Datasets:

google

/

wiki40b

like 14

Q210720

_START_ARTICLE_ 20th arrondissement of Paris _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The land area of this arrondissement is 5.984 km² (2.31 sq. miles, or 1,479 acres). _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The population of Paris's 20th arrondissement peaked in 1936, when it had 208,115 inhabitants. Today it remains very dense in population and business activity with 182,952 inhabitants and 54,786 jobs as of the last census, in 1999. _START_SECTION_ Government and infrastructure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Directorate-General for External Security (DGSE) has its head office in the arrondissement. _START_SECTION_ Media _START_PARAGRAPH_ The humour publication Charlie Hebdo has its head office in the arrondissement.

5671351906464143570

Q16206883

_START_ARTICLE_ 21st Operations Group _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Responsibilities include establishment of operational requirements and managing the training, standardization and evaluation programs. This includes conducting command-directed evaluations and staff assistance visits. Additionally, the 21st OG develops and maintains operational procedures and regulations for field units._NEWLINE_The 21st OG funnels Defense Support Program satellite information to forward users, and the Cheyenne Mountain Air Force Station missile warning. The group is also the focal point for the Air Force's transition from DSP to the new Space-Based Infrared Satellite system. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ Constituted as 21st Bombardment Group (Medium) on 13 January 1942. Activated on 1 February 1942 at Bowman Field, Kentucky. Thereafter, from February 1942 until October 1943, the_NEWLINE_group relocated successively to Jackson Army Air Base; Mississippi; Columbia Army Air Base, South Carolina; Key Field, Mississippi, and MacDill Field, Florida._NEWLINE_The 21st initially trained on B-25 Mitchell bombers then converted to B-26 Marauders. The group largely served as an operational training unit assigned to Third Air Force; however, while at MacDill Field, from June 1942 to October 1943, the 21st additionally carried out antisubmarine patrols over the Caribbean Sea. For this action the group received the Antisubmarine 1941–1945 campaign streamer. The 21st inactivated on 10 October 1943._NEWLINE_The 21st did not have to wait long to write a further chapter in the history of warfare. Another unit, the 21st Fighter Group (FG), activated on 21 April 1944 at Wheeler Army Airfield in the Hawaii Territory. Assigned to VII Fighter Command, the group consisted of the 46th, 72d, and 531st Fighter Squadrons. Over the next two months, the group trained on its first aircraft type, the P-39Q Airacobra. The 21st provided air defense over the Hawaiian Islands from July 1944, then began upgrading into the P-38J/L Lightning in September._NEWLINE_By the end of October, rumors filled the air that the group soon would upgrade airframes again, this time to the P-51 Mustang. This change in aircraft heralded a new mission for the 21 FG. True to rumor, leading echelons began deploying by ship to the island of Iwo Jima in the western Pacific in February 1945._NEWLINE_Before the end of the month, the 21st began flying patrols over the critical island base in support of ground operations. The final group echelon arrived at Iwo Jima on 25 March. Early the next morning, elements of the 21st were attacked in their encampment by Japanese soldiers. Assisted by a patrol of American Marines, 21st personnel counterattacked and in the tent-by-tent fighting killed 250 of the enemy. Fourteen group personnel were killed and 50, including 21 FG commander Colonel Kenneth R. Powell, were wounded._NEWLINE_The first long-range aerial mission of the 21st Fighter Group against the mainland of Japan began on 7 April 1945, when the group's Mustangs escorted a formation of B-29 bombers against the fortified and well-defended Nakajima aircraft factory near Tokyo. This mission marked the first time fighters had escorted bombers over Japan. Moreover, this mission has been credited as having been the longest over-water fighter escort sortie to date. Over the following weeks, the 21st escorted American B-29s over enemy airfields and industrial targets and engaged rival Japanese fighter aircraft. The 531st Squadron achieved another first for the 21 FG in June 1945 by initiating aerial rocket strike sorties against select enemy targets which included ships and a radio station. In the meantime, the groups' aircraft continued to duel in the air and two "aces" soon emerged: Major Harry Crim and Captain Willis Matthews, both of the 531st Fighter Squadron. Aircrews of the 21st also strafed the airfields which the Japanese used for their increasingly dangerous kamikaze attacks. The 21 FG flew its last combat mission 14 August 1945, about two weeks before the official Japanese capitulation on 2 September._NEWLINE_The group received the Distinguished Unit Citation on 13 November 1945 specifically for its outstanding conduct during the earlier raid on Nakajima. However, the 21st had played a laudable part throughout the final stages of the war in the Pacific._NEWLINE_After the war, the group transferred from Iwo Jima, first to Saipan, then finally to Guam. Re-equipped with P-47 Thunderbolts during the summer of 1946. The 21 FG inactivated on 10 October 1946. _START_SECTION_ Post/Cold War _START_PARAGRAPH_ Redesignated 21st Fighter-Bomber Group. Activated at George AFB California on 1 January 1953 with three (72d, 416th and 531st) Fighter-Bomber squadrons. Assigned to Tactical Air Command. Equipped for a few months with F-51's, later with F-86's. Maintained tactical proficiency and provided air defense augmentation in the United States, January 1953 – November 1954._NEWLINE_At George, the group established and maintained tactical proficiency and provided air defense augmentation. In December 1954, the group was assigned to NATO and was reassigned to Chambley-Bussieres Air Base, France._NEWLINE_The 21 FBG consisted of three squadrons, the 72d, 416th and 531st Fighter-Bomber Squadrons, equipped with the F-86F Sabre. Upon their arrival, the facilities at Chambley were not ready for aircraft use, and the squadrons had to deploy elsewhere. The 72d deployed to Chateauroux AB, while the 416th and 531st operated out of Toul-Rosieres AB._NEWLINE_After many construction delays, the group combined its fighter squadrons at Chambley on 15 April 1955. The squadrons carried out close air support training missions with the Army, then took first place at the United States Air Forces in Europe (USAFE) "Gunnery Meet" at Wheelus Air Base, Libya._NEWLINE_The 21 FBW participated in the Atomic Warfare exercise Carte Blanche, and went on to take an overall second place in the Nellis AFB, Nevada Gunnery Meet in 1956. Moreover, they won the USAFE Award for Tactical Proficiency for the January–June period of 1957._NEWLINE_In 1957, the French Government decreed that all nuclear weapons and delivery aircraft had to be removed from French soil by July 1958. As a result, the F-86's of the 21st Fighter-Bomber Group had to be removed from France. During October 1957 it was announced that the 21 FBG would be inactivated on 8 February 1958, and that its assets would be dispersed among existing USAFE units. _START_SECTION_ Modern era _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1991, the 21st Tactical Fighter Wing was reorganized as an objective wing and all the major tenant units on Elmendorf AFB, Alaska were placed under it. The 21st Operations Group was the flying component of the 21st Wing. The 21st Wing was inactivated and the 3d Wing was reassigned from Clark Air Base, Philippines to Elmendorf on 19 December 1991 as a result of the Mount Pinatubo eruption and the inhabitability of Clark. This was in keeping Air Force's policies of retaining the oldest and most illustrious units._NEWLINE_The 21st Operations Group was reactivated on 15 May 1992 as a component of the redesignated and reactivated 21st Space Wing, providing command management of Air Force Space Command's worldwide network of assigned missile warning, space surveillance, and communications units.

8697194940713697480

Q149639

_START_ARTICLE_ 2598 Merlin _START_SECTION_ Classification and orbit _START_PARAGRAPH_ Merlin is a member of the Dora family (512), a well-established central asteroid family of more than 1,200 carbonaceous asteroids. The family's namesake is 668 Dora. It is alternatively known as the "Zhongolovich family", named after its presumably largest member 1734 Zhongolovich. The Dora family may also contain a subfamily._NEWLINE_Merlin orbits the Sun in the central main-belt at a distance of 2.2–3.4 AU once every 4 years and 8 months (1,694 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.22 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. In Nombember 1948, the asteroid was first identified 1948 WH at Uccle Observatory, where the body's observation arc begins 32 years prior to its official discovery observation at Anderson Mesa. _START_SECTION_ Physical characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the SMASS classification, Merlin a Ch-type asteroid, a hydrated subtype of the broader carbonaceous C-complex._NEWLINE_According to the surveys carried out by the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Merlin measures 15.694 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.049. _START_SECTION_ Lightcurves _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of 2017, no rotational lightcurve of Merlin has been obtained from photometric observations. The body's rotation period and shape remain unknown. _START_SECTION_ Naming _START_PARAGRAPH_ This minor planet was named after the sage and sorcerer Merlin, featured mentor of King Arthur in Arthurian legend and medieval Welsh poetry. His magic enabled Arthur to pull Excalibur from the rock and become the rightwise king born of all England. The name was suggested by F. Pilcher. The approved naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 4 August 1982 (M.P.C. 7157).

4513606222001862223

Q4632682

_START_ARTICLE_ 281 series _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ Built jointly by Kinki Sharyo and Kawasaki Heavy Industries, the trains are used on the Haruka limited express service via the Kansai Airport Line in three- or six-car formations. _START_SECTION_ Formations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sets are based at Hineno Depot, and are formed as shown below.

15403176340914926927

Q4632804

_START_ARTICLE_ 28th National Film Awards _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Awards were divided into feature films and non-feature films. _START_SECTION_ Feature films _START_PARAGRAPH_ Feature films were awarded at All India as well as regional level. For 28th National Film Awards, a Bengali film, Akaler Shandhaney won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film also winning the maximum number of awards (four), along with a Malayalam film, Oppol. Following were the awards given in each category:

14814019235993228508

Q4632848

_START_ARTICLE_ 28th World Science Fiction Convention _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Hugo Awards, named after Hugo Gernsback, are presented every year for the best science fiction or fantasy works and achievements of the previous year. The results are based on the ballots submitted by members of the World Science Fiction Society. Other awards, including the Astounding Award for Best New Writer (since 1973; named "John W. Campbell Award for Best New Writer" until 2019), are also presented at each year's Worldcon.

15670904023743460456

Q2728188

_START_ARTICLE_ 2C (psychedelics) _START_SECTION_ Canada _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of October 12, 2016, the 2C-x family of substituted phenethylamines is a controlled substances (Schedule III) in Canada.

11580352170397834802

Q7983944

_START_ARTICLE_ 2Play _START_SECTION_ Music career _START_PARAGRAPH_ 2Play is a MOBO Award-winning record producer and musician. He is best known for songs with the Canadian-Indian singer Raghav, as well as collaborations with a number of artists including Jucxi D, Naila Boss, Thomas Jules and Moni._NEWLINE_2Play first entered the music scene in 1997 as a UK garage producer under the alias Special T._NEWLINE_He has had two UK Top 10 hit singles: "So Confused" (featuring Raghav and Jucxi) and "It Can't Be Right" (featuring Raghav and Naila Boss). A cover of Kevin Lyttle's "Turn Me On" featuring Raghav and Jucxi appeared as a B-side to the single "So Confused". In 2005, "So Confused" also won "Best Single" at the UK Asian Music Awards._NEWLINE_He has produced cover versions of such songs as George Michael's "Careless Whisper" (featuring Thomas Jules and Jucxi D) and Maxi Priest's "Close to You" (featuring Moni).

11322542352124603633

Q4634425

_START_ARTICLE_ 306th Expeditionary Airlift Squadron _START_SECTION_ Mission _START_PARAGRAPH_ Attached to the 89th Airlift Wing at Joint Base Andrews, Maryland, the squadron operates from New Castle Air National Guard Base, Delaware with 60 maintenance personnel, and about a dozen operations personnel supporting five four C-17 Globemaster III aircraft. The squadron supports presidential airlift, through a mission known as "Banner Express". Aircraft and personnel are prepositioned to support an expected surge in airlift requirements._NEWLINE_The squadron was expected to commence operations in April 2012 and inactivate in late November. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ The squadron was first activated with Douglas C-47 Skytrains in September 1943 as the 306th Troop Carrier Squadron at Sedalia Army Air Field, Missouri and trained under I Troop Carrier Command. It trained in various parts of the eastern United States until early 1944. The unit then deployed to England, where it became part of IX Troop Carrier Command._NEWLINE_The squadron prepared for the invasion of Nazi-occupied Europe. It began operations by dropping paratroops of the 101st Airborne Division in Normandy on D-Day (6 June 1944) and releasing gliders with reinforcements on the following day. The unit received a Distinguished Unit Citation and a French citation for these missions. After the Normandy invasion the squadron ferried supplies in the United Kingdom._NEWLINE_After moving to France in September, the unit dropped paratroops of the 82nd Airborne Division near Nijmegen and towed gliders carrying reinforcements during Operation Market Garden, the airborne attack on the Netherlands. In December, it participated in the Battle of the Bulge by releasing gliders with supplies for the 101st Airborne Division near Bastogne._NEWLINE_When the Allies made the air assault across the Rhine River in March 1945, each aircraft towed two gliders with troops of the 17th Airborne Division and released them near Wesel. The squadron also hauled food, clothing, medicine, gasoline, ordnance equipment, and other supplies to the front lines and evacuated patients to rear zone hospitals. It converted from C-47s to Curtiss C-46 Commandos and used the new aircraft to transport displaced persons from Germany to France and Belgium after V-E Day. It was inactivated in Germany in September 1946. _START_SECTION_ Air Force reserve operations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Postwar, the squadron was activated in the Air Force reserve in 1949 at Fairfax Field, Kansas. At Fairfax, it again operated C-46 Commandos. The squadron was called to active duty during the Korean War in 1951, and its aircraft and personnel were used as fillers other units and the squadron was inactivated.

7991460869860207778

Q66764360

_START_ARTICLE_ 30 Miles from Nowhere _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film follows five ex-college buddies who return to the summer home of their youth for their scientist friend’s funeral. But mourning turns to terror when they realize their reunion is not at all what it seems. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film has an 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 10 critic reviews.

12603659126037035277

Q4030837

_START_ARTICLE_ 31st Rifle Division _START_SECTION_ Interwar period _START_PARAGRAPH_ The division was formed in the area of the villages of Kalach, Prutboy, Kalitva, Nizhny Charskaya, and Verkhne Charskaya from the 93rd Red Banner Rifle Regiment near Stalingrad, part of the Volga Military District, on 2 October 1925. On 29 April 1927 it received the honorific "Stalingrad" after moving to the city. In that year the 31st included the 91st Astrakhan, 92nd Leningrad, and 93rd Don Rifle Regiments. The 31st remained part of the district until January 1940, when it was relocated to Yerevan and became part of the Transcaucasian Military District. It was also stationed near Gusar, Khachmas, and Quba. The division's main body, excluding the headquarters, moved to the Iranian and Turkish borders in April, engaging in strengthening the border defenses by building roads and fortifications. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ The division began World War II in the district's 40th Rifle Corps alongside the 9th Rifle Division. It included the 75th, 177th, and the 248th Rifle Regiments, as well as the 32nd Light Artillery Regiment and the 104th Sapper Battalion. In July it became part of the newly formed 45th Army, covering the Turkish border. After the Red Army suffered heavy losses in the Battle of Kiev and in the Donbass, the 31st was one of the divisions sent north to fill the gap. By 12 October, it was at Taganrog on the coast of the Black Sea, assigned to the Taganrog Group, which became part of the 56th Army in November. With the army, the division fought in the Battle of Rostov and on the Mius during the winter of 1941–1942._NEWLINE_When Case Blue, the German summer offensive of 1942, began, the army and the division retreated into the Caucasus. In July it was transferred to the 12th Army and in August to the North Caucasian Front's 18th Army. The 31st suffered heavy losses in the defense of Tuapse, and on 29 August it was reinforced by the 818th Rifle Regiment, formed from the remnants of the 9th NKVD Motorized Division, which replaced the disbanded 177th Regiment. At the end of the year, when the German retreat from the Caucasus began after their defeat in the Battle of Stalingrad, the division was transferred to the 46th Army, advancing north along the Black Sea coast._NEWLINE_Between March and May 1943, the 46th Army and the 31st Division were moved north in the Reserve of the Supreme High Command (RVGK), joining the Southwestern Front. The division remained with the army in the front, which became the 3rd Ukrainian Front on 20 October, until the end of 1943. During the Battle of the Dnieper, the division was transferred to the 2nd Ukrainian Front's 4th Guards Army. It advanced into Romania in the Jassy–Kishinev Offensive with the front during July and August 1944, mostly part of the 4th Guards Army. In September, the division was withdrawn to the RVGK with the 52nd Army's 78th Rifle Corps. The division went back into combat in October with the corps and army, part of the 1st Ukrainian Front._NEWLINE_From January 1945, it fought in the Vistula–Oder Offensive. In February, the 32nd Artillery Regiment was equipped with twenty 76 mm divisional gun M1942 (ZiS-3) and twelve 122 mm howitzer M1938 (M-30), practically full strength by the 1942–1943 tables of equipment and organization, but the regiment's vehicle park was very diverse, incorporating 29 Lend-Lease Studebaker US6 2½-ton 6x6 trucks, a 1½-ton Lend-Lease Chevrolet G506 truck, five Soviet-made trucks, four captured German trucks, and six Soviet tractors. Towards the end of the war, despite a chronic shortage of riflemen, the division's artillery remained at full strength. The division fought in the Berlin Offensive in April. From 6 to 11 May, the 31st fought in the Prague Offensive, during which the army advanced south into Czechoslovakia from Bunzlau, reaching the Labe River northeast of Prague by the end of the operation. During the war, it was awarded the Order of the Red Banner, the Order of Suvorov 2nd class, and the Order of Bogdan Khmelnitsky 2nd class. _START_SECTION_ Postwar _START_PARAGRAPH_ The division and its corps were relocated to Poland with the 52nd Army in the area of Kielce, Częstochowa, and Kraków in June. It became part of the Northern Group of Forces there. In the fall of 1945, the army and the 31st Division with the corps were relocated to the Slavuta in the Lvov Military District in western Ukraine. The division was disbanded in July 1946 along with the corps in the Carpathian Military District.

13972040824827309153

Q16057571

_START_ARTICLE_ 397th Bombardment Squadron _START_SECTION_ World War I _START_PARAGRAPH_ With the entry of the United States into World War I, the War Department believed it was necessary to establish an air presence along the Atlantic terminus of the Panama Canal as a defensive measure against an enemy seaborne attack._NEWLINE_In advancing its plans for the defense of the Atlantic and Gulf coasts of the United States, the joint Army-Navy board recommended the establishment of eight aeronautic stations which, with a strength of two dirigibles and six or eight seaplanes each, could immediately conduct patrol work. Significantly, the only site definitely advanced as vital in the overall plan was that at the Coco Solo United States Navy submarine base near Colón in the Canal Zone._NEWLINE_The Army selected Captain Henry H. Arnold, then in training at the Army Aviation School at Rockwell Field, near San Diego, to proceed immediately to the Canal Zone and form and command an aviation squadron there. This unit was designated the 7th Aero Squadron and was organized on 29 March 1917. Captain Arnold did not remain long with the 7th Aero Squadron, however, as he returned to the United States in April 1917. The squadron personnel arrived for duty in the Canal Zone with 51 officers and enlisted men. Initially garrisoned at Ancón, Canal Zone at the end of March 1917, the unit moved to Corozal by 16 April. They then moved to the large temporary camp at Empire, Canal Zone in May, all on the Pacific side of the isthmus – not making the move to Fort Sherman's parade field until around 29 August 1917, on the Atlantic side. The unit did not receive its first aircraft until about 10 December 1917, when two Curtiss R-4's were tested at Fort Sherman. These were followed by Curtiss R-6's on 12 February 1918 which were supplied by the Navy. Besides its Curtiss R-4's and R-6's, the unit also had two Curtiss R-3's which, oddly, had arrived after the R-4's, in late December 1917._NEWLINE_With the end of World War I most of the 7th Aero Squadron's personnel were transferred back to the United States for demobilization. _START_SECTION_ Between the wars _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the war, the squadron evolved into the 7th Squadron (14 March 1921), 7th Observation Squadron (25 January 1925), 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (1 September 1937), 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (Medium Range) (6 December 1939) and 7th Reconnaissance Squadron (Heavy) (20 November 1940) before being finally redesignated as the 397th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) on 22 April 1942. The squadron was assigned to the 6th Composite Group._NEWLINE_After World War I, the squadron is credited with having operated numerous aircraft types between 1919 and 1931. These included, the venerable U.S.-built Dayton-Wright DH-4 series of light bomber/general purpose aircraft; the Curtiss JN-4 "Jenny" family of trainers; the Loening OA-1 amphibians, these being uniquely suited to conditions in Panama, Douglas O-2 observation aircraft and, surprisingly, Curtiss HS-1 and HS-2L flying boats. Of the DH-4's, the first six postwar examples, all virtually stock DH-4B's, arrived for duty with the 7th in February 1920, replacing the well-worn Curtiss R-6's and other earlier DH-4's. By 16 February 1922, the squadron had seven "war-built" DH-4's, four DH-4B's, the solitary Curtiss JN-4H, three Curtiss JN-6's. By August, all but one of the "war-built" DH-4's had been scrapped and one of the DH-4B's had been converted to DH-4BP-1 (photographic) configuration. _NEWLINE_By June 1927, the squadron, now in a very lean peacetime stance, had but eight aircraft. These consisted of four DH-4M's, a solitary DH-4B, a Loening OA-l and two Loening OA-1As._NEWLINE_In 1937, the 6th Group, which had been a composite unit since its establishment in 1919, became the 6th Bombardment Group. The squadron was equipped with Douglas B-18 Bolos, although a single Northrop A-17 Nomad was also assigned for a period, together with a Sikorsky OA-8._NEWLINE_By 1 February 1940, the assignment to the 6th Bombardment Group was changed to an attachment, as the unit was reassigned to the 19th Composite Wing and placed under the control of the Caribbean Air Force staff as one of the dedicated reconnaissance elements reporting to that headquarters. On 4 June 1941, it was assigned one Boeing B-17B Flying Fortress, the first production version of the Flying Fortress, which had been transferred to the command. Obsolete as a bomber, the mission of the B-17B was long-range reconnaissance in the Canal Zone, although the aircraft retained its defensive machine guns for defense against any enemy aircraft it may encounter On 8 October 1941, it was once again assigned to the 6th Bombardment Group and, on 27 November, the unit moved from France Field to the newly constructed Howard Field on the Pacific side, where it received four additional B-17Bs. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the Japanese Attack on Pearl Harbor the Squadron was almost immediately deployed to David Field, Panama. The Squadron's B-17 Flying Fortress aircraft deployed elsewhere (mainly to Guatemala City Airport) to begin the Pacific patrols in early January 1942. The squadron was redesignated as the 397th Bombardment Squadron (Heavy) effective 22 April 1942._NEWLINE_The return to David Field came just in time for deployment of the unit as a whole from David to Talara Airfield, Peru, where it arrived on 18 August. From there the squadron undertook the Pacific patrol arc out to Seymour Airport in the Galápagos Islands and, sometimes, on to Guatemala City Airport. These flights continued, almost non-stop, through May 1943, when the unit was relieved and returned to Río Hato Field in Panama. The LB-30's retained their original British serial numbers throughout their service with the squadron. Upon its return to Rio Hato on 4 May 1943, the 397th was transformed, as an entirely new cadre of personnel replaced the veterans of the Galapagos and earlier tours there. Three days later, the Squadron moved to Howard Field in the Canal Zone, although this was apparently a mere paper move of its headquarters, as the unit's aircraft and personnel actually remained at Rio Hato._NEWLINE_On 1 January 1944, the squadron received orders to deploy four of its LB-30's to France Field to participate in the search for several marauding German U-Boats which were causing considerable alarm in the Caribbean. While at France Field, the aircraft also flew navigational and bombing exercises._NEWLINE_All of this was preparatory to the unit's deployment to the Galapagos Islands and, starting 7 April 1944, the ground echelon started movement to Balboa, Canal Zone, via truck for the transfer. The air element got four more B-24J's on 8 April and, with these, flew with the earlier two B-24J's and two B-24D's to Seymour Field in the Galapagos. Other missions, besides the normal long-distance patrols, saw 397th aircraft operating to Salinas Airport, Ecuador; Havana Airport, Cuba; Borinquen Field, Puerto Rico; Managua Airport, Nicaragua; Cartagena airport, Colombia and elsewhere throughout Central and South America._NEWLINE_In February 1945, the unit was relieved from duty in the Galapagos and returned to Rio Hato, where the unit ended the war, on 1 November 1946 when it was inactivated. _START_SECTION_ Reactivation in 2015 _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 1 May 2015, the unit was redesignated 7th Reconnaissance Squadron. It was reactivated at Naval Air Station Sigonella, Sicily, Italy on 15 May, where it replaced Detachment 1, 69th Reconnaissance Group. It is assigned to the 69th Group at Grand Forks Air Force Base, North Dakota.

16574980548859951857

Q229253

_START_ARTICLE_ 39M Csaba _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hungarian expatriate Nicholas Straussler designed several armoured cars for Britain while living there between the two world wars. Straussler came to an agreement with the Weiss Manfred factory of Csepel, Budapest to produce vehicles from his designs for use in his home country - the most prominent was the Csaba (named after the son of Attila the Hun) which was designed based on his experience of the Alvis AC2 armoured car._NEWLINE_After successful trials in 1939, the Hungarian Army placed an order for 61, and a further order for an additional 40 vehicles was placed in 1940. Of these, twenty were used as actual fighting vehicles, with the remainder serving as armoured command cars and reconnaissance vehicles._NEWLINE_The Csaba had a 20 mm Solothurn anti-tank rifle and an 8 mm machine gun fixed on a centrally mounted turret, with 9 mm armoured plating. The vehicle was also equipped with a detachable 8 mm light machine gun fired through the rear hatch in the anti-aircraft role. The crew could dismount and carry this MG when conducting reconnaissance on foot. It also had two driving positions - one at the front as normal, and an additional one at the rear._NEWLINE_The 40M Csaba was a command version armed only with the turret-mounted 8 mm machine gun. This vehicle was fitted with a second R-4T radio, which had a large lattice radio mast.

17767549189121985900

Q48990457

_START_ARTICLE_ 3rd Armored Division Artillery (United States) _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 3rd Armored Division Artillery was first constituted on 13 January 1941 in the Regular Army as the Artillery Section of the division headquarters, and activated on 15 April with the division at Camp Beauregard. On 1 March 1942, it was redesignated as the Divisional Artillery Command. After the end of World War II, it was inactivated in Germany on 10 November 1945. _START_SECTION_ Cold War _START_PARAGRAPH_ While inactive, the Divisional Artillery Command was consolidated with the division Service Company (excluding for the Military Police Platoon), and redesignated as the Division Artillery. The Division Artillery headquarters and headquarters battery (HHB) was reactivated with the division at Fort Knox on 30 July 1948. On 1 July 1955, it was redesignated the 3rd Armored Division Artillery. _START_SECTION_ Gulf War _START_PARAGRAPH_ DIVARTY was awarded the Meritorious Unit Commendation for its actions in the war. After returning to Germany, DIVARTY was inactivated there on 16 September 1991.

1686725796382762705

Q4637636

_START_ARTICLE_ 41st Brigade (United Kingdom) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 41st Brigade was a formation of the British Army. It was one of the new army or Kitchener's Army brigades, and assigned to the 14th (Light) Division and served on the Western Front during the First World War.

11186911467795473261

Q1317511

_START_ARTICLE_ 42nd parallel north _START_SECTION_ Canada _START_PARAGRAPH_ The parallel 42° north passes through the southern end of Lake Michigan and Lake Erie. Part of the water boundary between Canada and the United States passes south of the 42nd parallel. The southern tip of the Canadian province of Ontario just barely goes south of it at Point Pelee and Pelee Island, while the southernmost portion of the Town of Essex at Colchester is located below the 42nd parallel.

11668507102528721919

Q48731823

_START_ARTICLE_ 47th International Film Festival of India _START_SECTION_ Opening film _START_PARAGRAPH_ "Afterimage" by Andrzej Wajda

13319752203358891563

Q4639061

_START_ARTICLE_ 4 Little Dream Songs _START_PARAGRAPH_ 4 Little Dream Songs is a series of 4 pieces for solo classical guitar, composed by Takashi Yoshimatsu in 1993. It was written as a supplement to the composer's Tender Toys works and consists of transcriptions for guitar and harmonica of various melodies which were used in broadcasts and stage plays._NEWLINE_The sheet music for these pieces was issued together in Yoshimatsu Collected Works Vol. 3 for Guitar.

61118263499374709

Q4639230

_START_ARTICLE_ 4th Cavalry Brigade (United Kingdom) _START_SECTION_ Second Boer War _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following the outbreak of the Second Boer War in late 1899, a 4th Cavalry Brigade was established under the command of Major-General John Dickson. The brigade was composed of squadrons from the 7th Dragoon Guards, 8th Hussars and 17th Lancers, with drafts from the 19th Hussars and 1st Dragoons, and was mobilized for service on 1 January 1900, leaving for South Africa the following month. The Mounted Infantry for the brigade was 300 men strong, and was drawn from the 2nd Battalion Leicestershire Regiment, the 1st Battalion Royal Berkshire Regiment, the 1st Battalion Yorkshire Light Infantry, the 2nd Battalion Manchester Regiment, the 4th Battalion of the King's Royal Rifle Corps, and the 4th Battalion of the Rifle Brigade, with a machine-gun section from the 2nd Battalion Liverpool Regiment. The No. 20 Field Hospital Royal Army Medical Corps was attached to the brigade. _START_SECTION_ Mobilization _START_PARAGRAPH_ 4th Cavalry Brigade was a peacetime formation of the British Army, based in Eastern Command. At the outbreak of the war, it was headquartered at Canterbury and commanded the 6th Dragoon Guards (Carabiniers) (at Canterbury), 3rd (King's Own) Hussars (at Shorncliffe) and 4th Signal Troop, Royal Engineers (at Canterbury). A number of units were attached to the brigade: the 19th (Queen Alexandra's Own Royal) Hussars at Hounslow, the Woolwich-based X Brigade, RHA (P and R Batteries), II Brigade, RHA (consisting of just C Battery and based at Canterbury) and King Edward's Horse of the Special Reserve (based at Chelsea)._NEWLINE_On mobilization, the brigade was brought up to its full – three regiment – strength with the addition of the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment; 4th Cavalry Brigade Field Ambulance also joined and the attached units departed at this point. The brigade joined The Cavalry Division along with 1st, 2nd and 3rd Cavalry Brigades and moved to France in August 1914. _START_SECTION_ Early Actions _START_PARAGRAPH_ With The Cavalry Division, the brigade took part in a number of actions during the early war of movement: the Battle of Mons (23–24 August), the Battle of Le Cateau (26 August), the Action at Néry (1 September), the Battle of the Marne (6–9 September) and the Battle of the Aisne (12–15 September)._NEWLINE_The brigade was transferred to the 2nd Cavalry Division on 14 October 1914 to bring it up to the standard three brigade strength. It remained with the division on the Western Front until the end of the war. _START_SECTION_ 2nd Cavalry Division _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1914, the brigade, with the division, took part in First Battle of Ypres, notably the battle of Gheluvelt (29–31 October). On 11 November, the Household Cavalry Composite Regiment was broken up and its constituent squadrons rejoined their parent regiments. The 1/1st Queen's Own Oxfordshire Hussars, a Yeomanry regiment, joined in its place._NEWLINE_In 1915, the division was in action at the Battle of Neuve Chapelle (10–12 March 1915) and the Second Battle of Ypres notably the Battle of St Julien (26 April–3 May) and the Battle of Bellewaarde Ridge (24–25 May)._NEWLINE_On 28 February 1916, a Machine Gun Squadron was formed from the machine gun sections of the brigade's constituent regiments._NEWLINE_1916 saw no notable actions, but in 1917 the division saw action in the Battle of Arras (First Battle of the Scarpe, 9–11 April). and the Battle of Cambrai (the Tank Attack of 20–21 November, the Capture of Bourlon Wood of 24–28 November and the German Counter-Attack of 30 November–3 December). At other times, the brigade formed a dismounted unit and served in the trenches as a regiment under the command of the brigadier. _START_SECTION_ War of movement _START_PARAGRAPH_ 1918 saw the return of the war of movement and the division took part in the First Battle of the Somme notably the Battle of St Quentin (21–23 March), the Battle of the Lys (Battle of Hazebrouck of 14–15 April), the Battle of Amiens (8–11 August) and the Second Battle of the Somme (Battle of Albert of 21–23 August and the Second Battle of Bapaume of 31 August–3 September)._NEWLINE_The division was then split up with the 4th Cavalry Brigade serving with Third Army. The brigade took part in the battles of the Hindenburg Line, notably the Battle of the Canal du Nord (27 September–1 October) and the Pursuit to the Selle (9–12 October). Its final action was to take part in the Advance in Picardy (17 October–11 November) including the Battle of the Sambre (4 November), still with Third Army. _START_SECTION_ Armistice _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the Armistice, the brigade had reached Erquelinnes with Third Army. On 15 November, the division was re-assembled near Maubeuge and ordered to advance into Germany as an advance screen for Fourth Army and form part of the Occupation Force. The move began on 17 November, Ciney and Rochefort were reached five days later._NEWLINE_In late December, the division moved to winter quarters south and south-east of Liège. It remained here until 30 January 1919 when it exchanged regiments with 1st and 3rd Cavalry Divisions then gradually moved back to England. The Division ceased to exist at midnight 31 March / 1 April 1919. _START_SECTION_ Second World War _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 4th Cavalry Brigade was reformed in October 1939 and took command of a composite regiment of Household Cavalry and two Yeomanry regiments (North Somerset Yeomanry and Royal Wiltshire Yeomanry). It joined the 1st Cavalry Division when it was formed on 31 October 1939._NEWLINE_With the 1st Cavalry Division, the 4th Cavalry Brigade departed the United Kingdom in February 1940, transited across France, and arrived in Palestine on 20 February 1940. It served as a garrison force under British Forces, Palestine and Trans-Jordan._NEWLINE_From 6 May 1941 the brigade, together with a battalion of infantry from the Essex Regiment, a mechanised regiment from the Arab Legion and supporting artillery was organised as Habforce for operations in Iraq including the relief of the base at RAF Habbaniya and the occupation of Baghdad. Following this, in July 1941 it was placed under the command of I Australian Corps and was involved in operations against the Vichy French in Syria, advancing from eastern Iraq near the Trans-Jordan border on Palmyra to secure the Haditha – Tripoli oil pipeline._NEWLINE_On 1 August 1941, the Division was converted into the 10th Armoured Division and the 4th Cavalry Brigade into the 9th Armoured Brigade. 9th Armoured Brigade would later take part in the Second Battle of El Alamein and the Italian Campaign.

8744443999726651762

Q4639714

_START_ARTICLE_ 50/50 Luv _START_SECTION_ Lyrics and music _START_PARAGRAPH_ The lyrics deal with the street life, how it has changed people and turned friends against each other. It is also considered a dedication to B.G. Knocc and Dresta's deceased friend, gangsta rap pioneer Eazy-E._NEWLINE_The song contains an interpolation of "When Somebody Loves You Back" by Teddy Pendergrass. _START_SECTION_ Chart performance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song peaked at number 68 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles & Tracks chart, number 27 on the Hot Rap Singles chart and number five on the Bubbling Under R&B/Hip-Hop Singles chart.

