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Q28101713

_START_ARTICLE_ Barrie Bennetts _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barzillai Beckerleg Bennetts was born in Penzance in 1883 to Mr J H Bennetts, a local coal merchant. He was educated at Bridgend College, London and trained in the legal profession. By 1910 he was a solicitor for Boase and Bennetts in Penzance. He excelled in many sports and represented Cornwall at cricket, golf and hockey, and was President of the Cornwall RFU from 1945 to 1950. During the First World War he joined the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, seeing action in France and being mentioned in dispatches. At the age of 57 he saw further military service when he was one of the first, in Penzance, to volunteer for the newly formed Home Guard. Bennetts was awarded the MBE for services to the Royal National Lifeboat Institution (RNLI) in 1949 and was made a Lifetime Governorship for the RNLI in 1957. He died in 1958 at his brother's home in Alverton, Penzance. _START_SECTION_ Sports _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bennetts was an accomplished sportsman excelling in many sports including football, playing for Penzance Football Club and appearing in four Cornwall Senior Cup finals. He played cricket at minor counties level for Cornwall, making eleven appearances between 1906 and 1914. He also represented Cornwall at golf and hockey, and tennis would have probably been on the list if there was a Cornwall tennis team at the time. While in London training to be a solicitor he played rugby for Richmond. Bennetts played twice for Leicester Tigers, once in 1907 and once in 1910.

11326184974382152257

Q4863517

_START_ARTICLE_ Barrie Examiner _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Examiner was founded in 1864. Publisher William Manley Nicholson launched the paper as an alternate to the Northern Advance, which already had a strong political voice in the community of over 3,500 people._NEWLINE_In the years since then, the Examiner has changed ownership and location several times. In 1889, Nicholson sold the newspaper to Andrew F. Hunter, who later wrote two volumes of the History of Simcoe County (1909). Hunter sold his interests in 1895 to James Alexander MacLaren, a former city editor at the Chatham Daily Banner. At the time, the Examiner was located at 169 Dunlop Street East._NEWLINE_By 1909, there was a thriving competition among newspapers of the day; four weekly newspapers served the community with each presenting a different political viewpoint. In August 1914, two days before the First World War, a major fire changed the course of history at the Examiner. Although the fire caused extensive damage to the newspaper's building and equipment, MacLaren continued to publish with the help of the rival Saturday Morning weekly, owned by brothers Fred and William Walls. MacLaren set up an office in the basement of the Ross Block and used the composing room and press equipment of the Saturday Morning to keep the paper coming out. Six months later, MacLaren and William Walls joined forces to publish The Barrie Examiner and Saturday Morning._NEWLINE_Eventually, the paper's name was shortened, although the Examiner continued to publish the paper out of the Saturday Morning offices. The successful partnership lasted 25 years, until Wall's death in 1939. The next year, the Examiner bought its competitor, the Northern Advance._NEWLINE_During the post-war years, Barrie started to boom, and the Examiner grew along with it. In 1948, the Examiner began publishing twice weekly and launched a busy commercial printing business. By 1952, the paper had boosted production to three times a week — Monday, Wednesday and Friday._NEWLINE_Over the years, the Examiner was often recognized as one of the finest weekly newspapers in the country: it is a six-time winner of the Mason Trophy, as the best all-round newspaper in Canada. _NEWLINE_In 1957, the Examiner was sold to Thomson Newspapers Limited. The company immediately embarked on an expansion and began building a modern commercial printing plant at its new location at 16 Bayfield Street. The downtown location served as the home of the Examiner for the next 43 years. The Examiner began publishing daily on November 16, 1958._NEWLINE_On July 28, 1995, the Examiner's top story was the sale of the newspaper to Hollinger Inc. controlled by well-known Canadian businessman Conrad Black._NEWLINE_In December 1999, the Examiner moved its base of operations to 571 Bayfield Street North._NEWLINE_On August 1, 2001, Osprey Media Group Inc., headed by Michael Sifton, the former president of Hollinger Canadian Newspapers, bought the Examiner. Osprey once published 32 newspapers across Ontario._NEWLINE_On May 31, 2007, Osprey Media was acquired by Québecor Média for $517 million. This move welcomed the Examiner into Sun Media and created Canada's largest newspaper publishing enterprise. In 2015, Sun Media, including the Examiner, was purchased by Postmedia. _START_SECTION_ Shutdown _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Barrie Examiner was one of several Postmedia newspapers purchased by Torstar in a transaction between the two companies which concluded on November 27, 2017. Following the acquisition, Torstar subsidiary Metroland Media Group announced the closure of the paper effective immediately.

13731669994036716769

Q4864701

_START_ARTICLE_ Barry Ryan (Catholic priest) _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ After his ordination in 1976, Ryan worked in parishes in Brooklyn, New York before enlisting as a chaplain in the U.S. Air Force in 1984. He was suspended from the priesthood in 1995 after allegations of improper sexual conduct while he had been stationed at Mobile, Alabama. Ryan was suspended from his priestly duties._NEWLINE_Until the spring of 2003, he was a library media specialist at Martin County High School in Stuart, Florida, where he was named Teacher of the Year in 2001. He took a medical leave of absence in the wake of news reports that he might have been involved in improper sexual activity during his time as an Air Force chaplain. He was diagnosed around this time with reportedly terminal liver cancer. Shortly afterwards, between May and October 2003, he forced a six-year-old boy to perform oral sex upon him at the boy's family home in Long Island._NEWLINE_In his written confession, Ryan said he received inpatient treatment for paedophilia, depression and alcoholism at Saint Luke Institute, a psychiatric hospital in Silver Spring, Maryland in 2004. Ryan attempted to commit suicide in 2007 by slitting his own throat. Shortly thereafter, he was ordered from the Missouri hospice in which he was residing to begin serving his two-year sentence in New York. Ryan currently resides in Palm City, Florida.

1857370808716908149

Q4865314

_START_ARTICLE_ Barthélemy Koffi Baugré _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barthélemy Koffi Baugré (born August 15, 1949) is an Ivorian sprint canoer who competed in the early 1970s. At the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, he was eliminated in the repechages of the K-2 1000 m event.

6140527801279065128

Q18507919

_START_ARTICLE_ Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bartholomeus de Momper (I) or Bartholomeus de Momper the Elder (Antwerp, 1553 – Antwerp, between 1595-1597) was a Flemish publisher, printer, draughtsman and art dealer. He was a member of de Momper family, a prominent family of landscape painters and printmakers, originally from Bruges, which had settled in Antwerp in the 16th century. _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bartholomeus de Momper was born in 1553 in Antwerp as the son of Joos de Momper the Elder and Anna de Zuttere. His father was a painter and dealer in paintings and linen. The de Momper family was a family of artists, originally from Bruges, which had settled in Antwerp in the early 16th century and became mainly known for publishing and landscape painting. Bartholomeus de Momper learned the painting and art dealing trade from his father. He was registered as a master painter in the Antwerp Guild of St. Luke in the Guild year 1554._NEWLINE_When his father died in early 1559, he took over his business. He married Suzanna Halfroose on 16 November 1559. he couple had seven children of whom three girls and four boys. Their son Joos de Momper the Younger trained as a painter with his father and became a prominent landscape painter._NEWLINE_Bartholomeus de Momper was a member of the Antwerp mercer’s guild in 1562, which allowed him to deal in pigments. Bartholomeus de Momper was principally an art dealer and rented the Schilderij Pand der Borze (Painting house at the bourse) as well as well as the art stalls at the trade fair. The Schilderij Pand had been established in 1540. It was under the management of the Antwerp city government. It comprised 100 art stalls on the second floor of the bourse. It operated throughout the year in contrast to the art stalls at the periodical trade fairs. Art dealers could rent the stalls to sell paintings. On 21 February 1565, Bartholomeus de Momper entered with the city government into an agreement for the lease of the Schilderij Pand der Borze. The term of the lease was three years and the rent was particularly high at 1,848 guilders per year. It was the highest annual rent ever paid for the lease._NEWLINE_Bartholomeus de Momper's business suffered terribly as a result of the Sack of Antwerp. On 4 November 1576, mutinying Spanish tercios of the Army of Flanders began the sack of Antwerp, leading to three days of horror among the population of the city, which was the cultural, economic and financial center of the Low Countries. Some 7,000 lives and a great deal of property were lost. The savagery of the sack led the provinces of the Low Countries to unite against the Spanish crown. The devastation also caused Antwerp's decline as the leading city in the region and paved the way for Amsterdam's rise. This rampage of Spanish soldiers in Antwerp caused significant financial loss to Bartholomeus de Momper. All his art stalls were sacked and his residence was plundered. As the tenant of the Schilderij Pand which he leased from the city government, Bartholomeus de Momper petitioned for a waiver of the rental payments on the ground that he was unable to operate his business for a while. The city magistrate only agreed to grant a waiver of the rental payment for half a year and instructed de Momper to ensure that his sub-lessees would return to operate their business in the Schilderij Pand. Bartholomeus de Momper resumed trade at seven art stalls in January 1577. Not long after, a new threat arose in Antwerp when German soldiers started to plunder the city and broke into the exchange where they pillaged all they could lay their hands on. After the Fall of Antwerp in 1585 de Momper had difficulty finding tenants for the stalls in the Schilderij Pand, but not because the art trade was in decline. The reason was that art dealers were running their trade on a lower floor of the bourse where they could display their paintings without having to rent the more expensive stalls in the Schilderij Pand from de Momper._NEWLINE_Bartholomeus de Momper became deacon of the Guild of St Luke in 1581. In 1582, he entered into an agreement with Volcxken Diericx, a Flemish printmaker and publisher and the widow of Hieronymus Cock. Under the agreement Diericx would supply de Momper with loose and bound prints and maps from her stock for him to sell on her behalf for a commission. Among the works de Momper received from Dierix were 51 copies of two books of landscape prints, a genre apparently popular at the time._NEWLINE_Bartholomeus de Momper died in Antwerp between 1595 and 1597. _START_SECTION_ Activity _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bartholomeus de Momper trained as a painter and draughtsman and was also an engraver, but appears to have been mainly a publisher and dealer of prints. _NEWLINE_He published works engraved by leading engravers of his time such as Hans Bol, Pieter van der Borcht the Elder, Frans Hogenberg and Frans Huys. The works included reproductions of paintings of Flemish artists, as well as genre scenes, topographical views and historical subjects.

9619680652358184141

Q785688

_START_ARTICLE_ Barton, North Yorkshire _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The village is recorded as Bartun in the Domesday Book. At the time of the Norman invasion the manor was split between Earl Edwin and Ulf. Afterwards it was granted to Count Alan of Brittany. In turn he granted the manor to Godric, the steward. The manor was split, unified and then split again during the 13th century. At the time of Henry III, the manor was following the descent of Richmond. In 1227, part of the lands were granted to Richard of Cornwall and then to Peter de Brus, lord of Skelton. The manor was further split into mesne lordships, of which Roald of Richmond held one in 1286 and which then followed the descent of the Scropes of Bolton. Other parts of the manor were granted to William de Lancaster around 1235. By 1330 the lands had passed to the Mowbray family. When their direct descent ended in 1391, the manor was passed to the Ingleby's of Ripley. In 1579 this line too ended and the land passed to John Ward whose descendants via marriages included the Dodsworth and Killinghall families until 1762. The second part of the manor was passed to John de Huddleston around 1316. These eventually passed to the descendants of the manors of Barforth and Cleasby. The remaining mesne lordship was held Raplh, son of Ranulph of Richmond in 1268 and passed eventually to the Wandesford family and finally to the Dodsworths_NEWLINE_The etymology of the name of the village is derived from the Old English phrase bere-tūn, initially meaning barley farm, but later came to mean a demesne farm or outlying grange. _START_SECTION_ Governance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The village lies within the Richmond UK Parliament constituency. It also lies within the Richmondshire North electoral division of North Yorkshire County Council and the Barton ward of Richmondshire District Council. An electoral ward in the same name exists. This ward stretches north-east to Cleasby with a total population taken at the 2011 Census of 1,224. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The village lies 1 mile (1.6 km) east of the old Roman road of Dere Street. The village of Newton Morrell is the closest to Barton at just 0.77 miles (1.24 km) to the north-east and Stapleton 2 miles (3.2 km) northward. Other settlements that are close by include Melsonby 2 miles (3.2 km) to the west, Middleton Tyas 1.7 miles (2.7 km) to the south and Aldbrough St John 2.4 miles (3.9 km) to the north-west. Barton Beck flows north through the centre of the village creating a ford across Mary Gate. It joins Clow Beck on the north side of the nearby A1(M) and is part of the tributary system of the River Tees. _START_SECTION_ 2001 census _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 2001 UK census showed that the population was split 47.8% male to 52.2% female. The religious constituency was made of 83.1% Christian, 0.3% Jewish, 0.6% Muslim and the rest stating no religion or not stating at all. The ethnic make-up was 98.9% White British, 0.5% Mixed ethnic and 0.7% White other. There were 376 dwellings. _START_SECTION_ 2011 census _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 2011 UK census showed that the population was split 48.4% male to 51.6% female. The religious constituency was made of 77.3% Christian, 0.1% Muslim and the rest stating no religion or not stating at all. The ethnic make-up was 98% White British, 0.1% Mixed ethnic, 0.1% British Asian, 0.1% British Black and 1% each White Other. There were 386 dwellings. _START_SECTION_ Community and culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Education in the village is provided by Barton CE Primary School. Pupils would then receive secondary education at Richmond School and Sixth Form College. There is a public house and a local village store incorporating a post office. The village is home to Barton Cricket Club who play at the playing fields on Church Lane. They compete in the Darlington and District League. In 2007, the then Barton Cricket Club wicket-keeper, David Morrison, was featured in an article in the Daily Mail national newspaper, when he reluctantly had to visit hospital after an injury during a match which revealed he had been playing for years with broken bones in every finger and thumb. _START_SECTION_ Religion _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is a Church of England church dedicated to St Cuthbert and St Mary in the village, located on Church Lane. The Grade II listed building dates from 1840 when the two parishes of both the named Saints were brought together due to the ruinous state of both buildings. There is also a Methodist Chapel located in Church Row that was built in 1829 and repaired in 1878.

10432579067571775104

Q30122727

_START_ARTICLE_ Barton Thompson _START_PARAGRAPH_ Barton "Buzz" Thompson is an American lawyer and academic who focuses on climate, ecosystem services and conservation, freshwater, oceans and sustainable development._NEWLINE_Thompson is currently the Robert E. Paradise Professor in Natural Resources Law at Stanford University.

17446971806208657543

Q4866730

_START_ARTICLE_ Bases Loaded '96: Double Header _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Next Generation's brief review of the PlayStation version stated, "Jaleco's long-running baseball series ran out of steam long ago, and this totally disappointing 32-bit incarnation is a perfect reason to let it die." They scored both it and the Saturn version one out of five stars.

16732276268042710813

Q4867465

_START_ARTICLE_ Basilissopsis watsoni _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ This species occurs in the Atlantic Ocean off the Azores.

8804032748893830039

Q2264945

_START_ARTICLE_ Batesville Regional Airport _START_SECTION_ Facilities and aircraft _START_PARAGRAPH_ Batesville Regional Airport covers an area of 398 acres (161 ha) at an elevation of 465 feet (142 m) above mean sea level. It has two asphalt paved runways: 8/26 is 6,002 by 150 feet (1,829 x 46 m) and 18/36 is 2,804 by 60 feet (855 x 18 m)._NEWLINE_For the 12-month period ending May 31, 2008, the airport had 35,000 aircraft operations, an average of 95 per day: 86% general aviation, 9% air taxi, and 6% military. At that time there were 53 aircraft based at this airport: 77% single-engine, 21% multi-engine and 2% jet.

17891579924533099189

Q810811

_START_ARTICLE_ Bathybius haeckelii _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bathybius haeckelii was a substance that British biologist Thomas Henry Huxley discovered and initially believed to be a form of primordial matter, a source of all organic life. He later admitted his mistake when it proved to be just the product of an inorganic chemical process (precipitation)._NEWLINE_In 1868 Huxley studied an old sample of mud from the Atlantic seafloor taken in 1857. When he first examined it, he had found only protozoan cells and placed the sample into a jar of alcohol to preserve it. Now he noticed that the sample contained an albuminous slime that appeared to be criss-crossed with veins._NEWLINE_Huxley thought he had discovered a new organic substance and named it Bathybius haeckelii, in honor of German biologist Ernst Haeckel. Haeckel had theorized about Urschleim ("primordial slime"), a protoplasm from which all life had originated. Huxley thought Bathybius could be that protoplasm, a missing link (in modern terms) between inorganic matter and organic life._NEWLINE_Huxley published a description of Bathybius that year and also wrote to Haeckel to tell him about it. Haeckel was impressed and flattered and procured a sample for himself. In the next edition of his textbook The History of Creation Haeckel suggested that the substance was constantly coming into being at the bottom of the sea, "monera" arising from nonliving matter due to "physicochemical causes." Huxley asserted in a speech given to the Royal Geographic Society in 1870 that Bathybius undoubtedly formed a continuous mat of living protoplasm that covered the whole ocean floor for thousands of square miles, probably a continuous sheet around the Earth._NEWLINE_Sir Charles Wyville Thomson examined some samples in 1869 and regarded them as analogous to mycelium; "no trace of differentiation of organs", "an amorphous sheet of a protein compound, irritable to a low degree and capable of assimilating food... a diffused formless protoplasm."_NEWLINE_Other scientists were less enthusiastic. George Charles Wallich claimed that Bathybius was a product of chemical disintegration._NEWLINE_In 1872 the Challenger expedition began; it spent three years studying the oceans. The expedition also took soundings at 361 ocean stations. They did not find any sign of Bathybius, despite the claim that it was a nearly universal substance. In 1875 ship's chemist John Young Buchanan analyzed a substance that looked like Bathybius from an earlier collected sample. He noticed that it was a precipitate of calcium sulfate from the seawater that had reacted with the preservative liquid (alcohol), forming a gelatinous ooze which clung to particles as if ingesting them. Buchanan suspected that all the Bathybius samples had been prepared the same way and notified Sir Thomson, now the leader of the expedition. Thomson sent a polite letter to Huxley and told about the discovery._NEWLINE_Huxley realized that he had been too eager and made a mistake. He published part of the letter in Nature and recanted his previous views. Later, during the 1879 meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, he stated that he was ultimately responsible for spreading the theory and convincing others. _NEWLINE_Most biologists accepted this acknowledgement of error. Haeckel, however, did not want to abandon the idea of Bathybius because it was so close to proof of his own theories about Urschleim. He claimed without foundation that Bathybius "had been observed" in the Atlantic. Haeckel drew a series of pictures of the evolution of his Urschleim, supposedly based on observations. He continued to support this position until 1883._NEWLINE_Huxley's rival George Charles Wallich claimed that Huxley had committed deliberate fraud and also accused Haeckel of falsifying data. Other opponents of evolution, including George Campbell, 8th Duke of Argyll, tried to use the case as an argument against evolution. The entire affair was a blow to the evolutionary cause, who had posited it as their long-sought evolutionary origin of life from nonliving chemistry by natural processes, without the necessity of divine intervention. In retrospect, their error was in dismissing the necessary role of photosynthesis in supporting the entire food chain of life; and the corresponding requirement for sunlight, abundant at the surface, but absent on the ocean floor.

3677678344093864842

Q4869438

_START_ARTICLE_ Bato, Bato _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ This album marked the end of cooperation with their former manager, Milutin Popović Zachar, and the beginning of the golden career period of Lepa Brena, with new manager Raka Đokić. Lepa Brena, for the promotion of the new album, was once again trained in acting, along with Nikola Simić, in the film Nema problema. The film and the new album "Bato, Bato" have been incredible success. The film, like a most watched, won the Oscars of Popularity that year. The album was sold in 1,100,000 copies, and thus became the best-selling album ever in the history of Yugoslavia. At the signing of the album in Belgrade, over 5,000 people came, and this caused huge crowds and traffic jam. Thanks to this album, Brena came to the top of the most popular singers in Yugoslavia, becoming a mega star in Romania and Bulgaria. In Timisoara, Romania, on August 10, 1985, 65,000 people performed at the Stadionul Dan Păltinișanu. _START_SECTION_ Title _START_PARAGRAPH_ The album name comes from a male nickname, Bato, very common in former Yugoslavia. Although there is also an English version of this name (also Bato), which means 'son of the farmer'. It is a form of the name Bartholomew.

14570905243312736106

Q4034902

_START_ARTICLE_ Batozonellus lacerticida _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Batozonellus lacerticida can reach a length of about 14 millimetres (0.55 in). These spider hunting wasps have a mainly black body, with yellow markings on the abdomen. Wings are orange, with a brownish band on the tips of the forewings. _START_SECTION_ Biology _START_PARAGRAPH_ This species hunts large orb weaver spiders (Araneidae family), mainly Argiope bruennichii, Argiope lobata, Araneus angulatus and Araneus ventricosus. The wasps paralyze these spiders with their poisonous stings and drag them into their underground nests. Then they lay an egg into the abdomen of their prey. _START_SECTION_ Distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ This species can be found in most of Europe.

2960333732584127168

Q4869846

_START_ARTICLE_ Battery Garesche _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was constructed in late 1861 to control the high ground over Fort Reynolds, 200 yards (180 m) to the southeast, and to protect it from Confederate attack from positions on Seminary Ridge. _NEWLINE_It had a perimeter of 166 yards (152 m) and emplacements for 9 guns._NEWLINE_Although located in Virginia, a Confederate state, this was part of the area near Washington that was never controlled by Confederate forces._NEWLINE_The battery no longer exists and is now noted only with a historical marker._NEWLINE_Another Battery Garesché commemorated the deceased lieutenant colonel much later at Fort Williams, in Cape Elizabeth, Maine. _NEWLINE_It was a concrete shore battery which contained two disappearing 6-inch (155 mm) guns. _NEWLINE_Built in 1906, its armed existence was brief, as its guns were removed for use on the Western Front in World War I.

8983619786508159317

Q1172504

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Château-Thierry (1918) _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Despite the revolution in Russia, fortune seemed to favor the Allies with the arrival of the Americans to France. However, these troops needed time to train before they could be combat effective. Recognizing the window of opportunity, General Ludendorff consolidated the manpower freed up from the Eastern Front to conduct Operation Michael in order to split the Allies' lines. The successes of the German Stormtroopers infiltration tactics earned Germany approximately 40 miles of territory. But the offensive lost momentum when it surpassed its supply lines._NEWLINE_In 1918, American General Pershing refused to hand over the new American divisions to either the British or French armies, insisting on keeping them together as one army. The exception was the regular Army Buffalo Soldiers who did not participate with the American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) during World War I because they were "Black" or "Colored" (African American) led by mainly white officers. Their experienced colored non-commissioned officers(NCOs) were often provided to other segregated Black volunteer units for combat service — such as the 317th Engineer Battalion. The soldiers of the 92nd and the 93rd infantry divisions were the first Americans to fight in France. The four regiments of the 93rd fought only under French command for the duration of the war._NEWLINE_But in the face of the success of the German onslaught, Pershing relented and sent a portion of his army to assist the French in blocking the German advance in May 1918. _START_SECTION_ Prelude _START_PARAGRAPH_ Looking to defeat the British occupied in Flanders, Ludendorff sought to divert the Allies' French reserves away from the region. In his Operation Blucher, Ludendorff aimed some of his forces at the Chemin des Dames and took the French Sixth Army by surprise. Driving on, the Germans were soon at the Marne River, situated under 50 miles from Paris. With Marshal Ferdinand Foch unable to acquire British assistance, General Pershing's chief of operation, Colonel Fox Conner, recognized the gravity of the situation and ordered the 3rd Division to block them._NEWLINE_The 3rd Division occupied the main bridge on the south bank of the Marne River that led in Chateau Thierry on May 31, 1918 as the French 10th Colonial Division rendezvoused with them from the north bank. The Americans positioned their machine guns to cover the French retreat, and had a unit led by Lt John Bissell situated north of the second bridge. The French spent the night adding explosives to the bridges to destroy them. Early the following morning, on June 1, the Germans advanced into Chateau Thierry from the north, forcing the French to the main bridge, which they defended with the support of American machine-gun fire. The French succeeded in destroying the bridge as the Americans kept up their fire on the Germans._NEWLINE_Lt. Bissell's group was still on the north side of the Marne. They worked their way back to the secondary bridge in-between American machine-gun fire and made it across, along with a group of Germans that were captured shortly afterwards._NEWLINE_From the north of the Marne on June 2, the Germans engaged in heavy artillery and sniper fire against the Allies. They made an attempt to take the remaining bridge but were forced to end the assault as the casualties rose. _START_SECTION_ Counter-Offensive action _START_PARAGRAPH_ On the morning of 18 July 1918, the combined French (some of them colonial) and American forces between Fontenoy and Château-Thierry launched a general counter-assault under the overall direction of Allied généralissime Ferdinand Foch against the German positions. This assault on a 40 km (25 mi) wide front was the first in over a year. The American army played a role fighting for the regions around Soissons and Château-Thierry, in collaboration with predominantly French forces. The allied forces had managed to keep their plans a secret, and their attack at 04:45 took the Germans by surprise when the troops went "Over the Top" without a preparatory artillery bombardment, but instead followed closely behind a rolling barrage which began with great synchronized precision. Eventually, the two opposing assaults (lines) inter-penetrated and individual American units exercised initiative and continued fighting despite being nominally behind enemy lines. _START_SECTION_ Memorials _START_PARAGRAPH_ After World War I, a memorial was built on Hill 204, 2 miles (3 km.) west of the town for which it is named. The Château-Thierry Monument, designed by Paul P. Cret of Philadelphia, was constructed by the American Battle Monuments Commission "to commemorate the sacrifices and achievements of American and French fighting men in the region, and the friendship and cooperation of French and American forces during World War I."_NEWLINE_There is also a monument in front of the Bronx County Courthouse in New York City that was presented by the American Legion on November 11, 1940. The monument consists of the "Keystone from an arch of the old bridge at Chateau Thierry," which the monument notes was "Gloriously and successfully defended by American troops."_NEWLINE_The first Filipino to die in World War I was Private Tomas Mateo Claudio who served with the U.S. Army as part of the American Expeditionary Forces to Europe. He died in the Battle of Chateau Thierry in France on June 29, 1918. The Tomas Claudio Memorial College in Morong Rizal, Philippines, which was founded in 1950, was named in his honor.

8155831238999252704

Q515561

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Hafrsfjord _START_SECTION_ Significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although most scholars currently tend to regard the unification as a process lasting centuries, rather than being the result of a single battle, the Battle of Hafrsfjord ranks high in the popular imagination of Norway. It was the conclusion of King Harald I of Norway's declaration to become the sole ruler of Norway. This battle may well have been the largest in Norway up to that time and for a substantial time afterward._NEWLINE_It was formerly believed that this battle was the decisive event in the unification of Norway. According to Snorri's saga, King Harald controlled large parts of Norway's southeast portion before the battle; but other sources claim that the eastern portion of Norway was under the Danish king. The Battle of Hafrsfjord marks the final crushing of opposition from Norway's southwestern portion (primarily Rogaland, but also chieftains from the Sognefjord area). This made it possible for King Harald to subdue the country and collect taxes from a large part of it. Later historiography regarded him as the first legitimate King of Norway. Many of the defeated who would not submit to Harald's rule emigrated to Iceland (q.v.). _START_SECTION_ Chronology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The exact year of the battle is unknown, but is generally considered to have taken place between 870 and 900. This uncertainty is due to lack of sources, and partly because the Christian calendar was not introduced at the time. The sagas follow the convention of counting the number of winters passed since an event._NEWLINE_A traditional date of the event, the year 872, is a 19th-century estimate. In the 1830s, the historian Rudolf Keyser counted the number of years backwards from the Battle of Svolder as recorded in Snorri Sturluson's Heimskringla, dating the battle to 872. Keyser's chronology was popularized by the works of the historian P. A. Munch, and by that time still unchallenged, this year was chosen for the millennial celebration of the unification of the Norwegian state in 1872. _NEWLINE_In the 1920s, using similar methods as Keyser but highly critical to the reliability of the sagas, the historian Halvdan Koht dated the battle to about 900. For the next fifty years, this chronology was regarded by most scholars as being most likely. In the 1970s, the Icelandic historian Ólafia Einarsdóttir concluded that the battle took place somewhere between 870 and 875. However still disputed, most scholars will agree that the battle took place during the 880s. _START_SECTION_ Memorials _START_PARAGRAPH_ The national monument of Haraldshaugen was raised in 1872 to commemorate the Battle of Hafrsfjord. In 1983, the monument and landmark The Swords in the Rock (Sverd i fjell) was designed by Fritz Røed and raised at Hafrsfjord in memory of the battle.

1479986410640839018

Q4871209

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Heptonstall _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ By August 1643, the First English Civil War had been going on for a year. The north of England was predominantly under Royalist control after significant victories at the battles of Seacroft Moor and Adwalton Moor. However, they were embedded in a siege of Hull which they finally lifted in October without success, and were also defeated at Winceby in Lincolnshire, letting the Parliamentarians re-establish their presence in the north. _START_SECTION_ Battle _START_PARAGRAPH_ The village of Heptonstall in Yorkshire (now West Yorkshire), 6.6 miles (10.6 km) west-northwest of Halifax, was held by a Parliamentarian force of around 800 men. It was situated atop a steep hill above Hebden Bridge. A Royalist army out of Halifax, numbering about the same, set out to attack the village under the command of Sir Francis Mackworth. It assembled at Hebden Bridge, a humpback bridge over the River Hebden, which at the time was a swollen torrent after heavy rain._NEWLINE_Inside the village, the Parliamentarian garrison was led by Colonel Bradshaw, who knew the local terrain, and had set a number of traps which could be triggered if they came under attack. Using the advantage of the hill, he had placed several boulders above the winding track which led from the bridge up to the village. When lookouts posted in the church tower in Heptonstall saw the Royalists slowing climbing the 500-foot (150 m) hill, the rocks were released, and a volley of muskets fired. The attackers were routed: men were knocked over off the ridged path, trampled by panicked horses and drowned in the violent river. Most of the remaining Royalists retreated, chased by the garrisoned army and "villagers armed with halberds and pitch-forks". The Parliamentarians chased the Royalists as far as Luddenden, roughly 3 miles (4.8 km) away, and succeeded in capturing some of the attackers, initially locking them in the church, before moving them to Rochdale. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ At some point in the subsequent two months, the Parliamentarian garrison evacuated the village, moving to Burnley and Colne, and as a result when Mackworth returned in January 1644, he was able to capture the village with no resistance.

