Jackson. On August 30, 2013, The Hollywood Reporter wrote that Harry Connick, Jr. signed a deal to join the panel as the third judge and that Simon Fuller held a party the night before with all three judges on hand to toast the forthcoming announcement. On September 3, 2013, Lopez and Connick Jr. were officially announced as judges for this season along with the confirmation of Jackson being the new mentor. Lopez is the first American Idol judge to return after leaving at the end of the eleventh season. It was also later reported that Idol alumni Adam Lambert and Chris Daughtry would be assisting Jackson in mentoring the contestants._NEWLINE_In a rules change from past seasons, semifinalists from the twelfth season (but not previous seasons) who were not in the top 10, nor on the tour and the age limit past above 28, were eligible to return, provided they met all other requirements. This season the viewers may also vote for their favorite contestants via Google Search, bringing the total number of ways the viewers can vote to five (the other four methods were by phone, texting, supervote online on americanidol.com and with American Idol App on mobile devices), with the number of votes limited to 50 for each method of voting. This season AT&T ended their sponsorship and it is therefore possible to text-vote with other service providers. Idol teamed up with Facebook to present "on-air visualizations" showing real-time East Coast voting developments, including live "demographic voting trends and relative contestant rankings". Voting may also start as soon as the performance shows start this season, and real time vote rankings were shown while the show is still in progress, and each contestant were assigned the same telephone number all through the competition. _START_SECTION_ Hollywood week _START_PARAGRAPH_ A special "Hollywood or Home" round was introduced this season whereby contestants were eliminated soon after they have landed in LAX airport before they even reached Hollywood. 52 contestants the judges were uncertain of performed solo in an airplane hangar, and 32 were sent back to the airport. The 160 contestants left then proceeded on to Hollywood and performed solo in the Dolby Theatre in groups of ten. After this round, 104 contestants remained where they performed in groups of three or four. 77 contestants went through to a further solo round._NEWLINE_The Hollywood rounds ended with a Top 30 being announced on February 12 and 13, 2014. However, a new twist was added and the judges chose only 15 girls and 14 boys, with the "15th boy" to be chosen by the voting public. The options were Ben Briley or Neco Starr. The result of the vote and the name of the public's choice to complete the Top 30 was announced on February 18. Ben Briley made the Top 30. _START_SECTION_ Semi-finals _START_PARAGRAPH_ The semi-finals round started on February 18. The three-day event on February 18, 19 and 20 was marketed as "Rush Week." Below are the two semi-final groups (females and males) with contestants listed in their performance order. The top five males and the top five females, along with the three wild card choices by the judges, advanced to the finals._NEWLINE_In a controversial twist, the judges eliminated five of each gender before they even had a chance to perform in front of the live studio audience. The females started the semifinal round, and the males continued on following night's episode, and the contestants performed songs of their choice (there was no particular theme). _START_SECTION_ Finals _START_PARAGRAPH_ In this season, there are 13 weeks of the finals and 13 finalists, with one finalist eliminated per week based on the American public's votes. Kelly Clarkson's "Breakaway" is used as the send-off song played when a contestant is eliminated, using the eliminated contestant's version of the song (except Caleb Johnson, Jena Irene, Sam Woolf, and Majesty Rose). Former judge Randy Jackson replaced Jimmy Iovine as the weekly mentor to the contestants. _START_SECTION_ Caleb Johnson comment _START_PARAGRAPH_ During his interview with AfterBuzz TV following the Top 5 elimination show, Caleb Johnson made offensive remarks about his fans who tweet him song suggestions. "[Twitter] gives access to a bunch of retards to talk to me," Caleb said. "I don't really enjoy having to see somebody telling me what song I have to sing. I think at this point of the competition, I can pick and choose my own songs and represent me. I don't need 10,000 people saying, 'You should sing this, you should sing that. Listen to me!' Fortunately, guys, I'm going to listen to myself, whether you like it or not." _NEWLINE_His comment has been described as "arrogant", with some fans turning against him. After his fans expressed outrage on Twitter, Caleb issued an apology on his Facebook page. "For the record that juvenile comment I made in the interview was not directed towards my fans but to the wackos that send hundreds of hate messages a day to me! You guys are amazing and I cannot thank you enough for your support. Sorry if it offended anybody it was the wrong choice of words. Also I greatly appreciate it when you guys give me song suggestions but it gets really overwhelming at the volume it comes in so please understand ! Rock on !:)" _START_SECTION_ Critical response _START_PARAGRAPH_ Harry Connick Jr. was lauded for his performance as a judge. USA Today, Rolling Stone, and MTV all claimed that he "stole the spotlight" during the season premiere with his humor and knowledgeable feedback. Kristin Dos Santos of E! Online suggested that Connick Jr. could save the struggling show. She called him better than Simon Cowell, writing that while he is "brutally honest", he also shows heart. Robert Rorke of the New York Post wrote that Connick Jr. was unlikely to "save" American Idol, but also wrote that he made the show watchable again by bringing class and keeping the focus on the contestants._NEWLINE_The "Rush Week" twist was not well received by critics. As described by Lyndsey Parker of Yahoo TV, "The other five just sat backstage for a couple hours (while their loved ones sat in the audience), waited in vain for their names to be called, and eventually went home."_NEWLINE_Furthermore, Amy Reiter of the L.A. Times stated, "Like the women, once 10 of the guys were given the chance to compete for our votes, the five remaining...were collectively shuffled before us, looking stunned and solemn, and then sent home, this time with a few tepidly encouraging parting words from the judges."

16480894604844923874

Q4744418

_START_ARTICLE_ American Medical Missionary College _START_PARAGRAPH_ American Medical Missionary College was a Seventh-day Adventist College in Battle Creek, Michigan. It grew out of classes offered at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. It existed from 1895 until 1910. It also ran classes in Chicago, Illinois. In the latter year it was merged with Illinois State University. _START_SECTION_ Philosophy and Objectives _START_PARAGRAPH_ Education of Medical Missionaries_NEWLINE_"The American Medical Missionary College, with a full and thorough course of study in medicine and a corps of efficient instructors, and being incorporated under the laws of Illinois, prepared to issue diplomas to those who should satisfactorily complete the course, was the first medical missionary college established, and, as far as we know, is the only one at present in existence which has exclusively for its purpose the education of medical missionaries, unless Dr. Valentine's medical school in North India may be an exception..." _NEWLINE_ Free tuition "By action of the Sanitarium board, it was agreed that if the physicians employed in the Sanitarium would undertake to fill the position of professors, without salaries, the board would undertake to meet the incidental running expenses, so as to make the school a free school for all who were ready to devote their lives to the relief of suffering humanity, and to the propagation of the principles of the greater gospel, which offers salvation for the body as well as for the soul." _NEWLINE_ Non-sectarian _NEWLINE_Kellogg intended for the American Medical Missionary College to be non-sectarian in its teaching and clinical work. This meant that the distinctive Seventh-day Adventist doctrinal views would not be promoted at the institution. Others, in Adventist leadership, strongly disagreed with Dr. Kellogg on this (citation to be added.) In 1897, Dr. Kellogg described the AMMC's philosophy:_NEWLINE_"No students are received except those who have dedicated their lives to medical missionary work, and are under the supervision of some properly constituted missionary board. The institution, although Christian, is not sectarian, but is intensely evangelical. Sectarian doctrines are not included in its curriculum, and the benefits of its work are not confined within denominational lines." _START_SECTION_ The Movement to Train Medical Missionaries Before 1885 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Common Features of Medical Missionary Societies: They focused on sending out properly trained Christian medical doctors to serve as missionaries. They provided accommodation and financing for students as they worked on their medical education. They held a high standard of Christian commitment for their students._NEWLINE_The Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society In 1841, a group of doctors formed the Edinburgh Association for Sending Medical Aid to Foreign Countries to 'circulate information on medical mission; help other institutions engaged in the same work and assist as many Missionary stations as their funds would permit.' The name of the association was changed in 1843 to The Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society – a name which lasted until 2002 when it was split into two separate Charities - EMMS International and The Nazareth Trust."_NEWLINE_On August 12, 1875, The Christian, a weekly periodical, in a section entitled 'Medical Missions' reported a growing interest in medical mission work. At a recent Mildmay Conference they reported on a speech by Dr. Saunders, of the London Medical Mission. In his opening remarks Saunders spoke of the ready access a medical missionary has to classes from which the clergyman and other evangelistic labourers are ordinarily excluded. Saunders said that people from Birmingham, Liverpool, Paris, Madrid, and Eastern Africa all have requested the help of medical missionaries. The Christian also reported on a talk given by Mr. Meacham, Superintendent of the Medical Mission in Manchester, England. Meacham said that medical missionaries were able to go down into the deeper depths of sin and misery than other people could. Their medical knowledge gave them insight into the spiritual state of their patients. This allowed them to win confidence and awaken conviction, and then to lead them to become Christians._NEWLINE_Another speaker at the same conference, Rev. J. Lowe, Superintendent of the Medical Mission Training Institute, Edinburgh, told of his work in Travancore. When in India himself, he would see as many as 200 at a time on the verandah of his bungalow. He said that in the waiting room of the Mission Medical Dispensary, caste broke down. The Brahman, Sudra, and Pariah, the worshipper of Brahma, Siva, and Vishnu, the Protestant and the Roman Catholic, all stand together, side by side, listening to the medical missionaries tell the stories of Jesus._NEWLINE_In Edinburgh fifty young men had been trained for medical mission work. They had been sent out by various missionary societies. It was proposed that a Livingstone Medical Mission Memorial should be erected in Edinburgh, in the form of a training institute._NEWLINE_The New York Medical Missionary Society_NEWLINE_"THE WORK OF THE NEW YORK MEDICAL MISSIONARY SOCIETY._NEWLINE_"We have received a courteous letter from Dr. George D. Dowkontt, of this city, Medical Superintendent of the New York Medical Missionary "Home and Institute," regarding the subject of "specially trained medical missionaries," to which we referred in our issue of March 6. Dr. Dowkontt pleads the cause of the specially educated medical missionary. The great need of medical and surgical aid in heathen lands, and the great missionary value of such aid, are referred to, while the scarcity of men both willing and fitted to go is insisted upon. It was for these reasons that the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society was founded in 1841, and the New York Medical Missionary Society in 1881. The peculiar need for the existence of the latter society, we are told, lies in the fact that medical missionaries must be particularly well educated medically, and American medical colleges are not good enough, and do not furnish sufficient training. Our correspondent adds:_NEWLINE_" 'Allow me to say, in conclusion, that there is great force in the suggestion you made, that we could well spare two thousand out of the four thousand physicians annually graduated in America; and this is forcibly shown in the fact that while in 1880 there was one doctor to 585 people in the United States, there was only one medical missionary to nearly ten millions of the heathen._NEWLINE_" 'You observe that these could well be spared to go_NEWLINE_forth and disseminate the gospel. Would to God they were able and willing so to do, then we need not exist; but they must first possess this gospel in their own hearts and lives to be able to disseminate it, and they must further be actuated by the spirit of self-denial which characterized the Great Physician for body and soul, the Lord Jesus Christ, before they will be willing to do so._NEWLINE_" 'Thank God for the noble men of our profession who have gone forth to heathen lands, as Scudder to India, Parker to China, Livingstone to Africa, and Post to Syria, but oh! for more such men who are willing rather to live to give, than to get._NEWLINE_" 'At the same time, I would not overlook the good work done by Christian physicians at home, work seldom recognized at its full worth, such as our late President, Dr. Alfred C. Post, and others."_NEWLINE_Dr. Gordon D. Dowkontt _NEWLINE_Dr. Gordon D. Dowkontt established the New York Medical Missionary Society and then the International Medical Missionary Society. These societies provided housing and financial sponsorships for medical students attending medical school. The purpose was to send out medical doctors as trained missionaries to serve anywhere in the world. Dr. Kellogg's similar efforts with students from the Sanitarium suggest that he was aware of Dr. Dowkontt's enterprise. Later, Dr. Dowkontt managed Kellogg's American Medical Missionary College. The Dowkontt's promotion of non-denomiantional mission work seems to have influenced Dr. Kellogg to do the same. (citation to be added) _START_SECTION_ 1885 - 1895 _START_PARAGRAPH_ 1890, The Sanitarium Medical Missionary School_NEWLINE_In November 1891, Good Health reported:_NEWLINE_"THE Sanitarium Medical Missionary School for the training of young men and women to act as missionary canvassers, teachers of cooking-schools, physical culture, lecturers on hygiene, and _NEWLINE_in similar lines of work, opened November 2, with nearly fifty students, a much larger number than has appeared at the opening on any previous occasion. The eminently practical character of the instruction given in the school, and the success with which the efforts of those who have taken the course of instruction in the two previous sessions have been attended, have developed an increasing interest in the work of this educational institution. It is very satisfactory to know that those who are taking the course the present year, are all, without exception, prepared to devote their whole energies to the work as soon as they have acquired a proper preparation for it." _NEWLINE_In 1891, Dr. John Harvey Kellogg arranged for qualified students connected to the Battle Creek Sanitarium to take medical training at the University of Michigan Medical School in Ann Arbor, Michigan. He provided these sponsored students with a residence home under the care of D. H. and Loretta Kress._NEWLINE_"THE editor (J. H. Kellogg) recently visited the Sanitarium Medical Class at Ann Arbor. He found there a happy family of medical students, numbering nearly twenty, all enjojing good health, evidently prospering in their studies, and enjoying greatly the opportunities for preparing themselves for future usefulness. The friends of sanitary reform have great expectations respecting the young men and women who constitute this class, and when their course of study is completed, they will be warmly welcomed to the ranks of workers in the cause of sanitary and hygienic reform, which is very sadly in need of recruits. " _NEWLINE_The Agra Medical Missionary Training Institute under the leadership of Dr. Colin S. Valentine provided similar accommodations for native students in Agra, India. In 1886, Dr. P.T. Wilson wrote: "For more than three years I have had charge of the Agra Medical Missionary Training Institution, which simply gives a Christian home to native Christian young men who come to Agra to pursue a course in the Government Agra Medical School. At present we have ten students who avail themselves of this home. During the past year the Edinburgh Medical Missionary Society has taken over this Institution and Rev. Dr. Colin S. Valentine is expected to return from furlough and assume charge in the autumn." _START_SECTION_ 1895 - 1902 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Illinois legislature granted a charter to The American Medical Missionary College in 1895. The American Medical Missionary College taught students both in Battle Creek and in Chicago. The Chicago education took place in conjunction with the Chicago Medical Mission. _START_SECTION_ 1903 - 1910 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dr. Kellogg and the Seventh-day Adventist Church experienced serious difficulties with each other. Kellogg was no longer a member of the church after 1907. After Battle Creek College moved to Berrien Springs in 1901/1902, many Seventh-day Adventists stopped sending their young people to Battle Creek for an education. The lack of Seventh-day Adventist support affected both the attendance and the financial support for the College. The AMMC declined in enrollment and developed significant debts._NEWLINE_Yet, in 1908, the following news item appeared in the November issue of the Missionary Review of the World. The Review and Herald presented it as a news quote:_NEWLINE_" 'The Battle Creek Sanitarium, with which this college [the American Medical Missionary College] under Dr. George D. Dowkontt (See New York Medical Missionary Society quote above.) is connected, has severed its connection with the Seventh-day Adventists, and Dr. Kellogg is no longer a member of that body. Last year four students were graduated, but already this year the college has begun with forty students, including Presbyterians, Methodists, Baptists, Congregationalists, Episcopalians, and others. ' "

6295684182736585603

Q19859744

_START_ARTICLE_ American Music Award for Favorite Country Single _START_PARAGRAPH_ The American Music Award for Favorite Country Single is a major music industry award that was created in 1974. However, the award was discontinued after 1995._NEWLINE_Years reflect the year in which the American Music Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year._NEWLINE_The all-time winner of awards in this category was Kenny Rogers. Rogers won a total of 5 AMA Favorite Country Single trophies, two of which were shared as part of a duet with Dolly Parton.