11064551529749665946

Q638903

_START_ARTICLE_ 5 October 1910 revolution _START_SECTION_ 1890 British Ultimatum and 31 January rebellion _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 11 January 1890 the British government of Lord Salisbury sent the Portuguese government an ultimatum in the form of a "memorandum", demanding the retreat of the Portuguese military forces led by Serpa Pinto from the territory between the colonies of Angola and Mozambique (in the current Zimbabwe and Zambia), an area claimed by Portugal under the Pink Map._NEWLINE_The swift yielding by the Portuguese to the British demands was seen as a national humiliation by a broad cross-section of the population and the elite, initiating a movement of deep dissatisfaction in relation with the new king, Carlos I of Portugal, the royal family and the institution of the monarchy, which were seen as responsible for the alleged process of "national decline". The situation was aggravated by the severe financial crisis that occurred between 1890 and 1891, when the money sent from emigrants in Brazil decreased by 80% with the so-called crisis of encilhamento following the proclamation of the republic in Brazil two months previously, an event that was followed with apprehension by the monarchic government and with jubilation by the defenders of the republic in Portugal. The republicans knew how to take advantage of the dissatisfaction, initiating an increase of their social support base that would climax in the demise of the regime._NEWLINE_On 14 January, the progressive government fell and the leader of the Regenerador Party, António de Serpa Pimentel, was chosen to form the new government. The progressivists then began to attack the king, voting for republican candidates in the March election of that year, questioning the colonial agreement then signed with the British. Feeding an atmosphere of near insurrection, on 23 March 1890, António José de Almeida, at the time a student in the University of Coimbra and, later on, President of the Republic, published an article entitled "Bragança, o último", considered slanderous against the king and led to Almeida's imprisonment._NEWLINE_On 1 April 1890, the explorer Silva Porto self-immolated wrapped in a Portuguese flag in Kuito, Angola, after failed negotiations with the locals, under orders of Paiva Couceiro, which he attributed to the ultimatum. The death of the well-known explorer of the African continent generated a wave of national sentiment, and his funeral was followed by a crowd in Porto. On 11 April, Guerra Junqueiro's poetic work Finis Patriae, a satire criticising the King, went on sale._NEWLINE_In the city of Porto, on 31 January 1891, a military uprising against the monarchy took place, constituted mainly by sergeants and enlisted ranks. The rebels, who used the nationalist anthem A Portuguesa as their marching song, took the Paços do Concelho, from whose balcony, the republican journalist and politician Augusto Manuel Alves da Veiga proclaimed the establishment of the republic in Portugal and hoisted a red and green flag belonging to the Federal Democratic Centre. The movement was, shortly afterwards, suppressed by a military detachment of the municipal guard that remained loyal to the government, resulting in 40 injured and 12 casualties. The captured rebels were judged. 250 received sentences of between 18 months and 15 years of exile in Africa. A Portuguesa was forbidden._NEWLINE_Despite its failure, the rebellion of 31 January 1891 was the first large threat felt by the monarchic regime and a sign of what would come almost two decades later. _START_SECTION_ The uprising _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 3 October 1910 the republican uprising foreshadowed by the political unrest finally took place. Although many of those involved in the republican cause avoided participation in the uprising, making it seem like the revolt had failed, it eventually succeeded thanks to the government's inability to gather enough troops to control the nearly two hundred armed revolutionaries that resisted in the Rotunda. _START_SECTION_ Movements of the first revolutionaries _START_PARAGRAPH_ In summer of 1910 Lisbon was teeming with rumours and many times the President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) Teixeira de Sousa was warned of imminent coups d'état. The revolution was not an exception: the coup was expected by the government, who on 3 October gave orders for all the garrison troops of the city to be on guard. After a dinner offered in honour of D. Manuel II by Brazilian president Hermes da Fonseca, then on a state visit to Portugal, the monarch retreated to the Palace of Necessidades while his uncle and sworn heir to the throne, prince D. Afonso, went on to the Citadel of Cascais._NEWLINE_After the murder of Miguel Bombarda, shot by one of his patients, the republican leaders assembled with urgency on the night of the 3rd. Some officials were against the meeting due to the strong military presence, but Admiral Cândido dos Reis insisted for it to take place, saying "A Revolução não será adiada: sigam-me, se quiserem. Havendo um só que cumpra o seu dever, esse único serei eu." ("The Revolution will not be delayed: follow me, if you want. If there is one that fulfills their duty, this one will be me.")._NEWLINE_Machado Santos had already got into action and did not attend the assembly. Instead, he went to the military quarters of the 16th Infantry Regiment where a revolutionary corporal had triggered a rebellion involving the majority of the garrison. A commander and a captain were killed when they made an attempt to control it. Entering a barracks with dozens of members of the Carbonária, the naval officer went on with about 100 soldiers that entered the 1st Artillery Regiment, where Captain Afonso Palla and a few sergeants and civilians, had already taken the administration building and captured all officers that refused to join them. With the arrival of Machado Santos two columns were formed which were placed under the leadership of captains Sá Cardoso and Palla. The first went to meet the 2nd Infantry Regiment and the 2nd Caçadores Regiment, also sympathisers of the rebellion, to go on to Alcântara where it was to support the naval barracks. The original route intersected with a Municipal Guard outpost which forced the column to follow a different route. After a few confrontations with the police and civilians, it finally found the column led by Palla. Together, the columns advanced to Rotunda, where they entrenched at around 5am. The stationed force was composed of around 200 to 300 men of the 1st Artillery Regiment, 50 to 60 men of the 16th Infantry Regiment and around 200 civilians. The captains Sá Cardoso and Palla and the naval commissary Machado Santos were among the 9 officers in command._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, Lieutenant Ladislau Parreira and some officers and civilians entered the barracks of the Naval Corps of Alcântara at 1am, managing to take arms, provoke a revolt and capture the commanders, one of whom was wounded. The aim of this action was to prevent the exit of the cavalry unit of the Municipal Guard, an aim that was achieved. For this end, they required the support of 3 warships anchored in the Tagus. By this time, Lieutenant Mendes Cabeçadas had already taken command of the mutinied crew of the NRP Adamastor while the mutinied crew of the São Rafael waited for an officer to command it._NEWLINE_At about 7am Ladislau Parreira, having been informed by civilians of the situation, sent the Second-Lieutenant Tito de Morais to take command of the São Rafael, with orders for both ships to support the garrison of the barracks. When it became known that on the ship D. Carlos I the crew had begun a mutiny but the officers had entrenched, Lieutenant Carlos da Maia and a few sailors left the São Rafael. After some gunfire from which a lieutenant and a ship commander became wounded, the officers gave up control of the D. Carlos I, yielding it to the hands of the republicans._NEWLINE_That was the last unit to join the rebels, which included by then part of the 1st Artillery Regiment, 16th Infantry Regiment, the naval corps and the three warships. Navy members had joined in large numbers as expected, but many military sections considered sympathizers with the cause hadn't joined. Even so, the republican forces included about 400 men in Rotunda, 1000 to 1500 in Alcântara counting the naval crews, as well as having managed to take hold of the city's artillery, with most of the ammunition, to which was added the naval artillery. Rotunda and Alcântara were occupied, but concrete plans for the revolution had not yet been decided and the main leaders hadn't yet appeared._NEWLINE_In spite of this, the beginning of the events did not occur favorably for the rebels. The three cannon shots – the accorded signal for the civilians and military to advance – did not take place. Only a shot was heard and the Admiral Cândido dos Reis, expecting the signal to take command of the warships, was informed that everything had failed, which prompted him to retire to his sister's house. The next morning his dead body was found in Arroios. In desperation, he had committed suicide by a shot to the head._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, in Rotunda, the apparent calm in the city was so discouraging to the rebels that officers preferred to give up. Sá Cardoso, Palla and other officers retired to their houses, but Machado Santos stayed and assumed command. This decision proved fundamental to the success of the revolution. _START_SECTION_ The government forces _START_PARAGRAPH_ The military garrison of Lisbon was composed by four infantry regiments, two cavalry regiments and two light infantry battalions, with a theoretical total of 6982 men. However, in practice, there were other useful units in military outposts used for lookout and general police duties, especially in the industrial district of Barreiro due to the bout of strikes and syndicalist activity that had been ongoing since September ._NEWLINE_Ever since the previous year the government forces had a plan of action, drawn up by order of the military commander of Lisbon, General Manuel Rafael Gorjão Henriques. When, on the evening of the 3rd, the President of the Council of Ministers Teixeira de Sousa informed him of the imminence of a revolt, a prevention order was soon sent to the garrisons in the city. The units of Artillery 3 and Light Infantry 6 were called from Santarém, while Infantry 15 was called from Tomar._NEWLINE_As soon as news of the revolt was received, the plan was put into practice: the 1st Infantry, 2nd Infantry, 2nd Light Infantry and 2nd Cavalry regiments and the artillery battery of Queluz, went to the Palace of Necessidades to protect the king, while Infantry 5 and Light Infantry 5 moved to Rossio Square, with the mission to protect the military headquarters._NEWLINE_As for the police force and municipal guards, they were distributed through the city as set out in the plan, intended to protect strategic points such as Rossio Railway Station, the gas factory, the Imprensa Nacional-Casa da Moeda (the Portuguese mint), the postal building, the Carmo barracks, the ammunition depot in Beirolas and the residence of the President of the Council of Ministers, where the government had assembled. Little is known of the Fiscal Guard (a total of 1397 men), only that a few soldiers were with the troops in Rossio. The civil police (total of 1200 men) stayed in the squads. This inaction decreased the effective government forces by approximately 2600 men. _START_SECTION_ The fighting _START_PARAGRAPH_ The fact that some units of the monarchical side sympathised with the republicans, combined with the abandonment by the rebels of the original plan of action, opting instead for entrenchment in Rotunda and Alcântara, led to a situation of impasse throughout 4 October, with all manner of rumours about victories and defeats spreading through the city._NEWLINE_As soon as news of the concentration of rebels in Rotunda were received, the military command of the city organised a detachment to break them up. The column, under the command of Colonel Alfredo Albuquerque, was formed by units that had been removed from the protection of the Palace of Necessidades: Infantry 2, Cavalry 2 and the mobile battery of Queluz. The latter included the colonial war hero Henrique Mitchell de Paiva Couceiro. The column advanced until near the prison, where it assumed combat positions. However, before these were completed, the column was attacked by rebels. The attack was repelled but resulted in a few wounded men, several dead pack animals and the scattering of about half the infantry. Paiva Couceiro responded with cannons and the infantry that remained during 45 minutes, ordering an attack that was carried out by around 30 soldiers, but which was beaten with some casualties. Continuing the gunfire, he ordered a new attack, but only 20 soldiers followed the order. Thinking that he had found the right time to assault the barracks of Artillery 1, Paiva Couceiro requested reinforcement to the division's command. However, he received the perplexing order to retreat._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, a column had been formed with the intention to attack simultaneously the rebels in Rotunda, a plan that was never carried out because of the order to retreat. The column reached Rossio in the evening without having joined combat. This inaction was not caused by the incompetence of its commander, General António Carvalhal, as would become clear the next day, when he was named chief of the Military Division for the republican government: he had changed sides._NEWLINE_Reinforcements from other parts of the country, expected by the government throughout 4 October, never arrived. Only the units already mentioned and called for the preventive measures received orders to advance. Since the beginning of the revolution, members of the Carbonária had disconnected the telegraph lines, thus cutting communication with units outside Lisbon. In addition, the rebels had cut off the railway tracks, which meant that even if the troops followed the orders to advance on Lisbon, they would never arrive on time. Reinforcements from the Setúbal peninsula were also unlikely to arrive, since the Tagus river was controlled by rebel ships._NEWLINE_Towards the end of the day the situation was difficult for the monarchical forces: the rebel ships were docked beside the Palace Square and the cruiser São Rafael opened fire on the ministry buildings in the bewildered sight of the Brazilian diplomatic corps aboard battleship São Paulo, whose passenger list included the elected president Hermes da Fonseca. _NEWLINE_This attack undermined the morale of the pro-government forces in Rossio. _START_SECTION_ The king's departure from Lisbon _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the dinner with Hermes da Fonseca, D. Manuel II had returned to the Palace of Necessidades, keeping the company of a few officers. They were playing bridge when the rebels began an attack on the building. The king attempted some phone calls but, finding that the lines had been cut, managed only to inform the Queen Mother, who was in Pena National Palace, about the situation. Soon afterwards, groups of units that were loyal to the king arrived at the scene and managed to defeat the attacks of the revolutionaries._NEWLINE_At 9 o'clock the king received a phone call from the president of the Council, advising him to find refuge in Mafra or Sintra, since the rebels were threatening to bomb the Palace of Necessidades. D.Manuel II refused to leave, saying to those present: "Go if you want, I'm staying. Since the constitution doesn't appoint me any role other than of letting myself be killed, I will abide by it."_NEWLINE_With the arrival of the mobile battery from Queluz, the pieces were arranged in the palace gardens so that they could bombard the quarters of the revolutionary sailors, which were located at no more than 100 metres from the palace. However, before they had time to start, the commander of the battery received the order to cancel the bombing and join the forces that were leaving the palace, integrated into the column that would attack the rebel forces of Artillery 1 in the Rotunda. At around midday the cruisers Adamastor and São Rafael, which had anchored in front of the sailors' quarters, started the bombardment of the Palace of Necessidades, an action which served to demoralise the present monarchical forces. The king took refuge in a small house in the palace's park, where he could ring Teixeira de Sousa, since the revolutionaries had only cut the special state telephone lines and not the general network. The king ordered the prime minister to send the battery from Queluz to the palace to prevent a naval landing, but the prime minister replied that the main action was happening in Rotunda and all the troops that were there were needed. Taking into account that the available troops were not sufficient to defeat the rebels in Rotunda, the prime minister made it obvious to the king that it would be more convenient to retire to Sintra or Mafra so that the stationed forces of the palace could reinforce the troops in Rotunda._NEWLINE_At two o'clock the vehicles with D. Manuel II and his advisors set out to Mafra, where the Infantry School would provide enough forces to protect the monarch. While approaching Benfica the king dismissed the municipal guard squad that escorted him so that they could join the fight against the rebels. The escort arrived in Mafra at around four o'clock in the afternoon, but then discovered a problem: due to the holidays, the Infantry School contained only 100 soldiers, as opposed to the 800 that were expected, and the person in charge, Colonel Pinto da Rocha, admitted to not having the means to protect the king. In the meantime, Counsellor João de Azevedo Coutinho arrived and advised the king to call to Mafra the queens D. Amélia and D. Maria Pia (respectively, the king's mother and grandmother), who were in the palaces of Pena and Vila in Sintra, and to prepare to continue on to Porto, where they would organise a resistance._NEWLINE_In Lisbon, the king's departure did not bring a large advantage to the government since the majority of the troops now available to engage the rebel forces did not follow the orders to march to Rossio Square to prevent the concentration of rebel artillery in Alcântara. _START_SECTION_ The royal family's exile _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Mafra, on the morning of 5 October, the king was looking for a way to reach Porto, an action that would be very difficult to carry out due to the almost non-existence of an escort and the innumerable revolutionary hubs spread throughout the country. At around midday the President of the Municipal Chamber of Mafra received a message from the new civil governor ordering the switching to a republican flag. Soon afterwards the commander of the Infantry School also received a telegram from his new commander informing him of the current political situation. The position of the royal family was becoming unsustainable._NEWLINE_The solution appeared when news arrived that the royal yacht Amélia had anchored nearby, in Ericeira. By 2am the yacht had collected from Cascais Citadel the king's uncle and heir to the throne, D. Afonso, and knowing that the king was in Mafra, had moved to Ericeira, as it was the closest anchorage. D. Manuel II, knowing that with the proclamation of the Republic he would be imprisoned, decided to go to Porto. The royal family and some company departed for Ericeira where, by means of two fishing ships and in the presence of curious civilians, they embarked on the royal yacht._NEWLINE_Once on board, the king wrote to the prime minister:_NEWLINE_My dear Teixeira de Sousa, forced by the circumstances I find myself obliged to embark on the royal yacht "Amélia". I'm Portuguese and will always be. I have the conviction of having always fulfilled my duties as King in all the circumstances and of having put my heart and my life on the service to the Country. I hope that it, convinced of my rights and my dedication, will recognise this! Viva Portugal! Give this letter all the publicity you can._NEWLINE_— D. Manuel II_NEWLINE_After ensuring that the letter would reach its destination, the king announced that he wanted to go to Porto. He met with an advisory council, the officers on board and part of the escort. Amélia's Captain João Agnelo Velez Caldeira Castelo Branco and Chief Officer João Jorge Moreira de Sá opposed the opinion of the monarch, claiming that if Porto turned them away, they would not have enough fuel to reach a different anchorage. Despite the insistence of D. Manuel II, the Chief Officer argued that they carried on board the whole royal family, so his main duty was to protect their lives. In the end, the chosen port was Gibraltar. Once there, the king found out that Porto had also joined the republican cause. D. Manuel sent orders that the ship, being legally the Portuguese State's property, be returned to Lisbon. The deposed king would live out the rest of his life in exile. _START_SECTION_ The flag _START_PARAGRAPH_ In relation to the flag, there were two inclinations: one of keeping the blue and white colours, traditional of Portuguese flags, and another of using "more republican" colours: green and red. The committee's proposal suffered several alterations, with the final design being rectangular, with the first two fifths closest to the flagpole to be green, and the three remaining fifths, red. Green was chosen because it was considered the "colour of hope", while red was chosen as a "combative, hot, virile" colour. The project of the flag was approved by the Provisional Government by vote on 19 November 1910. On 1 December was celebrated the Feast of the Flag in front of the Municipal Chamber of Lisbon. The National Constituting Assembly promulgated the adoption of the flag on 19 June 1911. _START_SECTION_ The national anthem _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 19 June 1911 the National Constitutional Assembly proclaimed A Portuguesa as the national anthem, replacing the old anthem Hymno da Carta in use since May 1834, and its status as national symbol was included in the new constitution. A Portuguesa was composed in 1890, with music by Alfredo Keil and lyrics by Henrique Lopes de Mendonça, in response to the 1890 British Ultimatum. Because of its patriotic character, it had been used, with slight modifications, by the rebels of the 1891 uprising in a failed attempt at a coup d'état to establish a republic in Portugal, an event which caused the anthem to be forbidden by the monarchic authorities._NEWLINE_The anthem was later modified; the official version used today in national civil and military ceremonies and during visits of foreign heads of state was approved on 4 September 1957. _START_SECTION_ The bust _START_PARAGRAPH_ The official bust of the Republic was chosen through a national competition promoted by Lisbon's city council in 1911, in which nine sculptors participated. The winning entry was that of Francisco dos Santos and is currently exposed in the Municipal Chamber. The original piece is found in Casa Pia, an institution from which the sculptor was alumnus. There is another bust that was adopted as the face of the Republic, designed by José Simões de Almeida in 1908. The original is found in the Municipal Chamber of Figueiró dos Vinhos. The model for this bust was Ilda Pulga, a young shop employee from Chiado. According to journalist António Valdemar, who, when he became president of the National Academy of Art asked the sculptor João Duarte to restore the original bust:_NEWLINE_Simões found the face of the girl funny and invited her to be a model. The mother said that she'd allow it but with two conditions: that she would be present in the sessions and that the daughter would not be undressed._NEWLINE_— António Valdemar_NEWLINE_The bust shows Republic wearing a Phrygian cap, influence of the French Revolution. Simões' bust was soon adopted by Freemasonry and used in the funerals of Miguel Bombarda and Cândido dos Reis, but when the final contest took place, despite its relative popularity, it was second place to the bust by Francisco dos Santos. _START_SECTION_ Anticlericalism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Republican leaders adopted a severe and highly controversial policy of anticlericalism. At home, the policy polarised society and lost the republic potential supporters, and abroad it offended American and European states which had their citizens engaged in religious work there, adding substantially to the republic's bad press. The persecution of the church was so overt and severe that it drove the irreligious and nominally religious to a new religiosity and gained the support of Protestant diplomats such as the British, who, seeing their citizens' religious institutions in a grave dispute over their rights and property, threatened to deny recognition of the young republic. The revolution and the republic which it spawned were essentially anticlerical and had a "hostile" approach to the issue of church and state separation, like that of the French Revolution, the Spanish Constitution of 1931 and the Mexican Constitution of 1917._NEWLINE_Secularism began to be discussed in Portugal back in the 19th century, during the Casino Conferences in 1871, promoted by Antero de Quental. The republican movement associated the Catholic Church with the monarchy, and opposed its influence in Portuguese society. The secularisation of the Republic constituted one of the main actions to be taken in the political agenda of the Portuguese Republican Party and the Freemasonry. Monarchists in a last-ditch effort sought to outflank the republicans by enacting anticlerical measures of their own, even enacting a severe restriction on the Jesuits on the day before the revolution._NEWLINE_Soon after the establishment of the Republic, on 8 October 1910, Minister for Justice Afonso Costa reinstated Marquess of Pombal's laws against the Jesuits, and Joaquim António de Aguiar's laws in relation to religious orders. The Church's property and assets were expropriated by the State. The religious oath and other religious elements found in the statutes of the University of Coimbra were abolished, and matriculations into first year of the Theology Faculty were cancelled, as were places in the Canon law course, suppressing the teaching of Christian doctrine. Religious holidays turned into working days, keeping however the Sunday as a resting day for labour reasons. As well as that, the Armed forces were forbidden from participating in religious solemn events. Divorce and family laws were approved which considered marriage as a "purely civil contract"_NEWLINE_Bishops were persecuted, expelled or suspended from their activities in the course of the secularisation. All but one were driven from their dioceses. the property of clerics was seized by the state, wearing of the cassock was banned, all minor seminaries were closed and all but five major seminaries. A law of 22 February 1918 permitted only two seminaries in the country, but they had not been given their property back. Religious orders were expelled from the country, including 31 orders comprising members in 164 houses (in 1917 some orders were permitted to form again). Religious education was prohibited in both primary and secondary school._NEWLINE_In response to the several anticlerical decrees, Portuguese bishops launched a collective pastoral defending the Church's doctrine, but its reading was prohibited by the government. In spite of this, some prelates continued to publicise the text, among which was the bishop of Porto, António Barroso. This resulted in him being called to Lisbon by Afonso Costa, where he was stripped from his ecclesiastic functions._NEWLINE_The secularisation peaked with the Law of Separation of the State and the Church on 20 April 1911, with a large acceptance by the revolutionaries. The law was only promulgated by the Assembly in 1914, but its implementation was immediate after the publishing of the decree. The Portuguese Church tried to respond, classifying the law as "injustice, oppression, spoliation and mockery", but without success. Afonso Costa even predicted the eradication of Catholicism in the space of three generations. The application of the law began on 1 July 1911, with the creation of a "Central Commission". As one commentator put it, "ultimately the Church was to survive the official vendetta against organized religion"._NEWLINE_On 24 May 1911, Pope Pius X issued the encyclical Iamdudum which condemned the anticlericals for their deprivation of religious civil liberties and the "incredible series of excesses and crimes which has been enacted in Portugal for the oppression of the Church." _START_SECTION_ International recognition _START_PARAGRAPH_ A major concern of the new republican government was recognition by other nations. In 1910, the vast majority of European states were monarchies. Only France, Switzerland and San Marino were republics. For this reason, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Provisional Government, Bernardino Machado, directed his agenda exercising extreme prudence, leading him, on 9 October 1910, to communicate to diplomatic representatives in Portugal that the Provisional Government would honour all the international commitments assumed by the previous regime._NEWLINE_Since marshal Hermes da Fonseca personally witnessed the full process of transition of the regime, having arrived in Portugal on an official visit when the country was still a monarchy and left when it was a republic, it is not unusual that Brazil was the first country to recognise de jure the new Portuguese political regime. On 22 October the Brazilian government declared that "Brazil will do all that is possible for the happiness of the noble Portuguese Nation and its Government, and for the prosperity of the new Republic". The next day would be Argentina's turn; on the 29 it was Nicaragua; on the 31, Uruguay; on 16 and 19 November, Guatemala and Costa Rica; Peru and Chile on 5 and 19 November; Venezuela on 23 February 1911; Panama on 17 March. In June 1911 the United States declared support._NEWLINE_Less than a month after the revolution, on 10 November 1910, the British government recognised de facto the Portuguese Republic, manifesting "the liveliest wish of His Britannic Majesty to maintain friendly relations" with Portugal. An identical position was taken by the Spanish, French and Italian governments. However, de jure recognition of the new regime only emerged after the approval of the Constitution and the election of the President of the Republic. The French Republic was the first to do it on 24 August 1911, day of the election of the first president of the Portuguese Republic. Only on 11 September did the United Kingdom recognise the Republic, accompanied by Germany, the Austro-Hungarian Empire, Denmark, Spain, Italy and Sweden. On 12 September, they were followed by Belgium, the Netherlands and Norway; on 13 September, China and Japan; on 15 September, Greece; on 30 September, Russia; on 23 October, Romania; on 23 November, Turkey; on 21 December, Monaco; and on 28 February 1912, Siam. Owing to the tensions created between the young Republic and the Catholic Church, interaction with the Holy See was suspended, and the Holy See did not recognise the Portuguese Republic until 29 June 1919.

931541835771629389

Q14119763

_START_ARTICLE_ 60th Filmfare Awards South _START_SECTION_ Main awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface.

13559435197406950247

Q4641810

_START_ARTICLE_ 61st Grey Cup _START_SECTION_ Game summary _START_PARAGRAPH_ Edmonton scored quickly in the first quarter when running back Roy Bell found a big hole in the left side for a 38-yard touchdown run. Rick Cassata, the Riders' backup quarterback who was replacing injured Jerry Keeling responded with a 38-yard touchdown pass-and-run to Rhome Nixon. Late in the quarter, however, Tom Wilkinson was knocked out of bounds by Ottawa's Wayne Smith and suffered a rib injury. He was replaced by backup Bruce Lemmerman. Lemmerman took the Eskimos close enough for Dave Cutler to kick a field goal, giving them a 10-7 lead at the end of the first quarter._NEWLINE_A low snap to Edmonton punter Garry Lefebvre caused him to bobble the ball in the end zone, and he was tackled for a safety by Ottawa's Wayne Tosh at 21 seconds of the second quarter. Gerry Organ kicked a 46-yard field goal in the last minute of the half. The half-time score was 12-10 for Ottawa._NEWLINE_Ottawa increased its lead with an 18-yard touchdown run by Jim Evenson at 9:45 of the third quarter._NEWLINE_In the fourth quarter, Lemmerman suffered an arm injury, and Wilkinson, his rib injury frozen, came off the bench to bring some life to the Eskimo offence. Edmonton receiver Tyrone Walls fumbled after receiving a Wilkinson pass on Edmonton's 47. Wayne Tosh recovered and Organ kicked another Ottawa field goal from the 39._NEWLINE_Edmonton then scored a single and Lefebvre, who played both ways as well as being the punter, caught a Wilkinson touchdown pass with seven seconds left, but it was not enough to erase Ottawa's 12 point lead. _START_SECTION_ Most Valuable Players _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ottawa Defensive End Charlie Brandon was named Most Valuable Player and Garry Lefebvre was named Most Valuable Canadian. _START_SECTION_ Trivia _START_PARAGRAPH_ This would be the first a string of nine Grey Cup appearances for the Edmonton Eskimos from 1973 to 1982. The only year they missed the Grey Cup during that span was 1976, when the Saskatchewan Roughriders defeated them in the West Final. Edmonton was victorious in six of their nine appearances (1975, and five straight from 1978-82)._NEWLINE_This was the last Grey Cup game played at CNE Stadium prior to its renovations in the mid-1970s in anticipation of receiving a Major League Baseball team in Toronto; it would come in the form of the Blue Jays in 1977. By the next Grey Cup game played at the stadium in 1976, the renovation and expansion had been completed.

17822136258386552081

Q4642280

_START_ARTICLE_ 67th Combat Support Hospital (United States) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 67th Combat Support Hospital was the only forward deployed combat support hospital in Europe with both warfighter support and community service missions. Medical readiness was the primary concern for the unit. Located in the heart of the European theater, the 67th Combat Support Hospital stood ready to provide Echelon III health care around the globe._NEWLINE_The 67th Combat Support Hospital was originally constituted as Evacuation Hospital No 67 on 21 July 1924 in the organized reserves and was allocated the VII Corps area._NEWLINE_On 23 March 1925, Evacuation Hospital No. 67 was redesignated as the 67th Evacuation Hospital. Then, on 1 October 1933, the 67th Evacuation Hospital was withdrawn as an organized reserve unit and allocated to the VII Army as a regular Army Unit, inactive. The 67th Evacuation Hospital was activated on 16 March 1942 at Fort Rodman, Massachusetts, and assigned to the first Army._NEWLINE_The 67th Evacuation Hospital was redesignated as the 67th Evacuation, Semi-mobile in February 1943. The unit staged for movement to the European Theater of operations, arriving in Scotland on 29 November 1943, and was reassigned to the First US Army and moved to England. From 30 November 1943 to 16 June 1944 the unit trained at several locations in Gloucestershire, England. On 17 June 1944, the 67th Evacuation Hospital, semi-mobile landed at Utah Beach, Normandy. The unit participated in the Normandy, Northern France, Rhineland, Ardennes Pass-Alsace, and Central Europe campaigns during WWII, and was decorated with the meritorious unit commendation streamer embroidered European Theater._NEWLINE_In December 1945, the 67th Evacuation Hospital, semi-mobile returned to the United States and was inactivated at Camp Kilmer, New Jersey on 1 January 1946. The unit was redesignated as the 67th Evacuation Hospital on 10 June 1963 and activated at Fort Carson, Colorado._NEWLINE_The 67th Evacuation Hospital deployed to Qui Nhon, Vietnam in October 1966, and moved to Pleiku in January 1972. The 67th Evacuation Hospital participated in 15 campaigns during the Vietnam War and was decorated with three meritorious unit commendation streamers embroidered Vietnam 1967–1968 and 1970–1972 and 1972-1973. In March 1973, the 67th Evacuation Hospital was inactivated in Pleiku, Vietnam._NEWLINE_The 67th Evacuation Hospital was again activated on 21 November 1975 in Heidelberg, Germany and was assigned to augment the United States Army Medical Department Activity, Würzburg on the following day. The 67th Evacuation Hospital was officially redesignated the 67th Combat Support Hospital on 16 July 1993. The 67th Combat Support Hospital deployed to the Balkans to support operations in Hungary and Bosnia, from 12 December 1995 to 12 April 1997. It redeployed to Hungary and Bosnia from 8 April 1998 to 8 October 1998 as Task Force 67 and Task Force Med Eagle respectively in support of SFOR._NEWLINE_The 67th Combat Support Hospital deployed a 32-bed expandable to 52 bed Contingency Medical Force (CMF) consisting of 100+ personnel on 3 July 1999 to Camp Bondsteel, Kosovo in support of Task Force Falcon, Operation Joint Guardian II. The CMF was named Task Force MED Falcon and assumed the level III medical mission in Kosovo on 14 July 1999. The 67th CSH returned to Kosovo in 2002 for another 12-month rotation in support of Task Force Medical Falcon that ended in April 2003._NEWLINE_Deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) from January 2004 to January 2005 running split based operations in Mosul and Tikrit. The Task Force (TF) 67 Headquarters and Company B operated out of Forward Operating Base (FOB) Diamondback, and Company A operating out of FOB Speicher. TF 67 also provided the nucleus of the Medical Unit that operated as the first medical support at the Baghdad Central Detention Facility (Abu Ghraib), augmented by a Forward Surgical Team (FST) and individual medical personnel augmentees from other 2nd Medical Brigade Units. TF 67 initial fell under the command and control of the 30th Medical Brigade who had deployed from Heidelberg, Germany, in support of OIF 1. Shortly after TF 67 assumed its deployment mission in Iraq the 30th Medical Brigade was replaced by the Army Reserve 2nd Medical Brigade. The 2nd Medical Brigade was replaced about nine months later by the 44th Medical Brigade based out of Fort Bragg, NC. TF 67 was replaced in Iraq by the Army Reserve's 228th Combat Support Hospital based out of Texas._NEWLINE_Three 67th CSH Soldiers received the Purple Heart for their combat wounds; SSG Churukah, SGT P. (male Patient Admin Clerk, and PFC K (female Food Service). _NEWLINE_The 67th Combat Support Hospital was deactivated at Würzburg, Germany on 19 October 2007 as part of the draw down of US forces in Germany.

9034782246447095442

Q4642748

_START_ARTICLE_ 6th New York State Legislature _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Under the provisions of the New York Constitution of 1777, the State Senators were elected on general tickets in the senatorial districts, and were then divided into four classes. Six senators each drew lots for a term of 1, 2, 3 or 4 years and, beginning at the election in April 1778, every year six Senate seats came up for election to a four-year term. Assemblymen were elected countywide on general tickets to a one-year term, the whole assembly being renewed annually._NEWLINE_On May 8, 1777, the Constitutional Convention had appointed the senators from the Southern District, and the assemblymen from Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties—the area which was under British control—and determined that these appointees serve in the Legislature until elections could be held in those areas, presumably after the end of the American Revolutionary War. Vacancies among the appointed members in the Senate should be filled by the Assembly, and vacancies in the Assembly by the Senate. _START_SECTION_ Elections _START_PARAGRAPH_ The State elections were held from April 30 to May 2, 1782. Under the determination by the Constitutional Convention, senators Isaac Roosevelt and John Morin Scott, whose seats were up for election, continued in office, as well as the assemblymen from Kings, New York, Queens, Richmond and Suffolk counties. Jacob G. Klock and Abraham Yates Jr. (both Western D.) were re-elected. William Allison (Middle D.) was also elected to the Senate. Two members who had been expelled previously were elected again to the Senate: Ephraim Paine (Middle D., to fill the vacancy caused by the death of Levi Pawling) and Assemblyman John Williams (Eastern D.) _START_SECTION_ Sessions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The State Legislature met in Poughkeepsie, the seat of Dutchess County. The Senate met first on July 8, 1782, the Assembly on July 11; and they adjourned on July 25. On July 22, James Duane was appointed by the Assembly to fill the vacancy caused by the absence of Sir James Jay. The Legislature reconvened in Kingston, the seat of Ulster County, on January 27, 1783; and the Assembly adjourned on March 23, the Senate on March 27.

10837724147840723594

Q4643035

_START_ARTICLE_ 70th Infantry Division (Wehrmacht) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ As World War II progressed, German manpower available for military service declined and this was exacerbated by the severe losses suffered in Normandy, Tunisia and Stalingrad, for example. Groups of men, previously declared unfit for active service, were drafted or recalled into service. These included those with stomach complaints and it was decided that these men would be concentrated into one formation to facilitate the provision of special foods and to isolate infectious or unpleasant conditions (hence the unofficial description of "White Bread" or Magen (Stomach) Division)._NEWLINE_In August, 1944, the Division garrisoned Walcheren Island and South Beveland and in October consolidated on Walcheren during the assault by the II Canadian Corps. Although not a first-class formation, the 70th was installed in static defences and supported by ample heavy artillery, held out for several days. The Division, left with no escape route from Walcheren, surrendered on 5 November 1944 and 10,000 Germans became prisoners of war._NEWLINE_Later, during the Battle of the Bulge, the Germans employed another "Stomach" unit, the Infantrie Ersatz und Ausbildungs Battaillon 282 (M), referred to as "Stomach Trouble Battalion 282" by the 749th Tank Battalion.

13066322423431185289

Q2702600

_START_ARTICLE_ 79th meridian east _START_SECTION_ Ancient India and 79th meridian _START_PARAGRAPH_ Seven ancient Shiva temples are lined up on this meridian. In ancient India, this was considered the 0 meridian.

5246625706098624574

Q4643890

_START_ARTICLE_ 7 Walkers _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The band formed in 2009 out of informal collaborations between Bill Kreutzmann and Papa Mali. Kreutzmann had been featured as a special guest at several of Mali's concerts since 2008 (including a New Year's Eve 2008/2009 show on Maui billed as Bill Kreutzmann & Friends with multi-instrumentalist Matt Hubbard and Bonnie Raitt/BK3/Neville Brothers bassist James "Hutch" Hutchinson) and the two decided to form an official band together with multi-instrumentalist Matt Hubbard, best known for his work with Willie Nelson, and Reed Mathis, of Tea Leaf Green._NEWLINE_Their name might be an adaptation of the lyrics of the Grateful Dead song "The Eleven", "Six proud walkers on the jingle bell rainbow." They have also written and perform a song called "7 Walkers."_NEWLINE_The band commenced a tour in late 2009 and another on in the spring of 2010. Due to touring commitments with Tea Leaf Green, Reed Mathis was replaced by George Porter Jr., of The Meters in spring 2010. They released their debut album, 7 Walkers, on November 2, 2010. It features new songs written by Robert Hunter. Reed Mathis and George Porter Jr. played bass on the album. Willie Nelson also performs on the song "King Cotton Blues."_NEWLINE_On a few occasions in 2010 and 2011, New Bohemians bassist Brad Houser filled in for George Porter Jr. Sousaphonist Kirk Joseph of the Dirty Dozen Brass Band also filled in for George on dates in 2011 and 2012._NEWLINE_Although the 7 Walkers have not officially disbanded, they have not performed together since 2012.