14611690580363316673

Q154426

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Jena–Auerstedt _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ The battles began when elements of Napoleon's main force encountered Hohenlohe's troops near Jena. Initially only 48,000 strong, the Emperor took advantage of his carefully-planned and flexible dispositions to rapidly build up a superior force of 96,000 men. The Prussians were slow to grasp the situation, and slower still to react. Before Ruchel's 15,000 men could arrive from Weimar, Hohenlohe's force of 38,000 was routed, with 10,000 killed or wounded and 15,000 captured. Nevertheless, it was a fierce battle, with 5,000 French losses, and Napoleon mistakenly believed that he had faced the main body of the Prussian army._NEWLINE_Further north at Auerstedt, both Davout and Bernadotte received orders to come to Napoleon's aid. Davout attempted to comply via Eckartsberga, Bernadotte via Dornburg. Davout's route south, however, was blocked by the Prussian main force of 60,500 men, including the Prussian King, the Duke of Brunswick and Field Marshals von Möllendorf and von Kalckreuth. A savage battle ensued. Although outnumbered two to one, Davout's superbly trained and disciplined III Corps endured repeated attacks before it eventually took the offensive and put the Prussians to flight. Though in sight of the battle, Bernadotte took no steps to come to Davout's aid for which he was later censured by Napoleon. _START_SECTION_ Plan _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Prussian army was divided into three armies drawn from across Prussia. Prussia's main weakness in 1806 was its senior command structure, which included command positions being held by multiple officers. One such example is the position of Chief of Staff, held by three different officers: General Phull, Colonel Gerhard von Scharnhorst and Colonel Rudolf Massenbach. The confusing system led to delays and complexities that resulted in over a month's delay before the final order of battle was prepared. Another obstacle facing the Prussians was the creation of a unified plan of battle. Five main plans emerged for discussion; however, protracted planning and deliberating shifted the initiative to the French. Thus, the Prussian plans became mere reactions to Napoleon's movements._NEWLINE_Although Prussia had begun its mobilization almost a month before France, Napoleon had kept a high state of readiness after the Russian refusal to accept defeat after the War of the Third Coalition. Napoleon conceived a plan to force Prussia into a decisive battle, like Austerlitz, and pre-empt the Prussian offensive. Napoleon had a major portion of his Grande Armée in position in present-day Baden-Württemberg in southwest Germany and thus decided on a northeast advance into Saxony and on to Berlin. _START_SECTION_ Battle of Jena _START_PARAGRAPH_ The battle commenced on the morning of 14 October 1806, on the grassy fields near Jena. The first movements of the French Army were attacks on either flank of the Prussian lines. That gave the supporting armies (making up the central attack) time to get into position. The skirmishes had little decisive success, save for a breakthrough by the French General Saint-Hilaire, who attacked and isolated the Prussian left flank._NEWLINE_At that time, Marshal Michel Ney had completed his maneuvers and had taken up position as ordered by Napoleon. However, once in position, Ney decided to attack the Prussian line despite having no orders to do so, a move that proved to be almost disastrous. Ney's initial assault was a success, but he found himself overextended and under heavy fire from Prussian artillery. Recognizing the distressed salient, the Prussian general ordered a counterattack and enveloped Ney's forces; Ney formed them into a square to protect all their flanks. Napoleon recognized Ney's situation and ordered Marshal Jean Lannes to shift from the centre of attack to help Ney._NEWLINE_That action left the French centre weak. However, Napoleon deployed the Imperial Guard to hold the French center until Ney could be rescued. That adaptability was one of Napoleon's greatest strengths. He kept the Imperial Guard under his direct command and could order them to take positions depending on the situation that the battle presented him. The rescue worked, and Ney's units were able to retreat from the battle. Although the French were then in a troubling situation, the Prussian commanders did not take the initiative to push at the French weaknesses. That was later considered to have been their undoing. The inactivity of the Prussian infantry left them open to artillery and light infantry fire. One Prussian general later wrote that "the area around the entrance of the village was the scene of the most terrible blood-letting and slaughter"._NEWLINE_It was at that time, around 1 p.m., that Napoleon decided to make the decisive move. He ordered his flanks to push hard and try to break through the Prussian flanks and encircle the main center army while the French center attempted to crush the Prussian centre. The attacks on the flanks proved to be a success and caused many of the Prussian divisions on the flanks to flee the battlefield. With its flanks broken, the Prussian army was forced to withdraw and Napoleon had won another battle. In total the Prussian army lost 10,000 men killed or wounded, had 15,000 prisoners of war taken as well as 150 guns. _START_SECTION_ Battle of Auerstedt _START_PARAGRAPH_ General Étienne Gudin's Division were on the move from Naumburg before 6:30 a.m. By 7 a.m. the 1st Chasseurs were stopped cold in their tracks outside of Poppel by Prussian cavalry and artillery. There was a heavy fog, which had lifted just as they approached the village. Once Davout became aware of the Prussian force, he ordered Gudin to deploy his force at Hassenhausen._NEWLINE_The Prussian commander on the field was Friedrich Wilhelm Carl von Schmettau. His division was actually under orders to proceed down the very road that Davout was on, to block his advance in the Kösen Pass. While Schmettau's troops were deploying to attack Hassenhausen, Blücher arrived with his cavalry and deployed on his left. Together, they attacked Gudin's troops and pushed them back to the village._NEWLINE_Wartensleben arrived at 8:30 a.m. with the Duke of Brunswick, who ordered his infantry to the left flank and his cavalry to the right. The rest of the French cavalry arrived at 9 a.m. and was placed on Gudin's left. General Louis Friant's Division and the 12-pound artillery arrived at 9:30 a.m. and moved in squares on Gudin's right. The advance of the French squares forced Blücher's cavalry back. Seeing no other option available he ordered his cavalry to attack. At that very moment, two of Wartensleben's regiments attacked Hassenhausen._NEWLINE_Everything failed: three Prussian cavalry regiments were routed and the infantry fell back. At this critical point, the Duke needed to take drastic action. Shortly before 10 a.m., he ordered a full assault on Hassenhausen. By 10 a.m., the Duke of Brunswick was carried from the field mortally wounded along with Schmettau who was also badly wounded. With the loss of both commanders, the Prussian command broke down. The Prussian army was in danger of collapse._NEWLINE_Oswald's infantry and the Prince of Orange, the later William I of the Netherlands, arrived about 10:30 a.m., and the King made his only decision of the day: to split Orange's command in two, half to each flank. On the French side, Morand's Division arrived and was sent to secure Gudin's left. Davout could now see that the Prussians were wavering and so at 11 a.m. he ordered his infantry to counter-attack. By noon Schmettau's center was broken and forced back over the Lissbach Stream, Blücher's cavalry was blown, and Wartensleben was trying to reposition his troops. The Prussians realized all was now lost and the King ordered a withdrawal._NEWLINE_Davout's corps had lost 7,052 officers and men killed or wounded, while Prussian casualties were 13,000. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Napoleon initially did not believe that Davout's single Corps had defeated the Prussian main body unaided and responded to the first report by saying "Your Marshal must be seeing double!", a reference to Davout's poor eyesight. As matters became clearer, however, the Emperor was unstinting in his praise. Bernadotte was severely censured and was nearly dismissed despite being within earshot of Auerstedt and within marching distance of Jena, having received contradictory orders in the night and failing to take the initiative; he did not participate in either battle. Davout was made Duke of Auerstedt. Lannes, the hero of Jena, was not so honored._NEWLINE_On the Prussian side, Brunswick was mortally wounded at Auerstedt, and over the next few days, the remaining forces were unable to mount any serious resistance to Murat's ruthless cavalry pursuit. In the Capitulation of Erfurt on 16 October, a large body of Prussian troops became prisoners with hardly a shot being fired. Bernadotte crushed Eugene Frederick Henry, Duke of Württemberg's Prussian Reserve Army on the 17th in the Battle of Halle, partially redeeming himself in Napoleon's eyes. Davout led his exhausted III Corps into Berlin on 25 October. Hohenlohe's force surrendered on 28 October after the Battle of Prenzlau, followed soon after by the Capitulation of Pasewalk. The French ran down and captured several small Prussian columns at Boldekow on 30 October, Anklam on 1 November, Wolgast on 3 November, and Wismar on 5 November. At the conclusion of the famous "Pursuit of the Three Marshals (Bernadotte, Murat and Soult)", the corps of Blücher and Winning were surrounded and destroyed at the Battle of Lübeck on 6 and 7 November. The Siege of Magdeburg ended on 11 November with Ney's capture of the fortress. Isolated Prussian resistance remained, but Napoleon's primary foe was now Russia, and the Battle of Eylau and the Battle of Friedland awaited._NEWLINE_Martin van Creveld has stated about the effects on command:_NEWLINE_Thus Napoleon at Jena had known nothing about the main action that took place on that day; had forgotten all about two of his corps; did not issue orders to a third, and possibly a fourth; was taken by surprise by the action of a fifth; and, to cap it all, had one of his principal subordinates display the kind of disobedience that would have brought a lesser mortal before a firing squad. Despite all these faults in command, Napoleon won what was probably the great single triumph in his career. _START_SECTION_ Influence _START_PARAGRAPH_ The battle proved most influential in demonstrating the need for reforms in what was a very much feudal Prussian state and army. Important Prussian reformers like Scharnhorst, Gneisenau and Clausewitz served at the battle. Their reforms, together with civilian reforms instituted over the following years, began Prussia's transformation into a modern state, which took the forefront in expelling France from Germany and eventually assumed a leading role on the continent._NEWLINE_The German philosopher Hegel, who was then a professor at the University of Jena, is said to have completed his chef d'œuvre, the Phenomenology of Spirit, while the battle raged. Hegel considered this battle to be "the end of the history", in terms of evolution of human societies towards what would be called the "universal homogeneous state"_NEWLINE_Napoleon built a bridge in Paris which he named after the battle. When he was defeated, the Prussian contingent of the allied forces of occupation was so incensed by its name that they wished to destroy the bridge. Talleyrand temporarily renamed the bridge after the French Grand Army, which dissuaded them from doing so. The station of the Paris Metro at the bridge has the same name.

17314075479734256293

Q4871330

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Jenin _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Jenin refugee camp was established in 1953 within Jenin's municipal boundaries on land that the United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) leased from the government of Jordan, who at the time occupied the West Bank until 1967. Covering an area of 0.423 square kilometers, in 2002, it was home to 13,055 UNRWA registered Palestinian refugees. Most of the camp's residents originally hail from the Carmel mountains and region of Haifa, and many maintain close ties with their relatives inside the Green Line. Other camp residents include Palestinians from Gaza and Tulkarm who moved into the area in the late 1970s, and those who came from Jordan after the establishment of the Palestinian Authority (PA) with the signing of the Oslo Accords in 1993._NEWLINE_Israel considered the influence of Islamist organizations in the camp to be relatively mild, compared to other camps.} Organizational affiliations in the camp differed from those of the city, in that they were based mostly on who could provide financial support, rather than on ideology. Camp militants repelled attempts by PA seniors to exercise authority in the camp. In a February 2002 show of force, residents burned seven vehicles that were sent by the governor of Jenin and opened fire on the PA men. Ata Abu Rumeileh was designated the chief security officer of the camp by its residents. He oversaw access to the entrances to the camp, instituted roadblocks, investigated "suspicious characters" and kept unwanted strangers away._NEWLINE_Known to Palestinians as "the martyrs' capital", the camp's militants, some 200 armed men, included members of Al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigades, Tanzim, Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) and Hamas. By Israel's count, at least 28 suicide bombers were dispatched from the Jenin camp from 2000 to 2003 during the Second Intifada. One of the key planners for several of the attacks was Mahmoud Tawalbe, who worked in a record store while also heading the local PIJ cell. Israeli army weekly Bamahane attributes at least 31 militant attacks, totaling 124 victims, to Jenin during the same period, more than any other city in the West Bank._NEWLINE_Prior to the undertaking of the Israeli operation the IDF Spokesman attributed 23 suicide bombings and 6 attempted bombings against civilians in Israel to Palestinians from Jenin. Major attacks and suicide bombings perpetrated by Palestinian militant groups from Jenin included the Matza restaurant suicide bombing, a Palestinian suicide bombing of an Israeli Arab-owned restaurant in Haifa, Israel which has been called a massacre and resulted in the deaths of 16 Israeli civilians, and over 40 more civilians being injured. The Israeli Ministry of Foreign Affairs attributed attacks emanating from Jenin to Hamas, Palestinian Islamic Jihad, and Fatah. _START_SECTION_ Prelude _START_PARAGRAPH_ Israel's Operation Defensive Shield began on March 29 with an incursion into Ramallah, followed by Tulkarem and Qalqilya on April 1, Bethlehem on April 2, and Jenin and Nablus on April 3. By this date, six Palestinian cities and their surrounding towns, villages, and refugee camps, had been occupied by the IDF._NEWLINE_Limited Israeli forces had entered the camp along a single route twice in the previous month; they encountered heavy resistance and quickly withdrew. Unlike other camps, the organizations in Jenin had a joint commander: Hazem Ahmad Rayhan Qabha, known as "Abu Jandal," an officer in the Palestinian National and Islamic Forces who had fought in Lebanon, served in the Iraqi Army, and who had been involved in several encounters with the IDF. He set up a war room and divided the camp into fifteen sub-sectors, deploying about twenty armed men in each. During the battle, he began calling himself "The Martyr Abu Jandal"._NEWLINE_Since the previous Israeli withdrawal, Palestinian militants had prepared by boobytrapping both the town and camp's streets in a bid to trap Israeli soldiers. Following his surrender to Israeli forces, Thabet Mardawi, an Islamic Jihad fighter, said that Palestinian fighters had spread "between 1000 and 2000 bombs and booby traps" throughout the camp, some big ones for tanks (weighing as much as 113 kilograms), most others the size of water bottles. "Omar the Engineer", a Palestinian bombmaker, said that some 50 homes were booby trapped: "We chose old and empty buildings and the houses of men who were wanted by Israel because we knew the soldiers would search for them." More powerful bombs with remote detonators were placed inside trash bins in the street and inside the cars of wanted men. Omar said that everyone in the camp, including children, knew where the explosives were located, and noted that this constituted a major weakness to their defenses, since during the Israeli incursion, the wires to more than a third of the bombs were cut by soldiers guided by collaborators._NEWLINE_After an IDF action in Ramallah in March resulted in television broadcast footage that was considered unflattering, the IDF high command decided not to allow reporters to join the forces. Like other cities targeted in Defensive Shield, Jenin was declared a "closed military zone" and placed under curfew before the entrance of Israeli troops, remaining sealed off throughout the invasion. Water and electricity supplies to the city were also cut off and remained unavailable to residents throughout._NEWLINE_According to Efraim Karsh, before the fighting started, the IDF used loudspeakers broadcasting in Arabic to urge the locals to evacuate the camp, and he estimates that some 11,000 left. Stephanie Gutmann also noted that the IDF used bullhorns and announcements in Arabic to inform the residents of the invasion, and that the troops massed outside the camp for a day because of rain. She estimated that 1,200 remained in the camp, but that it was impossible to tell how many of them were fighters. After the battle, Israeli intelligence estimated that half the population of noncombatants had left before the invasion, and 90% had done so by the third day, leaving around 1,300 people. Others estimated that 4,000 people had remained in the camp. Some camp residents reported hearing the Israeli calls to evacuate, while others said they did not. Many thousands did leave the camp, with women and children usually permitted to move into the villages in the surrounding hills or the neighbouring city. However, the men who left were almost all temporarily detained. Instructed by Israeli soldiers to strip before they were taken away, journalists who entered Jenin following the invasion remarked that heaps of discarded clothing in the ruined streets showed where they were taken into custody._NEWLINE_As the fighting started, Ali Safouri, a commander of the Islamic Jihad's Al-Quds Brigades in the camp, said: "We have prepared unexpected surprises for the enemy. We are determined to pay him back double, and teach him a lesson he will not forget. … We will attack him on the home front, in Jerusalem, in Haifa, and in Jaffa, everywhere. We welcome them, and we have prepared a special graveyard in the Jenin camp for them. We swore on the martyrs that we would place a curfew on the Zionist cities and avenge every drop of blood spilled upon our sacred land. We call on the soldiers of Sharon to refuse his orders, because entering the [Jenin] camp… the capital of the martyrs' [operations], will, Allah willing, be the last thing they do in their lives"._NEWLINE_The Israeli command sent in three thrusts consisting mainly of the reservist 5th Infantry Brigade from the town of Jenin to the north, as well as a company of the Nahal Brigade from the southeast and Battalion 51 of the Golani Brigade from the southwest. The force of 1,000 troops also included Shayetet 13 and Duvdevan Unit special forces, the Armoured Corps, and Combat Engineers with armored bulldozer for neutralizing the roadside bombs that would line the alleys of the camp according to Military Intelligence. Anticipating the heaviest resistance in Nablus, IDF commanders sent two regular infantry brigades there, assuming they could take over the Jenin camp in 48–72 hours with just the one reservist brigade. The force's entry was delayed until April 2 due to rain. The 5th Infantry Brigade did not have any experience in close quarters combat and did not have a commander when Operation Defensive Shield started, since the last commander's service ended a few days earlier. His substitute was a reserve officer, Lieutenant Colonel Yehuda Yedidya, who got his rank after the operation began. His soldiers were not trained for urban fighting. _START_SECTION_ Battle _START_PARAGRAPH_ Israeli forces entered Jenin on April 2. On the first day, reserve company commander Moshe Gerstner was killed in a PIJ sector. This caused a further delay. By April 3, the city was secured, but the fighting in the camp was just beginning. Israeli sources say that the IDF incursion into the camp relied primarily on infantry to minimize civilian casualties, but interviews with eyewitnesses suggest that tanks and helicopters were also used in the first two days. In Pierre Rehov's documentary The Road to Jenin, a Palestinian doctor claimed that on the second day, the city's hospital was hit by eleven tank shells. However, both Rehov's film and Richard Landes's 2005 film Pallywood, the supposed hits shown on Jenin hospital were compared to an actual building hit by Merkava tank shelling, suggesting that the supposed hit marks were staged._NEWLINE_To reach the camp, a Caterpillar D-9 armored bulldozer drove along a three-quarter-mile stretch of the main street to clear it of booby traps. An Israeli Engineering Corps officer logged 124 separate explosions set off by the bulldozer. A Fatah leader in the camp later said that it was only when his forces saw the Israelis advancing on foot that they decided to stay and fight._NEWLINE_On the third day, the Palestinians were still dug in, defying Israeli expectations, and by then seven Israeli soldiers had been killed. Mardawi later testified to having killed two of them from close range, using an M-16. As the IDF advanced, the Palestinians fell back to the heavily defended camp center – the Hawashin district. AH-1 Cobra helicopters were used to strike Palestinian positions on rooftops using wire-guided missiles, and about a dozen armored D-9 bulldozers were deployed, widening alleys, clearing paths for tanks, and detonating booby traps. Palestinians said that Israeli troops rode atop the bulldozers and fired rocket propelled grenades._NEWLINE_On April 6, Mahmoud Tawalbe and two other militants went into a house so as to get close enough to a tank or armored D-9 bulldozer to plant a bomb. Tawalbe and another militant were killed during the action. A British military expert working in the camp for Amnesty International reported that a D9 driver saw him, and subsequently rammed a wall down onto him and one of his fighters. The Islamic Jihad website announced that Tawalbe had died when he blew up in his booby-trapped home on the Israeli soldiers inside it, and that he "had thwarted all attempts by the occupation to evacuate the camp residents to make it easier for the Israelis to destroy [the camp] on the heads of the fighters." On that same day, IDF attack helicopters reportedly increased their missile attacks, which slowed but did not cease the next day._NEWLINE_IDF chief of staff (Ramatkal) Shaul Mofaz urged the officers to speed things up. They asked for twenty-four more hours. Mofaz told reporters that the fighting would be complete by the end of the week, April 6. In some of the sectors, the forces were advancing at a rate of fifty meters a day. Israeli intelligence assumed that the vast majority of the camp's residents were still in it. Most commanders argued that this obligated a careful advance for fear of striking civilians, and warned that using excessive force would cost the lives of hundreds of Palestinians. Lieutenant Colonel Ofek Buchris, commander of the 51st Battalion, was left in a minority opinion, saying "We're being humiliated here for four days now". When Mofaz instructed the officers to be more aggressive and fire five antitank missiles at every house before entering, one of them contemplated disobedience. Meanwhile, when asked how long he thought his forces could last given the superiority of the Israeli forces, Abu Jandal said: "No. That's not true. We have the weapon of surprise. We have the weapon of honor. We have the divine weapon, the weapon of Allah who stands at our side. We have weapons that are better than theirs. I am the one with the truth, and I put my faith in Allah, while they put their faith in a tank"._NEWLINE_Buchris continued to employ the tactics of softening up enemy resistance with antitank fire and extensive use of bulldozers, developing a method to expose IDF soldiers to less risk: first, a bulldozer would ram the corner of a house, opening a hole, and then an IDF Achzarit troop carrier would arrive to disembark troops into the house, where they would clear it of any militants found inside. Buchris' battalion was advancing faster than the reserve forces, creating a bridgehead within the camp that attracted most of the Palestinian fire. During the first week of fighting, the battalion suffered five casualties. On April 8, Golani Brigade commander, Colonel Tamir, arrived from Nablus. Having crawled with Buchris to the front line, he warned that the fighting style must be changed completely – call in more troops and perhaps take the command out of the reserve brigade's hand. A total of 30 Palestinians and 2 Israeli soldiers were killed in Jenin on that same day. By evening, division commander Brigadier General Eyal Shlein told his men that the mission must be accomplished by 6:00 PM on April 9. Buchris himself was later badly wounded._NEWLINE_At 6:00 AM on April 9, reserve battalion 7020s support company was ordered to form a new line, west of the former one. Its commander, Major Oded Golomb, set out with a force to take a position in a new house. He strayed from the original path, perhaps for tactical considerations, but failed to report to his commander. The force walked into a Palestinian ambush, finding themselves in an inner courtyard surrounded by tall houses (later nicknamed "the bathtub") and under fire from all directions, and were also attacked by a suicide bomber. Rescue forces from the company and the battalion hurried to the location and were attacked with small-arms fire and explosive charges. The exchange of fire went on for several hours._NEWLINE_A reconnaissance aircraft documented much of the fight and the footage was transmitted live and was watched in the Israeli Central Command war room by the high-ranking officers. Thirteen Israeli soldiers were killed, and the Palestinians managed to snatch three of the bodies and drag them into a nearby house. A rescue force of Shayetet 13 naval commandos under Colonel Ram Rothberg was quickly assembled. Mofaz told Rothberg that negotiation over the bodies might force the IDF to halt the operation and get it in trouble similar to the 2000 Hezbollah cross-border raid. On the edge of the alley leading to "the bathtub", Rothberg questioned the wounded reservists. Finally, the commando force entered the house where the bodies were being held, killed the Palestinian militants in close-range combat, and extracted the bodies. In the afternoon, all Israeli casualties were evacuated from the area. It became the deadliest day for the IDF since the end of the 1982 Lebanon War._NEWLINE_During that day, the IDF censored reports on the events, leading to a wave of rumors. Partial information leaked through phone calls made by reservists and internet sites. By evening, when Chief of Central Command, Brigadier General Yitzhak Eitan, had a press conference, there were rumors of a helicopter carrying dozens of troops shot down, the death of the Ramatkal's deputy, and a heart attack suffered by the Minister of Defense._NEWLINE_After the ambush, all Israeli forces began to advance by Buchris' tactics, utilizing armored bulldozers and Achzarit APCs in their push. Israeli forces also relied heavily on increased missile strikes from helicopters. Several officers demanded that F-16 jets be sent to bomb the camp, but the IDF High Command refused. The dozen bulldozers and APCs pushed deep into the heart of the camp, flattening a built-up area of 200 square yards, destroying militant strongpoints. Palestinian resistance quickly collapsed, and the remaining militants retreated into the Hawashin neighborhood._NEWLINE_IDF forces then began mopping up the final resistance in the Hawashin neighborhood. At 7:00 AM on April 11, the Palestinians began to surrender. Qabha refused to surrender and was killed, being among the last to die. Zakaria Zubeidi was among the only fighters who did not surrender. He slipped out of the area surrounded by the IDF, moved through the houses and left. Mardawi surrendered along with Ali Suleiman al-Saadi, known as "Safouri", and thirty-nine others. He later said that "There was nothing I could do against that bulldozer". _START_SECTION_ Battle aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ The battle ended on April 11. Medical teams from Canada, France, and Italy, as well as UN and ICRC officials, with trucks carrying supplies and water waited outside the camp for clearance to enter for days, but were denied entry, with Israel citing ongoing military operations. The first independent observers were granted access to the camp on April 16. Israeli troops began withdrawing from the camp itself on April 18. Tanks ringed the perimeter of the camp for a few more days, but by April 24, Israeli troops had withdrawn from the autonomous zone of Jenin. _START_SECTION_ Removal of bodies _START_PARAGRAPH_ The IDF announced that it would not withdraw its troops from the Jenin camp until it had collected the bodies of the Palestinian dead. The army would not confirm Palestinian reports that military trucks had removed dozens of bodies, nor would it comment on whether or not burials had taken place._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_According to Haaretz, some of the bodies had already been removed from the camp by soldiers to a site near Jenin on April 11, but had not yet been buried. Palestinians allegedly buried others during the battle in a mass grave near the hospital on the outskirts of the camp. On the evening of April 11, Israeli television showed footage of refrigerator trucks waiting outside the camp to transfer bodies to "terrorist cemeteries". On April 12, Haaretz reported that _NEWLINE_"The IDF intends to bury today Palestinians killed in the West Bank camp … The sources said two infantry companies, along with members of the military rabbinate, will enter the camp today to collect bodies. Those who can be identified as civilians will be moved to a hospital in Jenin, and then on to burial, while those identified as terrorists will be buried at a special cemetery in the Jordan Valley."_NEWLINE_The same day, in response to a petition presented by the Adalah organization, the Israeli High Court ordered the IDF to stop removing the bodies of Palestinians killed in battle until after a hearing on the matter. MK Ahmed Tibi, one of many signatories to the petition before the court, said that removing the bodies from the city violated international law and was "intended to hide the truth from the public about the killing that occurred there". Following the court's decision, issued by Supreme Court President Aharon Barak, the IDF stopped clearing the bodies from the camp. It was reported that by the afternoon of April 13, the IDF had determined the location of 23 bodies in the camp which were marked on maps. On April 14, the Supreme Court reversed its decision, and ruled that the IDF could remove the bodies. IDF Chief of Staff Shaul Mofaz confirmed to Israeli media on April 14 that the army intended to bury the bodies in the special cemetery._NEWLINE_On April 15 humanitarian aid organizations were granted access to the camp for the first time since the invasion had begun. Palestinian Red Crescent Society and International Committee of the Red Cross staff entered the camp, accompanied by the IDF. Officials from the Red Crescent told lawyer Hassan Jabareen that the IDF did not allow them to move around the camps freely, and that advanced decomposition, as well as the enormous destruction in the camp, made it impossible to find and retrieve bodies without the proper equipment. That same day Adalah and LAW, the Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights and the Environment, filed a petition asking the Court to order the IDF to immediately hand over the bodies of Palestinians to the Red Cross or the Red Crescent, saying that the bodies of dead Palestinians were being left to rot in the camp. On April 19, a day after Israeli troops withdrew from the camp, journalists reported counting about 23 bodies that were lined up on the outdoor grounds of the clinic, before being quickly buried by Palestinians._NEWLINE_Tanya Reinhart notes that later Israeli media reports attempted to conceal and reinterpret their intention to transfer the bodies to the special cemetery in the Jordan Valley. As an example, she cites a July 17, 2002 article by Ze'ev Schiff in Haaretz which provided a wholly different explanation for the presence of the refrigerator trucks posted outside the city on April 11. Schiff's article said: "Toward the end of the fighting, the army sent three large refrigerator trucks into the city. Reservists decided to sleep in them for their air-conditioning. Some Palestinians saw dozens of covered bodies lying in the trucks and rumors spread that the Jews had filled the trucks full of Palestinian bodies." _START_SECTION_ Military analyses _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Israelis said they have found explosive-making labs and factories for assembling Qassam II rockets. One Israeli special forces commander who fought in the camp said that "the Palestinians were admirably well prepared. They correctly analyzed the lessons of the previous raid". Mardawi told CNN from prison in Israel, that after learning the IDF was going to use troops, and not planes, "It was like hunting … like being given a prize. … The Israelis knew that any soldier who went into the camp like that was going to get killed. … I've been waiting for a moment like that for years"._NEWLINE_General Dan Harel, Head of the IDF Operations Directorate, said "There were indications it was going to be hard, but we didn't think it was going to be so hard". An internal investigation published by the IDF six months after the battle implicitly cast the responsibility for the death of the thirteen soldiers on the soldiers themselves, for straying from their path unreported. It also said that the focusing on the rescue instead of subduing the enemy complicated things. Buchris was given the Chief of Staff citation._NEWLINE_PLO Chairman Yasser Arafat, who left the compound in Ramallah for the first time in five months on May 14, 2002 to visit Jenin and other West Bank cities affected in Operation Defensive Shield, praised the refugees' endurance and compared the fighting to the Battle of Stalingrad. Addressing a gathering of about 200 people in Jenin, he said: "People of Jenin, all the citizens of Jenin and the refugee camp, this is Jenin-grad. Your battle has paved the way to the liberation of the occupied territories". The battle became known among the Palestinians as "Jeningrad"._NEWLINE_The battle attracted the interest of the US military, which was trying to build a doctrine for urban warfare as the 2003 invasion of Iraq loomed. US military observers were sent to study the fighting. US officers dressed in IDF uniforms were reportedly present during the final stages of the battle. The United States Marine Corps Warfighting Laboratory studied the battle, and a Joint Chiefs of Staff delegation was sent to Israel to make changes to US Marine Corps doctrine based on the battle. _START_SECTION_ Damages _START_PARAGRAPH_ The BBC reported that ten percent of the camp was "virtually rubbed out by a dozen armoured Israeli bulldozers." David Holley, a Major in the British Territorial Army and a military adviser to Amnesty International, reported that an area within the refugee camp of about 100 m by 200 m was flattened. According to Stephen Graham, the IDF had systematically bulldozed an area measuring 160 by 250 m in the Jenin refugee camp. The Hawashin neighbourhood was levelled. Many residents had no advance warning, and some were buried alive._NEWLINE_Human Rights Watch (HRW) and Amnesty International (AI) reported that an estimated 4,000 people, more than a quarter of the population of the camp, were rendered homeless because of this destruction. HRW listed 140 buildings, most of which housed multiple families, as completely destroyed, and 200 other buildings as sustaining damage rendering them uninhabitable or unsafe for use. AI said complete destruction affected 164 houses with 374 apartment units, and that other buildings had been partially destroyed. Israel said those numbers were exaggerations._NEWLINE_On May 31, 2002 the Israeli newspaper Yediot Aharonot published an interview with Moshe Nissim, nicknamed "Kurdi Bear", a D-9 operator who took part in the battle. Nissim said he had driven his D-9 for seventy-five hours straight, drinking whiskey to avoid fatigue, and that apart from a two-hour training before the battle, he had no prior experience in driving a bulldozer. He said he had begged his officers to let him destroy more houses and added: _NEWLINE_ "I didn't see, with my own eyes, people dying under the blade of the D-9 and I didn't see house[s] falling down on live people. But if there were any, I wouldn't care at all … _NEWLINE_"But the real thing started the day 13 of our soldiers were killed up that alley in the Jenin refugee camp._NEWLINE_ "If we had moved into the building where they were ambushed, we would have buried all those Palestinians alive. _NEWLINE_"I kept thinking of our soldiers. I didn't feel sorry for all those Palestinians who were left homeless. I just felt sorry for their children, who were not guilty. There was one wounded child, who was shot by Arabs. A Golani paramedic came down and changed his bandages, till he was evacuated. We took care of them, of the children. The soldiers gave them candy. But I had no mercy for the parents of these children. I remembered the picture on television, of the mother who said she will bear children so that they will explode in Tel Aviv. I asked the Palestinian women I saw there: 'Aren't you ashamed?'" _START_SECTION_ Casualties _START_PARAGRAPH_ Reporting of casualty numbers during the invasion varied widely and fluctuated day to day. On April 10, the BBC reported that Israel estimated 150 Palestinians had died in Jenin, and Palestinians were saying the number was far higher. That same day, Saeb Erekat, on a phone interview to CNN from Jericho, estimated that there were a total of 500 Palestinians killed during Operation Defensive Shield, this figure also including fatalities outside of the Jenin camp, in other areas of the West Bank. On April 11, Ben Wedeman of CNN reported that Palestinians were reporting 500 dead, while international relief agencies were saying possibly as many as 200; he noted that his efforts to independently verify the claims had so far come to naught since people were being prevented from entering the camp by Israeli soldiers._NEWLINE_On April 12, Brigadier-General Ron Kitri said on Israeli Army Radio that there are apparently hundreds of Palestinians killed in Jenin. He later retracted this statement. Secretary-General of the Palestinian Authority, Ahmed Abdel Rahman, said that thousands of Palestinians had been killed and buried in mass graves, or lay under houses destroyed in Jenin and Nablus. On April 13, Palestinian Information Minister, Yasser Abed Rabbo, accused Israel killing 900 Palestinians in the camp and burying them in mass graves. On April 14, Haaretz reported that the exact number of Palestinian dead was still unknown, but that the IDF placed the toll between 100 and 200. On April 18, Zalman Shoval, adviser to Sharon, said that only about 65 bodies had been recovered, five of them civilians. On April 30, Qadoura Mousa, director of the Fatah for the northern West Bank, said the number of dead was fifty-six._NEWLINE_Based on figures provided by the Jenin hospital and the IDF, the UN report placed the death toll at 52 Palestinian deaths, half of whom were thought to be civilians. In 2004, Haaretz journalists Amos Harel and Avi Isacharoff wrote that 23 Israelis had died and 52 had been wounded; Palestinian casualties were 53 dead, hundreds wounded and about 200 captured. Human Rights Watch reported that at least 52 died of whom at least 22 were civilians and at least 27 were suspected militants . According to retired IDF General Shlomo Gazit, the death toll was 55 Palestinians. Israeli officials estimated that of the 52 dead, 38 had been armed men, while 14 were civilians._NEWLINE_Human Rights Watch reported that at least 52 were killed, at least 27 suspected militants and at least 22 civilians were killed during the IDF incursion, and said that "Many of them were killed willfully or unlawfully, and in some cases constituted war crimes." Examples highlighted in the report include the case of 57-year-old Kamal Zugheir who was shot and then run over by IDF tanks while in his wheelchair, and that of 37-year-old Jamal Fayid, a quadraplegic crushed to death in the rubble of his home after an IDF bulldozer advanced upon it, refusing to allow his family to intervene to remove him. It also documented the killing of a Palestinian militant who had already been wounded. HRW also noted that there were three additional Palestinian deaths, and that it was unknown as to whether they were militants or civilians._NEWLINE_IDF and Israeli government sources, as well as the Jewish Virtual Library, reported that 23 Israeli soldiers were killed and 75 wounded. The UN report also noted that 23 IDF soldiers had been killed. The only exception was retired IDF General Shlomo Gazit, who initially said that 33 soldiers had died in Jenin. This contradicted not only most IDF and other sources, but also IDF figures of 30 Israeli deaths total in Operation Defensive Shield. _START_SECTION_ Massacre allegations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The battle attracted widespread international attention due to allegations by Palestinians that a massacre had been committed. Reporters from various international media outlets quoted local residents who described houses being bulldozed with families still inside, helicopters firing indiscriminately into civilian areas, ambulances being prevented from reaching the wounded, summary executions of Palestinians, and stories of bodies being driven away in trucks or left in the sewers and bulldozed. Saeb Erekat, a Palestinian cabinet minister, accused the Israelis of trying to cover up the killing of civilians. The CNN correspondent noted that due to the IDF closure of the camp, there was "no way of confirming" the stories. During and immediately after the battle, the United Nations and several human rights NGOs also expressed concern about the possibility of a massacre. A British forensic expert who was part of an Amnesty International team granted access to Jenin on April 18 said, "the evidence before us at the moment doesn't lead us to believe that the allegations are anything other than truthful and that therefore there are large numbers of civilian dead underneath these bulldozed and bombed ruins that we see."_NEWLINE_Israel denied charges of a massacre, and a lone April 9 report in the Israeli press stating Foreign Minister Shimon Peres privately referred to the battle as a "massacre" was immediately followed by a statement from Peres expressing concern that "Palestinian propaganda is liable to accuse Israel that a 'massacre' took place in Jenin rather than a pitched battle against heavily armed terrorists."_NEWLINE_Subsequent investigations and reports by the United Nations, Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, Time magazine, and the BBC all concluded there was no massacre of civilians, with estimated death tolls of 46–55 people among reports by the IDF, the Jenin office of the United Nations, and the Jenin Hospital. A team of four Palestinian-appointed investigators reporting to Fatah numbered total casualties of 56, as disclosed by Kadoura Mousa Kadoura, the director of Yasser Arafat's Fatah movement for the northern West Bank._NEWLINE_The UN report to the Secretary General noted "Palestinians had claimed that between 400 and 500 people had been killed, fighters and civilians together. They had also claimed a number of summary executions and the transfer of corpses to an unknown place outside the city of Jenin. The number of Palestinian fatalities, on the basis of bodies recovered to date, in Jenin and the refugee camp in this military operation can be estimated at around 55." While noting the number of civilian deaths might rise as rubble was cleared, the report continued, "nevertheless, the most recent estimates by UNRWA and ICRC show that the number of missing people is constantly declining as the IDF releases Palestinians from detention." Human Rights Watch completed its report on Jenin in early May, stating "there was no massacre," but accusing the IDF of war crimes, and Amnesty International's report concluded "No matter whose figures one accepts, "there was no massacre." Amnesty's report specifically observed that "after the IDF temporarily withdrew from Jenin refugee camp on April 17, UNRWA set up teams to use the census lists to account for all the Palestinians (some 14,000) believed to be resident of the camp on April 3, 2002. Within five weeks all but one of the residents was accounted for." A BBC report later noted, "Palestinian authorities made unsubstantiated claims of a wide-scale massacre," and a reporter for The Observer opined that what happened in Jenin was not a massacre. _START_SECTION_ War crimes allegations _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the same time, Human rights organizations and some media reports charged Israel with war crimes. In November, Amnesty International reported that there was "clear evidence" that the IDF committed war crimes against Palestinian civilians, including unlawful killings and torture, in Jenin and Nablus. The report also accused Israel of blocking medical care, using people as human shields and bulldozing houses with residents inside, as well as beating prisoners, which resulted in one death, and preventing ambulances and aid organizations from reaching the areas of combat even after the fighting had reportedly been stopped. Amnesty criticized the UN report, noting that its officials did not actually visit Jenin. The Observer reporter, Peter Beaumont, wrote that what happened in Jenin was not a massacre, but that the mass destruction of houses was a war crime. Some reports noted that Israel's restriction of access to Jenin and refusal to allow the UN investigation access to the area were evidence of a coverup, a charge echoed by Mouin Rabbani, Director of the Palestinian American Research Center in Ramallah._NEWLINE_On the other side, Israeli media sources and analysts suggested media bias and propaganda efforts were the source of the allegations. Haaretz editor Hanoch Marmari stated, "some correspondents might have been obsessive in their determination to unearth a massacre in a refugee camp". Mohammed Dajani of Al-Quds University said that the Palestinian Authority wanted "to turn Jenin into an 'Alamo episode'. Here the press was a willing partner [as] they aspired to make Jenin a symbol of resistance to Palestinians". In May 2009, the IDF released a videotape showing what it called "a phony funeral that the Palestinians organized in order to multiply the number of casualties in Jenin," wherein a live person is wrapped in a green sheet and marched in a procession. LAW, the Palestinian Society for the Protection of Human Rights, held a press conference on May 8, disputing the conclusions drawn by Israel. LAW stated that Mohammad Bakri who was in Jenin on April 28, making his documentary film Jenin, Jenin, shot the same footage from the ground, and that it shows a group of children playing "funeral" near the cemetery. LAW added that, "The media uncritically took up the Israeli spokesmen conclusions, without investigating what the footage actually shows."_NEWLINE_Harel and Issacharoff wrote that the IDF's misconduct with the media, including Kitri's statement, contributed to the allegations of massacre. Mofaz later admitted that the limitations imposed on the media were a mistake. Head of the Operations Directorate, General Dan Harel, said: "Today, I would send a reporter in every APC". IDF Spokeswoman, Miri Eisen, said the decision not to allow reporters into the camp was a difficult one: "The press people said 'Listen, the journalists aren't going to like it' and the operational people said 'We don't care about the journalists right now and about our image, we don't want them inside.' It had to do with the way we were working operationally inside the camp. We had infantry coming in from 360 degrees which means that you're firing in all different directions. It's not like a journalist can be [safe] on one side or another. It's a very difficult type of combat to coordinate with the forces, let alone with somebody you don't know who's inside."_NEWLINE_Lorenzo Cremonesi, the correspondent for the Italian newspaper Corriere della Sera in Jerusalem, writes in a 2009 article, that he slipped past the army barricades and entered the Jenin camp on April 13, 2002. He says the hospital was almost deserted as doctors played cards in the emergency room and that he spoke to 25 lightly wounded patients who told heartrending stories but when asked for names of the dead and urged to show where the bodies were, became evasive. "In short, it was all talk and nothing could be verified," wrote Cremonesi. "At the end of that day, I wrote that the death toll was not more than 50 and most of them were combatants". Cremonesi criticized Israel's exclusion of the media from Jenin and from Gaza during the 2009 war, saying, "If you hide something from me, that means first and foremost that you want to hide it, and secondly, that you have done something wrong." _START_SECTION_ UN fact-finding mission _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 18, as Israeli troops began pulling out of Jenin and Nablus, UN envoy Terje Roed-Larsen entered the camp. He told reporters that the devastation was, "horrific beyond belief," and relayed his view that it was "morally repugnant" that Israel had not allowed emergency workers into the camp after the battle with Palestinian gunmen had ended. On April 19, the United Nations Security Council unanimously passed Resolution 1405 to send a fact-finding mission to Jenin. Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres told Kofi Annan, the UN Secretary-General, that Israel would welcome a UN official "to clarify the facts", saying "Israel has nothing to hide regarding the operation in Jenin. Our hands are clean". Abed Rabbo said the mission was, "the first step toward making Sharon stand trial before an international tribunal"._NEWLINE_The composition of the fact-finding team was announced on April 22. Led by former Finnish President, Martti Ahtisaari, the other two members were Cornelio Sommaruga, former president of the International Committee of the Red Cross (controversial in Israel for previous "Red Swastika" remarks), and Sadako Ogata, the former UN high commissioner for refugees who was Japan's special envoy on Afghan reconstruction._NEWLINE_Official Israeli sources expressed surprise that they were not consulted as to the composition of the team, adding that, "We expected that the operational aspects of the fact-finding mission would be carried out by military experts." On April 22, Israeli Defense Minister, Benjamin Ben-Eliezer expressed his disappointment at the team's make-up, and his hope that the mission would not overstep its mandate. Peres asked Annan to deny reports that the mission would look into events outside the refugee camp, and that the findings would have legal validity. Annan said the findings would not be legally binding, and that the mission would only investigate events inside the camp, but may have to interview residents currently displaced outside._NEWLINE_On April 23, Gideon Saar, the cabinet secretary, threatened to ban the team from entering Jenin. In private discussions, Giora Eiland, Major General and Head of the IDF Operation Branch, convinced Shaul Mofaz that the team would ask to investigate officers and soldiers, and that it might accuse Israel of war crimes, paving the way for the sending of an international force. Sharon accepted Eiland and Mofaz's position, and announced Israel's decision that the UN team was no longer acceptable on April 24, citing the lack of military experts. The US rebuked Sharon's decision, and a White House official said, "We were the sponsors of that and we want it implemented as written. We support the initiative of the secretary general."_NEWLINE_Annan initially refused to delay the mission. Expressing Israeli sentiment that the world ignored its victims, Ben-Eliezer said: "In the last month alone, 137 people were slaughtered by Palestinians and nearly 700 wounded. Is there any one who is investigating that?" Saeb Erekat accused Israel of "trying to sabotage the mission. I believe that they have a big thing to hide." On April 25, the UN agreed to postpone the arrival of the team by two days, and acceded to an Israeli request that two military officers be added to the team. Annan said talks with Israel had been, "very, very constructive and I'm sure we'll be able to sort out our differences". Peres said that a delay would give the Israeli cabinet the opportunity to discuss the mission before the team arrived._NEWLINE_Avi Pazner, an Israeli Government spokesman, said he expected the UN mission to investigate "terrorist activity" and guarantee immunity for Israeli soldiers. Israel Radio reported that Israel was also pushing for the right for both sides to review the team's report before its presentation to Annan. Following a lengthy cabinet meeting on April 28, Reuven Rivlin, the Israeli Communications Minister, told reporters that the UN had reneged on its agreements with Israel over the team, and so it would not be allowed to arrive. Speaking for the cabinet, he said that the composition of the team and its terms of reference made it inevitable that its report would blame Israel._NEWLINE_The UN Security Council convened the following day to discuss Israel's decision not to grant entry to the UN team. Meanwhile, the American Israel Public Affairs Committee lobby in Washington was called to pressure Annan and George W. Bush. On April 30, Annan urged that the UN team, which had been waiting in Geneva to start its mission, be disbanded, and it was on May 2. On May 4, Israel was isolated in an open debate in the Security Council. The deputy US ambassador to the UN, James Cunningham, said it was "regrettable" Israel had decided not to cooperate with the fact-finding team. Nasser Al-Kidwa, the Palestinian observer to the UN, said the council failed to give Annan its full support, and had caved to "blackmailing" by the Israeli Government. The General Assembly passed a resolution condemning Israel's military action in Jenin by 74 votes to four, with 54 abstentions. The Bush administration supported Israel as part of a deal in which Sharon agreed to lift the siege of the Mukataa in Ramallah. _START_SECTION_ Report _START_PARAGRAPH_ On July 31, the UN issued a report indicating that at that time 52 Palestinians had been killed and that it was possible that as many as half of them were civilians. _START_SECTION_ Reconstruction _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the aftermath of the invasion, many camp residents ended up living in temporary shelters elsewhere. The camp itself became the site of intense efforts at documenting, recording and expressing the experiences of those displaced and affected by the incursion. In discussing how to properly honor those who had fallen, one proposal suggested leaving the destruction, at least in the Hawashin neighborhood, exactly as it was, as a memorial and testament to struggle and sacrifice. Camp residents, however, insisted that the camp be rebuilt almost exactly as it had been, while also establishing a museum of memory in the Old Hijaz Railway building. They rejected the proposal of the Israeli housing minister to rebuild the camp at a nearby site with enlarged roads, viewing it as an attempt to erase the political reality of the camps whose existence they see as living testaments to the 1948 Palestinian exodus.