8458243489093838708

Q4744843

_START_ARTICLE_ American River Parkway _START_PARAGRAPH_ The American River Parkway is a 32-mile (51 km) parkway that runs along the American River throughout Sacramento County, California and consists of many smaller parks and boat launching points. It can be accessed by various exits off U.S. Route 50 in Sacramento County. _START_SECTION_ American River Parkway Foundation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The American River Parkway Foundation is a non profit that "supports the preservation and enjoyment of the American River Parkway by fostering environmental education, stewardship and volunteer opportunities." Its headquarters is located at the William B. Pond Recreation Area in Carmichael. Construction on the new headquarters which is a single story 1800 square feet building that serves as a central location for all foundation related activities finished in 2004. _START_SECTION_ Discovery Park _START_PARAGRAPH_ Discovery Park is a 302-acre (1.22 km²) park located just outside Downtown Sacramento, at the confluence of the American River and the Sacramento River, accessible by taking the Garden Highway exit off Interstate 5. Discovery Park is the trailhead for the 32-mile (51 km) long Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail which continues all the way to Folsom through the historic Leidesdorff Ranch. Other activities include softball fields, an archery range, a picnic area and boat ramps. _START_SECTION_ Ancil Hoffman Park _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ancil Hoffman Park is a major 396-acre (1.60 km²) park located in Carmichael, California, accessible by taking the Watt Avenue exit off Highway 50. Named after a Sacramento County Supervisor and manager to the famous boxer Max Baer, the park has many ancient oaks and is bordered on two sides by the American River. Major attractions include reconstructed Maidu Native American homes, the Ancil Hoffman Golf Course and the Effie Yeaw Nature Center. Many varieties of animals can be seen in Ancil Hoffman Park including wild turkey, deer, and hawks. _START_SECTION_ River Bend Park _START_PARAGRAPH_ River Bend Park is a 444-acre (1.80 km²) county regional park located near where the river bends in Rancho Cordova. It is accessible by taking the Bradshaw Road exit off of Highway 50. It was formerly known as Goethe Park but due to controversy surrounding C.M. Goethe, the park was renamed in 2008. It is one of Sacramento County's oldest regional parks and was one of the three original areas along the parkway that the county acquired between 1961 and 1964. Located on the Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail, it is just across the Harold Richey Bicycle Bridge from William B. Pond Recreation Area. _START_SECTION_ William B. Pond Recreation Area _START_PARAGRAPH_ William B. Pond Recreation Area is a county regional park located at the end of Arden Way in Carmichael. It is located along the Jedediah Smith Memorial Trail and is just across the Harold Richey Bicycle Bridge from River Bend Park. The area is home to a man-made fishing pond stocked with trout and catfish and is also home to bass, bluegill and tule perch. According to the county, there are many habitats to explore, from riverside forests and fields to warm ponds and swift, chilly rapids. _START_SECTION_ Watt Avenue Access Park _START_PARAGRAPH_ Watt Avenue Access Park (River Walk Access) is located where Watt Avenue and La Riviera Drive intersect. It is accessible by taking the Watt Avenue exit off of Highway 50, continuing on to La Riviera Drive._NEWLINE_This area is home to the mysterious "Rock Artist" who leaves piles of rocks in decorative formations that can sometimes be seen from the street above._NEWLINE_It is a popular spot for boating, swimming, wading, and fishing. Swimmers and waders are cautioned to take care in while swimming in this area, and this park access is equipped with a life jacket "loaner" station. There are many life vests displayed, of various sizes, that can be taken for use and replaced when the park visitor is finished with it. Other amenities include a large parking area, restroom, and a water fountain.

17201783707327894623

Q4744945

_START_ARTICLE_ American School of Recife _START_SECTION_ Organization _START_PARAGRAPH_ The School is governed by a 7-member Board of Directors elected for a 2-year term by the General Assembly composed of the parents of children enrolled in the school. The School is not incorporated in the United States. It is officially registered in the State of Pernambuco as a Civil Society with tax-exempt status under Brazilian law. _START_SECTION_ Curriculum _START_PARAGRAPH_ The curriculum is mainly that of U.S. general academic, preparatory schools. Instruction is in English. All students above pre-kindergarten are required to study Portuguese. English-as-a-second-language and Portuguese-as-a-second-language are offered to students who are not proficient in either language. Physical education is required for all students. Electives include subjects such as Model United Nations, French, Spanish, genetics, computer courses, art, drama, music, photography, journalism and AP courses. The School is accredited by the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is recognized by the State of Pernambuco Department of Education. Most of the graduates go on to colleges and universities in the United States, Europe, or Brazil. _START_SECTION_ Faculty _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 2003-2004 school year, there are 25 full-time and 8 part-time faculty members, including 14 U.S. citizens, 14 Brazilians, and 5 third-country nationals. _START_SECTION_ Enrollment _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the beginning of the 2003-2004 school year, enrollment was 269 (PK-K: 20; grades 1-5: 107; grades 6-8: 73; and grades 9-12: 69). Of the total, 20 were U.S. citizens, 190 were host-country nationals, and 59 were third-country nationals. _START_SECTION_ Facilities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The school occupies an 8.5 acre (34,000 m²) site in a residential area of Recife. The elementary and high schools are in separate buildings. Facilities include 32 classrooms, a science laboratory, a music room, a small theater, a technology lab, a library, a cafeteria, a lunch area, a covered court, a faculty resource center, a maintenance building, the principal’s office, the guidance counselor’s office, the infirmary, administrative offices, a soccer field, exercise room, and playgrounds. _START_SECTION_ Finances _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 2003-2004 school year, almost all income derives from tuition. Annual tuition rates are as follows, in U.S. dollars: Early Childhood: $2,667; PK-5: $5,736; and grades 6-12: $6,168. A one-time contribution of $2,000 to the Capital Improvement Fund is paid upon entry. There is an initial registration fee of $120 and a $60 re-registration fee at the end of each school year for each student continuing in the school. Materials and book fee for the Early Childhood Program is $374, and $528 for PK-12th grade paid annually. _START_SECTION_ Sports _START_PARAGRAPH_ The EAR is home of the Recife Eagles. The Eagles have a long history of victories in a tournament called the Friendship Tournament. There are two Friendship Tournaments a year, one being called the "mini" Friendship Tournament and the other one called the "big" Friendship Tournament. The "mini" tournament only involves the EAR, the Pan-American School of Bahia (PASB), and sometimes a guest school. The "big" tournament involves the PASB, the Escola Americana de Belo Horizonte (EABH), and the International School of Curitiba. Only international or bilingual schools from Brazil engage in this event.

6306053675951019562

Q15046618

_START_ARTICLE_ American Vagabond _START_SECTION_ Content _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starring James Temple and Tyler Johnson, the documentary is a story of how Temple and Johnson's move to San Francisco because Temple's parents have kicked him out of home for being gay. Very soon the city, which they had envisioned as their promised one, reveals its harsh reality as they end up homeless. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film won the Q Hugo Jury Special Prize at the Chicago International Film Festival, where it also had its North American Premier. It also won the best Documentary Film Jury Award at the Rochester ImageOut Festival. The film was nominated for the Best Nordic Documentary Film Award at the Nordisk Panorama Festival 2013 and was selected into the Masters section of the International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam, IDFA 2013._NEWLINE_The film was screened at the 2013 Visions du Réel festival, the DOKLeipzig International Documentary Film Festival 2013, Montreal International Documentary Festival, RIDM 2013, and many other festivals. _NEWLINE_Farihah Zaman praised the film as a standout at the Montreal International Documentary Film Festival in her review in Filmmaker Magazine: "In Vagabond, her main subject becomes a collaborator in telling the story of his life, having crafted it over time in a series of emails with Helke. Helke also shifts perspective from one of the runaways to his mother at a crucial point, an act of compassion that breaks down the notion of easy blame or villainy as the boys are failed by one system after another. At this Canadian festival, a Finnish filmmaker shattered the illusion of the American dream." _NEWLINE_"American Vagabond emanates from an America where parents can't reconcile ingrained religious beliefs with their homosexual, flesh-and-blood children. James' folks eventually do, but it's not the happy ending any of them (or the viewer) could have anticipated. To her credit, Helke doesn't pander to a European TV audience's appetite for reality TV-style ugliness or sordidness", Michael Fox writes in the Bay Area KQED Arts Section. _NEWLINE_In the Finnish media Jouni Vikman, writing for Episodi.fi, gave the film four starts out five, praising Helke's ability to keep the film's focus on the subject. Leena Virtanen of Nyt, a weekly entertainment supplement to Helsingin Sanomat, similarly rated the film worth four out five stars, praising the use of difficult methods to appeal to the viewer. She also praised the cohesion of the story amid the split between the first part focusing on the couple and their soul sisters and brothers and the second, focusing on Temple's and Johnson's parents._NEWLINE_It was pitched prior to completion at the 2010 Sheffield Doc/Fest MeetMarket.

4585430342681641064

Q16238655

_START_ARTICLE_ Amersham A Cappella _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The chorus was formed in January 1982 by Ian Stone – a member of the local men's barbershop group, initially as the "wives and girlfriends" of that chorus. The group was called Chiltern Harmony, and under Ian Stone's direction, became members of LABBS (The Ladies' Association of British Barbershop Singers) later that year. Over the next few years the chorus grew in number and won a number of accolades as chorus directorship was passed from Ian Stone to Wendy Searle to Gay McBride, and is currently directed by Helen Lappert._NEWLINE_In 2007, to match the young, dynamic vibe of the chorus, the group changed its name to Amersham A Cappella, the name by which the chorus is known today. _START_SECTION_ Accolades and Appearances _START_PARAGRAPH_ The accolades won by the chorus are numerous: three gold medals at LABBS (1995, 2010 and 2016), three silver medals and a bronze, and a number of independently adjudicated choral competitions, to include the 2010 Good Housekeeping Choir of The Year._NEWLINE_The chorus performed their version of Swing Low, Sweet Chariot on the pitch in May 2012 at Twickenham Stadium For the England Rugby team vs. Barbarians 2012 Mid Year Test, and again for the same match in 2013._NEWLINE_In November 2012, Amersham A Cappella supported the Innocent Drinks Big Knit campaign by writing and recording a viral for their site.

12945584742628031691

Q4746356

_START_ARTICLE_ Amina – Chechen Republic Online _START_SECTION_ Features _START_PARAGRAPH_ The site, which allows users to write in Chechen, Russian, and English, is free to users and generates revenue from advertising including banner ads. Features of the website include Chechen Forum, Articles related to Chechnya, Chechen Photo Gallery, Chechen Chat, and Chechen Mail. _START_SECTION_ Chechen Forum _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of May 17, 2007, the Chechen Forum hosted more than 3,500 members and more than 300,000 posts. Although all forum visitors may browse among the various threads, only visitors who have created a free subscription account may be able to make forum posts, receive email notifications of replies to posts, and send and receive private messages. In late April 2007, Albert Digaev added English language registration to the Chechen Forum, to allow English speakers access and an English language thread to allow English speakers to communicate with Chechens. _START_SECTION_ Articles related to Chechnya _START_PARAGRAPH_ The articles section includes various essays on the Chechen conflict, resources on the Chechen language, and appeals to end the war in Chechnya. Some of the articles' authors include famed Russian journalist Andrei Babitsky, Chechen Ambassador to the United States Lyoma Usmanov, and U.S. Under Secretary for Political Affairs R. Nicholas Burns. The list of articles has not been updated since February 2005. _START_SECTION_ Chechen Photo Gallery _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Chechen Photo Gallery enables users with a free subscription account to upload photos of themselves and their friends, as well as rate or comment on others' photos. Although individuals are primarily Chechens, Russians and Caucasians are well represented in the gallery as well. Sections of the gallery include Individuals, Girls, Boys, Chechen Television, Our Neighbors, People of the Arts, Children, Historical Photos, My Chechnya, and New Photos. _START_SECTION_ Chechen Chat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chechen Chat is a free IRC service powered by the ASP.NET web application framework. Users can private message directly with other Amina.com users. This feature was recently reinstated in 2007 after going offline for several months. _START_SECTION_ Chechen Mail _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chechen Mail is a Gmail-powered service which enables users to gain access to a private email account with an amina.com domain name. When Google Apps enabled Gmail users to check their email accounts using the BlackBerry wireless handheld device, Chechen Mail users by extension gained access to this new feature. Currently, email signup requires permission from the Amina – Chechen Republic Online domain administrator.

7843825797942518026

Q867503

_START_ARTICLE_ Amory, Mississippi _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amory began as a planned railroad town. The Kansas City, Memphis & Birmingham Railroad needed a midpoint between Memphis, Tennessee and Birmingham, Alabama for their locomotives, and they laid out the new town of Amory in 1887. People from nearby Cotton Gin Port on the Tombigbee River abandoned their town and moved to Amory. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 8.0 square miles (21 km²), of which 7.5 square miles (19 km²) is land and 0.5 square miles (1.3 km²) (6.37%) is water. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gilmore Memorial Hospital is well regarded as having one of the better maternal wards in northeast Mississippi. Other business sectors include sports equipment manufacturing, wood pulp processing, and the furniture and textile industries. _START_SECTION_ Arts and culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ In honor of its cultural and historical heritage, the city of Amory holds an annual festival each April known as the "Railroad Festival" in Frisco Park in downtown Amory. Among other attractions, the Railroad Festival includes southern foods—such as fried catfish, barbecue, and apple fritters—rides, arts and crafts, and live music, most notably the local band The Gents who have brought fans out for years with their Motown, Blues Brothers and classic oldies show. Although the time of year—April—often results in rain during one or more days of the 3-day festival, turnout is generally quite large, with as many as 40,000 visiting the festival over the period of a weekend._NEWLINE_In addition to the annual Railroad Festival, "Entertainment for Education", also known as "Stars Over Mississippi", was an event held in the City of Amory in the past in which a number of celebrities and entertainers hosted a benefit concert to raise funds for local scholarships. Past performers and attendees included Vince Gill, Dolly Parton, Nell Carter, Sandi Patty, Kathie Lee Gifford, Kathy Ireland, Brad Paisley, Brooks and Dunn, Ray Romano, Tony Danza, Patricia Heaton, Doris Roberts, Whoopi Goldberg, Brad Garrett, and Prince Edward. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most of Amory is served by the Amory School District, while a small portion is served by the Monroe County School District. Amory Christian Academy is a private school also located in Amory, MS. _START_SECTION_ Transportation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Road transport is served by US 278, Mississippi Highway 6, and Mississippi Highway 25. Rail transport is offered by BNSF Railway, the Alabama and Gulf Coast Railway, and the Mississippian Railway. Ship transport can be accommodated on the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway.