15801205334523932134

Q4644004

_START_ARTICLE_ 7th Cruiser Squadron (United Kingdom) _START_SECTION_ Creation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 7th Cruiser Squadron (also Cruiser Force C in 1914) was created at the Nore as part of the reorganisation of the Royal Navy's home fleets which took effect on 1 May 1912. It formed part of the Third Fleet of the Home Fleets and effectively served as a reserve force stationed on the south coast of England. The squadron was composed mainly of five of the six Cressy-class armoured cruisers, which had been transferred from the 6th Cruiser Squadron of the former divisional structure of the Home Fleets, and already considered obsolescent despite being fewer than 12 years old. Their status meant that most of the time they were manned by "nucleus crews" an innovation introduced by Admiral John "Jackie" Fisher a few years earlier. Their ships' complements of 700 men plus officers were only brought up to full strength for manœuvres or mobilisation. The nucleus crews were expected to keep the ships in a seaworthy condition the rest of the time._NEWLINE_The 1913 manœuvres illustrate the system. In June, the command of squadrons was announced by the Admiralty. As a reserve formation, the 7th Cruiser Squadron had no flag officer until 10 June, when Rear-Admiral Gordon Moore—Third Sea Lord—was given the command upon taking leave from the Admiralty. He hoisted his flag in Bacchante on 15 July. All ships of the squadron would have been brought up to strength with men from other parts of the navy and from the Royal Naval Reserve. The manœuvres took place and on 9 August Rear-Admiral Moore struck his flag and on the 16th the squadron was reduced back to reserve commission. _START_SECTION_ First World War _START_PARAGRAPH_ Upon the outbreak of war with Germany in 1914, the Second and Third Fleets of the Royal Navy were combined to form a Channel Fleet. The 7th Cruiser Squadron consisted of Cressy, Aboukir, Bacchante, Euryalus and Hogue. Their task was to patrol the relatively shallow waters of the Dogger Bank and the Broad Fourteens in the North Sea, supported by destroyers of the Harwich Force. The aim was to protect ships carrying supplies between Britain and France against German ships operating from the northern German naval ports._NEWLINE_Although the cruisers had been designed for a speed of 21 knots (39 km/h; 24 mph), wear and tear meant they could now only manage 15 knots (28 km/h; 17 mph) at most and more typically only 12 knots (22 km/h; 14 mph). Bad weather sometimes meant that the smaller destroyers could not sail and at such times the cruisers would patrol alone. A continuous patrol was maintained with some ships on station, while others returned to harbour for coal and supplies._NEWLINE_From 26–28 August 1914, the squadron was held in reserve during the operations which led to the Battle of Heligoland Bight. _START_SECTION_ The Live Bait Squadron _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 21 August, Commodore Roger Keyes—commanding a submarine squadron also stationed at Harwich—wrote to his superior Admiral Sir Arthur Leveson warning that in his opinion the ships were at extreme risk of attack and sinking by German ships because of their age and inexperienced crews. The risk to the ships was so severe that they had earned the nickname "the live bait squadron" within the fleet. By 17 September, the note reached the attention of First Lord of the Admiralty Winston Churchill who met with Keyes and Commodore Reginald Tyrwhitt—commander of a destroyer squadron operating from Harwich—while travelling to Scapa Flow to visit the Grand Fleet on 18 September. Churchill—in consultation with the First Sea Lord Prince Louis of Battenberg—agreed that the cruisers should be withdrawn and wrote a memo stating:_NEWLINE_The Bacchantes ought not to continue on this beat. The risks to such ships is not justified by any services they can render._NEWLINE_Vice Admiral Frederick Sturdee—chief of the Admiralty war staff—objected that, while the cruisers should be replaced, no modern ships were available and the older vessels were the only ships that could be used during bad weather. It was therefore agreed between Battenberg and Sturdee to leave them on station until the arrival of new Arethusa-class cruisers then being built. _START_SECTION_ Sinking of three cruisers _START_PARAGRAPH_ At around 06:00 on 22 September, the three cruisers Aboukir, Cressy and Hogue were steaming, alone, at 10 knots (19 km/h; 12 mph) in line ahead. The 7th Cruiser Squadron flagship, their sister ship Euryalus, as well as their light cruiser and destroyer screen, had been forced temporarily to return to base, leaving the three obsolete cruisers on their own. They were spotted by the German submarine U-9, commanded by Lt. Otto Weddigen. They were not zigzagging but all of the ships had lookouts posted to search for periscopes and one gun on each side of each ship was manned._NEWLINE_Weddigen ordered his submarine to submerge and closed the range with the unsuspecting British ships. At close range, he fired a torpedo at Aboukir. The torpedo broke the back of Aboukir and she sank within 20 minutes with the loss of 527 men. The captains of Cressy and Hogue thought Aboukir had struck a floating mine and came forward to assist her. Hogue hove to and began to pick up survivors. Weddigen fired two torpedoes into Hogue, mortally wounding her but the submarine surfaced and was fired upon. As Hogue sank, the captain of Cressy, knew that the squadron was being attacked by a submarine and should have tried to flee; this was not yet considered the proper action to take. Cressy came to a stop amongst the survivors; Weddigen fired two more torpedoes into Cressy and sank her as well._NEWLINE_Dutch ships were nearby and destroyers from Harwich were brought to the scene by distress signals; the brave intervention of two Dutch coasters and an English trawler prevented the loss from being even greater than it was. The rescue vessels saved 837 men but of the crews, 1,397 men and 62 officers were lost. A term (class) of Dartmouth naval cadets was aboard these ships, and many of the cadets were lost in the disaster. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Otto Weddigen returned to Germany as the first naval hero of the war and was awarded the Iron Cross, Second and First Class. Each member of his crew received the Iron Cross, Second Class. The German achievement shook the reputation of the British navy throughout the world. Despite the age of Cressy-class vessels, many Britons did not believe the sinking of three large armoured ships could have been the work of one submarine but that other submarines and perhaps other non-British craft must have been involved. Admirals Beatty and Fisher spoke out against the folly of placing such ships where they had been. Churchill was widely blamed by the public for the disaster despite his memo of 18 September that the older ships should not be used in the venture._NEWLINE_Rear-Admiral Arthur Christian was suspended on half pay and later reinstated by Battenberg. Drummond was criticised for not zig-zagging to shake off submarines and for not requesting destroyer support as soon as the weather improved. Zig-zagging had not been taken seriously by ships' captains who had not experienced submarine attacks; the tactic thereafter was made compulsory in dangerous waters. All big warships were instructed never to approach a ship severely disabled by mine or torpedo but to steam away and leave the rescue to smaller vessels._NEWLINE_Three weeks later, the German war hero Weddigen—now operating U-9 off Aberdeen—torpedoed and sank Hawke, another British cruiser that was not zig-zagging in hostile waters. Weddigen was killed in March 1915 during a German raid in the Pentland Firth when his submarine—U-29—was intentionally rammed by the battleship Dreadnought. The remaining Cressy class ships were dispersed from the British Isles. The remnants of the 7th Cruiser Squadron was reconstituted the following year as part of the Grand Fleet, which contained many better armoured and more modern ships than Bacchantes but in 1916 the 7th was disbanded again. It did not see service at the Battle of Jutland. _START_SECTION_ Second World War _START_PARAGRAPH_ The squadron was reformed for the third time on 18 July 1940 and was placed under the command of Rear-Admiral, Edward de Faye Renouf. It was a unit within the Northern Patrol Force then under the command of Vice Admiral Sir Max Horton. In March 1941 the squadron was disbanded.

14117410945252119312

Q18205077

_START_ARTICLE_ 7th Heaven (Vanity song) _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The music video theme shows Vanity as her film character Laura Charles, who is a singer and video DJ at the popular 7th Heaven club. She makes her grand entrance performing "7th Heaven", as an elevator lowers her below to the dance floor in the night club. A large video screen is shown behind her, as it shows her performing the song in the night club.

706652267644837835

Q4644295

_START_ARTICLE_ 8-inch gun M1888 _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The M1888 8 in (203 mm) gun was a coastal artillery gun initially deployed as part of the Endicott system of fortifications. The first nine were deployed on the M1892 barbette carriage in 1898, but the improved M1894 and M1896 disappearing carriages soon became available, and approximately 64 additional weapons were deployed on these carriages by 1908. An "emergency" converted Rodman carriage was also used during the Spanish–American War in 1898 to quickly arm 21 emplacements with the modern 8-inch M1888 gun. These weapons were redeployed soon after the war ended. The disappearing carriage allowed the gun to remain behind a parapet resembling a hillside most of the time, thus largely invulnerable to low-angle enemy fire, which was the only type of enemy attack anticipated 1898–1910. Air and high-angle artillery attack would eventually severely impact US fortifications in the Philippines in World War II. Numerous additional weapons of other calibers including the 10-inch gun M1895, 12-inch gun M1895, and 12-inch coast defense mortars were also deployed in US coastal fortifications alongside the 8-inch guns. The 8-inch guns were deployed in the harbor defenses of Portland, Maine, Portsmouth, New Hampshire, New Bedford, Massachusetts, Long Island Sound, New York, Eastern New York, Southern New York, Delaware River, Baltimore, Maryland, Potomac River, Chesapeake Bay, Cape Fear River, North Carolina, Savannah, Georgia, Key West, Florida, Tampa Bay, Florida, Pensacola, Florida, Mobile, Alabama, Mississippi River, Galveston, Texas, San Francisco, California, Columbia River, and Puget Sound. _START_SECTION_ Railway mounting _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the American entry into World War I, the United States needed a medium-range heavy artillery piece that could be transported easily. The quick solution was to take the existing 8-inch coast artillery guns from the fixed mountings or from storage and mount them on a drop bed rail car. This was also done with a number of other weapons, including 10-inch (254 mm) guns, 12-inch (305 mm) guns, and 12-inch mortars. The 7-inch (178 mm) guns, 8-inch guns, and 12-inch mortars used a common carriage, with a depressed center and two 4-wheel or 6-wheel bogies. The bogies were interchangeable for standard gauge or (with 12-wheel bogies) 60 cm (23.6 in) gauge track. Outriggers and a rotating mount allowed all-around fire. This allowed the weapons to be used in coast defense against moving targets. A detailed description of the railway mounting is given in Railway Artillery, Vol. I by Lt. Col. H. W. Miller, USA. A total of 96 8-inch guns (reportedly including spare Navy Marks 1 through 4 as well as M1888 guns) were considered available for railway mounting, and 47 were ordered to be mounted on railcars. Twenty-four were produced before the Armistice, and three of these had been shipped to France by that time. These three and several 10-inch guns were the only US Army railway guns shipped to France in World War I, although five US Navy 14"/50 caliber railway guns (356 mm) saw action._NEWLINE_Since the railway weapons were on the M1918 carriage and railway car, some references erroneously refer to them as M1918 weapons._NEWLINE_All (or perhaps 37, references vary) of the 47 ordered were completed by the end of 1919 and the contract was cancelled at that point. Unlike almost all other US railway weapons, the 8-inch guns were widely deployed in the inter-war years, and by 1942 were augmented by 32 ex-Navy Mark VI guns. Approximately twelve M1888 guns were deployed for the defense of Oahu, Hawaii. Others were stationed for the coastal defense of Manila, eventually one each on Corregidor and Bataan (dismounted from the railway carriage), with batteries at Newfoundland, Bermuda, Puget Sound, Chesapeake Bay, Delaware River, and Fort Hancock, New Jersey (near New York City). Some 8-inch disappearing guns remained in fixed emplacements in the US until late in World War II, when they were scrapped as 16-inch guns and 6-inch guns on long-range mountings replaced all previous coast defense weapons. _START_SECTION_ Combat service _START_PARAGRAPH_ An anecdotal account of the 8-inch M1888 railway guns in the Japanese invasion of the Philippines in 1941–42 states that eight guns (another account says seven guns) were shipped to Manila in late 1940, as part of the Inland Seas Defense Project. Initially, difficulties were encountered because the railway carriages were 36-inch (914 mm) gauge and the Philippines used a 42-inch (1,067 mm) gauge. In late December 1941 all eight guns were sent north in one train to oppose the Japanese landings at Lingayen Gulf, but six guns were damaged beyond repair by enemy air attack. The remaining two guns (possibly only one) were eventually shipped to Corregidor and Bataan by early March 1942, where they were mounted on improvised pedestal mounts. The account states that the one gun that information is available on fired only five proof rounds and sat idle for want of a crew until it was destroyed by air and/or artillery attack. One reference states that the other gun was mounted near Bagac, Bataan.

5845061735275648094

Q2818455

_START_ARTICLE_ 800 metres at the Olympics _START_SECTION_ Non-canonical Olympic events _START_PARAGRAPH_ In addition to the main 1900 Olympic men's 800 metres, a handicap competition with thirteen entrants was contested three days after the final. Christian Christensen of Denmark was the winner in a time of 1:52.0 minutes with a 70 m handicap. Howard Hayes and Harvey Lord, both of the United States, filled out the top three, with Hayes recording 1:53.5 mins (45 m handicap) and Lord finishing in 1:54.2 minutes (35 m handicap)._NEWLINE_A handicap 880-yard run (804.7 m) competition was held at 1904 Summer Olympics after the 1904 Olympic men's 800 m race. Johannes Runge of Germany won in 1:58.4 minutes with a 10-yard handicap. John Peck of Canada came second in 1:59.0 minutes with zero handicap and F. C. Roth, an American schoolboy, was third with a 15-yard headstart._NEWLINE_These events are no longer considered part of the official Olympic history of the 800 metres or the athletics programme in general. Consequently, medals from these competitions have not been assigned to nations on the all-time medal tables.

9903196616375457100

Q157486

_START_ARTICLE_ 861 Aïda _START_SECTION_ Orbit and classification _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aïda is a dark C-type asteroid that orbits the Sun in the outer main-belt at a distance of 2.8–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 7 months (2,030 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.10 and an inclination of 8° with respect to the ecliptic. Aïda was first identified as A906 BG at Heidelberg in 1906, extending the body's observation arc by 11 years prior to its official discovery observation. _START_SECTION_ Physical characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ In May 2002, a rotational lightcurve of Aïda was obtained from photometric observations by French amateur astronomer Laurent Bernasconi. Lightcurve analysis gave a well-defined rotation period of 10.95 hours with a brightness variation of 0.32 magnitude (U=3)._NEWLINE_According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite, and NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Aïda measures between 62.24 and 66.85 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has an albedo between 0.0571 and 0.7. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link derives an albedo of 0.0522 and a diameter of 66.78 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 9.7. _START_SECTION_ Naming _START_PARAGRAPH_ This minor planet was named for Aida, the famous Italian opera in four acts by composer Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901), after whom the asteroid 3975 Verdi was named. Naming citation was first mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 84).

3798585594551945819

Q14523295

_START_ARTICLE_ 88 Rue du Rhone _START_SECTION_ Watch collections _START_PARAGRAPH_ 88 Rue du Rhone launched its first collection, Double 8 Origin, in 2012, featuring 100 Quartz, Automatic and Chronograph timepieces that range from 29 mm to 45 mm. _START_SECTION_ Promotional activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2014, 88 Rue du Rhone has been selected as the official watch partner for the Miami International Film Festival._NEWLINE_88 Rue du Rhone is the Official Watch & Timing Partner of the British Academy of Film and Television Arts (BAFTA) and more recently the Miami International Film Festival (MIFF)._NEWLINE_88 Rue du Rhone also sponsored the inaugural Past Forward BAFTA Art Exhibition

5922292476624317875

Q4637845

_START_ARTICLE_ 89th Attack Squadron _START_SECTION_ Mission _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 89th Attack Squadron mission is to remotely employ MQ-9 Reaper aircraft from ground control facilities located at Ellsworth Air Force Base to support combatant commander requirements around the world. The squadron, which operates the aircraft, and the Reaper ground control station are based at Ellsworth. Its aircraft are deployed overseas, supporting continuing operations. _START_SECTION_ World War I _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first predecessor of the squadron was activated at Kelly Field, Texas as the 89th Aero Squadron on 19 August 1917. The men who formed the squadron had been inducted into the Army ten days earlier at Fort Logan, Colorado. After processing, they departed for Kelly and upon arrival, formed the 89th and 88th Aero Squadrons and were trained on assembling new aircraft. The squadron moved to the Aviation Concentration Center at Camp Mills, Garden City, New York in October to prepare for overseas movement._NEWLINE_The 89th arrived at the 1st Air Depot, American Expeditionary Force at Colombey-les-Belles Airdrome, France on 16 November where it began work on constructing facilities for the depot. In February 1918, the squadron moved to Châtillon-sur-Seine, where it began work on construction of a flying field for the 2d Corps Aeronautical School. However, the squadron was quartered on a large farm some distance from the flying field, so construction of the field and supporting facilities took a month to complete and training of observers did not begin until May._NEWLINE_The squadron was assigned the first pilots to arrive at Chatillon and began training observers in artillery adjustment, photography, and gunnery. A photographic detachment of squadron enlisted men developed the pictures taken by the students at the school. These men formed the cadre for the 101st Photographic Section later in the year._NEWLINE_The 89th prepared for combat as an observation unit in July 1918, but never went to front, and in September all pilots assigned to the school were transferred to the headquarters of the Aeronautical School. The squadron returned to the United States where it was demobilized in 1919._NEWLINE_In 1936 the 89th was consolidated on the inactive list with the 89th Observation Squadron. _START_SECTION_ World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ The second predecessor of the 89th was constituted as the 89th Observation Squadron on the inactive list in 1935. In October 1936, the two squadrons were consolidated as the 89th Reconnaissance Squadron, but remained inactive until 1940. The squadron was activated and assigned to General Headquarters Air Force at March Field, California, but attached to the 17th Bombardment Group. The squadron was reassigned to Northwest Air District in June 1940, with its primary mission being reconnaissance with a secondary mission of bombardment. It was initially equipped with Douglas B-18 Bolos, but soon converted to Douglas B-23 Dragons._NEWLINE_In 1941, the squadron replaced its B-23s with North American B-25 Mitchells. After the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the 89th flew antisubmarine patrols off the Oregon and Washington coastline._NEWLINE_The 89th moved to Lexington County Airport, South Carolina in early 1942 to perform antisubmarine patrols over southeast Atlantic coast and the Gulf of Mexico. There it became the fourth bombardment squadron of the 17th group as the 432d Bombardment Squadron. Meanwhile, aircrews from the squadron trained with its B-25s at Hurlburt Field, Florida for the Doolittle Raid. Some aircrews from the squadron participated in the raid, while the balance of the squadron transitioned into Martin B-26 Marauders, and completed training in Louisiana before being deployed to the Mediterranean Theater of Operations shortly following Operation Torch, the North Africa invasion._NEWLINE_During December 1942 the squadron became part of XII Bomber Command. It engaged in combat operations over North Africa supporting American and later Allied ground forces in Tunisia. The unit flew interdiction and close air support, bombing bridges, rail lines, marshalling yards, harbors, shipping, gun emplacements, troop concentrations and other enemy targets, helping defeat Axis forces in North Africa._NEWLINE_During 1943, the 432d participated in the reduction of Pantelleria. It supported Operation Husky, the Allied invasion of Sicily and Operation Avalanche, the invasion of Italy. During the drive toward Rome, the squadron was awarded a Distinguished Unit Citation for its attacks on airfields near Rome on 13 January 1944. It was also awarded the French Croix de Guerre with Palm for its operations in Italy between April and June._NEWLINE_The unit provided tactical air support in the liberation of Sardinia and Corsica. From airfields in Corsica, the 432d supported Allied ground forces during Operation Dragoon, the invasion of southern France in August 1944. It moved to Southern France and bombed enemy targets during the Allied drive northward. It earned a second Distinguished Unit Citation for bombing attacks on enemy defenses near Schweinfurt, Germany just before the end of the war on 10 April 1945._NEWLINE_The squadron remained in Europe after German capitulation. It became part of the occupation forces, and participated in the disarmament of Germany after V-E Day. It was assigned to the American Occupation Zone in Austria. The squadron returned to France to stage for its return to the United States, where it was inactivated in late November 1945. _START_SECTION_ Remotely piloted aircraft operations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The squadron was activated in October 2011 at Ellsworth Air Force Base, South Dakota as an MQ-9 Reaper squadron. The squadron replaced Detachment 1, 28th Operations Group, which had been activated in April 2011 to act as the lead organization to prepare Ellsworth for the activation of the remotely piloted aircraft unit. The squadron was reassigned from the 28th Bomb Wing to the 432d Wing in October 2015 when the 28th Wing was reassigned to Air Force Global Strike Command. The following June, the squadron returned to its original number and became the 89th Attack Squadron.

11370779421431341498

Q4645757

_START_ARTICLE_ 91st New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment _START_SECTION_ Service _START_PARAGRAPH_ The unit was first sent to Key West, Florida, then to Pensacola, Florida. Soldiers from the 91st New York took part in the raid on Bagdad, Florida._NEWLINE_Later they were part of a raid into southern Alabama. They captured the steamboat Bloomer from the Town of Geneva, in what was then Coffee County, in the latter part of 1862, and early 1863. Lt. James H. Stewart led the raid, and was accompanied by a naval unit commanded by Acting Master Elias Bruner of the USS Charlotte. Although no shots were fired, due to the raid, Alabama raised defensive Confederate troops in the area which were stationed in southern Alabama until needed elsewhere._NEWLINE_The regiment participated in the occupation of Baton Rouge, Louisiana, from December 1862 to March 1863. Then they took part in operations in western Louisiana. From May 24, 1863, to July 9, 1863, the 91st New York took part in the Siege of Port Hudson, one of the last impediments (Vicksburg was the other) to Federal control of the Mississippi. The regiment's next duty was at Fort Jackson, part of the defenses of New Orleans, as the garrison from July, 1863, to August, 1864. The regiment was then given veteran furlough until October, 1864._NEWLINE_In October, 1864, the regiment was transferred to the defenses of Baltimore, Maryland, as part of the VIII Corps, previously the Middle Department to February, 1865._NEWLINE_In February, 1865, the regiment was transferred to the 1st Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps, Army of the Potomac to June, 1865. They took part in the Siege of Petersburg and the Appomattox Campaign, including the Battle of Lewis's Farm, Battle of White Oak Road, Battle of Five Forks, Third Battle of Petersburg and pursuit of General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia to Appomattox Court House, Virginia, where Lee surrendered his army on April 9, 1865. As part of a post-war reorganization, they briefly became the 3rd Brigade, 3rd Division, V Corps for duty at Washington, D.C. until July 3, 1865, when they were mustered out._NEWLINE_The regiment lost 3 officers and 110 enlisted men killed and mortally wounded and 1 officer and 184 enlisted men by disease for a total of 298 men, during their service.

4263177254126818348

Q2132427

_START_ARTICLE_ 92 Legendary La Rose Noire _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Children's novel writer Butterfly Wong (Maggie Shiu) is unsuccessful in her career and relationship. One time, while attempting suicide, a couple nearby mistaken her for a robber. Wanting to return items left behind by the couple, Butterfly heads to the couple's home, accompanied by her friend, Chow Wai-kuen (Teresa Mo). There, they witness an illegal drug trade, followed by a mutual slaughter among the drug dealers. In order to avoid police suspicion, Butterfly imitates Black Rose, a vigilante character who appeared in 1960s Hong Kong films, and left a note behind. As a result, The real Black Rose's apprentices, Piu-hung (Fung Bo Bo) and Yim-fan (Wong Wan-sze), kidnap Butterfly. Detective Keith Lui (Tony Leung), who has a crush on Butterfly, proceeds to rescue her. However, Piu-hung and Yim-fan mistaken Keith for their ex-lover and locks him up as well. _START_SECTION_ Critical _START_PARAGRAPH_ Andrew Sarooch of Far East Films gave the film a score of 3.5 out of 5 stars praising the performance of actors Tony Leung Ka-fai and Fung Bo Bo, the action sequences and director Jeffrey Lau's direction as "Colourful, genre-defying and almost out-of-control". LoveHKFilm gave the film a positive review, praising Leung's comedic performance and states although the film "may lose some people, but it nonetheless possesses its own unique sensibilities and an inexplicable bizarre charm". _START_SECTION_ Box office _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film HK$22,806,044 at the Hong Kong box office during its theatrical run from 2 July to 23 December 1993.

15114147672322614743

Q158299

_START_ARTICLE_ 96 Aegle _START_SECTION_ Orbit and classification _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aegle is the parent body of the Aegle family (630), a very small asteroid family of less than a hundred known members. It orbits the Sun in the outer asteroid belt at a distance of 2.6–3.5 AU once every 5 years and 4 months (1,948 days; semi-major axis of 3.05 AU). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.14 and an inclination of 16° with respect to the ecliptic. The body's observation arc begins at Litchfield Observatory (789) in August 1870, two and a half years after its official discovery observation at Marseille. _START_SECTION_ Physical characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ In both the Tholen and SMASS classification as well as in the Bus–DeMeo taxonomy, Aegle is a rare, anhydrous T-type asteroid, while the overall spectral type for the Aegle family is typically that of a C- and X-type. _START_SECTION_ Rotation period _START_PARAGRAPH_ Photometric observations of the asteroid by American photometrist Frederick Pilcher from his Organ Mesa Observatory (G50) in New Mexico during 2016−17 showed an irregular lightcurve with a synodic rotation period of 13.868 hours and an amplitude of 0.11 in magnitude (U=3). _NEWLINE_This result is in good agreement with two previous observations by Robert Stephens, and by Cyril Cavadore and Pierre Antonini who measured a period of 13.82 hours and a brightness variation of 0.12 and 0.05, respectively (U=3/2-). Other rotational lightcurves obtained by Alan Harris (10 h; 1980), by Italian (10.47 h; 2000), and Swiss/French astronomers (13.82 h; 2005), and at the Colgate University (26.53 h; 2001), are of poor quality (U=n.a./1/1/1). _START_SECTION_ Diameter and albedo _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the surveys carried out by the Infrared Astronomical Satellite IRAS, the Japanese Akari satellite and the NEOWISE mission of NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer, Aegle measures between 156 and 178 kilometers in diameter and its surface has a low albedo between 0.048 and 0.056. The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes an albedo of 0.058 and calculates a diameter of 162.85 kilometers based on an absolute magnitude of 7.65. It has an estimated mass of (6.48±6.26)×10¹⁸ kg with a density of 2.61±2.53 g/cm³. _START_SECTION_ Occultations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aegle has been observed occulting stars several times. On 5 January 2010, it occulted the star TYC 0572-01644-1 as seen from Ibaraki, Japan, and allowed to determine a cross-section of 178.7 × 148.3 kilometers. In New Zealand, on 18 February 2002, it occulted the star TYC 7299-00684 in the constellation of Centaurus for approximately 12.7 seconds during which a drop of 2.1 in magnitude was to be expected. _START_SECTION_ Naming _START_PARAGRAPH_ This minor planet was named after Aegle) one of the Hesperides in Greek mythology. The official naming citation was mentioned in The Names of the Minor Planets by Paul Herget in 1955 (H 13).

7577150715355568523

Q4646546

_START_ARTICLE_ 9th Engineer Support Battalion _START_SECTION_ Mission _START_PARAGRAPH_ Provide General and Direct Engineering Support of a Deliberate Nature to the MAGTF, to include survivability, countermobility and mobility enhancements, and explosive ordnance disposal; and general supply support incident to the handling, storage and distribution of bulk water and bulk fuel. _START_SECTION_ Vietnam War _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 9th Engineer Support Battalion of the 3rd Marine Logistics Group was once titled the 9th Engineer Battalion. The 9th Engineer Battalion was activated on 1 November 1965 at the Marine Corps Base Camp Pendleton and was under the operational control of the Commanding General Force Troops, located at Marine Corps Air Ground Combat Center Twentynine Palms._NEWLINE_On 2 May 1966, elements of the battalion began deploying to the Republic of Vietnam and by 17 June 1966 all of the battalion had arrived in the country and were located in and around Chu Lai. There they repaired vital road networks and reconstructed many villages south of Chu Lai. 29 June 1966 found Alpha Company departing for Da Nang under the operational control of the 7th Engineer Battalion._NEWLINE_While in Vietnam the 9th Engineer Battalion was responsible for the repair and mine sweeps of many of the major highways and bridges, for camp construction, for building ferries and for supporting the army and many foreign units on the battlefront. The Battalion participated in operations such as Colorado, Fresno, Nappa, and Golden Fleece._NEWLINE_On 2 March 1970; Hawaii became the next duty station for Company A. while the rest of the battalion was returned to Camp Pendleton by 11 September 1970. At Camp Pendleton the battalion became part of the 5th Marine Amphibious Brigade until it was deactivated and retired its colors on 30 October 1970._NEWLINE_The 9th Engineer Support Battalion was activated on 1 May 1976 on Okinawa, Japan. Since activated, Camp Hansen has served as home for the battalion. _START_SECTION_ The 1990s _START_PARAGRAPH_ Company A, 9th ESB was the lead element in planning and conducting humanitarian construction operations in East Timor from September to December 2000. Additionally, they have completed several Habitat for Humanity projects in Bangladesh and South Korea. _START_SECTION_ Global War on Terror _START_PARAGRAPH_ 9th ESB provided real-world operational support to Joint Task Force 510 (Special Operation Command), Basilan Island, Philippines in support of Operation Enduring Freedom from April to July 2002. By improving 81 kilometers of roads, creating helicopter landing zones, and opening an overgrown airfield, the Battalion improved the mobility of U.S. forces on the island during the Global War on Terrorism._NEWLINE_Explosive Ordnance Disposal Platoon continues to supports de-mining efforts throughout the Pacific Theater and provides technician in support of Presidential Operations as required._NEWLINE_9th Engineer Support Battalion earned the Marine Corps Engineer Association award for the best engineer support battalion of the year for 2000, 2001, 2007, and 2012._NEWLINE_9th ESB deployed in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (OIF) from February 2006 until March 2007. During this deployment, they were based out of Camp Taqaddum in Al Anbar Province and built/repaired roads, cleared the roads of Improvised Explosive Devices, repaired buildings and constructed observation posts and command outposts for the Iraqi Army and Coalition Forces._NEWLINE_In September 2008, 9th ESB deployed for a second tour in support of Operation Iraqi Freedom (seven months long); they returned in March 2009. During the deployment, the battalion repaired roads, built working spaces and performed force protection construction and upgrades. 9th ESB's most recent deployment (and second tour) was to Helmand Province in Afghanistan in support of Operation Enduring Freedom (OEF) which occurred from November 2011 to June 2012. During this deployment, the battalion performed its assigned mission of repairing and constructing roads as well as providing fuel.

2987679555220348654

Q312552

_START_ARTICLE_ Aśvaghoṣa _START_SECTION_ Life as an ascetic _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the traditional biography of Aśvaghoṣa, which was translated into Chinese by Kumārajīva, and preserved in that language, he was originally a wandering ascetic who was able to defeat all-comers in debate._NEWLINE_He set a challenge to the Buddhist monks that if none could meet with him in debate then they should stop beating the wood-block which signalled to the people to bring offerings to them. There was no one there to meet the challenge so they stopped beating the wood-block._NEWLINE_However, in the north there was an elder bhikṣu named Pārśva at the time, who saw that if he could convert this ascetic, it would be a great asset to the propagation of the Dharma, so he travelled from northern India and had the wood-block sounded._NEWLINE_The ascetic came to ask why it had been sounded. Though thinking the old monk would be unable to debate with him, he accepted the challenge. After seven days, the debate was held in front of the King, his Ministers, and many ascetics and brahmans. The loser agreed to become the disciple of the other._NEWLINE_They agreed that the elder Pārśva should speak first, and he said: "The world should be made peaceable, with a long-lived king, plentiful harvests, and joy throughout the land, with none of the myriad calamities", to which the ascetic had no response and so was bound to become Pārśva's disciple, and he was given full ordination as a bhikṣu._NEWLINE_Although he had to consent to this, he still was not convinced of the elder's virtues until he showed him he had mastered the Bases of Spiritual Power (r̥ddhipādāḥ), at which point he gained faith. Pārśva then taught him the 5 Faculties, the 5 Powers, the 7 Factors and the 8-fold Noble Path, and he eventually mastered the teaching._NEWLINE_Later, the central kingdom was besieged by the Kuṣāna King's army, who demanded 300,000 gold pieces in tribute. The King could not pay so much, as he had only 100,000. The Kuṣāna King therefore asked for the Buddha's begging bowl, the converted monk, and the 100,000 gold pieces for his tribute._NEWLINE_Although the King of the central kingdom was unhappy, the monk persuaded him it would be for the good of the propagation of the Dharma which would spread across the four continents if he went with the Kuṣāna King. He was therefore taken away._NEWLINE_The Kuṣāna's King's Ministers, however, were unhappy, not thinking that the bhikṣu was priced correctly at 100,000 gold pieces. The King, who knew the worth of bhiksu, ordered that seven horses be starved for six days. The King then made an assembly and had the bhikṣu preach the Dharma._NEWLINE_Even the horses, whose favourite food was placed in front of them, were entranced by the Teaching of the monk, and listened intently. Everybody was thereby convinced of his worth. He was then granted the name Aśvaghoṣa, Horse-Cry._NEWLINE_He travelled throughout northern India proclaiming the Dharma and guiding all through his wisdom and understanding, and he was held in great regard by the four-fold assembly, who knew him as The Sun of Merit and Virtue. _START_SECTION_ Written works _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was previously believed to have been the author of the influential Buddhist text Awakening of Mahayana Faith, but modern scholars agree that the text was composed in China. And it is now believed he was not from the Mahayanist period, and seems to have been ordained into a subsect of the Mahasanghikas. Some recent research into his kavya poems have revealed that he may have used the Yogacarabhumi as a textual reference, particularly for the Saundarananda, which opens up the possibility he was affiliated with either the Yogacara or the Sautrantika school._NEWLINE_He wrote an epic life of the Buddha called Buddhacharita (Acts of the Buddha) in Sanskrit. The monk I-tsing (Yijing) mentioned that in his time Buddhacarita was "...extensively read in all the five parts of India and in the countries of the South Sea (Sumātra, Jāva and the neighbouring islands). He clothed manifold notions and ideas in a few words which so delighted the heart of his reader that he never wearied of perusing the poem. Moreover it was regarded as a virtue to read it in as much as it contained the noble doctrine in a neat compact form."_NEWLINE_It described in 28 chapters the whole Life of the Buddha from his birth until his entry into Parinirvāna. During the Muslim invasions of the 10th – 12th centuries, half of the original Sanskrit text was lost. Today, the second half only exists in Chinese and Tibetan translations._NEWLINE_He also wrote Saundarananda, a kāvya poem with the theme of conversion of Nanda, Buddha's half-brother, so that he might reach salvation. The first half of the work describes Nanda's life, and the second half of the work describes Buddhist doctrines and ascetic practices._NEWLINE_He is also thought to be the author of the Sutralankara.

12387895398388908963

Q48725679

_START_ARTICLE_ A.D.M. College for Women _START_SECTION_ Accreditation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The college is recognized by the University Grants Commission (UGC).

5395168280616908505

Q16848551

_START_ARTICLE_ A.S.D. Real Metapontino _START_SECTION_ Foundation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The club was founded in 2011. _START_SECTION_ Serie D _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the season 2012–13 the team was promoted for the first time, from Eccellenza Basilicata to Serie D. _START_SECTION_ Colors and badge _START_PARAGRAPH_ The team's colors are lightblue and blue.

10505087740370663295

Q747976

_START_ARTICLE_ A.S.D. Riccione 1929 _START_SECTION_ Valleverde Riccione FC _START_PARAGRAPH_ Riccione was founded in 1929 as Valleverde Riccione Football Club. In summer 2010 his sports title of Serie D was transferred to Real Rimini, after the Batani family left the club because of management problems with the president Paolo Croatti. _START_SECTION_ ASD Riccione 1929 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The club was immediately refounded as Associazione sportiva dilettantistica Riccione 1929, acquiring the sports title of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna club Associazione Sportiva Dilettantistica Del Conca, based in Morciano di Romagna._NEWLINE_The new team is the legitimate heir of the former Valleverde Riccione, finally having a company composed of people of Riccione._NEWLINE_In the 2010–11 season Riccione has won group B of Eccellenza Emilia-Romagna and has returned in Serie D. _START_SECTION_ Colors and badge _START_PARAGRAPH_ Its colors are white and blue.

5790546819592767748

Q10857889

_START_ARTICLE_ A.S.P. Towers _START_SECTION_ 1979 revolution and lootings _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the 1979 Revolution in Iran, The A-tower was particularly targeted by the revolutionaries as it housed mostly business and political figures who either had fled Iran or lost their lives during the revolution. In all cases doors were crushed as the standard door locks were near-impossible to force-open or manipulate. The non-standard door frames to date indicate breaking in during the early day of the revolution._NEWLINE_The looting of property and cars went on for weeks following the chaos and lawlessness in early days of the Islamic revolution. The confiscated units themselves were later occupied by revolutionary families and later by some refugees from the Iran-Iraq war. The occupiers were eventually removed as law and order eventually returned after a number of years.

3212225844359607216

Q1403417

_START_ARTICLE_ A.S. Petrarca Calcio _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Together with Calcio Padova was the main football team to the Padua. The Petrarca, in the late teen years, was the main rival of the most glorious Calcio Padova. For a short period of time is even allowed to buy also some of the strongest players at the city level. Regularly affiliated with the Football Association, played at the Stadium Tre Pini of Padua. The team colors were black and white. In the 1922 season even came close to winning the Scudetto. Indeed, it was eliminated from Novese.

2111837668447546295

Q39503690

_START_ARTICLE_ A. J. Granger _START_SECTION_ College career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Granger attended Liberty-Benton High School in his hometown of Findlay, Ohio, where he won the Division IV basketball championship in 1995 and was an all-state selection in 1995 and 1996. As a junior he averaged 15 points per game, and as a senior he posted averages of 22 points, 9 rebounds and 3 assists per game. He also competed in track and field, and he was Ohio State Champion in discus throw in 1996._NEWLINE_He committed to Michigan State in 1996 and coach Tom Izzo played him consistently, and also made him start 7 games at the end of the season. His sophomore year saw him play all 30 games, averaging 12 minutes per game as a reserve, and he averaged 2.6 points. He showed improvement in his shooting, especially his 3-point shooting: while he shot 0/1 in all his freshman season, he started to take more shots in his second year, attempting a total of 19 shots and scoring 5. The 3-point shooting became one of the characteristics of Granger's game. At the end of his sophomore year he received the Scholar-Athlete Award by his university, an award he would receive also in his senior season._NEWLINE_His junior year saw an increased playing time and a further improvement in his stats, and he recorded a 53.2 field goal percentage. He also shot significantly better from the free throw line, going from 59% in his sophomore year to 71% in his junior year. Granger averaged 6.6 points and shot 50% from the 3-point line (62.1% during the NCAA Tournament). His performances during the 1999 NCAA Tournament earned him a selection in the 1999 All-Midwest team._NEWLINE_Granger's senior season was his most successful: he was named team captain and he became one of the main players of the Spartans team. His combination of size, post game and 3-point shooting made him hard to guard for the opposing teams, and despite starting the year as a reserve, he became a starter as the season progressed. He started 35 out of 39 games, and averaged 9.5 points and 5.3 rebounds for the season, shooting 89.3% from the free throw line and 45% from 3. In the 2000 championship game against Florida won by Michigan State he played 34 minutes, scoring 19 points (a career high) along with 9 rebounds and 1 assist. He was again selected in the NCAA All-Regional Team and he also was part of the NCAA All-Tournament Team. At the end of his career he was 4th in Michigan State history in 3-point field goal percentage with 44% of made shots. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the end of his senior year, Granger was automatically eligible for the 2000 NBA Draft. At the 2000 NBA Draft Combine He was measured at 6 ft 7.5 in without shoes, with an 8 ft 7 in standing reach, a 6 ft 9.5 in wingspan and weighted 227 lbs. He went undrafted and after briefly participating in a camp with the Vancouver Grizzlies, he signed for the Greek team Milon BC. In 20 games in the 2000–01 Greek Basket League he averaged 17.0 points, 7.1 rebounds and 1.3 assists._NEWLINE_He then transferred to Italy, where he signed for Adecco Milano. In 5 games played he averaged 12.2 points and 3.8 rebounds. In 2003 he joined Artland Dragons in Germany. During the 2003–04 season he averaged 14.1 points, 5.2 rebounds and 0.8 assists in 25 games played.