17414085359564365622

Q4087434

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Kilsyth _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between mid 1644 and 1645, Montrose had fought a successful disruptive campaign around Scotland, intended to tie down Scottish government troops and prevent their aiding the Parliamentarian side in the English Civil War. Leading a force built around an Irish Confederate brigade under Alasdair Mac Colla, Montrose had beaten the Covenanters at Tippermuir, Aberdeen, Inverlochy, Auldearn and Alford. Following the bloody Royalist victory at Alford on 2 July 1645, there remained only a single intact government force in Scotland, under the command of the experienced professional soldier William Baillie._NEWLINE_Baillie and his army were at Perth, attending the meeting of the Scottish Estates. He had been given command of a mixture of new, untrained levies from Fife, a number of regular regiments withdrawn from England, and the remnants of several regiments already defeated by Montrose at Auldearn and Alford. His cavalry, led by Lord Balcarres, was mainly regular dragoons. In addition to these troops, the Earl of Lanark had raised a new levy of 1,000 infantry and 500 cavalry from the estate of his brother, the Duke of Hamilton, in Clydesdale, and was en route north to join the main body._NEWLINE_When news of this troop movement reached Montrose, he decided to confront these forces individually, before they could join up. Marching from Dunkeld he skirted Baillie's force at Perth and travelled via Kinross, Glenfarg and Alloa, crossing the Forth near Stirling, and circumnavigating Stirling Castle. By nightfall on 14 August, the army was camped in a meadow near Colzium, by Kilsyth, in the area around Colzium Castle. This area is still known as Cavalry Park in memory of the event._NEWLINE_Baillie learned of Montrose's advance almost immediately, but it took a little time for its purpose to become apparent. Realising that his opponent had gained an advantage and that Lanark's forces were in danger, he moved his men southward, reaching Stirling by the line of the modern A9 road. On the same night as Montrose reached Colzium, Baillie was only three miles off at Hollinbush. He arrived late and his men had little rest._NEWLINE_Overnight, his scouts located the Royalist encampment, and at dawn the next morning his troops were on the move and, marching directly across country, reaching the village of Banton. This gave the Covenanters the higher ground around the eastern rim of the hollow occupied by the Royalist infantry. _START_SECTION_ The battle _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Royalist troops were clearly visible, undisturbed by the arrival of the main army of their enemies. Having a healthy respect for his opposition, and appreciating that his own forces had already marched several miles in full kit, Baillie decided to take positions where he was and wait for Lanark's force to appear. If Lanark arrived on the field, Baillie would have Montrose trapped between his force and the reinforcements; and if Montrose decided to attack Lanark as he arrived, Baillie could advance against the Royalist army from the rear. A direct attack by Montrose against the Covenanter line would face daunting high ground held by a numerically superior opponent._NEWLINE_Although Baillie's decision was sound, he was not allowed to adhere to it. His orders were subject to the approval of the "Committee of Estates", consisting of the Earls of Argyll, Crawford and Tullibardine, and the Lords Elcho, and Balfour of Burleigh, together with a number of Calvinist clergymen. Worried by the possibility of Montrose escaping to fight another day, they ordered a flank march around the Royalist position. Baillie protested against the redeployment, but was overruled._NEWLINE_Clashes soon broke out as the Covenanter army made their flank march, with the left wing of Baillie's force (now the rear of the flanking column) attacking the MacLean infantry occupying cottages on Montrose's left flank, and the cavalry on the Covenanter right flank (or van) attacking the Royalist cavalry. Other Covenanter and Royalist units joined the fray, acting without orders. Montrose seized the unexpected opportunity, and sent his cavalry and Highlanders against the now disrupted Covenanter column. The mass of the Royalist infantry subsequently joined in the attack. Baillie's army soon broke and ran._NEWLINE_Approximately three-quarters of the Covenanter troops perished. Baillie himself fled south with an escort of cavalry, but was caught in the notorious Dullatur Bog, a marshy area lying between the head waters of the Kelvin and the Bonny. He managed to escape, although he left most of his escort behind, and reached safety at Stirling Castle. During construction of the Forth and Clyde Canal, the bodies of several troopers, one still seated on a horse, were recovered from the bog. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lanark's forces were told of the defeat, and dispersed. Lanark himself and the Committee of Estates escaped across the border to England. Briefly, Montrose found himself undisputed master of Scotland, and proceeded to Glasgow, where he summoned a parliament in the name of the King. Unknown to Montrose, the victory was too late; the Battle of Naseby had already been lost and the Royalist cause was in ruins. Montrose made an attempt to move south in support of the king, but was himself decisively defeated at Philiphaugh._NEWLINE_The battle and the Royalist campaign of 1644-1645 in general feature in the 1937 novel And No Quarter by the Irish writer Maurice Walsh, told from the perspective of two members of O'Cahan's Regiment. _START_SECTION_ Battlefield _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ordnance Survey maps mark the battlefield as being in the vicinity of Banton Loch which was created in the 19th century. The battlefield has been inventoried and protected by Historic Scotland under the Scottish Historical Environment Policy of 2009.

3122441749998247008

Q4871444

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Kings Norton _START_SECTION_ Prelude _START_PARAGRAPH_ On Monday 17 October 1642 King Charles I was marching south through Birmingham. While passing through the town some of the Royal carriages were pillaged and the contents sent to Warwick Castle a parliamentary stronghold._NEWLINE_Rupert, whose soldiers had been cantoned in Stourbridge after Rupert's victory at the Battle of Powick Bridge during his successful expedition to Worcester in September, left the town on 17 October to join Charles with 9 troops of horse and about 300 foot. If any reliance is to be placed on one surviving tract of the encounter, Rupert's march crossed the path of a Parliamentary party under the command of Lord Willoughby of Parham on his way to join the Earl of Essex's parliamentary army. _START_SECTION_ Battle _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lord Willoughby who was in command of about 800 horse and foot met Prince Rupert somewhere between Stourbridge and Birmingham, probably in the Kings Norton area. The resulting battle was "very fierce and cruel". It was the Royalists who disengaged having lost between 50 and 80 killed with 20 taken prisoner. The Roundheads kept possession of the battlefield and lost between 17 and 20 men. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Both parties continued on to their destinations: Rupert joined King Charles, while Lord Willoughby joined Essex. The historian J. W. Willis-Bund speculated that it may have been Willoughby who provided the information on Rupert's (and the King's) movements, which lead Essex to move his army towards Worcester on 19 October.

9647156027420654376

Q3072388

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Mile Hill _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the failure of Army of Northern Virginia to deliver a decisive blow to the Army of Virginia at the Battle of Ox Hill following the Second Battle of Bull Run, Robert E. Lee decided it unwise to pursue the Federals any further towards their fortifications near Washington D.C.. Instead, he planned to move into Loudoun County to obtain forage and provisions and to reorganize the army before his planned invasion of Maryland._NEWLINE_At the time, Loudoun County was occupied by Federal troops operating from the Union garrison at Harpers Ferry. As such, J.E.B. Stuart's cavalry was sent in advance to screen the army's movements and to clear Loudoun of enemy resistance. To this end, on September 1, the 2nd Virginia Cavalry, under the command of Col. Thomas T. Munford, was assigned to secure the town of Leesburg and the river crossings in its vicinity. _START_SECTION_ Battle _START_PARAGRAPH_ The following day, as Munford approached the eastern end of Leesburg, he split his command, sending a squadron under the command of Captain Jesse Irvine, Jr. directly through town, while he, with the rest of his regiment turned north off the Leesburg Pike (present day Route 7) towards the Edward's Ferry river crossing._NEWLINE_Irvine and his command rushed into town to find Samuel C. Means and his Unionist Loudoun Rangers guarding the courthouse. The Rangers, having been severely manhandled by E.V. White and his partisan Rebels a few days prior at Waterford, put up little resistance before retreating north up King Street (Route 15), though not before suffering four wounded. The Rangers fell back on Cole's Maryland Cavalry, who were positioned to the north of town at the Big Spring (near present day Tutt Lane), with Irvine's command in hot pursuit. Cole's dismounted command began to engage Irvine, but moments later Munford's command attacked from their rear flank, having been able to circumvent the Union position by riding around its left flank along the river and approaching its rear via Smart's Mill Lane, which Cole had foolishly left unguarded._NEWLINE_Cole attempted to mount his command to engage Munford, but many of his troops were killed or wounded before they could reach their horses. Those that did, briefly engaged Munford before retreating towards the Catoctin Mountain and the road to Waterford, which cut through a gap in the ridge. Munford gave chase for two miles, driving the Federals through the gap into Loudoun Valley before retiring, having successfully cleared Leesburg and the river crossings in its vicinity. _START_SECTION_ Results _START_PARAGRAPH_ Of Munford's 163 troops on the field, he suffered 2 killed and 5 wounded, while of the Loudoun Rangers 30 or so men, 1 was killed, 6 were wounded and 4 captured. Cole's Cavalry, estimated at 150 strong, reported 6 killed, 27 wounded, and 11 captured, though a significant amount of those casualties were officers. _START_SECTION_ Battlefield _START_PARAGRAPH_ The main portion of the battle started approximately where the present day U.S. Rt. 15 Bypass converges with Business Rt. 15 near the Harrison Farm (this being Cole's initial position). The battle then moved southwest across present day Morven Park and Ida Lee Park to Old Waterford Road. None of the battlefield is protected as such, but Morvin Park remains undeveloped, as does much of Ida Lee Park, so if one follows the Civil War Trails signs to the historical marker off of Tutts Lane, a good feel for the setting of the battle can be had._NEWLINE_Cole's initial position has been mostly obliterated by construction and widening of the Rt 15 highway system, as well as the partial condemnation of the Harrison Farm by the public school system to build Smart's Mill Middle School and Frances Hazel Reid Elementary School. Likewise, the approach Munford took up Smart's Mill Lane has become a housing development, though a piece of the old road survives within the modern subdivision.

13079509358805920808

Q27958189

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Tápióbicske _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the Hungarian Revolutionary Army’s Spring Campaign started well with a victory at the Battle of Hatvan, the Second Army, consisting of I, II and III Corps, started to advance southwest in the direction of Pest and Buda. They met at Jászberény on 3 April. General Artúr Görgei, the interim commander-in-chief of the Hungarian armies, issued marching orders. György Klapka was to depart with I Corps at 4  the next morning towards Tápióbicske via Nagykáta. János Damjanich with III Corps was to set off at 5 am Nagykáta.Lieutenant-Colonel István Szekulits, with II Corps, was to move off at 6 am towards Farmos. The army headquarters was to be at Nagykáta. The Hungarian plan for the Spring Campaign, as elaborated by Antal Vetter, was that VII Corps, commanded by András Gáspár, had to attract the attention of the Austrian Windisch-Grätz by making a feint attack from the direction of Hatvan. Meanwhile the other three corps (I, II and III) would encircle the Austrian forces from the south-west, and cut them off from Pest and Buda. It was important that these three corps should not be detected by the Austrians as they advanced towards Windisch-Grätz. _START_SECTION_ Prelude _START_PARAGRAPH_ Klapka’s troops finally departed two hours late, at 6 o'clock. On the way he received news that Jelačić's troops had spent the night at Tápióbicske but departed, leaving only their baggage and a few soldiers in the village. So, without thinking about the danger of revealing the campaign plan to the enemy, Klapka decided to fall on them by surprise and take this apparently easy booty. But in the meanwhile, without Klapka's knowledge,Colonel Leopold Sternberg had arrived in Tápióbicske with his cavalry brigade, as had an infantry brigade under the command of Major-General Daniel Rastić. _START_SECTION_ Battle _START_PARAGRAPH_ Klapka's force was led by the Dipold brigade in the vanguard, followed by the rest of the army in this order: the Bobich, Sulcz and Zákó brigades (named after the officers who led them), then the cavalry division led by Colonel Arisztid Dessewffy. The vanguard crossed the Tápió river, then entered Tápióbicske in company columns. But here it was caught by surprise by the crossfire of the Croatian border guard units of the Rastić-brigade, hidden among the houses of the village, and suffered heavy losses, retreating in disorder towards the Tápió bridge. The soldiers of the fleeing Dipold-brigade ran into the Bobich-brigade which had just crossed the river and deployed its horse battery. Their infectious panic routed Bobich’s infantry and artillery as well, then also the Sulcz and Zákó brigades._NEWLINE_This predisposition to panic was a common problem in the Hungarian revolutionary army because, especially in the first months of the Hungarian War of Independence, they often used irregulars alongside the regular soldiers. The panicking irregulars caused major problems, for example in the Battle of Schwechat.) This was due to the poor quality of their training, or the short period of their instruction, caused by the urgent need for new troops to replace losses and the pressures of defending a country attacked from every direction, and the unpreparedness and lack of training of the officers; all of these down to the fact that the Hungarian army was only a few months old, while its enemy, the Habsburg army was the product of many centuries of uninterrupted institutional tradition._NEWLINE_The Hungarians also lost an entire battery because the gunners confused the attacking enemy infantry with theirs, due to them having the same colour uniforms. Seeing all these misfortunes, Klapka sent the I. (Császár) and VIIIth (Koburg) hussar regiments to attack the Croatian Ban's Hussars, who were pursuing the Hungarian infantry. At the head of the I. Hussar Regiment was Major Alajos Sebő, a very good officer, while at the head of the Croats was Major Hermann Riedesel, a strapping man, one of the best duelists in the imperial army. The two men knew each other. Riedesel challenged Sebő to a duel, and this he accepted, despite fearing that he would certainly be killed, as he said later, to set a courageous example for his regiment, which was known as one of the weakest in the Hungarian army. After they had charged each other twice, neither of them was wounded, but on the third charge, after Riedesel had injured his hand or arm, Sebő made his smaller and quicker horse push the Austrian officer’s horse, causing him to lose his balance, then struck him down with his sword, slashing Riedesel's face, who fell down dead. Twenty years later this duel inspired the great Hungarian novelist, Mór Jókai, in his description of the duel between two of his fictional characters, the Hungarian hussar Richárd Baradlay and the Austrian officer Otto Palvicz in the 23rd chapter of his novel The Baron's Sons (A kőszívű ember fiai), depicting the Battle of Isaszeg._NEWLINE_After Sebő's success, the Hungarian hussars drove the Croat cavalry back, but were halted by the imperial artillery and a brave attack by the Croat border guard battalion, which forced them to retreat to the other side of the Tápió river. This again caused chaos among the Hungarian troops, who started a hasty retreat, which was contributed to by the fact that Klapka lost contact with his troops while trying to cross the river far from them. The Rastić and Sternberg brigades crossed the river via the bridge, took 10 Hungarian cannon and 4 ammunition caissons, and captured two Hungarian officers and 123 men. The Croat batteries fired at the retreating Hungarians, who were fortunate that the terrain on this side of the river was quite broken ground, so their cavalry could not do its job of pursuing the retreating forces. At this dramatic moment Görgei arrived on the scene, and tried unsuccessfully to stop the I Corps soldiers’ retreat and to get them into battle order._NEWLINE_The battle seemed to be lost, until Damjanich's III Corps arrived on the battlefield. Before they deployed, Colonel Arisztid Dessewffy, with the remaining cavalry and artillery of I Corps which had not fled, managed to stop the advancing imperials amidst heavy fighting. Following Görgei's order, Damjanich then took command of Wysocki’s division of his corps, and together with the Leiningen brigade, started to charge. In the meantime, the fleeing troops of I Corps also regrouped. When the Hungarian soldiers of the 3rd and 9th Battalions of the III. Corps, arrived at the bridge after chasing the enemy back to the other side of the river, they started to argue about who would cross it first, losing precious time. The commander of the 3rd Battalion, Major Károly Földváry – a hero of several battles of the Hungarian War of Independence (he also distinguished himself in the Battle of Vác) – wrested the flag of the 9th Battalion from its commander's hand, and led both battalions across the bridge under a hail of bullets from the imperial troops. After chasing them from the outskirts of the village, the whole Wysocki division crossed and joined the pursuit. The retreating imperial troops set the village on fire to slow down the advancing Hungarians. The cavalry of III Corps led by Colonel József Nagysándor tried to pursue the retreating Austrians, but the terrain prevented them from doing this. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Hungarian victory was made bitter-sweet by the fact that they could not recapture four of their guns which had been taken by the Austrians. Additionally, György Klapka, normally a very capable general, had made a considerable tactical error in giving the order to attack Tápióbicske, because in doing so he had revealed the location of his troops. Because of this, Görgei did not dare to give the order for the encirclement of the main imperial forces at Isaszeg and Gödöllő. According to László Pusztaszeri, Klapka thereby prevented a decisive Hungarian victory over Windisch-Grätz. Róbert Hermann believes that although Görgei was uncertain what to do, he finally decided to order his troops to continue their movements according to the initial plan._NEWLINE_On the other hand, after the battle on 4 April, Jelačić falsely reported a Croat victory over the Hungarians. This misled Windisch-Grätz, who did not understand what was happening on the south-eastern front, and contributed to him ordering the Ban of Croatia (Jelačić) to pursue the Hungarians, who in reality were not fleeing but nearing Gödöllő. He was totally unclear about where the Hungarian forces really were, and feared that their main forces would get around him either from the south, cutting his lines of communication with the capital, or from the north, liberating the fortress of Komárom from the imperial siege. So Windisch-Grätz scattered his forces on a 54-kilometer front, which made it impossible for his troops to support each other effectively (some units were more than a day's march apart). In contrast, the Hungarian front line was only 22 kilometers long, and so at all times during the battle Görgei could concentrate up to two thirds of his force at any point of his front line. Windisch-Grätz's error reduced his chance of victory against the Hungarian main forces in the Battle of Isaszeg which followed two days after Tápióbicske.