8183279295774762156

Q4748189

_START_ARTICLE_ Amphibious Combat Vehicle _START_SECTION_ Original requirements _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ACV should have countermeasures able to contend with a full range of direct fire, indirect fire, and land mine threats. Visible and thermal signature reduction technologies will also be utilized. Modular protection can be applied as necessary._NEWLINE_The vehicle must have the capability to transition from water to ground operations without tactical pause. It must be able to maneuver with the M1A1 Abrams in a mechanized task force. It must have the capability to destroy combat vehicles similar to itself. Weapons must have sufficient range to engage targets from a standoff distance. Weapons will apply precision fire from a stabilized system. It must provide direct fire support for dismounted infantry in an attack. The Marine Corps identified speed on water as a top requirement, even at the cost of troop carrying capacity._NEWLINE_The ACV must be able to self-deploy from an amphibious assault ship at least 12 miles from shore with 17 Marines aboard. It has to be able to travel 8 knots or faster through seas with waves up to three feet. The vehicle was to be operational between 2020 and 2022, with 573 vehicles planned to be procured. _START_SECTION_ Revised requirements _START_PARAGRAPH_ Given the budget environment, the ACV program was split into two separate phases. The first phase will consist of several hundred commercial off-the-shelf wheeled armored vehicles each costing $3–$4.5 million. It will rely on connectors to get it from ship-to-shore, like the Landing Craft Air Cushion and Joint High Speed Vessel. Relying on connectors to bring the vehicle to a beach allows the sea base to be located 100 miles from enemy threats. The second phase is the original high water speed effort for a vehicle to self-deploy from ships and travel 13–15 knots on water, each costing $12–$14 million. The less ambitious Phase 1 ACV will be fielded in the interim, while research and development will commence to refine the features of the Phase 2 ACV._NEWLINE_The first increment of Phase 1 of procurement will buy wheeled personnel carriers. The second increment of Phase 1 will include mission-role variants like command-and-control and logistics, and weapons variants; these iterations may reintroduce tracks or stay wheeled. ACV 1.1 vehicles will be an operational and commercially available design that is "good enough" to operate. Its water performance will be comparable to the AAV, and will have survivability attributes of an MRAP including high-ground clearance and a V-shaped hull, with the ability to drive with a wheel blown off. For the second lot buy (1.2), engineering and design changes will be made to meet roughly half of desired amphibious vehicle fleet size requirements. The last phase of ACV procurement would be purchasing a high-water-speed vehicle, but only if technologies make it achievable without sacrificing armor and weapons._NEWLINE_The ACV 1.1 is to carry 10–13 Marines, have a swim capability similar to the AAV, and have equal or greater mobility to the M1 Abrams tank. Although tracks are traditionally considered better for all-terrain mobility, the Marines believe wheeled vehicle technology has advanced enough to enhance survivability and mobility in a 35-ton-class platform; the Marine Personnel Carrier technology demonstrator used "in-line" drive technology that enabled all four wheels on each side to pull together much like the way a track does which, combined with a higher ground clearance and central tire inflation system, substantially closes the maneuverability gap and results in equal or better maneuverability than the M1A1 and better performance over the AAV. Improved technology used to inform requirements to build ACV 1.2 vehicles will later be applied to delivered 1.1 versions to upgrade them to 1.2 standard. Each ACV 1.1 vehicle will have a 3-man crew, and two vehicles will carry a reinforced rifle squad. Armament will consist of an M2 .50-caliber machine gun in a remote weapons station, with the potential to install a stabilized dual-mount M2/Mark 19 grenade launcher turret. Potential water speeds are for a 12 nmi (14 mi; 22 km) ship-to-shore capability at 8 knots. _START_SECTION_ Increments _START_PARAGRAPH_ Shortly after the Marine Corps submitted their FY 2015 budget request in February 2014, General Amos decided to postpone development of the ACV and return funding to the Marine Personnel Carrier program. Originally, the Marines planned to buy both the ACV and MPC to replace outdated vehicles to complement each other for different missions. During an amphibious assault, a limited number of ACVs would carry the initial landing force from ship to shore and further inland. After the beach was secured, a larger number of MPCs would be landed by landing craft to reinforce the first wave. When budgets tightened, the ACV was taken as the priority and funding was removed from the MPC, with the service figuring they could buy an off-the-shelf wheeled troop transport later when money was available. Technical challenges to the proposed ACV continued to mount as funds kept getting constrained, so the decision was made that wheeled APC advancements where significant enough to address needs quicker. Marines still want a high-speed fully amphibious vehicle to move troops from the ocean to a beach with enough armor, mobility, and firepower to fight while on land, which was proposed as ACV Phase 2._NEWLINE_The Marine Corps plan to modernize its amphibious invasion force has three parts: upgrade 390 AAVs; buy 600 troop transports as part of ACV Phase 1; and do research for an ACV 2.0 "high-water-speed" option. Upgrades to the AAV will be added to around 392 vehicles (carrying one Marine brigade) out of the fleet of 1,062, including "limited survivability upgrades" of blast-resistant seats, additional armor, and a new transmission. Having AAVs self-deploy directly from ships is quicker than loading vehicles onto a connector, but long-range anti-ship missiles will force future amphibious invasion forces to stay between 25–75 mi (40–121 km) from shore. A high-speed connector can make that trip in 1–3 hours, while an AAV on water would take 15 hours to travel that distance. The Phase 1 ACV will be 200 modified versions of an existing U.S. or foreign armored vehicle to enter service around 2020. It will have limited amphibious capabilities to cross rivers and coastal inlets and be carried on a landing craft miles from shore, which will deploy it 5 mi (8.0 km) from the shoreline to swim the rest of the way. Seaborne requirements are likely for operation in sea state 3, against modest winds and 2 ft (0.61 m)-high waves, taking about one hour. ACV 1.1 will likely have a higher swim standard than the previous MPC. ACV 1.2 is to buy an additional 400 amphibious vehicles in multiple variants including troop transport, command, and fire support. A Phase 1 ACV that can self-deploy without a landing craft would have an advantage, but that capability is not a requirement. ACV 2.0 is research for a new amphibious vehicle, a new fast landing craft for the ACV 1, or some undecided alternative. Aside from wartime amphibious assaults, the Marine Corps has other needs for amphibious vehicles. In relief operations during the 2010 Haiti earthquake, there was no combat but ships could not dock in the country's damaged ports, and helicopter could not move the amount of cargo necessary, so AAVs were relied upon to transport supplies ashore._NEWLINE_A critique of the ACV effort authored by retired infantry officers and armor experts and published by Marine Corps Times in June 2014 were critical of developing a new amphibious personnel carrier. Due to the proliferation of anti-ship missiles, Navy ships will have to remain some 100 miles from a landing area. The critique claimed that an armored ACV would swim too slowly through the water and that the Marines would be relying on the Navy for the use of connectors to travel from the stand-off distance, despite the fact that no connectors currently exist to transport a mid-sized landing force. It recommended scrapping the ACV, modifying current Light Armored Vehicles, and emphasizing procurement of the CH-53K King Stallion to transport them. In response, General Amos defended the program and his decision to re-focus its priority from speed on water to ground performance. Since the mid-2000s, MRAP vehicles set a new standard for combat vehicle armor protection. With the ACV actually fighting on land, ruggedness and survivability are main features, so using a lighter and less-armored vehicle is not feasible. To transport them, Amos has suggested modifying Navy Joint High Speed Vessels with a ramp to deploy the ACV; a JHSV with a ramp can carry up to 30 of the vehicles, go from the fleet to the coast at 50 mph, and drop them off to swim the rest of the way to shore. Assistance could be provided by DARPA and the Office of Naval Research to add more technologies and capabilities to existing or future connectors._NEWLINE_On 11 July 2014, General Dynamics was awarded a contract extension to continue work on determining the best option for developing an affordable, survivable, and high water speed ACV platform. The effort includes analyzing the flexibility and modularity of requirements, concept refinement, and experimentation planning to help the Marine Corps understand risks and determine the best approach for ACV development._NEWLINE_Amphibious Combat Vehicle developments are incorporated into the Marine Corps' Expeditionary Force 21 future amphibious assault strategy, which rely on launching 65–100 miles from shore in small landing teams to exploit gaps in enemy defenses, rather than previous methods of deploying a large contingent across a beach in a major assault. A future Marine expeditionary brigade operation would require 400 AAVs and 700 ACVs distributed through a series of naval connectors over a series of phases; due to the smaller vehicle manning capabilities of the ACV, fleet size would need to increase by one-quarter to one-third to move one company. About 400 AAVs will be upgraded with MRAP-level protection features including enhanced underbelly armor, seating, fueling systems, and fire protection, which will begin deliveries in 2019; AAVs will still be part of the initial wave, while ACVs arrive in subsequent waves. ACV 1.1 includes the four competitors of the previous Marine Personnel Carrier program and their entries, as well as a fifth unnamed company. Results of ACV 1.1 vehicles will be used to generate requirements for ACV 1.2, an enhanced capability version of the original vehicle with potentially greater speed or carrying capacity, and available in probable mission variants. The ACVs will mainly be deployed using naval connectors to get from ship to shore, as will JLTVs, which the Marines will begin buying 5,500 of in 2015 as part of their wheeled vehicle modernization strategy. ACV Phase 2 is a planning construct to develop a high-speed, independently deploying vehicle, but there are several other options including creating two vehicles, another wheeled or tracked vehicle, and another high-speed naval connector. If ACV Phase 2 becomes infeasible, the Marine Corps fallback plan is the ACV 1.3, with a 600-vehicle buy to replace the AAV fleet._NEWLINE_An RFP for ACV 1.1 was issued in November 2014. Even though the Marine Corps has spent $3.5 billion on four failed high-water speed amphibious vehicles over the past 25 years, such a vehicle is still a requirement for the Corps. Creating a vehicle that can travel on water at 25 knots is technically feasible, but it requires tradeoffs to be made survivability and lethality. Three possibilities are being explored to create a vehicle that can balance required capabilities for ACV Phase 2. One is to upgrade the ACV Phase 1 vehicle or another existing vehicle to have high-water speed. Another is the desired creation of an entirely new "clean sheet" design. If neither of those paths can develop technologies for a vehicle, the last effort involves further development of ship-to-shore connectors to bring vehicles ashore. The ONR, industry, and Navy personnel are exploring these possibilities and are to report their findings by 2025._NEWLINE_In March 2015, the Marines revealed that the separate ACV 1.1 and 1.2 increments may be merged into a single vehicle. Given that the winner of phase 1.1 will likely be awarded the 1.2 contract, industry is already planning to make their submissions meet the later requirements early. The main differences between the phases is the 1.2's greater self-deploying capability and more seating capacity. Merging the two phases to meet higher requirements earlier could speed up the acquisition timeline and drive down price, since the quantities for both would be bought in bulk. The Marines released the final RFP for ACV 1.1 on 26 March 2015._NEWLINE_In July 2015, Lockheed Martin revealed it had ended its association with Finnish company Patria on their previous collaborative Havoc offering for the program. Lockheed unveiled their new ACV offering in September 2015._NEWLINE_In October 2017 deputy Marine commandant Lt. Gen. Brian Beaudreault stated “We have to find a solution to getting Marines to shore, from over the horizon, at something greater than seven knots (8 mph),” the swimming speed of the existing Amphibious Assault Vehicle (AAV) and its Amphibious Combat Vehicle (ACV) replacement. Continuing, he said “we must find a high-water-speed vehicle on the surface. We must.” _NEWLINE_The deputy commandant's statements seemly contradict the phased approach to having a non-self deploying vehicle in the ACV 1.1 and then a fully amphibious vehicle in ACV 1.2. The question remains if the Marines are still interested in procuring a high speed connector vehicle after merging ACV 1.1 and 1.2._NEWLINE_In May 2018 a former Marine officer, Jeff Groom, published an article concerning the Amphibious Combat Vehicle. Both BAE System's and SAIC's ACV 1.1 test vehicles could self-deploy and swim from a ship in contradiction to General Dunford's testimony in March 2015. However there is apparently no longer a need for speed on water as both test vehicles move through the water at 7 knots using traditional water propellers, the same speed as the legacy 1970s AAV. The article questioned the acquisition decision of a vehicle that swims at the same speed as the vehicle it replaces, carries fewer troops, and is more expensive. _START_SECTION_ EMD phase _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 24 November 2015, the Marines selected the BAE Systems SuperAV and SAIC Terrex to move on to the engineering and manufacturing development phase of the ACV 1.1 program, beating out Lockheed Martin, General Dynamics, and Advanced Defense Vehicle Systems. The Marine Corps valued swim operations, land operations, carrying capability, and force protection equally in the selection process, but the two winners were chosen for emphasis focused on amphibious swim capability, since the ACV is "fundamentally an amphibious vehicle." Each company was awarded a contract to build 16 vehicles by late 2016, 13 initially and three more when funding becomes available, with testing beginning in early 2017 and lasting one year. A winner is planned to be selected in 2018 to build 204 vehicles, with the first entering service in 2020 and all delivered by 2023. _START_SECTION_ Selection and contract _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 2018, the BAE design was selected, with an initial order or 30 ACVs._NEWLINE_In June 2019 BAE Systems and Iveco were awarded a contract to develop Command and 30mm gun armed variants. _START_SECTION_ Variants _START_PARAGRAPH_ The variants include the Squad Maneuver/Fighting Vehicle, the Command and Control Vehicle, and the Recovery and Maintenance Vehicle.

4651340772273721322

Q3124

_START_ARTICLE_ Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Amphitheatre of the Three Gauls (French: Amphithéâtre des Trois Gaules) of Lugdunum (Lyon) was part of the federal sanctuary of the three Gauls dedicated to the cult of Rome and Augustus celebrated by the 60 Gallic tribes when they gathered at Lugdunum. In 1961, it was classified as a monument historique. _START_SECTION_ Expansion _START_PARAGRAPH_ The amphitheatre was expanded at the start of the 2nd century, according to J. Guey by C. Julius Celse, procurator of Gallia Lugdunensis from 130 to 136. Two galleries were added around the old amphitheatre, raising its width from 25 metres to 105 metres and its capacity to about 20,000 seats (though this was still modest compared to the amphitheatres at Nîmes and Arles). In so doing it made it a building open to the whole population of Lugdunum and its environs. Historians identify the building as the site of Saints Blandina and Pothinus's martyrdoms as part of the persecution in 177 and a post in the middle of the arena commemorates this event and Pope John-Paul II's visit to Lyon in 1986. _START_SECTION_ Rediscovery _START_PARAGRAPH_ A 16th century plan of Lyon indicates the survival to that date of some arches (probably substructures) and a hollow (the arena) known as "Corbeille de la Déserte". The first excavations between 1818 and 1820 revealed the perimeter of the arena before re-covering it, allowing urban expansion in the 19th century to destroy the south half of the amphitheatre remains. From 1956 serious excavations were begun, followed by 1966/67, 1971/72 and 1976/78 campaigns, leading to the exposed remains on show today. The modest remains which had survived (the supporting walls for half of the amphitheatre's superstructure) were integrated into the Jardin des Plantes and opened to visitors.

5817690105793407129

Q25346419

_START_ARTICLE_ Ampronix _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ampronix was founded in 1982 by CEO Nausser Fathollahi as a service and repair organization. In the late 1980s, the company began to distribute and resell for a number of reputable brands, such as Barco, GE Healthcare, Panasonic, Siemens, Sony, and Toshiba._NEWLINE_In 2000, Ampronix launched its research and development department, which made the company an OEM (Original Equipment Manufacturer) of medical imaging equipment._NEWLINE_In 2016, the medical imaging company acquired two product lines from Perkins Healthcare Technologies, the Perkins scan converter and medical DVD recorder.

9444260249509897298

Q4748636

_START_ARTICLE_ Amresco _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amresco was the new name given to "Financial Resource Management, Inc.", a subsidiary of the NCNB Texas National Bank in 1992._NEWLINE_The subsidiary was created by North Carolina National Bank in 1990 to hold and service the $11 billion portfolio of the failed Dallas-based "First Republic Bank Corporation" that North Carolina National Bank acquired in 1988 from the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Prior to the creation of this subsidiary, the activities for which FRMI/Amresco was responsible were conducted in the North Carolina National Bank's name. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ North Carolina National Bank was the winning bidder among several competing money center banks for FRBC, the largest banking organization in Texas. Part of the agreement between North Carolina National Bank and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation was that North Carolina National Bank would not bear losses from the substandard assets of the failed FRBC banks, a typical arrangement when the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation found a buyer for a failed institution. The volume of these assets was so great that Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation did not have the manpower to take them over in their traditional way. On the other hand, FRBC already had a large corps of employees who had been working these assets with considerable expertise. These now became North Carolina National Bank employees. In addition, many more employees from the failed institutions would be repositioned to work these sub-par assets and to collect on them for the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. North Carolina National Bank would earn fees on the collections._NEWLINE_This group was not as efficient as it had been prior to the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation's control and the new bank's name suffered. Eventually the "workout group", as this subunit was called, was spun off into a separate subsidiary called Financial Resource Management, Inc., and later, renamed Amresco (for "American Resources Company")._NEWLINE_North Carolina National Bank merged with another east coast bank, C&S/Sovran Corp. in 1992. Realizing the beating the NCNB letters had taken in Texas (which represented roughly half of the old NCNB's holdings), the merged entity was called NationsBank. NationsBank eventually acquired Bank of America and adopted this institution's name as its own._NEWLINE_In 1993, Amresco was entirely spun off from the company. Amresco had also won some Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation and Resolution Trust Corporation contracts to manage the assets of the failed savings and loan institutions. Its big plan, however, was to market itself to client banks — institutions which had not failed — to provide collection services for them._NEWLINE_The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation considered this a conflict of interest, however, and as long as the FRBC contract was still a primary source of activity, the client bank's plan was stuck in neutral. The "Resolution Trust Corporation Completion Act" of 1993 (1993 RTC Act) effectively gave the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation control of all savings institutions as well, and a virtual monopoly on loan workout contracts. Amresco saw a serious decline in employee morale as its future looked grim. The name, NCNB, became the butt of many jokes, such as standing for "No Cash for No Body", "Nobody Cares, Nobody Bothers", and employees were even beginning to rumble that it meant "No Compensation, No Benefits". Former bankers whose careers had been built on contentious activities such as collections, bankruptcies and litigation had little skill at such things as marketing for new clients, and frankly, the decimation of the southwestern economy of the late 1980s and early 1990s was finally coming to end. _START_SECTION_ Mortgage origination and servicing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Amresco transitioned into mortgage and commercial loan servicing, although it still lists debtor-in-possession (bankruptcy) financing among its services._NEWLINE_Later in 1998, when the collections business began to slow, Amresco grew into the business of buying and securitizing subprime mortgages and commercial loans. After the Russian bond default and the collapse of Long Term Capital Management Amresco found itself unable to economically sell these assets. It took three years but ultimately Amresco went the way of so many of its own clients and it too defaulted on its remaining debt.