13706207325489046085

Q16190987

_START_ARTICLE_ A. K. Padmanabhan _START_PARAGRAPH_ A. K. Padmanabhan is an Indian Marxist politician and former Politburo member Communist Party of India (Marxist) _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Padmanabhan hails from Tamil Nadu. He became the Central Committee member of the party and in 20th party congress of CPI(M), held in Calicut in April 2012, he was first elected to the Politburo of the Communist Party of India (Marxist). In June 2013 he visited China as a delegate at the invitation of the Communist Party of China. In 2013, he became the president of the Centre of Indian Trade Unions (CITU). Padmanabhan was also re elected into the Politburo in 21st party congress held in Visakhapatnam in April 2015. In 22nd party congress, he was dropped, replaced by Tapan Kumar Sen and remains as a Central Committee member of the party. Presently Padmanabhan is the vice president of Centre of Indian Trade Unions.

2425980305736751581

Q280110

_START_ARTICLE_ A38(M) motorway _START_SECTION_ Route _START_PARAGRAPH_ A38(M) runs from the A5127 through Gravelly Hill Interchange where the A38 joins and then shortly after traffic from the M6 motorway also joins. It then enters a tidal flow section. The road is on a viaduct as it passes through Aston; this section cuts through the grounds of Aston Hall. The road passes through its first junction after 1 mile (1.6 km). It enters a cutting before reaching the second junction, where the tidal flow ends as does the motorway. The motorway is curved in Aston to avoid an Ansells brewery. The motorway was also crossed by a vinegar pipeline, carrying the condiment from one part of the since-demolished HP Sauce factory to the other. _START_SECTION_ Tidal flow _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Expressway was the first road in the United Kingdom to introduce tidal flow to allow better management of traffic. Lane use is controlled by means of electronic overhead signs, with one lane always closed to create a buffer between the two directions of travel – there is no central reservation. In the morning, four of the seven lanes are designated for use by traffic heading toward Birmingham city centre, and two lanes for traffic out of the city. In the evening rush hour, this pattern is reversed and four lanes are made available to outbound traffic and two lanes towards the city centre. At all other times, the road runs with three lanes in each direction._NEWLINE_Motorcycles are banned from the red-surfaced central lane, which contains a drainage channel, regardless of how it is being used. This follows a fatal accident which occurred when one of the drainage covers dislodged.

7348908064211715516

Q620736

_START_ARTICLE_ ABNT NBR 15601 _START_SECTION_ Introduction _START_PARAGRAPH_ The transmission aspects of the Brazilian Digital Terrestrial Television Standards are described in the ABNT NBR 15601:2007 - Digital terrestrial television - Transmission system document published by ABNT, the Brazilian Association of Technical Standards (Associação Brasileira de Normas Técnicas)._NEWLINE_Digital terrestrial television broadcasting in Brazil should be introduced in the VHF/UHF bands and fit into existing 6 MHz channels originally intended for analogue television transmission. The Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting service will coexist with existing analogue television transmissions for a temporary period._NEWLINE_It was desirable to support the simultaneous transmission of a hierarchy of nested quality levels, including high definition television (HDTV) and standard definition TV (SDTV) within a single channel. _START_SECTION_ Summary _START_PARAGRAPH_ Transmission requirements established for the Brazilian digital television standards comply with the general characteristics existing in its Japanese counterpart, while addressing the challenges of broadcasting within a more polluted and unregulated spectrum environment._NEWLINE_The additional requirements set by the document ABNT NBR 15601:2007 - Digital terrestrial television – Transmission can be seen as evolutions suggested for better overall performance levels in the transition period between analog and digital television.

1695481658698809867

Q4651520

_START_ARTICLE_ AFL Canada _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canadian Australian Football Association was established in May 1989 when two clubs, the Mississauga Mustangs (now the High Park Demons) and the Toronto Panthers, were formed and played in the inaugural Conacher Cup game in Toronto, Ontario. _START_SECTION_ National teams _START_PARAGRAPH_ AFL Canada selects the Northwind, Canada's national men's Australian rules football team. The team plays in international tournaments and exhibition matches against other countries. Northwind players are selected from the best Canadian-born players from the club teams across the country._NEWLINE_The Northwind's first international competition was against the USA before competing the 2002 Australian Football International Cup and finishing 9th of 11._NEWLINE_AFL Canada also selects the Northern Lights and the Wolfpack, Canada's national teams for women and junior men. _START_SECTION_ Australian Football International Cup _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Northwind have competed at the Australian Football International Cup since their first appearance in 2002. The International Cup is a competition where players that are citizens of the countries who are competing are the only players allowed to play (no expatriate Australians are permitted to play, with teams composed solely of amateurs who must be nationals of the country they represent)._NEWLINE_In the 2002 Australian Football International Cup the Canada Northwind finished 9th of 11 teams._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 1: Ireland 7.14 (56) def. Canada 4.7 (31) - Trevor Barker Beach Oval, Sandringham, Melbourne_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 2: Canada 4.11 (38) def. South Africa 1.5 (11) _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 3: New Zealand 10.8 (68) def. Canada 2.6 (18) _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 4: USA 8.4 (52) def. Canada 1.1 (7) _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 5: Samoa 9.15 (69) def. Canada 0.5 (5) _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_9th/10th Place Playoff: Canada 6.5 (41) def. Japan 5.2 (32) _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_In the 2005 Australian Football International Cup the Northwind finished 7th of 10 teams._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 1: Ireland 4.7 (31) def. Canada 3.5 (23)_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 2: Papua New Guinea 5.11 (41) def. Canada 4.3 (27)_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 3: Samoa 7.4 (46) def. Canada 6.6 (42)_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 4: Great Britain 3.7 (25) def. 3.5 Canada (23) _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Qualifying Final: Canada def. Spain (Spain forfeited)._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_7th/8th Place Playoff: Canada 4.5 (29) def. South Africa 2.6 (18)_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_In the 2008 Australian Football International Cup the Northwind finished 6th of 16 teams:_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 1: Canada Northwind 18.22 (130) def. Finland Icebreakers 0.0 (0) - Western Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 2: Canada Northwind 16.12 (108) def. Sweden Elks 1.1 (7) - Ransford Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Round 3: Ireland Warriors 4.6 (30) def. Canada Northwind 2.2 (14) - Reid Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Finals Round 1: Canada Northwind 7.7 (49) def. Japan Samurais 0.3 (3) - Walter Oval _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_5th/6th Place Playoff: Nauru Chiefs 12.8 (80) def. Canada Northwind 7.7 (49) - Ransford Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_In the 2011 Australian Football International Cup the Northwind finished 10th of 18 teams_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Group 6 - Match 1: Canada 2.0 (12) def. by United States 2.3 (15) - Blacktown International Sportspark 2 _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Group 6 - Match 2: Canada 3.6 (24) def. Peres Team for Peace 0.0 (0) - Blacktown International Sportspark 2 _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Division 1 - Group 1 - Match 1: Canada 2.3 (15) def. by Great Britain 6.8 (44) - Blacktown International Sportspark 2 _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Division 1 - Group 1 - Match 3: Canada 3.2 (20) def. by New Zealand 5.9 (39) - Blacktown International Sportspark 1 _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Division 1 Semi-Finals: Canada 13.8 (86) def. Japan 2.1 (13) - McAllister Oval _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_9th/10th Place Playoff: Canada 6.4 (40) def. by Tonga 6.10 (46) - Ransford Oval_NEWLINE_In the 2014 Australian Football International Cup the Northwind finished 5th of 18 teams. _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Pool C - Round 1: Canada 19.5 (119) def. China 0.1 (1) - McAlister Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Pool C - Round 2: Canada 2.8 (20) def. by USA 8.3 (51) - Ransford Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Pool C - Round 3: Canada 20.10 (130) def. Sweden 0.0 (0) - Ben Kavanagh Reserve_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Division 1 Semi Finals: Canada 9.15 (69) def. France 2.3 (15) - Ransford Oval_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Division 1 Championship (5th/6th Place Playoff): Canada 9.7 (61) def. Tonga 7.6 (48) - McAlister Oval

13617683930836869845

Q4652285

_START_ARTICLE_ ALCO FA _START_SECTION_ Service history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The FAs, as well as their cousins, the ALCO PAs, were born as a result of Alco's development of a new diesel engine design, the Model 244. In early 1944, development started on the new design, and by November 1945, the first engines were beginning to undergo tests. This unusually short testing sequence was brought about by the decision of Alco's senior management that the engine and an associated line of road locomotives had to be introduced no later than the end of 1946._NEWLINE_In preparation for this deadline, by January 1946, the first four locomotives with the 244 engines had been built. Two FA-1s and an FB-1 were painted in Alco Demonstrator colors and were released for road tests for a month and a half on the Delaware and Hudson Railway._NEWLINE_A strike at Alco delayed production beyond the first four units and the three demonstrator units began working on the Gulf, Mobile and Ohio Railroad in mid February 1946. The demonstrators were returned to Schenectady when the remainder of the order began delivery in May 1946._NEWLINE_The GM&O order was completed in April 1947 for a total of 80 units. Before the end of this production run, Alco upgraded the generators and traction motors in the locomotives, with the first of these models entering service in February 1947 for the New York Central._NEWLINE_In 1950, the Montreal Locomotive Works, an affiliate of Alco, began production of FAs as well. In the Fall of 1950, an upgraded model, the FA-2, was launched. This model featured an uprated Model 244 engine, with an output of 1600 horsepower. Additionally, the carbody was lengthened, making possible the addition of a steam generator in the A unit to allow for use in passenger service. Models equipped as such were designated the FPA-2/FPB-2._NEWLINE_The first FA-2s were delivered in October 1950 to the Baltimore and Ohio and the Erie. By this time, however, the cab unit had fallen out of favor due to the greater versatility of road switchers, and U S production of the FA line ended in 1956, with Canadian production ending in 1959._NEWLINE_The MTA Long Island Rail Road purchased 20 units and removed the traction motors from the units. the LIRR used them to supply AC HEP (head end power) to the cars of the train. Also the engines were used as a cab when another engine was pushing on the east end of the train. By the late 1990s and early 2000s, the railroad began retiring the Alcos for new double deck cab cars. _START_SECTION_ Models overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Three different models were offered. The FA-1/FB-1, which featured a 1,500 horsepower (1,100 kW) rating, was built from January 1946 to October 1950 with a 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) version produced between March and August 1950 (many early models were subsequently upgraded to 1,600 hp). The 1,600 hp (1,200 kW) FA-2/FB-2 (along with the FPA-2/FPB-2 variants) was built between October 1950 and June 1956. The 1,800 hp (1,300 kW) FPA-4/FPB-4, powered by the 251 V-12 engine, was built between October 1958 and May 1959 by ALCO's Canadian subsidiary, Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW)._NEWLINE_Externally, the FA-1/FB-1 could be distinguished from the FA-2/FB-2 (FPA-2/FPB-2) by the position of the radiator shutters – the FA-1/FB-1's shutters were at the far end of the carbody, whereas on the FA-2/FB-2 they were further forward, the design having been modified to allow the installation of a steam generator behind the radiator. The FPA-4/FPB-4 were visually different due to the additional radiator space that was positioned below the shutters. These Canadian variants were intended and used for high-speed passenger service, and remained in use into the 1990s on Via Rail Canada._NEWLINE_The FA had the same distinctive styling as its larger cousin, the ALCO PA, with a long, straight nose tipped by a headlight in a square, slitted grille and raked windshields. Only the first 36 GM&O FA-1s had the distinctive trim pieces found behind the cab windows of the PA. As with the PA, the overall design owed much to the Fairbanks-Morse Erie-built design, which had been constructed by ALCO's sales partner General Electric (GE) at their Erie, Pennsylvania, plant. GE's industrial designer Ray Patten styled the FA and FB, and many believe it likely that he took drawings of the Erie-built as a starting point, lengthening and squaring the nose and giving it a more aggressive look. The majority of FA components were compatible with the PA._NEWLINE_As with the PA, the model 244 diesel prime mover proved to be the undoing of the FA, and the locomotives failed to capture a marketplace dominated by General Motors Electro-Motive Division (EMD). The later 251-series engine, a vastly improved prime mover, was not available in time for ALCO to recover the loss of reputation caused by the unreliability of the 244, which was a key factor in the dissolution of the partnership with GE. By the time the ALCO 251 engine was accepted into widespread use, General Electric had launched their own entries into the diesel-electric locomotive market, notably the U25B. General Electric eventually supplanted ALCO as a manufacturer of locomotives, leading to ALCO's exit from the locomotive market in 1969. _START_SECTION_ ALCO "World Locomotive" _START_PARAGRAPH_ Alco built 23 A1A-A1A trucked FCA-3s for Pakistan Railways in 1951 and 1953. These were the equivalent of an FPA-2 riding on A1A trucks. ALCO's "World Locomotive", the DL500 (introduced in 1953), originated as a newly designed demonstrator based on the FA-2. The first 25 DL500s used the model 244 engine rated at 1,600 horsepower (1,200 kW). Later DL500s were like the FPA-4 and utilize the ALCO model 251B diesel engine as the prime mover and are rated at 1,800 horsepower (1,300 kW). All DL500s were built with C-C trucks, but B-B or paired A-1-A trucks were offered as an option. The only locale within the Americas where ALCO-built cab units, such as All America Latina Logistica (ALL), still see daily usage in freight duty is Argentina. A total of 369 DL500 locomotives were built by ALCO, AE Goodwin, and MLW between May 1953 and December 1967._NEWLINE_Variants of the ALCO "World Locomotive" saw service in Australia where it was built under license by AE Goodwin. A two cab design, the second cab being flat fronted, went into service on the standard gauge Department of Railways New South Wales as the 44 class No.s 4401 - 44100 (100 in class), and both a single cab and double cab design went into service on the 5 ft 3 in (1,600 mm) broad gauge South Australian Railways as the 930 class._NEWLINE_The NSWGR 44 class ALCo was used from fast passenger services to slow freight._NEWLINE_Similar DL500 locomotives were also used in Greece, India (DL560C), Pakistan, Peru, and Spain. _START_SECTION_ Popular culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ A February 2014 episode of the TV series The Big Bang Theory, "The Locomotive Manipulation", takes place on a train pulled by what is incorrectly described as an "Alcoa FA-4".

1034030812951486463

Q4653023

_START_ARTICLE_ ANR Pipeline _START_PARAGRAPH_ ANR Pipeline delivers gas from Texas, the Oklahoma panhandle region, and Louisiana to the Midwest and Great Lakes region. It has two legs, one from Texas and the other from Louisiana, which meet near Chicago. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ ANR was founded as the Michigan-Wisconsin Pipe Line Company on July 25, 1945. In 1947, the company received federal approval to build a $52 million, 1,800-mile-long pipeline from Texas to the Detroit-Ann Arbor area and to sections of Wisconsin, Missouri and Iowa. The Michigan-Wisconsin Pipeline began operations on November 1, 1949. The pipeline ran from Hansford County in the Texas Panhandle through Oklahoma, Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri and Iowa to Illinois, where it branches in two with one line to serve Michigan and the other Wisconsin._NEWLINE_The Michigan-Wisconsin Pipe Line Company's name was changed in 1984 to the ANR Pipeline Company, in order to identify the company more closely with its parent, American Natural Resources. In 1985, American Natural Resources was acquired by Coastal Corporation. El Paso Energy acquired Coastal Corporation in 2001. El Paso Energy sold ANR Pipeline to TransCanada Corporation in 2007. _START_SECTION_ Incidents _START_PARAGRAPH_ Explosion of 1993_NEWLINE_On November 23rd, 1993 there was an explosion on the pipeline in New Castle, Indiana. _START_SECTION_ Explosion of 2008 _START_PARAGRAPH_ On March 11, 2008, an explosion occurred on the pipeline 15 miles (24 km) off the coast of Marsh Island, Louisiana, in the Gulf of Mexico, while the Motor Vessel Jillian Morrison was bleeding natural gas from a shut section of a pipeline into a tank on the vessel. Six crew members of the vessel were injured and one left missing. _START_SECTION_ Rupture of 2014 _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 16, 2014, around 2am EDT, a rupture occurred on the pipeline in Benton Township, Berrien County, Michigan. About 520 people were evacuated.

17705167805406200162

Q295795

_START_ARTICLE_ ANTIC _START_SECTION_ The Display List _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Display List is the list of instructions, or the program, directing ANTIC how to generate the display. The data processed by this Display List "program" is the screen memory. The output is the graphics display. The kinds of graphics in the output (text vs addressable pixels) is determined by the instructions in the Display List._NEWLINE_The Display List and the display data are written into RAM by the CPU. ANTIC reads the Display List instructions, screen memory, and character set information from RAM using a technique known as direct memory access (DMA). A BASIC or 6502 machine language program's job is to initialize the display—set up the Display List instructions, organize screen memory (and character set if applicable), and then direct ANTIC to start the display. After this, ANTIC automatically takes care of generating the screen display. This allows the Atari 8-bit computers to produce complex, mixed-mode displays without direct CPU intervention. Other platforms, even those designed much later, cannot either mix graphics modes in one display, or do so without complex CPU interrupts._NEWLINE_ANTIC processes the instructions in the Display List, reads the screen memory (and character set data if applicable), translates this information into a real-time stream of graphics data, and sends this data stream to the CTIA/GTIA chip which applies the color to the graphics pixels and outputs the video. Together the two chips provide 6 text and 8 graphics modes (14 total). The more advanced version, GTIA, adds three alternative color interpretations for each ANTIC graphics mode providing a total of 56 (14 times four) graphics modes. However, only the ANTIC graphics modes based on half-color clock pixels are capable of expressing the complete color palette provided by the new color interpretations, and of those modes the ones convenient for use are ANTIC modes 2 (OS Graphics mode 0 text) and ANTIC mode F (OS Graphics mode 8). Thus the reasonable number of unique graphics modes available using the inherent hardware capabilities of ANTIC + CTIA/GTIA is 20–14 ANTIC modes + 3 additional color interpretations each for ANTIC modes 2 and F. _START_SECTION_ Instruction Execution _START_PARAGRAPH_ ANTIC begins executing the Display List pointed to by the 16-bit address in registers DLISTL/DLISTH ($D402-$D403ₕₑₓ/54274-54275dec). The address registers are incremented by ANTIC automatically as each instruction is executed. ANTIC can only update the lowest 10 bits of the address during the automatic increment limiting the display list to begin and end within a 1K address range._NEWLINE_The registers are also updated during Display List execution by ANTIC's JMP (Jump) and JVB (Jump and wait for Vertical Blank). These instructions load the full 16-bits of address, so can be used to circumvent the 1K Display List limitation._NEWLINE_The address is also updated by the Operating System's Vertical Blank Interrupt (VBI) routine using the values from Operation System shadow registers SDLSTL/SDLSTH ($0230-$0231ₕₑₓ/560-561dec). When the OS VBI routine is enabled direct updates to the ANTIC DLIST registers by the CPU or the ANTIC Jump instructions will be overwritten by the OS during the next Vertical Blank. Since VBI processing is the usual state of the system, most programs rely on this and only update the OS shadow registers (SDLSTL/SDLSTH $0230-$0231ₕₑₓ/560-561dec) to set the Display List. _START_SECTION_ HS Modifer - Horizontal Fine Scroll _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bit4: position value $10, controls horizontal scrolling of the playfield mode._NEWLINE_When horizontal scrolling is enabled ANTIC retrieves more screen memory bytes than displayed in order to show partially scrolled display bytes at the beginning and end of the line. If the display is in Narrow mode ANTIC retrieves the number of screen bytes necessary for Normal mode. If the display is in Normal mode ANTIC retrieves the number of bytes needed for Wide screen mode. In Wide screen mode ANTIC does not retrieve any additional screen bytes. Scrolling in Wide screen will cause blank data to be shifted into the scrolled area. This is not a problem, because it occurs in the overscan area which is not visible on a normal NTSC/PAL display. _START_SECTION_ VS Modifer - Vertical Fine Scroll _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bit5: position value $20, controls vertical scrolling of the Playfield mode._NEWLINE_The Vertical scrolling region in a display is defined by setting the VS bit ($20) on a sequential series of ANTIC Mode Lines in the Display List. The first Mode line without the VS bit set becomes the end of the scrolling region and is used as a buffer line to supply the new information to scroll up into the bottom of the scrolling region. _START_SECTION_ LMS Modifer - Load Memory Scan _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bit6: position value $40, loads a new address for the start of screen memory for the current Playfield mode line._NEWLINE_The LMS option loads ANTIC's screen memory scan address with the 16-bit value in the two bytes following the instruction. The Character or Map mode specified will begin displaying bytes from that address. The LMS option must appear in the first Playfield Mode Instruction line (not Blank Line) in the Display List to initialize ANTIC to begin reading at the start of screen memory. Most of the Operating System-generated full screen modes will have only that one occurrence of the LMS modifier present in the Display List. ANTIC will automatically increment its LMS address at the end of each mode line in preparation for the next line. As long as screen memory does not cross over a 4K boundary the LMS modifier is not needed on subsequent Playfield Mode Instructions._NEWLINE_Full screen displays using Playfield Map Modes E or F will have a second occurrence of the LMS modifier on a Map Instruction near the middle of the screen, since the full display requires more than 4K of screen memory. (Mode F displays include high res 320 pixel lines, and the GTIA display modes.)_NEWLINE_Combining the Map and Character Mode instructions with the LMS bit makes it possible to set the screen memory address freely within the 64K address space independently for each display line. In other words, the screen memory does not have to be completely contiguous memory scanned sequentially towards higher addresses - only that a single Mode line must be provided with adequate sequential bytes of memory to meet the requirements of that Mode, width of the display, and Scrolling feature. _START_SECTION_ DLI Modifer - Display List Interrupt _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bit7: position value $80, directs ANTIC to invoke a CPU-serviced interrupt on the last scan line of the Playfield Mode._NEWLINE_If ANTIC register NMIEN ($D40Eₕₑₓ/54286dec) has Bit7 ($80) set then on the last scanline of the Mode line an interrupt routine will be triggered which is vectored through address VDSLST ($200ₕₑₓ/512dec)._NEWLINE_The 6502 Accumulator, X and Y register contents are not preserved before entry to the DLI routine. It is the responsibility of the DLI routine to save the state of the registers used during the DLI, and then restore the original values of the registers before exiting with an RTI instruction. Routines typically push the register values to the 6502 stack._NEWLINE_DLI routines are ordinarily short and quick, changing the color registers or Player-Missile positions before exiting. However, brevity is not required. As long as the DLI routine exits before the start of the next DLI routine the DLI routine can continue updating values across multiple scanlines. _START_SECTION_ Playfield Graphics Modes _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ANTIC chip allows a variety of different Playfield modes and widths. However, the original Atari Operating System included with the Atari 800/400 computers provides easy access to a limited subset of these graphics modes. ANTIC Playfield modes are exposed to users through Atari BASIC via the "GRAPHICS" command, and to some other languages, via similar system calls. Oddly, the modes not directly supported by the original OS and BASIC are modes most useful for games. The later version of the OS used in the Atari 8-bit XL/XE computers added support for most of these "missing" graphics modes._NEWLINE_The ANTIC chip uses a Display List and other settings to create these modes. Any graphics mode in the default GTIA color interpretation can be freely mixed without CPU intervention by changing instructions in the Display List._NEWLINE_The ANTIC screen geometry is not fixed. A hardware register can direct ANTIC to display narrow playfield (128 color clocks/256 hi-res pixels wide), normal width playfield (160 color clocks/320 hi-res pixels wide), and wide, overscan playfield (192 color clocks/384 hi-res pixels wide). While the Operating System's default height for graphics modes is 192 scan lines Antic can display vertical overscan up to 240 TV scan lines tall by creating a custom Display List._NEWLINE_Mode F produces colors through NTSC artifacting and works in a similar manner to the Apple II's graphics modes. The pixel resolution is 320 across but the color resolution half that, thus each group of two pixels will "blend" together to form a single color and four artifact colors may be generated this way. They will be tinted if the foreground and background color are set to something other than black/white/gray. The exact colors produced this way vary with different Atari 8-bit models and also between the CTIA and GTIA chips, thus undesirable artifact colors may result from running software that uses Mode F on a machine other than the one it was developed for. It was not possible to obtain artifact coloring on PAL machines and Mode F will be monochrome on them._NEWLINE_Mode F was not widely used by software due to its high memory requirements (8k) and inconsistent artifact colors that did not appear the same on every model of Atari 8-bit computer. Games that utilize it include Sierra graphical adventures such as Troll's Tale and Wizard and the Princess, Lode Runner, and the Ultima series._NEWLINE_The video display system was designed with careful consideration of NTSC display methods and limitations. The system CPU clock and video hardware are synchronized to one-half the NTSC clock frequency. Consequently, the pixel output of all display modes is based on the size of the NTSC color clock which is the minimum time needed to guarantee correct and consistent color regardless of the pixel's horizontal location on the screen. The result is accurate pixel size and coloring that does not display color "strobing" defects when horizontally scrolled. (Color strobing is unsightly hue changes in pixels based on horizontal position which is caused when signal changes do not align with the color clock and so do not provide the TV/monitor hardware adequate time to reach the correct color.) _START_SECTION_ Scrolling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Before video displays became a common part of the user interface many computers used a teletype—a printer usually with continuously-fed paper. User input and the computer generated output were printed on the paper fed through the printer. This widely understood interface for user input and computer output continued with the introduction of video displays as computers presented a metaphor of the screen as a view port over an imagined, infinite roll of paper. Information is displayed on screen beginning at the top until it reaches the bottom of the screen and when the computer needs to introduce new information it shifts all the screen information up providing an empty space at the bottom for the new information and consequently erasing the topmost information._NEWLINE_This kind of scrolling is called, "coarse scrolling". It is achieved by moving bytes of memory through a designated screen display area. Moving a kilobyte (or more) of memory is CPU intensive and slower computers may not be able to accomplish anything else while updating screen data. As a means of animating a display the results can be jerky when the CPU cannot update the screen memory faster than the display hardware reads the memory to generate the video output. Motion fluidity is impaired, since the minimum amount of shifting the display is the size of an entire character. Most computers including the Atari 8-bits accomplish coarse scrolling as described above — common examples are viewing a long BASIC program listing or directory of files._NEWLINE_Coarse scrolling implemented by bulk movement of data is often the only method of scrolling possible on most computers. However, ANTIC provides direct hardware support for vertical and horizontal, coarse and fine scrolling taking the concept of a "view port moving over data" from a metaphorical illusion to literal implementation. These ANTIC features deliver rapid, smooth, full screen movement requiring negligible CPU time and so free the CPU for other work._NEWLINE_All ANTIC display modes, Text and Map modes, can exercise the hardware scrolling features. _START_SECTION_ Vertical Coarse Scrolling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vertical coarse scrolling is the easiest feature to exercise. The first Text or Map Mode instruction in every Display List always includes the LMS instruction modifier specifying the start of screen memory. As it generates the display, ANTIC automatically increments its memory scan pointer from Mode line to Mode line to display memory contiguously. Therefore, a display can be "moved" by merely updating the initial LMS modifier's address; adding the number of bytes used for a line in the current Text or Map Mode shifts the screen contents up one line while subtracting the same amount moves the screen down. So, the display is actually a view port that is moved to look at a different areas of memory rather than moving the memory into a fixed screen map._NEWLINE_Since ANTIC's memory scan counter cannot automatically increment over a 4K boundary the limit of vertical scrolling in this simple manner is up to 4K of movement. A full screen of Mode 2 text using approximately 1K can continuously scroll the height of four screens until reaching the 4K boundary. Likewise, a Mode 7 text display can scroll the height of 16 entire screens._NEWLINE_Naturally, that trivial example is of limited usefulness. Many scrolling implementations scroll only part of the screen while other sections remain fixed. This problem is solved by the inherent capabilities of the ANTIC Display List. In this situation the Display List would add Mode instructions using LMS modifiers on the first mode line of the screen sections that should not move which effectively locks these parts of the display while the LMS modifier address for the scrolling section is updated._NEWLINE_Further enhancement of this concept uses the LMS modifier option on every line that does scroll. Vertical scrolling on this display requires updating one LMS modifier address for each Mode line in the scrolling region. When the display is managed at this level of detail ANTIC's 4K screen RAM boundary can be easily circumvented. Even in this worst case example the CPU effort expended is a tiny fraction of the processing needed to bulk move screen data._NEWLINE_One other limit to be aware of is that the two byte LMS modifier address must not be updated when ANTIC is processing the LMS. If ANTIC reads the LMS address while it is partially updated ANTIC will display the incorrect section of memory for that Mode line. When the scrolling region of a display requires multiple LMS address updates the possibility of a partial update increases, and the possibility of having two subsequent lines display the same data also increases. Programs solve this in a number of ways—performing updates during the Vertical blank, monitoring the VCOUNT before updates, or doing the updates in Display List Interrupts executed during sections of the display away from the scrolling region. _START_SECTION_ Vertical Fine Scrolling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vertical Fine Scrolling allows single scan line movement of the scrolling region for Text and Map modes which are greater than one scan line tall. Vertical Fine Scrolling for Map modes only one scan line tall is logically not practical. The effect of vertical "fine" scrolling for single scan line Map modes can be performed using the easier coarse scrolling method._NEWLINE_Fine scrolling requires setup to define the scrolling region. This is done by setting the Vertical Scroll (VS) modifier bit in sequential Display List instructions. The first Mode line instruction without the VS bit set becomes the end of the scrolling region and is used as a buffer line to supply the new scan lines to scroll up into the bottom of the scrolling region._NEWLINE_ANTIC's process of vertical fine scrolling works by simply directing ANTIC to skip a number of scan lines for the first mode line of the scrolling region. Subsequent Mode lines in the scrolling region are not affected. The last line of the region supplies the bottom border of the scrolling region displaying the number of scan lines that were removed from the first line. This number of scan lines is controlled with the VSCROL register. The value ranges from 0 to the ANTIC Mode line's scan line height - 1. The maximum value range covers fine scrolling 16 scan lines from 0 to 15._NEWLINE_When the fine scrolling limit is reached, scrolling continues by resetting the VSCROL value and performing a coarse vertical scroll of the scrolling region. _START_SECTION_ Horizontal Coarse Scrolling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Horizontal coarse scrolling requires a little more effort than vertical scrolling. While horizontal scrolling is expected to present the illusion of a view port moving left and right across a wide panoramic scene made of screen memory, ANTIC's automatic memory scan increment conflicts with this idea that the rows of screen data is wider than the display. Presenting screen memory as long horizontal lines requires an LMS modifier for every Display List Text or Map Mode instruction in the scrolling region. A horizontal step is accomplished by incrementing or decrementing all the LMS addresses of the scrolling region._NEWLINE_Horizontal scrolling requires the same Display List implementation as the worst case example described for Vertical Coarse Scrolling. So, where Horizontal scrolling is implemented, vertical scrolling is also supported just by changing the value incrementing or decrementing the LMS addresses. The other benefit of this arrangement is that it is easy to manage screen memory around ANTIC's 4K screen memory boundary limit._NEWLINE_See the Vertical Coarse Scrolling section for further discussion and time constraints when updating LMS modifier addresses. _START_SECTION_ Horizontal Fine Scrolling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Horizontal Fine Scrolling allows single color clock movement of the scrolling region for Text and Map modes. For all normal color interpretations this is by color clock, not pixel even when pixels are larger (or smaller) than the color clocks. ANTIC Modes using the alternate GTIA color interpretations must be scrolled by an entire GTIA pixel (two color clocks). Only even values should be used to ensure correct GTIA pixel scrolling. Odd values of HSCROL will shift the GTIA pixel stream into a different state that will be interpreted as different colors._NEWLINE_Fine scrolling requires setup to define the horizontal scrolling region. The first step is to start with a Display List using the LMS instruction modifier to specify starting address of each Mode line. This is done to organize screen memory as long rows of data for the display. The next step is setting the Horizontal Scroll (HS) modifier bit in all Display List Mode line instructions for the scrolling region._NEWLINE_This number of color clocks to shift is controlled with the HSCROL register. The maximum HSCROL value range covers fine scrolling 16 color clocks from 0 to 15. The color clock information used is buffered from the beginning of the mode line (ANTIC's current memory scan pointer) using enough screen memory bytes to satisfy the 16 color clocks. Horizontal scrolling simply directs ANTIC how many color clocks it can output from the buffered 16 color clocks starting at the last (right most) color clock of the buffered memory. Zero (0) is no color clocks output from the buffer. 1 is the last (right most) color clock of the buffer. The color clocks are inserted at the left edge of the screen, causing the scrolling area of the screen to shift to the right._NEWLINE_When the fine scrolling limit is reached, continue scrolling by resetting the HSCROL value and performing a coarse horizontal scroll of the scrolling region. ANTIC's 16 color clock range permits fine scrolling multiple Text Mode characters or more than one byte worth of Map mode pixels. Therefore, the update to the LMS addresses may add or subtract multiple bytes. _START_SECTION_ Alternate Scrolling Methods _START_PARAGRAPH_ An interesting use of ANTIC's DMA memory scan behavior permits a strategy for apparently long horizontal scrolling distances, but uses a fraction of the real memory required. As discussed in Horizontal Coarse Scrolling ANTIC's automatic memory scan increment from Mode line to Mode line conflicts with the idea that the rows of screen data are wider than the display. Using memory actually organized as a long, horizontal, contiguous series of bytes requires an LMS modifier for every Display List Text or Map Mode instruction in the scrolling region._NEWLINE_Instead of using an LMS modifier for every line this method uses a more "normal" display list that only requires one LMS modifier at the start of the scrolling region. An increment (+1) to the LMS modifier address makes the scrolling region appear to move toward the left. However, the "new" information that has moved into the right side of the scrolling region was previously the first byte on the following line (except for the last byte of the last line — that information had been completely off screen)._NEWLINE_The second half of this strategy requires the last byte/character of every line in the scrolling region to be updated to show the desired, new information. For a typical scrolling display this would mean updating the last byte of one or two dozen lines which takes a trivial amount of time in assembly. So, if this scrolling process involves a full screen Mode 2 or Mode 4 text display (rather worst case) and uses the entire 4K capability of ANTIC's automatic screen memory addressing, then the horizontal scrolling can continue in this manner for about 3,000 steps; equivalent to 75 full screens._NEWLINE_However, even the 4K memory use is not required. After all the data from the first full screen has been shifted off the display the scrolling application can rebuild the first screen to contain a known transition point so that the scrolling action can jump back to the first address in the block with no apparent stutter or obvious interruption in the scrolling._NEWLINE_Fine scrolling this arrangement requires a little more planning. When fine scrolling is enabled in the Display List ANTIC retrieves more information than the Mode line requires for display. As each mode line now uses more memory, the new information scrolled into the side of the display is not the byte/character that was displayed at the start of the next line. However, this does not impair the scrolling process and merely changes the value of addition and subtraction used to locate the start and end of each display line. _START_SECTION_ Display List Interrupts (DLI) _START_PARAGRAPH_ ANTIC includes a feature to trigger a CPU-serviced interrupt at specific vertical positions on the screen. This is built into the ANTIC Display List which directs ANTIC to launch the interrupt during the last scan line of the current Mode instruction, and so is called "Display List Interrupt". Other platforms call this activity, "Raster interrupts", or "Horizontal blank interrupts". The usual purpose is to change display-related values at a known location so transitions are visually precise or occur where they will not conflict with display activity. Possibilities include, but are not limited to changing color register values, Player/Missile horizontal positions, and fine scrolling values. Since the DLI is 6502 machine code executed by the CPU, any kind of processing work is possible provided it is short enough to not conflict with other activity and does not overrun a subsequent Display List Interrupt. A good example is mouse controller polling which must be done more frequently than 1/60th of a second. _START_SECTION_ Code Considerations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 6502 Accumulator, X and Y register contents are not preserved before entry to the DLI routine. It is the responsibility of the DLI routine to save the state of the registers that will be used during the DLI routine, and then the last action is to restore the original values of the registers before exiting with an RTI instruction. Routines typically push the register values to the 6502 stack._NEWLINE_If multiple DLIs are used the first interrupt updates VDSLST to point to the address of the next interrupt, and so on for subsequent interrupts. The last Display List Interrupt routine on the screen points VDSLST back to the address of the first Display List Interrupt._NEWLINE_If a value changed by a DLI has an Operating System Shadow register and the Vertical Blank Interrupts are enabled, then the value in effect before (above) the screen position of the Display List Interrupt is the value of the Shadow, and the value after (below) the screen position is the value from the DLI (and any other DLI that later changes it.) If the value does not have an Operating System Shadow then there should be an initial DLI (or VBI) routine which sets a starting value._NEWLINE_If a graphics object is being displayed while the DLI changes its value the results may be inconsistent. The most common example is changing the background color. Since the DLI begins executing while the electron beam is in a visible portion of the screen, the transition from the previous background color to the new color written by the DLI will be visible somewhere on the current scan line. (The exact location varies based on DMA requirements for the display mode and Player/Missile graphics.) To produce a clean transition from scan line to scan line the code should first write to WSYNC which halts the DLI execution until the end of the scan line, and then write to the desired registers._NEWLINE_While the usual operation of the DLI is to change a few display-oriented values, and then return to the main code, this is not a requirement. It is safe for a DLI to run for several, or many scan lines as long as it exits before the next DLI or the Vertical Blank Interrupt. _START_SECTION_ Examples _START_PARAGRAPH_ A trivial example of a Display List Interrupt that changes the background color:_NEWLINE_ DLI_NEWLINE_ PHA ; Save Accumulator on stack_NEWLINE_ LDA #$9C ; Load light blue (color $9, luminance $C)_NEWLINE_ STA WSYNC ; Wait to sync to the end of the scanline _NEWLINE_ STA COLBK ; Set the background _NEWLINE_ PLA ; Restore Accumulator from stack_NEWLINE_ RTI ; The end. _START_SECTION_ Limitations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The vertical extent of the entire Playfield display varies between 0 and 240 scanlines - this depends on the number of lines ANTIC is programmed to display according to the Display List. ANTIC begins generating scan lines at TV scan line 8 continuing to line 247 for a total of 240 scan lines._NEWLINE_The horizontal width of the Playfield display may be set to 256, 320 or 384 pixels wide corresponding to 128, 160, or 192 color clocks. In the widest mode, only 352 pixels (176 color clocks) are actually visible. See DMACTL._NEWLINE_Horizontal fine scrolling moves the scrolling region up to 16 color clocks. See HSCROL._NEWLINE_The GTIA Map modes must be horizontally scrolled in steps the size of an entire pixel (2 color clocks), instead of one color clock. See HSCROL and the discussion, Horizontal Fine Scrolling_NEWLINE_Vertical fine scrolling moves the scrolling region the number of scan lines in a single Mode line of the scrolling region, up to a maximum of 16 scan lines. See VSCROL._NEWLINE_Although ANTIC's Display List program counter is 16-bit, only the lower 10 bits change during normal (i.e. sequential) execution of the Display List. This means the Display List requires a JMP (Jump) instruction to cross a 1K boundary. This is not a serious limitation, because the size of a single Display List usually varies from 32 to 202 bytes, and virtually never exceeds 720 bytes. Since it can be located anywhere in the memory, there is little difficulty finding a sufficiently sized place in memory that does not cross a 1K boundary._NEWLINE_The Memory Scan Register, a register addressing the data stored in the screen memory, is 16-bit, but only the lower 12 bits change when ANTIC is sequentially scanning the video memory. This means the Display List requires a Mode line instruction including the LMS (Load Memory Scan) option where screen memory crosses a 4K boundary. ANTIC's graphic modes E and F require more than 7.5K of screen memory for a full screen display. The Display Lists for these displays require the LMS option added to a Mode instruction near the middle of the display where screen memory crosses the 4K boundary. The 4K boundary cannot be crossed within the middle of a Graphics Mode line, but only between the end of one Mode line and the beginning of the next line. In other words, the memory for the previous Mode line ends at the exact last byte of the 4K block and the next Mode line begins at the exact first byte of the next 4K block._NEWLINE_The character set can be located anywhere in the memory (see CHBASE), but, depending on the ANTIC Text Mode, the starting address must align to a 512-byte or a 1K boundary._NEWLINE_The Player/Missile memory map may occur anywhere in memory (see PMBASE), but, depending on the resolution, the starting address must align to a 1K or 2K boundary (also see DMACTL). _START_SECTION_ Graphics 9++ _START_PARAGRAPH_ One method of using the enhanced GTIA color modes without the large memory requirements of ANTIC mode F is to direct ANTIC to repeat each line of data one or more times by using Mode line instructions with the LMS modifier to redisplay the same screen data on multiple scan lines. This produces a lower vertical resolution where each pixel is 2 or more scan lines tall, but has higher DMA overhead due to ANTIC needing to re-read the same bytes from screen memory. Rather than using repeated LMS modifiers, a quirk of vertical scrolling can be exploited to create a four scan-line mode that displays pixels using the hi-res or GTIA color interpretation modes._NEWLINE_Vertical Scrolling would ordinarily not be considered useful for ANTIC Mode F which is one scan line tall. However, if Vertical Scrolling is enabled for the Mode F Display List instruction, and the VSCROL register is set to 13, then ANTIC's line counter will count from 13 to 0 (four scan lines—13, 14, 15, 0). In doing so ANTIC outputs the same line of graphics for each scan line from its internal buffer without re-reading the same screen memory again. The end of the vertical scrolling region needs to have VSCROL reset to 3 allowing ANTIC to count from 0 to 3 (four scan lines). The end result is a Mode F display where the lines are four scan lines tall rather than one, but with the DMA overhead of only one screen memory data read occurring on the first scan line. _START_SECTION_ Hi-Res Last Line Bug _START_PARAGRAPH_ A display list should not be built with a hi-res (Mode F) instruction in scan line 247—the last displayable scan line. If the DMACTL Playfield Width bits are not 00 then ANTIC will not generate the vertical sync properly potentially causing display distortion. In any case, this is easy to avoid, since this is not a practical Display List arrangement as this places the Mode line in the overscan area where it is not ordinarily visible. _START_SECTION_ Wide Playfield Horizontal Fine Scrolling _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Horizontal Fine Scrolling display list modifier causes ANTIC to fetch extra screen memory corresponding to the next larger Playfield width which provides the data needed to scroll into the display. Since there is no Playfield width larger than the Wide Playfield, ANTIC has no extra data for fine scrolling. ANTIC presents fake data for the area emptied by the shifted screen—on the left side of the display the background color will be shifted in and on the right side a few color clocks of random data will appear at the end of the scrolling range. This pixel data is not usually noticeable, since this occurs in the overscan area where it is not ordinarily visible. However, if these false Playfield pixels intersect Player/Missile pixels a collision will be flagged. The solution for Players/Missiles that have moved into the overscan area is to reset their positions to zero to remove them from the display and so prevent false collisions.