70075138763554398

Q570456

_START_ARTICLE_ Battle of Warsaw (1831) _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1830 a series of revolutions struck Europe: the July Revolution in France, the Belgian Revolution and smaller revolts in Italy threatened to overthrow the framework of European politics established at the Congress of Vienna. As the Russian tsars were among the strongest advocates of that status quo, the uprising in Poland and the ousting of the tsar as the king of Poland by the Sejm and Senate of Poland on 25 January 1831 were considered a serious irritant. Russia could not send its armies to Belgium or France before the rebellion in Poland was quelled. For that reason the capture of Warsaw was Russia's main target in the war from the start of hostilities._NEWLINE_In the course of the uprising, the army of Russia unsuccessfully tried to capture the capital of Poland on two occasions. First in February 1831, forces under Field Marshal Hans Karl von Diebitsch stormed the eastern suburb of Praga. After a bloody battle at Grochów, the Polish Army successfully retreated to Warsaw, and the capital remained in Polish hands._NEWLINE_Unable to capture Warsaw by a frontal assault, von Diebitsch devised a plan to outflank it and enter the city from the west. In early 1831 he sent his forces upstream on the Vistula, where the Russian divisions were to cross the river and head back north, towards Warsaw. The new plan was thwarted by the Polish defence in three successive battles around Wawer, Dębe Wielkie and Iganie. The Russians withdrew towards Siedlce, where von Diebitsch fell ill and died of cholera._NEWLINE_The successor of von Diebitsch as Commander in Chief of Russian forces in Poland, Count Ivan Paskevich, decided to wait for the Polish forces on other fronts to be defeated before he resumed his march on Warsaw. In June 1831 General Antoni Giełgud's attack on Wilno failed, and his corps was forced to cross the border with Prussia to avoid complete destruction. Only a small detachment under General Henryk Dembiński managed to rejoin the main Polish force. This secured Paskevich's northern flank and allowed his forces to devise a new plan of attack. Instead of attacking the city directly and risking yet another defeat, he intended to surround Warsaw, cut it off from other Polish-controlled areas, and force it into submission._NEWLINE_Between 17 and 21 July 1831 he crossed the Vistula near Osiek with his main force, and moved towards Warsaw through Gąbin and Łowicz. Meanwhile, other Russian forces from other theatres were also directed towards the city. General Gregor von Rosen's Corps (12,000 men and 34 guns) marched almost unopposed from Brześć Litewski and reached Praga on 10 August. General Theodor von Rüdiger's corps (12,000 men and 42 guns) crossed the Upper Vistula at Józefów on 7 August and captured Radom._NEWLINE_The new Commander in Chief of the Polish Army, Jan Zygmunt Skrzynecki, was also hesitant to fight a major battle. Instead, he ordered Warsaw to be fortified and allowed the Russians to cross the Vistula unopposed. In his opinion, the war could only be won diplomatically, by interventions of the United Kingdom, Austria and France. Should those fail, Skrzynecki believed Warsaw would hold out at least several weeks under a siege, after which the main bulk of the Polish Army would still be intact to fight a decisive battle against the Russians, who by then would be cut off from their rear by the Vistula. On 10 August 1831 Skrzynecki was forced to resign and was replaced by Henryk Dembiński, the military governor of Warsaw. _START_SECTION_ Training, equipment and morale _START_PARAGRAPH_ Both sides were trained in a similar manner and used similar equipment. The standard rifle for both sides was the Model 1808 flintlock musket (a copy of the Charleville musket) and its modification, the Model 1826 Musket, with effective range not exceeding 250 metres (820 ft). Some units of the Polish infantry were still armed with hunting rifles or war scythes, but contrary to common misconception the scythe-wielding kosynierzy were but a small minority of Polish forces. The artillery used by both sides was mostly six-pounder and twelve-pounder licornes; heavier artillery included twenty-pounders ("half-pood") and 10-pounders ("quarter-pood") cannons. Apart from Russian-made artillery, both sides also used to a lesser extent foreign guns. The forces of both sides were a mixture of old, battle-hardened soldiers trained in regular units before the war, and new, unproven recruits._NEWLINE_The Polish Army was made up primarily of volunteers and organised along the lines of Napoleon Bonaparte's army, which meant that there was no corporal punishment in the military handbooks and the soldiers were highly motivated. The good morale of the first months of the uprising was long gone by the early days of September. A long string of defeats, partial victories, and retreats coupled with high command's indecisiveness and frequent changes in command structure (between 12 and 20 August the post of Commander-in-Chief changed hands four times) meant that the soldiers' morale was low. Also, most of the generals in Warsaw lacked faith in the aims of the uprising set by the more liberal-minded members of Sejm and instead were "only doing their job", hoping the status quo would return as soon as the tsar was forced to stand by his promises. The generals supporting continued fighting (Jan Nepomucen Umiński, Henryk Dembiński, Józef Bem, and Kazimierz Małachowski) were in charge in early September, but they were outnumbered by generals who were willing to sign an armistice with the Russians, even against the will of the Sejm._NEWLINE_By contrast the Russian forces' morale was extremely high. The Russian commanders had ample experience in siege operations; Paskevich himself had captured at least six fortified cities in his career, including the capture of Erevan and Abbas-Abbad Fortress in the Russo-Persian War of 1826 and the battle of Akhalzic and siege of Kars during the Russo-Turkish War of 1828. _START_SECTION_ Initial clashes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Facing logistical problems, the new Polish Commander-in-Chief Jan Krukowiecki, who had replaced Dembiński in mid-August, ordered a sortie on the right bank. Like his predecessor, Krukowiecki was a conservative and believed the main aim of the November Uprising was the return of the status quo ante with the tsars of Russia as kings of Poland, but respecting the constitution and Polish laws. Unlike Skrzynecki, he believed foreign intervention to be unrealistic, and wanted to force the Russians to return to peace talks by defeating the Russian forces, breaking the siege or defeating the assault attempts._NEWLINE_According to the new strategy, the forces under Girolamo Ramorino and Tomasz Łubieński were to leave the city and stay on the right bank of the Vistula, harass the Russian forces under von Rosen and von Rüdiger, capture the river crossings at Osiek, provide the city with supplies, and force Paskevich to divert some of his forces to fight them. Both forces left the city between 16 and 20 August 1831. Tomasz Łubieński's Corps headed towards Płock, broke the encirclement, and delivered much-needed supplies to Warsaw. His forces also broke the northern line of communications between Paskevich's forces and East Prussia. Girolamo Ramorino's II Corps in Podlasie defeated von Rosen's Corps in several clashes, including the battles of Międzyrzec and Rogoźnica. Ramorino's indecisiveness and disregard for orders allowed the defeated and numerically inferior Russians to retreat towards Brześć Litewski and avoid complete destruction._NEWLINE_The departure of regular units under Ramorino and Łubieński depleted the forces of the defenders, further weakening the crew manning the first line of defence. The garrison dropped to 28,000 regular soldiers and 10,000 fresh troops, poorly trained and often armed only with scythes._NEWLINE_Having defeated von Rosen at Międzyrzec on 29 August, Ramorino's forces were ordered to return to Siedlce, but Ramorino disregarded that order and followed von Rosen towards Brześć. The order to return through Łuków to Siedlce was repeated on 4 September. From there, a forced march could allow the II Corps to cross the Vistula to the south of Warsaw and attack Paskevich from the rear, or rejoin the bulk of the Polish Army defending Warsaw. The repeated order was also ignored. A large part of the Polish forces, composed mostly of seasoned soldiers, high in morale thanks to recent victories, was wandering aimlessly through Podlasie, only a couple of days' march from Warsaw. Instead of coming to the aid of Warsaw or following the fleeing forces of von Rosen, Ramorino waited in Podlasie for a week, and then headed south, away from the enemy._NEWLINE_On 4 September Paskevich sent an envoy to Warsaw requesting surrender and promising revision of the constitution. Only three out of ten members of the Diplomatic Commission voted in favour of further negotiations, and on 5 September the Russian commander was informed that the only acceptable solution had already been made known in the declaration of the Sejm. The Poles requested that all lands taken by Russia in the partitions of Poland be restored, and that the deposition of Nicholas I as the king of Poland (of 25 January 1831) still be valid._NEWLINE_On the eve of the battle, the Russian Army moved from its positions in villages surrounding Warsaw, (Nadarzyn, Wolica, Falenty, Dawidy and Raszyn) closer to Polish positions. The Guards started moving towards Opacze Wielkie. The grenadiers, Cavalry Corps and the I Infantry Corps moved to the road to Kalisz near Szamoty, and the II Infantry Corps moved to Włochy. An infantry division under Muraviev occupied the fields between Okęcie and Rakowiec, and Cavalry Division of Nostitz moved to Zbarż. To complete the encirclement, the 2nd Light Division under von Strandmann took positions near Służew on the road towards Lublin, while Stepan Khilkov's Cavalry Division moved to Chrzanów. The supply trains and reserves were left in Nadarzyn. _START_SECTION_ Battle plans _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although initially Paskevich opposed the idea of an all-out assault of the city, the actions of Ramorino and Łubieński forced his hand. His force was low on provisions and supplies: by early September the main Russian force had only 5 days' worth of food and horse fodder. On 28 August Paskevich accepted some of his generals' advice, and ordered preparations for a general attack. After several days of quarrels within the Russian staff, it was decided on 4 September that the main thrust should be aimed at the strongest Polish positions behind the suburb of Wola. The assault was to focus on the central rampart in Wola, Fort 56, and the surrounding fortifications. The Russian I Infantry Corps was to storm Fort 57 and continue towards Forts 56 and 58. The II Infantry Corps was to focus on nearby Forts 54 and 55. Other sectors of the front were to be only lightly pressed by diversionary attacks. Paskevich probably did not want to enter Warsaw, and counted on the Polish defenders to abandon the city or surrender once the outer ring of defences was pierced and the city centre was threatened with fire._NEWLINE_The Polish plan was based on fixed defence of the front line, with the forces under Umiński and Dembiński behind the second line of defences and acting as a mobile reserve, together with divisional artillery and cavalry. Umiński's Corps was to cover the southern sector of the front, a line of approximately 7.1 kilometres (4.4 mi) from road to Puławy, through the road towards Kraków, to the line connecting Fort 18 and Fort 74. Forces under Dembiński were to defend the western and northern sector, along a line of 9.6 kilometres (6.0 mi) running from Redoubt 54 to the suburb of Marymont. Most of the Polish forces were in the southern part of the city, as the Polish headquarters incorrectly assumed that the Russians would attack the weakest part of the defences, around Królikarnia, the suburbs of Mokotów and Czerniaków. _START_SECTION_ 6 September _START_PARAGRAPH_ Already before the battle Paskevich achieved devastating numerical superiority on the western front. The first Russian line facing Wola had 30,200 soldiers, 144 pieces of artillery and eight mortars; the second line was formed by 39,200 soldiers and 196 pieces of artillery. Facing them were 5,300 infantry, 65 cannons and 1,100 cavalry under Dembiński, with another 4,800 soldiers in reserve._NEWLINE_At 2:00 Polish observation posts on the Holy Trinity Church and the Astronomical Observatory at Ujazdów Avenue spotted enemy movements and sounded the alarm. The attack started around 4:00, and within an hour Polish forts 54 and 57 opened fire on approaching Russians. Around 5:00, eighty-six guns of the I Infantry Corps started shelling Polish positions around Wola from a distance of 600 metres (2,000 ft), and the battle started._NEWLINE_Fort 56 consisted of three wings, each surrounded by its own earthwork, stockades and a moat. Partially obscured by the trees of Brühl's Garden, the central wing was further reinforced by the St. Laurence's Church and the surrounding monastery. The fort, commanded by General Józef Sowiński, was manned by two battalions of the 8th Regiment of Line Infantry (1,200 men), with 40 sappers, 13 cannon, two Congreve rocket launchers, and a small detachment from the 14th Regiment of Line Infantry (170 men). Directly in front of it, on a hill overlooking the battlefield, lay the smaller, irregularly-shaped Fort 57 manned by 300 men under Maj. Józef Krassowski, armed with four pieces of artillery and two Congreve rocket launchers. To the north lay Fort 59 (four cannon and 400 men under Maj. Józef Borzęcki), while to the south Fort 54 (up to 350 men under Maj. Ignacy Dobrzelewski and six guns under Lt. Julian Konstanty Ordon). Even though the remaining forts of Wola (Forts 55, 58, 60 and 61) were deprived of their garrisons to strengthen the defence, the most important Polish positions were still severely undermanned._NEWLINE_Further to the south, near Rakowiec, lay a group of forts of the outer line. All had already been abandoned by the Poles in early September, and were captured by Russian infantry under General Muraviev without a fight. Forces under General von Strandmann captured Szopy and started attacking Forts 44, 45 and the fortifications around Królikarnia. Although von Strandmann's unit did not have a clear numerical superiority (2,900 Russians with six guns against 1,700 Poles with six guns), they quickly pushed back the Polish defenders. Soon dense black powder smoke covered the battlefield. Unable to determine the direction of Russian attacks, the Polish commanders believed that the aim of the main thrust would be delivered against the positions at Królikarnia._NEWLINE_The first to realise the mistake was General Dembiński, the commanding officer of the Reserve Corps tasked with defending the western sector. He immediately asked for reinforcements, but was denied by General Krukowiecki. Forced to fight alone, Dembiński did not reinforce the first line with his reserve 3rd Infantry Division and instead sent forward only a token force: half a battalion to man Fort 58 and support Fort 57. To make things worse for the Poles, General Umiński, the commanding officer of the southern sector, focused entirely on the skirmishes around Królikarnia and did not notice what was happening in Wola. Around 7:00 he reinforced Królikarnia with almost six battalions of infantry (ca. 2,800 men) and three guns. Forts 54 and 55 received no reinforcements. _START_SECTION_ Fort 54 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Meanwhile, the outer earthworks protecting the forts around Wola were being destroyed by Russian artillery. From 6:00, 108 pieces of Russian artillery were focused on forts 54, 55 and 57. Fort 54 held out and losses among the infantry were low, but the artillery of the isolated outposts was forced to hide behind the ramparts. Forts 59 and 61 could not support their neighbours as their crews fought their own artillery duel with horse artillery of Khilkov's Cavalry Division, which suffered heavy casualties._NEWLINE_Out of 32 pieces of artillery held in reserve by Dembiński, only four were moved forward to Fort 58. Around 6:30, nine more guns joined the artillery duel around Wola, but their support was too weak and came too late. At that time two large assault columns were formed by Russian II Infantry Corps. The first, under General Nikolai Sulima, advanced on Fort 54 with Lutkovski's Brigade (2,500 men) in the first line. The second, commanded by General Friedrich Caspar von Geismar, headed for Fort 55. As soon as von Geismar realised that the redoubt was empty, he ordered 1,500 men under Col. Pavel Liprandi to join the attack on Fort 54 instead. Despite serious losses, three battalions of Lutkovski's Brigade reached the stockade surrounding the earthworks and started clearing obstacles._NEWLINE_Because of the smoke the commanders of the second line of Polish outposts could not see the approaching Russians and did not open fire. Contrary to the battle plan, the second line did not send reinforcements to the first. This was particularly important in the case of Forts 54 and 56, as they had to face the enemy alone, without the support of Forts 21, 22 and 23 behind them. The most important positions in the suburb of Wola received only token reinforcements from the main reserve and were forced to fight in isolation._NEWLINE_The Polish defenders of Fort 54 fired incessantly, but by then the Russian horse artillery had clear line of sight onto the top of the rampart. For unknown reasons the Poles did not use the grenades prepared for defence in close quarters. When the breach was completed, two Russian regiments (13th 'Belozerskiy' and 14th 'Olonetskiy') charged into the gap. Other Russian soldiers stormed the earthwork itself, using bayonets as steps to climb onto the parapet. After several salvoes, Polish infantry retreated to within the fort, to fire at Russian soldiers appearing on top of the rampart. The first to cross the obstacles was Pavel Liprandi with his men. With 10:1 Russian superiority, the bayonet fight was short, and between 60 and 80 surviving Poles were taken prisoner in a matter of minutes. Soon afterwards the gunpowder magazine was set on fire and exploded, killing over 100 Russians, among them the commanding officer of the 13th Regiment, Col. Ivan Khludenev. The explosion was fictionalised and immortalised in Adam Mickiewicz's poem Reduta Ordona (Ordon's Redoubt). Altogether the Russian losses during the storming of Fort 54 were between 500 and 600 killed. The dead were buried in a mass grave in a shell-hole, which later became the nucleus of the Orthodox Cemetery in Warsaw._NEWLINE_Expecting a Polish counter-attack, Russian engineers started to repair Forts 54 and 55. Initially only Polish artillery from forts 73, 21, 22 and 23 responded with fire, while Dembiński's reserves remained passive. Seeing no activity on Polish side, Russian II Infantry Corps' artillery started supporting its neighbours of the I Infantry Corps. Russian artillery suffered some losses, but its superiority was evident. Batteries of the I Corps approached Fort 57 to within 300 metres (980 ft), which forced the Polish artillery to be dismantled and withdrawn from the fort. Around 8:00 two columns of the I Corps (under Alexander von Lüders and Ivan Nabokov) assaulted the fort. Elements of four Russian regiments (3rd and 4th Marine Regiments, 7th 'Revelski' Infantry Regiment and Moskovsky Regiment) stormed the fort from three sides, hoping a three-hour artillery barrage had destroyed the obstacles and palisade guarding the entry to Polish positions. The stockade was almost intact and Russian forces suffered considerable losses, both from small-arms fire and from artillery of the 2nd line. The officers ordered a retreat, but the soldiers disregarded the order and continued to assault the fort on their own. Several assaults were repelled with heavy Russian losses. Despite the losses, Russian infantry entered the fort and captured it in a close quarters fight, without a shot fired. Only about 80 Poles were taken captive, and four managed to retreat to the Polish lines with their wounded commanding officer; the remainder fought on and were killed almost to the last man. As the recently captured fort was well within the range of Polish artillery, the Russians withdrew and started hiding behind it. _START_SECTION_ Fort 56 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Despite the loss of forts 54, 55 and 57, Krukowiecki was still convinced that the attack on Wola was a diversion, and refused to grant General Dembiński more reinforcements. Only General Ludwik Bogusławski, commanding officer of the 3rd Infantry Division, disregarded his orders and sent a single battalion of the 10th Line Infantry Regiment to Fort 56 as reinforcements. The battalion was led by Col. Piotr Wysocki, the officer who started the entire November Uprising. Dembiński abandoned Fort 58. Its artillery, along with 12 cannons and six rocket launchers from his reserves, was ordered to take positions between the first and second lines of defence, in front of Forts 21, 22 and 23. Around 9:00, when Russian forces were preparing to push further into the second line of Polish defences, Brigadier Józef Bem arrived to Wola with his 12 cannon and positioned them not far from the recently-lost Fort 54, right on the flank of Kreutz's infantry and Russian artillery shelling Fort 56. Eight more guns and four rocket launchers arrived to the northern flank of Wola and joined the defence of Fort 58. Around that time the combined artillery forces of both Russian infantry corps shifted their fire to Forts 56, 59 and 23. This time the Poles won the artillery duel. Despite Russian numerical superiority in guns and mortars, the Russian artillery suffered losses and was forced to withdraw, followed by infantry, likewise forced back into hiding behind the captured earthworks. Dembiński did not take advantage of this success, and the Polish infantry remained hidden behind fixed defences._NEWLINE_Seeing no activity, the commander of the Russian II Corps ordered all his cannons to shift fire onto the 14 guns under Józef Bem. Heavily pressed, Polish artillery withstood the fire for over half an hour before switching to new positions to the right of the road to Kalisz. It resumed fire on the II Corps, but was again targeted by enemy guns. The artillery duel continued, but the situation of Fort 56 was becoming critical. Shelled from three sides, the largest Polish fort around Warsaw was now isolated. Including reinforcements brought by Col. Wysocki, the crew of the fort included approximately 1,660 infantrymen and ten pieces of artillery. By 10:00 most artillerymen had been killed or wounded (including the fort's artillery commander, Capt. Krzywicki) and had to be replaced with untrained infantrymen, which seriously limited the Polish guns' rate of fire and accuracy. All ramparts were successively damaged by Russian artillery, and there was a 30-metre breach in one of its sides._NEWLINE_Paskevich, who observed the artillery duel from Fort 55, became convinced that his Polish counterpart would not come to the rescue of Fort 56. Initially hesitant, he finally ordered Russian infantry to attack Fort 56 around 10:00. The attack was carried out by 13 infantry battalions (ca. 6,900 men) from columns commanded by General Lüders and Martinov. The forces of Lüders stormed the obstacles and crossed the stockade, but Polish defenders met them with rifle volleys from within the fort, and the attack was repelled. Lüders quickly ordered his second line (2,300 men) to advance as well. The new forces were twice pushed back into the moat by the commander of the northern wing, Maj. Franciszek Biernacki, but in the end the Polish defenders were overpowered and had to withdraw further into the fort. The Russians followed, but their battalions lost cohesion, which allowed the numerically inferior force under Biernacki to hold out inside the fort and cover the flank of the central wing._NEWLINE_Forces under General Martinov assaulted the central wing of Fort 56. Here the obstacles were intact, and 200 Polish soldiers repelled three consecutive assaults by a famed Moscow Guards Regiment. The Russians lost two regimental commanders before their forces managed to reach the moat. When a force of 2,900 Russians reached the top of the rampart, they were surprised by a staunch defence of a second rampart behind it. Russian infantry retreated and hid under the first rampart. Biernacki, fighting in the northern wing, managed to expel the Russian infantry, but was killed in action during the counter-attack, and the Poles withdrew back into the trees on the far side of the fort. To stabilise the situation, General Sowiński ordered a company of the 8th Line Infantry Regiment to leave the central wing and join the fight in the north. The new commanding officer of the north wing, Maj. Lipski, organised yet another counter-attack. Shouting "Mates, remember Grochów, remember Iganie!" he led his men in a charge and pushed the Russians back once again, but the impetus was lost and the Russians retained control of the rampart to the north-west. A short stalemate ensued, in which the Polish infantrymen and their single twelve-pounder carronade prevented much larger enemy forces from entering the fort._NEWLINE_Seeing that their forces had failed, Paskevich and Pahlen decided to throw in even more forces into the fight. Elements of the 9th 'Ingermanland' Infantry Regiment and 10th 'New Ingermanland' Infantry Regiment (890 men and six guns) were ordered to attack the eastern side of the northern wing. Simultaneously seven battalions (ca. 4,000 men) were to attack the central and eastern wings from the south. About 70 pieces of artillery were ordered to fire on the second line of Polish defences to prevent Polish reinforcements from breaking through to the fort. This time several thousand Russians entered the northern wing in strict military formations. By then the garrison under Maj. Lipski had 800 men and was not strong enough to withstand the assault. Poles were again pushed back into the trees of the far side of the northern wing, and Maj. Lipski was killed. He was replaced by Maj. Dobrogoyski, who panicked and sounded a retreat, taking with him 500 men. The remaining 300 soldiers under Maj. Świtkowski tried again to force the Russians out, but were by then outnumbered 10 to 1 and around 10:30 had to withdraw towards the central wing. The central wing, by then under the command of Lt. Col. Wodzyński, held out against a large column led by General Lüders, composed of the elite regiments of Prince Wilhelm and Prince Charles._NEWLINE_By that time the central wing was defended by a mere 900 men and one cannon. The combined forces of Lüders, Martynov and Friedrich von Berg exceeded 6,000 men and were preparing to storm it. Several assaults were repelled, but shortly after 11:00 the Polish position was attacked from the north and south simultaneously. The northern pincer stalled and the southern pincer, led by General Malinovski, was bloodily repelled. General Martynov was badly wounded. General Pahlen ordered a further 2,300 men (5th Infantry Regiment and elements of Siberian Grenadiers) to attack from the other side. The Siberian regiment entered the fort and forced the crews of carronades, commanded personally by General Sowiński, to withdraw within the walls surrounding the church. The largest group of Polish soldiers fighting in front of the church was offered capitulation, and Sowiński and the remainder of his crew laid down their arms. Another group of Polish soldiers still defending the church fired at the Russians, and angered Russian soldiers, General Sowiński among them, massacred the prisoners of war. As Russian authorities later confirmed he died on the field of duty, Sowiński soon became a Polish national hero, immortalised in a poem "Sowiński w okopach Woli" (Sowiński in the trenches of Wola) by Juliusz Słowacki._NEWLINE_The surrounded church was well prepared for defence, but its garrison was by then composed almost entirely of the wounded. By noon the defenders were overpowered, and the Russians entered the church. The fight for Fort 56 was over. Altogether the Russian side lost no less than 1,000 killed in action during the storming of the fort. Polish casualties did not exceed 300 killed and wounded, with 1,230 soldiers and officers taken prisoner. Only up to 500 soldiers managed to withdraw and reach Polish lines. _START_SECTION_ Fights for Wola and elsewhere _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the fights for the ramparts of Wola, only artillery of the second line gave limited support to the outnumbered Polish troops. Krukowiecki claimed after the war that he ordered Dembiński, Bem and General Franciszek Młokosiewicz to support the first line, but apparently none of them received the order. General Ludwik Bogusławski, commander of the 3rd Infantry Division manning the second line, could have supported the forts of the first line, but he could not see what was happening in Fort 56 due to dense smoke and the trees of Brühl's Garden._NEWLINE_Paskevich expected a Polish counter-attack aimed at recapturing the lost forts, so he ordered his troops to halt the advance, rebuild the ramparts and construct new artillery emplacements facing the city. Further movement in the vicinity of Wola was blocked by Polish artillery from Fort 59, but within two hours Russian sappers prepared Fort 56 to serve as an artillery outpost for up to 20 pieces of artillery. Paskevich also sent tirailleurs and rifle-armed skirmishers forward to probe and harass Polish defences around Fort 23. Polish field artillery left Fort 21 and pushed back the Russian light infantry, but were then attacked by Russian I Corps' artillery and forced to flee. Only then did General Bogusławski realise that Fort 56 might need assistance. To reconnoitre enemy movements and possibly deliver munitions to the fort he dispatched General Młokosiewicz with his infantry brigade of 1,000 men. Two Russian rifle regiments fled before his columns and Młokosiewicz's men almost reached the fort, but Russian artillery opened fire and inflicted several dozen casualties on the Poles. Młokosiewicz realised that Fort 56 was lost and quickly retreated towards Forts 21 and 22. Two Russian rifle regiments (1st and 2nd) tried to pursue, but were defeated by Polish artillery and retreated._NEWLINE_Unexpectedly, this weak push by Młokosiewicz and his men probably forced the Russians to reconsider their plans and postpone any further attacks until the following day. At that moment Paskevich was not sure what the Poles would do. He feared a Polish counter-attack would retake the forts of Wola, or strike a wedge between his I and II Corps. He ordered all offensive actions in Wola halted. His artillery continued to duel with the Poles, but infantry was withdrawn and Paskevich himself left his forces to look for the Corps of General Muraviev to the south, somewhere between Szczęśliwice and the Jerozolimskie Gate._NEWLINE_Around that time General Małachowski arrived at Fort 23 to inspect the part of the front he had neglected until that point. Informed by General Młokosiewicz of the loss of Fort 56, he ordered a counter-attack. More preoccupied with holding the second line than with retaking the first, he committed only two battalions (1,240 men) out of 12 he had in reserve to the assault. The counter-attack started around 13:00 and was supported by a token force of 14 pieces of horse artillery, while General Bem held 21 heavier field cannons in reserve. As soon as the Poles left their ramparts, the sortie came under fire of Russian artillery amassed in front of forts 54, 55 and 56. Despite heavy fire, the Poles reached a point 500 metres (1,600 ft) south-east of Fort 56, where they were met by elements of two Russian rifle regiments (1st and 2nd; ca. 1,800 men). Despite Russian numerical superiority, the Polish force broke through and pushed the Russians back, but was then defeated by Russian artillery on the eastern rampart of Fort 56. When Russian reinforcements appeared on both his flanks, the Polish commander sounded retreat and returned to the Polish lines. The Polish counter-attack failed. To make the situation even more serious, the retreating Poles were followed closely by a large Russian force of the two rifle regiments, reinforced with elements of 1st, 2nd and 5th Infantry Divisions._NEWLINE_The Russians assaulted the second Polish line and pierced it in numerous places. The position of Russian infantry was very difficult because it overtook the 14 Polish guns sent forward by General Bem to support the Polish counter-attack, which meant that it was under artillery fire from the front, the sides and the rear. Eventually a counter-attack by the 4th Line Infantry Regiment under Lt. Col. Kazimierz Majewski repelled the Russians storming the Polish lines. Several smaller Russian units broke through and tried to fortify a group of wooden houses in the suburb of Wola, but were quickly surrounded and killed. At that point, around 13:00, Małachowski wanted to organise yet another counter-attack aimed at Fort 56, but his orders were overridden by Krukowiecki, who feared that the Russians might want to attack further south, near Jerozolimskie Gate, and preferred to keep his reserves intact. The Polish side ceased all offensive actions on the western front, and only the artillery remained active. _START_SECTION_ Artillery duel continues _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between 13:00 and 14:00 General Bem amassed at least 64 artillery pieces on a narrow front near Forts 21, 22 and 23, and started firing on the artillery and infantry of the I Russian Corps. In the artillery barrage that lasted until 17:00, the forces of Russian I and II Corps were eventually forced to withdraw behind the ramparts of the captured forts. On several occasions the Russian cavalry of General Khilkov (including the Cuirassier Regiment) tried to charge the Polish artillery positions, but every time the charge was bloodily repelled with grapeshot and canister shot. Eventually the Russian cavalry withdrew from battle all the way to Górce. Half of the Russian artillery fought an intense artillery duel with the Poles, while the other half started shelling the suburb of Wola and Polish positions behind the second line of defences. Although the barrage prepared the field for yet another Polish counter-attack, Krukowiecki would not risk it._NEWLINE_Paskevich held a war council with his generals. Karl Wilhelm von Toll and many other generals insisted that the assault on Wola be resumed, but Paskevich was sceptical. The Russians still had 25,000 fresh troops, but the dusk was nearing, and Paskevich feared that after dark his forces might lose cohesion and suffer excessive losses. The Russian commander also thought that an attack on Wola might be hampered by positions of the first line still held by the Poles (Forts 58, 59 and 60; in reality Fort 58 had been abandoned), or by a Polish counter-attack from the area of Czyste. He decided to postpone offensive actions until the following day. Paskevich also sent another envoy to Warsaw, but the hastily called session of the Sejm renounced his offer of a cease-fire._NEWLINE_By that point the battle plan of the Russians was still not clear to the Polish Commander-in-Chief General Krukowiecki. Unsure whether the main attack was on Wola or the forts around Królikarnia, he did not reassign any sizable infantry force to the western front, despite the fact that the southern line was safely in Polish hands and repeated Russian attacks there were being repelled one by one. Out of 3,000 casualties suffered by the Polish side on the first day only approximately 300 were in the southern sector near Królikarnia, including at most "several dozen killed". Yet only a small detachment of horse artillery was dispatched to the second line near Wola. In the evening General Krukowiecki called a meeting of the government and described the situation of his forces as extremely difficult. He suggested that talks with Paskevich be resumed and sent General Prądzyński to Paskevich's camp. _START_SECTION_ First round of negotiations _START_PARAGRAPH_ The two met at the outskirts of Wola in the early hours of 7 September. Paskevich proclaimed a cease-fire and invited Krukowiecki to meet him at 9:00. The meeting was held in the village tavern of Wola. Paskevich demanded that Warsaw and Praga be surrendered unconditionally and that the Polish Army be evacuated and disarmed in Płock, where it was to await the decision of the tsar either to pardon the Polish soldiers or imprison them as rebels. Krukowiecki declined and insisted that the uprising was not a rebellion but a war waged by two independent states. He wanted Paskevich and Grand Duke Michael to promise the return of Poland's independence and a general amnesty in exchange for revoking the act of deposition of Nicholas from the Polish throne. The negotiations were stormy and around noon the Polish commander departed for Warsaw to consult the Sejm about further actions. Paskevich agreed to extend the cease-fire to 13:00, and to continue negotiations even if warfare was resumed._NEWLINE_To gain support of the parliament, Krukowiecki asked General Prądzyński to represent him during the joint session of the Sejm and Senate. His political plan was to end the uprising at all costs and return to status quo ante, with himself as the "saviour of the fatherland" who stopped further bloodshed. In his speech Prądzyński seriously inflated the Russian force, and also underestimated the strength of the Polish units. He also warned that the city's inhabitants would be massacred as in 1794 should fighting continue, and stated that the return to full independence under the sceptre of Nicholas was easily achievable, something he knew for sure was not true. He failed to convince his government and the Sejm that surrender was the only option, and a heated debate extended past the deadline of 13:00. The Russians resumed hostilities, and artillery from both sides started yet another duel. _START_SECTION_ Operational situation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Both sides suffered similar casualties during the previous day. Russian victories gave their artillery a clear line of fire into the suburbs of Czyste and Wola. They also strengthened the morale of Russian soldiers, who were convinced that the battle was over once Fort 54 fell. The battle was far from lost for the Polish side though: although the Russians could now attack the third line of Polish defences in Wola (Forts 23 and 24) or Czyste (Forts 20–22), their attacks could easily be flanked by forts of the second line still in Polish hands. Also, in order to support the advance with artillery, the Russian guns would have to be stationed in open field._NEWLINE_The Polish plans for the battle remained unchanged. Fort 59 was evacuated and Polish positions around Czyste and close to Jerozolimskie Gate were slightly reinforced, yet Polish forces remained almost equally split between the western and southern sectors. Unknown to the Poles, Russian orders for 7 September were not changed either. The II Infantry Corps was to attack the group of forts at Czyste (21 and 22), while the I Infantry Corps assaulted further north (Forts 23 and 24). Muraviev's forces were to attack the Jerozolimskie Gate, while the remaining forces continued with their diversionary attacks of the previous day._NEWLINE_When artillery fire was restarted around 13:30, the Russian soldiers were not yet ready for the attack. The previous night had been very cold, and most Russian soldiers had no winter garments and spent the night in open field. Many did not receive any food in the morning, and the morale dropped significantly. When the Russians started to sort their ranks, General Umiński correctly assumed that the main attack in his sector would be aimed at the Jerozolimskie Gate. He reinforced the area with his reserves, including almost the entire 4th Infantry Division and 2nd Cavalry Division. He also dispatched the 1st Cavalry Division (1,300 men) closer to Czyste. Generals Małachowski and Dembiński intended to attack the flank of the Russians assaulting Wola with a strong force (3,500 infantry, 800 cavalry and 10 pieces of horse artillery) under General Paweł Muchowski gathered in Młociny (near Fort 62a). Once it became clear that the Russians would attack further south, the plan was called off and the western sector returned to fixed defences. _START_SECTION_ Grand Battery _START_PARAGRAPH_ Around 13:30, 132 Russian cannons and four mortars, including 94 guns of the Grand Battery under Prince Mikhail Dmitrievich Gorchakov, opened fire on Polish positions. The Poles initially responded with 79 field artillery pieces and 10 rocket launchers, but by 14:00 General Bem moved another 31 guns to a position right in front of the Russian artillery. To counter the threat, the Russian General von Toll ordered his Grand Battery to advance 100 metres (330 ft) closer to the Poles. This exposed his flank to Polish guns hidden to the south, near the road to Kraków. The Russians suffered casualties, and the Grand Battery had to be split into two separate units. To make matters worse for the Russians, many batteries had to cease fire and withdraw due to insufficient ammunition reserves._NEWLINE_Seeing that the artillery would not break the Polish, General von Toll devised a new plan of attack. He decided to disregard Paskevich's order not to assault Warsaw. Although dusk was nearing, von Toll ordered an all-out assault on both the western and southern fronts. As there was no time for proper artillery preparation, von Toll wanted to overwhelm the defenders by sheer numerical superiority, even if it meant increased casualties from Polish artillery. To distract the Polish artillery at Czyste and prevent it from firing at the Russian columns attacking Forts 21 and 22, Muraviev's forces were to lead the attack directly towards the Jerozolimskie Gate. Before 15:00, von Toll dispatched General Neidhardt to Paskevich to receive his blessing for the new plan, but Paskevich categorically refused, and ordered his subordinate to continue shelling the Polish forts with artillery at least until 16:00. As the Russian commander-in-chief was away, von Toll decided to act despite Paskevich's orders. _START_SECTION_ Muraviev's assault and retreat _START_PARAGRAPH_ Around 15:00, masses of Russian troops started preparations for the assault on Polish positions near the Jerozolimskie Gate. A strong force under Muraviev and Nostitz occupied positions on both sides of the road towards Cracow, near Rakowiec. The screening force included the Grenadier Brigade (ca. 1700 infantry, 16 guns), Cuirasseur Brigade (ca. 1,300 cavalry, 16 guns), Guard Uhlans Regiment (392 cavalry) and three cavalry regiments (ca. 1,700 cavalry, 16 guns). Between the screening forces two columns were formed. The left column commanded by Col. Nikolai Lukash was composed of Lutsk and Samogitian Infantry Regiments (1989 men altogether), with the Finland Guard Regiment in reserve (1,374 men). The column was to storm the Fort 74. The right column was commanded by Col. Roth and was composed of a reinforced Nieśwież Infantry Regiment (1278 men), with the 4th Jäger Regiment (900 men), Guards Rifle Regiment (1,353 men) and the Finland Rifles (142 men) in reserve. This column was to assault Fort 72. On the southern front the forces of Strandmann were to attack in force towards Królikarnia and elsewhere, to pressure the Poles on more than one front._NEWLINE_The assault started around 16:00. The left column suffered significant casualties, but reached Fort 74, only to be met by Polish reinforcements dispatched by General Antoni Wroniecki, the commanding officer of this sector. Two thousand Russians clashed with less than 850 Poles inside the fort, but were defeated in a bayonet charge and had to retreat. As the attack failed and the Polish artillery batteries were still active, von Toll decided to use his cavalry reserves. Two regiments of the 3rd Cuirassier Division (1,200 cavalry) followed a road linking Szczęśliwice and Czyste, and were ordered to charge the Polish artillery from behind. The Poles had full visibility of the battlefield and had enough time to prepare for the attack, as the Russian advance slowed down due to swampy terrain. When the Russian cavalry switched from columns to battle line, Polish artillery opened canister shot fire on the Russians, dispersing them. The Russian commander reorganised his forces and repeated the charge, but the Russians were again repelled before reaching the Polish artillery emplacements. The Novgorod Cuirassier Regiment alone lost over 200 men out of 450 taking part in the charge._NEWLINE_After half an hour the Russians finally stormed the ramparts of Fort 74 and defeated the Polish battalion defending it. This forced the Polish mobile artillery in Czyste, until then shelling the advancing Russian columns and their Grand Battery, to fall back. Meanwhile, the Russian right column was approaching Fort 72. Defended by only 200 men, the fort was approached by the Russian spearhead formed by the reinforced Nieśwież Regiment. Seeing this, the Polish commander ordered his cavalry reserve to charge the Russian infantry. Russian grenadiers stormed the ramparts of Fort 72, but were repelled and forced back behind the moat, where the Polish cavalry charged them. The Russians formed infantry squares, but were defeated and forced to retreat. To counter the threat to Russian infantry, General Nostitz charged his own cavalry reserve under General Georg von Sass, and a cavalry battle ensued._NEWLINE_This saved Roth's infantry, as the Polish artillery's line of fire was blocked by both Polish and Russian cavalrymen. Both commanders threw more cavalry into the fight and soon the forces of both sides were similar, with 550 cavalrymen on both sides. Both forces soon lost cohesion and the battle turned into a series of duels between Polish Uhlans and Hussars (armed with lances and sabres) and Russian Cuirassiers and Dragoons (armed with heavier swords). The Poles were initially victorious and managed to incapacitate both General Nostitz and General von Sass, but were then attacked by additional Russian reinforcements and had to retreat. This forced some of the Polish artillery crews to retreat to the ramparts of the third line as well. The Russian Guard Hussar Regiment under Georg von Arpshofen, riding dapple grey heavy horses and wearing distinctive bright red uniforms, pursued the fleeing Polish cavalry to the space between forts 71 and 72. There they were met by Polish cavalry reinforcements: the 3rd Mounted Rifle Regiment was to hold the Hussars in place, while the 4th Uhlans Regiment was to attack the Russians from the flank. Before the plan could be enacted, the Russian veterans broke through this new Polish line of defence. The 3rd Regiment broke and started a retreat, followed by the Russians. General Umiński ordered his infantry and artillery to open fire at the mass of cavalry, both Polish and Russian. Small groups of Russians retreated to rejoin their lines, while others in apparent war fury tried to storm the heavily defended gates of Warsaw and were killed by Polish infantry. A small group succeeded and the last of them was killed as far as the gate of the Ujazdów Palace, 4 kilometres (2.5 mi) into the city. The cavalry battle ended with all three regiments engaged in the skirmish almost annihilated._NEWLINE_Although the Poles managed to contain and defeat the Russian cavalry, its charge and initial successes caused a widespread panic in Polish ranks. The garrison of Fort 72 abandoned its positions, leaving its guns behind, and retreated to Fort 73 without a fight. Likewise, the garrison of Fort 73 panicked, and its commanding officer, Col. Przedpełski, ordered his soldiers to block the guns, abandon the main rampart and assume defensive positions facing the back wall of the fort, expecting the Russian cavalry to enter the fortification from behind. This allowed the Russian infantry to capture Fort 72, a fortified "Red Inn" (Polish: Karczma Czerwona) and head towards Fort 73 unopposed. Polish officers managed to contain the panic just in time for their infantrymen to open rank fire on the approaching Russians and force them to withdraw. Fort 72 remained in Russian hands._NEWLINE_The apparent panic in Polish ranks convinced Muraviev to renew his assault with fresh forces, despite the losses his columns had suffered. Col. Lukash's grenadiers reinforced with two battalions of the Finnish Guards Regiment (1,300 men, four guns) outflanked Fort 73 from the north and captured a brickyard and yet another fortified inn, the Karczma Żelazna directly to its rear. Its garrison offered only light resistance before retreating in disarray. The situation seemed critical, as the Russians were now in possession of a large part of the second line of Polish defences._NEWLINE_Despite the apparent gravity of the situation, the Polish defenders still had sufficient fresh troops to counter-attack and regain the initiative. The Russians' recently captured positions were too far ahead of their artillery, and were all under well-aimed fire from Polish fixed artillery positions on the ramparts of the third line of defences, as well as numerous mobile artillery batteries. Forts 72 and 73, as well as the Karczma Żelazna inn and the brickyard received constant grapeshot fire. Under fire from all sides, the Russians had to hide behind the outer sides of the ramparts, unable to return fire or even observe the field in front of them. Tirailleurs of the Polish 3rd Foot Rifle Regiment approached the Karczma Żelazna inn almost unopposed and retook it. Soon afterwards they retook the brickyard as well. The Russians abandoned the two forts as well and although Russian light infantry tried to retake them, they were unsuccessful. Around 16:45 the field artillery batteries of Józef Bem were free to leave the safety of the inner defences, return to the battlefield, and open fire on the Grand Battery. Despite over three hours of intensive fighting in the west, the commander of the relatively peaceful southern sector, General Małachowski, did not reinforce the defenders of the western approaches. _START_SECTION_ Russian assault in the west _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although Muraviev's attack failed, it forced the Polish artillery to lessen the pressure on the Russian Grand Battery, which was now free to support the main Russian attack on the westernmost Polish defences. By that time the Grand Battery could shell the ramparts of the second line with relative impunity, thus damaging both the defences and the morale of the crews. Polish infantrymen manning the forts were ordered to lie down behind the gabions, which minimised the losses. Soldiers in the field had no such cover, and suffered casualties. The Grand Battery also silenced some of the guns in Forts 21, 22 and 23._NEWLINE_General von Toll initially planned to order his infantry to start the assault at 16:00, but Paskevich through his aides ordered him to postpone the attack until 16:45. Eventually around 5:00 von Kreutz's corps advanced towards Forts 21 and 22 in two columns. Russian horse artillery reached a position 200 paces from Fort 22 and started shelling the defenders at close range. Already shaken by the fire of the Grand Battery, the Poles abandoned the fort and retreated before the surprised Russian infantry approached. It was a rare example of artillery capturing a fortified position without the help of other forces. Meanwhile, the fighting for the nearby Fort 22 was heavy. In the end its garrison fell almost to the last man._NEWLINE_Simultaneously, von Pahlen's Corps attacked forts 23 and 24, and the Polish position at the Evangelical Cemetery. Heavy fighting followed, and many Russian commanders, including Paskevich, proposed that further fighting be postponed until the following day. General von Toll insisted on reaching the last line of Polish defences before sunset. The surrounding forts changed hands many times, but in the end most of them remained in Russian hands by 22:00, when the Russians broke off. Around midnight General Berg arrived in Warsaw with a new ultimatum signed by Paskevich. _START_SECTION_ Polish surrender _START_PARAGRAPH_ General Prądzyński was once again dispatched to the Russian headquarters, where he was greeted by Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich as Paskevich had been wounded shortly before. Although Michael believed the Poles were playing for time to allow Ramorino's Corps to return from Podlasie, Prądzyński convinced him to send General Berg to Warsaw with a draft of an act of unconditional surrender. The agreement (apparently never signed on paper) stipulated that the Polish Army was free to leave the city, a two-day cease-fire would come into effect and that Warsaw would be spared the horrors it experienced during the 1794 siege. No political clauses were included. Around 17:00 Prądzyński and Berg arrived in Warsaw, where Krukowiecki generally agreed with the Russian terms, but considered them too harsh. Berg and Prądzyński then returned to Russian headquarters and Grand Duke Michael agreed to allow the Polish Army free passage to Modlin and Płock, an amnesty to all fighters of the Uprising, and to exchange prisoners. The new terms were more than acceptable to Krukowiecki. Upon Prądzyński's return the more liberal wing of the government won a temporary majority, and Krukowiecki was ousted from power and replaced with Bonawentura Niemojowski as head of government and General Kazimierz Małachowski as Commander-in-Chief. _START_SECTION_ 8 September _START_PARAGRAPH_ The ultimatum required that Warsaw be surrendered immediately, along with the bridge and the suburb of Praga, and threatened the complete destruction of the city the following day. Following a heated debate, the new Polish authorities decided to comply by 5:00. Małachowski sent a letter to Paskevich notifying him that the army was withdrawing to Płock "to avoid further bloodshed and to prove its loyalty". The letter also expressed his hope that the Russians would allow free passage to troops unable to withdraw by the deadline, and that the army would honour the terms negotiated with Grand Duke Michael. The surrender of Warsaw was thus not a formal convention, but rather the effect of lengthy negotiations. The Russians initially respected its terms._NEWLINE_The Polish Army withdrew across the Vistula and continued north towards the Modlin Fortress. The Sejm, Senate and many civilians also left the city "in grim silence". Many soldiers, including high-ranking officers, decided to stay in the city and lay down their arms. Up to 5,000 soldiers stayed in Warsaw, along with 600 officers, among them Generals Krukowiecki, Małachowski, Chrzanowski and Prądzyński. The food stores were opened, and their contents were distributed among the civilians._NEWLINE_The following evening Grand Duke Michael Pavlovich entered the city leading his Imperial Guard; Warsaw capitulated. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although no large-scale evacuation of supplies from Warsaw was ordered, the Modlin Fortress was well prepared for a lengthy siege. Its magazines contained over 25,000 cannonballs, almost 900 thousand musket and rifle rounds and enough provisions for several months of full siege. The treasury of the Polish government was still intact and contained more than 6.5 million złotys._NEWLINE_The fall of Warsaw was synonymous with the fall of Poland, both to Poles and to foreigners. To commemorate the crushing of the November Uprising, Alexander Pushkin wrote "On the Taking of Warsaw", hailing the capitulation of Poland's capital as the "final triumph" of Mother Russia. Other writers and poets joined in to celebrate, among them Vasily Zhukovsky, Fyodor Tyutchev and Aleksey Khomyakov. Soon afterwards the tsar practically dismantled the Kingdom of Poland: its constitution was abolished, the government given to Russian officials and its Warsaw University closed._NEWLINE_The news of the fall of Warsaw spread quickly. The French government, until then pressured both by Polish emissaries and by its own opposition to support the Poles, was relieved: French Minister of Foreign Affairs Horace Sébastiani declared to the Chamber of Deputies that "Order now reigns in Warsaw". The phrase became one of the best-known comments on the fall of Warsaw and was later often ridiculed by the supporters of the Polish cause. The Russian capture of the city in 1831 incited a wave of sympathy towards Poles. Several towns in the United States voted to change their names to Warsaw after the news of the battle reached their residents, among them Warsaw, Virginia and Warsaw, Kentucky._NEWLINE_Shortly after the battle, in December 1831, the tsarist authorities issued a "For the Taking of Warsaw by Assault in 1831" Medal awarded to Russian veterans. A monument "To the Captors of Warsaw" was constructed near the former Redoubt 54. Demolished after Poland regained independence in 1918, the spot is now occupied by a post-war monument to Juliusz Konstanty Ordon and his soldiers. There are plans to move the monument closer to the site of the redoubt._NEWLINE_The Battle of Warsaw is commemorated on the Tomb of the Unknown Soldier, Warsaw, with the inscription "WARSZAWA 6–8 IX 1831". _START_SECTION_ Casualties _START_PARAGRAPH_ Early official Russian data assert that between eight and ten thousand were killed or wounded on the Russian side, and between six and seven thousand on the Polish side. Later the number of Polish losses mentioned in the Russian Army's dispatches was given as 139 officers and 7,745 NCOs and soldiers. This number includes both killed and wounded. Other sources give the total Polish casualties as 9,000: "probably at least 3,000" or even "over 4,000" on the first day and between 3,800 and 6,000 on the second day of the battle. Those numbers do not include sick and wounded taken prisoner following the Russian entry into Warsaw. Altogether, the Polish Army lost 16,000 men by 12 September, but this number includes many deserters in the period immediately following the battle._NEWLINE_Official Russian estimates are 2,300–3,000 killed and wounded on the first day, and 7,460 on the second day. Both numbers are considered "ridiculously low" by later historians. Tomasz Strzeżek in his 1998 monograph of the battle notes that the official casualty figure was 10,559 Russian soldiers killed in action, including two generals, 16 colonels, 47 officers and 1,767 NCOs, as well as 1,182 soldiers missing and presumed dead. He notes that this might have been understated as some Russian regiments suffered tremendous losses, as evidenced by their official roll papers, but the data was apparently omitted in the army's official documents. After the battle there were 7,000 wounded Russian soldiers in Warsaw's hospitals, and 5,000 in field hospitals outside the city. The casualty rate among the wounded Russians was very high due to the low number of medical staff in the Russian army. Strzeżek estimates that between 14,000 and 16,000 Russians were killed or died of their wounds, and 4,000 were missing and presumed dead. At the time of the capitulation, the Poles held at least 3,000 Russian prisoners of war in Warsaw; the Russians held 2,590.