14676659443536766970

Q23048085

_START_ARTICLE_ Amro River Protected Landscape _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Amro River Protected Landscape encompasses an area of 6,471.08 hectares (15,990.4 acres) in the northern Auroran municipalities of Casiguran and Dilasag. It extends along the Amro River from its headwaters near the irrigation dam built by the National Irrigation Administration (NIA) in the Sierra Madre mountain range to its foothills near the coast of Casiguran. The river is the third largest watershed area in Aurora after those of the Cabatangan–Malupa and Diteki rivers. It has a total drainage impact area of 7,190 hectares (17,800 acres) and empties into the Casiguran Bay. _NEWLINE_The park is located in a forest-covered portion of the Sierra Madre with elevations of between 500 metres (1,600 ft) and 1,900 metres (6,200 ft) above sea level. It is about 9 kilometres (5.6 mi) north from the poblacion of Casiguran and some 100 kilometres (62 mi) from the provincial capital of Baler. A hydroelectric power plant project with a capacity of 3 megawatts was recently awarded to Alternergy Viento Partners Corp., a renewable energy company, and will be built along the river within the protected area. _START_SECTION_ Wildlife _START_PARAGRAPH_ The park is known to be inhabited by a diverse wildlife species such as the water monitor, Philippine long-tailed macaque, Philippine deer, Philippine pygmy woodpecker, Philippine kingfisher and Brahminy kite. Its forest harbors an important flora consisting predominantly of dipterocarp tree species such as Shorea polysperma (tanguile), Shorea squamata (mayapis), Shorea contorta (white lauan), Shorea negrosensis (red lauan), Parashorea malaanonan (bagtikan), and Syzigium nilidium (makaasim).

4344111149381207339

Q4749755

_START_ARTICLE_ An American Daughter _START_PARAGRAPH_ An American Daughter is a play written by Wendy Wasserstein. The play takes place in a living room in Georgetown, Washington, D.C. _START_SECTION_ Production history _START_PARAGRAPH_ An American Daughter opened under the New Play Workshop Series at Seattle Repertory Theatre in June 1996. Directed by Daniel J. Sullivan (then-Artistic Director), the cast featured Meryl Streep, Julianne Moore, Penny Fuller, Adam Arkin, and Liev Schreiber._NEWLINE_The play premiered in a Lincoln Center Theater production on Broadway at the Cort Theatre on April 13, 1997 and closed on June 29, 1997 after 89 performances and 27 previews. Directed by Daniel J. Sullivan, the cast featured Kate Nelligan (as Lyssa Dent Hughes), Elizabeth Marvel, Lynne Thigpen (as Judith B. Kaufman), Penny Fuller, and Hal Holbrook. There were also recorded voices of several real-life "Television/Radio Personalities" such as Charlie Rose. Lynne Thigpen won the 1997 Tony Award, Best Featured Actress in a Play._NEWLINE_A benefit reading of the play took place on May 8, 2017 at the Second Stage Theatre's Tony Kiser Theatre (New York City). Directed by Christine Lahti, the cast featured Keri Russell, Hugh Dancy, Jonathan Groff, Victor Garber, Julie White, Raúl Esparza, Zoe Kazan and Quincy Tyler Bernstine. The reading benefited She Should Run. _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dr. Lyssa Dent Hughes is nominated to be the Surgeon General of the United States and appears to be a certainty. She is the daughter of a senator. However, during an interview, she mentions that she had never been on a jury and, discussing her dead mother, describes her as "an ordinary Indiana housewife who made icebox cakes and pimiento cheese canapés."_NEWLINE_Her nomination is now in doubt, with her friend, Judith B. Kaufman, an African American Jewish physician, lending support. _START_SECTION_ Critical response _START_PARAGRAPH_ New York Times critic Ben Brantley wrote: "Themes (big themes), relationships (deep and confusing ones), plot complications (of the melodramatic variety) are piled to the toppling point, most of them never satisfactorily defined. Neither Dan Sullivan's chipper, keep-it-moving direction nor Ms. Wasserstein's justly famed ear for dialogue and bone-deep sense of craft can conceal the feeling that she doesn't know entirely where she's heading or how to get there." _START_SECTION_ Film adaptation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The play was made as a TV film released in June 2000, starring Christine Lahti.

11961019457037787

Q4749872

_START_ARTICLE_ An Early Frost _START_SECTION_ Storyline _START_PARAGRAPH_ Michael Pierson, a successful lawyer, suffers a bad coughing jag at work and is rushed to the hospital. There he learns from a doctor that he has been exposed to HIV. At home, he receives another piece of disturbing news: his lover, Peter (D. W. Moffett), confesses that he had sex outside the relationship because Michael is a workaholic and is living in the closet. Michael, in a rage, throws Peter out of the house. He then travels to his parents' home to inform them that he is gay and has AIDS._NEWLINE_Michael's father, Nick (Ben Gazzara), is a lumber company owner, and his wife, Kate (Gena Rowlands), is a former concert pianist, housewife, and grandmother. The couple's daughter, Susan (Sydney Walsh) is married and has a child. Nick reacts angrily to the news, while Kate attempts to adapt to the situation. Nick initially refuses to speak to Michael for a day before breaking silence by saying, "I never thought the day would come when you'd be in front of me and I wouldn't know who you are." Susan, who is pregnant, refuses to see Michael, saying that she "can't take that chance," and Nick explodes when Michael tries to kiss Kate. Kate remembers reading in a magazine article that HIV is not transmitted through casual contact and tries to get the rest of the family to accept Michael (Gena Rowlands also taped a public service announcement about HIV transmission). Michael eventually winds up in the hospital (after paramedics who are called to his parents' house refuse to transport him to the hospital) and meets a fellow patient named Victor (John Glover), a flamboyant homosexual with AIDS. The film depicts Victor's death and shows a nurse throwing Victor's few possessions into a garbage bag because she fears that the items could be contaminated._NEWLINE_Afterwards, Michael returns home and discovers Peter came to visit, and the two quickly reconcile. Peter asks Michael to go back home with him, but Michael insists that he cannot. As he continues to struggle coping with his diagnosis, Michael attempts suicide by carbon monoxide poisoning, but is stopped by Nick. The two argue and Nick insists that Michael keep fighting. The film ends with Michael taking a taxi cab back to Chicago, as a news report briefly mentions the Soviet submarine K-431 incident. _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ The teleplay for the film by Ron Cowen and Daniel Lipman spent two years in development and underwent at least thirteen rewrites before the Standards and Practices division at the network accepted it for airing. _START_SECTION_ Reviews, awards, and aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tom Shales of The Washington Post called An Early Frost "the most important TV movie of the year."_NEWLINE_The film was number one in the Nielsen ratings during the night it aired, garnering a 23.3 share and watched by 34 million people (the film outperformed a San Francisco 49ers-Denver Broncos game broadcast on ABC and a Cagney & Lacey episode on CBS). The film was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards and won three, including Outstanding Writing For a Movie or Miniseries for Cowen and Lipman for their teleplay. Gena Rowlands, Ben Gazzara, Aidan Quinn, Sylvia Sidney and John Glover were all nominated for their performances, as was John Erman for his direction. The film was nominated for the Golden Globe Award for Best Television movie and won Sylvia Sidney the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Series, Miniseries or a TV Movie. It also won the Peabody Award. The network, however, lost $500,000 in revenue because advertisers were leery about sponsoring the film. The film conveyed the prejudices surrounding HIV/AIDS at the time and the then common limited understanding by the general public of the methods of transmission and likelihood of infection. _NEWLINE_While the three major networks generally shied away from airing programming with similar themes until 1988, in the weeks following the broadcast of An Early Frost, episodes of St. Elsewhere, Mr. Belvedere, and Hotel dealt with AIDS issues, and in July 1986, Showtime broadcast the AIDS film As Is. The film paved the way for later TV and feature films dealing with the topic of AIDS, including Go Toward the Light (1988); The Littlest Victims and The Ryan White Story (both 1989); Longtime Companion (1990); And the Band Played On; and Philadelphia (both 1993).

15590048471319013046

Q16729151

_START_ARTICLE_ Ananda Galappatti _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ananda Galappatti is a medical anthropologist and practitioner in the field of mental health in Sri Lanka. He received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for his efforts.

3468453791156680256

Q487272

_START_ARTICLE_ Anat Atzmon _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Atzmon was born and raised in Tel Aviv. She is the daughter of the theater actor Shmulik Atzmon. In her childhood her father exposed her to the Yiddish culture. Atzmon studied at the Aleph High School of Arts Tel Aviv (תיכון א' לאמנויות תל אביב). In 1976 Atzmon was drafted and she subsequently served in the IDF theater. After her military service Atzmon learned to act in the Tel Aviv University. Atzmon became widely famous in Israel during 1978, when she played the main character of Nili in Boaz Davidson's cult youth film Lemon Popsicle._NEWLINE_Following the enormous success of Lemon Popsicle and the publicity given to Atzmon, in 1979 she starred in Avi Nesher's film Dizengoff 99. This film also won a phenomenal success and evidently also become an Israeli cult film. In 1981 Atzmon played in the film The Vulture and in 1982 in she played in Yaky Yosha's film Dead End Street. In 1984 Atzmon starred in Evidence of Rape and Yaky Yosha's film Summertime Blues. In 1986 Atzmon played alongside her father in the film Pact of Love and later on in Moshe Mizrahi's film Stolen Love. In 1988 Atzmon played in the film Shock of the Battle._NEWLINE_In 1989, Atzmon began her singing career when she released her first album "Bachalom" (בחלום), which included a song which she performed that same year in the Kdam Eurovision song contest and which ended up in fourth place._NEWLINE_In 1992, Atzmon played in the films Double Edge and the Spirit of Angels. In the same year, Atzmon competed for the second time in the Kdam Eurovision song contest with the song "HaTikva" (התקווה). Atzmon eventually lost to Dafna Dekel and filed a lawsuit against Dekel because Dekel's song "Ze Rak Sport" (זה רק ספורט), which was chosen to represent Israel in the Eurovision Song Contest, exceeded the required playtime in 17 seconds. Nevertheless, Atzmon lost the suit, and Dekel shortened her song to the required 3 minutes. During the same year Atzmon released her second album "Lila Kar VeDmut Alma ... " (לילה כר ודמות עלמה...), the album was a commercial failure._NEWLINE_In 1997, Atzmon played in the film Mossad and in 1999 she played in the films Frank Sinatra is Dead and Seven Days in Elul (שבעה ימים באלול). During 1999 Atzmon also published her first children's book called Moni Shmanmoni VeChanut Hamamtakim (מוני שמנמוני וחנות הממתקים). In 2001 Atzmon played in the Israeli telenovela City Tower as Orit._NEWLINE_Through the years Atzmon also had a theatrical career. Atzmon played among others in the Be'er Sheva Theater and at the Beit Lessin Theater. At 1998, after her father opened the Yiddishpiel theater in Tel Aviv, Atzmon played in various Yiddish plays in the theater. Atzmon also played in the play Chapter Two in the Hacameri theater._NEWLINE_During the 2000s, she released various singles from her upcoming third album._NEWLINE_In 2008, Atzmon played in the musical drama "Danny Hollywood" alongside Ran Danker in which she played Danker's mother. _START_SECTION_ Private life _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1989, Atzmon married actor Dan Turgeman. The couple had two children, Liam and Elad, and eventually divorced in 2003. Afterwards, Atzmon had a long relationship with actor Sharon Alexander. Now she is the partner of singer and musician Danny Sanderson.

15493008917253638572

Q2073509

_START_ARTICLE_ Anatropi _START_SECTION_ Album background _START_PARAGRAPH_ After gaining exposure on the talent show "Dream Show" in 2006, Kostas Martakis soon was signed by Sony BMG Greece and also teamed up with manager Elias Psinakis, who was also a judge on "Dream Show" and had previously managed Sakis Rouvas for 15 years. Soon after, Martakis released his first EP titled "Panta Mazi" (Always together) which contained four tracks off the album._NEWLINE_Released only July 20, 2007 by Sony BMG Greece, Anatropi was Kostas Martakis debut album, following his debut EP "Panta Mazi". Anatropi contained a number of hits including the title track, as well as "Nai", "Gi`afto Hirokrotiste Tin", and "As' Tous Na Lene"._NEWLINE_Following Martakis' participation in the national final to represent Greece in the Eurovision Song Contest 2008, the album was re-released as Anatropi: Special Edition on March 20, 2008. The special edition included the gold "Always and Forever" CD-Single as a bonus._NEWLINE_Due to Martakis' service in the Hellenic Navy in the second half of 2008, Anatropi was re-released by the end of December 2008 as Anatropi: Deluxe Edition containing 5 new songs instead of an all new album.

3310742439647193881

Q4753395

_START_ARTICLE_ And This Is Our Music _START_SECTION_ Missing tracks _START_PARAGRAPH_ "The Wrong Way" and "The Right Way" appear only on the original pressing of the album. These tracks consist of short answering machine messages left for band leader Anton Newcombe. The first is left by Newcombe's obviously distraught friend, and the second is a far more consoling message from The Out Crowd's Sarah Jane. Permission was never granted to use these from the parties that left the messages, and due to this reason they were removed from subsequent versions of the album and do not appear on the version available for download from the band's website, though they do appear on the digital version available from Amazon and iTunes. The edition on the website also contains different mixes and different vocals on some tracks.