10564524209378909166

Q4654312

_START_ARTICLE_ ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Web Site Administration tool was first introduced with ASP.NET 2.0 along with ASP.NET Microsoft Management Console (MMC) Snap-in. _START_SECTION_ Interface _START_PARAGRAPH_ ASP.NET Web Site Administration Tool can be accessed by clicking ASP.NET Configuration from the Website menu or Project menu in Visual Studio 2010 Professional, or by clicking on the ASP.NET Configuration icon in the Solution Explorer window._NEWLINE_Programmatic access to the features provided by the ASP.NET Web Site administration tool is made possible by inclusion of the System.Web.Security namespace in the ASP.NET program. The classes Membership and Roles are used to store, access and modify user information in the ASPNETDB database. The user could be authenticated using the Membership.ValidateUser or FormsAuthentication.Authenticate methods. Page-based user authorization is realized by the usage of the AuthorizeRequest event of the HttpApplication class. _START_SECTION_ Security tab _START_PARAGRAPH_ The security tab is used to create users and roles, group users under different roles and assign access rules either at the role-level or user-level. When the Web site administration tool is opened to modify the existing settings, a new database is created in the App_Data folder of the application. This database stores ASP.NET membership-related information. The name of the database created is ASPNETDB by default._NEWLINE_The security tab simplifies and optimizes user authentication and authorization. It makes it comparatively easy to configure user permissions than code-based user-defined authentication systems which require a great amount of time, cost and manpower. However, a major drawback of this tool is that access rules could be defined only at the folder-level and not at the page-level. _START_SECTION_ Application tab _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Application tab is used to specify application settings, configure SMTP settings and enable or disable debugging and tracing apart from other uses. The Application tab interacts with the configuration file of the application (web.config) and not with the ASPNETDB database. Application settings are created as objects and inserted as name-value pairs in the web.config file. _START_SECTION_ Provider tab _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Provider tab is used to specify the database provider for the ASPNETDB database used to store ASP.NET membership and role information. The security page does not appear unless and until the database provider is specified in the Providers tab. An SQL Data provider is generally used, but Oracle Data providers are also used in case of Oracle databases. The provider allows the user the option to store all data related to the ASP.NET Website Administration tool or different databases for each purpose.

9200705617018973220

Q2819549

_START_ARTICLE_ ATN Channel _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ On September 4, 1996, South Asian Television Canada Limited was granted approval from the CRTC to launch an ethnic specialty television channel called SATV, a regional service catering to the South Asian community in Ontario._NEWLINE_On August 7, 1997, South Asian Television Canada Limited received approval to convert SATV into a national service, available across Canada._NEWLINE_The channel officially launched in May 1998 as ATN via cable and satellite._NEWLINE_ATN signed an agreement with Zee Network, securing the exclusive rights to programming from Zee TV, India's top rated channel at the time. This milestone agreement marked the first major content acquisition for ATN and resulted in Zee TV becoming the main source of programming for ATN channel which was subsequently renamed ATN Zee TV._NEWLINE_On September 7, 2006, ATN signed an agreement with STAR Plus, India's top rated entertainment channel. Programming from STAR Plus was subsequently added to the lineup of ATN Zee TV in October 2006 and resulted in the channel being renamed ATN channel._NEWLINE_On January 23, 2013, it was announced that ATN would no longer be airing any programming from Zee TV as of February 1, 2013, due to the expiration of its licensing agreement with Zee. It was also announced that ATN plans on launching an HD feed of ATN channel in March 2013._NEWLINE_On January 29, 2013, it was announced that Zee TV Canada will be launched as a 24/7 channel in Canada, which will be available on Bell, Telus, Rogers. http://www.indiantelevision.com/headlines/y2k13/jan/jan253.php_NEWLINE_On October 6, 2017, ATN Star Plus lost the rights to programming from Star Plus. It subsequently began airing foreign programming from &TV. _START_SECTION_ ATN HD _START_PARAGRAPH_ On June 1, 2013, ATN launched ATN HD, a high definition simulcast of the standard definition feed. It is currently available on Bell Fibe TV, Optik TV and Rogers Cable.

6432403392134511985

Q300193

_START_ARTICLE_ AV Fryburgia _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the early years of the 20th century, fraternity life in Europe became more and more time consuming. Fraternity students had to be present at a large number of festivities such as balls, kneipen and kommerse. This cost time and money which the students would have needed for their studies – idle semesters with no actual study success were common. The very strict rules and the obligation to consume alcohol in these fraternities made it even more difficult to follow a meaningful daily routine at university and the reputation of the students was very bad. Because of these reasons, some of the members of the AKV Alemannia – another still existing fraternity in Fribourg – decided in 1918 to separate and to found a new fraternity, the AV Fryburgia. _NEWLINE_The AV Fryburgia was therewith the second “reform” fraternity in Switzerland, following AV Berchtoldia (in Bern) and followed by AV Welfen (in Zurich) and AV Froburger (in Basel). The goals of these fraternities were to concentrate more on science, religion and social responsibility. Some old fraternity traditions who were seen as superfluous were abandoned, others maintained. The infamous “trinkzwang” – forced drinking – was abandoned._NEWLINE_The importance of the fraternity grew and until the 1970s it was one of the big and dominant fraternities in Fribourg and in the Swiss Student Society. It only suffered – as did all other fraternities in Switzerland – during World War II when large numbers of students were drafted for military service. Around the war years some members separated from AV Fryburgia in order to form new fraternities, the AV Staufer in 1937 and the CA Rezia in 1957. Unlike the separation from the AKV Alemannia, these fraternities separated in good terms._NEWLINE_During the 1980, the AV Fryburgia became the first and only fraternity in Switzerland to have two members of the Swiss Federal Council at the same time, Kurt Furgler and Hans Hürlimann._NEWLINE_Today the fraternity still occasionally opposes to the conservative mainstream inside the SSS. In autumn 2010 it declined a communiqué of the Council of the SSS in which the latter objected to the so-called scholarship initiative of the VSS-UNES-USU and is now a partnership organization of the initiative, which is demanding a popular vote in Switzerland on the scholarship policy of Switzerland. _START_SECTION_ Basic principles _START_PARAGRAPH_ AV Fryburgia is part of the so-called “reform”. Although it does have certain drinking traditions, there is no mandatory drinking. The activities of the fraternity shall be limited to a reasonable amount. The centre of fraternity life is the weekly Stammtisch (“regular’s table”) which is a mandatory event for the members. Quick and successful accomplishment of the studies is promoted, as well as sports._NEWLINE_The fraternity bears colors and rejects the tradition of student fencing as being inconsistent with Christian ideas as well as pomposity such as the use of horses on parades (i.e. the Corpus Christi procession). _START_SECTION_ Motto _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Motto of the fraternity is „Treu, ehrlich und stolz!“ (short: T.e.u.s.!; „Loyal, honest and proud!“). It declares the valors which should guide the members. _START_SECTION_ Coat of arms _START_PARAGRAPH_ The coat of arms of the fraternity is divided into six parts. Behind the colors and the monogram it displays in the upper half the colors of the SSS (red-white-green), the Swiss cross and the raising sun (last sentence of the fraternities anthem: “Sonne, Sonne, ringe Dich durch!” – lit. “The sun shall prevail”). In the lower half it shows the ancient seal of the University of Fribourg and the coat of arms of the City of Fribourg.

2519059675387799964

Q4655584

_START_ARTICLE_ A Book on Angling _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Book on Angling is best described by the author himself in the preface to the first edition:_NEWLINE_When first infected with the fever of Angling, more years ago than I care to count up, my ambition was to catch every species of freshwater fish, from the minnow up to the salmon, which inhabits our British waters. That satisfied, my next desire was to write a work, which should contain within one volume (as far as might be possible) the fullest and most varied information upon Angling generally, in every branch of the art, which had ever been published; and with this resolve I commenced collecting the matter for the present work nearly twenty years ago. Taken up and laid aside from time to time, little by little it has steadily progressed towards completion. In the course of that twenty years I took occasion to visit and to fish nearly every river of note in the kingdom, my connection with 'The Field' affording me peculiar facilities for obtaining permission to fish very many waters which are closely locked against the general public; and I have roamed England, Scotland, Wales, and Ireland over to gather fresh knowledge, and to put it into a practical and concentrated form for the use of my readers._NEWLINE_In inducting the tyro into the mysteries of the art, I have endeavored to make every direction and information as clear and practicable as possible. This work is intended to be a useful and not merely a decorative one: thus, the plates are not for the sake of ornamentation, but for direction, and as an aid to the student of tackle-making and fly-tying. Each illustration of tackle is really needed, and the flies shown are not a mere selection of gorgeous and pretty subjects, or I should have chosen very differently; but each fly is a specimen of some separate class of flies, in which a special peculiarity of manufacture is evident._NEWLINE_I have to thank many kind friends for assistance in lending tackle and flies as subjects for the engravings, and also for description, as will be found in the body of the work._NEWLINE_I have given much time to this book, but I have given it willingly, for it was indeed and in truth a labour of love. Whether the Angling public, to whom I dedicate it (desiring no more potent patron), will appreciate my labours remains to be seen; and so, without further apology if an attempt to supply a long-felt and obvious want, the existence of which few persons have been in a position to know and feel so well as myself, be thought to require an apology into their hands I commit it._NEWLINE_FRANCIS FRANCIS. THE FIRS, TWICKENHAM : 1867 _START_SECTION_ Reviews _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1881, Osmund Lambert in Angling Literature in England wrote:_NEWLINE_Under the title" A Book on Angling," by Francis Francis, we have a very comprehensive treatise on the art of angling in all its_NEWLINE_branches. Mr. Francis is not only a well-known author, but also a well-known practical fisherman of great experience. No book so well answers the angler's purpose as the one just mentioned, which has already passed through five editions._NEWLINE_— Osmund Lambert, 1881_NEWLINE_In 1920, when A Book on Angling was reprinted, Sir Herbert Maxwell, a noted Scottish angler penned this in the Editor's Introduction:_NEWLINE_...but it is a much further cry to that distant day in 1867 when I_NEWLINE_opened a parcel containing Francis Francis's A Book on Angling, a gift from the author. Of the intervening halfcentury I have spent, serious persons may say wasted a considerable section by the waterside, and another section by_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_the fireside combing some of the vast amount of angling literature that has flowed from the press during that period; but in all these years I have never detected any fallacy in Francis's precepts for such branches of the fisher craft as I have practised, neither have I handled any book which gives such succinct and trustworthy instruction in every form of freshwater angling. Excellent treatises upon this or that department of the sport might be named; but Francis dealt with them all; his experience of them was universal, his knowledge encyclopaedic._NEWLINE_— Sir Herbert Maxwell, 1920_NEWLINE_James Robb in an entire chapter devoted to Francis Francis in Notable Angling Literature (1945) said of A Book on Angling:_NEWLINE_A Book on Angling. This is admittedly the most valuable of his many contributions. For almost twenty years Francis collected his material; he visited and fished nearly every river of note in the kingdom in search of information. The tangile result was a comprehensive manual, first published in 1867, dealing with every known branch of fresh-water angling and set out in practical and concentrated form. The sixth edition (1885) is still on sale and is in fair demand._NEWLINE_— James Robb, 1945_NEWLINE_In 1974, noted American writer Arnold Gingrich in his The Fishing in Print commented on Francis, Francis as a writer and his influence on notable American angler Theodore Gordon:_NEWLINE_A man [Gordon] of taste and intelligence, he was a good, restrained, yet warm and exciting fishing writer, a reader who knew Chaucer as well as Walton and Thoreau, Thad Norris (The American Angler's Book, 1864) as well as Frederic Halford (Dry Fly Fishing in Theory and Practice, 1889), and a devoted follower of the great Francis, Francis (A Book on Angling, 1867)._NEWLINE_— Arnold Gingrich, 1974_NEWLINE_In 2002, 135 years after the 1st edition of A Book of Angling, Tony Hayter in his biography of Frederic M. Halford wrote:_NEWLINE_No one responded to this charm more than the redoubtable Francis Francis, Angling Editor of The Field from 1856 to 1883. This journal had paramount influence in the sporting world of the nineteenth century--a research project into the history of almost any sport in Britain would have to begin with The Field. For anglers it played an important role in pulling together numerous angling practices and attitudes, and assisting them towards becoming developed schools or doctrines. And for nearly thirty years the writing was mainly done by Francis (F.F. to his friends.) The Field paid him an honorarium of £200 a year, for which they got good value._NEWLINE_— Tony Hayter, F.M. Halford and the Dry Fly Revolution, 2002

15554940833954536391

Q22906122

_START_ARTICLE_ A Broad Abroad _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Broad Abroad is an adventure travel webseries on Yahoo! Travel hosted by Paula Froelich which launched on September 8, 2014. The 5-minute videos follow Froelich to destinations on every continent where she interviews local residents to learn about their unique culture. _START_SECTION_ Paula Froelich _START_PARAGRAPH_ The host of A Broad Abroad, Froelich is an author, journalist, and traveler. Froelich became the editor-in-chief of Yahoo! Travel in April 2013. Prior to this assignment, she spent ten years (1999-2009) as deputy editor of the New York Post’s celebrity entertainment column, Page Six. During her tenure there, she was a correspondent for Entertainment Tonight and The Insider, and appeared as a guest on The View, Real Time with Bill Maher, The Today Show, and Good Morning America._NEWLINE_Froelich is The New York Times best-selling author of the novel Mercury In Retrograde. She won a Gold Medal from the North American Travel Journalists Association for her Playboy article, “Down And Out In Baghdad” in January 2012. She also helped the Sundance Channel win a CableFax award in the Integrated Marketing Campaign Category. _START_SECTION_ A Broad Abroad _START_PARAGRAPH_ Six months after Froelich joined Yahoo! Travel as editor-in-chief, she began producing A Broad Abroad, a female-hosted travel adventure internet series. Her advice to other females who wish to travel is "Just do it. Find what you are good at. Find what you love. Then, just go."_NEWLINE_Froelich's travels on A Broad Abroad have focused on the Australian Outback salt lakes, Greenland's fjords, Mexico's baking traditions, and Leeds, England, her childhood home, amongst other international destinations. She opens each episode by saying "Take a journey with me to explore the unknown, and discover the unexpected." The series won the 2014 Silver Award for travel broadcast from the North American Travel Journalists Association. _START_SECTION_ Yahoo! Travel _START_PARAGRAPH_ Yahoo! website's Yahoo! Travel section offers travel guides, daily articles, booking and reservation services. Categories for travel research include "Cruise", "Eat", "Adventure", "Road Trip", "Romance", "Family", and "Solo". Yahoo! Travel has six employees and receives its revenue through advertisements and sponsorships. It is the second most-visited American travel website, after TripAdvisor and before USAToday Travel.

15819412120671784415

Q16746309

_START_ARTICLE_ A Fair to Remember (Modern Family) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The whole family, except for Haley (Sarah Hyland), heads to the school fair where everyone gets something to do. Gloria (Sofía Vergara) signed Jay (Ed O'Neill) up to be a fair cop; Manny (Rico Rodriguez) participates in the cake-baking competition; Alex (Ariel Winter) and Luke (Nolan Gould) fight for the same girl; Cam (Eric Stonestreet) worries about his work as a football coach; and Phil (Ty Burrell) and Claire (Julie Bowen) celebrate their 20th wedding anniversary._NEWLINE_Phil and Claire celebrate their 20th wedding anniversary and they both want to surprise each other with their gifts. Claire, who has a tradition of making the worst gifts, this time has prepared a surprise for Phil at home and she tries to make him go back home. Phil, however, does not want to leave the fair, as he arranged with the band who plays at the fair to sing a song for her. Phil manages to keep Claire at the fair till the time that he would get on stage and sing for her, but his surprise is ruined when their pharmacist, Harold Grossman (Rick Cowling), gets on stage right before Phil is supposed to get and sings amazingly. Phil feels frustrated to learn that Claire has loved Harold's singing and does not want to sing anymore, so he goes back home with Claire who surprises him with Chinese acrobats. Phil loves Claire's gift, and Claire manages for the first time to give him a gift which is actually good._NEWLINE_Manny participates in the cake-baking competition, something that Jay does not like since the only participants are old ladies and he believes that Manny does not fit there. Gloria, to get rid of Jay, signs him up to be a fair cop. Gloria, realizing later that Jay was right about Manny not fitting to the competition, decides to destroy Manny's cake so he will not be able to participate. When Manny sees the destroyed cake, he believes that one of the other contestants did it to exclude him from the competition._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, Cam worries about his new job as a football coach since his team has not won a game till now. When one of his students' fathers threatens that he will pull his kid from the team if they do not start winning, Cam freaks out and he tries to intimidate his students to be better players. He finally finds what his team needs to win in Manny._NEWLINE_Jay, as a fair cop, has to be partnered with some other guy named Derrick (Jordan Peele). The problem is that Derrick is the guy who he fought with few minutes earlier about a parking space. The two of them seem to get along though and they enjoy their duties as fair cops._NEWLINE_Luke has a crush on a girl, Sienna (Madison McLaughlin), and he asks for Alex's help on how to approach her without telling her who the girl is. Alex agrees to help him but Sienna is also the girl who Alex wants to make her best friend. When Claire tells her that Sienna is the girl Luke has crush on, Alex tries to keep him away from her. Their fight in front of Sienna just scares her away._NEWLINE_In the meantime, Haley stayed back home to enjoy Jay and Gloria's pool thinking that no one is home, but Andy (Adam DeVine) the nanny is home, baby-sitting Joe. They run into each other and Andy tells her that she can not use the pool since Jay and Gloria are not there. Haley does not care of what Andy says, and when she is lying next to the pool, Andy tries to collect proof that she was there. _START_SECTION_ Ratings _START_PARAGRAPH_ In its original American broadcast, "A Fair to Remember" was watched by 10.75 million; up 0.43 from the previous episode. _START_SECTION_ Reviews _START_PARAGRAPH_ "A Fair to Remember" received mixed reviews._NEWLINE_Leigh Raines of TV Fanatic rated the episode with 5/5 stating that she "always loves an episode that brings the whole family together"._NEWLINE_Madina Papadopoulos of Paste Magazine rated the episode with 8/10 saying that the episode "had a very classic theatrical structure" and the writing "was brilliantly executed"._NEWLINE_Britt Hayes from Screen Crush said that the episode was "all over the place and definitely could have benefited from trimming some of the plots down. This show falters when they try to cram too many stories into one episode, and always seems to shine when they have either a couple of solid A-plots and a B-plot, or a few plots that unify into one plot later on."_NEWLINE_Phil Dyess-Nugent from The A.V. Club gave a C+ rate to the episode.

9480451911213523080

Q4656639

_START_ARTICLE_ A Fairly Honourable Defeat _START_SECTION_ Plot summary _START_PARAGRAPH_ The lives of several friends are thrown into disarray by the machinations of Julius King. Julius makes a bet with his ex-girlfriend Morgan that he can break up the homosexual couple Axel and Simon; meanwhile, Morgan and her brother-in-law Rupert are tricked into embarking on an affair, and Morgan's nephew Peter is falling in love with her. _START_SECTION_ Major themes _START_PARAGRAPH_ The story hinges on the wager that comes half-way through the book when Julius bets Morgan that he will be able to break up Simon and Axel's relationship. The consequences of the wager recall Shakespearean comedy (particularly Much Ado About Nothing), as well as Mozart's operas and the story of Job._NEWLINE_The gap between moral theory and practice is central to the book, and is exemplified by Rupert's inability to withstand temptation, despite having written a book about morality. Julius is a satanic figure, while Tallis is represented as Christ-like, since he absorbs suffering while Julius sows it. The underlying idea, which Murdoch adopted from Simone Weil, is that evil is propagated in the world by the transmission of suffering from one person to another, and that it can only be stopped by someone's being willing accept the suffering without passing it on._NEWLINE_The relationship between Simon and Axel, which survives Julius's attempt to destroy it, is one of many portrayals of homosexuals in Murdoch's novels. According to Philip Hensher, their relationship is "one of the most convincing and warm portrayals of marriage in English fiction". _START_SECTION_ Literary significance and reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Fairly Honourable Defeat received mixed reviews on its publication in 1970. In The New York Times, Christopher Lehmann-Haupt praised its ingenious plot and "comic spirit", and called it "the most entertaining Iris Murdoch I've read in years". Another The New York Times review remarked on the improbability of the plot, but considering the book as primarily a novel of ideas, found it "one of the most enjoyable and interesting of Iris Murdoch's recent books". On the other hand, writing in The Times, Nuala O'Faolain objected to an absence of sympathetic characters, while in The Washington Post Joyce Carol Oates found the characters "vacuous"._NEWLINE_The literary critic and Murdoch biographer Peter J. Conradi describes A Fairly Honourable Defeat as a "brilliant and decisive masterpiece", and the novel with which she entered a "new artistic maturity" in which plot and characters are equally balanced. Literary scholars have examined various aspects of the novel, including its attempt to portray, in Tallis, an "interesting" good character, and its sympathetic depiction of a loving and stable homosexual relationship only three years after the Sexual Offences Act of 1967 decriminalized private sexual acts between adult men._NEWLINE_In 2010 A Fairly Honourable Defeat was one of the 21 novels on the long list for the Lost Man Booker Prize, but it did not appear on the short list of six from which the winner was chosen.

3399515095871931579

Q18165542

_START_ARTICLE_ A Game of Chance _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the reviewer in the Western Mail:_NEWLINE_Hero and heroine and villain of the piece are well enough drawn; and there is incident enough in the book to satisfy the veriest glutton for sensation; while towards the close of an exciting story the murder trial... finishes in a most unexpected manner. Mr. Arthur Wright has been compared with the late Nat Gould; and as a rule, his books contain even greater dramatic, or melodramatic, possibilities, or impossibilities, than the numerous works of that most prolific writer.

5569421471536060844

Q13038471

_START_ARTICLE_ A Girl in Exile _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Girl in Exile (Albanian: E penguara: Rekuiem për Linda B.) is a 2009 Albanian novel by Ismail Kadare.

11827611704662230617

Q18349581

_START_ARTICLE_ A K Bera _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ A K Bera was born in 1954 in West Bengal. He obtained his post graduation in economics from Calcutta University. He is also a certified associate of the Indian Institute of Banking and Finance. _START_SECTION_ Career in RBI _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bera joined Reserve Bank of India in 1978. He worked in various areas, including public debt management, government & bank accounts and cooperative banking. His career took off when as an administrator, he took over as officer in charge of RBI Belapur in 2005. He was elevated to the position of chief general manager in 2006. Subsequently, he served as regional director of Gujarat State from 2009 to 2011, before being appointed as chief general manager of RBI in DGBA. As the chief general manager, he was signatory to three consecutive balance sheets of RBI from 2011 to 2013. In recognition of his outstanding work, he was elevated to the position of principal chief general manager in 2011. In 2014 he became the longest-serving PCGM of Urban Banks Department. _START_SECTION_ Outstanding achievement _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bera has the distinction of being the signatory to three consecutive balance sheets of RBI as its chief general manager from 2011 to 2013. He was also instrumental in bringing Core Banking Solution to RBI. He has been the longest serving GM-in-Charge of RBI Belapur. During his tenure the irregularities in the construction of RBI staff quarters at Kharghar were addressed. Under his leadership, Guidelines on Inspection and Audit Systems in Urban Cooperative Banks (UCB) were released in 2014. As PCGM of RBI, he was instrumental in addressing a large cross section of professionals on regulatory concerns pertaining to UCBs. As regional director of Gujarat, he had taken initiatives for cautioning the public about electronic frauds and phishing mails.

14993010312989409448

Q4527811

_START_ARTICLE_ A Noisy Day _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film tells about a close-knit Soviet family, in whose house everything was wonderful, until a conflict of two different worldviews occurred.

16480001644504742411

Q4658843

_START_ARTICLE_ A Pizza Tweety Pie _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tweety and Granny arrive at their hotel in Venice, Italy. From his cage on the balcony, Tweety looks down at the canal and thinks it is a flooded street and that there must be a lot of barber shops down there (because of the many red and white striped barber poles)._NEWLINE_As Tweety is singing “Santa Lucia” and strumming his mandolin in his cage, Sylvester spies him from his balcony across the canal. In haste, he runs out of the hotel with an open sandwich roll, and falls into the water. He climbs out and finds a canoe and starts rowing, but forgets to loosen it from the rope. After he cuts the rope, he sinks with the canoe._NEWLINE_Sylvester then starts paddling in a rubber raft, but Tweety takes a slingshot and punctures it. The raft floats back to the dock with Sylvester as the air leaks out, and Sylvester removes the deflated raft from his hind quarters in disgust._NEWLINE_Next, Sylvester tries to swing across the canal with a rope Tarzan-style, but lands in the water and straight into the gaping mouth of a hungry shark who resembles Dopey Dick from Rabbitson Crusoe. Sylvester wrestles his way out and swims hurriedly away._NEWLINE_Then, using an electric fan and a balloon tied to his waist, Sylvester attempts to float his way across through the air, but he floats too high. Tweety, again using the slingshot, shoots Sylvester down from the sky. Sylvester dons a bathing cap as he is descending, but misses the water, landing on the sidewalk, next to Tweety and Granny’s hotel as it turns out. He runs into the hotel and takes the elevator up to the floor of Granny and Tweety's room, but Granny and Tweety are leaving, so Sylvester goes back down the elevator, which takes him . . . into the water!_NEWLINE_As Tweety and Granny are taking a relaxing gondola ride along the canal, Sylvester is awaiting them on a bridge with a fishing rod. Sylvester hooks a passing speedboat, forcibly yanking him into the water. After a close call with a striped pole, Sylvester gets slammed into a low bridge, where there is a warning sign that reads, “Ducka You Head, Lowla Bridgeada”._NEWLINE_Finally, as Sylvester is dining on a plate of spaghetti, he again hears Tweety singing “Santa Lucia” (he is out of his cage this time), and proceeds to hurl a strand of spaghetti like a lasso to catch Tweety. Nearly strangled, Tweety screams to Granny for help. Granny clutches Sylvester's noose of pasta and substitutes a mallet in Tweety’s place. As Sylvester sucks the spaghetti into his mouth, he gets clobbered squarely in the head with the mallet, causing birds to appear uttering Tweety’s trademark line: “I tawt I taw a puddytat!” (Ironically in this cartoon, Tweety never uses this line himself.)

13446374316353383596

Q4659175

_START_ARTICLE_ A Reason to Live (2011 film) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Documentary filmmaker Da-hae (Song Hye-kyo) loses her fiancé by a hit and run accident on her birthday. But she forgives the criminal who was a 15-year-old boy based on her belief as a Catholic and signs a petition for him to revoke the juvenile's death penalty. One year later, Da-hae is commissioned by the Catholic Church to make a documentary on the inhumanity of capital punishment. However, her moral convictions and desire to be compassionate are seriously questioned when she finds out that the teenage driver killed a classmate, not long after his reprieve.

9080992881940637220

Q1197953

_START_ARTICLE_ A Road to Mecca - The Journey of Muhammad Asad _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the early 1920s Leopold Weiss, a Jew born in Lemberg, traveled to the Middle East. The desert fascinated him, and Islam became his new spiritual home. He left his Jewish roots behind, converted to Islam and changed his name to Muhammad Asad. He became one of the most important Muslims of the 20th century, first as an adviser at the royal court of Saudi Arabia, and later translating the Quran into English. Asad also played an important role in the creation of Pakistan and served as its envoy to the United Nations. The director follows his fading footsteps, leading from the Arabian desert to Ground Zero. He finds a man who was not looking for adventures but rather wanted to act as a mediator between East and West. “A Road To Mecca” takes this opportunity to deal with a heated debate which is currently becoming more and more important. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ The documentary received positive reviews from many magazines and newspapers e.g. Dox Magazine, Kleine Zeitung and Der Standard. Alissa Simon of Variety wrote:_NEWLINE_"Informative... a well-judged combo of travelogue and biopic... a fine piece of anthropology, worthy of the dedication it copies from Asad's translation of the Koran: 'For people who think.'"

4248838354088337035

Q4660020

_START_ARTICLE_ A Temporary Vagabond _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Temporary Vagabond is a 1920 British silent comedy film directed by Henry Edwards and starring Edwards, Chrissie White and Stephen Ewart.

2322650794861143703

Q16057852

_START_ARTICLE_ Aajcha Divas Majha _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The movie is an entertaining and a cinematic journey of a morally stricken chief minister who works efficiently and actively to help a beleaguered elderly singer who is yet to receive the government allotted flat applied for eight long years ago!_NEWLINE_The story line depicts originality of characters such as the chief minister, his wife, his PA, the principal secretary and many personnel from the assembly. Story revolves within the time period of afternoon 3 PM to 6 AM dawn during which it highlights the political decision making process and also gives us an insight to the unending mind games between politicians and bureaucrats within the government system._NEWLINE_Political movies, until now have shown people striving for the chair and power, but 'Aajcha Divas Majha' defines the hard stand taken up by a conscientious chief minister fighting to keep the self-esteem alive! The story inserts a ray of hope in political surroundings where emotions have little or no value. _START_SECTION_ Soundtrack _START_PARAGRAPH_ The music has been directed by Ashok Patki and Mangesh Dhadke, while the lyrics have been provided by Dasoo.

3492971187729458462

Q4661327

_START_ARTICLE_ Aakhari Decision _START_SECTION_ Box office _START_PARAGRAPH_ The film was profitably released in phases all over India as well as in theaters across the United States. It was one of few films selected for screening out of thousands of entries for the Pravasi Film Festival in Delhi, India in Jan 2010.