12713080815851760687

Q4873126

_START_ARTICLE_ Battlefields, Zimbabwe _START_PARAGRAPH_ Battlefields is a small settlement in Mashonaland West province in Zimbabwe. It is located off the main road from Harare to Bulawayo between Kadoma and Kwekwe. The name Battlefields was given not on account of any fighting which took place there, but because many of the mining claims and reefs were named after famous battles, such as Trafalgar and Tel el-Kebir.

1192386028360611916

Q811058

_START_ARTICLE_ Batyr Berdiýew _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ From 1990 to 1991, he was a correspondent for the Soyuz and Zhizn newspapers, which are publications of Turkmenistan's Foreign Affairs ministry. From 1992 to 1994, he served as deputy foreign minister._NEWLINE_From 1994 to 2000, Batyr Berdiýew was the ambassador of Turkmenistan to Austria, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and the Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe. From July 28, 2000 to July 7, 2001, Berdiýew served as foreign minister of Turkmenistan, but was dismissed for alcoholism, poor knowledge of the native language Turkmen, a weakness for women, and failure to understand the problems of the Caspian and Aral Seas and Afghanistan. Later, he was replaced by Raşit Meredow at the request of President of Turkmenistan Saparmurat Niyazov._NEWLINE_On December 8, 2002, he was arrested for having a connection with an assassination attempt on President Niyazov. In January 2003, he was convicted of involvement in the assassination attempt and received a sentence of 25-year imprisonment. Opposition members of the assassination reported that Berdiýew was either seriously ill or dead. Nothing has been confirmed, and his death is now regarded as a rumor. In a publication by the Open Society Institute, Berdiýew is listed as an alleged victim of a human rights violation in Turkmenistan by being allegedly tortured while in custody._NEWLINE_On September 19 of the same year, Berdiýew was given the Sakharov Prize for his efforts to bring democracy, freedom of the press, and the rule of law to his country. The same award was also given to three other Central Asian political prisoners: Mukhammed Bekjanov of Uzbekistan, Felix Kulov of Kyrgyzstan, and Ghalymzhan Zhaqiyanov of Kazakhstan._NEWLINE_Following Niyazov's death, his successor, Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, was asked about the fates of Berdiýew and alleged co-conspirator Boris Şyhmyradow at a visit to Columbia University in September 2007. Berdimuhamedow said that he thought they were still alive.

2717075867970681496

Q516581

_START_ARTICLE_ Baunatal _START_SECTION_ Geographic location _START_PARAGRAPH_ Baunatal directly borders on the south of Kassel and is located to the west of the valley of the Fulda river. West and northwest the town borders on the Habichtswald with the Baunsberg (413,4 m above sea level) in the north. Baunatal got its name from the Bauna river, which traverses the town from the northwest to the southeast until it flows into the Fulda near Guntershausen. _START_SECTION_ Neighbouring communities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Baunatal borders in the north on the municipality of Schauenburg and the urban district of Kassel, in the east on the municipality of Fuldabrück, in the southeast on the municipality of Guxhagen, in the south on the municipality of Edermünde and in the west on the town of Niedenstein. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Volkswagenwerk Kassel was built in 1957 on the former premises of the Henschel & Son company in Altenbauna. In 1960, just one year after start of production, the number of employees exceeded 6,000. Due to this rapid development the residential area and housing demands were rising. As a consequence of this the three municipalities Altenbauna, Altenritte and Kirchbauna fused into Baunatal on 1 January 1964._NEWLINE_On 1 July 1966 with incorporation of Großenritte, Baunatal received town privileges by the Government of Hesse. First mayor of the new founded town was Horst Werner. At this time the number of inhabitants was 11,705 and the number of employees of the Volkswagen factory was about 13,400._NEWLINE_On 1 October 1971 the municipality of Hertingshausen joined Baunatal. On 1 August 1972 finally the municipality of Buchenhagen, which was a fusion of Guntershausen and Rengershausen, joined Baunatal. The population of Baunatal was about 19,300 in 1972. Currently (31 December 2018) the number of inhabitants is 27,750. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Baunatal is connected to the city of Kassel by trams and buses. The town also has its own bus network called StadtBus Baunatal which is operated by the Regionalverkehr Kurhessen GmbH (RKH). In addition the quarters Rengershausen and Gunterhausen are connected to the national rail network and provide connection to the Main–Weser Railway and the Frederick William Northern Railway by means of the RegioTram Kassel._NEWLINE_Baunatal is connected to the motorways A 7, A 44 and A 49. _START_SECTION_ Stadtmuseum _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Stadtmuseum is a museum of local history located in Baunatal-Altenritte. The main focus of the museum is the history of the 20th century particularly with regard to the following topics: first railway construction, history of the Henschel & Son arms factory, everyday life during nazism, history of the Volkswagen factory since 1957, urban development of Baunatal since 1966. _START_SECTION_ Heimatmuseum Hessenstube _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Heimatmusesum is a museum of local history located in Baunatal-Altenritte. The museum delivers insight into living and working environment of people in the ancient villages of Baunatal from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. The museum presents rural housing conditions, a historical smithy and historical workshops of joiners, shoemakers and woodturners. _START_SECTION_ Dorothea Viehmann _START_PARAGRAPH_ Baunatal is the birthplace of the famous storyteller Dorothea Viehmann. She was one of the most important sources of the fairy tale collection of the Brothers Grimm. Dorothea Viehmann was born as Katharina Dorothea Pierson on 8 November 1755 in Rengershausen. _START_SECTION_ Hünstein _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Hünstein is a cultural monument located in Baunatal-Großenritte. The menhir consisting of quartzite was a site of ritual meetings during the 4th and 3rd century BC. A legend says that a giant threw the menhir from the nearby Hirzstein with intent to destroy the steeple of Kirchbauna. _START_SECTION_ Industry _START_PARAGRAPH_ Baunatal is known for the Volkswagen factory, which is the second largest of the brand with 13,500 employees. The factory does not construct vehicles but rather delivers components and assemblies to other plants of the company. The sphere of business is mainly divided into the following parts: gear manufacturing, foundry, exhaust systems, car body pressing, Original Teile Center (original parts center), Volkswagen coaching. The premises have a total area of 2,404,737 m² (25,884,374 sq ft) and are directly connected to the rail network and the motorway A 49. In June 2015, a robot killed a man at the Volkswagen facility, in what is believed to be a case of human error.

2210066237102362892

Q812210

_START_ARTICLE_ Bavarian EP 1 _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 1 July 1912 operations began on the line from Garmisch to Scharnitz and, on 28 October 1912, electric services started. From 28 May 1913 electric trains also started running on the Garmisch and Reutte in Tirol railway. For this purpose five locomotives of Class EP 3/5 20 001 – 005 were purchased by the Bavarian state railway and placed in service in 1913. They mainly worked the section from Garmisch to Reutte. For the opening of electric services on the line from Bad Reichenhall to Berchtesgaden one engine (EP 3/5 20 001) was loaned to Freilassing. The engines proved themselves well in service and were stationed at the Garmisch locomotive depot; some were still in service until 1955._NEWLINE_Three engines remained in service with the Deutsche Bundesbahn after the Second World War; the others had been retired in 1939 and 1941. The last one to be paid off was no. E 62 001 in 1955. It was stored until 1965 in the Freimann repair shop and later dismantled._NEWLINE_The drive unit of no. E 62 001 has been preserved in the Nuremberg Transport Museum. During the fire in the Nuremberg-Gostenhof roundhouse in 2005 it was badly damaged. _START_SECTION_ Technology _START_PARAGRAPH_ A slow-running, large series-wound motor with 28 poles and two commutators drove the wheels, without any gear reduction, via an unsprung jackshaft. The jackshaft was linked by a coupling rod to three driving axles housed in the locomotive frame. The axle base of the driving axles was 2000 mm. The jackshaft was located between the first and second driving axles. The first and third driving axles were fixed to the frame, the centre one had transverse play to facilitate curve running. The mass was further distributed to two carrying axles that were designed as Adams axles. Control was achieved by means of a variable transformer (Drehtransformator) and power circuit breaker (Lastschalter) with 11 steps._NEWLINE_The locomotive body had a wedge-shaped driver's cab at each end. The end walls had, as was common for the Bavarian state railways, centre doors and gangways. The side walls had three windows with ventilation slits beneath them. Instead of a steam heating boiler for the train heating (as on the Class EP 3/6 20 101–104, EP 3, E 36.1) there was already a connection for electric train heating.

13485542228225320895

Q4074630

_START_ARTICLE_ Bawarij _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bawarij (Sindhi: باوارج‎) were Sindhi pirates from Sindh named for their distinctive barja warships. They looted Arab shipping bound for the Indian subcontinent and China, but entirely converted to Islam during the rule of the Samma Dynasty (AD 1335–1520). They are mentioned by Ma'sudi as frequenting the pirate den at Socotra and other scholars describes them as pirates and sailors of Sindh. _NEWLINE_Ibn Batuta describes their ships warships as having fifty rowers, and fifty men-at-arms and wooden roofs to protect against arrows and stones. Tabari describes them in an attack upon Basra in 866 CE as having one pilot (istiyam), three fire-throwers (naffatun), a baker, a carpenter and thirty-nine rowers and fighters making up a complement of forty-five. These ships were unsuited for warlike maneuvers and lacked the sleek prows or ramming capabilities of other contemporary naval units, but were intended to provide for hand-to-hand battles for crew upon boarding.

9050128410511823115

Q278637

_START_ARTICLE_ Bayerischer Rundfunk _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bayerischer Rundfunk was founded in Munich in 1922 as Deutsche Stunde in Bayern. It aired its first program on 30 March 1924. The first broadcasts consisted mainly of time announcements, news, weather and stock market reports, and music. Programming expanded to include radio plays, concerts, programs for women, language courses, chess, opera, radio, news, and Catholic and Protestant morning services. Its new 1929 studio was designed by Richard Riemerschmid._NEWLINE_Deutsche Stunde in Bayern became Bayerischer Rundfunk in 1931. In 1933, shortly after the Nazi seizure of power, the station was put under the control of the Reich Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda. After the Allied victory over Nazi Germany, the American military occupation government took control of the station. Operating as Radio Munich, it broadcast, among other programming, live coverage of the Nuremberg trials and programs such as "War Never Again" ("Nie wieder Krieg")._NEWLINE_In 1949 Radio Munich became Bayerischer Rundfunk, and in that year it established Europe's first VHF station. A station was added in Nuremberg in the early 1950s. Television broadcasts began in 1954. _START_SECTION_ Legal foundation _START_PARAGRAPH_ BR is a statutory corporation established under the Bavarian Broadcasting Law (Bayerisches Rundfunkgesetz), originally passed in 1948, and updated in 1993 to take account of the demands of a changed media and political environment. Its functions are determined by a legal foundation which lays down the principles under which the broadcaster operates and the structure of its internal organization._NEWLINE_The broadcast law is supplemented by the so-called Broadcast State Contract (Rundfunkstaatsvertrag), a multilateral agreement between all 16 German Länder which regulates the relationship of public and private broadcast in the dual broadcast system and which contains fundamental regulations particularly for financing. Just as important for the work of Bavarian Broadcasting is the cooperation of the ARD consortium, consisting of nine other regional broadcasting corporates as well as Deutsche Welle. The broadcasting service is further backed by the relevant European legal bases as well as the media service convention, which contain regulations for the on-line offerings of Bavarian Broadcasting. _START_SECTION_ Funding _START_PARAGRAPH_ BR is in part funded by commercial activity, including the limited sale of on-air commercial advertising time; however, its principal source of income is the revenue derived from viewer and listener licence fees. Every household in Germany is lawfully bound to pay 17,50 Euro per month as a so-called Rundfunkbeitrag (broadcast contribution) to finance the public broadcast system. The fee is collected by Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio._NEWLINE_In 2012 BR derived 85.3% of its income from viewer and listener licence fees, 12.6% from other sources such as product licensing and investments, and 2.1% from the sale of advertising time. 48.5% of this income was spent on programme production costs, 25.1% on staffing, and 26.4% on other operating expenses and fixed charges. _START_SECTION_ Advertising _START_PARAGRAPH_ BR's TV channel, Bayerisches Fernsehen (Bavarian Television), as with all regional "Third Channel" broadcasters (along with public specialty channels such as arte, 3Sat, KI.KA, Phoenix and BR-alpha) carry no commercials. Advertising is also not permitted on ARD's "Das Erste" or on ZDF on Sundays, national holidays, or on any day after 8:00pm. On weekdays, only 20 minutes of advertising is permitted, split between breaks between programs. Program sponsoring is not considered to be advertising, and is not subject to these restrictions. _START_SECTION_ Studios _START_PARAGRAPH_ BR operates a main broadcasting facility in downtown Munich as well as studios in Munich's northern Freimann quarter and the nearby municipality of Unterföhring. There are also regional TV and radio studios in Nuremberg ("Studio Franconia"), Würzburg ("Regional Studio Franconia/River Main") and Regensburg ("Regional Studio East Bavaria"). _START_SECTION_ Programming _START_PARAGRAPH_ BR provides programs to various TV and radio networks, some done in collaboration with other broadcasters, and others completely independently. _START_SECTION_ Podcasts _START_PARAGRAPH_ An ever-increasing number of podcasts produced by BR are available. This includes podcasts by either Bayerisches Fernsehen and the radio stations.

2732598549864514804

Q4461107

_START_ARTICLE_ Bayu Gatra _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bayu Gatra was born to Lucky Supriya and Siti Holifah. He never fully went to school as a child and initially took up football as a career to help his family. He credits coach Rudy Keltjes for helping him get over a knee injury. Bayu Gatra is a devout Muslim.

10957292336549812714

Q2742417

_START_ARTICLE_ Bežanija _START_SECTION_ Location _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bežanija is located west of the downtown Belgrade, across the Sava river, in the Syrmia region. It is situated in the central part of the Novi Beograd municipality, on the southern extension of the elongated, crescent-shaped yellow loess ridge of Bežanijska kosa. The ridge (or slope, as it is called in Serbian, kosa) gives its name to the northern extension of Bežanija, Bežanijska Kosa, and stretches to the right banks of the Danube in the neighborhood of Zemun. Once a suburb of Belgrade, separated from it by the vast marshlands on the Sava's left bank, Bežanija today forms one completely urbanized area with Belgrade thanks to the rapid development of Novi Beograd after World War II. Today, Bežanija extends to the northeast into Bežanijska kosa and the west into Ledine. _START_SECTION_ Administration _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the World War II ended, Belgrade was divided into raions and Bežanija was part of the Raion X. When this division was abolished in 1952, Bežanija became a municipality. In 1955 it was annexed to the municipality of New Belgrade, but remained as the separate settlement until 1971, when it became a local community (Serbian: mesna zajednica within Belgrade. In the 1990s, local community was administrativelly divided into Bežanija and Bežanijska Kosa. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bežanija is the oldest part of today's Novi Beograd, where a settlement existed from the neolithic to the Roman period._NEWLINE_The remains belonging to the Scordisci, a Celtic tribe which founded Singidunum and Taurunum, the predecessors of Belgrade and Zemun, respectively, were found in Bežanija._NEWLINE_In the book Kruševski pomenik from 1713, which was kept in the Dobrun monastery near Višegrad, settlement of Bežanija was mentioned for the first time under its present name as far as 1512, as a small village with 32 houses, populated by Serbs. In this time, the village was under the administration of the medieval Kingdom of Hungary, and was part of the Syrmia County. The inhabitants of the village crossed the Sava river and settled in Syrmia after fleeing the fall of the medieval Serbian Despotate under the hands of the Ottoman Empire (hence the name bežanija, "refugee camp" in archaic Serbian). Kruševski pomenik was later transferred to the National Library of Serbia and perished during the German bombing of Belgrade on 6 April 1941._NEWLINE_An old German map of the Syrmia, shows a village south of Zemun called Verschania. In 1521, the village became part of the Ottoman Empire. From 1527 to 1530, Bežanija was part of Radoslav Čelnik's Duchy of Syrmia, an Ottoman vassal, until its subsequent organization into the Ottoman Sanjak of Syrmia. The Habsburg Monarchy conquered it temporarily during the Great Turkish War (1689-1691), but it remained under Ottoman administration by the provisions of the Treaty of Karlowitz in 1699, until 1718. In 1718, the village became part of the Habsburg Monarchy and was placed under military administration. It was part of the Habsburg Military Frontier (Petrovaradin regiment of Slavonian Krajina). During the 17th and 18th centuries, hunger and constant Turkish intrusions devastated the village, but it was constantly being repopulated by the refugees from central Serbia. In 1810, population census counted 115, mostly Serbian households. By the 1850s, Austrians colonized a large number of Germans in Bežanija. In 1848-1849 it was part of the Serbian Vojvodina, an ethnic Serb autonomous region within the Austrian Empire, but in 1849 was again placed under administration of the Military Frontier._NEWLINE_As the Frontier was abolished in 1881-1882, it became part of the Syrmia County within the autonomous Habsburg kingdom Croatia-Slavonia, which was located within the Hungarian part of the Dual Monarchy of Austria-Hungary. In 1910, the largest ethnic group in the village were Serbs, while other sizable ethnic groups were Germans, Hungarians and Croats. After dissolution of Austria-Hungary, in autumn of 1918, Bežanija became part of the newly formed State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs. On November 24, 1918, as part of Syrmia region, the village became part of the Kingdom of Serbia, and on December 1, it became part of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (future Yugoslavia)._NEWLINE_From 1918 to 1922, the village was part of the Syrmia County and from 1922 to 1929 part of the Syrmia Oblast. Bežanija became part of the wider Belgrade area for the first time in 1929 after coup d'état conducted by the king Alexander I of Yugoslavia, who, among other things, draw a new map of Yugoslavia's administrative division creating a new administrative unit Uprava grada Beograda or Administration of the City of Belgrade which comprised Belgrade, Zemun (with Bežanija) and Pančevo. Administrative area of the village of Bežanija was quite large at the time, stretching to the King Alexander Bridge, which was a dividing point between Bežanija and Zemun. It means it encompassed of what would be 2/3 of the area of modern New Belgrade._NEWLINE_During World War II, from 1941 to 1944, the village was occupied by the Axis Powers and was attached to the Pavelić's Independent State of Croatia. After World War II, Bežanija became part of new socialist Serbia within restored Yugoslavia. It remained part of the Belgrade area but with its own municipality. As the construction of Novi Beograd began in 1948, municipality of Bežanija was abolished an annexed to the municipality of Novi Beograd in 1955 (itself established in 1952), becoming one of its local communities. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bežanija is mostly residential area. Some very important industrial facilities are located in the areas geographically, though not administratively, parts of Bežanija: IMT and FOM factories, section of the Belgrade's Waterwoks and Sewage, Minel, etc. Commercial sector is developing recently, including a green market, several gas pumps, a stadium and several shopping malls (like Immo Idea)._NEWLINE_The major transmission grid's substation for western Belgrade is located in Bežanija and was heavily damaged during the NATO bombing of Serbia in 1999. The graphite bombs (or blackout bombs) were used. The major substation for eastern Belgrade, in Leštane was also bombed. _START_SECTION_ Cemeteries _START_PARAGRAPH_ New Bežanija Cemetery_NEWLINE_New Bežanija Cemetery (Novo Bežanijsko groblje), west of the settlement, is Belgrade's largest cemetery, covering an area of 94 ha (230 acres). It was open in 1974 and was cocieved as the main cemetery for the Syrmian part of urban Belgrade (Zemun and New Belgrade). The project was designed in the Urbanism and Planning Institute Belgrade, and the main architect was Slobodanka Prekajski. Costruction of the Church of Thomas the Apostle began in 2001. It was finished and consecrated on 19 October 2003, on the Saint Thomas the Apostle day._NEWLINE_Old Bežanija Cemetery_NEWLINE_Old cemetery, much smaller than the new one, is located in the old part of the settlement._NEWLINE_Pet Cemetery_NEWLINE_In January 2019 it was announced that the forested area in Block 51, south of the Belgrade-Novi Sad highway, is chosen as the location of the first Belgrade's pet cemetery. The cemetery will cover an area of 1.51 ha (3.7 acres), 70% of which will be green areas. The entire complex will be bordered with the protective green belt, 15 m (49 ft) wide. The complex will consist of several areas: open area (800 burial places), forested cemetery (900), columbarium and rosarium (1,100), communal cemetery (1,400) and memorial park for the animals from the Belgrade Zoo. In the best case scenario, the construction will not start before 2020. _START_SECTION_ Dojno Polje Airport _START_PARAGRAPH_ West of Bežanija and 2 km (1.2 mi) south of Zemun, between the village and the Sava river, is the location of the old Belgrade airport which was finished in March 1927. The locality was called Dojno Polje. Construction of an airfield began in 1923. An initiative asked for the creation of the airline company in 1926 which was approved by the government on 23 March 1926. Then the initial public offering began but largely failed as only 10% of the planned amount was gathered. According to the existing laws, the airline company was to be closed even before it was officially formed. In order to bust the sale of the shares, pilot Tadija Sondermajer decided to conduct the promotional flight Paris-Bombay-Belgrade. With his colleague Leonid Bajdak, he started the journey on 20 April 1927 from Paris, arriving back to Belgrade after 11 days and 14.800 km (9.196 mi), on 8 May. They were awaited as heroes by the crowd of 30,000. The sale of the shares was boosted and in three months there were sufficient funds for the company, named Aeroput and established on 17 June 1927, to purchase its first 4 airplanes._NEWLINE_New administrative building was constructed in 1931 and to celebrate the occasion, a big air show of the biplanes was held. Around the airport, a workers settlement developed. The airport was destroyed by the Germans in 1944, and became defunct in 1962 when the new airport near the village of Surčin was finished (today's Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport). In April 2016 works began on the construction of the access road to the Ada Bridge. During works on the new boulevard, remnants of the old airport's runway, hangars and warehouses were discovered. The area is today occupied by the modern commercial and business neighborhood of Airport City Belgrade, named so after the old airport. _START_SECTION_ Cultural monuments _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Old Elementary School, at 68 Vojvođanska Street, was built in 1891. It was a standard object of its kind, designed by the subdued postulates of the Academism. As the representative of the continual development of education in the 19th century, but also of the economic status and economy in general among the Serbian population of this area, it was declared a cultural monument in January 2019. It is also the oldest preserved building on the territory of the New Belgrade municipality. _START_SECTION_ Sport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bežanija has many Sports facilities including tennis courts, basketball courts and the Stadion Bežanije, where FK Bežanija play their home matches. FK Bežanija was founded in 1921. _START_SECTION_ Stara Bežanija _START_PARAGRAPH_ Stara Bežanija (Cyrillic: Стара Бежанија; Old Bežanija), as the name says, is the oldest section of Bežanija, location of the original village. It had a population of 13,378 in 2002 and 8,412 in 2011._NEWLINE_At the roundabout on the corner of Surčinska and Vojvođanska streets, an obelisk was erected in 2012 to celebrate the 500 years of the first mention of Bežanija. It is 5 meters, or 500 centimeters tall, one centimeter for each year. _START_SECTION_ Bežanijska Kosa _START_PARAGRAPH_ Northeastern extension of the Bežanija, along the loess ridge, is called Bežanijska Kosa (Cyrillic: Бежанијска Коса; slope of Bežanija). It is crescent shaped, leaning on the western border of the urban area of Novi Beograd, stretching along the Tošin bunar street to Zemun. Northern section of the neighborhood is crossed by the Belgrade-Zagreb highway._NEWLINE_In 1883 Austrian general Laudon built a trench through the loess to make way for the railway, thus creating an artificial hill, known today as Bežanijska Kosa. Laudon's trench, whose remnants still can be seen but are turned into an informal settlement, marked to border between the south Kalvarija and north Bežanijska Kosa._NEWLINE_Modern neighborhood was built in 1987. It roughly comprises Blocks 6, 35, 49, 50 and 60. Southern section is industrialized (IMT and Minel factories) and the location of the old airport (now a new neighborhood in the process of construction, Airport City Belgrade), while the central parts are mostly residential. Northern section, along the highway, comprises stadiums of the Bežanija and Radnički soccer clubs, auto-camp, hotel Nacional, sports center of 11 April, Bežanija retirement home and one of the major Belgrade hospitals, KBC Bežanijska Kosa. In the northeast it borders the Studentski Grad while northwestern section belongs to the municipality of Zemun. The railway tunnel has been dug through the loess ridge._NEWLINE_It distincts itself from the rest of Novi Beograd as it has no skyscrapers, but smaller, more 'humane' buildings. It had a population of 19,036 in 2002 and 29,792 in 2011. _START_SECTION_ Bežanijski Blokovi _START_PARAGRAPH_ Not considered part of the modern Bežanija, but rather as a separate neighborhood of Blokovi.