9198944790157854722

Q19864197

_START_ARTICLE_ Anderson Creek (Pennsylvania) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Anderson Creek is a 23.6-mile-long (38.0 km) tributary of the West Branch Susquehanna River in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, in the United States._NEWLINE_The upstream portion of the Anderson Creek Watershed is a PA DCNR Conservation Area, and falls from Rockton Mountain, along Interstate I-80 in Clearfield County, Pennsylvania. Anderson Creek is classified as a Class II-III+ whitewater stream and defines the Eastern Continental Divide. Brown Springs, in the Moshannon State Forest, near Rockton, Pennsylvania, is a put-in for kayaking to the West Branch Susquehanna River at Bridgeport, Pennsylvania. The vertical drop of Anderson Creek is 1450 ft. to 1175 ft. "Anderson is a stream of considerable size, and in a region not so well supplied with raftable waters as this, might be well classed among rivers." _START_SECTION_ Great Shamokin Path _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Anderson Creek corridor is part of the Great Shamokin Path from the native village Shamokin, on the Susquehanna River, to Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. The path ascended the steep Anderson Creek Gorge several miles, then it turned west at what is now known as Chestnut Grove, Bloom Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, and then on to The Big Spring near Luthersburg, Brady Township, Pennsylvania. _START_SECTION_ Bilger's Rocks Prehistoric Site _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Anderson Creek corridor is the location of the Bilger's Rocks prehistoric McFate Culture site. During the latter portion of the Late Woodland Period (A.D. 1000–1580) groups belonging to the McFate culture inhabited portions of along the Allegheny Front in north central Pennsylvania. The site is in Bloom Township, Clearfield County, Pennsylvania, near the town of Grampian, Pennsylvania._NEWLINE_The Bilger’s Rocks Association owns and cares for the 175-acre tract and conducts educational programs for visitors. McFate sites have been located in Clearfield and Elk counties. A McFate site near Du Bois, Pennsylvania, the Hickory Kingdom "Kalgren site", was a stockaded fort on a projecting point of the Eastern Continental Divide and close to trail systems. _START_SECTION_ Early native peoples _START_PARAGRAPH_ Artifacts from the Curwensville, Pennsylvania, area demonstrate that various groups of Native Americans occupied the confluence of Anderson Creek and West Susquehanna Branch over a 10,000-year period. From AD 1000 to AD 1600, at least half a dozen groups lived in the vicinity of the Anderson Creek; the Clemson Island, Owasco, Shenks Ferry, Monongahela, and McFate or Black Minquas who were the last tribal entity to occupy the corridor. The Senecas from northern Pennsylvania wiped them out about 1650. _START_SECTION_ The French and Indian War _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the French and Indian War in 1757–1758, several hundred French and Indian troops traveled the Great Shamokin Path in an effort to destroy Fort Augusta, the main stronghold of the English at the junction of the east and west branches of the Susquehanna River. This army was gathered from the French posts at Duquesne, Kittanning, Venango and Le Boeuf and assembled at the mouth of Anderson Creek. Here, crude boats, rafts and bateau were constructed for passage down the Susquehanna River for the proposed attack. They dragged along with them two small brass cannon, but after reconnoitering found the distance too great for the guns to shoot from the hill opposite the fort. The defense at Fort Augusta was strong enough to resist attack by storming or by siege, and the attack was abandoned. A British defeat at Fort Augusta could have altered the history of the course of the French and Indian War. _START_SECTION_ Moravian expeditions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Anderson Creek corridor is part of the Great Shamokin Path from the native village Shamokin, on the Susquehanna River, to Kittanning, Pennsylvania, on the Allegheny River. The Anderson Creek area was known by Native Americans as "the place where there is a mountain halfway on the other side". Native Americans recognized that Anderson Creek was the boundary between two river systems, the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River. For several decades in the early 18th century, the villages of Shamokin and Kittanning were two of the most important Native American villages in Pennsylvania. Perhaps the path's best known use was by Moravian Bishop John Ettwein and his group of some 200 Lenape and Mohican Christians in 1772. They traveled west along the path from their village of Friedenshütten (Cabins of Peace) near modern Wyalusing on the North Branch Susquehanna River to their new village of Friedensstadt on the Beaver River in southwestern Pennsylvania._NEWLINE_The private travel diary of the Rev. Johann Roth, a Moravian Church missionary among the Indians in the American East, describes his journey along the Anderson Creek corridor in the summer of 1772. In this account of his day-by-day progress, the Rev. Roth mentions a number of Delaware (or Lenni Lenape) Indian names for Pennsylvania. Roth mentions a night camp in a region which the Indians called "Wachtschunglelawi awossijaje." These are really three words, Wachtschiink leldwi awossijaje: wachtsch[u], 'a hill, mountain'; -iink, locative suffix, 'place where'; leldwi, 'halfway, in the middle'; awossijaje, 'over, over there, beyond, on the other side, behind.' This makes the three words signify, 'place where there is a mountain halfway on the other side'; or, rather, 'where there is a mountain halfway between the one side and the other.' That is, 'a divide' between two river systems; in this case, between the Susquehanna River and the Ohio River. _START_SECTION_ The Mead brothers and French Creek _START_PARAGRAPH_ In his report to Governor Robert Dinwiddie, George Washington made reference to a beautiful rolling country, suitable for settlement, that he had found along the waters of French Creek. In 1788, brothers John and David Mead were ready to investigate Washington's story, and left Fort Augusta, now Sunbury, Pennsylvania, to explore the far west. They journeyed up mouth of Anderson Creek and turned at Coal Hill towards camp site and crossroads at The Big Spring. From there, they continued northwest on the Goschgoschink Path to the Venango Path and the waters of French Creek. On May 12, 1788, the Mead brothers founded Meadville, Pennsylvania, at the confluence of Cussewago Creek and French Creek. _START_SECTION_ War of 1812 _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the War of 1812, Major William McClelland departed Fort Loudoun, near Chambersburg, Pennsylvania, on March 4, 1814 and marched a division of troops numbering two hundred and twenty-one privates, three captains. five lieutenants and two ensigns along Anderson Creek to meet the Goschgoschink Path, later known as Mead's Path, at The Big Spring, Brady Township, Pennsylvania. These soldiers with their wagon train of equipment and cannon camped at Thunderbird Spring (Old State Road), just east of Kiwanis Trail, and near the Jefferson–Clearfield County Line. The march from Fort Loudoun to Erie took twenty-eight days. Major William McClelland's division relieved American forces at Lake Erie and later gave a good account of themselves at the Battle of Chippewa and Battle of Lundy’s Lane. _START_SECTION_ Underground Railroad _START_PARAGRAPH_ The various paths, river routes and safe waypoints that escaped slaves and their guides used in their journey northwards towards freedom are collectively known as the Underground Railroad. In western Pennsylvania, routes began at the Maryland–Pennsylvania border and traveled through Bedford, Pennsylvania, where the route split and converged at the Great Shamokin Path at the mouth of Anderson Creek. From there, the route led to The Big Spring near Luthersburg, Pennsylvania, and thence on Meade's Path to the Venango Path, Lake Erie and onward to Canada. Quaker settlers living along the Great Shamokin Path in Clearfield County did what they could to assist escaped slaves. The natural topography and terrain of the Eastern Continental Divide provided excellent cover and access to the zigzagging, sometimes backtracking, and myriad alternative routes that were needed to ensure the secrecy of the "Railroad." _START_SECTION_ Anderson Creek corridor _START_PARAGRAPH_ The historic Anderson Creek corridor was later used for railroad passenger travel and commercial transportation of logs, coal and stone. Early settlers established logging mills and villages along Anderson Creek, and a railroad from Du Bois, Pennsylvania, to Curwensville, Pennsylvania, was completed in 1893. The settlement of Home Camp, Union Township, was once a thriving logging town with saw mills, splash dams and boarding houses for lumbermen. Water was sufficient for floating logs to the West Branch Susquehanna River. The last log drive on Anderson Creek was in 1901. The area is also rich in history from more recent times. During the Golden Age of railroading, passengers and freight rolled along this route, taking students to school and soldiers to war. Millions of tons of coal were pulled along this route, and stone quarried for bridges and buildings throughout the East. Clay was also extracted, with brickyards all along the tracks. Raftsmen plied the Susquehanna, riding logs to market hundreds of miles downstream. The resources help fuel the industrial might of the nation. This trail today is a resource as precious as the coal, timber, stone, and clay carried on the rails along this corridor._NEWLINE_Recently, the Anderson Creek corridor has been considered as a venue for environmental and recreational tourism. _START_SECTION_ The Bickford Railroad Line _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1881, the shipping interests of the Buffalo, Rochester and Pittsburgh Railway became eager to have an eastern outlet and what is known as the Clearfield & Mahoning Railroad Company obtained a charter from the State and built a line from C. & M. Junction in Brady Township, Pennsylvania, by way of Luthersburg and Curwensville, to Clearfield, Pennsylvania. The first construction work was started in June 1892, and the first passenger train over this road was run on the first day of June 1893. The line is 17.4 miles long and is named after the Bickford junction west of Curwensville. The Bickford Line traveled along the Eastern Continental Divide bounding Anderson Creek from Rockton, Union Township, Pennsylvania, to the West Branch Susquehanna River at Bridgeport, Pennsylvania. The line is no longer active and the rails have been removed. The last passenger train ride on the Bickford Line from Du Bois to Clearfield was on June 15, 1954, and hundreds of local residents enjoyed the historic journey. The railroad tracks have been removed and the ownership of the right-of-way is uncertain. The old rail line is popular with ATV enthusiasts. _START_SECTION_ Du Bois Reservoir _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Du Bois Reservoir in Union Township, Clearfield County, consists of 210 acres, has a listed capacity of 615 million gallons and is located near the headwaters of Anderson Creek. The reservoir is a PA DCNR Conservation Area and serves as the water supply for the City of Du Bois. The Du Bois Reservoir is also known as the Anderson Creek Reservoir. The dam at Du Bois Reservoir controls the flow of water from the headwaters of Anderson Creek. _START_SECTION_ Village of Rockton _START_PARAGRAPH_ Rockton is a village in Union Township, Clearfield County, resting along Anderson Creek near Brown Springs in the Moshannon State Forest. Rockton gets its name from a time when the stagecoach came over the mountain from Clearfield with the mail, and passengers would argue about the weight of a large rock. Rockton had its own school, weekly newspaper, several stores, three churches, a number of mills, both grist and lumber, and an emergency landing field for air mail pilots. Farms did well in the shelter of the surrounding mountains._NEWLINE_Rockton was divided in two, upper and lower. What is known as Rockton today was begun through lumbering by people such as John Brubaker. In 1885, Jason E. Kirk and David W. Kirk built a steam-powered feed mill._NEWLINE_Lower Rockton began in 1837 with a saw mill and grist mill built by Jason Kirk and Jeremiah Moore. It sits along Anderson Creek as did the wool mill of William Johnson. The Kirk mill was designed to provide adequate height and space at the front of the building for men and horse-drawn wagons to load and unload products._NEWLINE_Rockton once had rail service on the Bickford Line from Du Bois to Clearfield. The Buffalo, Rochester & Pittsburgh Rockton Station built in 1898 was dismantled in the 1970s and is now in Kane, Pennsylvania._NEWLINE_The greatest disaster for Rockton was a tornado on September 14, 1945, beginning in the Coal Hill area of Brady Township. Many buildings were destroyed with the Hollopeter Poultry Farm receiving most of the damage. The William Irwin house was moved several inches off of its foundation and a barn demolished. The storm cleared a path approximately 100 feet wide and eight miles long. After the storm crossed Anderson Creek and moved up Montgomery Run, it dispersed. No one was injured._NEWLINE_Today, Rockton has a post office, one church, St. John’s Lutheran, an auto repair shop, and a fire department. _START_SECTION_ David S. Ammerman Trail _START_PARAGRAPH_ Once known as the Clearfield and Grampian Trail, in 2011, the name was changed to the David S. Ammerman Trail in memory of the man who championed turning the abandoned rail corridor into a recreational trail. The David S. Ammerman Trail traverses Anderson Creek in Curwensville, Pennsylvania, and connects to Grampian, Pennsylvania, and Clearfield, Pennsylvania. _START_SECTION_ Anderson Creek Watershed Association _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Anderson Creek Watershed Association has partnered projects with the Western Pennsylvania Conservancy Watershed Restoration Project. Clearfield County has more acreage affected by abandoned mines than any county in the state.

17166045274872432228

Q4754238

_START_ARTICLE_ Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The United States Congress passed the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 1938. Section 7(a) of the Act defined working time, and required employers to pay overtime wages under certain circumstances. Section 11(c) of the Act requires employers to keep accurate records regarding time on the job. Section 16(b) of the Act enables employees to sue to recover lost wages._NEWLINE_About 1,200 workers at the Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. facility in Mount Clemens, Michigan, were employed at a large, 8-acre (32,000 m²) facility. The plant was nearly a quarter-mile in length. The employees' entrance was in the northeast corner._NEWLINE_Employees were given 14 minutes between each shift to punch the time clock, walk to their respective workbench and prepare for work. It took a minimum of eight minutes for all the employees to get by the time clock. The estimated walking time for employees ranged from 30 seconds to three minutes, but some workers needed as many as eight minutes to reach their workbenches. Upon arriving at their workbench, employees were required to put on aprons or overalls, removed shirts, tape or grease arms, put on finger cots, prepare equipment, turn on switches, open windows, and/or assemble or sharpen tools. Such preparatory activities consumed three to four minutes._NEWLINE_Working time was calculated by the employer based on the time cards punched by the clocks. The employer deducted walking and preparatory time from the time cards based on the punched time and assumptions about how long prep work and walking would take on average._NEWLINE_Seven employees and their labor union (represented by Edward Lamb) brought a class action suit under Section 16(b) of the FLSA alleging that the employer's calculations did not accurately reflect the time actually worked and that they were deprived of the proper amount of overtime compensation. _START_SECTION_ Special master's findings _START_PARAGRAPH_ The district court appointed a special master to investigate the case. The special master recommended that the case be dismissed because the employees did not establish by a preponderance of evidence a violation of the Act. The special master concluded that walking time was not traditionally held to be compensable working time in the industry, that the employees had produced no reliable evidence to determine how much time they had lost, and that the employees had not shown that they were forced to wait until starting time. _START_SECTION_ District court's ruling _START_PARAGRAPH_ The district court agreed, with one exception. The court found that the vast majority of employees were ready for work approximately five minutes before the start of work and that it seemed unreasonable that employees would not begin work as they were paid by piece rate. The court fashioned a formula for computing which employees were forced to wait. The district court then entered a judgment against Mt. Clemens Pottery Co. in the amount of $2,415.74. _START_SECTION_ Court of appeals' ruling _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Sixth Circuit Court of Appeals upheld the district court in part, and overruled the district court in part. The court of appeals upheld the district court and special master by concluding that the employees' claims were not supported by the evidence. However, the court of appeals ruled the district court had erred by assuming that work would begin before the official start of working time. The court of appeals further held that the burden rested upon the employees to prove by a preponderance of the evidence that they did not receive the wages to which they were entitled._NEWLINE_The workers appealed to the Supreme Court, which granted certiorari. _START_SECTION_ Holding _START_PARAGRAPH_ Justice Frank Murphy issued the opinion of the Court. The majority held that the court of appeals and the special master had imposed an improper standard of proof on the employees. Section 11(c) of the Act imposed upon the employer, not the worker, the duty to keep proper records of wages, hours and other conditions and practices of employment. Where the employer has failed to keep accurate or adequate records, Justice Murphy argued, the law does not deny recovery on the ground that the employee is unable to prove the precise extent of uncompensated work. Such a ruling, Murphy noted, would create a strong disincentive for employers to keep any records at all and shift the burden back onto the employee. Thus, Murphy concluded that "an employee has carried out his burden if he proves that he has in fact performed work for which he was improperly compensated and if he produces sufficient evidence to show the amount and extent of that work as a matter of just and reasonable inference."_NEWLINE_The employer may rebut such claims by producing accurate and adequate records that document the actual work performed. In the absence of such rebutting evidence, the court may award damages to the employee, even though the award is only approximate._NEWLINE_Justice Murphy subsequently turned to the facts of the case. On the basis of the factual record, which proved decisive in the case, the court found that work had, in fact, begun and ended at the scheduled hours and that the employees had no basis for a claim in this regard. The court did not find that the time clock evidence was reliable. "[Time] clocks do not necessarily record the actual time worked by employees," Murphy wrote. Since it took eight minutes for an entire shift to punch in, it would be unfair to credit the first worker in line for eight minutes of work, and the time clocks did not show the time at which employees were compelled to be on the premises or at their workbenches._NEWLINE_But the majority held that the employer required workers to be on the premises prior and subsequent to the scheduled working hours. Some of this time was clearly spent on work such as preparatory activities such as putting on aprons, sharpening tools and turning on machinery._NEWLINE_Murphy dismissed arguments against vagueness in determining the compensatory award by advocating a de minimis approach. Did the district court need to determine, down to the second, how much time was spent working? He though not: "Split-second absurdities are not justified by the actualities of working conditions or by the policy of the Fair Labor Standards Act." Murphy reasoned, however, that the evidence clearly showed that workers did spend a "substantial measure" of time engaged in prep work. This time could be gauged under a de minimis rule, and a satisfactory award fashioned._NEWLINE_The majority remanded the case to the district court and ordered that the court determine how much time (on average) was spent walking and how much time doing preparatory activities and to fashion an award based only the amount of time engaged in preparatory activity. _START_SECTION_ Dissent _START_PARAGRAPH_ Justice Harold Hitz Burton dissented, joined by Justice Felix Frankfurter. Justice Burton argued that Rule 53(e)(2) of the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure required the court to accept the special master's findings of fact unless clearly erroneous. Burton pointed out that the majority had accepted the special master's findings of fact. How, then, could the court reject the master's findings regarding prep time?_NEWLINE_Burton also observed that, under the majority's de minimis rule, the employees would receive no award. Burton noted that employees had admitted that as little as one minute was spent in preparatory work. Under the de minimis rule, almost no workers had a claim._NEWLINE_Burton also argued that Congress had never intended to redefine the term "workweek" in the Act. Preparatory work was customarily not paid overtime but included in the rate of pay, Burton said. But the majority's ruling rested in a radical redefinition of the term "workweek," Burton claimed._NEWLINE_There is no evidence that Congress meant to redefine this common term and to set aside long established contracts or customs which had absorbed in the rate of pay of the respective jobs recognition of whatever preliminary activities might be required of the worker by that particular job.... "Workweek" is a simple term used by Congress in accordance with the common understanding of it. For this Court to include in it items that have been customarily and generally absorbed in the rate of pay but excluded from measured working time is not justified in the absence of affirmative legislative action._NEWLINE_Burton would have affirmed the judgment of the court of appeals. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1947, Congress enacted the Portal to Portal Act of 1947 to amend the Fair Labor Standards Act in light of the court's ruling in Anderson v. Mt Clemens Pottery Co. The word "portal" refers to the workplace door, so "Portal-to-Portal" could be interpreted to mean that all time spent within that door is work time. However, Section 4 of the 1947 Act required that the determination of whether time spent in preliminary or postliminary activities was "work" under the FLSA was to be based solely on contract, custom, or practice._NEWLINE_Unfortunately, the Portal-to-Portal Act was equally unclear as to what constituted contract, custom or practice. The Supreme Court attempted to clarify the issue in Steiner v. Mitchell, 350 U.S. 247 (1956), by ruling that activities which were "integral" to work (such as the donning of protective clothing) were compensable under the FLSA and Portal-to-Portal Act._NEWLINE_Nearly 50 years later, the Court again revisited the issue of what constituted "work." In IBP, Inc. v. Alvarez, the Court again engaged in a fact-specific analysis to conclude that time spent waiting while in protective gear, or time spent walking in protective gear, was compensable working time._NEWLINE_The Supreme Court reaffirmed Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery in its 2016 ruling in Tyson Foods v. Bouaphakeo, No. 14-1146 (March 22, 2016). Justice Anthony Kennedy, writing for the 6-to-2 majority, quoted from Anderson v. Mt. Clemens Pottery in affirming the right of pork processing plant workers in using statistics to support their back-wage claims for time spent in donning protective clothing and equipment while at work.