7385873006891849644

Q14274

_START_ARTICLE_ Aarau _START_SECTION_ Geography and geology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The old city of Aarau is situated on a rocky outcrop at a narrowing of the Aare river valley, at the southern foot of the Jura mountains. Newer districts of the city lie to the south and east of the outcrop, as well as higher up the mountain, and in the valley on both sides of the Aare._NEWLINE_The neighboring municipalities are Küttigen to the north and Buchs to the east, Suhr to the south-east, Unterentfelden to the south, and Eppenberg-Wöschnau and Erlinsbach to the west._NEWLINE_Aarau and the nearby neighboring municipalities have grown together and now form an interconnected agglomeration. The only exception is Unterentfelden whose settlements are divided from Aarau by the extensive forests of Gönhard and Zelgli._NEWLINE_Approximately nine-tenths of the city is south of the Aare, and one tenth is to the north. It has an area, as of 2006, of 8.9 km² (3.4 sq mi). Of this area, 6.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 34% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 55.2% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4.5%) is non-productive (rivers or lakes). The lowest elevation, 365 meters (1,198 ft), is found at the banks of the Aar, and the highest elevation, at 471 meters (1,545 ft), is the Hungerberg on the border with Küttigen. _START_SECTION_ Prehistory _START_PARAGRAPH_ A few artifacts from the Neolithic period were found in Aarau. Near the location of the present train station, the ruins of a settlement from the Bronze Age (about 1000 BC) have been excavated. The Roman road between Salodurum (Solothurn) and Vindonissa passed through the area, along the route now covered by the Bahnhofstrasse. In 1976 divers in the Aare found part of a seven-meter wide wooden bridge from the late Roman times. _START_SECTION_ Middle Ages _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aarau was founded around AD 1240 by the counts of Kyburg. Aarau is first mentioned in 1248 as Arowe. Around 1250 it was mentioned as Arowa. However the first mention of a city sized settlement was in 1256. The town was ruled from the "Rore" tower, which has been incorporated into the modern city hall._NEWLINE_In 1273 the counts of Kyburg died out. Agnes of Kyburg, who had no male relations, sold the family's lands to King Rudolf I von Habsburg. He granted Aarau its city rights in 1283. In the 14th century the city was expanded in two stages, and a second defensive wall was constructed. A deep ditch separated the city from its "suburb;" its location is today marked by a wide street named "Graben" (meaning Ditch)._NEWLINE_In 1415 Bern invaded lower Aargau with the help of Solothurn. Aarau capitulated after a short resistance, and was forced to swear allegiance to the new rulers. In the 16th century, the rights of the lower classes were abolished._NEWLINE_In March 1528 the citizens of Aarau allowed the introduction of Protestantism at the urging of the Bernese. A growth in population during the 16th Century led to taller buildings and denser construction methods. Early forms of industry developed at this time; however, unlike in other cities, no guilds were formed in Aarau._NEWLINE_On 11 August 1712, the Peace of Aarau was signed into effect. This granted each canton the right to choose their own religion thereby ending Catholicism's control. Starting in the early 18th century, the textile industry was established in Aarau. German immigration contributed to the city's favorable conditions, in that they introduced the cotton and silk factories. These highly educated immigrants were also responsible for educational reform and the enlightened, revolutionary spirit that developed in Aarau. _START_SECTION_ 1798: Capital of the Helvetic Republic _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 27 December 1797, the last Tagsatzung of the Old Swiss Confederacy was held in Aarau. Two weeks later a French envoy continued to foment the revolutionary opinions of the city. The contrast between a high level of education and a low level of political rights was particularly great in Aarau, and the city refused to send troops to defend the Bernese border. By Mid-March 1798 Aarau was occupied by French troops._NEWLINE_On 22 March 1798 Aarau was declared the capital of the Helvetic Republic. It is therefore the first capital of a unified Switzerland. Parliament met in the city hall. On 20 September, the capital was moved to Lucerne. _START_SECTION_ Aarau as canton capital _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1803, Napoleon ordered the fusion of the cantons of Aargau, Baden and Fricktal. Aarau was declared the capital of the new, enlarged canton of Aargau. In 1820 the city wall was torn down, with the exception of the individual towers and gates, and the defensive ditches were filled in._NEWLINE_The wooden bridge, dating from the Middle Ages, across the Aare was destroyed by floods three times in thirty years, and was replaced with a steel suspension bridge in 1851. This was replaced by a concrete bridge in 1952. The city was linked up to the Swiss Central Railway in 1856._NEWLINE_The textile industry in Aarau broke down in about 1850 because of the protectionist tariff policies of neighboring states. Other industries had developed by that time to replace it, including the production of mathematical instruments, shoes and cement. Beginning in 1900, numerous electrical enterprises developed. By the 1960s, more citizens worked in service industries or for the canton-level government than in manufacturing. During the 1980s many of the industries left Aarau completely._NEWLINE_In 1802 the Canton School was established; it was the first non-parochial high school in Switzerland. It developed a good reputation, and was home to Nobel Prize winners Albert Einstein, Paul Karrer, and Werner Arber, as well as several Swiss politicians and authors._NEWLINE_The purchase of a manuscript collection in 1803 laid the foundation for what would become the Cantonal Library, which contains a Bible annotated by Huldrych Zwingli, along with the manuscripts and incunabula. More newspapers developed in the city, maintaining the revolutionary atmosphere of Aarau. Beginning in 1820, Aarau has been a refuge for political refugees._NEWLINE_The urban educational and cultural opportunities of Aarau were extended through numerous new institutions. A Theatre and Concert Hall was constructed in 1883, which was renovated and expanded in 1995–96. The Aargau Nature Museum opened in 1922. A former cloth warehouse was converted into a small theatre in 1974, and the alternative culture center KIFF (Culture in the fodder factory) was established in a former animal fodder factory. _START_SECTION_ Origin of the name _START_PARAGRAPH_ The earliest use of the place name was in 1248 (in the form Arowe), and probably referred to the settlement in the area before the founding of the city. It comes, along with the name of the River Aare (which was called Arula, Arola, and Araris in early times), from the German word Au, meaning floodplain. _START_SECTION_ Old town _START_PARAGRAPH_ The historic old town forms an irregular square, consisting of four parts (called Stöcke). To the south lies the Laurenzenvorstadt, that is, the part of the town formerly outside the city wall. One characteristic of the city is its painted gables, for which Aarau is sometimes called the "City of beautiful Gables". The old town, Laurenzenvorstadt, government building, cantonal library, state archive and art museum are all listed as heritage sites of national significance._NEWLINE_The buildings in the old city originate, on the whole, from building projects during the 16th century, when nearly all the Middle Age period buildings were replaced or expanded. The architectural development of the city ended in the 18th century, when the city began to expand beyond its (still existing) wall. Most of the buildings in the "suburb" date from this time._NEWLINE_The "Schlössli" (small Castle), Rore Tower and the upper gate tower have remained nearly unchanged since the 13th century. The "Schlössli" is the oldest building in the city. It was already founded at the time of the establishment of the city shortly after 1200; the exact date is not known. City hall was built around Rore Tower in 1515._NEWLINE_The upper gate tower stands beside the southern gate in the city wall, along the road to Lucerne and Bern. The jail has been housed in it since the Middle Ages. A Carillon was installed in the tower in the middle of the 20th century, the bells for which were provided by the centuries-old bell manufacturers of Aarau._NEWLINE_The town church was built between 1471 and 1478. During the Reformation, in 1528, its twelve altars and accompanying pictures were destroyed. The "Justice fountain" (Gerechtskeitbrunnen) was built in 1634, and is made of French limestone; it includes a statue of Lady Justice made of sandstone, hence the name. It was originally in the street in front of city hall, but was moved to its present location in front of the town church in 1905 due to increased traffic. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of  2007, Aarau had an unemployment rate of 2.35%. As of 2005, there were 48 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 9 businesses involved in this sector. 4,181 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 164 businesses in this sector. 20,186 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,461 businesses in this sector. This is a total of over 24,000 jobs, since Aarau's population is about 16,000 it draws workers from many surrounding communities. As of 2000 there were 8,050 total workers who lived in the municipality. Of these, 4,308 or about 53.5% of the residents worked outside Aarau while 17,419 people commuted into the municipality for work. There were a total of 21,161 jobs (of at least 6 hours per week) in the municipality._NEWLINE_The largest employer in Aarau is the cantonal government, the offices of which are distributed across the entire city at numerous locations. One of the two head offices of the Aargauer Zeitung, Switzerland's fifth largest newspaper, is located in Aarau, as are the Tele M1 television channel studios, and several radio stations._NEWLINE_Kern & Co., founded in 1819, was an internationally known geodetic instrument manufacturer based in Aarau. However, it was taken over by Wild Leitz in 1988, and was closed in 1991._NEWLINE_More than half of the workers in Aarau live in the city's suburbs, or farther away in the surrounding area. This leads to a busy rush hour, and regular traffic jams. Statistically, Aarau has the most jobs per capita of any Swiss city._NEWLINE_The small scale of Aarau causes it to continually expand the borders of its growth. The urban center lies in the middle of the "Golden Triangle" between Zürich, Bern, and Basel, and Aarau is having increasing difficulty in maintaining the independence of its economic base from the neighboring large cities. The idea of merging Aarau with its neighboring suburbs has been recently discussed in the hope of arresting the slowly progressing losses._NEWLINE_Manufacture include bells, mathematical instruments, electrical goods, cotton textiles, cutlery, chemicals, shoes, and other products. Aarau is famous for the quality of their instruments, cutlery and their bells. _START_SECTION_ Markets and fairs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Every Saturday morning there is a vegetable market in the Graben at the edge of the Old City. It is supplied with regional products. In the last week of September the MAG (Market of Aarauer Tradesmen) takes place there, with regional companies selling their products. The "Rüeblimärt" is held in the same place on the first Wednesday in November, which is a Carrot fair. The Aarau fair is held at the ice skating rink during the Spring. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aarau railway station is a terminus of the S-Bahn Zürich on the line S3._NEWLINE_The town is also served with public transport provided by Busbetrieb Aarau AG. _START_SECTION_ Sport _START_PARAGRAPH_ The football club FC Aarau play in the Stadion Brügglifeld. From 1981 until 2010 they played in the top tier of the Swiss football league system when they were relegated to the Swiss Challenge League. In the 2013/2014 they climbed back to the highest tier only to be relegated again. In the 2016/17 season they will play in the Swiss Challenge League. They won the Swiss Cup in 1985 and were three times Swiss football champions, in 1912, in 1914 and in 1993._NEWLINE_Argovia Stars play in the MySports League, the third highest league of Swiss ice hockey. They play their home games in the 3,000-seat KeBa Aarau Arena. _START_SECTION_ Heritage sites of national significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aarau is home to a number of sites that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. The list includes three churches; the Christian Catholic parish house, the Catholic parish house, and the Reformed City Church. There are five government buildings on the list; the Cantonal Library, which contains many pieces important to the nation's history, and Art Gallery, the old Cantonal School, the Legislature, the Cantonal Administration building, and the archives. Three gardens or parks are on the list; Garten Schmidlin, Naturama Aargau and the Schlossgarten. The remaining four buildings on the list are; the former Rickenbach Factory, the Crematorium, the Haus zum Erker at Rathausgasse 10 and the Restaurant Zunftstube at Pelzgasse. _START_SECTION_ Tourist Sites _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bally Shoe company has a unique shoe museum in the city. There is also the Trade Museum which contain stained glass windows from Muri Convent and paintings. _START_SECTION_ Religion _START_PARAGRAPH_ From the 2000 census, 4,473 or 28.9% are Roman Catholic, while 6,738 or 43.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church. Of the rest of the population, there are 51 individuals (or about 0.33% of the population) who belong to the Christian Catholic i.e. Old Catholic faith. _START_SECTION_ National elections _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the 2007 federal election the most popular party was the SP which received 27.9% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SVP (22.1%), the FDP (17.5%) and the Green Party (11.8%). _START_SECTION_ Coat of arms _START_PARAGRAPH_ The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Argent an Eagle displayed Sable beaked langued and membered Gules and a Chief of the last.

11251926832480019988

Q28225853

_START_ARTICLE_ Aarhus Fire Station _START_SECTION_ Architecture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The architect of the station was Sophus Frederik Kühnel who was interested in the Italian Renaissance architecture and National romantic architecture which was starting at this time. These inspirations have played a role in the design of the building; constructed of red bricks on a lightly curved base of ashlar. The architectural inspirations is especially visible in the pointed gables, pointy-arched windows, bay windows and the pompous expression of the tower.The building also has characteristic green garages.

5972324520779021419

Q302287

_START_ARTICLE_ Aaron Lines _START_SECTION_ Love Changes Everything _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aaron Lines' debut album, Love Changes Everything, was released in Canada in 2001 by independent record label Combustion Music. The first two singles, "Love Changes Everything" and "I Can Read Your Heart," both found success on Canadian country radio. Lines was nominated for Best New Country Artist/Group at the 2002 Juno Awards, and Best New Artist at the 2002 Canadian Country Music Association (CCMA) Awards. _START_SECTION_ Living Out Loud _START_PARAGRAPH_ As Lines' career was taking off in Canada, he set his sights on an American record deal. He performed a showcase for RCA Nashville in May 2001. The next day, the label phoned to offer Lines a record deal. He immediately began work on his second album, Living Out Loud, released on January 7, 2003. The album debuted at No. 9 on Billboard's Top Country Albums chart, while the first single, "You Can't Hide Beautiful," reached No. 4 on Billboard's Hot Country Songs chart. The album was a success in Canada as well, and at the 2003 CCMA Awards, Lines received six nominations, including the Kraft Cheez Whiz Fans' Choice Award. When the awards were handed out in September, Lines was named Male Artist of the Year, and also picked up the Rising Star Award._NEWLINE_In 2003, Lines was an opening act for Martina McBride's Greatest Hits tour. _START_SECTION_ Waitin' on the Wonderful _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aaron Lines' third album, Waitin' on the Wonderful, was released on September 6, 2005. The title track stalled at No. 37 on US Country and the album was not released in the US. Meanwhile, in Canada, the first three singles from the album all reached the top 10 on the Canadian Country Singles chart. In fact, Lines was the most played country artist on Canadian radio in 2005. For two years, Lines had the most played song on Canadian country radio - "Waitin' on the Wonderful" in 2005, and "Lights of My Hometown" in 2006. At the 2006 CCMA Awards, Lines was again nominated for the Kraft Cheez Whiz Fans' Choice Award. _START_SECTION_ Moments That Matter _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lines moved back from Nashville to Canada in 2006 to work on his fourth album, Moments That Matter. The album was released on June 12, 2007, and distributed by Fontana Distribution. The first single, "Cheaper to Keep Her," became Lines' first No. 1, reaching the top spot in 11 short weeks. The accompanying music video features cameos from Rhett Warrener, Darren McCarty, Jamie McLennan, Richie Regehr, and Lines' good friend Paul Brandt. Moments That Matter was nominated for the 2008 Juno Award for Country Recording of the Year. _START_SECTION_ Sunday Afternoon _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aaron Lines' fifth studio album, Sunday Afternoon, was released on March 16, 2010 by On Ramp Records. The first single, "Sand" was released in April 2009. The second single "I Haven't Even Heard You Cry" was released on January 6, 2010.

8176723024115963255

Q4662788

_START_ARTICLE_ Aatma - Feel It Around You _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nia is the daughter of Maya (Bipasha Basu) and Abhay (Nawazuddin Siddiqui), who are divorced. Maya and Nia live with Maya's parents (Shiv Subramaniam) and (Shernaz Patel). Nia is unaware of the fact that her father is dead. Maya deliberately hides the truth from her as Nia is a sensitive child and adores her father. Things start getting bizarre when Paras, Nia's classmate who bullies her in the classroom, ends up dead. Soon after, Nia's teacher, Mrs. Sinha, who complains about Nia, is also found dead. Moreover, Nia often starts talking to her dead father._NEWLINE_Concerned about the absurd change in Nia's behavior, Maya takes her for counselling. It is revealed that Abhay was a hot-tempered man. He lost his job and friends because of his frequent violent bouts of anger and also suspected Maya of having an affair with her colleague, Pankaj However, Abhay loved his daughter more than anything else. After Abhay starts beating up Maya, she files for divorce and gets the sole custody of Nia. Abhay cannot bear this and threatens Maya that he will take Nia away from her. Shortly after the hearing and the pronouncement of the Family court, Abhay dies in a car accident. After the session, the counsellor (Mohan Kapoor) advises Maya to take Nia out for the weekend. The mother daughter duo do so but Abhay possesses Nia and threatens Maya that he will take their daughter away with him._NEWLINE_Maya consults a priest (Darshan Jariwala), who tells Maya that as long as she and her daughter share a strong bond of love, Abhay won't be able to kill either of them. After the counsellor tries to convince Nia that her father is dead, the counsellor himself is found dead. Later, Abhay kills Maya's friend Aakanskha for which Maya is framed and arrested. She is admitted in a mental health facility centre in confinement for treatment. Maya's mother calls the priest home to get the home blessed from the evil spirit. Abhay kills the priest and Maya's mother too. Maya, in a desperate bid to save her daughter, kills herself in the health centre confinement, as she remembers the priest's words that no mortal can fight a spirit. Maya becomes a spirit and saves Nia just as Abhay is about to kill her by pushing her before a fast-moving local train. She also destroys Abhay's spirit, thus ensuring Nia's safety for the rest of her life._NEWLINE_In an epilogue, Nia is shown celebrating her 18th birthday while Maya's spirit fondly watches her. _START_SECTION_ Critical Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Critical reception for Aatma has been mixed, with a reviewer for Rediff.com criticizing the film for lacking a "sense of mystery, the element of surprise that’s essential for films in this genre". NDTV praised the film's acting, particularly that of Doyel Dhawan and especially of Bipasha's deep role, but also commented that they felt the film wasn't particularly frightening. In contrast, India TV stated that the movie's "thrilling parts" "succeeded in frightening [them]", although they found the ending anticlimactic. Yahoo Movies Review stated,"The film’s linear narrative follows a very predictable plot trajectory that hardly delivers on the thrill quotient" and gave the movie a 2 star rating.

12503187310152932849

Q27049066

_START_ARTICLE_ Abbas Miski _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Miski was born in Penrith, New South Wales, Australia, the son of Lebanese immigrants to Australia. _START_SECTION_ Playing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Miski played his junior rugby league for the Arncliffe Scots and the Kingsgrove Colts. He played S. G. Ball Cup for the St. George Illawarra Dragons, represented Lebanon at under-18 level in 2013, and played for the Parramatta Eels in the National Youth Competition in 2015, scoring 12 tries in 24 matches. Miski joined the North Sydney Bears in the New South Wales Cup in 2016. _NEWLINE_After two seasons with Norths, Miski left the club as he was not included in the 2018 Intrust Super Premiership NSW squad. _NEWLINE_In 2018, Miski joined The Wentworthville Magpies. On 22 September 2018, Miski scored a try for Wentworthville in their 38-4 victory over St Marys in the Ron Massey Cup grand final._NEWLINE_In 2019, Miski signed for the Blacktown Workers Sea Eagles, the feeder team for the Manly Warringah Sea Eagles after being released by Wentworthville. Miski made an appearance for Manly at Central Coast Stadium against the Sydney Roosters in the Community Cup scoring 3 tries in a trial match._NEWLINE_On 4 May 2019, Miski made his first grade debut on the wing for Manly against Canterbury-Bankstown at Brookvale Oval with Manly winning the game 18-10. Miski was called into the first grade team after winger Jorge Taufua pulled out with an ankle injury. _NEWLINE_Miski spent most of 2019 playing for Manly's feeder club side the Blacktown Workers Sea Eagles. Miski finished the 2019 season as the club's top try scorer with 12 tries. Despite Miski's efforts on the field, Blacktown Workers finished with the wooden spoon coming last with only 6 wins all season.

9843424836912913604

Q4666349

_START_ARTICLE_ Abdón Prats _START_SECTION_ Football career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Artà, Balearic Islands, and a product of local RCD Mallorca's youth system, Abdón made his debuts as a senior at the age of only 17, going on to spend several seasons in Segunda División B with the reserves. On 14 December 2011 he made his first appearance with the main squad, playing two minutes in a 0–1 home loss against Sporting de Gijón for the Copa del Rey._NEWLINE_On 28 April 2012, Abdón played his first La Liga game, coming off the bench for Víctor Casadesús in a 3–1 win at Getafe CF. On 23 August of the following year he was loaned to third level club Burgos CF, returning at the end of the campaign to the Bermellones' first team, now competing in Segunda División._NEWLINE_Abdón scored his first professional goal on 21 September 2014, but in a 4–6 home loss against CA Osasuna. On 30 January of the following year he terminated his contract, and signed with fellow league team CD Tenerife hours later._NEWLINE_On 3 July 2015, Abdón signed a two-year deal with CD Mirandés also in division two. On 25 January 2017, he left the club by mutual consent, and agreed terms with Racing de Santander._NEWLINE_On 4 July 2017, after scoring a career-best 14 goals for Racing, Abdón returned to his first club Mallorca, now also in the third division.

77449731811154008

Q4664885

_START_ARTICLE_ Abdennour Abrous _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abdennour Abrous (born 1934 in Oujda, Morocco), is a former Algerian politician. He was a United Nations civil servant who helped organize the global response against apartheid in South Africa in the 1970s and 1980s in his role as assistant director and officer-in-charge of the UN Center Against Apartheid. He also was manager of the UN's Educational and Training Programme for Southern Africa. Abrous retired from the UN in 2003 and resides in New York._NEWLINE_Before joining the UN, Abrous was head of publicity in Addis Ababa for the Organization of African Unity (OAU). He represented the provisional government of independent Algeria in Indonesia during Algeria's struggle for independence, and fought with the National Liberation Front during Algeria's 1954–1962 revolution. His first cousin is Hocine Aït Ahmed, one of the "chefs historiques" of the Algerian war for independence and later a prominent opposition party leader._NEWLINE_While studying for a master's degree at the University of Pennsylvania he played for the 1960-61 championship winning Ukrainian Nationals soccer club.

7967637493149189732

Q29372388

_START_ARTICLE_ Abdul Aziz Pasha _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abdul Aziz Pasha was a Bangladesh army officer who was convicted for involvement in the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman in 1975. _START_SECTION_ Bangladesh Liberation war _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pasha had fought for the Independence of Bangladesh during Bangladesh Liberation war in 1971. _START_SECTION_ Assassination _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 15 August 1975 Sheikh Mujibur Rahaman, the president of Bangladesh was assainated during a military coup. Pasha was one of the 12 self-confessed assassins. He and Risaldar Muslemuddin gunned down Sheikh Mujibur Rahman's wife Sheikh Fazilatunnesa Mujib, Sheikh Jamal and his wife Rosy, and Sheikh Kamal's wife Sultana. He was a Lieutenant Colonel in Bangladesh Army._NEWLINE_After the Assassination of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, the new government headed by Lieutenant General Ziaur Rahman, appointed Aziz as the first secretary to the Bangladesh embassy in Rome. He was arrested in Dhaka for his role in the 17 June 1980 attempted coup in Bangladesh. He was freed after agreeing to turn state witness. He was then posted to Nairobi, Kenya. He was in Zimbabwe when the Bangladesh Awami League government recalled him to Dhaka. He refused to return and as a result was dismissed his from the foreign service. He applied for asylum in Zimbabwe. He received political asylum in Zimbabwe._NEWLINE_On 8 November 1998 Pasha was along with 15 other defendants were sentenced to death for his role in the assassination of Shiekh Mujibur Rahman. On 14 December 2000, Bangladesh High Court confirmed his death sentence. _START_SECTION_ Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pasha died on 2 June 2001 in Zimbabwe. _START_SECTION_ Pension _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Awami League government which came to power in 1996 dismissed him from government service. When Bangladesh Nationalist Party came to power in 2001 they changed the government decision to show that he retired from service. This entitled his widow, Mahfuza Pasha, to his government pension. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the assassination of President Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, Pasha purchased the house of Jitendra Lal Basu in Sreebari, Ghior upazila, Manikganj. His house was seized by Police in 1997 when an arrest warrant was issued for him. His house was bought by his brother in 2001 after he died. On 31 January 2010 the house was vandalized and burned down by activists of Bangladesh Awami League.

10306927005143420918

Q4665936

_START_ARTICLE_ Abdullah Al-Roumi _START_SECTION_ Pro Gun Control _START_PARAGRAPH_ In February 2005, in the wake of a wave of Al-Qaeda violence, the parliament unanimously passed a law giving police wide powers to search for and seize illegal weapons. Al-Roumi was one of the main proponents of the bill, which makes it easier for police to obtain a warrant to search a private house for illegal weapons. The law also allows female inspectors to search women's quarters in private homes—quarters which are off limits to men according to Islamic rules._NEWLINE_The parliament passed a similar law in 1992 to deal with a jump in gun ownership after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Lawmakers refused to extend that law in 1994, arguing that possession of weapons was a right. _START_SECTION_ Allegations Against Oil Minister Sheik Ali Al Jarrah Al Sabah _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 2007, al-Roumi, Adel Al-Saraawi, and Musallam Al-Barrak led impeachment proceedings against Oil Minister Sheik Ali Al Jarrah Al Sabah on charges of corruption. Al-Roumi alleged that Sheik Ali intimidated a witness in the case. The minister swore that he called the witness for a meeting to tell him to provide all the information he has in the case. Sheik Ali resigned on June 27, after being publicly questioned and before a no-confidence vote could be held._NEWLINE_During the impeachment proceedings, al-Roumi also made the following public statement against Sheik Ali: "You have to submit your resignation today because what you said has humiliated the Kuwaiti people." Sheikh Ali had been quoted by the local Al Qabas newspaper as saying that he considers former oil minister Sheikh Ali Khalifa Al Sabah, a defendant in a major graft case, as "my master and that I consult him occasionally on oil issues." _START_SECTION_ Campaign to Reform Foreign Worker Sponsorship System _START_PARAGRAPH_ In August 2008, al-Roumi declared that he was going to draft a law to scrap Kuwait's foreign worker sponsorship system, under which expatriates must be sponsored by a local employer to get a work permit: "The government should be the only kafeel... We have scores of bachelors residing in Kuwait with an equal number of crimes. Many are caused due to the 'trading with humans' issue which taints the reputation of Kuwait." _START_SECTION_ Denmark Boycott _START_PARAGRAPH_ In February 2008, al-Roumi called for the Kuwaiti government to boycott Denmark in response to the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy and was quoted as saying, "No Muslim can accept this insult against the Prophet... It is a form of terrorism." _START_SECTION_ Support For Female Candidates _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2008, al-Roumi expressed his support for women's active participation in the legislature. On May 10, 2008, he spoke at the inauguration of a women's campaign headquarters in the Salwa area. However, on November 30, 1999, al-Roumi voted against granting women the right to vote. _START_SECTION_ Runner-Up in Speaker Election _START_PARAGRAPH_ On June 1, 2008, Jassem Al-Kharafi was re-elected National Assembly Speaker on Sunday, after gaining 52 votes against 11 to his opponent, Abdullah al-Roumi. _START_SECTION_ Supports Government Funds for College Tuition _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2002 Kuwait started allowing private universities in the country, beginning with the Gulf University for Science and Technology. On September 28, 2008, MPs Abdullah al-Roumi, Marzouq Al-Ghanem, Ali Al-Rashid, and Adel Al-Saraawi proposed a law to have the government pay half of Kuwaiti students' tuition at these private colleges. _START_SECTION_ Reforming Mandatory Retirement Age for Teachers _START_PARAGRAPH_ On November 28, 2008, al-Roumi joined MPs Khalid Al-Sultan, Hassan Johar, Musallam Al-Barrak, and Marzouq Al-Hubaini in formulating a bill to extend the mandatory retirement age for Kuwaiti teaching staff at Kuwait University from 65 to 70 years. Al-Roumi argued that Item 32 of Law no. 15/1979 has denied the country services of able and intelligent academicians by restricting retirement age of Kuwaitis to 65 years. He recommended that a clause be added to the law such that the retirement age can become 70 years and can further be extended to 75 years.

8134939965644548215

Q4666396

_START_ARTICLE_ Abe Jacobs _START_SECTION_ Early life and amateur career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abe Jacobs was born and raised on the isolated Chatham Islands, New Zealand. His father managed a cattle station with 6,000 head of sheep and a few thousand cattle. Jacobs had a very rural upbringing working on the station and regularly travelled long distances by horseback; he once rode 85 miles in a two-day ride. At the age of 13, Jacobs broke his first horse and herded 1200 head of sheep on a three-day trip to be shipped to the mainland, and began training sheep dogs. He also attended a local elementary school and completed high school via a correspondence course. He saw his first automobile as a young man in Christchurch and his first television set while competing in Hawaii years later._NEWLINE_As a child growing up in the late-1940s, he became interested in professional wrestling while listening to live radio broadcasts, aired twice a week by the Dominion Wrestling Union, and reading the local newspapers. He was once able to hear a match between Gorgeous George and George Temple being broadcast in San Diego for 20 minutes before the signal faded. He would later have the opportunity to wrestle many of these wrestlers while competing professionally in the United States._NEWLINE_Jacobs began weightlifting which, in addition to working on his family's ranch, would give him a distinct strength advantage when he started his amateur wrestling career as a teenager. Although conventional wisdom discouraged weight training at the time, then believed that becoming "muscle bound" would slow speed and agility, Jacobs continued working out after reading a magazine article which claimed that the fastest Olympian was an Egyptian lightweight power lifter. He was invited to an Easter Camp, where amateur wrestlers had the opportunity to train with the 1952 light heavyweight Olympic Champion, but was forced to leave by the head of the wrestling association for his weightlifting._NEWLINE_Despite this setback, he eventually won three Canterbury Provincial Titles, four Wellington Provincial Titles and runner-up silver medalist in the New Zealand Nationals. Jacobs later won the New Zealand Championship and held the title until 1953 when he was defeated by John da Silva in Wellington. He also tried out for the 1956 Olympics but lost to another wrestler by one point. _START_SECTION_ Early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the Olympic trials, Jacobs decided to wrestle as a professional and was trained by The Zebra Kid. He was assisted by Al Costello, whom he trained with as an amateur, and future tag team partner Don Curtis. Jacobs made his professional debut against his trainer, The Zebra Kid, in Hastings in 1958; substituting for George McKay, their match served as the main event. It was during this match that he debuted his trademark submission hold, the "Kiwi Roll", which was covered by local newspapers the following day. After wrestling nearly a dozen matches for the New Zealand Wrestling Union, among his opponents being Ricky Waldo, Tony Olivas, Dick Hrstich, Andre Drapp, Fred Wright and Jack Bence, he was brought over to the United States where he worked for promoter Al Karasick in Hawaii. This was one of the most popular territories to work for at the time due to its high salaries, little travel time and, due to the promotion running only 3 shows a week, there was generally plenty of recreational time. _START_SECTION_ Capitol Sports and Jim Crockett Promotions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Three months later, he arrived in the continental United States and spent a year for Vince McMahon, Sr. in Capitol Sports, then based in Washington D.C., and began appearing on their weekly television show in 1958. As one of their up-and-coming "babyfaces", Jacobs was billed as the "Jewish Heavyweight Champion". He took on the promotion's top "heel" NWA United States Heavyweight Champion "Nature Boy" Buddy Rogers that same year which saw Haystacks Calhoun interfere in the match. The match was recorded on kinescope and, later featured on Wrestling's Greatest Villains Of The Golden Era, is one of the oldest surviving matches from that era. Jacobs met Buddy Rogers on eight occasions during his career, the majority for the United States Championship, and at least once for the NWA World Heavyweight Championship._NEWLINE_On 23 February 1959, Jacobs made his debut at its home arena at Madison Square Garden in New York City appearing on the undercard against kayfabe Nazi sympathizer Karl Von Hess defeating him via disqualification. His feud with Von Hess caused some controversy when, during a pre-match interview with announcer Ray Morgan, he said Jacobs family "better start saying the Kaddish" (Jewish Prayer for the Dead); his threatening words generated telephone calls, hate mail and resulted in a probe by the Federal Bureau of Investigation. He later scored victories over Kenny Ackles, Johnny Valentine, The Sheik, "Wild" Bull Curry and Dr. Jerry Graham. He also briefly teamed with Antonino Rocca and together fought Dr. Jerry & Eddie Graham. In January 1960, Jacobs faced Bruno Sammartino who later became the promotion's top star for over a decade._NEWLINE_Shortly afterwards, Jacobs began touring in other parts of the United States and in Canada where he won the NWA North American Championship in North Bay. On 28 February 1961, he wrestled then NWA World Heavyweight Champion Pat O'Connor at Sunnyside Garden in Queens, New York. This was not only the first meeting between the two men but was the first time two New Zealanders wrestled for a championship title in a foreign country. This match later aired on Capitol Wrestling's TV show however, unlike his bout with Rogers, no known footage survives of this match. On 5 July of that year, Jacobs wrestled also Rogers for the NWA World title in Norfolk, Virginia. The two wrestled for 55 minutes before Jacobs fell from the ring after missing a flying tackle and injured his shoulder. Jacobs also wrestled in Detroit and Chicago and, while in the latter city, he took part in the first Comiskey Park show wrestling "Rubberman" Johnny Walker in front of 36,000 fans._NEWLINE_When Jim Crockett, Sr. was looking for outside talent, Jacobs was recommended by McMahon and brought into Jim Crockett Promotions in early 1961. His first run in the territory lasted a year and a half during which time he wrestled Swede Hanson and teamed with George Becker and Haystack Calhoun. He also teamed with The Flying Scotts (George & Sandy Scott) in 6-man tag team matches. In later years, Crockett paired him with other "big men" such as Sailor Art Thomas, Klondike Bill and Man Mountain Mike. Jacobs eventually left the Mid-Atlantic area for the West Coast to team with Haystack Calhoun in the fall of 1962. Together they won the NWA Los Angeles International Television Tag Team Championship from Sir Alan Garfield & Karl Von Schober on 31 October, and lost the titles to The Destroyer and Don Manoukian the following month. Though he returned to the Carolinas afterwards, Jacobs continued to travel throughout the United States and elsewhere for much of his career._NEWLINE_In between wrestling for Crockett, he won the NWA North American Championship in North Bay, Canada. On 5 May 1964, he and Don Curtis defeated Hiro Matsuda & Duke Keomuka in Tampa, Florida, to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship in NWA Florida. The two held the titles for over a month before losing the belts to Chris & John Tolos in Jacksonville. In late 1964, he and Curtis competed in a 10-man tag team tournament held by promoter Cowboy Luttrell in Tampa and Miami to earn a title shot against to meet Eddie Graham & Sam Steamboat for the NWA Florida Tag Team Championship. The other four teams included Tarzan Tyler & Joe McCarthy, Tony Marino & Steve Bolus, The Russian Wolfmen, and The Executioners. Jacobs and Curtis defeated The Russian Wolfmen to advance to the finals where they lost to The Executioners. Jacobs also challenged several NWA World Heavyweight Champions during the mid-to-late 1960s. On 11 February 1965, he took on Lou Thesz in front of over 2,500 fans at the Norfolk Arena. This match was a best two out of three falls match and lasted nearly 30 minutes with Thesz taking the first and third falls. Their match also received significant coverage from local media, most notably, The Virginian-Pilot. Jacobs again faced Thesz in Richmond on 5 November 1965. _START_SECTION_ Travels around the world _START_PARAGRAPH_ Like many New Zealand wrestlers, Jacobs also competed internationally during this period wrestling in 25 different countries and traveling around the world four times. In 1966, Jacobs travelled to Japan where he wrestled as the masked wrestler Red Pimpernel. He returned to Japan three or four times and, as a "heel" wrestler, was a frequent opponent of Antonio Inoki. These matches were very popular with Japanese audiences and, according to Jacobs, he was once hit with an umbrella by a fan during one of their bouts. As Red Pimpernel, he wrestled Lou Thesz for the NWA World Championship there as well. He also spent time in most of Southeast Asia, Australasia, South America, and Europe. Though he spent the majority of his time in the United States, Jacobs was much more financially successful when wrestling internationally. In South Africa, for example, he received 25% of the gate as well as a winner/loser purse._NEWLINE_On the day of his arrival in South Africa, he was unexpectedly picked up by a promoter from his Johannesburg hotel and brought before the South Africa Wrestling Commission. Though he had previously sent publicity information, pictures and other promotional material, he was required to wrestle in front of the athletic commission before he could receive a licence. Despite travel fatigue and the high altitude (Johannesburg being 6,000 feet above sea level) Jacobs defeated three different wrestlers._NEWLINE_As in Japan, South African promoters used heavyweight wrestlers and had strict weight requirements. Jacobs usually weighed around 250 pounds during his career, however, he around 270 pounds when wrestling in both countries. Prior to his arrival, he had gotten food poisoning from a Chinese restaurant in India and his weight had dropped to 240 by the time he arrived in South Africa. The promoter, Bull Heffer, was upset upon seeing Jacobs and had believed he lied about his weight. Heffer was also concerned about putting Jacobs against the South African Champion, a near super heavyweight, since Jacobs looked so small in comparison. Two weeks after meeting with the South Africa Wrestling Commission, while wrestling in Pretoria, he and other wrestlers were weighed by the promoter. Jacobs, then wrestling with a "heel" cowboy in-ring persona, secretly put weights in his pockets and cowboy boots in order to pass the weight requirements._NEWLINE_Jacobs drew particular ire from South African wrestling fans when, shortly before his upcoming match with the South African Champion, he confessed in a newspaper interview he did not even know the name of his opponent. Around this time, Jacobs and several other wrestlers were attending a rugby game in Johannesburg when, while wearing his cowboy hat, he was recognized by the crowd. Many of the 10,000 people in attendance began chanting "Hey Yankee - Go Home" and soon began pelting him with oranges. He and the other wrestlers were eventually forced to leave the stadium, however, Jacobs decided to change his clothes and, putting on a friend's jacket and baseball cap, he and the other wrestlers returned to the stadium and watched the rest of the game undisturbed._NEWLINE_Returning to North America between his overseas trips, Jacobs wrestled throughout Canada as well as the United States. In the former country, his travels took him to the Maritimes, Montreal, Toronto, Vancouver, and Ontario. Once in Nova Scotia, Jacobs was challenged by a disruptive wrestling fan who had been harassing wrestlers and the crowd alike. At one point, this fan had to be escorted from the building after entering the ring and using the house microphone to taunt the wrestlers. After breaking into the locker room to confront the wrestlers, the promoter agreed to pay Jacobs to wrestle the fan. Jacobs was easily able to put the man in a submission hold during their match and made the fan apologize to the crowd before releasing the hold. While in Nova Scotia, Jacobs teamed with and, at least on one occasion, wrestled another fellow New Zealander, Steve Rickard, while in Halifax, and later reunited in the Carolinas years later._NEWLINE_He also travelled to Australia where he wrestled for World Championship Wrestling. On one tour, he wrestled every night he was there and appeared on three televised shows in Brisbane, Sydney, and Melbourne. While in the Pacific, he made occasional appearances in New Zealand for promoter Ernie Pinches, where he teamed with popular Samoan wrestler Tau Paa Paa, and later in Steve Rickard's All Star Pro-Wrestling near the end of his career. _START_SECTION_ Later career in NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling _START_PARAGRAPH_ Throughout his career, Jacobs maintained a very heavy ring schedule regularly wrestling five or six matches a week. With the exception of 10-minute televised bouts, his average matches lasted at least 30 minutes with many going over an hour. He travelled an average of around 3,000 miles per week and headlined cards with some of the top wrestlers in Canada and North America including Lou Newman, "Big" Bill Miller, Buddy Rogers, Dick the Bruiser, Ray Stevens, Hans Schmidt, "Whipper" Billy Watson and Wilbur Snyder. He also met a number of NWA World Heavyweight Champions during this period including Gene Kiniski, Dick Hutton, Buddy Rogers and Dory Funk, Jr. during the mid-to late 1960s._NEWLINE_One of the reasons Jacobs was able to eventually immigrate to the United States was because he was wrestling at a "World Championship" level. When Jacobs competed in the US, he was under a work visa which limited his time wrestling in the country. There were times when would be unable to compete in the country at all due to national origins quotas set by the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service. With the passage of the Immigration Act of 1965, Jacobs was able to apply for permanent residence and eventual citizenship. As part of the application process, he was required to show that he was not taking any work away from U.S. citizens and, meeting with the Immigration and Labor Department, he presented to immigration officials proof with posters advertising himself wrestling Lou Thesz for the World Title in Miami in 1964._NEWLINE_For much of the 1960s and early 1970s, Jacobs headlined shows for Jim Crockett's NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling. By this time in his career, Jacobs was well known as a "tag team specialist", the territory being known as a "hotbed" for tag teams at the time, having teamed with Sailor Art Thomas, Klondike Bill and Man Mountain Mike and faced teams such as Aldo Bogni & Bronco Lubich and Atlantic Coast Tag Team Champions Rip Hawk & Swede Hanson (managed by General Homer O'Dell). One of his most favourite tag team partners during this period was Luther Lindsay who, similar to Jacobs, was once billed as the "Coloured (or Negro) Heavyweight Champion". They feuded with the masked tag team The Infernos with manager Jimmy Dykes, one of their matches nearly selling out the Dorton Arena in Raleigh, North Carolina, as well as the Minnesota Wrecking Crew (Gene & Ole Anderson) during the late 1960s. The two were ranked #15 of the top 20 tag teams in the world by Ring Wrestling in December 1968._NEWLINE_Within a few years, however, Jacobs began cutting back on his ring schedule, making his last Japanese tour in 1973, and settled down in the Carolinas, where he purchased a horse ranch, and wrestled primarily for Jim Crockett for the rest of his career. Crockett's promotion, NWA Mid-Atlantic Championship Wrestling, was one of the major territories of the decade and where he had started early in his career. After George Scott took over as booker, he was used as an undercard wrestler and faced younger up-and-coming wrestlers. In May 1974, Jacobs was the first opponent of "The Nature Boy" Ric Flair during his first run in the territory, defeating him at the Charlotte Coliseum, and wrestled tag team matches against Flair and Rip Hawk with a number of different partners. Flair's victory over Jacobs, then an established veteran, was partially credited for the young wrestler's early success in the promotion and his eventually becoming one of its biggest stars during the next decade. Though he had been a popular wrestler in the territory while wrestling for Crockett, Jacobs was of the few older veterans who did not win any titles. However, he did win the NWA Western States Tag Team Championship with "Pistol" Pez Whatley in Amarillo, Texas, two years later._NEWLINE_In the summer and fall of 1975, Jacobs wrestled for promoter Fritz Von Erich's World Class Championship Wrestling where he faced Steve Strong, Skip Young, John Tolos, Mike Paidousis, Hans Schroeder, Bruiser Blackwell, Buddy Wolfe, and Red Bastien. That same year, he wrestled Superstar Billy Graham at the Greensboro Coliseum on 3 April 1975. In Georgia, Jacobs feuded with another young wrestler, Randy Savage, during the summer of 1977. During one of these meetings, he and Roberto Soto defeated Savage and Bill Howard in a tag team match at the Atlanta City Auditorium on 3 June 1977. He was also brought to Maple Leaf Wrestling by Toronto promoter Frank Tunney where, on 22 October 1978, he fought British wrestler Geoff Portz to a lime-limit draw at the Maple Leaf Gardens. When George Scott left for the World Wrestling Federation in 1981, Ole Anderson took over as head booker for the promotion. Due to personal differences with Anderson, Jacobs was no longer booked in the territory._NEWLINE_He spent the rest of the year wrestling for promoter Paul Jones in Georgia Championship Wrestling where he took on such foes as The Masked Superstar and "Iron" Mike Sharpe, and teamed with Ted Oates and George Welles. On the 5 September edition of Georgia Championship Wrestling on WTBS where he and Ken Hall unsuccessfully challenged NWA National Tag Team Champions Jimmy Snuka & Terry Gordy. He also worked in Florida Championship Wrestling. One of his last matches in the United States was against David Von Erich in Miami on 16 December 1981, and made appearances for Steve Rickard's All Star Pro-Wrestling in New Zealand, before retiring that same year. By the end of his career, he had wrestled in over 8,000 matches in 25 different countries._NEWLINE_He briefly came out of retirement for the first nine months of 1983 and wrestled a number of opponents including "Wild" Bill White, Ken Timbs, Masa Fuchi, Ricky Harris, Kelly Kiniski, The Magic Dragon, and John Bonello. On 9 April 1983, he and Mike Davis wrestled The Great Kabuki in a handicap match. He also took part in tag team matches with Mark Fleming and Glen Lane against Frank Monte & Jim Dalton and Masa Fuchi & Ricky Harris respectively. His last match was against John Bonello at the Memorial Auditorium in Greenville, South Carolina, on 19 September 1983. _START_SECTION_ Post-retirement and recent years _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the years following his retirement, Jacobs remained in North Carolina and managed several gyms including Ricky Steamboat's facility in Charlotte. While living in Charlotte, he also made occasional visits to his family ranch in New Zealand. On 20 May 1995, he was one of several legendary wrestlers in attendance for Smoky Mountain Wrestling's "Carolina Memories" supercard at the Grady Cole Center including Mr. Wrestling, Nelson Royal, Swede Hanson, Johnny Weaver, Magnum T.A. and ex-referee Tommy Young. While looking after Steamboat's gym, Jacobs was contacted by the manager of Abe Jacobs, Jr., an independent wrestler then competing on the local "indy circuit", who invited him to be in his corner in an upcoming match in Asheville. She later brought Abe Jacobs, Jr. to the gym and wanted him to teach her wrestler how to perform the "Kiwi Leg Roll" finisher. Jacobs declined both offers._NEWLINE_Jacobs later began spending time between Charlotte and New Zealand where he bought a sheep and cattle ranch in the Chatham Islands. He has been involved in a number of local charity events, especially charity golf tournaments, organized by retired NFL players Roman Gabriel and Brad Johnson. In 1999, he was featured on a special commemorative edition of the New Zealand ten dollar note by the Chatham Islands Note Corporation for the Millennium._NEWLINE_He has also been recognised by the internet wrestling community in the early 21st century. In January 2004, arranged via George South, Jacobs was interviewed by MidAtlanticGateway.com where he discussed both his amateur and professional career. In December 2007, he was interviewed by SLAM! Sports. As well as discussing his career, Jacobs stated that he no longer watches professional wrestling, partly due to being unfamiliar with most of the current stars, as well as commenting on the dangerous risks wrestler's take in regards to modern hardcore wrestling warning that "no one can get away with such a style and walk away without incurring serious injuries". Jacobs also talked about the end of the television era and the dominance of World Wrestling Entertainment in professional wrestling. In recent years, he has also been interviewed by Wrestling Perspective Newsletter and often made appearances at legend's reunions and conventions such as the annual Cauliflower Alley Club._NEWLINE_In February 2008, Jacobs was among the Mid-Atlantic territorial wrestlers and wrestling personalities who attended the funeral of Johnny Weaver including Ivan Koloff, Sandy Scott, Wally and Don Kernodle, Rene Goulet, Nikita Koloff, Tony Romano, Bill White, Jim Nelson, Belle Starr, Jim Holiday, Rick McCord, George South, Mike Weddle, Penny Banner, wrestling broadcasters Bob Caudle and Rich Landrum, referees Tommy Young and Stu Schwartz, and a promoter Jackie Crockett. He had also been in attendance for the funeral of Mr. Wrestling several years earlier, and quoted in The Post and Courier upon the deaths of George Becker, Sailor Art Thomas, Bronco Lubich and Sandy Scott._NEWLINE_Four months later, Jacobs was honoured by the Dan Gable International Wrestling Institute and Museum and officially inducted into the George Tragos/Lou Thesz Hall of Fame along with Roddy Piper, Masanouri Saito, Penny Banner, Stu Hart, Ray Gunkel, and Leo Nomellini in a special ceremony held in Waterloo, Iowa. Bob Leonard wrote in a later editorial that Jacobs "proved to be a vibrant speaker, and a personable addition to the great social atmosphere of the event". In March 2009, he was named one of "Top Ten New Zealand Born Wrestlers" by Fight Times Magazine. _START_SECTION_ The "Kiwi Leg Roll" _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Kiwi Leg Roll, or simply the Kiwi Roll, is a professional wrestling submission hold which was created by Abe Jacobs as used as his finisher throughout his career. It was developed by Jacobs during his amateur wrestling days, while working out in the gym, and first used it against his former trainer The Zebra Kid in his debut match in 1958. This move was later covered in by local newspapers the following day and, wrestling in the United States years later, by the American media._NEWLINE_Though little footage exists of Jacobs performing the move, it has been described as a modified figure four leglock in which he would grab an opponent's leg, like the said hold, and roll the man around the mat in an almost circular motion putting pressure across the ankle and causing his opponent to submit. Jacobs has never revealed how to perform the Kiwi Leg Roll despite being asked by dozens of wrestlers, claiming in later interviews that he had forgotten how, and to date it has rarely been duplicated. Its uniqueness was very popular among fans of the Television-era and Jacobs has since long remained associated with the hold.