18120052214321311302

Q2892729

_START_ARTICLE_ Be with You (Atomic Kitten song) _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ The original version of "Be with You" was actually by Liverpool-based writers Bionic (Greg Wilson, Tracey Carmen and Martin Foster). In 1999, Martin Foster had the idea and sampled the instrumental strings and chorus segments to create a sketch of a disco track with the notion of making a club track that could be a hit for seeing in the new millennium. Carmen and Wilson heard the potential in the sketch and collaborated with Foster to take the idea further._NEWLINE_Greg Wilson penned the verse lyrics and, in fact, wrote a third verse that was never used. Bionic had signed a production deal with Innocent Records and began auditioning a number of female singers to front the single. However, it was soon decided that the song would be an ideal disco track for Atomic Kitten, and the label had demos mixed by other production teams._NEWLINE_In 2002, Innocent Records released two 12" promos featuring remixes of the original Bionic track. Mixes on the discs were by Olav Basovski and MaUVe. _START_SECTION_ Chart performance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The single was a worldwide success, reaching the top 40 in every country where it was released. The single peaked at number 2 on the UK Singles Chart on its first week of release. It stayed on the chart for 12 weeks, and managed to sell 182,695 copies in the UK alone. It is Atomic Kitten's fifth-best-selling single in the UK, after "Whole Again", "The Tide Is High (Get the Feeling)", and "Eternal Flame". The single also was a top 10 hit in The Republic of Ireland, and like the UK, was their fourth-best-selling single there. In New Zealand, the single went straight in at 11, just missing the top 10. Atomic Kitten never promoted their singles in New Zealand, yet went on to have three number ones, four top tens, and 8 top twenties. In other words, all of their singles released in New Zealand peaked in the top 20, with the exception of "Right Now", which only managed to peak at 40. The song was a top 20 hit in The Netherlands and Austria, again, a success, considering the single was not promoted in those countries. Although their lowest charting hit in Denmark, it still managed to peak at 20. Denmark is the only country where every one of Atomic Kitten's singles charted in the top 20. In Germany and Switzerland, the single was a top 30 hit, and in Belgium and Sweden the single was a top 40 hit. _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The video opens with the doors opening in the nightclub. Liz, Natasha and Jenny are dancing in a green and blue nightclub at the disco. Natasha is on the chairs in a pub, Liz is near a wall and Jenny is lying on the dancefloor. Then the girl group are dancing in the disco in the nightclub. During the bridge section, they turn the volume down.

17114792537190004487

Q4876551

_START_ARTICLE_ Bear River 6B _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bear River 6B is a 24.3ha Mi'kmaq reserve located in Annapolis County, Nova Scotia. It has a population of 16 in 2016._NEWLINE_It is administratively part of the Bear River First Nation.

17733745010641965019

Q4876717

_START_ARTICLE_ Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome _START_SECTION_ Presentation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Signs and symptoms of Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome can include a blockage of the nasal passages (choanal atresia), overgrowth of the umbilical stump, and abnormalities of the genitalia and anus. The medical complications associated with this condition are often severe and may well be life-threatening in infancy or early childhood. _START_SECTION_ Genetics _START_PARAGRAPH_ Several mutations in the FGFR2 gene (a gene coding for a protein called fibroblast growth factor receptor 2, which is involved in important signaling pathways) are known to cause Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome; however, not all patients with the condition have a mutation in their FGFR2 gene. Any alternative underlying causes are currently unidentified. The syndrome follows an autosomal dominant pattern, meaning that if one of the two available genes carries a mutation the syndrome will result. Currently, no familial histories are known (in other words, there are no reports of cases in which a parent carrying a mutation in their FGFR2 gene then propagated said mutation to his or her child). _START_SECTION_ Incidence _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beare–Stevenson cutis gyrata syndrome is so rare that a reliable incidence cannot be established as of yet; fewer than 25 patients with the condition have been reported.

4504358024958072438

Q60789490

_START_ARTICLE_ Bearers of the Throne _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bearers of the Throne or ḥamlat al-arsh are a group of angels in Islam. The Quran mentiones them in Quran 40:7 and Quran 69:17. In Islamic traditions, they are often portrayed in zoomorphic forms. They are described as resembling different creatures: An eagle, a bull, a lion and a human. They would intercede with the creature that corresponds to their form. Other hadiths describes them with six wings and four faces. The portrayal of these angels is comparable to the Seraphim in the Book of Revelation. These four angels are also held to be created from different elements: One from light, one from fire, one from water and one from mercy.

521181390579888069

Q50385260

_START_ARTICLE_ Beatriz Mejia-Krumbein _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Mejia-Krumbein was born in Medellin, Colombia, an area that according to Phoebe Farris was "steeped in the Catholic religion combined with native Indian mythology." Mejia-Krumbein studied the fine arts in Colombia before she earned an M.F.A. at James Madison University. In 1987, after living a number of countries, including Germany and Mexico, she immigrated to the United States._NEWLINE_For seventeen years, she served as an art professor at La Sierra University in Riverside, California, as well as the director of the university's Brandstater Gallery. She is currently retired. _START_SECTION_ Artistic style _START_PARAGRAPH_ In her early artistic career, Mejia-Krumbein was influenced by the environment in which she had grown up, as well as the unique ways in which area storytellers told their tales. During La Violencia, she grew interested in Expressionism, especially German Expressionists. She also was inspired by the art of the Spanish romantic painter Francisco Goya._NEWLINE_Mejia-Krumbein prefers to work in black and white because "aesthetically it presents a clarity and severity in form that is necessary for the interaction of light and shadow and the emergence of her figures", according to Farris.

17884777858222269458

Q2893053

_START_ARTICLE_ BeauSoleil _START_SECTION_ Band history _START_PARAGRAPH_ Founded in 1975, BeauSoleil (often billed as "BeauSoleil avec Michael Doucet") released its first album in 1977 and became one of the most well-known bands performing traditional and original music rooted in the folk tunes of the Cajuns and Creoles of Louisiana. BeauSoleil tours extensively in the U.S. and internationally. While its repertoire includes hundreds of traditional Cajun, Creole and zydeco songs, BeauSoleil has also pushed past constraints of purely traditional instrumentation, rhythm, and lyrics of Louisiana folk music, incorporating elements of rock and roll, jazz, blues, calypso, and other genres in original compositions and reworkings of traditional tunes. Lyrics on BeauSoleil recordings are sung in English or Cajun French (and sometimes both in one song)._NEWLINE_According to the band's website, BeauSoleil's musicians "take the rich Cajun traditions of Louisiana and artfully blend elements of zydeco, New Orleans jazz, Tex-Mex, country, blues and more into a satisfying musical recipe."_NEWLINE_The band's name is a tribute to Joseph Broussard dit Beausoleil, the leader of the Acadian resistance to British deportation efforts beginning in 1755. Broussard led the attack against Dartmouth Nova Scotia, in what would become known as the "Dartmouth Massacre". Beausoleil was eventually captured, but following his imprisonment managed to lead 193 exiles to Louisiana before he died in 1765._NEWLINE_BeauSoleil has appeared on soundtracks to films The Big Easy, Passion Fish and Belizaire the Cajun. The group plays at jazz and folk festivals and has appeared on numerous television shows, including CNN's Showbiz Today, Austin City Limits, Late Night with Conan O'Brien, and Emeril Live. BeauSoleil appears regularly on Garrison Keillor's Prairie Home Companion radio show. Keillor has hailed the group as the "best Cajun band in the world". BeauSoleil has also performed in concert with Mary Chapin Carpenter and opened for the Grateful Dead. Carpenter featured them on her 1991 single "Down at the Twist and Shout", in which they are also mentioned by name._NEWLINE_Although Michael Doucet did not originally intend to pursue performing Cajun music, a turning point came when Doucet was awarded a Folk Arts Apprenticeship by the National Endowment for the Arts. "I had planned to go to graduate school in New Mexico to study the Romantic poets," he recalls on the Vanguard Records web site. "Instead I traded William Blake for Dewey Balfa." Doucet sought out every surviving Cajun musician, including Balfa, Dennis McGee, Sady Courville, Luderin Darbone, Varise Connor, Canray Fontenot, Freeman Fontenot and others. He studied their techniques and songs and encouraged some to resume public performances. _START_SECTION_ Recognition _START_PARAGRAPH_ BeauSoleil is one of a few groups performing traditional Louisiana music to win a Grammy Award. L'Amour Ou La Folie (Love Or Folly), recorded in 1996 and released on Rhino Records, earned the 1997 Grammy for Best Traditional Folk Album. In a review on Amazon.com, Richard Gehr wrote, "By now the sextet transcends the dancehall, possessing the ability to transform nearly any traditional Cajun, Creole, or French tune into high art while preserving a clear sonic bloodline back to its roots."_NEWLINE_In 2005, BeauSoleil's Gitane Cajun, released on Vanguard Records, earned the group its tenth Grammy nomination for Best Traditional Folk Album. A reflection of its versatility is that BeauSoleil has also earned a Grammy nomination in the Contemporary Folk category, for the 1999 album Cajunization, with songs that effortlessly span Cajun, calypso, French ballad, blues and other musical styles._NEWLINE_In 2005, BeauSoleil won the Big Easy Entertainment Award for Best Cajun Band, the tenth time the band was honored in the 18-year history of the awards presented by the New Orleans music and entertainment publication Gambit Weekly._NEWLINE_In 2005, BeauSoleil founder Michael Doucet was one of 12 artists awarded a National Heritage Fellowship by the National Endowment for the Arts._NEWLINE_In 2008, BeauSoleil won another Grammy in the then newly created Grammy Award for Best Zydeco or Cajun Music Album category for the album Live at the 2008 New Orleans Jazz & Heritage Festival.

7652793847681149855

Q4877386

_START_ARTICLE_ Beau Sia _START_SECTION_ Style and examples _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sia's style is humorous and satirical. His word choice is often deceptively simple. A good example of his work is the poem "love," which was first performed at Marymount Manhattan College in 1996. It is featured on his CD Attack! Attack! Go!, as well as being included in the book Slam. _START_SECTION_ Film and television _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sia's appearances on television were on Def Poetry; he later appeared in the Broadway version, Def Poetry Jam._NEWLINE_He appeared in Slam in 1998 as Jimmy Huang. The same year, he participated in the documentary SlamNation as himself. Later appearances include The Manchurian Candidate (2004) as a late-night comedian on television and_NEWLINE_Hitch (2005) as Duane Reade Clerk._NEWLINE_Sia portrays the protagonist in the music video for Wolf Like Me by the band TV on the Radio._NEWLINE_Sia plays Norman Sklear, a wedding czar emcee in Rachel Getting Married (2008)._NEWLINE_In 2015, Sia appeared in yet another Jonathan Demme film, Ricki and the Flash, followed by a recurring role on the web series Pretty Dudes alongside such actors as Dion Basco and Yoshi Sudarso. _START_SECTION_ Video games _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sia, in collaboration with former Gearbox Software writer Anthony Burch, created the narrative for the exploration video game Failsafe.

8128701326979186060

Q4878494

_START_ARTICLE_ Because You're Mine (song) _START_PARAGRAPH_ "Because You're Mine" is a song written by Nicholas Brodszky with lyrics by Sammy Cahn taken from the 1952 musical film of the same title. It was recorded by Mario Lanza (who starred in the film) and Nat King Cole in two different versions, which were both released as singles in 1952. In the USA. Lanza's record reached no. 7 in the Billboard charts and Nat King Cole's version achieved the No. 16 position. The Mario Lanza recording also reached Number 3 in the UK Singles Chart, spending 24 weeks within the top 12, and was Lanza's only UK Top 12 hit. The Nat King Cole recording was included on his album Top Pops, placed three spots lower and spent only 3 weeks on the chart. The Mario Lanza recording was one of his three million selling singles. _NEWLINE_The song (sung by Billy Daniels at the Awards show) had received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1952 but lost out to “The Ballad of High Noon”.

16522693992547053367

Q3003202

_START_ARTICLE_ Bedaux expedition _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bedaux expedition of 1934, also named the Bedaux Canadian Subarctic Expedition, was an attempt by eccentric French millionaire, Charles Eugène Bedaux, to cross the wilderness of the northern parts of Alberta and northern British Columbia in Canada, while making a film, testing Citroën half-track vehicles and generating publicity for himself. _NEWLINE_Bedaux set off on this unusual excursion accompanied by more than a hundred people, including his wife, his mistress (an Italian Countess), and an Academy Award-winning film director from Hollywood, Floyd Crosby, who would later be praised for his work on High Noon. Also along for the trip were several dozen Alberta cowboys and a large film crew. To map the route of the expedition, the Canadian government sent along two geographers, Frank Swannell and Ernest Lemarque. The expedition started off at Edmonton, Alberta on July 6, 1934 and their goal was to travel 1,500 miles (2,400 km) to Telegraph Creek, British Columbia. Much of the trip would have to be made through regions that were relatively uncharted and had no trails. _START_SECTION_ The route _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Albertan leg of their journey began at Edmonton, moved to Athabasca, Grande Prairie and then into British Columbia to Dawson Creek, and Fort St. John. From there the expedition headed north to Montney and then northwest to Halfway River on to Whitewater Post over the Northern Rocky Mountains. From there, Bedaux had planned for the expedition to cross over the Sifton Pass, to Dease Lake and the Stikine River to Telegraph Creek, and ultimately the Pacific Ocean. However, this final leg of the trip was never completed. _START_SECTION_ Training camp in Jasper _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 1934, Bedaux assembled the members of the expedition in Jasper, Alberta, for compulsory fitness training. Bedaux reported to the press that such training was necessary for what was sure to be a long and difficult trip, involving hiking, rafting and mountain climbing. _NEWLINE_However, no training sessions were accomplished as the members of the expedition were kept too busy attending champagne parties and formal dinners that were being held in their honor. _START_SECTION_ The Citroëns _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bedaux was acquainted with car manufacturer, Andre Citroën, who designed the Citroën-Kégresse equipped half-track trucks that were used on the expedition. Of the five Citroëns that the party used, two slid off of cliffs and a third was used in a shot where it was put on a raft where it was supposed to meet a stick of dynamite and explode. However, the shot was ruined when the dynamite failed to explode and the truck floated down river and was stuck in a sandbar. The last two Citroëns were abandoned near Halfway River. When the Alaska Highway was built in the 40's, a Fort St. John man discovered the remains of these last two half-tracks and one was donated to the Western Development Museum in Moose Jaw, Saskatchewan. _START_SECTION_ The journey _START_PARAGRAPH_ After enjoying a champagne breakfast hosted by Edmonton's elite and parading down Jasper Avenue, the expedition was formally sent off by Alberta's Lieutenant Governor. Just outside the city, it began to rain. Those dismal weather conditions would accompany the expedition through much of their trip. Despite the weather and poor road conditions, they made good progress and by July 12 they left Grande Prairie and on the 17th were in British Columbia on the trail from Taylor to Fort St, John. _NEWLINE_The party stayed in Fort St. John until the 22nd, purchasing supplies, repairing the Citroëns, hiring more cowboys and attending banquets. _NEWLINE_By then, Bedaux had come to the decision that the expedition had to become more newsworthy than it already was and he fired his radio operator and announced that the party would continue without a radio. Furthermore, he decided that the Citroëns were expendable and would create a bigger sensation if they were destroyed on film rather than simply making the trip intact. _NEWLINE_In August, two of the Citroëns were pushed over a 300-foot (91 m) cliff near Halfway River and a third was floated downriver for an explosion scene that didn't pan out. Nevertheless, Bedaux's plan worked and Canadian and American newspapers carried the news that three of the cars had been lost and that some of the expedition members had barely escaped death in these terrible "accidents". The party was lauded for its bravery and determination to continue on despite this terrible setback. _NEWLINE_By mid-September, the papers were reporting that the expedition would reach its destination in October. But when the expedition arrived at Whitewater Pass, Frank Swannell, then one of the very few men who knew Northern British Columbia well enough to be considered an expert on the terrain, advised Bedaux against traveling further through the snow-covered mountain passes. His advice was proven well founded when the party's horses began to die of diseases and the route simply proved too arduous to continue. On October 17, the Edmonton Journal reported that the party was turning back._NEWLINE_The party reached Hudson's Hope after nearly four months in the wilderness and a party was thrown in honor of their near achievement, a party which turned out to be one of the biggest celebrations that the town had ever thrown. _START_SECTION_ The movie _START_PARAGRAPH_ Crosby's footage disappeared only to be found decades later in a basement in Paris. A documentary, The Champagne Safari, based on this footage, was made in 1995 by filmmaker George Ungar.

18354023604340653851

Q2283660

_START_ARTICLE_ Bedford Avenue station _START_SECTION_ Ridership _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bedford Avenue has experienced a surge in ridership along with the recent gentrification of Williamsburg. In the 1970s, the station had a fairly low annual ridership of 1.2 million, amounting to an average of 3,000 entries during weekdays. In 2000, there were 3,783,000 boardings recorded at the station, but after the neighborhood was re-zoned in 2005, the MTA noted even higher ridership. By 2007, ridership had increased over 50%, to 5,776,000 annual passengers. In 2008, Bedford Avenue was used by more than 6 million people, making it the 53rd most-used subway station in New York City and one of the busiest in Brooklyn. In 2017, approximately 9.6 million riders used this station._NEWLINE_Growing passenger numbers along the L, partly influenced by Bedford Avenue station, have made the L train one of the most overcrowded in the system, a fact that has adverse effects on riders. In 2010, Bedford Avenue surpassed seven million entries for the first time in its history, receiving press for its particularly high weekend passenger volume. Crowding has become such an issue that politicians have called upon the MTA to "create a schedule that is more reflective of ridership patterns." _START_SECTION_ Exits _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are two sets of entrance and exit points. The western exits are one stair each to the southern and eastern corners of Bedford Avenue and North 7th Street and contains a 24-hour booth. The eastern exits are one stair each to the southern and eastern corners of North 7th Street and Driggs Avenue. _START_SECTION_ In popular culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Netflix TV series Marvel's Daredevil, a scene in "Into the Ring" has Foggy Nelson meet with Sgt. Brett Mahoney outside the entrances to Bedford Avenue, with the signage on the stairwell altered to dress it up as 50th Street on the IND Eighth Avenue Line.

13071335076049261899

Q4879666

_START_ARTICLE_ Beechmont Country Club _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beechmont Country Club was founded in 1923 by a group of amateur golfers from Cleveland. They purchased 96 acres (390,000 m²) of land covered in trees, and gave Thompson the opportunity to design the course. One interesting aspect of the course is that water comes into play on 7 of the 18 holes._NEWLINE_The club also contains an indoor and outdoor tennis facility, an outdoor swimming pool, a summer camp for children, workout facilities, and locker rooms for both men and women members. The club has two restaurants (one is men only), a snack shop, fully stocked beverage cart on the course, and a full service outdoor patio._NEWLINE_The golf operations is headed under Michael P. Connor, PGA. The Assistant Professionals are Jaysen Hansen and Adam Lewicki. The Superintendent is Mike Minks.

4252988444701686786

Q4879739

_START_ARTICLE_ Beef (film) _START_SECTION_ Content _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beef takes a chronological look at battles (some friendly, but many personal) dating back to rap music's infancy in the early 1980s. The notable rivalries discussed include KRS-One vs. MC Shan, Kool Moe Dee vs. Busy Bee, 50 Cent vs. Murder Inc Records, Tru Life vs. Mobb Deep, Common vs. Ice Cube & Westside Connection, the break-up of legendary group N.W.A, which includes Ice Cube's abrupt departure, and the later animosity between Dr. Dre and Eazy-E, the highly publicized Jay-Z vs. Nas rivalry and the most infamous feud of all, 2Pac vs. The Notorious B.I.G.. It was partly born out of producer Jones's belief that "Beefs are killing hip-hop". _NEWLINE_Many prominent hip-hop personalities such as Russell Simmons, Snoop Dogg, Kool Moe Dee, Jay-Z, KRS-One, Mack 10, DMX and Ice-T also participate through interviews (some produced for the film, as well as archived interviews from other sources, such as MTV and BET clips). Beef also features newly released performances by many musical artists._NEWLINE_The film also contains never-before-seen performances by many of the participants and many others, plus extended portions of interviews that did not make final cut. One portion of the extended interviews features part of an interview with Nate Dogg talking about an incident that occurred around 1995 at a Dogg Pound video shoot, in which entourage members representing Ruthless Records showed up and started a big brawl with members of then-rival Death Row Records. Although Dogg did not mention them by name (he however subtlety mentioned the duo's less-than-successful 1995 album Real Brothaz), rappers B.G. Knocc Out and Dresta (who participated in Eazy-E's hit diss recording, Real Muthaphuckkin G's) were among the alleged participants in the fight. _START_SECTION_ Critical reaction _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Los Angeles Times called it "engrossing" and "a moving lament for the way hip-hop once was". _NEWLINE_Complex rated it number 10 in its 25 best hiphop documentaries, calling it a "classic hip hop doc". _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Subsequent releases in this series include Beef II (2004, also produced by Suchan and Hennelly, and narrated by actor Keith David), Beef 3 (2005, narrated by DJ Kay Slay) and a BET series titled Beef: The Series, which premiered in 2006. These sequels are a continuation of the original film, but cover lesser-known confrontations and developing beefs just prior to the release of each respective installment. They include LL Cool J vs. Canibus, Ja Rule vs. DMX, 50 Cent vs. The Game, Lil' Flip vs. T.I., Nelly vs. Chingy, and Erick Sermon vs. EPMD partner Parrish Smith. In 2011, Spirer speculated on the possibility of a fourth film, suggesting he was a little tired of the "he said/she said" drama but he might produce further specials in future.

5541972046837788853

Q4881224

_START_ARTICLE_ Beijing–Tongliao railway _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The building of the Beijing–Tongliao railway began in October 1972 and was divided into three phases. The construction planning phase took one and a half year. The main construction took four years and was completed on December 12, 1977. The final phase to prepare the line for commercial operation took another two and a half years. The line officially opened on May 1, 1980. At the height of construction, more than 200,000 workers participated in the project._NEWLINE_At the time of its construction, the railway was notable for being the second rail line, after the Beijing–Harbin (Jingha) railway, to traverse the Great Wall and connect northern and northeastern China. Whereas the Jingha Line skirts the coast, the Jingtong line runs inland through the rugged Yan Mountains. The Jingtong railway has 116 tunnels that are collectively 78 km in length, including the 5,848 m Red Flag Tunnel. The line also has 450 bridges that are 45 km in total length, the longest of which, the Laoha River Grand Bridge in Chifeng, at 1,447 m set a record length in China. In all bridges and tunnels account for 15% of the line's total length. _START_SECTION_ Route _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Beijing, the Jingtong line begins at Changping North Railway Station, in suburban Changping District north of the city. At Changping North Station, the lines branches off of the Beijing-Baotou Railway and heads northeast through Huairou and Miyun Districts Beijing–Baotou railway and then heads northeast through Huairou and Miyun Districts and leaves the city at Gubeikou Pass in the Yan Mountains. The line continues north through Luanping and Longhua counties of Hebei Province before reaching Chifeng in Inner Mongolia. From Chifeng, the line runs northeast following National Highway 111 across the Zhelimu Desert to Tongliao. The main line is 804 km (500 mi) long with 86 stations. Including connection lines to the Beijing-Chengde and Shenyang-Chengde railways, the Beijing–Tongliao railway has a total track length of 870 km (541 mi).

2659819805264887195

Q1457674

_START_ARTICLE_ Beitragsservice von ARD, ZDF und Deutschlandradio _START_SECTION_ Organization _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Beitragsservice is an association of administrations subject to public law and has no legal capacity. It operates as a joint data center of the ARD state broadcasting institutions, the ZDF and Deutschlandradio, and administers the collection of licence fees. It was created by an administrative agreement._NEWLINE_The Beitragsservice is therefore not a legal entity of its own, but a part of the public broadcasting institutions. However, the Beitragsservice is a public authority in the material sense according to the Administrative Procedures Act of the Federal Republic of Germany (VwVfG), because it conducts public administration tasks. It conducts these tasks on behalf of the state broadcasting institutions. _START_SECTION_ Planning of licence fees _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Beitragsservice has overall control over the planning of licence fee revenues from the supply of public-legal broadcasting in the Federal Republic of Germany. Based on preliminary work by the Beitragsservice, licence fees are planned for a period of five years in advance or the current fee period by the Arbeitsgruppe Gebührenplanung (license fee planning work group), which is a subgroup of the Finanzkommission der Rundfunkanstalten (Financial Commission of Broadcasting Institutions). The managing director of the Beitragsservice is the chairperson of the Arbeitsgruppe Gebührenplanung. _START_SECTION_ Charging of licence fees _START_PARAGRAPH_ The licence fee for Radio, TV and new media amounted to €17.98 per month, from 1 January 2009 onwards. For radio reception alone, the monthly fee was €5.76._NEWLINE_On June 9, 2010, state governors decided that Heidelberg University Professor Paul Kirchhof's model of a flat-rate household licence fee would be introduced in 2013. The model set out the collection of licence fees as a lump sum per household, regardless of the number of broadcast reception devices present, or even, if any devices are present at all. This required that the 'GEZ' be reorganised, and that broadcast licence fee commissioners are no longer be employed by state broadcasting institutions. The monthly fee per household is now €17.98, the amount previously payable for television reception. Fee payers who previously only registered a radio or a "novel broadcast reception device" but no TV set, will see their licence fee increase by 212% (from €5.76 to €17.98), however households which previously had to pay multiple licence fees will have to pay less._NEWLINE_Since 1 January 2013, the exemption for people with disabilities was replaced by a one-third fee. Under the previous regulations, the deaf and hard-of-hearing viewers who were legally deaf had been exempt. However, they started to contribute in 2013 in spite of relatively few hours of TV programming with closed-captioning. Sign Dialog, the working group of German Association of the Deaf, has nominated that they are more willing to pay the full rate once the milestone of 100% closed-captioning programming has been reached. _START_SECTION_ License fee revenues and administrative costs _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2010, the GEZ collected €7.65 billion in licence fees for state broadcasting institutions. Collection costs amounted to €160.5 million, which is about 2.13% of total revenue or €3.83 per participant. Additional costs are generated in the state broadcasting institutions by the so-called Beauftragtendienste (commissioner services), those expenditures for licence fee collection amounted to €184.97 million in 2007, according to the ARD 2008 yearbook._NEWLINE_According to its 2010 annual report, the GEZ employed 1148 people._NEWLINE_In 2016 the total sum of licence fees collected amounted to €7,978,041,425.77 thereof a revenue for Beitragsservice itself of €167,954,892.36. _START_SECTION_ Elicitation and storage of data _START_PARAGRAPH_ The state broadcasting institutions, and the GEZ respectively, are allowed to store and administer all the fee payer data which is necessary to perform their tasks. The Federal Statistical Office of Germany counts 39 million private households, while the GEZ in 2004 held 41.2 million data sets of fee payers. These include 2.2 million data sets of fee payers who de-registered ownership of devices which can receive radio/television. GEZ had one of the most comprehensive databases on the population of the Federal Republic of Germany._NEWLINE_Another source of data are resident registration offices which forward new registrations and changes of registration to the Beitragsservice. In 2002, German registration authorities transferred over 12 million data sets to the GEZ._NEWLINE_To identify non-payers, the GEZ adjusted their database with data sets purchased from commercial address vendors. This is allowed under the terms of Rundfunkstaatsvertrag, however, it is reminiscent of a dragnet investigation. _START_SECTION_ Investigation and observation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The GEZ does not have its own field service. It acquires new participants exclusively through voluntary registration of the users, comparison of addresses, writing notices and gathering data from other sources._NEWLINE_If there is no reply to the first written notice, the following two letters are drafted in an increasingly harsh tone, often evoking connotations of official measures being taken shortly afterwards. Because these letters are potentially received by all residents of the address, even people who have no legal obligation to give information may be prompted to do so._NEWLINE_In addition to this, the GEZ — to supplement data sets gathered from the resident registration offices — works with the broadcast licence fee commissioners of the state broadcasting institutions to gather new data. These commissioners are often self-employed field service workers working on commission, or employees working for the state broadcasting institutions. They have no official powers, and must identify themselves with their ID card issued by the state broadcasting agency. _START_SECTION_ Bread and Circuses _START_PARAGRAPH_ The concept is not universally accepted by the people of Germany. According to the 2015 annual report the number of payment notifications (Mahnmaßnahmen) rose to 20.21 million and the number of enforcement acts (Vollstreckungsersuche) to 890,212. With an estimated percentage of 3.41% non paying households._NEWLINE_The reason for that number is unclear, but one reason might be that the biggest cut of the budget is invested on football broadcasting rights which does not directly mirror the stated objectives of the organism e.g. independent information service, national culture contents. _NEWLINE_One could argue (as Noam Chomsky did in Manufacturing Consent) that this outset is a clear implementation of a 2000-year-old democratic instrument of population-control known as bread and circuses. _START_SECTION_ Resistance _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are cases of some regional courts of law ruling against the legality of the foreclosures (Zwangsvollstreckung, forced seizure of property, e.g. directly from bank account registered with the tax office or from the pay check directly with the employing entity) to cover for the amount of due contribution (not tax), on the ground of the seizing organism being private and not part of the State. _NEWLINE_There has been one case of a citizen being jailed for not having property that could be seized. She was later released on the account of the charges being dropped by the offended organism after criticism from both public and private media. _NEWLINE_Although all informative and sometimes threatening mail is written in German, there are many support groups around the country and lots of content in English . Those may help people that don't understand German (and therefore don't consume media contents in German) on how to deal with the situation. One example is how to set up a Pfändungsschutzkonto to avoid the complete seizure of money from a bank account._NEWLINE_Another way, that was impossible in the past but now feasible due to the implementation of the mandatory use of IBAN for bank transfers, is to not have a German account at all, but an account in another Eurozone country. It is supposed that if such accounts are not registered on German statutory databases (e.g. risk management, tax office) the Beitragsservice has no way to seize funds. Nonetheless, it would still be possible for owed funds to be seized legally through an employer, for example as a deduction from one's overall income.

13509501351047477345

Q3637554

_START_ARTICLE_ Belarus Athletic Federation _START_SECTION_ National records _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Federation maintains the Belarusian records in athletics.

4359091194564929825

Q30625736

_START_ARTICLE_ Belize Bird Rescue _START_SECTION_ Origins _START_PARAGRAPH_ BBR was founded in 2004 and is located in the capital city of Belmopan. Its founding directors realised a need to assist the Belize Forest Department in providing a rehabilitation centre for confiscated or surrendered avian wildlife during the enforcement of the wildlife laws. The basis of the organisation was to care for and rehabilitate wild-caught psittacines, but became a multi-species rescue centre over the years out of necessity._NEWLINE_The organisation was incorporated as a registered non-profit company in Belize in 2014, and received non-governmental organisation status in 2015. _START_SECTION_ Funding _START_PARAGRAPH_ BBR was initially funded by its founders. Following the award of NGO status in 2015, BBR is funded by private donations, crowd-funding and grants. The annual operating budget is approximately US$85,000. _START_SECTION_ Forest Department licence programme _START_PARAGRAPH_ A programme for licensing parrots already in captivity was devised by BBR in conjunction with the Belize Forest Department to provide a mechanism for parrots already in captivity to remain legally with their owners, provided that minimum standards of husbandry and care were followed. _START_SECTION_ Rehabilitation facility _START_PARAGRAPH_ BBR's facility for the long-term care and rehabilitation of confiscated birds allows the Belize Forest Department to enforce the Wildlife Protection Act. _START_SECTION_ Yellow-head hand-rearing project _START_PARAGRAPH_ Endangered yellow-headed amazon (Amazona oratrix) chicks are removed from nests that are overcrowded or in danger of being poached or predated, or suffer from exposure or destabilisation. They are hand-reared at the rescue centre until fledged and independent and then soft-released back into monitored and protected release sites. _START_SECTION_ Education and public awareness _START_PARAGRAPH_ The organisation employs several awareness strategies including educational presentations, community outreach programmes, publications, exhibitions and advertising.