1897055563738522667

Q4582044

_START_ARTICLE_ Andino _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andino was a small automobile manufacturer around 1967 in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Andino built sports coupés using Renault engines.

9650649386429571108

Q392104

_START_ARTICLE_ André Barsacq _START_SECTION_ Life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barsacq was born in the city of Feodosiya in Crimea. His father was French and his mother was Russian. At the age of 15 he traveled to Paris to study at the School of Decorative Arts and lived in France from then on. In 1928 he was at the Théâtre de l'Atelier working with its director, Charles Dullin on productions which included Jules Romains's 1923 play Knock._NEWLINE_As director of the Théâtre de l'Atelier he introduced Parisian audiences to the plays of Ugo Betti, Félicien Marceau, Marcel Ayme, Françoise Sagan, René de Obaldia, and Friedrich Dürrenmatt. He successfully adapted the works of Chekhov, Dostoevsky, and Turgenev for the French stage. During his career he worked with Antonin Artaud, Jean-Louis Barrault, and Jacques Copeau._NEWLINE_Barsacq was a great admirer of Jean Anouilh and beginning with Le Bal des voleurs at Théâtre des Arts in 1938 produced almost all his plays, including, at some personal risk, the subversive Antigone in 1944 during the Nazi occupation._NEWLINE_André Barsacq also worked with many major filmmakers including Marcel L'Herbier, Pierre Chenal, Jean Grémillon, Max Ophüls, and Pierre Billon.

17397949474276812560

Q493363

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrea Balestri _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He is known as the Pinocchio in 1972 serial tv The Adventures of Pinocchio, directed by Luigi Comencini, next to actors like Nino Manfredi, Franco Franchi, Ciccio Ingrassia, Gina Lollobrigida and the great actor and director Vittorio De Sica as the Judge._NEWLINE_After the great success on TV, Balestri continued he acting career working on other movies as Torino nera, directed by Carlo Lizzani, with Bud Spencer and Domenico Santoro the Lucignoloin Pinocchio, the children movie Kid il monello del West, that won the Giffoni Film Festival as the best adaptation in 1976, and Furia nera, directed by Demofilo Fidani._NEWLINE_During last years he took part to several TV programs to tell his cinema experience and acted in two short films. He also took part in a cameo on movie Faccia di Picasso directed by Massimo Ceccherini, in which he played “the only real Pinocchio”._NEWLINE_He is very often guest around the schools or children festivals in which he tell his experience of "child-Pinocchio". curiosities and trivia behind the scenes, the special effects and tales regarding the various characters and the staff._NEWLINE_He is the author of book “Io, il Pinocchio di Comencini” 2008, introduced by Cristina Comencini, and Stefano Garavelli.

11180267469991079898

Q20807580

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrea Garae _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrea Garae (born 28 June 1973) is a Vanuatuan athlete._NEWLINE_Garae competed at the 1992 Summer Olympics held in Barcelona, she entered the 800 metres where she finished 7th in her heat so did not qualify for the next round.

12788596207950457264

Q494353

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrea Mantovani _START_SECTION_ Torino _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mantovani started his career at Torino Calcio. He was the member of Allievi Nazionali Under-17 team in 2000–01 season. In 2002–03 season, he occasionally received first team call-up, and made his debut on 19 January 2003 against Como, which he replaced Gianluca Comotto at half-time. The match ended in 0–0 draw._NEWLINE_After Torino relegated in 2003, he was loaned to Serie B side Triestina. In 2004–05 season, Mantovani returned to Turin and played as one of the regular starter, he was awarded no.4 shirt. The team won promotion playoffs but then went bankrupt. FIGC allowed a new successor team admitted in 2005–06 Serie B but the players were also allowed to leave on free transfer. _START_SECTION_ Chievo _START_PARAGRAPH_ In August 2005, he was signed by Serie A side Chievo along with teammate Giovanni Marchese and on 30 August sold to Torino's rival Juventus in co-ownership for a nominal fees of €1,000. He was immediately loaned back to Chievo and played 4 league matches._NEWLINE_Partially due to 2006 Italian football scandal, Juventus terminated all ongoing co-ownership deal in June 2006, and Mantovani was sold back to Chievo for about €301,000. He played 3 out of 4 European matches of Chievo, which exited in both UEFA Champions League 3rd qualifying round, and UEFA Cup first round._NEWLINE_Mantovani played 15 league start in 2006–07 season. Chievo was slipped from 4th (post-trail) or 7th (pre-trail) in 2005–06 to 18th that season, and Mantovani followed the team relegated to Serie B. At Serie B, Mantovani became an absolute starter, started 36 out of 42 matches, missed round 16 and round 22 due to suspension, 1 match as substitute and rested on last round (round 42)._NEWLINE_In June 2008, he signed a new 4-year contract with club. Since returned to Serie A, he continued to play as a regular and helped the team survived in relegation battle. In 2009–10 season, he played as left-back or one of the 3 central defenders in 352 formation and helped the team remained in Serie A. He either ahead Bojan Jokić as left back or partnered with Jokić on the left flank: Jokić as wingback and Mantovani as left central defender. _START_SECTION_ Palermo _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 6 July 2011, after weeks of speculation surrounding his future, Mantovani agreed a four-year deal with Palermo with €3.5 million transfer fee, thus re-joining his former Chievo head coach Stefano Pioli to Sicily. He debuted with the rosanero on 28 July against Thun in Europa League._NEWLINE_He spent the 2013–14 season on loan to Bologna. He was subsequently released on mutual consent on 11 September 2014. _START_SECTION_ Perugia _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was signed by Perugia in 2015. _START_SECTION_ Vicenza _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 27 July 2015 he was signed by Vicenza Calcio. _START_SECTION_ Novara _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 30 January 2016 Mantovani was signed by Novara, with Francesco Signori moved to opposite direction. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was a part of the Italy national under-19 team which won the 2003 European Under-19 Championship, and played 16 games for the Italy national under-19 team._NEWLINE_He also played at 2001 UEFA European Under-16 Football Championship, 2006 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship and 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Football Championship.

17899205074782586818

Q89318

_START_ARTICLE_ Andreas Salcher _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andreas Salcher earned a PhD in business administration at the Vienna University of Economics and Business Administration in 1986 and completed the "Program for Senior Manager in Government" at Harvard University in 1989._NEWLINE_In 1985 Salcher started his political career as Chairman of the Youth Wing of the Vienna ÖVP. In 1987 he became the youngest member to be elected to the Vienna state parliament, whose member he remained over a period of 12 years. From 1992 to 1996 he was Vice Chairman of the Vienna ÖVP. During the term of Peter Marboe, City Councillor of Culture, he served as Chairman of the Vienna City Culture Committee. In 2005 he left the Vienna state parliament._NEWLINE_After a meeting with Karl Popper in London, Salcher founded Austria’s first school for the highly gifted in 1998. Since then he has been Executive Vice President of the Association of the "Sir Karl Popper School", which regards itself as a learning system that makes mistakes, admits them, reflects on them, and endeavors to correct them along the lines of trial and error._NEWLINE_In 2007 Salcher launched the global education project "The Curriculum Project – Creating the Schools of Tomorrow". It aims to reinvent the school of tomorrow together with the world's brightest minds, with its focus on the essential right of children the world over to develop their talents. His first book on this theme, The Talented Kid and His Enemy, was awarded the "Golden Book" by the Austrian Publishers' and Booksellers' Association in September 2008. My Last Hour is the title of his most recent book. In 2009 his work The Talented Kid and His Enemy won him the Austrian literary award "Favorite Book 2009" and the title "Writer of the Year". The Austrian Public Relations Association presented Salcher with the award "Communicator of the Year"._NEWLINE_All subsequent books, The Wounded Man, My Last Hour and I didn't know, were also No. 1 bestsellers, with the first two each exceeding sales numbers above 50,000 in Austria and therefore being awarded with the "Platinum Book" by the Austrian Publishers' and Booksellers' Association in May 2012. In September 2012, Salcher brought out his fifth book No Moore School - More and More Joy.

10624966742675472951

Q52832228

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrei Biryukov _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He made his debut in the Russian Professional Football League for FC Chelyabinsk on 10 April 2018 in a game against FC Neftekhimik Nizhnekamsk.

1319829107922834022

Q4755771

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrei Deputat _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Deputat was born on 20 December 1992 in Kiev, Ukraine. He moved to Moscow, Russia, in early 2010. He married Russian ice dancer Ekaterina Bobrova on 16 July 2016 in Moscow. _START_SECTION_ Early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Deputat's mother, a recreational skater, introduced him to skating at age two years and eight months. He switched from singles to pair skating at age 15 and competed for two seasons with Vladyslava Rybka. They represented Ukraine and were coached by Galina Kukhar in Kiev. In the summer of 2009, they spent some time training in Ashburn, Virginia with Rashid Kadyrkaev and competed at the Liberty Summer Competition in Aston, Pennsylvania where they won the silver medal. They were ineligible for the 2009–10 ISU Junior Grand Prix series because Rybka turned 12 at the end of July 2009 and they parted ways soon after._NEWLINE_Unable to find him a suitable partner in Ukraine, Kukhar recommended that Deputat move to Moscow. Arriving in Russia in early 2010, Deputat joined Sergei Dobroskokov's group and had a brief partnership with Polina Safronova. _START_SECTION_ Partnership with Davankova _START_PARAGRAPH_ Deputat and Vasilisa Davankova skated in the same group before teaming up in May 2011. _START_SECTION_ 2011–12 season _START_PARAGRAPH_ In December 2011, Davankova/Deputat competed on the senior level at the 2012 Russian Championships. They were seventh in the short program but finished fifth overall, receiving the highest TES in the free skate ahead of the gold medalists Vera Bazarova / Yuri Larionov. In February 2012, they won the gold medal at the 2012 Russian Junior Championships after placing first in both the short and free segments. Deputat was released by Ukraine to represent Russia. Davankova/Deputat won the bronze medal in their international debut at the 2012 World Junior Championships. _START_SECTION_ 2012–13 season _START_PARAGRAPH_ Davankova/Deputat won silver at their first JGP event in Lake Placid, New York. At their second event, in Zagreb, Croatia, they took the bronze and qualified for the JGP Final in Sochi, Russia, where they won the silver medal behind Lina Fedorova / Maxim Miroshkin. By that time, Davankova had grown to 1.55 m. Davankova/Deputat finished seventh in their second appearance at the 2013 Russian Championships. In January 2013, Davankova injured her leg at a training session, resulting in the pair withdrawing from the 2013 Russian Junior Championships. She was on crutches for two weeks. In late March, Deputat injured his right leg and decided to undergo a meniscus operation. _START_SECTION_ 2013–14 season _START_PARAGRAPH_ Davankova/Deputat began their season by winning bronze at the 2013 JGP Belarus. A silver medal at the 2013 JGP Estonia qualified them to the JGP Final in Fukuoka, Japan. At the final, Davankova/Deputat placed fifth in both segments and overall. At the Russian Championships, the pair finished fifth on the senior level and then won the bronze medal on the junior level. Davankova/Deputat were assigned to the 2014 World Junior Championships in Sofia, Bulgaria, where they finished fourth after placing third in the short program and fifth in the free skate. Their partnership ended because Deputat was struggling with elements as Davankova grew taller. _START_SECTION_ Partnership with Bazarova _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 9 April 2014, Russian media reported that Deputat and Vera Bazarova would skate together, coached by Oleg Vasiliev. On 16 April, Deputat said their partnership was officially approved by the Russian Figure Skating Federation and they would begin training in Saint Petersburg under Vasiliev. In May, Vasiliev said they would relocate to Moscow and Saransk because of better funding. _START_SECTION_ 2014–15 season _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bazarova/Deputat were awarded the bronze medal at the 2014 CS Lombardia Trophy and silver at the International Cup of Nice. They received two Grand Prix assignments, the 2014 Cup of China and 2014 NHK Trophy, and placed 4th at both. The pair finished 5th at the 2015 Russian Championships. _START_SECTION_ 2015–16 season _START_PARAGRAPH_ Competing in the 2015–16 Grand Prix series, Bazarova/Deputat finished 5th at the 2015 Skate Canada International finishing 5th and 4th at the 2015 NHK Trophy. In December 2015, the pair placed 6th at the 2016 Russian Championships. In March 2016, they won gold at the inaugural Cup of Tyrol in Innsbruck, Austria. _START_SECTION_ 2016–17 season _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bazarova/Deputat withdrew from their 2016–17 Grand Prix assignment, the 2016 Skate Canada International. On 17 November 2016, their coach announced that the partnership had ended and that Deputat was doing tryouts with various skaters, including Alexandra Proklova.

9823665455734518306

Q4756420

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Bridge (basketball) _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 6 ft 3in shooting guard started his career with Mansfield Express in 1999 in the English Basketball League, before stepping up to Professional Basketball with the Sheffield Sharks in 2000. In 2002, the England and Great Britain International moved further North to play for the Newcastle Eagles._NEWLINE_Andrew was part of the Bronze Medal winning England Basketball Team at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia and completed a successful season with the Newcastle Eagles "clean sweep" of Championships in 2006._NEWLINE_"A shooting guard, he can also handle the ball competently and is best known for his solid defence and smart basketball brain. A real all-rounder and rapidly becoming the glue that helps hold the team together"._NEWLINE_As of 27 March 2011 the official British Basketball League website shows Bridge has played 324 games, with averages of 7.47 Points Per Game, 2.97 Rebounds Per Game and 0.97 Assists Per Game.