9687538686375762578

Q4667453

_START_ARTICLE_ Abhira Kingdom _START_SECTION_ Reference of Abhiras in Mahabharat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abhiras are mentioned as warriors in support of Duryodhana in Mahabharta war. The Gopas, whom Krishna had offered to Duryodhana to fight in his support when he himself joined Arjuna's side, were no other than the Yadavas themselves, who were also the Abhiras. The Abhiras also have been described as Vrata Kshatriyas . The Abhiras are said to have looted the train of Arjuna, the Pandava, when he was returning from Dwaraka being accompanied by some of the members of "Sri Krishna's family after the death of the latter. Abhiras are said to have waylaid Arjuna and deprived him of remaining wealth from Dwarka and women somewhere in Punjab." Abhiras who looted Arjuna were the supporters of the Kauravas, and in the Mahabharata, Abhir, Gopa, Gopal and Yadavas are all synonyms. They defeated the hero of Mahabharatha war, and did spare him when he disclosed the identity of the members of the family of Sri Krishna. _START_SECTION_ Abhira kingdom of Maharashtra _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Abhiras ruled western Maharashtra which included Nasik, Aparanta, Lata _NEWLINE_ and Khandesh _START_SECTION_ Abhira kingdom of South India _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to historian Sudhakar Chattopadhyaya the abhira kingdom was far more extended in South India.

13128381442111303303

Q1192251

_START_ARTICLE_ Ableism _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Originated from -able (in disable, disabled) and -ism; first known use in 1985–1990. _START_SECTION_ Nazi Germany _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hitler signed the secret euthanasia program decree, Aktion T4, in 1939 that allowed the killing of selected patients with chronic neurological, psychiatric disorders. This program took the lives of about 70,000 men, women and children with disabilities; this program was officially halted by Hitler in 1941 under public pressure but was continued unofficially out of the public eye, taking an additional 200,000 until the fall of Hitler's reign in 1945. _START_SECTION_ United Kingdom _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the UK, disability discrimination became unlawful as a result of the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, and the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. These were later repealed, but the substantive law is replicated in the Equality Act 2010. Under the Equality Act 2010 there are several types of discrimination that are prohibited. These are direct discrimination (s.13(1) Equality Act 2010), indirect discrimination (s.6 and s.19 Equality Act 2010, harassment (s.26 Equality Act 2010), victimisation (s.27(2) Equality Act 2010), discrimination arising from disability (s.15(1) Equality Act 2010 and failure to make reasonable adjustments (s.20 Equality Act 2010)._NEWLINE_The legal definition of disability used in the law is:_NEWLINE_"A person (P) has a disability if P has a physical or mental impairment, and the impairment has a substantial and long-term adverse effect on his ability to carry out normal day-to-day activities". (Section 6(1), Equality Act 2010)_NEWLINE_Some conditions (such as blindness, AIDS and cancer) are included; others (such as drug and alcohol addictions) are excluded. _START_SECTION_ United States _START_PARAGRAPH_ Before the 1800s, perspective of disability was often in a religious lens. Individuals with disability were seen as evil or possessed by the devil. Much like many minority groups, disabled Americans were often segregated and denied certain rights for a majority of American history. In the 1800s shift from a religious view to a more scientific view took place and caused more individuals with disabilities to be examined. Public stigma began to change after World War II when many Americans returned home with disabilities and physical handicaps. In the 1960s, following the civil rights movement in America, the world began the disabled rights movement. The movement was intended to give all individuals with disabilities equal rights and opportunities. Until the 1970s, ableism in the United States was often codified into law. For example, in many jurisdictions, so-called "ugly laws" barred people from appearing in public if they had diseases or disfigurements that were considered unsightly. _START_SECTION_ Rehabilitation Act of 1973 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Section 504 and other sections of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973 enacted into law certain civil penalties for failing to make public places comply with access codes known as the ADA Access Guidelines (ADAAG). These laws prohibit direct discrimination against disabled people in government programs, employment, public transit and public accommodations like stores and restaurants. _START_SECTION_ Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act of 1984 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act was passed to promote the fundamental right to vote by improving access for handicapped and elderly individuals to registration facilities and polling places for Federal elections by requiring access to polling places used in Federal elections and available registration and voting aids, such as instructions in large type _START_SECTION_ Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The federal Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988 prohibits housing discrimination on the basis of disability and requires that newly constructed multi-family housing meet certain access guidelines while requiring landlords to allow disabled persons to modify existing dwellings for accessibility. _START_SECTION_ Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 (ADA) was passed on July 26, 1990 during the George H. W. Bush administration and amended on January 1, 2009. The act gave individuals with disabilities civil rights protections. _START_SECTION_ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) is a four-part (A-D) piece of American legislation that ensures students with a disability are provided with Free Appropriate Public Education (FAPE) that is tailored to their individual needs. IDEA was previously known as the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EHA) from 1975 to 1990. In 1990, the United States Congress reauthorized EHA and changed the title to IDEA (Public Law No. 94-142). Overall, the goal of IDEA is to provide children with disabilities the same opportunity for education as those students who do not have a disability. _START_SECTION_ Workplace _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1990, the Americans with Disabilities Act was put in place to prohibit private employers, state and local government, employment agencies and labor unions from discrimination against qualified individuals with disabilities in job applications, when hiring, firing, advancement in workplace, compensation, training, and on other terms, conditions and privileges of employment. The U.S. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, also known as the EEOC also plays a part in fighting against ableism by being responsible for enforcing federal laws that make it illegal to discriminate against a job applicant or an employee because of the person's race, color, religion, sex (including pregnancy, gender identity, and sexual orientation), national origin, age (40 or older), disability or genetic information. Despite legislation to reduce disability discrimination, roughly 13.3 million Americans with disabilities report difficulty finding a job. _START_SECTION_ Schools _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ableism often makes the world unwelcoming, and inaccessible to people with disabilities—especially in schools. An ableist would assert that children with disabilities need to assimilate to normative culture. For example, a student who experiences a disability needs to read text instead of listening to a tape recording of the text. In the past, schools have focused too much on fixing the disability, but due to progressive reforms, schools are now focused on minimizing the impact of a student’s disability, and giving support, skills, and more opportunities to live a full life. Moreover, schools are required to maximize access to their entire community. In 2004, Congress made into law the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act, which states that free and appropriate education is eligible to children with disabilities with insurance of necessary services. Congress later amended the law, in 2015, to include the Every Student Succeeds Act, which guarantees equal opportunity for people with disabilities full participation in society, and the tools for overall independent success. _START_SECTION_ Media _START_PARAGRAPH_ Disabilities are not only misrepresented in the media but often underrepresented as well. These common ways of framing disability are heavily criticized for being dehumanizing and failing to place importance on the perspectives of persons with disabilities. While roughly 20 percent of the population is disabled, only 2 percent of characters played in television and film have a disability. 95 percent of the time, disabled characters are played by actors and actresses who are not disabled. The Ruderman Family Foundation is a private philanthropic foundation established in 2002 in Boston, USA, managed by the Ruderman family. The foundation operates in America and in Israel in two main areas: inclusion of people with disabilities in society and strengthening the relationship between Israel and the American Jewish community, while promoting strategic philanthropy and expanding circles of giving and involvement. The foundation has released a series of papers discussing various disability studies including disability in the media. _START_SECTION_ Disabled villain _START_PARAGRAPH_ One common form of media depiction of disability is to portray villains with a mental or physical disability. Lindsey Row-Heyveld notes, for instance, "that villainous pirates are scraggly, wizened, and inevitably kitted out with a peg leg, eye patch, or hook hand whereas heroic pirates look like Johnny Depp's Jack Sparrow." The disability of the villain is meant to separate them from the average viewer and dehumanize the antagonist. As a result, stigma forms surrounding the disability and the individuals that live with it. _START_SECTION_ Inspiration porn _START_PARAGRAPH_ Inspiration porn is the use of people with disabilities as a form of inspiration when performing ordinary tasks. Criticisms of inspiration porn say that it distances people with disabilities from individuals who are not disabled and portrays disability as an obstacle to overcome or rehab. _START_SECTION_ Pitied character _START_PARAGRAPH_ In many forms of media such as films and articles a person who experiences disability is portrayed as a character who is viewed as less than able, different and an "outcast." Hayes & Black (2003) explore Hollywood films as the discourse of pity towards disability as a problem of social, physical and emotional confinement. The aspect of pity is heightened through the storylines of media focusing on the individuals weaknesses as opposed to strengths and therefore leaving audiences a negative and ableist portrayal towards disability. _START_SECTION_ Supercrip stereotype _START_PARAGRAPH_ The supercrip narrative is generally a story of a person with an apparent disability who is able to "overcome" their physical differences and somehow accomplish an impressive task. In Thomas Hehir's "Eliminating Ableism in Education," he uses the example of a blind man who climbs Mount Everest as an example of the supercrip narrative. The paralympics are another example of the supercrip stereotype, since they generate a large amount of media attention, and demonstrate disabled people doing extremely strenuous physical tasks. Although at face value, this may appear inspiring, Hehir explains that many people with disabilities can view these news stories as setting unrealistic expectations. Additionally, Hehir mentions that supercrip stories imply that disabled people are required to overcome their disabilities by performing these impressive tasks in order to be seen as an equal and avoid pity from those without disabilities. _START_SECTION_ Sports _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sports are often an area of society in which ableism is evident. In sports media, athletes with disabilities are often portrayed to be inferior. When athletes with disabilities are discussed in the media, there is often an emphasis on rehabilitation and the road to recovery, which is inherently a negative view on the disability. Oscar Pistorius is a South African runner who competed in the 2004, 2008, and 2012 Paralympics and the 2012 Olympic games in London. Pistorius was the first double amputee athlete to compete in the Olympic games. While media coverage focused on inspiration and competition during his time in the Paralympic games, it shifted to questioning whether his prosthetic legs gave him an advantage while competing in the Olympic games.

17204809579551198584

Q16929564

_START_ARTICLE_ Aboubakry Dia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Aboubakry Dia (born 17 April 1967) is a retired Senegalese sprinter who specialized in the 400 metres._NEWLINE_He is best known for finishing fourth in the 4 × 400 metres relay at the 1996 Olympic Games, together with Moustapha Diarra, Hachim Ndiaye and Ibou Faye. The team ran in a Senegalese record._NEWLINE_His personal best time was 46.50 seconds (1991).

10183476298548310056

Q69991633

_START_ARTICLE_ Abraham Curiel _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dr Abraham Curiel (1545-1609), alias Dr Jeromino Nunes Ramires, was a physician and the son of the wealthy merchant Jacob Curiel of Coimbra._NEWLINE_Abraham Curiel was sent to be educated at the University of Bologna in Bologna, Italy. He wed Sara Curiel, alias Maria de Fonseca, with whom he fathered 11 children, including Jacob Curiel and David Curiel._NEWLINE_He was an eminent Portuguese physician and shortly after his death Sara fled the Lisbon inquisition to Madrid, Spain.

14658736651646442815

Q329945

_START_ARTICLE_ Abraham Diepraam _START_SECTION_ Life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to Houbraken, he first learned to paint from the father of Dirk Stoop, who had been a good glasspainter, and then he became a pupil of Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh._NEWLINE_After a trip through France he returned to the Netherlands and became a pupil of Adriaen Brouwer, whose style he copied the rest of his life. He joined the Guild of St. Luke in Dordrecht in 1648._NEWLINE_Houbraken claimed he made his acquaintance in 1674. This is somewhat hard to believe, since Diepraam died four years before that, but may explain why Houbraken had such a low opinion of him. Diepraam became a popular painter of small genre works, and sold many of these himself informally in taverns, where Houbaken clearly felt he also spent all of the proceeds on brandywine. Houbraken reports that by the end of his life he had gone out of fashion and tried selling his services as a painter with his painting box door to door, with little success. Houbraken's biggest criticism of Diepraam was not so much his lifestyle, but from what he claimed was poor brushwork. In a rare comparison to the work of Frans Hals, Houbraken claimed that Diepraam's style later in life reflected his lifestyle, and his brush strokes did not even melt together, but were loose lines without connection. Though Hals changed his style with disconnected brush strokes during his later years (this is what impressionist painters such as Vincent van Gogh admired the most about him), Houbraken claims he did this as a great master of the art, while Diepraam was just drunk. Perhaps Houbraken met some drunk claiming to be Diepraam himself, and who tried to sell Diepraam paintings after his death in 1674. This would explain why Houbraken formed his bad opinion, since like many of his contemporaries, Diepraam fell on hard times when the economic downturn spoiled the market._NEWLINE_According to the RKD his pupil was Matthijs Wulfraet. His paintings were quite popular, and are generally small interior tavern scenes with peasants drinking or smoking. Houbraken was much more complimentary over Diepraam in his biography of his pupil Wulfraet, claiming his works sold well in Arnhem and he was a good teacher for the young boy.

9252816225695812981

Q4669341

_START_ARTICLE_ Abram Chayes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abram Chayes (July 18, 1922 – April 16, 2000) was an American scholar of international law closely associated with the administration of John F. Kennedy. He is best known for his “legal process” approach to international law, which attempted to provide a new, less formalistic way of understanding international law and how it might further develop. By focusing on how international legal rules are actually used by foreign policy decision-makers, Chayes sought to study international law, not within a vacuum of legal rules and procedures, but in a dynamic political environment. _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abram Chayes's full name was Abram Joseph Chayes, but he did not use his middle name. He was born in Chicago. Both his parents were lawyers._NEWLINE_He graduated summa cum laude from Harvard College in 1943 and served in the U.S. Army from 1943 to 1945 as a field artillery officer in France, the Netherlands, Germany, and Japan, leaving the service with the rank of captain. He received the Bronze Star and Purple Heart._NEWLINE_Chayes graduated first in his class from Harvard Law School in 1949, where he served as president of the Harvard Law Review. _START_SECTION_ Legal, Academic, and Governmental career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After law school, Chayes was Legal Advisor to Governor Chester Bowles of Connecticut from 1949 to 1951, and then served in Washington, D.C., as Associate General Counsel of the President's Materials Policy Commission in 1951. He clerked for Justice Felix Frankfurter of the U.S. Supreme Court from 1951 to 1952, and practiced law privately with Covington & Burling in Washington, D.C., from 1952 to 1955._NEWLINE_In 1955 he joined the faculty at Harvard Law School as an associate professor and began teaching courses in constitutional law and international law._NEWLINE_In the late 1950s, Chayes was among the original members of a group of Harvard faculty members who worked on the presidential campaign of John F. Kennedy. He led the team that drafted the 1960 Democratic Convention platform, and was one of Kennedy's principal issues advisers during the campaign._NEWLINE_When Kennedy was elected, he worked as Legal Adviser to the State Department. Chayes played an important role in a number of major crises, including the Berlin Crisis of 1961 and the Cuban Missile Crisis of 1962. He also worked on the Partial Test Ban Treaty of 1963 banning atmospheric nuclear tests._NEWLINE_In 1964, Chayes worked at the law firm of Ginsburg & Feldman in Washington, D.C., before returning to Harvard Law School in 1965, where in 1976 he became the Felix Frankfurter Professor of Law. Chayes developed a new international law course at Harvard and co-authored a widely used book, International Legal Process._NEWLINE_He also taught civil procedure and authored a widely cited article in the Harvard Law Review on the legal remedies and the difficulty of dealing with domestic social issues legally. He became professor emeritus in 1993, but continued to teach until incapacitated by complications from pancreatic cancer._NEWLINE_After leaving the Kennedy administration, Chayes remained politically active. He worked on the 1968 presidential campaign of Senator Robert F. Kennedy, wrote articles on nuclear arms control, co-authored a book with Jerome Wiesner, President Kennedy's Science Adviser, on Anti-Ballistic Missiles and strategic policy, and advised Democratic members of the Senate in the debate in the early 1970s over ABM deployment (he was a strong supporter of the ABM Treaty of 1972). In 1972, Chayes advised the presidential campaign of George McGovern on foreign policy matters, and in 1976 was a foreign policy adviser to the presidential campaign of Jimmy Carter._NEWLINE_In the 1980s, Chayes argued on behalf of the Government of Nicaragua against the United States in the seminal International Court of Justice (ICJ) case Nicaragua v. United States. The ICJ ruled that the U.S. was guilty of "unlawful use of force" when it mined Nicaragua's harbors. Chayes also wrote articles arguing that the Reagan Administration was barred from testing and deployment of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), or "Star Wars" under the 1972 ABM Treaty. _START_SECTION_ Publications _START_PARAGRAPH_ Before returning to Harvard Law, Chayes received a grant from the Carnegie Corporation to publish The Cuban Missile Crisis. In this publication, Chayes illuminated the interrelations of law and foreign policy decisions that created what many call the finest hour of Kennedy's Administration. In doing so, he reinforced the notion that “law is not a set of fixed, self-defining categories of permissible and prohibited conduct” but instead is a dynamic set of normative rules that can guide foreign policy decision-makers._NEWLINE_In his book, Chayes focused his analysis on three major decisions: 1) the choice of the quarantine, as opposed to harsher or milder responses, 2) the decision to seek an O.A.S. authorizing resolution, and 3) the manner and method of the approach to the U.N. analysis of the situation. In doing so, he highlighted the principal ways in which international law affected the course of action adopted:_NEWLINE_first, as a constraint, then as a basis of justification or legitimation of action, and third as providing organizational structures, procedures and forums._NEWLINE_Because the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba did not constitute an armed attack on the United States, warranting a more aggressive unilateral response, the Kennedy Administration imposed a naval quarantine on Cuba. This more restrictive response only blocked offensive military equipment from being imported. A classic blockade, on the other hand, restricts all imports, including food supplies, and is considered an act of war._NEWLINE_Although the Soviet Union initially responded to the proposed quarantine by accusing the U.S. of “piratical acts” and “unheard of breaches of international law,” Washington lawyers took comfort in NATO support and a unanimous O.A.S. action authorizing the naval quarantine. By gaining the approval of the O.A.S. and using the unique forum of the United Nations for the crystallizing and mobilizing of national government views, the U.S. gained support and neutralized opposition during the crisis. In sum, Chayes noted the importance of the U.S. government's willingness to accept the obligation of international legal justification, and therefore, public accountability, during the successful mitigation of the Cuban Missile Crisis. In doing so, the role of international law in decision-making advanced._NEWLINE_In 1968, Chayes, along with Thomas Ehrlich and Andreas Lowenfeld, formally introduced a new approach to the study of international law by publishing a two-volume textbook entitled: International Legal Process: Materials for an Introductory Course. The textbook focuses on three issue areas: 1) the limits of adjudication, 2) economic affairs, and 3) political problems, in order to provide a general introduction into the scope, adequacies and failures of an international legal system operating in a contemporary and complex international arena with new political actors, including a proliferation of international organizations. Each issue area contains problems that Chayes hoped would ignite classroom discussion and critical analysis, since, as he pointed out, most of these problems do not arise before courts or arbitral tribunals, but are debated by parties, under pressure from a variety of sources including NGOs and domestic lobbyists, during the policy decision-making process. Philip Heymann once said: “For Abe, problems were there to give joy to the people who tackled them.” _NEWLINE_Most recently, in his book The New Sovereignty: Compliance with International Regulatory Agreements, Chayes and Antonia Handler Chayes, his wife and co-author, sought to understand what states, international organizations, officials, and other actors do when they implement, or try to implement, regulatory treaties. These collaborative efforts, taking place within a complex web of norms, rules, and practices, attempt to raise levels of party compliance to acceptable levels. Although treaties are sometimes equipped with sanctioning provisions, “teeth” to enforce treaty compliance, Chayes argued that these coercive economic sanctions reflect an easy but incorrect analogy to domestic legal systems, where the coercive power of the state is thought to play an influential role in enforcing national laws. He believed economic sanctions are costly, not only the state that is believed to be defying its treaty obligations, but also on the sanctioning state. Not only are the intended results of economic sanctioning slow and not conducive to altering state behavior, but the political investment required to mobilize and maintain an economic effort in a system without any recognized hierarchy of authority is dangerously high. Alternatively, Chayes noted that unilateral enforcement is not workable because an unduly burdensome obligation would fall on this “policing state,” most likely the United States._NEWLINE_Before proposing an alternative framework that would replace the ineffective economic sanctioning model of compliance, Chayes discussed reasons for noncompliance. He stated that the principal source of noncompliance is not willful disobedience, but instead comes from the lack of clarity, capacity, and priority. First, in an effort to formulate rules that govern future conduct for a variety of players, treaties often result in ambiguous language that does not provide determinate answers to disputed questions of interpretation. Second, states have inherent limitations on the capacity to comply. For example, although a state might have enacted implementing legislation, it will still need to create an effective regulatory enforcement system to ensure the laws are being followed. Additionally, other limitations of scientific and technical judgments, bureaucratic capability, and fiscal resources come into play. Lastly, regulatory treaties often require significant changes in economic or social systems that, by its very nature, take time and can lead to a deceptive picture of state noncompliance. Chayes cites to examples including global efforts to protect human rights by international agreements._NEWLINE_As against this enforcement model, Chayes proposed an alternative managerial model of compliance, relying on a problem-solving, cooperative approach instead of a coercive one. He suggests an array of activities to ensure compliance. First, Chayes highlighted the need for transparency, including the development of data on performance through self-reporting and verification to check the reliability of reported data, both through state verification systems and, as a less formal and costly alternative, in the form of external checks from other states and nongovernmental scientific interest groups. Second, Chayes proposed informal dispute settlement measures, suggesting compulsory conciliation that would result in nonbinding recommendations. This would ensure that conciliation efforts would be able to address a broad range of disputes, while maintaining principles of sovereignty by not forcing parties to accept the decisions reached. Third, deficits in technical and bureaucratic capability and financial resources can be healed through treaty provisions that expressly provide for technical assistance to those states that are incapable of compliance due to these domestic handicaps. Fourth, Chayes combined the elements of transparency, dispute settlement, and capacity building into a broader process of “jawboning” – the effort to persuade the violator to change its ways. This can be accomplished through discourse among the parties, the treaty organization, and the international community. Chayes argued that in an international system that is increasingly interdependent, states no longer have the freedom to act independently, but instead must submit to the pressures of international regulation. He thereby cites Robert D. Putnam “The sanction for violating [the norms and expectations generated by this network] is not penal, but exclusion from the network of solidarity and cooperation.” Throughout the book, Chayes stressed the importance of the international legal process in creating and sustaining regulatory treaties, noting how the need for improving compliance can be accomplished by cooperative problem-solving by international society. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1996 he received the Peace Advocacy Award, with his wife, Antonia Handler Chayes, from the Massachusetts chapter of the Lawyers Alliance for World Security. In 1999-2000, Professor Chayes led a team of lawyers suing Slobodan Milošević in the U.S. Courts for genocide in Kosovo, and helped investigate corruption in Bosnia. He continued to work on international environmental law, teach, and serve on the Harvard interdisciplinary group on climate change. In 1999 he received the Harvard Law School Association Award (HLSA) recognizing his service as an "inspirational teacher and distinguished scholar, advocate for the rights of sovereign nations and the protection of the global environment, [and] beloved mentor to generations of Harvard Law students." The Law School celebrated his career with two days of panels and events concerning issues in international law on April 23–24, 1999._NEWLINE_Abram Chayes was heralded by many as “a wonderfully gregarious man” who, throughout his tenure at Harvard Law School, always “could be counted upon to greet the newest faculty recruits with genuine ebullience, curiosity and good-will.” His abundant good faith and zest for life spilled over into his intellectual endeavors, allowing him to truly foster a new way of thinking about the international law and the way it impacts world affairs. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abram Chayes married Antonia (Toni) Handler on December 24, 1947; they had five children, including journalist Sarah Chayes as well as Eve, Gayle, Lincoln, and Angelica Chayes. Antonia Handler Chayes served as Undersecretary of the Air Force in the Carter Administration, and is a current Professor of Practice of International Politics and Law at The Fletcher School, Tufts University.

12025853146742430789

Q4669371

_START_ARTICLE_ Abram Litton _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abram Litton (May 1814 in Dublin, Ireland – September 22, 1901 in St. Louis, Missouri) was Washington University in St. Louis's first professor of chemistry who served as the acting chancellor during 1869–1870._NEWLINE_Litton's family emigrated from Ireland to Nashville, Tennessee when he was three years old. He graduated from the University of Nashville at age 17. In 1839, he moved to Europe to study chemistry. Three years later, he returned to the United States to accept the Professorship of Chemistry at Washington University in St. Louis. In 1843, he became Professor of Chemistry in the St. Louis Medical College. He held that position for fifty years and died in 1901 at age 87.

800342644098519525

Q1135217

_START_ARTICLE_ Abu Saiba _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abu Saiba is very well known of its farms, though, most of these farms have vanished as a result of the negligence and the lack of support by the government for local farmers. The visitor to the village may still find some old houses in the village narrow lanes and corridors._NEWLINE_Abu Saiba's Hussainia is a famous religious place in Abu Saiba Village. The construction of this architectural masterpiece was completed in January 2007. It can accommodate two thousand people in its basement and ground levels. This hussania has become a tourist attraction that attracts many foreign visitors.

11393913831524115431

Q4670340

_START_ARTICLE_ Abu Salim al-Ayyashi _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Abu Salim al-'Ayyashi was born on 4 May 1628 in the Berber tribe of ait Ayyash living in the Middle Moroccan Atlas. His father was the head of a zawiyya. Al-Ayyashi lived and studied in Fez and joined the Sufi order of the Nasiriyya in Tamegroute. He travelled three times to the Hejaz in 1649, 1653 and 1661 and stayed for long periods in Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem and Cairo.

12214373122097102554

Q67015410

_START_ARTICLE_ Abubakar Buba Atare _START_SECTION_ Educational Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ His Royal Highness attended Abubakar Tafawa Balewa University staff school Bauchi for his primary education, then proceeded to federal Government college Kwali in Abuja and subsequently federal government college Billiri in Gombe State for his secondary education. he was admitted into University of Abuja to study Geography which he later left to enrolled in Middlesex University London (Dubai Campus) where he graduated with B.Sc. Hons Software Engineering with IT & BIS.

18151065594400227907

Q9562431

_START_ARTICLE_ Acacia atrox _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The shrub has a dense and multi-branched habit and typically grows to a height of 2 to 4 m (6 ft 7 in to 13 ft 1 in) and is able to spread and create thickets by suckering. The light green sessile phyllodes have a quadrangular shape and have a yellow nerve at apex of each angle. The phyllodes have a length of 1.5 to 4.5 cm (0.59 to 1.77 in) and a width of 1 to 1.3 mm (0.039 to 0.051 in). The rudimentary inflorescences are found on one or two branched racemes with an axes that has a length of 1 mm (0.039 in). The spherical flower-heads globular have a diameter of 5 to 7 mm (0.20 to 0.28 in) and contain 17 to 22 flowers. _START_SECTION_ Taxonomy _START_PARAGRAPH_ The species was first formally described by the botanist Peter Kodela in 2001 as part of the work Acacia atrox (Fabaceae: Mimosoideae), a new rare species from the North Western Slopes, New South Wales as published in the journal Telopea. It was reclassified as Racosperma atrox by Leslie Pedley in 2003 thentransferred back o the genus Acacia in 2011. _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ It has a limited distribution around the Inverell area in the north western slopes of New South Wales where it is found on slopes and low hills growing in clay soils over basalt, on basalt in cleared areas or as part of open well grassed Eucalyptus woodland communities.