6279826739553955439

Q2408928

_START_ARTICLE_ Belle Rose, Louisiana _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Belle Rose is located at 30°2′13″N 91°3′15″W (30.036834, -91.054039)._NEWLINE_According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 5.4 square miles (13.9 km²), all land. _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2000, there were 1,944 people, 674 households, and 514 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 362.5 people per square mile (140.0/km²). There were 725 housing units at an average density of 135.2 per square mile (52.2/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 39.92% White, 59.83% African American, 0.15% Native American, and 0.10% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.34% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 674 households out of which 34.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 50.0% were married couples living together, 20.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 23.7% were non-families. 21.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.88 and the average family size was 3.36._NEWLINE_In the CDP, the population was spread out with 27.4% under the age of 18, 10.3% from 18 to 24, 26.9% from 25 to 44, 22.0% from 45 to 64, and 13.4% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 92.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.1 males._NEWLINE_The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,313, and the median income for a family was $35,865. Males had a median income of $40,089 versus $24,583 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $13,606. About 27.9% of families and 28.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 33.7% of those under age 18 and 27.6% of those age 65 or over.

15988213380292663599

Q65521258

_START_ARTICLE_ Belle Vue Clinic, Kolkata _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Belle Vue is centrally located in Kolkata. It's one of the larger multi-specialty hospitals in the city and has a 241-bed capacity. The hospital opened in 1967 and was one of the earliest to be established in Kolkata and in the greater eastern region of the country. Many distinguished personalities from West Bengal, from artists to politicians have at various times been admitted to Belle Vue for treatment, some of whom include the 14th Speaker of the Lok Sabha and a former Member of parliament, Somnath Chatterjee who died at 89 from cardiac arrest while undergoing treatment at the hospital. Noted Bengali fiction writer and socio-political activist Mahasweta Devi was also admitted to Belle Vue in her last days when she was suffering from a urinary tract ailment. _START_SECTION_ Controversies _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 20th December 2018, a Kolkata metropolitan magistrate issued an arrest warrant against Pradip Tondon, the CEO of Belle Vue hospital. The warrant was issued as a result of the wife of a patient- who had died while undergoing treatment in Belle Vue Clinic- moving the West Bengal Medical Council against four doctors besides lodging a criminal case against those four doctors and also the hospital CEO. She alleged that her husband Sanjay Poddar, 51, had died on the 7th of September 2016, owing to medical negligence on part of the Hospital.

15491311310977712041

Q4883839

_START_ARTICLE_ Belleview High School _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Belleview High School (BHS) is located in a rural area just west of US Highway 441, ten miles south of Ocala. Currently, it serves 1,450 students. The racial composition of the community is predominantly white (63%), with approximately 8% African American, 23% Hispanic, .5% Asian, and 7.8% Multiracial. The school’s population includes 24% students with disabilities, 5% ESOL and 35% low-income students._NEWLINE_BHS operates on a 6 class per day schedule, with exceptions for Thursday and Friday. This entails 6 classes for Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday, but on Thursday classes are twice as long and only cover the 1st, 3rd and 5th classes in a student's schedule. On Friday the process is similar but with the 2nd, 4th and 6th classes. This address CIM strategies by department developed plans and assess the skills by the district calendar._NEWLINE_In 2006, BHS was awarded an Innovation Fair Grant to be used to plan for the expansion of academies to include all BHS students. In addition to academies, BHS offers dual enrollment programs, Advanced International Certificate of Education (AICE) courses, and a General Educational Development (GED) program.

16959350361416358880

Q4884177

_START_ARTICLE_ Belltable Arts Centre _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The facility opened in 1981 in what was previously known as The Coliseum and the Redemptorist Confraternity Hall. It was named after Henry Hubert Belltable, a Belgian army officer who founded the Holy Confraternity in Limerick._NEWLINE_In February 2013 it was announced that the company behind the Belltable had gone into liquidation. The liquidation followed a major €1 million refurbishment of the centre. A budget overrun of €300,000 is believed to have been the cause of the company going into liquidation. The centre closed in January 2013._NEWLINE_The Belltable theatre reopened in 2016 under management of the Lime Tree Theatre due to a grant from the Arts Council.

17955904218008861594

Q1362710

_START_ARTICLE_ Bellusaurus _START_SECTION_ Discovery and naming _START_PARAGRAPH_ The type and only known species is Bellusaurus sui, formally described by Dong Zhiming in 1990. The remains of Bellusaurus were found in the Shishugou Formation in the northeastern Junggar Basin in China. Seventeen individuals were found in a single quarry, suggesting that a herd had been killed in a flash flood. Some features suggest they may have all been juveniles. Bellusaurus sui was derived from the Latin bellus meaning small, delicate, and beautiful, as these sauropods were small and lightly built. The specific name, sui, was named in honor of Senior Preparator Youling Sui, a notable restorer of dinosaurs remains. Bellusaurus was the last restoration undertaken by Mr. Sui. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is unknown if the material representing Bellusaurus is from juvenile specimens. Juvenile characteristics of dinosaurs have been noted by Galton in 1982 of stegosaur growth, whose study would suggest that the group of small Bellusaurus sauropods were juveniles that were subjected to a single catastrophe resulting in the mass death assemblage seen from this discovery. Because of the uncertainty of the specimens age, it could be difficult to place the species into a specific taxonomic assignment due to having unstable morphological characteristics.

2725848648032693892

Q816463

_START_ARTICLE_ Ben Cohen (businessman) _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ben Cohen was born in Brooklyn. Raised in the town of Merrick on Long Island, by Jewish parents Frances and Irving, Cohen first met and befriended his future business partner Jerry Greenfield in a seventh grade high school gym class in 1963. In his senior year, Cohen found work as an ice cream man before heading off to attend Colgate University, a private liberal arts college upstate in Hamilton, New York._NEWLINE_Over the next decade, Cohen pursued his interest in pottery as he mixed further education at Skidmore, the New School, and NYU. He also undertook such menial work as McDonald's cashier, Pinkerton guard, deliverer of pottery wheels, a mop-boy at Jamesway and Friendly's, an assistant superintendent, ER clerk, and taxi driver, before settling on work as a craft teacher at a private school for emotionally disturbed adolescents. It was during his three years at the Highland Community School that he first experimented with making his own ice cream. _START_SECTION_ Ben & Jerry's _START_PARAGRAPH_ Around 1977, Ben had decided to go into the food business with his old friend Jerry Greenfield, and in May of the next year, the two men opened Ben & Jerry's Homemade Ice Cream Parlor in Burlington, Vermont. They had initially intended to start a bagel business, but found the equipment costs prohibitive and switched to ice cream instead. They chose Burlington as a location because it was a prominent college town which, at the time, had no ice cream shop. Ben & Jerry's distinctive style of ice cream was developed to compensate for Ben's anosmia (meaning lack of sense of smell and near-loss of taste) as Ben kept adding larger and larger chunks to the ice cream to satisfy his need for texture in food._NEWLINE_Ben & Jerry's became an instant hit in Burlington, drawing crowds with ice creams that mixed fresh local cream and milk with wild new flavors and "large portions of whatever ingredients they felt tasted good on the day of making."_NEWLINE_Ben resigned as Chief Executive Officer in 1996. Ben has not been actively involved with the company since the Unilever acquisition in 2000, apart from his membership on the advisory board. _START_SECTION_ Social activism _START_PARAGRAPH_ As Ben & Jerry's gradually grew into a nationwide business and one of the largest ice cream companies in the US, Cohen turned his new-found wealth and prominence toward a variety of social causes, generally through the Ben & Jerry's Foundation. The Foundation receives 7.5% of all Ben & Jerry's pre-tax profits and distributes funds to organizations such as the Anti Displacement Project. Cohen also oversaw TrueMajority and Business Leaders for Sensible Priorities._NEWLINE_He is also vocal in his support of Democratic candidates, including Dennis Kucinich for the U.S. Democratic presidential nomination in 2004 and John Edwards followed by Barack Obama in 2008 and Bernie Sanders for the Democratic Primaries and 2016 Presidential Election. Cohen debuted a special ice cream flavor called "Bernie's Yearning" on January 25, 2016 out of support for Sanders. Ben & Jerry's released a statement disavowing connection or support for the product, saying "This was created by Ben as a citizen. The company is not involved.”_NEWLINE_In 2012, he helped launch the Stamp Stampede campaign to stamp messages on the nation's currency in support of passing a constitutional amendment to help overturn Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission and reduce the influence of private corporations on politics._NEWLINE_On April 18, 2016, Cohen was arrested, with Jerry Greenfield, while at a Democracy Awakening protest in Washington, D.C. _START_SECTION_ Bernie Sanders 2020 presidential campaign _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 21, 2019, Cohen was named a national co-chair of Bernie Sanders' 2020 campaign.

7825049950512877262

Q4886034

_START_ARTICLE_ Ben Lam _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lam played wing for Mitre 10 Cup team Auckland. He was selected for the Auckland and Blues sides in 2012. He played 12 games for Auckland after making his debut in 2012 against Hawke's Bay. He made one Super Rugby appearance for the Auckland Blues in 2012. In November 2012 he entered into a contract as a New Zealand sevens player, making his debut at the Dubai Sevens. Lam won a silver Commonwealth Games Medal as a member of the All Black Sevens team at the Glasgow Commonwealth Games in 2014. Lam has international experience with the New Zealand Sevens. Since 2017 he has played for the Hurricanes. _START_SECTION_ Personal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lam was born in Auckland, a nephew of rugby player Pat Lam. He was educated at St Peter's College, where he played rugby in the college First XV and excelled at athletics, principally in the 100 metres (breaking 11 seconds) and 200 metres, as well as the long jump. In Wellington, while giving his services to the Hurricanes franchise, Lam is completing his degree in Geography and Marine Biology and pursues his interest in underwater diving around Breaker Bay. He likes reading and he and other Hurricanes players Ardie Savea, Chris Eves and Blade Thomson have promoted a book club.

12316185883164950974

Q56282691

_START_ARTICLE_ Bendich Ahin _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bendich Ahin (died 1402), also known as Maestro Bendit and Baruch Chaim (Hebrew: בָּרוּךְ חַיִּים‬, Barukh Ḥayyīm), was a fourteenth-century Jewish physician, astrologer, and mathematician in Arles._NEWLINE_In 1369, Ahin became court physician to Queen Joanna I of Naples. In recognition of his medical services, he was exempted from Jewish taxes and tallages. The privilege was extended to his descendants. According to Nostradamus, Ahin's astrological knowledge led him to predict the Queen's tragic death.

16155894840809562021

Q3638115

_START_ARTICLE_ Benedetto Vincenzo Nicotra _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benedetto Vincenzo Nicotra (5 April 1933 – 21 October 2018) was an Italian politician. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ A native of Lentini born on 5 April 1933, Nicotra studied law and began his career as a lawyer in 1956. He assumed several political positions on the municipal and regional levels before serving on the Chamber of Deputies from 1983 to 1994, as a member of Christian Democracy.

14684681445107607780

Q816877

_START_ARTICLE_ Benedict Ganesh Singh _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benedict Ganesh Singh (2 December 1927 – 12 September 2018) was a Guyanese Roman Catholic bishop._NEWLINE_Singh was born in Lusignan, Demerara, Guyana and was ordained to the priesthood in 1954. He served as titular bishop of Arsennaria and was auxiliary bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Georgetown, Guyana, from 1971 to 1972. He then served as bishop of the diocese from 1972 to 2003. He was the first native born Guyanese bishop.

4434536864170307103

Q18205454

_START_ARTICLE_ Benjamin Danielsson Roth _START_SECTION_ Emigration to Sweden _START_PARAGRAPH_ Roth family legend speculated that Benjamin was either hired or conscripted to serve as a blacksmith for the army of Charles XII of Sweden when it marched north from Saxony to invade the Russian Empire and that he most likely returned to Sweden with other surviving members of the Swedish army after their defeat by Peter the Great. This narrative conflicts with his marriage to a Swedish woman in 1704 and the fact that Saxony was not defeated and subsequently allied with Sweden until 1706. This means that either:_NEWLINE_A. Benjamin's emigration to Sweden happened sometime before 1704 and was unrelated to Saxony's alliance with Sweden or;_NEWLINE_B. The records that indicate a marriage date of 1704 are incorrect. Their first child was born in August 1707 so an actual marriage date of sometime in 1706 is possible. _START_SECTION_ Life in Sweden _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benjamin settled in the part of Stockholm called Södermalm where he worked as a master farrier. He married Catharina Berg, the daughter of Swedish locksmith Lars Olsson Berg, in 1704. They had 7 children: Maria, Catharina, Carl, Benjamin, Christina Charlotta and Margareta and one unknown who died in birth/infancy._NEWLINE_In addition to their home in Södermalm, an estate inventory in 1763 shows that they owned two small stone houses between Baggensgatan and Västerlånggatan in Gamla Stan (Old Town). Benjamin was a member of the German parish and eventually became an alderman in Stockholm's farrier guild. _START_SECTION_ Roht vs. Roth _START_PARAGRAPH_ None of the sources relating to Benjamin Roth speak to or explain the alternate spelling of Roth found on Karl XII's stair. One possibility is that in the past names had different spellings in different countries. (I.E. Karl in Germany, Karl or Carl in Sweden, Charles in England, Char in France, Carolos in Latin, etc.) It may simply have been spelled Roht in Saxony and Roth in Sweden, and the family eventually formally adopted the Swedish spelling. _START_SECTION_ Benjamin's Admiration for Charles XII of Sweden _START_PARAGRAPH_ Karl XII:s Trappa_NEWLINE_Sometime between 1712 and 1715 Benjamin was commissioned to forge a railing for a staircase at Katarina Church in Södermalm. The stair was dedicated to Charles XII of Sweden and his royal monogram appears above the dedication date. He is also mentioned in the poem that is engraved on the pillars on either side of the stair. This double staircase leads from the cemetery up to the southern entrance of the church. It was dedicated in 1715 and he was paid 300 riksdaler for the work. The railing was renovated by Benjamin's son, Carl Roth, in 1776._NEWLINE_Tradition of Carl_NEWLINE_Benjamin named his first son Carl in honor of the king of Sweden, Charles XII. This began a tradition in House Roth where some or all of the male children (usually at least the oldest) are named Carl and are commonly known by their middle names. This tradition has persisted within certain branches of House Roth for over 300 years to present day: The youngest being Carl Larson Samuel Roth, son of Carl Jan Christian and Stephanie Roth, born 2016.

2527017477618959695

Q4889732

_START_ARTICLE_ Bennett S. LeBow _START_SECTION_ Education and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ LeBow was born to a Jewish family, the son of Suara and Martin LeBow. His father was a life insurance salesman and his mother a teacher. He graduated from West Philadelphia High School and in 1960, earned a degree in electrical engineering from Drexel University. LeBow then went on to graduate school at Princeton University. Before completing his degree, LeBow left Princeton and joined the army where he installed early data systems at the Pentagon. LeBow's first foray into business occurred in the 1960s when he started a computer company to continue his Pentagon project. LeBow eventually sold the business in 1971 for a profit and became a full-time investor. In 1980 he founded the investment holding company Brooke Group Ltd. LeBow went on to purchase many companies including: Western Union, Information Displays, MAI Basic Four, Liggett Group, Brigham's Ice Cream, and the trading card company, SkyBox International (which he sold to Marvel). In 2000, Brooke Group Ltd. was renamed Vector Group Ltd. _START_SECTION_ Cigarettes and litigation _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1986, he purchased the fifth largest cigarette manufacturer in the United States, the Liggett Group for $140 million. In 1993, Lebow stated under sworn testimony that since cigarettes are a legal product and people choose to use them, whether or not that they cause cancer is irrelevant. In 1996, while under his leadership, Liggett Group broke ranks with the rest of the US tobacco industry, including Philip Morris, Brown and Williamson, RJR Nabisco, Loews and Lorillard, when he announced that Liggett would settle the Medicaid tobacco suits brought by forty state attorneys general. Liggett had previously been accused of being illegally influenced by Philip Morris which allegedly paid some of Liggett's legal bills in order to buy its cooperation in anti-tobacco lawsuits. LeBow stated that the reason for the settlement was to obtain immunity for Liggett from future liabilities and to prevent a future bankruptcy. The settlement entailed that Liggett agree to pay $1 million in damages; publicly announce that smoking is addictive and causes cancer; turn over long-secret tobacco industry documents; disclose ingredients in its cigarettes; and testify against the industry. Liggett was the first cigarette company to voluntarily put the label "Nicotine is Addictive" on their product._NEWLINE_LeBow's actions were pivotal to the government in their signing of the Master Settlement Agreement. In addition to this, LeBow was honored with a proclamation by Florida Governor Lawton Chiles for his "invaluable assistance" in helping Florida achieve its historic $11.3 billion settlement with the tobacco industry. Following this presentation, Lebow and Mr. Chiles addressed a group of students, who "saved their toughest questions for Liggett Group chief Bennett Lebow of Miami". One student asked, "If you want to be a watchdog of the industry, why not get out altogether and stop making cigarettes?" to which he responded that if he did, others would continue. LeBow also developed, through Vector Tobacco Inc., the nicotine-free cigarette Quest (cigarette) which is a cigarette designed to help people quit smoking. Also that year LeBow teamed up with corporate raider Carl Icahn to make a bid for RJR Nabisco. In response to this proposed spin-off of Nabisco from RJR Reynolds, tobacco industry analyst Ellen Barabas stated that "I think there are people who would support a spin-off of Nabisco, but not by Lebow. One of the prime factors was Lebows dubious reputation as a manager. In 1994 his shareholders sued him, claiming he had taken millions of dollars in improper loans; Lebow settled out of court." _NEWLINE_According to court documents, Liggett, while under LeBow's leadership, "engage(d) in marketing tactics that appeal to youths, such as couponing, sampling, and “buy one get one free” offers for its cigarettes, and advertise(d) in magazines with substantial youth readership." _START_SECTION_ Notable acquisitions _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1987, Liggett bought a majority stake in Western Union which had a negative net worth of $200 million. The company, then renamed New Valley LLC, eventually filed for bankruptcy but was able to pay its bondholders in full via asset sales. Liggett later sold its remaining interest in Western Union Financial Services Inc for $1.2 billion earning it a $300 million profit._NEWLINE_In May 2010, after a $25 million investment, he became a member of the Board of Directors at Borders Group Inc. and was immediately elected Chairman of the Board, replacing Mick McGuire, who resigned. In June 2010, LeBow became CEO of Borders Group Inc. In February 2011, Borders declared bankruptcy._NEWLINE_LeBow is also Chairman of the Board of Vector Group, the holding company for Liggett Group, Vector Tobacco, New Valley LLC, and Douglas Elliman. _START_SECTION_ Philanthropy and political activity _START_PARAGRAPH_ LeBow is a large supporter of his alma mater, Drexel University. In 1998, Drexel's College of Business and Administration was named the Bennett S. LeBow College of Business in his honor after a contribution of $10 million to the university. Further, he endowed the Bennett S. LeBow Engineering Center, a state-of-the-art facility that houses Drexel's College of Engineering. In November 2010, the 72-year-old West Philadelphia native contributed $45 million for the construction of a new facility for the LeBow College of Business — the 12th largest gift to any US business school, and the biggest ever to Drexel University. In 2011, LeBow was named the nation's 23rd largest charitable donor by The Chronicle of Philanthropy for donating more than $49 million to charitable causes._NEWLINE_In 2009, LeBow made a $10,000 campaign contribution to Manhattan District Attorney candidate Leslie Crocker Snyder, whose law firm - Kasowitz, Benson, Torres & Friedman - had represented the Liggett Group in smoking and health litigation since 1996. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ LeBow was married to Geraldine Cosher whom he met while they were students, he was at Drexel and she attended Temple. They had two daughters. Geraldine died in 2011. They were married for 52 years. As of 2014, Bennett LeBow is married to Jacqueline Finkelstein-LeBow.

7091447321472133728

Q3638334

_START_ARTICLE_ Bentley Little _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Little is an Arizona native who, according to his professional biography, was born one month after his mother saw the world premiere of Alfred Hitchcock's film Psycho. He studied at California State University Fullerton, from which he earned a BA in Communications and an MA in Comparative Literature. His thesis for the latter was his first novel, The Revelation, which was later published and won a Bram Stoker Award. _START_SECTION_ Style and recognition _START_PARAGRAPH_ Little's novels tend to have simplistic titles (many use the construction "The [noun]", like The Mailman and The House) and fall squarely into the horror genre. He dislikes his work being categorized as "suspense" or "supernatural thriller", preferring the more straightforward genre label. His work has been championed by Stephen King, leading to increased recognition. _START_SECTION_ Adaptations _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2007 Little's short story "The Washingtonians" was adapted for the TV show Masters of Horror, becoming the twelfth episode of its second season. Directed by Peter Medak, it significantly lightened the tone of the author's original work, aiming for camp over the short story's dark humour. It was negatively received by critics._NEWLINE_That same year The Hollywood Reporter announced that a film adaptation of the novel The Store was in development at Strike Entertainment, with a script by Jenna McGrath, production duties handled by Marc Abraham and Eric Newman, and executive production by Vince Gerardis, Eli Kirschner, and Tom Bliss. As of 2017 the project has not yet come to fruition.

12528036284031416528

Q4890846

_START_ARTICLE_ Beohari (Vidhan Sabha constituency) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beohari Vidhan Sabha constituency is one of the 230 Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) constituencies of Madhya Pradesh state in central India. This constituency came into existence in 1951, as one of the 48 Vidhan Sabha constituencies of the erstwhile Vindhya Pradesh state. It remained double-member until general elections of 1957 after the merge of Vindhya Pradesh into Madhya Pradesh, however it became single-member seat in the general elections of 1962 of Madhya Pradesh. _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beohari Vidhan Sabha constituency (constituency number 83) covers the entire Beohari tehsil, Deolond nagar panchayat and part of Jaisinghnagar tehsil of the Shahdol district. This constituency is a part of Sidhi Lok Sabha constituency.

9449418219330824202

Q819017

_START_ARTICLE_ Berengar II of Sulzbach _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berengar's grandfather was Gebhard I, Count of Sulzbach (died 1071), who married the daughter of Count Berengar I of Sulzbach._NEWLINE_Gebhard I may have been the son of Herman IV, Duke of Swabia (died 28 July 1038), but this is not certain._NEWLINE_Gebhard I was father of Gebhard II._NEWLINE_Berengar was the son of Count Gebhard II of Sulzbach (died 1085) and Irmgard of Rott (died 14 June 1101)._NEWLINE_His sister Adelaide may have married Count Siboto II of Weyarn-Falkenstein, who was later the advocate of Baumburg Abbey._NEWLINE_The Weyarns at first supported Henry IV in his conflict with Pope Gregory VII during the Investiture Controversy._NEWLINE_Later Siboto II was associated with the pro-papal side that included the Sulzbachs._NEWLINE_Around 1099 Berengar married Adelaide, widow and heiress of Count Udalric of Passau, nicknamed "the very rich"._NEWLINE_Count Udalric's cousin, the Count palatine Rapoto of Bavaria, had died around the same time as Udalric and had been succeeded by Berengar's relative Diepold III, margrave of the Nordgau in Bavaria, who inherited the titles of Count of Cham and Margrave of Vuhburg._NEWLINE_Berengar was married to Adelheid von Lechsgemünd for over six years until her death in 1105. This marriage seems to have been childless._NEWLINE_Berengar's second wife was Adelheid von Dießen-Wolfratshausen, with whom he had six children,_NEWLINE_Four of these children married into the highest circles._NEWLINE_His son, Count Gebhard III of Sulzbach, married Matilda, daughter of Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria._NEWLINE_His daughter Gertrude was the wife of King Conrad III of Germany._NEWLINE_Her sister Luitgarde married Godfrey II, Count of Louvain and Duke of Lower Lorraine._NEWLINE_In 1143 his daughter Bertha, later called Irene, married the Emperor Manuel I Komnenos of Byzantium (c. 1120–1180)._NEWLINE_She died about 1158. _START_SECTION_ Advisor to Henry V _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 5 February 1104 Count Sigehard of Burghausen was murdered, and Henry IV, Holy Roman Emperor, was blamed for the crime._NEWLINE_Berengar was one of the Bavarian Nordgau princes who held the emperor responsible for the murder._NEWLINE_The others were Diepold III of Cham-Vohburg and Otto, count of Kastl-Habsberg._NEWLINE_They encouraged Henry V to rebel against his father._NEWLINE_The three were closely associated with the Gregorian party of Bishop Gebhard of Constance._NEWLINE_The noble reform party thought that the Emperor Henry IV was leading the people to destruction and only the true church, the church of the Gregorian and Monastic Reform, could point the way to salvation._NEWLINE_On 12 December 1104 King Henry V with a small retinue left his father's camp in Fritzlar and took refuge in Bavaria, the start of the rebellion._NEWLINE_During the struggle from 1104 to 1106 Berengar was often with Henry V and one of his key advisers in affairs of the kingdom._NEWLINE_In 1106 Henry IV took refuge from his son in Regensburg, calling for assistance from the Czech Duke Bořivoj. The Czech army came up, but when they saw that Henry V was supported by Margrave Diepold III and Count Berengar they retreated._NEWLINE_The emperor continued his flight, and died at Liège on 8 August 1106._NEWLINE_Between 1108 and 1111 Berengar took part in the campaigns in Hungary and Poland and on Henry's expedition to Rome. _NEWLINE_From January 1116 to autumn 1119 there is no sign of his presence at the royal court of Henry V._NEWLINE_It is believed that during this time Count Berengar dedicated his absence from the royal court to increasing his monasteries._NEWLINE_Henry V died on 23 May 1125. Berengar was present at the emperor's funeral, and was one of the signatories to a letter inviting the leading men of the kingdom to attend a diet on 25 August 1125 to elect a successor. The first signatory was Adalbert I, Archbishop of Mainz, the archchancellor of Germany. The other secular signatories were Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, Frederick II, Duke of Swabia and Godfrey, Count Palatine._NEWLINE_Berengar died on 3 December 1125 and was succeeded by his son Gebhard III._NEWLINE_The son and heir of Gebhard III died on an expedition to Rome in 1167. _NEWLINE_Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, nephew of Conrad III, bought the Sulzbach lands for his two sons, Frederick and Otto. _START_SECTION_ Religious foundations _START_PARAGRAPH_ As one of the leaders of the ecclesiastical reform circle in Upper Bavaria, Swabia and Saxony Berengar was one of the founders of the Abbeys of Berchtesgaden, Kastl, and Baumberg. _START_SECTION_ Berchtesgaden Provostry _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berengar's first monastery foundation, the Berchtesgaden Provostry, was commissioned by his mother Irmgard of Rott. According to legend, it was founded in fulfillment of a vow of thanksgiving for the salvation of his father, Gebhard II of Sulzbach, after a hunting accident at the rock on which the Berchtesgaden Collegiate Church stands today._NEWLINE_His mother Irmgard owned Berchtesgaden from her first marriage with Count Engelbert V of Chiemgau, and as his widow had made a vow to have a house built for use by an "assembly of clergy of communal life" ("congregatio clericorum communis vite"). Due to various worldly affairs Irmgard did not have the time to found the congregation, so shortly before her death she commissioned Berengar with the task, to promote his and her salvation._NEWLINE_In the year of his mother's death, 1101, Berengar appointed the canon Eberwin as the first provost._NEWLINE_Under his guidance, he sent three Augustinian canons and four lay brothers to Berchtesgaden from Rottenbuch Abbey, the mother abbey of the Augustinians in Altbayern and a center of the canonical reform movement. _NEWLINE_Berengar and his half-brother Kuno von Horburg-Lechsgemünd then requested papal confirmation for the founding of the monastery. _NEWLINE_Probably in 1102 and no later than 1105 Kuno von Horburg and Eberwin traveled to Rome on behalf of Berengar.Pope Paschal II had very likely on 7 April 1102 placed the Count's monastery under his protection._NEWLINE_He confirmed this privilege in writing to Berengar and Kuno von Horburg._NEWLINE_According to the Fundatio monasterii Berchtesgadensis the Augustinians at first found the lonely wilderness of Berchtesgaden, with its terrifying mountain forests, and permanent ice and snow a very inhospitable place, and sought somewhere more suitable. _START_SECTION_ Kastl Abbey _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the Lateran council of March/April 1102, on 12 May 1102 Berengar was granted the privilege of founding the St Peter monastery in Kastl according to the Hirsauer reform._NEWLINE_Berengar co-founded the abbey with Count Friedrich of Kastl-Habsberg and his son Otto._NEWLINE_Diepold III of Cham-Vohburg also assisted with the foundation. _START_SECTION_ Baumburg Abbey _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1102 Paschal gave Berengar the privilege of founding Baumburg Abbey._NEWLINE_In 1104–06 Berengar was deeply involved in the struggles of Henry V against his father Emperor Henry IV, and was unable to implement the wishes of his wife Adelheid von Lechsgemünd to spend the inheritance from her first two marriages to establish a Reform congregation._NEWLINE_Adelheid therefore felt compelled before her death (1104/1105) to place her husband and a dozen selected ministers under oath to establish a regular canons monastery to the north of lake Chiemsee and to annex the existing church of St. Margaret in Baumburg._NEWLINE_But to found two monasteries within three or four years and to participate in the reform of the Kastl Abbey at the same time gave him great difficulty._NEWLINE_He therefore followed the urging of his church officials and expanded Baumburg with goods from Berchtesgaden so he would have at least one well-equipped monastery, and would meet the wishes of his mother and first wife._NEWLINE_In 1107, or at the latest in 1109, Eberwin and his monks from Berchtesgaden founded Baumburg Abbey in the north of the present Traunstein district._NEWLINE_Later, probably around 1116, Eberwin returned to Berchtesgaden where the first major land clearing was undertaken and the Augustinians settled permanently. _NEWLINE_The independence of Berchtesgaden was not secure, since Gottschalk (ca. 1120–1163), provost of Baumburg, was not willing to accept the loss of the Berchtesgaden assets._NEWLINE_After Berengar died in 1125, Gottschalk challenged the legality of the separation and asked Archbishop Conrad I of Salzburg for an injunction to re-merge the properties._NEWLINE_Conrad finally confirmed the independence of both monasteries in 1136, which was confirmed by Pope Innocent II in 1142.

3577354758615586657

Q4892009

_START_ARTICLE_ Berkeley Digital Film Institute _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Berkeley Digital Film Institute is a San Francisco Bay Area film school founded in early 2007 by Patrick Kriwanek, Dean of Education. The program is a 16-month program with emphasis on Producing and Directing for Motion Pictures, Television, Commercials and Music Videos. Kriwanek, who was the head of the Academy of Art's Motion Picture division was instrumental in growing the program from 79 to 900 students.

3810031102015457949

Q16254363

_START_ARTICLE_ Berkeley Mall _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ One of the original anchors was Weil's, which became Brody's, which was sold to Proffitt's in 1998, and again to Belk in 2006. Jo-Ann Fabrics opened at the mall in 2013._NEWLINE_Berkeley Mall suffered roof damage near the Belk store on August 27, 2011 as a result of Hurricane Irene moving through eastern North Carolina._NEWLINE_On October 15, 2018, it was announced that Sears would be closing as part of a plan to close 142 stores nationwide.