4781117279698871983

Q839237

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Caldecott _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrew Caldecott was born on 26 October 1884 in Boxley, Kent, United Kingdom. He was the eldest child of Rev Andrew Caldecott and Isobel Mary Johnson. His mother was the daughter of Rev Stenning Johnson. Lieutenant John Leslie Caldecott (1886 – 9 September 1914), Andrew's younger brother, had served in the Royal Garrison Artillery, who later served as the aide-de-camp to the Governor of Nyasaland. John participated in World War I and died on 9 September 1914 in Nyasaland, Africa (present-day Malawi) at the age of 28, with his remains buried at the Karonga War Cemetery. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrew Caldecott studied at Uppingham School in Rutland and was awarded scholarships, enabling him to be admitted to Exeter College of the University of Oxford. He achieved outstanding academic results while in college and had been awarded scholarships. He gained a third class in Classical Honour Moderations and subsequently graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Classics (second-class honours) in 1907. In 1948, he was conferred as an Honorary Fellow by Exeter College. _START_SECTION_ Malayan career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Upon his graduation from college in 1907, Caldecott joined the Colonial Office in November of the same year and was posted to Malaya. He initially worked in Negeri Sembilan as a Cadet of the Federated Malay States (FMS). He served as Acting District Officer (DO) of Jelebu from 1909 to 1911. In 1911, he was appointed as Acting DO of Kuala Pilah, and was transferred back to Jelebu to serve as DO in the same year. He was re-appointed Acting DO of Kuala Pilah in the following year. In 1913, Caldecott was transferred to the Federal Secretariat in Kuala Lumpur and assumed the office of Deputy Controller of Labour. He subsequently held various positions, including Assistant Secretary (AS) to the Chief Secretary (1914 – 1916), 2nd AS to the Federal Secretary (1916 – 1920) and Acting AS to the colonial government (1920 – 1922). Caldecott went on leave from September 1922; he took up the ad hoc appointment as Malayan Commissioner at the British Empire Exhibition held at Wembley Park in the United Kingdom in 1924 and 1925. During the exhibition, he was in charge of the coordination of the Malaya Pavilion. Thereafter, he was conferred CBE by the British Government._NEWLINE_After the exhibition, Caldecott returned to Malaya in March 1926 and worked as Town Planning Administrator and State Valuer of Ipoh; he was transferred to the Housing and Public Works Department Enquiry Committees as Chairman in December 1926. He was appointed Deputy Controller of Labour and Acting Under-Secretary to the Straits Settlements in July 1927, until 1928, when he was promoted to Secretary for Postal Affairs of the Straits Settlements and FMS as Officer, Class 1A. Since then, Caldecott had been assigned to serve in local authorities; he became Acting Resident of Negeri Sembilan in 1929 and Acting Resident of Perak from 1930 to 1931. He was appointed to serve as Resident of Selangor, until March 1932, when he was transferred back to the central government of FMS as Chief Secretary. He served as Colonial Secretary of the Straits Settlements from May 1933 to February 1934. On 17 February 1934, Caldecott worked as Acting Governor of the Straits Settlements and High Commissioner of FMS, when Sir Cecil Clementi, the then-Governor of the Straits Settlements retired due to illness. During his tenure as Acting Governor, Caldecott upheld Clementi's policy of decentralisation. He was re-appointed Colonial Secretary when Sir Shenton Thomas took office in 9 November 1934._NEWLINE_During his time in Malaya, Caldecott earned a reputation for his ability to settle disputes between different ethnic groups which made him popular with all races, a rare feat for a colonial administrator given the diversity of the Straits Settlements population. He also served as the first president of the Football Association of Malaysia. _START_SECTION_ Governor of Hong Kong _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1935, Caldecott was appointed governor of Hong Kong. His tenure was the shortest in Hong Kong colonial history, for he was appointed the second last Governor of Ceylon a little more than a year later to handle the threat to the British administration caused by the overwhelming national liberation movement in Ceylon. When arriving in Hong Kong to assume the Governorship, Caldecott, unusually, elected to wear civilian dress, something that would not happen again until the arrival, in 1992, of the last colonial Governor, Chris Patten. His departure to Ceylon was met with dismay by the community as he had become a respected figure. Locals had petitioned to Foreign Secretary Anthony Eden for him to remain but to no avail._NEWLINE_It was during Caldecott's tenure that Hong Kong's Kai Tak Airport received its first regular arrival, the "Dorado" and the Queen Mary Hospital opened as an adjunct hospital to the Hong Kong University (the hospital is now under the control of the Hong Kong Hospital Authority). Caldecott called the promotion of Chinese civil servants to replace the European ones, a policy not realized until the signage of Sino-British Joint Declaration in 1984. His tenure also saw the outbreak of the Second Sino-Japanese War, with more than 100,000 refugees from the Chinese Mainland flooding into Hong Kong to escape the conflict. _START_SECTION_ Governor of Ceylon _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was sent to Ceylon (Sri Lanka) to examine the situation in the island closely and report on issues such as the governing structure, the representation of the minority communities, the franchise etc. His observations regarding these issues had an important impact on the evolution of the Ceylon constitution. _NEWLINE_Caldecott was governor during the second world war. During his governance First diesel train ran to Galle in 1938, Bank of Ceylon opened in 1939 and the University of Ceylon established. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Caldecott married Olive Mary Innes, daughter of J. R. Innes, CMG in 1918. He knew his wife while she served as a civil servant in Malaya. She died of illness in Ceylon in 1943. Following her death, Caldecott married Evelyn May Palmer, daughter of Dr J. Robertson and H. Palmer in 1946. Olive bore him a son and a daughter, namely John Andrew Caldecott, CBE (25 February 1924– 14 July 1990) and Joan Caldecott. His son was the Chairman of M&G Group._NEWLINE_Caldecott had a wide range of hobbies. He had published many articles with regards to the affairs of Malaya, and had written books about Malayan history in his early years. In his late years, he published two ghost novels. Besides writing, his other hobbies include drawing, playing the piano, tennis and golf. _START_SECTION_ Places named after Andrew Caldecott _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Hong Kong, Caldecott Road, a road in New Kowloon, is named after him._NEWLINE_In Singapore, Caldecott Hill, Caldecott Close, Caldecott MRT Station and Andrew Road are named after him, and Olive Road is named after his first wife.

93446556870714248

Q4756770

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Davies (darts player) _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Davies played in the 2003 UK Open, losing in the last 64 stage to Henry O'Neill. Davies then qualified for the 2003 Las Vegas Desert Classic, narrowly losing both group games to Wayne Mardle and Roland Scholten. Davies reached the 64 stage of the 2005 UK Open, winning two matches before losing 8-0 to Mark Holden. Since then though, Davies has not been able to qualify for a major event, his last big event came in the 2007 US Open, reaching the third round before losing to Scholten._NEWLINE_Davies announced his retirement from professional darts in May 2009._NEWLINE_Now Davies works for the PDC as Scoring Official. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrew currently lives with a Miss A Brumby in a house, near Carmarthen. He has a mother Sharon, brother Matthew and sister Hanna.

9279839855711117958

Q4758263

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Pettigrew _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrew Marshall Pettigrew OBE (born 11 June 1944) is Professor of Strategy and Organisation at the Saïd Business School at the University of Oxford. A British professor, he was formerly dean of the University of Bath School of Management. He received his training in sociology and anthropology at Liverpool University and received his Ph.D. from Manchester Business School in 1970. He has held academic appointments at Yale University, Harvard University, London Business School and Warwick Business School._NEWLINE_Pettigrew has published many academic papers and books that consider the human, political, and social aspects of organisations and their strategies in contrast to the purely economic view in which the main unit of analysis is the firm or industry as typified by Michael Porter. This is known as the strategy process school as opposed to the strategy content school._NEWLINE_He was appointed Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) in the 2009 New Year Honours. _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Just before leaving Corby Grammar School, he joined a Brathay Exploration Group funded by the BBC and the Royal Geographical Society to Uganda, where he and 12 other boys worked with local archaeologists and social anthropologists. His own tasks were to survey the distribution of flat houses, particular to the northern slopes of Mount Elgon, and then to survey the spread of conical-roofed houses, as an indicator of the break-up or continuity of the existing culture. He later said of this trip that the "themes can be seen to resonate throughout much of my academic work"._NEWLINE_He followed this work with a degree in sociology at Liverpool University and a PhD in industry sociology supervised by Enid Mumford at Manchester Business School followed by two years at Yale University at their Administrative Science Department. _NEWLINE_He established and directed the Centre for Corporate Strategy and Change at Warwick Business School from the mid-1980s to mid-1990s. In 2002 he became the first non North American scholar to receive the Distinguished Scholar of the US Academy of Management award.

11046205673153578108

Q16727320

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Prokos _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prokos was born to Greek parents who migrated to the United States after World War II, settling in Chicago. At an early age Prokos's family moved to Florida, where he grew up and attended the University of Florida, where he graduated with a degree in Political Science. He first started taking photographs after moving to New York City at the age of 20. _START_SECTION_ Work _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the mid 1990s Prokos spent two years living in Italy and Greece and traveling through Europe and Turkey. Prokos returned to New York City in 1996, and began working in interactive advertising. Prokos turned to photography full-time in 2002, and received commissions from a variety of clients, including architects, property developers, interior designers, ad agencies, and corporate clients. His photography has been published in numerous magazines, newspapers, and websites, including: ArchDaily, Casa Vogue, Communication Arts, DesignBoom Magazine, Dezeen Magazine, Manhattan Magazine, Metropolis, New York City Monthly, PDN Edu, and others. His photography has also been used in advertising campaigns for numerous companies such as Lloyds Bank, Morgan Stanley, E&J Gallo, Abbott Labs, Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and Evraz. Prokos is a member of the New York Chapter of the American Society of Media Photographers._NEWLINE_In 2012 and 2013 Prokos traveled to Brazil and produced several award-winning series of photographs, including Niemeyer's Brasilia. Niemeyer's Brasilia captured the surreal Modernist architecture of Brazilian architect Oscar Niemeyer in Brasilia utilizing stark compositions and long exposure times. The series was published in a full page article in Correio Braziliense, the main newspaper of the capital city of Brasilia in November, 2013. The photographs from Niemeyer's Brasilia received worldwide acclaim and went on to be published in twelve countries in seven languages, including: United States, Brazil, Mexico, Chile, Greece, Spain, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Israel, New Zealand, Japan, China, and Malaysia. In July 2014 Prokos was one of 23 prominent Greek-Americans profiled in a documentary video series entitled Greeks Gone West, produced by the Embassy of the United States, Athens and Kathimerini newspaper. The video was shot on location at Prokos's exhibition at Banco do Brasil in New York. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prokos has won numerous awards for his photography, most recently for his fine art series "Night & Day" which utilizes multiple exposures captured over time to document the transition from day to night in various locations around the world. The series was selected for American Photography 31 and was awarded two first-place finishes at the 2015 Prix de la Photographie People's Choice Awards._NEWLINE_"Night & Day" was previously awarded a silver medal at the 2014 Neutral Density Photography Awards., and was awarded two Honorable Mentions at the 2014 International Photography Awards (Lucies)._NEWLINE_Prokos's series of fine-art architectural photographs based on the works of architect Frank Gehry, entitled Gehry's Children, was awarded a silver medal at the 2014 Prix de la Photographie, Paris (Px3) for his and Honorable Mention at the 2014 International Photography Awards (Lucies)._NEWLINE_Prokos's series of photographs of the Brazilian capital at night, entitled Niemeyer's Brasilia, was selected in 2014 by a panel of judges for the Latin American Fotografia 3 collection, and in 2013 was awarded a silver medal at the International Photography Awards (Lucie Awards). Prokos has been awarded with numerous medals in recent years at the Epson International Pano Awards for his panoramic photography of cityscapes and landscapes and has also won numerous Honorable Mentions for his photography from the International Photography Awards, the Prix de la Photographie, Paris, the International Color Awards, and the London International Creative Competition. _START_SECTION_ Collections _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prokos's photographs have been included in numerous corporate and private fine art collections throughout the USA and Europe, including: Anheuser-Busch, Booz Allen Hamilton, Capital One Bank, Cisco Systems, the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, Hyatt Hotels, Kimpton Hotels, Moody's Corporation, and Oppenheimer & Co. Inc. _START_SECTION_ Exhibitions _START_PARAGRAPH_ In early 2019 Prokos opened his own photography gallery at 368 Broadway in New York's Tribeca neighborhood. The gallery showcases his large-scale photographs of cityscapes, landscapes, and architecture. _NEWLINE_In 2015-2016 Prokos's fine art architectural photographs relating to the work of architect Frank Gehry were exhibited in "Architect Frank Gehry - I Have an Idea" at 21 21 Design Sight museum in Tokyo, Japan._NEWLINE_In 2014, his photographs of Brazil were displayed in a solo exhibition at Banco do Brasil in New York entitled Brazil: Night & Day - Photographs by Andrew Prokos. The exhibition was held in conjunction with the Year of Brazil at Queens College, City University of New York. It was the first time that Banco do Brasil had exhibited works by a non-Brazilian artist in New York. Brazil: Night & Day - Photographs by Andrew Prokos was also exhibited at the Consulate General of Brazil in New York from May 5 - August 10, 2014 to coincide with the Brazil 2014 FIFA World Cup._NEWLINE_In both 2012 and 2013 Prokos's photographs were selected by a jury panel to be exhibited in the ASMP gallery at the American Institute of Architects national convention. Prokos's night photographs of Coney Island, Brooklyn were exhibited in 2006 at the Museum of the City of New York in an exhibition entitled Transformed by Light - The New York Night.

443283179692486061

Q4758358

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Ramsay Don-Wauchope _START_SECTION_ Personal history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Don-Wauchope was born in Bridgeton, Glasgow in 1861 to Sir John Don-Wauchope, 8th Baronet of Newton and Bethia Hamilton Buchanan. He was the second son of the Baronet, and the title passed onto his elder brother John Douglas when their father died in 1893. Don-Wauchope was educated at Fettes College before graduating to Trinity College, Cambridge in 1880. He graduated from Cambridge with a BA in 1884, and whilst at university he won sporting Blues in rugby and in athletics for hurdling. Don-Wauchope became a stock-broker by profession and in 1903 he married Emma Margaret Salmond, daughter of Sir William Salmond. By 1941 he had taken up residency in Saint-Briac-sur-Mer in France, and died in 1948 in Paris. _START_SECTION_ Rugby career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Don-Wauchope first came to note as a rugby player while studying at Cambridge. He won two sporting Blues for rugby in 1880 and 1881, and captained the Cambridge University team. Whilst still at University, Don-Wauchope and A.R. Paterson of Loretto School organised the first meeting of the Fettesian-Lorettonian Club, until then a loose collection of former school pupils that had played cricket together the previous season. The Club was founded in 1881, and by March of that year Don-Wauchope as captain of Fettesian-Lorettonian was chosen to represent Scotland in the 1881 international friendly with England. The game ended in a draw, and although not present for Scotland's next encounter, against Ireland, he was again playing at half-back for the next match to England. The game was played at Manchester, with Scotland winning by two tries to nil, the first time Scotland had beaten the English on their own soil._NEWLINE_While at Cambridge, Don-Wauchope took his Fettesian-Lorettonian team, firstly on tours of Scotland, and then venturing into North England. After playing several games against more well founded Scottish teams, such as West of Scotland and Edinburgh Wanderers, the club faced English teams, Manchester and Huddrsfield. Although losing my narrow score lines in Scotland, the Fettesian-Lorettonian team won both matches in England, which saw the Athletics News report "...persons who saw the doings of the Fettes-Loretto boys in Huddersfield and Manchester are willing to swear that a better team never existed, and a general wish has been expressed that Don-Wauchope should bring his grand team into the North of England once more."_NEWLINE_After playing in the very first Scotland match against Wales in early 1883, scoring his first international try in the game, Don-Wauchope was incapacitated for the rest of the season with a knee injury. He regained his place for all three matches of the 1884 Home Nations Championship, paired at half back with Oxford University rival Augustus Grant-Asher. After victories over Wales and Ireland, where he scored another try, this time against Ireland; the Scottish team were beaten by England in a contentious game at Blackheath. The next season saw Scotland draw to Wales, beat Ireland, and refuse to face England. Don-Wauchope played in both games of the 1885 Championship and in the home clash with Ireland, not only scored his third international try, but was also joined at half-back with his younger brother Patrick Hamilton Don-Wauchope. This was Patrick's first international game, and he would go on to win five more caps for Scotland._NEWLINE_The 1886 Championship saw Scotland win the tournament trophy for the first time, with wins over Wales and Ireland, and a draw against England. Don-Wauchope scored a try in the encounter with Wales and two in a massive victory over the Irish. Although missing all of the 1887 international matches, Don-Wauchope played one final game for his country in 1888. Played at home against Ireland, he was given the honour of the Scotland captaincy, leading his team out to a final victory._NEWLINE_After his retirement from playing international rugby, Don-Wauchope kept his connections with the sport when he became a referee. He first officiated an international match in 1889 when he took charge of the Home Nations Championship encounter between Wales and Ireland. It had been a busy day for Don-Wauchope, as he had spent the morning chairing a meeting of the International Rugby Board. He went on to referee another two international games, in 1890 and 1893.

6067198572430534293

Q26924210

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Small _START_SECTION_ Personal history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Small was born in England in 1993. Small suffered nerve damage which affects him both neurologically and physically. He lives in Nantwich, Cheshire. He attended Brine Leas School and subsequently South Cheshire College. _START_SECTION_ Athletics career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Small was inspired to take up athletics after watching the 2012 Summer Paralympics in London. From 2013 he began competing at national meets mainly competing in 100 and 200 metres sprints. The following year he competed at his first overseas IPC Grand Prix, in Nottwil in Switzerland. In 2016 he took part in the European Championships at Grosseto, entering the 100 metres (T33). Despite finishing third behind Great Britain team mates Toby Gold and Dan Bramall, he was not awarded a bronze due to a lack of other competitors._NEWLINE_In July 2016 Small was announced as a member of the Great Britain team to compete at the Rio Paralympics. He took part in the 100 metres (T33) sprint, finishing third in a personal best time of 17.96 seconds.

2978035692931350442

Q4758740

_START_ARTICLE_ Andrew Tite _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a child, Tite lived in the city of Toronto and the town of Markham until the age of 9. For several years he had his first taste of the entertainment industry as a male child model for an agency called Parker._NEWLINE_In the early 1990s, Tite was raised in the rural area of a small town called Mount Albert and later Newmarket. In 1997 he left home at the young age of 16 becoming homeless and a squeegee kid on the streets of downtown Toronto. After returning to Newmarket, still homeless, he started making some money for food and shelter with his squeegee. The local newspaper picked up on this story and proclaimed him Newmarket's First Squeegee Kid on the front page of their publication (The Era-Banner, June 15, 1997). Several letters to the editor were received and printed. Some calling Andrew Tite a menace from Toronto, some calling Andrew Tite "Very much a part of York Region." (The Era-Banner, June 17, 1997)._NEWLINE_After Tite reached his 20s, he discovered performing in local theatre productions and student films. He now performs on television, film, and various theatre productions in Toronto and Vancouver. He also performs at live events as a mascot or scare actor for employers such as Air Transat, Just For Laughs, Canada's Wonderland, and Screemers._NEWLINE_Andrew Tite was featured in an article in the Toronto and Vancouver editions of Metro News (Aug. 25, 2008) regarding his work as a Mascot Performer in both cities.