4129641841063219394

Q4671323

_START_ARTICLE_ Academies Act 2010 _START_SECTION_ Provisions _START_PARAGRAPH_ An Academy may be set up under section 1 of the Act by virtue of an agreement between the Secretary of State for Education and any other person. Alternatively, maintained schools may be converted into academies by an Academy Order made under section 4 of the Act, provided that the governing body of the school has applied under section 3 or the school is eligible for intervention under sections 60-62 of the Education and Inspections Act 2006. Academies established under section 1 will be charities in addition to receiving funding from the central government. Academies will also be free to set their own curriculum, as long as it is "broad and balanced" meeting the standards set in section 78 of the Education Act 2002. The Act will only affect schools in England. _START_SECTION_ Initial schools _START_PARAGRAPH_ Prior to the 2010 General Election there were 203 academies in England. After the election the new Education Secretary Michael Gove sent a letter to all publicly funded schools inviting them to become academies. Within three weeks, 70% of all outstanding secondary schools expressed interest. Of the 1,567 schools initially expressing interest, 828 were rated "outstanding" and could be fast-tracked into academies by September 2010. An analysis of the list applicants for academy status by the Times Educational Supplement reported that the list was "dominated" by schools from middle class areas, particularly the Home Counties. For example, 12% of schools in Kent applied compared to less than 2% in Middlesbrough. A later list published by the Department for Education said a total of 1,907 schools had expressed an interest._NEWLINE_By 23 July 2010, 153 schools in England had applied for academy status. The list included 12 faith schools and more than 20 grammar schools. Ultimately, 32 new academies (including seven primary schools) opened under the provisions of the Act in the autumn term of 2010. A further 110 schools (including 40 primaries) are planned to convert at a later date. By January 2011 a total of 407 primary and secondary schools with academy status existed (twice as many as before the 2010 election), with the 371 secondary academies representing 11% of the total number of secondary schools. _START_SECTION_ Reaction and analysis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Opposition MPs and the Conservative chair of the Education Select Committee Graham Stuart accused the government of "rushing" the bill through Parliament, to which the government replied that there was "ample time" to debate the bill. Julian Glover said the "rush hides not the enormity but the thinness of the measure; opposition outrage enhancing the impression that something big must be under way" and the Act "concedes no new powers of any importance"._NEWLINE_The Act aims to enshrine greater freedoms for schools given academy status. Janet Daley says this will liberate schools from "monolithic local authority control" while journalist Toby Young said the Act will revitalise the goal of the existing academies system to provide an increased level of choice for parents. Professor Alan Smithers of the University of Buckingham said that the plan to increase autonomy for a select number of schools will be divisive and disadvantaged children would lose out. Supporters say that the "pupil premium" (which is not included within the Academies Act but will be brought forward in forthcoming legislation) will countermand this by allocating extra funds for schools with a greater intake of disadvantaged children._NEWLINE_Criticism of provisions in the Act have also come from the British Humanist Association, the Local Government Information Unit, the Liberal Democrat Education Association teachers' unions, the Campaign for Science and Engineering, the Institute of Education and Sir Peter Newsam, former Chief Schools Adjudicator. The element of the Act which eliminates the requirement for there to be local consultation was criticised as undemocratic by education lawyers and the National Governors' Association. The National Grammar Schools Association warned grammar schools against becoming academies, saying that "there are fears that academies may not be legally defined as 'maintained' schools, in which case they may lose the statutory protection of requiring a parental ballot before they are turned into comprehensive schools."

14692937125471143246

Q30324114

_START_ARTICLE_ Access to public information in Bosnia and Herzegovina _START_PARAGRAPH_ Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right to access information held by public bodies also known as "right to know". Access to public information is considered of fundamental importance for the effective functioning of democratic systems, as it enhances governments' and public officials' accountability, boosting people participation and allowing their informed participation into public life. The fundamental premise of the right to access public information is that the information held by governmental institutions is in principle public and may be concealed only on the basis of legitimate reasons which should be detailed in the law. _NEWLINE_Bosnia and Herzegovina was one of the first countries in the Balkans to adopt the Freedom of Access to Information Act, at the State level in 2000, and then in 2001 in both of its entities, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska. However, according to some experts the law requires changes to address a series of shortcomings that have been identified over the years. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Due to the specific circumstances and the way in which it was created, the Constitution of Bosnia and Herzegovina, annex IV of Dayton Peace Agreement did not pay much attention to the right to information. The development of freedom of information legislation was initiated with a decision of the High Representative in 1999. The Decision asked the State and the Entities to adopt such a legislation. The consultation process for drafting the law involved the Organisation for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE)’s legal experts and extensive public discussions with citizens and civil society groups. The Act was adopted by the Bosnia and Herzegovina State Government in October 2000, and the Republika Srpska Government in May 2001. _START_SECTION_ Legal framework _START_PARAGRAPH_ The laws establish a general right of the public to access the information held by public authorities/organs “to the greatest extent possible consistent with the public interest”. Therefore, the laws establish a general obligation of making all relevant information public, except for some cases falling under the exceptions defined by the law. Access to public information applies to information held by all public organs (legislative, judiciary, executive and administrative) and regardless of their format (written documents, digital data, audio or video records, etc.) as well as to legal persons owner or controlled by public bodies, such as public enterprises, public schools, universities, state agencies, etc. On the contrary, it does not apply to private organisations, private companies and the commercial sector. The laws entitle every person, regardless of his or her citizenship, nationality, ethnicity, or place of residence, the right to access to public information. Journalists and media outlet do not have more rights compared with other requesters. The prescribed period of time for obtaining the requested information is 15 days from the submission of the request. Under the FOI laws, public authorities are both obliged to provide access to documents and records and to publish the most important information without a request (proactive disclosure). Rules for proactive publication apply to information on institutions’ budget, regular activities and decision-making. _START_SECTION_ Exceptions _START_PARAGRAPH_ In line with international standards, access to information laws in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and in Republika Srpska establish that in some cases public information can be withheld on a legal basis. Specifically, three cases of exceptions are foreseen: first, when there is the possibility that disclosing information can cause a significant damage to legitimate functions of the government (national security, defence, monetary policy issues, prevention of crime, etc.); second, the exceptions can be applied to protect commercial interests; and, third, to protect personal interests and privacy of a third party. The application of these exceptions is not automatic: in effect, in order to reject the application on the basis of the exceptions established in the law, authorities have to make the public interest test, meaning considering whether and how the disclosure of information is harming other protected interests.The public interest test is inspired by the most advanced international standards on the right of access to public information. Compared with similar laws in the Western Balkans, only the laws of Serbia and Croatia prescribe such a test. Exceptions are applied only after a case-by-case analysis of every case and specific circumstances related to each request. Labeling a whole category of information as exemption is forbidden. _START_SECTION_ Access to public information in practice _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Bosnia and Herzegovina some NGOs contribute to enforce the law on access to public information as well as to monitor its application and collect relevant data through the submission of FOI requests and the start of appeal procedures. This is the case, for instance, of the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN), Transparency International (Bosnia and Herzegovina), or the Sarajevo-based Center for Investigative Journalism (CIN)._NEWLINE_According to a report prepared by the Association of journalists of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the country's Press Council, the vast majority of Bosnians (around 93%) believe that there are several limitations to the right of access to public information in practice. At the same, public opinion in Bosnia and Herzegovina is largely not fully aware of their rights with regard to access to public information._NEWLINE_When it comes to the application of the law, problems range from inconsistent interpretation of the law by different public bodies, unwillingness to apply it, to non-harmonisation of FOI laws with other laws._NEWLINE_Specifically, one of the major deficiency of freedom of information laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina is the weakness of the provisions concerning the appeal procedures in case the request is rejected. The FOI law of the Republika Srpska does not stipulate an appeal procedure at all. Another problem concerns the lack of compliance with other existing laws that exclude or significantly reduce the right to free access to information in practice both in the Federation and in the Republika Srpska. Also, experts have identified among the shortcomings hindering the application of FOI laws in Bosnia and Herzegovina the lack of an effective system for monitoring their application. Only a small number of public bodies comply with the obligation to publish the information on the number of received questions related to freedom of information on a regular basis._NEWLINE_In 2013-16 in order to test the implementation of FOI laws, the Balkan Investigative Reporting Network (BIRN) submitted a series of requests for accessing documents to different public bodies in the country at all level. Half of BIRN's requests for information were rejected, while the remaining 50 per cent were only partially granted._NEWLINE_Also, according to Transparency International - Bosnia and Herzegovina only 40% of public enterprises in Republika Srpska and 27% in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina provides the requested information within the timeframe established by the law. In 37% of cases examined by Transparency International the fulfillment of the procedure lasts more than one month, even if the law stipulates that the information requested must be provided in maximum 15 days.

11290722928965141428

Q30324084

_START_ARTICLE_ Access to public information in Moldova _START_PARAGRAPH_ Access to public information and freedom of information (FOI) refer to the right to access information held by public bodies also known as "right to know". Access to public information is considered of fundamental importance for the effective functioning of democratic systems, as it enhances governments' and public officials' accountability, boosting people participation and allowing their informed participation into public life. The fundamental premise of the right to access public information is that the information held by governmental institutions is in principle public and may be concealed only on the basis of legitimate reasons which should be detailed in the law. _NEWLINE_Access to information, just as media independence and pluralism remain critical issues in the Republic of Moldova. Despite numerous calls for media legislation reform, the government of Moldova has not made significant steps to improve access to information according to the country's international obligations, including a convention with the Council of Europe. Public officials widely impede access to public information through refusals, delays or incomplete answers, without sanctions. In 2014, the Independent Journalism Center (IJC) presented to Parliament amendments to improve the law on access to information, provide additional guarantees for journalists and limit unjustified limitations of access to public information by public officials. However, the draft law has not yet been adopted. According to the Executive Director of the Association of Independent Press, Petru Macovei, overall the law on access to information is good, but it is compromised by a non-collaborative attitude of the public authorities. _START_SECTION_ Legal framework _START_PARAGRAPH_ The right to access public information in guaranteed by Article 34 of the Moldovan Constitution and is regulated by the Law on Access to Information which was adopted in 2000. The law establishes that information of public interest can be requested in writing or orally. Information can be consulted at the institution’s premises or can be received stored in an electronic support or in hardcopy. Viewing documents on the institution’s premises is free of charge, while reasonable fees can be charged for the cost of photocopying, transcribing, translating or delivering the documents. According to the law, documents of public interest must be provided within 15 working days, which can be extended by five days in case of requests of large numbers of documents. If the request is rejected, the applicant can exercise its right of appeal to the relevant courts, and if the court decides on behalf of the applicant, the law imposes penalties in form of fines to the government body which has violated the law. Exceptions justifying limitation to the disclosure regime are specified in the law and include state secrets, information on the military, intelligence, economic, foreign policy or criminal proceedings, information concerning ongoing lawsuit, personal data, confidential business data, and preliminary results of scientific and technical research. _START_SECTION_ Access to information in practice _START_PARAGRAPH_ In practice, compliance with the Law on Access to Information remains weak just as its implementation which is not supported by the full authority of the bodies responsible for its enforcement. The Ombudsman in Moldova has the authority to supervise the implementation of the law, but this office lacks the capacity and the resources to exercise its role. Investigative journalists and civil society organisations face numerous difficulties when requesting access to public information, including obstruction by public officials, refusals and delays in replying to requests, as well as incomplete responses to requests for information. To justify their denials, public officials frequently cite laws that conflict with the Law on Access to Information, in particular the Law on State Secrets and the Law on Trade Secrets._NEWLINE_One of the problem in enforcing the right to access public information is impunity, meaning that the law establishes only insignificant fines on public offices who fail to provide due access to information. Also, in many cases, the information provided by state bodies is shaped in the officials' favor, giving the impression that authorities are behaving in compliance with the law, while in fact depriving the requester the information they are seeking. Moreover, in many cases officials do not provide public interest information without the approval from a supervisor and often refuse to answers telephone calls from journalists, thus increasing the time for getting the required information._NEWLINE_Another problem concerns the costs for obtaining public information and the fees charged to the requester, despite some improvements made recently, such as the introduction of a public register through the E-Government service in 2014. This affects in particular newsrooms and investigative journalists that must pay large sums of money for getting data useful for their investigative work.

15078610343279236369

Q250058

_START_ARTICLE_ Accounts payable _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ An accounts payable is recorded in the Account Payable sub-ledger at the time an invoice is vouched for payment. Vouchered, or vouched, means that an invoice is approved for payment and has been recorded in the General Ledger or AP subledger as an outstanding, or open, liability because it has not been paid. Payables are often categorized as Trade Payables, payables for the purchase of physical goods that are recorded in Inventory, and Expense Payables, payables for the purchase of goods or services that are expensed. Common examples of Expense Payables are advertising, travel, entertainment, office supplies and utilities. AP is a form of credit that suppliers offer to their customers by allowing them to pay for a product or service after it has already been received. Suppliers offer various payment terms for an invoice. Payment terms may include the offer of a cash discount for paying _NEWLINE_an invoice within a defined number of days. For example, 2%, Net 30 terms mean that the payer will deduct 2% from the invoice if payment is made_NEWLINE_within 30 days. If the payment is made on Day 31 then the full amount is paid. This is also referred to as 2/10 Net 30._NEWLINE_In households, accounts payable are ordinarily bills from the electric company, telephone company, cable television or satellite dish service, newspaper subscription, and other such regular services. Householders usually track and pay on a monthly basis by hand using cheques, credit cards or internet banking. In a business, there is usually a much broader range of services in the AP file, and accountants or bookkeepers usually use accounting software to track the flow of money into this liability account when they receive invoices and out of it when they make payments. Increasingly, large firms are using specialized Accounts Payable automation solutions (commonly called ePayables) to automate the paper and manual elements of processing an organization's invoices._NEWLINE_Commonly, a supplier will ship a product, issue an invoice, and collect payment later. This is a cash conversion cycle, or a period of time during which the supplier has already paid for raw materials but hasn't been paid in return by the final customer._NEWLINE_When the invoice is received by the purchaser, it is matched to the packing slip and purchase order, and if all is in order, the invoice is paid. This is referred to as the three-way match. The three-way match can slow down the payment process, so the method may be modified. For example, three-way matching may be limited solely to large-value invoices, or the matching is automatically approved if the received quantity is within a certain percentage of the amount authorized in the purchase order. Invoice processing automation software handles the matching process differently depending upon the business rules put in place during the creation of the workflow process. The simplest case is the two way matching between the invoice itself and the purchase order. _START_SECTION_ Internal controls _START_PARAGRAPH_ A variety of checks against abuse are usually present to prevent embezzlement by accounts payable personnel. Segregation of duties is a common control. In countries where cheques payment are common nearly all companies have a junior employee process and print a cheque and a senior employee review and sign the cheque. Often, the accounting software will limit each employee to performing only the functions assigned to them, so that there is no way any one employee – even the controller – can singlehandedly make a payment._NEWLINE_Some companies also separate the functions of adding new vendors and entering vouchers. This makes it impossible for an employee to add himself as a vendor and then cut a cheque to himself without colluding with another employee. This file is referred to as the master vendor file. It is the repository of all significant information about the company's suppliers. It is the reference point for accounts payable when it comes to paying invoices._NEWLINE_In addition, most companies require a second signature on cheques whose amount exceeds a specified threshold._NEWLINE_Accounts payable personnel must watch for fraudulent invoices. In the absence of a purchase order system, the first line of defense is the approving manager. However, AP staff should become familiar with a few common problems, such as "Yellow Pages" ripoffs in which fraudulent operators offer to place an advertisement. The walking-fingers logo has never been trademarked, and there are many different Yellow Pages-style directories, most of which have a small distribution. According to an article in the Winter 2000 American Payroll Association's Employer Practices, "Vendors may send documents that look like invoices but in small print they state "this is not a bill." These may be charges for directory listings or advertisements. Recently, some companies have begun sending what appears to be a rebate or refund check; in reality, it is a registration for services that is activated when the document is returned with a signature."_NEWLINE_In accounts payable, a simple mistake can cause a large overpayment. A common example involves duplicate invoices. An invoice may be temporarily misplaced or still in the approval status when the vendors calls to inquire into its payment status. After the AP staff member looks it up and finds it has not been paid, the vendor sends a duplicate invoice; meanwhile the original invoice shows up and gets paid. Then the duplicate invoice arrives and inadvertently gets paid as well, perhaps under a slightly different invoice. _START_SECTION_ Audits of accounts payable _START_PARAGRAPH_ Auditors often focus on the existence of approved invoices, expense reports, and other supporting documentation to support cheques that were cut. The presence of a confirmation or statement from the supplier is reasonable proof of the existence of the account. It is not uncommon for some of this documentation to be lost or misfiled by the time the audit rolls around. An auditor may decide to expand the sample size in such situations._NEWLINE_Auditors typically prepare an aging structure of accounts payable for a better understanding of outstanding debts over certain periods (30, 60, 90 days, etc.). Such structures are helpful in the correct presentation of the balance sheet as of fiscal year end. _START_SECTION_ Automation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Accounts payable automation or AP automation is the ongoing effort of many companies to streamline the business process of their accounts payable departments. The accounts payable department's main responsibility is to process and review transactions between the company and its suppliers. In other words, it is the accounts payable department's job to make sure all outstanding invoices from their suppliers are approved, processed, and paid. Processing an invoice includes recording important data from the invoice and inputting it into the company’s financial, or bookkeeping, system. After this is accomplished, the invoices must go through the company’s respective business process in order to be paid._NEWLINE_This process is straightforward but can become very cumbersome, especially if the company has a very large number of invoices. This problem is compounded when invoices that require processing are on paper. This can lead to lost invoices, human error during data entry, and invoice duplicates. These and other problems lead to a high cost per invoice metric. The goal of automating the accounts payable department is to streamline this invoicing process, eliminate potential human error, and lower the cost per invoice_NEWLINE_Some of the most common AP automation solutions include E-invoicing, scanning and workflow, online tracking, reporting capabilities, electronic invoice user interfaces, supplier networks, payment services and spend analytics for all invoices._NEWLINE_Electronic Invoicing can be a very useful tool for the AP department. Electronic invoicing allows vendors to submit invoices over the internet and have those invoices automatically routed and processed. Because invoice arrival and presentation is almost immediate invoices are paid sooner; therefore, the amount of time and money it takes to process these invoices is greatly reduced. (Financial Operations Networks, 2008) These solutions usually involve a third party company that provides and supports an application which allows a supplier to submit an electronic invoice to their customer for immediate routing, approval, and payment. These applications are tied to databases which archive transaction information between trading partners. (US Bank, Scott Hesse, 2010) The invoices may be submitted in a number of ways, including EDI, CSV, or XML uploads, PDF files, or online invoice templates. Because E-invoicing includes so many different technologies and entry options, it is an umbrella category for any method by which an invoice is electronically presented to a customer for payment. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since the mid 1960s companies have begun to establish data links between their trading partners to transfer documents, such as invoices and purchase orders. Inspired by the idea of a paperless office and more reliable transfer of data, they developed the first EDI systems. These systems were unique to the respective company that developed them, meaning they were difficult to deploy across a large number of corporations. Recognizing this, the Accredited Standards Committee X12—a standards institution under the umbrella of ANSI—made preparations to standardize EDI processes. This resulted in what is known today as the ANSI X12 EDI standard._NEWLINE_This remained the main way to exchange transactional data between trading partners for nearly 3 decades. The 1990s came with advances in internet technology. Companies began to appear offering more robust user interface web applications with functions that catered to both supplier and customer. These new web-based applications allowed for online submission of individual invoices as well as EDI file uploads. Along with other methods of file uploads including CSV and XML. These services allow suppliers to present invoices to their customers for matching and approval via a user-friendly web application. Suppliers can also see a history of all the invoices they submitted to their customer without having direct access to the customers' systems. This is because all the transactional information is stored in the data centers of the third party company that provides the invoicing web app. This proprietary information can be regulated by the customer in order to control how much transactional information the vendor is allowed to see. (For example, payment dates, or check information)._NEWLINE_As companies advance into the digital era, more and more are switching to electronic invoicing services to automate their accounts payable departments. Some even believe it to be an industry standard in the near future. According to a report done by the GXS team in 2013, Europe is adopting government legislation encouraging businesses to adopt electronic invoicing practices. The United States has no such legislation yet but does recognize the value of this technology. The US Treasury estimated that implementing e-invoicing across the entire federal government would reduce cost by 50% and save $450 million annually._NEWLINE_With the increasing availability of robotic solutions, businesses are driving process improvement in AP even further. By applying end-to-end robotic process automation or RPA to their accounts payable department, organizations can accelerate invoice processing speed and accuracy while improving operational costs. Some organizations report that by implementing RPA they have managed to almost completely eliminate human intervention from the AP process, thus saving 65% to 75% of the time that was previously had spent on manual processing.

14207714817669679184

Q17010799

_START_ARTICLE_ Accrediting Commission for Community and Junior Colleges _START_SECTION_ The accreditation process _START_PARAGRAPH_ The accreditation process is premised on the idea that the ACCJC and the colleges together shape the values and best practices of the educational community into the policies, requirements, and standards by which colleges are evaluated. It is the Commission's policy that the ACCJC and its member institutions share this right and responsibility._NEWLINE_Accreditation processes vary among regional commissions. The ACCJC requires member colleges to carry out a self-study, compose a report, and undergo peer review every six years. In short, the ACCJC process consists of two elements: the college's evaluation of itself and the ACCJC's evaluation of the college. These evaluations determine the extent to which the college is meeting the ACCJC's policies, requirements, and standards, and their purpose is to help the school improve itself. However, while the ACCJC and its representatives are considered peers of the college they are evaluating, ultimately it is the ACCJC, not the college, that will decide the college’s accreditation status and any subsequent steps the college must take to better this status._NEWLINE_On August 13, 2013, the ACCJC was found to be in violation of federal regulations concerning its accreditation process. In a letter sent to the president of the ACCJC, the U.S. Department of Education stated that the ACCJC must remedy the problems or risk termination of its federal recognition as an accrediting body._NEWLINE_As of January 20, 2015, State Chancellor Brice Harris issued a proposed change to the California Code of Regulations that would remove the ACCJC as the sole accrediting commission for California community colleges. On November 16, 2015, the Board of Governors voted 14-0, with one abstention, to direct Chancellor Harris to create a plan to replace the ACCJC and come up with a timeline by its March, 2016 meeting. Any such transition will take several years to execute, due to the lengthy and rolling nature of accreditation cycles and approval requirements by the U.S. Department of Education. _NEWLINE_According to the ACCJC 2011 newsletter, Heald was scheduled to undergo a comprehensive evaluation by the ACCJC in fall 2012. _START_SECTION_ The self-study _START_PARAGRAPH_ The self-study is an extensive research project by which the college examines itself and makes plans for improvement in the context of the ACCJC’s policies, eligibility requirements, and standards. The ACCJC maintains dozens of policies, including "Review of Commission Actions." There are twenty-one eligibility requirements, ranging from “Authority (to Operate as an Educational Institution)” to "Relations with the Accrediting Commission." There are four areas of standards: “Institutional Mission and Effectiveness,” “Student Learning Programs and Services,” “Resources,” and “Leadership and Guidance.” The standards state the practices of an “effective institution.” The ACCJC considers an institution effective when it “ensures that its resources and processes support student learning, continually assesses that learning, and pursues institutional excellence and improvement.” The ACCJC emphasizes that this self-study must have the widespread involvement of faculty, staff, administration, students, and trustees to ensure that its conclusions are accurate and authoritative, reflecting the college as it is and projecting the college it wants to become. _START_SECTION_ The self-study report _START_PARAGRAPH_ The college composes and organizes the self-study report, which typically runs several hundred pages or more, along the lines of the ACCJC’s policies, requirements, and standards. The bulk of the report is the college’s discussion of its adherence to the standards. Here the college must provide a summary of current processes and products, an analysis of the extent to which the college meets the standards, and evidence to support the summary and analysis. When pertinent, the college also adds “planning agendas” to guide its self-improvement. It then submits this report to the ACCJC in preparation for the ACCJC sending a "visiting" team to the site to "validate" the college's account of itself. Participants on the visiting team are volunteers drawn from other ACCJC member colleges. _START_SECTION_ The site visit _START_PARAGRAPH_ The visiting team examines evidence, conducts interviews, and attends meetings of college committees and councils. When the team is done with its work, it delivers a preliminary oral exit report to the college. Subsequently, the team composes the written team report, which it delivers in draft form both to the ACCJC and to the college. This draft includes the visiting team's commendations and recommendations for addressing deficiencies. The college has the opportunity to correct factual errors in this report before it is considered a final draft. _START_SECTION_ Commission Action _START_PARAGRAPH_ On the basis of the college's self-study report, the site team's visit, the site team's report, documents from previous evaluations, and evidence of student learning and achievement, the nineteen-member Commission determines the accreditation status of the college. It announces this status to the college in an action letter and to the public through ACCJC announcements. This action letter also lists the Commission's "official" recommendations. For a college seeking reaffirmation, there are in general two possibilities. The ACCJC can reaffirm the college's accreditation, or it can sanction the college. The sanctions are of three kinds: Warning, Probation, and Show Cause. If sanctioned, the college maintains its accreditation, but the ACCJC withholds reaffirmation until the college addresses the matters that led to sanction. The ACCJC will also require the sanctioned college to provide one or more follow-up reports to confirm that it is in fact fulfilling the Commission's recommendations. Often the ACCJC will also require follow-up site visits. Very rarely does the ACCJC terminate a college's accreditation._NEWLINE_The ACCJC generated 89% of all sanctions issued nationwide between 2003 and 2008._NEWLINE_From June 2011 to June 2012, the ACCJC issued 64% of the seventy-five sanctions issued_NEWLINE_nationwide._NEWLINE_A grant for $450,000 from the Lumina Foundation to "explore the usefulness of the Degree Qualifications Profile (DQP)" was received by the ACCJC._NEWLINE_In 2013, the ACCJC declared that it would pull the accreditation of, and thus shut down, City College of San Francisco. The ACCJC was sued in San Francisco Superior Court in three lawsuits by Dennis Herrera, San Francisco District Attorney; the American Federation of Teachers union local 2121, representing college faculty; and the Save CCSF Coalition of faculty, staff, and students. The judge appointed to hear these suits is Curtis E. A. Karnow. _START_SECTION_ Additional reports _START_PARAGRAPH_ In between these comprehensive self-studies, which occur every six years, the college provides the ACCJC a midterm report, in which the college describes and analyzes its progress on each of the commission’s recommendations, its self-identified planning agendas, and any proposed "substantive changes."_NEWLINE_Colleges also submit to the ACCJC annual reports on student learning and achievement and on fiscal matters.

2948260599554528653

Q1476368

_START_ARTICLE_ Acergy _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company started as the Haugesund based Stolt Nielsen Seaway and offered divers for the exploration of the North Sea in 1970. The company was part of the Stolt-Nielsen Group. In 1989 the company expanded to Aberdeen and in 1992 the company acquired the French diving company Comex Services. In 1997 the company won its first ultra-deepwater contract off West Africa, resulting in the acquisition of Houston based Ceanic Corporation, Danish NKT Flexibles and ETPM of France._NEWLINE_In 2000 the company changed its name to Stolt Offshore. In 2005 the Stolt-Nielsen Group sold its ownership in the company and listed it on the Oslo Stock Exchange and NASDAQ. As of 1 March 2006 the company changed its name to Acergy._NEWLINE_On 21 June 2010 the combination of Acergy S.A. and Subsea 7 Inc. was announced and was completed on 7 January 2011. The new entity took the Subsea 7 name while retaining Acergy's Luxembourg domicile and operational headquarters in London. The chairman and chief executive roles were filled by Kristian Siem and Jean Cahuzac, who had previously held the same roles at Subsea 7 and Acergy respectively. _START_SECTION_ Operations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company had four main operational areas: Subsea Umbilical Risers and Flowlines (SURF); Inspection, Maintenance and Repair (IMR) and Conventional Field Development. _START_SECTION_ Joint ventures _START_PARAGRAPH_ Main Joint Ventures included: Seaway Heavy Lifting in Netherlands, NKT Flexibles in Denmark, SapuraAcergy in Malaysia, Global Oceon Engineers in Nigeria. _START_SECTION_ Assets _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ships: Acergy Condor, Acergy Discovery, Acergy Eagle, Acergy Falcon, Acergy Harrier, Acergy Hawk, Acergy Legend, Acergy Osprey, Acergy Petrel, Acergy Viking, Far Saga (time charter), Skandi Acergy (time charter), Pertinacia, Polar Queen, Polarbjørn (time charter), Sapura 3000 (owned by SapuraAcergy Joint Venture), Stanislav Yudin (owned by Seaway Heavy Lifting Joint Venture), Oleg Strashnov (newbuild, owned by Seaway Heavy Lifting Joint Venture), Acergy Havila (Newbuild), Acergy Borealis (newbuild), Seven Waves (newbuild 2013)_NEWLINE_Barges: Acergy Polaris, Antares, Acergy Orion

14712182244007786120

Q65089897

_START_ARTICLE_ Achan Subdivision _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Achan Subdivision was built around 1912 as the northernmost extension of the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway, which extended from Bradley Junction south to Boca Grande on Gasparilla Island. The extension north to Mulberry allowed the Charlotte Harbor and Northern to serve more phosphate facilities in Mulberry. It also served the now defunct town of Pierce, a town built to house workers of the American Agricultural Chemicals Company, which built and owned the Charlotte Harbor and Northern Railway. Pierce was also the location of a phosphate drying plant.

15303208806538399477

Q302029

_START_ARTICLE_ Achilleid _START_SECTION_ Composition _START_PARAGRAPH_ Based upon three references to the poem in the Silvae, the Achilleid seems to have been composed between 94 and 96 CE. At Silvae 4. 7. 21–24, Statius complains that he lacks the motivation to make progress upon his "Achilles" without the company of his friend C. Vibius Maximus who was travelling in Dalmatia (and to whom poem is addressed)._NEWLINE_Statius apparently overcame this self-described writer's block, for in a poem from the posthumously published fifth book of the Silvae he refers to an upcoming recitation of a section from the Achilleid. This reference is believed to date from the summer of 95, and Statius presumably died later that year or early in the next, leaving the Achilleid unfinished. _START_SECTION_ Poetic models _START_PARAGRAPH_ Statius' primary models are Homer and the poems of the epic cycle which touch on the life of Achilles. In the opening of the Achilleid, Statius asks that his poem not stop with the death of Hector (nec in Hectore tracto sistere 1.6) as the Iliad does but that it continue through the whole Trojan cycle, invoking these two important models. His style in the Achilleid has been seen as far more reminiscent of Ovid than Virgil, his major influence in the composition of the Thebaid. Statius tried to revise the image of the Homeric Achilles with the "Achilleid," just as Ovid did for the Virgilian Aeneas. While doing this, they also exploited the tension between the accepted epic narrative and competing traditions pertaining to the heroes' lives._NEWLINE_On account of its unfinished state, the Achilleid, it is often referred to as a "fragment," but this is a misleading label. Fragments are typically pieces of writing that have become seriously destroyed in the process of being transmitted to its audience. Statius' Achilleid is a work that is partially completed that had already been polished and presented to the world in his lifetime. The structure of the narrative is deliberate and balanced. The first words of the poem are the pseudo-Homeric patronymic that introduces Achilles through his father's father, while the last word of the poem is mother. Achilles' childhood experiences are then told in the space left vacant by his two absentee parents. _START_SECTION_ Book 2 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lines 1–22. After praying to his mother for forgiveness, Achilles sets sail from Scyros with Ulysses and Diomedes._NEWLINE_Lines 23–48. Deidamia and Achilles each grieve, separately, for the loss of the other. Ulysses tries to take Achilles' mind off his wife._NEWLINE_Lines 49–85. Ulysses tells the story of the events leading up to the war on which they are about to embark and expresses his indignation at Paris' reckless abduction of Helen and the threat that he feels toward society as a whole as a result._NEWLINE_Lines 86–167. Per Diomedes' request, Achilles tells of his youth, his hunting exploits, and the teachings of Chiron. The poem ends with the closure of Achilles' narrative. _START_SECTION_ Influence of and critical responses to the Achilleid _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Achilleid has generally received far more positive criticism than the Thebaid. One branch of this focuses on comparisons between the two poems; many scholars see a drastic difference between the "serious" and "Iliadic" Thebaid and the playful "Ovidian" Achilleid. Some have seen the Achilleid as Statius' attempt to write an entirely new multi-generic type of epic as a challenge to the Virgilian model. Others have noted the importance of female emotions and feminine characteristics in the poem. Finally, some have interpreted the character of Achilles as a subversive foil for Domitian._NEWLINE_Critics have also said that the Achilleid was a failure because Statius wrote it as an attempt to constitute an alternative epic tradition, which he was unsuccessful in doing. However, it has also been argued that Statius' alternative epic tradition has influenced some of his successors. Claudian's De raptu Proserpinae emulated Statius' alternative epic tradition, leaving his work seemingly unfinished. Claudian believed that the inevitability of Homeric and Virgilian narrative was the cause of Statius' inability to proceed. Other writers such as Dante Alighieri borrowed from Statius and thought highly of his style; Giovanni Boccaccio was inspired by him; and Geoffrey Chaucer studied and imitated Statius. The influences of Statius and the Achilleid are also clearly seen in Edmund Spenser's The Faerie Queene, especially in one Canto of Book III._NEWLINE_Statius' Achilleid also had a great impact in the realm of opera in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries across Europe. These operas raised the issues of transvestitism, biological sex, and social gender. When a woman played the character of Achilles, the audience saw a woman playing the role of a man pretending to be a woman. When a castrato played Achilles, the unveiling of the "girl" forced the observation of a contrast between the fictional character who sheds his false gender identity on Scyros and the singer who cannot. Some directors such as Giulio Strozzi, Ippolito Bentivoglio, and Carlo Capece, chose to embody the spirit of Carnival: the greatest hero of antiquity puts on a female disguise to pursue his love and sexual desires. For later writers such as Pietro Metastasio and Paolo Rolli, the myth teaches that gender is essential, in that the masculinity of Achilles is a primal force of nature that cannot be hidden, and it is a crucial component of his heroism. The first treatment of the "Achilleid" for the operatic stage was La finta pazza, "the woman feigning madness," performed in Venice in 1641. Following that was the opera, Achille in Sciro, first performed in Ferrara in 1663. _START_SECTION_ Women in the Achilleid _START_PARAGRAPH_ In ancient epic, women have been portrayed through various roles that help, hinder, and protect characters from disaster. Greek poets, such as Homer, have generally illustrated women as victims of conflict, the cause of conflict, negotiators among combatant men, and mourners of the dead. Roman poets, like Virgil, describe women in a similar light, but they also tend to complicate the portrayal of women, often depicting them as hindering a hero's destiny and stirring conflict among men._NEWLINE_In the Achilleid, classicist P. J. Heslin argues that Statius upholds the Roman trend of portraying women as "heroic blockers" with the development of Thetis' character. In the Achilleid, Thetis is a prophet, protector, and hinderer to Achilles. She desperately tries to protect Achilles from going off to fight the Trojan War, knowing that he will die in battle if he goes. Thetis's initial reaction of anger to this knowledge (inspiring her idea to sink Paris's fleet) imitates the classic anger of the goddess Juno. However, her surge in anger does not help her protect Achilles. Thetis's supplication of Neptune mirrors Venus's supplication of Neptune in the Aeneid, except Thetis's attempt fails whereas Venus's succeeds. Thetis's maternal instinct to protect her child from danger fulfills one of the typical roles women play in ancient epic. She also hinders the course of Achilles' fate by trying to change his destiny, which is to become one of the most glorified heroes in Greek history._NEWLINE_The other major female character in the Achilleid is Deidamia. Heslin argues that Achilles rapes Deidamia in order to assert his masculinity because dressing and acting like a woman makes him feel belittled. Deidamia's rape is just another example from epic tales that shows women as property, ultimately in the control of men. Her obedience to Achilles is further exemplified by her silence after the rape. After marrying Achilles, Deidamia then fulfills the role of the faithful wife waiting for her husband to return home from war._NEWLINE_Heslin illuminates how the expectations for the behavior of Roman women during Statius's life can also be seen in the Achilleid through Thetis's instructions on how Achilles should act on Scyros. Thetis criticizes his "masculine" mannerisms and leaves him on Scyros to learn more about how to act in a womanly fashion. Hence, this instruction on "womanliness" can be interpreted as insight into Rome's feminine world during Statius's lifetime.

4501995486158527905

Q4673759

_START_ARTICLE_ Achilles Hont-Pázmány _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Achilles was one of the five children of Pázmány from the kindred Hont-Pázmány. Although the genus Hont-Pázmány was one of the most illustrious clans in the Kingdom of Hungary, its Újhely branch from which Achilles descended was less prosperous. The small family lands were located in the region of the rivers Berettyó and Körös._NEWLINE_All the same, Achilles was admitted to the royal court sometime after 1225, where he was employed as royal chaplain. His early career is uncertain, because there were four namesake prelates in the Kingdom of Hungary in the 1230s and 1240s. He can most probably be identified with one Achilles, provost of the cathedral chapter of Esztergom from around 1236. When the Mongols invaded the Kingdom of Hungary in 1241, this Achilles fled to Dalmatia similarly to King Béla IV of Hungary. Since Archbishop Matthias Rátót of Esztergom was killed by the Mongols in the Battle of Mohi, Achilles administered the archdiocese for more than two years._NEWLINE_Following the withdrawal of the Mongols Provost Achilles was at least twice appointed by the pope to investigate the circumstances of appointments to higher Church offices. Achilles himself was transferred to the collegiate chapter of Székesfehérvár in September 1243. Head of the prestigious chapter, Achilles also became the vice-chancellor, the leader of the royal administration. The royal chancery started to function more uniformly under his auspices, and the registration of the charters issued by the chancery was also begun in this period. King Béla IV of Hungary granted him a landed property in Ugocsa County which suggests that the monarch also respected Achilles's work._NEWLINE_When Bishop Bartholomew le Gros of Pécs retired in 1251, King Béla IV recommended Achilles to his place. Respecting the monarch's wish, the canons of the cathedral chapter of Pécs elected Achilles bishop. The pope confirmed his election by November 23, 1251. The new bishop visited the monastery his predecessor had established for hermits on the Saint James Hill at Pécs and personally marked out the borders of its nearby properties. He also promised to make further donations to the community, but he unexpectedly died in the first months of 1252. He left his lands in Ugocsa to his relatives.

2318261528695784057