1374580002899304724

Q511817

_START_ARTICLE_ Andris Nelsons _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nelsons was born in Riga. His mother founded the first early music ensemble in Latvia, and his father was a choral conductor, cellist, and teacher. At age five, his mother and stepfather (a choir conductor) took him to a performance of Wagner's Tannhäuser, which Nelsons refers to as a profoundly formative experience: "...it had a hypnotic effect on me. I was overwhelmed by the music. I cried when Tannhäuser died. I still think this was the biggest thing that happened in my childhood."_NEWLINE_As a youth, Nelsons studied piano, and took up the trumpet at age 12. He also sang bass-baritone, with a special interest in early music, in his mother's ensemble. He studied for one summer at the Dartington International Summer School with Evelyn Tubb. He served as a trumpeter with the orchestra of the Latvian National Opera. _START_SECTION_ Conducting career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nelsons studied conducting with Alexander Titov in Saint Petersburg, Russia and participated in conducting master classes with Neeme Järvi, Roberto Carnevale and Jorma Panula. He came to the attention of Mariss Jansons when he emergency-substituted with the Oslo Philharmonic in their trumpet section during an orchestra tour. Nelsons counts Jansons as a mentor and has been a conducting student with him since 2002._NEWLINE_In 2003, Nelsons became principal conductor of the Latvian National Opera. He concluded his tenure there after four years in 2007. In 2006, Nelsons became chief conductor of the Nordwestdeutsche Philharmonie of Herford, Germany, a post he held until the end of the 2008/09 season. His first conducting appearance at the Metropolitan Opera was in October 2009, a production of Turandot. In July 2010, Nelsons made his debut at the Bayreuth Festival, conducting a new production of Wagner's Lohengrin at the opening performance of the festival._NEWLINE_In November 2017, The Boston Globe reported that Nelsons told Jim Braude and Margery Eagan of Boston Public Radio that sexual harassment is not – nor has it ever been – an issue in the classical music world. In a subsequent statement to the paper, Nelsons clarified his position saying that he has "not seen overt examples of sexual misconduct" but admitted that it "takes place in all fields, including, of course, the classical music industry." _START_SECTION_ City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the UK, Nelsons's early work included studio concerts with the BBC Philharmonic in Manchester, and his first BBC Philharmonic concert at the Bridgewater Hall was in November 2007. In October 2007, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) named Nelsons as its 12th principal conductor and music director, effective with the 2008/09 season, with an initial contract for three years. The appointment was unusual in that Nelsons had conducted the CBSO only in a private concert and in a recording session, without a public concert engagement, prior to being named to the post. His first public conducting appearance with the CBSO was on 11 November 2007 in a matinee concert, and his first subscription concert appearance with the CBSO was in March 2008. In July 2009, Nelsons extended his CBSO contract for an additional three years, through the 2013/14 season. In August 2012, the CBSO announced the extension of his CBSO contract formally through the 2014/15 season, and then for subsequent seasons on the basis of an annual rolling renewal. In October 2013, the CBSO announced the conclusion of Nelsons's tenure as music director after the end of the 2014/15 season. _START_SECTION_ Boston Symphony Orchestra _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the US, Nelsons made his first guest-conducting appearance with the Boston Symphony Orchestra (BSO) in March 2011, as an emergency substitute for James Levine at Carnegie Hall. He subsequently guest-conducted the BSO at the Tanglewood Music Festival in July 2012, and made his first appearance with the BSO at Symphony Hall, Boston in January 2013. In May 2013, the BSO named Nelsons as its 15th music director effective the 2014/15 season. His initial contract was for 5 years and stipulated 8 to 10 weeks of scheduled appearances in the first year of the contract and 12 weeks in subsequent years._NEWLINE_Nelsons held the title of Music Director Designate in the 2013/14 season. In August 2015, the BSO announced the extension of Nelsons's contract as music director through the 2021/22 season with a new contract, for eight years, that replaced the initial five-year contract, and also contained an evergreen clause for automatic renewal. _START_SECTION_ Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nelsons first guest-conducted the Leipzig Gewandhaus Orchestra in 2011. Since February 2018 Nelsons is the 21st Gewandhauskapellmeister (music director). The orchestra announced the appointment with the initial contract for 5 seasons. _START_SECTION_ Concerts and operas _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 2016/17 season, Nelsons continued his collaborations with Berliner Philharmoniker, Wiener Philharmoniker, Het Koninklijk Concertgebouworkest and Philharmonia Orchestra._NEWLINE_In December 2016, he returned to the Royal Opera House conducting Der Rosenkavalier in a new production directed by Robert Carsen. Nelsons is a regular guest at the Metropolitan Opera in New York, the Bayreuth Festival and is Artist-in-Residence at the Konzerthaus Dortmund._NEWLINE_In January 2019 the Vienna Philharmonic announced that Nelsons will conduct its 2020 Vienna New Year's Concert. _START_SECTION_ Recording history _START_PARAGRAPH_ With the CBSO, Nelsons has recorded music of Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky, Richard Strauss, and Igor Stravinsky for the Orfeo label. Separately from the CBSO, Nelsons has also recorded for the BR-Klassik label. Nelsons has also recorded commercially with the Boston Symphony Orchestra for Deutsche Grammophon, where their album Under Stalin's Shadow, of the Symphony No 10 of Shostakovich, received a 2015 Grammy Award for best orchestral performance. This DG album is part of an intended long-term contract between the Boston Symphony, Nelsons and DG, as extended in May 2016. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nelsons was married to the Latvian soprano Kristīne Opolais. They met during Nelsons's tenure at Latvian National Opera, when she was a member of the Latvian National Opera chorus, and later became a solo singer with the company. The couple married in 2011. Their daughter, Adriana Anna, was born on 28 December 2011. The couple announced their divorce on 27 March 2018.

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_START_ARTICLE_ Andy Mikita _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andy Mikita began his television career on the 1987 series 21 Jump Street where he worked as a second assistant director. He worked on many other television series from 1989 to 1996, until he joined Stargate SG-1's crew as a first assistant director in 1997 and in 1999 he made his directing debut on the episode "Foothold"._NEWLINE_Mikita made his acting debut as brief cameo on Stargate SG-1 in the episode "Wormhole X-Treme!", he appeared again as a wedding guest in the episode "200"._NEWLINE_In early 2009, Mikita was slated to direct a direct-to-DVD Stargate Atlantis movie with the working title of Stargate: Extinction. The production was shelved later in 2009.

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Q16215046

_START_ARTICLE_ Andy Partner _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Colchester, Partner is son to former Colchester United trainee Neil Partner and step-son to former club chief executive Marie Partner. He joined the U's during the club's brief stint outside of the Football League, making his debut on 16 December 1991 in 6–2 home defeat by Wycombe Wanderers. The competition was not favoured by manager Roy McDonough, opting for a weakened team to fully concentrate on the league and pile more fixtures on league rivals Wycombe. Ultimately, the U's gained promotion back to the Football League at the end of the season._NEWLINE_Partner made two Football League appearances for Colchester, and in his final appearance during a 1–0 away defeat to Exeter City on 30 August 1994 he suffered a broken knee cap. This was the last time that he would play professional football or feature in the Colchester first-team._NEWLINE_Partner's injury kept him out of action for two-and-a-half years, returning to action with the United reserves in March 1997 and featured in a number of reserve games until the end of the 1996–97 season, when he severed his ties with the club after six years. He joined Heybridge Swifts in the summer of 1997 and later had spells at Wivenhoe Town, Clacton Town and Harwich & Parkeston.

3733757072003923009

Q30069805

_START_ARTICLE_ Andy Setyo _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He made his international debut for the Indonesia u-23 team on 22 August 2017 in the 2017 Southeast Asian Games, against Vietnam u-23. He made his official debut for senior team on 25 November in a friendly match against Guyana, where he came as a substitute.

13239274423151412024

Q2741080

_START_ARTICLE_ Angélica Vale _START_SECTION_ Acting career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vale was born in Mexico City, Mexico. As a child, in the movie El Gran Triunfo in 1981, Vale portrayed the daughter of Mexican superstar Rigo Tovar. From 1982–1986 her family was banned from Televisa due to the launch of the independent production "LUPITA" on the rival TV Azteca network in which she played the title role. All the family members were blacklisted until 1986, year in which Ernesto Alonso intervened on their behalf. He was instrumental in getting the ban lifted, allowing the family to return to work on Televisa's productions._NEWLINE_In 1998, she portrayed Julieta in Soñadoras and in 2001, she portrayed Wendy Nayeli Pérez in Amigas y rivales, both major roles which won acclaim for the actress. However, the soap opera La Fea Más Bella was her first starring role in any Mexican telenovela, though she had appeared in a number of Spanish language programs. As a comedian, Vale was one of the main celebrity impersonators in the comedy show La Parodia, from 2000 to 2005, but she chose to leave the show because she wanted to take some weeks off. From 2005 to 2006, she performed in El Privilegio de Mandar (The Privilege to Command), which was a parody of an earlier soap opera starring Adela Noriega and was titled El Privilegio de Amar (The Privilege to Love)._NEWLINE_Because telenovelas are wildly popular throughout the Hispanic world, they are very profitable, even when they do not rate so well, so when as of 2006, La Fea Más Bella became the number one Univision TV program according to 2006 Nielsen ratings, Vale was looked upon by many producers as a "sure thing," and it was speculated that this success would open the door for greater things to come._NEWLINE_Vale was one of eight people featured on the cover of People en Español's "Los 50 Más Bellos" 2007 yearly issue and was featured alone on the July 2007 cover of the magazine, reportedly more because of her recent popularity than because of her overall lengthy career (as many people in the business had stated that she was finally getting the international attention that she had come to deserve after laboring her talents so long and having very little ethical and commercial success)._NEWLINE_In April 2007, People en Español announced that Vale would make a special guest appearance on Ugly Betty, in which she'd reprise her Lety role in the episode "A Tree Grows in Guadalajara," but instead she played a Lety look-alike named Angélica, who was a dental assistant, in the season finale. Although her mother officially left Televisa after both actresses appeared on Mujeres Asesinas in 2009, Vale is still with Televisa, having most recently appeared on Parodiando._NEWLINE_On October 15, 2019, Vale will make her foray into American radio as a midday host at KLLI Los Angeles. _START_SECTION_ Singing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Like her mother, Vale is also a singer and has performed on the soundtrack for La fea más bella. She did several notable impersonations of another singer, Verónica Castro on La Parodia doing parodies of Castro's show, Mala noche... no!. Vale is also listed in that program's credits as a singer of its theme song. She has also done many impressions of singers Shakira, Thalía, and Laura León among others while she worked on Soñadoras and Amigas y rivales; she also used some of these once more in La Parodia._NEWLINE_In 2007, after the finale of La Fea Más Bella, she sang one of the theme songs for the hit soap opera during an appearance on El Show de Cristina. During 2008, she made the music album Navidad con Amigos with Ricardo Montaner. Angélica Vale has been heavily pursued by paparazzi since the early 1990s, with a special focus on her love life. In the early stages of her life, she was rumored and confirmed as the girlfriend of actor Alejandro Ibarra, with whom it was also rumored that she was engaged to and would soon marry._NEWLINE_However this was not the case, and they split around the time that she was cast for the role of Margarita in Bendita Mentira. This attention did not surprise Vale, who as a young girl had seen the toll that paparazzi's attentions had taken on her mother and father's marriage when, according to tabloids, her father had led a double life with a woman in Texas._NEWLINE_In 2005, after the death of her father, this attention bothered her because she was constantly pestered by questions about her late father's will and testament and concerns about what the will said her father's young 'spouse' would receive after his death. She was overwhelmed to the point that she called for a meeting with all major television stations in Mexico and had them ask all the questions they wanted to ask, saying that if they did not ask then, they would never get answers because she planned on closing that chapter in her life because it was very painful to talk about something so private._NEWLINE_Later on, Vale was also linked to singer Jose Luis Figueroa, son of singer Joan Sebastian, during a time when he was still involved with Ninel Conde, (considered the hottest woman in the world by the Latin American press), but Angélica Vale denied these reports. Soon after, Ninel and Jose Luis broke up, and he stated it was because Ninel was too "thin" for his liking. Vale was also targeted much by claims that she liked to get involved with married men, and a story was published in 2006 about her having caused the separation of a family, because her then-current boyfriend had filed for divorce and his children had to live with seeing their father with another woman in public._NEWLINE_She also denied these allegations by claiming that the divorce had been filed one year prior to their relationship, and that his marriage was childless. Other rumors that have followed concerning her love life have been curiously sparked by a family friend, Cristina Saralegui, host of El Show de Cristina, who, when interviewing the cast of La Fea Más Bella, stated that she thought that 'Don Fernando' (Jaime Camil) and 'Doña Lety' (Angélica Vale) had really fallen in love, but she was cut off by Angélica María, also present, who changed the subject._NEWLINE_Angélica María also sparked rumors about her daughter because, she had made a habit of saying that she was waiting impatiently for her only child to make her a grandmother. Despite the constant intrusion into her life by paparazzi, Angélica Vale has managed to keep much of her life private, causing paparazzi to fabricate stories about her. She also had breast reduction around the time she finished La Fea Más Bella. _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vale's father was Venezuelan while her mother is half American and half Mexican who was born in Louisiana; she has a Jewish grandfather. Vale speaks English and Spanish fluently, and holds her own in French._NEWLINE_She and her mother, Angélica María, are among the very few daughter – mother entertainers to be inducted into the Paseo de las Luminarias at the Plaza de las Estrellas. Vale was inducted for her work in television and regarding her contribution to the recording industry._NEWLINE_Vale and her parents are featured in the 2007 book Televisa Presenta, which was published during the culmination of the Network's golden anniversary. _START_SECTION_ Citizenship _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2016, Vale became a naturalized U.S. citizen.

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Q4761925

_START_ARTICLE_ Angalamman Temple, Kaveripakkam _START_PARAGRAPH_ Angalamman Temple is a Hindu temple located in the town of Kaveripakkam in the Vellore district of Tamil Nadu, India. The temple is one of the earliest stone structures in Tamil Nadu and has remains of the Pallava and the early Medieval Chola period. The temple is dedicated to Angalamman. _START_SECTION_ Architecture _START_PARAGRAPH_ While the temple is dedicated to Angalamman, the idol of Shiva is the most prominent and characteristic of the Shiva temples of the period. He is seated in the utkutikasana posture with the leaves of the Vedas in his hand.

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Q2626053

_START_ARTICLE_ Angel Chervenkov _START_SECTION_ As a player _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a footballer, Chervenkov played as a defender for Tundzha Yambol (1980–1981), Armeets Sofia (1981–1984), CSKA Sofia (1984–1987), Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa (1987–1989), Etar Veliko Tarnovo (1989–1994) and Montana (1994–1996). In Bulgaria's top division, the A PFG, Chervenkov had 298 matches and 40 goals. He won the championship twice, in 1987 with CSKA and in 1991 with Etar, once finished second (with CSKA in 1985) and once third (with Etar in 1990). With CSKA, Chervenkov has two Bulgarian Cup trophies (1985 and 1987) and two Cup of the Soviet Army trophies (1985 and 1986). In the European tournaments, he has featured in 6 matches, scoring once (in one of his two matches for Etar, the rest being for CSKA). Internationally, Chervenkov has 5 caps for the Bulgaria national team. He participated in European Championship 1991/92. _START_SECTION_ As a manager _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chervenkov started his coaching career in CSKA's youth academy being there from 1999 to 2001. Then he worked as assistant manager at Cherno More Varna in 2002. Year later he return in CSKA Sofia First team as assistant manager (2003 - 2007 ) and won Bulgarian Title (2005) Bulgarian cup (2006) and Bulgarian Supercup (2007). In 2007, he took in charge FBK Kaunas and won Lithuanian Supercup. _NEWLINE_Later that year he became manager of Heart of Midlothian F.C.. In 2010, he won the Bulgarian A Group with Litex Lovech._NEWLINE_He managed in Ukraine FC Sevastopol twice (2011, 2014 ), Arsenal Kyiv (2015) and Slovakia FC Tatran Presov (2012), and on 8 June 2016 returned to Bulgarian football becoming a manager of Lokomotiv Gorna Oryahovitsa who had been promoted to the new top level division in Bulgaria - Parva Liga.

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