10635668194038986996

Q328480

_START_ARTICLE_ Berlin Police _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Royal Prussian Police of Berlin was founded on 25 March 1809 with Justus Gruner as the first chief of police._NEWLINE_In March 1848 Berlin was one of the places where the Revolution of 1848 took place (also called the March Revolution). At this time just a small number of police officers (approx. 200 officers for 400,000 citizens) with limited authority, the so-called Revierpolizei (literally police station police) existed. To fight the revolution, the chief of police, police commissioner Dr. Julius Freiherr von Minutoli asked the Prussian Army for help. They sent two guard cavalry regiments (the Regiment Gardes du Corps (cuirassiers), the 1. Garde-Dragoner Regiment "Königin Victoria von Großbritannien und Irland" (dragoons)), and three guard infantry regiments (1. and 2. Garderegiment zu Fuss, Kaiser Alexander Garde-Grenadier-Regiment Nr.1)._NEWLINE_Approximately 230 citizens were shot or killed by sabers because the guard troops had orders to, "Immer feste druff!" (~ Strike them hard!)._NEWLINE_After a couple of days the troops withdrew and a militia ("Bürgerwehr") with a strength of 20,000 men was founded. In short, the militia was worthless._NEWLINE_Shortly after the revolution, King Frederick William IV of Prussia founded the "Königliche Schutzmannschaft zu Berlin" in June 1848. It was the first modern police force in Germany from the viewpoint of then and today. It consisted of 1 Oberst (colonel), 5 Hauptleuten (captains), 200 Wachtmeister (sergeants) and 1,800 Schutzleute (officers), 40 of them mounted._NEWLINE_In 1936, during the Nazi regime it was dissolved like all other German police forces, and absorbed into the Ordnungspolizei or Orpo. The Orpo was established as a centralized organisation uniting the municipal, city, and rural uniformed forces that had been organised on a state-by-state basis. Eventually the Orpo embraced virtually all of the Third Reich's law-enforcement and emergency response organizations, including fire brigades, coast guard, civil defense, and even night watchmen. It was under the overall command of Heinrich Himmler._NEWLINE_After the fall of the Berlin Wall (1989) and the Reunification of Germany (1990), the West Berlin police, with 20,000 employees, and the East Berlin police, with 12,000 employees were merged under the direction of the West Berlin chief Georg Schertz. Approximately 2,300 officers changed assignments from the West to the East, and approximately 2,700 from the East to the West. About 9,600 East Berlin officers were checked for being possible collaborators of the MfS (Stasi). 8,544 of them were cleared, while 1,056 were not. Approximately 2,000 were retired or resigned on their own._NEWLINE_The law on the Freiwillige Polizei-Reserve Berlin (FPR): (volunteer police reserve) of 25 May 1961 in West Berlin created a paramilitary organization to protect important infrastructure like power plants and drinking water supplies. Since the eighties it became more of a branch in which citizens were able to voluntarily support the Schupo in daily service. It was disbanded in 2002. _START_SECTION_ Police chiefs _START_PARAGRAPH_ List of police chiefs since 1809:

2165775041779504172

Q210478

_START_ARTICLE_ Bermudian dollar _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ For nearly four hundred years Spanish dollars, known as "pieces of eight" were in widespread use on the world's trading routes, including the Caribbean region. However, following the revolutionary wars in Latin America, the source of these silver trade coins, dried up. The United Kingdom had adopted a very successful gold standard in 1821, and so the year 1825 was an opportune time to introduce the British sterling coinage into all the British colonies. An imperial Order in Council was passed in that year for the purposes of facilitating this aim by making sterling coinage legal tender in the colonies at the specified rate of 1 Spanish dollar to 4 shillings, 4 pence sterling. As the sterling silver coins were attached to a gold standard, this exchange rate did not realistically represent the value of the silver in the Spanish dollars as compared to the value of the gold in the British gold sovereign. Because of this, the conversion had the opposite effect in many colonies, and actually drove sterling coinage out of circulation, rather than encouraged its use._NEWLINE_Remedial legislation had to be introduced in 1838 so as to change over to the more realistic rating of $1 = 4s 2d. However, in Jamaica, British Honduras, Bermuda, and later in the Bahamas also, the official rating was set aside in favour of what was known as the 'Maccaroni' tradition in which a British shilling, referred to as a 'Maccaroni', was treated as one quarter of a dollar. The common link between these four territories was the Bank of Nova Scotia which brought in the 'Maccaroni' tradition, resulting in the successful introduction of both sterling coinage and sterling accounts. It wasn't however until 1 January 1842 that the authorities in Bermuda formally decided to make sterling the official currency of the colony to circulate concurrently with Doubloons (64 shillings) at the rate of $1 = 4s 2d. Contrary to expectations, and unlike in the Bahamas where US dollars circulated concurrently with sterling, the Bermudas did not allow themselves to be drawn into the U. S. currency area. The Spanish dollars fell away in the 1850s but returned again in the 1870s following the international silver crisis of 1873. In 1874, the Bermuda merchants agreed unanimously to decline to accept the heavy imports of US currency except at a heavy discount, and it was then exported again. And in 1876, legislation was passed to demonetise the silver dollars for fear of them returning. In 1882, the local 'legal tender act' demonetised the gold doubloon, which had in effect been the real standard in Bermuda, and this left pounds, shillings, and pence as the sole legal tender._NEWLINE_The pound sterling remained the official currency of Bermuda until 1970, though the Government of Bermuda did issue its own pound banknotes. With US and Canadian coins regularly appearing in circulation in Bermuda and the possibility of the devaluation of the pound sterling, Bermuda was compelled to adopt its own decimal currency. On 6 February 1970, Bermuda introduced a new decimal currency in the form of a dollar. The nascent Bermudian dollars circulated in conjunction with the new British decimal coinage a year before it was introduced in the United Kingdom. By adopting decimalisation early, Bermuda was also able place orders for the coinage from the Royal Mint before other Commonwealth countries seeking to decimalise could. The link between the Bermudian dollar and the pound sterling was not broken until 31 July 1972, which allowed Bermuda to align to a one-to-one exchange rate with that of the United States. The decision for Bermuda to peg its dollar to the US dollar added convenience for the multitude of American tourists and businesses with whom Bermuda largely relied on._NEWLINE_Since 1972, Bermuda law has required that local businesses charge prices in Bermudian dollars which, if paid in US dollars, must be accepted at a rate of 1:1. Only banks are legally allowed to exchange Bermudian dollars into US dollars or other currencies, subject to a 1% Foreign Currency Purchase Tax (some banks also charge an exchange fee).

789551002598965523

Q4893348

_START_ARTICLE_ Bernard Larson _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bernard Larson (also known as Bernhard; December 3, 1859 – January 13, 1923) was a Swedish-born farmer and political figure in Saskatchewan, Canada. He represented Milestone in the Legislative Assembly of Saskatchewan from 1912 to 1923 as a Liberal._NEWLINE_He was born in Goerlof, Sweden, the son of Andrew Larson and Hannah Anderson. Larson served five years in the Swedish Army. He moved to North Dakota, USA in 1878. In 1882 he married Minnie Hendrickson. Larson moved to Canada in 1902 and settled on a farm near the current location of Lang, Saskatchewan. He is generally considered the founder of Lang because he was able to convince the Canadian Pacific Railway to locate a railway siding on his land. After his death, he was interred in the Larson Mausoleum, now designated a municipal heritage property by the province.

10208264125818124480

Q2898198

_START_ARTICLE_ Bernard Le Roux _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bernard's rugby career started out when playing for amateur club side A.S.R.V. Ascrum in Amsterdam. In 2009, he represented the Boland Cavaliers in the 2009 Vodacom Cup, where the Cavaliers finished sixth in the Southern Section. He played in just 4 matches that season, all of them brief appearances from the bench. In addition to the Cavaliers, he spent some time with the Border Bulldogs during the 2009 Currie Cup First Division, in which the Bulldogs finished fifth in the Division._NEWLINE_Le Roux was tempted by Rugby World Cup winning coach Jake White to sign with the Lions for the 2010 Super 14 season. However, a call the night before he was due to sign the Lions contract convinced him that a short-term medical wildcard contract with Racing 92, then known as Racing Métro, would be better – with the aim of perhaps signing with the Lions after the stint was over. However, Le Roux explains that he "fell in love with the country, the culture and the rugby environment", and remained on with Racing Métro after his short-term contract._NEWLINE_He signed a three-year contract to start with, but a call up to the French senior squad for the 2013 French tour of New Zealand, being eligible through residency laws, was too tempting to decline, and a re-sign with Racing Métro was inevitable after the tour with 'Les Bleus'. He made his first appearance for France when playing against Super Rugby side the Auckland Blues on 11 June 2013. He started in what was a 38–15 victory. Le Roux made his test debut 4 days later in Christchurch, starting and playing the full 80 minutes in a 30–0 defeat to the All Blacks._NEWLINE_Since being named in that 38-man squad for the All Blacks tour, Le Roux has featured in every French squad Philippe Saint-André has announced, with Saint-André "looking to build something for the next World Cup" (the 2015 Rugby World Cup). _NEWLINE_He represented France for the for first time in the 2019 Rugby World Cup, starting in the game against the USA.

9919247739511580603

Q736265

_START_ARTICLE_ Bernard of Menthon _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bernard was born probably in the Château de Menthon, near Annecy, then in the County of Savoy, a part of the Kingdom of Arles. He was descended from a rich and noble family and received a thorough education in Paris. When he had reached adulthood, he decided to devote himself to the service of the Church and refused an honorable marriage proposed by his father. (In popular legend it is said that he had to sneak out of the castle on the night before an arranged wedding, and that during his flight from the castle, he threw himself from his window, only to be caught by angels and lowered gently to the ground 40 feet (12 meters) below.)_NEWLINE_Placing himself under the direction of Peter, the Archdeacon of Aosta, under whose guidance he rapidly progressed, Bernard was ordained a priest and worked as a missionary in the mountain villages. Later, on account of his learning and virtue, he was appointed to succeed his mentor as archdeacon of the cathedral, giving him charge of the government of the diocese, directly under the bishop._NEWLINE_For 42 years he continued to preach the Gospel to these people and even into many cantons of Lombardy, effecting numerous conversions and working many miracles. The last act of St. Bernard's life was the reconciliation of two noblemen whose strife threatened a fatal outcome. He died in June 1081 in the Imperial Free City of Novara and was interred in the monastery of St. Lawrence. _START_SECTION_ St Bernard's Passes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since the most ancient times there has been a path across the Pennine Alps leading from the Aosta Valley to the Swiss canton of Valais. The traditional route of this pass is covered with perpetual snow from seven to eight feet deep, and drifts sometimes accumulate to the height of forty feet. Although the pass was extremely dangerous, especially in the springtime on account of avalanches, it was often used by French and German pilgrims on their way to Rome._NEWLINE_In his office as archdeacon, Bernard had the charge of caring for the poor and travelers. For their convenience and protection, Bernard founded a canonry and hostel at the highest point of the pass, 8,000 feet above sea-level, in the year 1050, at the site which has come to bear his name. A few years later he established another hostel on the Little St. Bernard Pass, a mountain saddle in the Graian Alps, 7,076 feet above sea-level. Both were placed in charge of communities of canons regular, after papal approval had been obtained by Bernard during a visit to Rome. The new community was placed under the patronage of St. Nicholas of Myra, patron saint of travelers._NEWLINE_Today the tunnel and modern technology have made rescue operations at the pass mainly unnecessary. The dogs were put up for sale in 2004 because of the high cost of maintenance and were promptly bought by foundations created for the purpose. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ These hostels were renowned for the generous hospitality extended to all travelers over the Great and Little St. Bernard, so called in honor of the founder of these charitable institutions. At all seasons of the year, but especially during heavy snow-storms, the canons, later accompanied by their well-trained dogs, the common herding dogs of the Valais ("St Bernards" are attested from the 17th century), went out in search of victims who might have succumbed to the severity of the weather. They offered food, clothing, and shelter to the unfortunate travelers and took care of the dead. They depended on gifts and collections for sustenance._NEWLINE_As of 2012 the congregation consisted of about 35 professed members, the majority of whom live at the hostel while some provide pastoral care to neighboring parishes. St. Bernard dogs are still on the site as pets; helicopters are used in rescue operations today._NEWLINE_Although venerated from the 12th century in such places of northern Italy as Aosta, Novara and Brescia, Bernard was not formally recognized as a saint until his canonization by Pope Innocent XI in 1681. His feast is celebrated on 28 May or June 15 (Roman Martyrology). Pope Pius XI confirmed Bernard as the patron saint of the Alps in 1923. His image appears in the flag of some detachments of the Tyrolean Alpine Guard. He is also the patron saint of skiing, snowboarding, hiking, backpacking, mountaineering._NEWLINE_Saint Bernard's Catholic Church in Saranac Lake, New York is named for him.

8953726656005210916

Q5990296

_START_ARTICLE_ Bernt Moe _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bernt Moe (1 June 1814 – 5 June 1850) was a Norwegian historian, editor and encyclopedist. _NEWLINE_Moe was born in Oslo, Norway. He was employed as an assistant in the National Archives of Norway (Riksarkivet). He was the editor of the two encyclopedias Tidsskrift for den norske personalhistorie and Biographiske Efterretninger om Eidsvolds-Repræsentanter og Storthingsmænd i Tidsrummet 1814—1845.

5935304661040319361

Q33044561

_START_ARTICLE_ Bert Tabuai _START_SECTION_ Playing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1995, Tabuai played for the Canberra Raiders U21s which won the NSWRL Presidents Cup Championship and was coached by current Melbourne Storm- Craig Bellamy which is equivalent to the current NRL U20s competition. Tabuai made his first-grade debut in 1996 against the North Queensland Cowboys coming off the Bench winning 66-10. Tabuai played 2 first grade games with the Canberra Raiders. https://web.archive.org/web/20171208204606/http://www.rugbyleagueproject.org/players/bert-tubuai/summary.html_NEWLINE_Tabuai played ten games for the Townsville-based North Queensland Cowboys commencing in their third season when they competed in the Super League competition in 1997._NEWLINE_Tabuai continued playing for the Cowboys in the following season when they competed in the inaugural season of the newly formed National Rugby League competition._NEWLINE_Tabuai played in the Centre, Second Row and Lock positions. Tabuai scored one try for the Cowboys, after coming off the bench in the Round 16 match against the Illawarra Steelers at Wollongong Showground on 28 June 1998._NEWLINE_Prior to playing professional rugby league, Tabuai lived in Rockhampton and attended North Rockhampton State High School. Tabuai also played six games for the Rockhampton's QRL team, the Central Queensland Capras.

2209172758878551006

Q15985438

_START_ARTICLE_ Berta Arocena de Martínez Márquez _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berta Arocena de Martínez Márquez (1899–1956) was a Cuban journalist, suffragist and feminist active during the 1920s and 1930s. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berta Arocena was born in 1899, in Havana to an old propertied family, she dabbled in writing from an early age, writing in journals and newspapers. She married the journalist Guillermo Martínez Márquez 1926, with whom she had two children, Bertha (born 1934) and William (born 1941)._NEWLINE_Along with Renée Méndez Capote, Arocena cofounded the Lyceum, on 1 December 1928, one of the most intellectual and cultural feminist organizations of its time, serving as its president. She also joined Carmen Castellanos, Matilde Martínez Márquez, Carmelina Guanche, Alicia Santamaría, Ofelia Tomé, Dulce Marta Castellanos, Lilliam Mederos, Rebeca Gutiérrez, Sarah Méndez Capote, Mary Caballero, María Josefa Vidaurreta and María Teresa Moré in organizing a group that advocated for women's suffrage. She became a lobbyist in Cuba's parliament and organized various feminist events in that country. She also participated in the founding of Cuba's Ladies Club and the National Union of Women, along with several other writers such as Ofelia Rodríguez Acosta, Lesbia Soravilla, Julieta Carreta and the actor and activist Teté Casuso.

4271172646102098843

Q4895463

_START_ARTICLE_ Bertha (opera) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bertha is an opera in one act, with music by Ned Rorem to an English libretto by Kenneth Koch, an original work parodying Shakespeare's histories. Rorem wrote the work originally at the request of the Metropolitan Opera (Met) Studio in the 1960s, intended as an opera for children. However, the Met studio rejected the work. The work was premiered at Alice Tully Hall in New York City on November 25, 1973 with Beverly Wolff in the title role. _NEWLINE_Bertha is still sporadically performed. It received a performance by The Golden Fleece in New York City in 1981. In the UK, the New World Opera Company produced the work in London in February 2001. _START_SECTION_ Synopsis _START_PARAGRAPH_ The setting is the royal residence in Oslo, Norway, in the medieval era._NEWLINE_The garrison of the slightly deranged Queen Bertha of Oslo is encased by barbarians. She leads an attack, in a ring of white eagles, and the attackers are repelled. A teacher questions her as to whether her own subjects are barbarians, for which Bertha orders the teacher executed._NEWLINE_After the country is at peace, Bertha then declares war on Scotland. The Counselor objects to these endless wars, and Bertha dismisses the Council. Two young lovers meet in Bertha's garden, but they are shot dead there, as the queen disapproves of lovers' trysts._NEWLINE_As Bertha ages, her madness increases and she keeps wanting new adventures. Bertha gives Norway to the barbarians so that she can reconquer the nation. She does this, but collapses dead on her regained throne. The people praise her as a great queen.

9725297874290930920

Q15198646

_START_ARTICLE_ Berunanpukuria _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berunanpukuria is located at 22.7281759°N 88.4535027°E._NEWLINE_Berunanpukuria, Barbaria, Jagannathpur, Kokapur and Chak Barbaria form a loose cluster of villages and census towns along State Highway 2 (locally known as Barasat-Barrackpore Road), close to Barasat. _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As per the 2011 Census of India, Berunanpukhuria had a total population of 2,188, of which 1,153 (53%) were males and 1,035 (47%) were females. Population below 6 years was 260. The total number of literates in Berunanpukhuria was 1,460 (75.73% of the population over 6 years). _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berunanpukuria is on the State Highway 2 (locally known as Barrackpore-Barasat Road) in the vicinity of Barasat town._NEWLINE_The nearest railway station is Barasat Junction railway station on the Sealdah-Bangaon line. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ West Bengal State University, located at Berunanpukria, was established in 2008. In 2018, WBSU has made it to the comprehensive list of the best public universities in Bengal. The rating was by Careers 369, the country’s largest education and career counselling portal. It offers undergraduate, post graduate and doctoral programmes. An affiliating university, as of 2018, all 46 colleges in North 24 Parganas are affiliated to it. The boys hostel is functional and the girls hostel is getting ready._NEWLINE_Kingston College of Science and Kingston Law College were established at Berunanpukuria in 2004.

11150084727476940073

Q4898051

_START_ARTICLE_ Bethlehem Hydro _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bethlehem Hydro owns and operates two small hydro power plants situated in the Dihlabeng Local Municipality in the Free State province of South Africa. The scheme utilizes the water supplied to South Africa by the Lesotho Highlands Water Project, which releases water into the As River via a tunnel outlet near the town of Clarens. South Africa has limited potential for hydro energy due to low average annual rainfall making projects like Bethlehem Hydro rare. The project was identified in 1999 and developed by NuPlanet Project Development. The two power stations in the scheme will cut back carbon dioxide emissions by 33,000 tons per year by reducing the demand for traditional fossil-fuel power stations. _START_SECTION_ Sol Plaatje Power Station _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Sol Plaatje Power Station was the first commercial small hydro power station constructed in South Africa for 22 years. It was commissioned in November 2009 and is located close to Bethlehem, Free State. The power station was constructed next to the existing dam wall of the Sol Plaatje dam. The power station has an installed capacity of 3 MW and has a double regulated horisontal axis Kaplan turbine. _START_SECTION_ Merino Power Station _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Merino Power is a run-of-river type hydro power station situated 10 km downstream from the tunnel outlet of the Lesotho Highlands Water Project. The power station consists of an intake weir, a 600 m canal and a power house with a double regulated horizontal Kaplan turbine. The power station has an installed capacity of 4 MW.

16564155560732283281

Q547149

_START_ARTICLE_ Beverly J. Silver _START_SECTION_ Training and Academic Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Silver grew up in Detroit during a period of intense working-class struggle. She was active in the United Farm Workers Union and the solidarity campaigns for Chile. Silver received her B.A. in economics from Barnard College and her Ph.D. from SUNY Binghamton, where she was part of the Fernand Braudel Center for the Study of Economies, Historical Systems, and Civilizations. During this time she collaborated with a number of scholars including Giovanni Arrighi, Immanuel Wallerstein, and Terence Hopkins and contributed to the development of the school of world-systems analysis. For many years she was a member of the World Labor Research Group at the Fernand Braudel Center at Binghamton. _START_SECTION_ Scholarly Acclaim for Forces of Labor _START_PARAGRAPH_ Forces of Labor won the highest book award in 2005 from the American Sociological Association, the Distinguished Scholarly Publication Award.

17512446406280422773

Q16727499

_START_ARTICLE_ Beverly Naya _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Beverly Ifunaya Bassey was born in London as the only child to her Nigerian parents. At 17, she began acting while studying philosophy, psychology and sociology at Brunel University. She also studied script-writing and film-making at Roehampton University. In an interview with BellaNaija, she explained that she relocated to Nigeria because of the rapid growth of Nollywood, and the opportunities that it creates for aspiring actors. In another interview, she cited Ramsey Nouah and Genevieve Nnaji as mentors. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ She began acting at the age of 17 whilst studying at the Brunel University in Uxbridge, England. In the year 2011, she was named the "fastest rising actress" in the City People Entertainment Awards in Nigeria, when asked why she returned to Nigeria by Encomium Magazine she said and I quote_NEWLINE_"After I graduated from university, I just knew that I wanted to act, I knew I wanted to act, and in London I could shoot a film probably once in a year and that's it. Whereas coming to this industry, I can build a brand as well as shoot films more often and be given a more diverse amount of scripts. So, I decided to come back for that reason"

3958919274969123401

Q48060

_START_ARTICLE_ Bezirk Gera _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The district was established, with the other 13, on July 25, 1952, replacing the old German states. After October 3, 1990, it was disestablished due to German reunification, becoming again part of the state of Thuringia. _START_SECTION_ Position _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bezirk Gera had borders with the Bezirke of Suhl, Erfurt, Halle, Leipzig and Karl-Marx-Stadt, as well as with West Germany.

13993287284452444609

Q12973006

_START_ARTICLE_ Bhagat _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Hinduism and Sikhism, Bhagats (Punjabi: ਭਗਤ, from Sanskrit Hindi: भक्त) were originally holy men of various sects. Members of a community that gives prominence to the religious teachings of Kabir are also known as Bhagats, and the Hindu and Sikh religions both have numerous Bhagat communities in Punjab. _START_SECTION_ Definition _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bhagat is a Punjabi word derived from the Sanskrit word Bhagavata, which means: a devotee of the Lord (Bhagvan). Many such Hindu and Sikh devotees are followers of the bhakti tradition, who adhere to a prayer-led path of realization. Bhagat is also a Hindu and Jain surname, most commonly in northern states of India.

2436516536163752137

Q4901487

_START_ARTICLE_ Bhava samadhi _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bhava Samadhi is a state of ecstatic consciousness that can sometimes be a seemingly spontaneous experience, but is recognized generally to be the culmination of long periods of devotional practices. It is believed by some groups to be evoked through the presence of "higher beings." "Bhava" means "feeling", "emotion", "mood", "mental attitude" or "devotional state of mind." "Samadhi" is a state of consciousness in which the mind becomes completely still (one-pointed or concentrated) and the consciousness of the experiencing subject becomes one with the experienced object. Thus, "bhava samadhi" denotes an advanced spiritual state in which the emotions of the mind are channelled into one-pointed concentration and the practitioner experiences devotional ecstasy. Bhava samadhi has been experienced by notable figures in Indian spiritual history, including Sri Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and some of his disciples, Chaitanya Mahaprabhu and his chief disciple Nityananda, Mirabai and numerous saints in the bhakti tradition. _START_SECTION_ Meaning _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bhava samadhi, sometimes translated as 'trance', has no direct counterpart in the English language, though "ecstasy" is the closest translation. The various translations that have been proposed all refer to an ecstatic state of consciousness, which is attained by channelling the emotions into one-pointed concentration. For example, in The Gospel of Sri Ramakrishna, the author, M., later identified as Mahendranath Gupta, recounts observing Ramakrishna Paramahamsa's introverted mood in which he became "unconscious of the outer world." M. later "learnt that this mood is called bhava, ecstasy."_NEWLINE_"Bhava" denotes the mood of ecstasy and self-surrender which is induced by the maturing of devotion to one's 'Ishta deva' (object of devotion). "Bhava" literally means feeling, emotion, mood, or devotional state of mind. This refers to the aspirant's emotional life, which in the practice of jnana or raja yoga is controlled in order to transcend the spheres of the mind and intellect. In bhakti yoga, however, bhava is neither controlled nor suppressed, but is transformed into devotion and channelled to the Lord." Swami Sivananda states it is an "internal feeling" that needs to be developed through proper practice just like any other faculty of the mind e.g. memory or will power._NEWLINE_According to Ramakrishna Paramahamsa real bhava can only be said to occur when the relationship with the Divine is so established that it remains fixed in our consciousness at all times, "whether eating, drinking, sitting or sleeping." _NEWLINE_Only when the bhava has fully ripened does the sadhaka (spiritual seeker) experience "bhava samadhi." Bhava samadhi occurs when the emotions are perfectly channelled into one-pointed concentration on the object of one's devotion. It has also been described as "Absorption in meditation due to emotional cause, e.g. kirtan [devotional music]" and "sheer ecstasy, a condition caused when the heart is seized by the Divine embrace."_NEWLINE_Devotional practices that can evoke bhava, such as "bhajans" and kirtan (spiritual music), are standard practices in the bhakti tradition, and in the missions of many Indian saints including Ramakrishna Paramahamsa and Shivabalayogi Maharaj. Shri Shivabalayogi often used the words "bhava" and "bhava samadhi" interchangeably. He explained bhava as follows:_NEWLINE_"Everyone is in some sort of bhava of the guru because of their attachment to the guru. The mind's attachment and devotion is the true bhava."_NEWLINE_“Bhava is the beginning for samadhi and tapas. Higher souls induce it. Bhava helps in physical, mental, and spiritual progress."_NEWLINE_The qualities required for a genuine bhava samadhi have been emphasized by Ramakrishna Paramahamsa when he said that a spiritual experience of a lower plane may be had by "the momentary exuberance of emotions" but the scriptures say bhava samadhi is impossible to retain unless worldly desires have been removed and proper qualities have been established like renunciation and detachment. _START_SECTION_ Misuse and controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ There have been many misuses and controversies associated with bhava samadhi. Firstly, bhava itself has been mistaken to be an advanced spiritual state, whereas the great exponent of bhava samadhi, Ramakrishna Paramahamsa, made it clear to his disciple, Swami Vivekananda, that bhava is a preliminary state of consciousness:_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_"Witnessing the religious ecstasy (bhava) of several devotees, Narendra (Swami Vivekananda) one day said to the Master that he too wanted to experience it. 'My child,' he was told, 'when a huge elephant enters a small pond, a great commotion is set up, but when it plunges into the Ganga, the river shows very little agitation. These devotees are like small ponds; a little experience makes their feelings flow over the brim. But you are a huge river.' "_NEWLINE_Several other times Ramakrishna Paramahamsa made the same point like when he told one of his close devotees Gopalchandra Ghosh (later known as Swami Advaitananda, his most senior monastic disciple) that it was not so important to experience such a temporary ecstasy (bhava) and that on the spiritual path "true faith and renunciation are far greater."_NEWLINE_That bhava is a preliminary experience has also been emphasized by Shivabalayogi Maharaj:_NEWLINE_"During this all your bhava (the mind’s feelings) will get concentrated on your favorite deity and thus your mind becomes more concentrated, more single-pointed. Then meditation itself becomes much easier and consequently one would take up meditation more willingly. "It's like giving chocolate to a child to make it go to school. But one should not settle just for the chocolate - one must go on to school. In the same way, one must meditate."_NEWLINE_Secondly, people have falsely claimed to have spontaneously attained spiritual powers and experiences through bhava, whereas bhava samadhi is the culmination of a long period of devotional practice. Bhava has even been used by people to falsely claim that they are "possessed by sacred deities" and to issue orders on behalf of these deities. If the bhava is genuine, however, the person will become non-violent and introverted, and will not claim or give instructions through bhava. Spiritual efforts should always enable the mind to recede and become quiet, going introverted toward the Self. Swami Vivekananda warned sadhaks (spiritual aspirants) to beware of claims made of bhava experiences:_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_He pointed out that Ramakrishna had been through long years of strictest self discipline and that his ecstasy was a fruit of that discipline, not a superficial emotionalism. "When people try to practice religion," said Naren "eighty percent of them turn into cheats, and about fifteen percent go mad. Its only the remaining five percent who get some direct knowledge of the Truth and so become blessed. So Beware."_NEWLINE_Thirdly, genuine bhava samadhi, which is an internal state of consciousness, has been identified with outer movements of the body, such as dancing and singing. It has been claimed that "the very nature of bhava itself - sometimes having such vigorous outward expression in action and movement - had always meant that those who wished attention or status in a group would sometimes simply pretend to be in bhava to obtain some personal gain." However, it has been made clear by Ramakrishna that emotional displays do not constitute spiritual experience:_NEWLINE_One evening Subodh (later to become Swami Subodhananda) observed the devotees dancing and singing Kirtan in the Masters room at Dakshineshwar. They were overwhelmed with devotion. Shri Ramakrishna himself joined them and his ecstasy surcharged the whole place with heavenly bliss. Some were crying, some laughing, some dancing. Others were transfixed like motionless statues, and some began to roll on the floor. Subodh was very skeptical about this kind of emotional display ... [He asked] "who had real ecstasy in the kirtan today?" The Master thought for a while and then said, "Today Latu (later to become Swami Adbhutananda) alone had the fullest measure of it; some others had sprinklings."_NEWLINE_The depth of bhava experience varies across different individuals and depends on the spiritual maturity of their minds. Mature sadhaks usually do not display outward signs of bhava, which are indicative of the depth of their experiences. The problem of devotees attempting to make claims about their inner state of consciousness by imitating external indicators of genuine bhava samadhi was addressed by Swami Vivekananda in the Ramakrishna Mission:_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_It was discovered that several were actually trying to induce the outer physical symptoms of Samadhi and also imitate the movements of one who is dancing in ecstasy. Naren reasoned with these devotees and persuaded them to stop starving themselves and eat wholesome food, and to try control their emotions instead of cultivating hysteria. The result was an increase in spirituality and a decrease in outer show._NEWLINE_The actions of people in bhava samadhi, like dancing in ecstasy, can appear very strange to some. In Shri Shivabalayogi Maharaj's mission various levels of bhava occurred to hundreds of people. Bhava was controversial throughout Shivabalayogi's public programs, and his own statements on the phenomenon appear inconsistent. Although some were acting or misusing the experience, when people complained to Sri Shivabalayogi, he was intolerant of most criticism or interference. "It is not drama. It really happens."_NEWLINE_To place bhava samadhi into the correct spiritual context Ramakrishna Paramahansa said,_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_"If the depth of spiritual experiences is to be measured, it must be done from observing one's steadfastness, renunciation, strength of character, the attenuation of desires for enjoyment etc. It is by this touchstone alone, and no other means, that the amount of dross in ecstacy can be assessed."

4255177639339729328

Q28967763

_START_ARTICLE_ Bhupesh Chaubey _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chaubey has been a member of the 17th Legislative Assembly of Uttar Pradesh. Since 2017, he has represented the Robertsganj constituency and is a member of the BJP.

12867575068947294737

Q55605379

_START_ARTICLE_ Bia East (Ghana parliament constituency) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bia East is one of the constituencies represented in the Parliament of Ghana. It elects one Member of Parliament (MP) by the first past the post system of election. Bia East is located in the Bia East District of the Western Region of Ghana.

2865626720323194152

Q428872

_START_ARTICLE_ Biate _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Biate town was started by Mizo chief Kairuma Sailo in 1900. _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of 2011 India census, Biate had a population of 2277. Males constitute 49.80% of the population and females 50.20%. Biate has an average literacy rate of 98.18%, higher than the national average of 74.04%; with male literacy of 97.92% and female literacy of 98.43%. 10.94% of the population is under 6 years of age.

4194169821564377489

Q603882

_START_ARTICLE_ Bible of Queen Sophia _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bible of Queen Sophia (or Queen Sophia's Bible, Polish: Biblia królowej Zofii, also Sárospatak Bible, Biblia Szaroszp(a)otacka) is the oldest surviving translation of the Old Testament into the Polish language and the first complete translation of the Bible into Polish. The work is seen as a significant milestone in the history of the Polish language, and the most extensive example of the medieval Old Polish language._NEWLINE_The bible was commissioned by Sophia of Halshany, wife of the Polish king Jogaila. Queen Sophia did not know Latin, and wished for a bible she could read herself. The translation started in 1433 and ceased in 1455; the work was not fully finished (some illustrations were completed only two centuries later). The primary author of the translation was the Queen's chaplain, Andrzej z Jaszowic._NEWLINE_A copy of the bible was held by the library at Sárospatak in Hungary from at least 1708; hence the other name for this book. The bible was composed of two parchment folios numbering 470 pages in total. Only 185 pages of the first folio survived to the 19th century, as the second had been destroyed to provide bindings for other books. The first volume was also lost (presumed destroyed) during World War I, but Ludwik Bernacki published a facsimile edition in 1930. Several pages were recovered during the interwar period but most were lost during World War II. Today only two and a half pages remain: two at the University of Wrocław and half a page at the National Library of the Czech Republic in Prague._NEWLINE_The text of the bible is known through reproductions. The first complete printed edition of the work was in 1871, through the effort of Antoni Małecki.

16161107944633758338

Q21099094

_START_ARTICLE_ Bicyclohexyl _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ Carbazole can be denitrogenated by hydrogen to yield bicyclohexyl as the main product._NEWLINE_When cyclohexane is exposed to radiation, bicyclohexyl is produced among other hydrocarbons. _START_SECTION_ Properties _START_PARAGRAPH_ The molecule is not completely flat, and the two rings are twisted compared to each other. Liquid bicyclohexyl contains a mixture of molecules with C₂ and C₂ₕ symmetry termed ee anti, and ee gauche. The carbon-carbon bond (pivot) between the rings is 1.55 Å, and the carbon-carbon length in the rings is 1.535 Å and carbon-hydrogen bond length is 1.102 Å. The torsion angle between the rings is 74.9°. The C-C-C bond angle ∠ is about 111° and C-C-H angle is 109°._NEWLINE_The speed of sound in bicyclohexyl is 1441.51 m/s, higher than many other hydrocarbons. The density is 882.73 kgm⁻¹. The isothermal compressibility is 674 TPa⁻¹ and isobaric expansivity is 819 K⁻¹._NEWLINE_When bicyclohexyl is heated to around 427 °C (801 °F) it slowly decomposes to cyclohexane and cyclohexene, as the pivot bond joining the two rings is the longest and weakest one._NEWLINE_Heat of combustion is 1814.8 kcal/mol. _START_SECTION_ Use _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bicyclohexyl has uses in organic synthesis as a building block and structural motif, in studying the chemistry of liquid interfaces, and in surface modification of metal oxides as a solvent.

15969484086921401161

Q4904106

_START_ARTICLE_ Bidens mottle virus _START_SECTION_ Host range _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since its discovery and first characterization, BiMoV has been found to infect many other host plants. They include the agricultural crops lettuce, escarole, endive, and faba bean (Vicia faba), the forage crop blue lupine (Lupinus angustifolius), and many ornamental and bedding plants. It has also been found in five common weeds including the Mexican pricklepoppy (Argemone mexicana) and the invasive weed, Tropical soda apple (Solanum viarum). In 2008, it was reported to infect bishop's weed (Ammi majus), an umbelliferous plant grown in Florida for the cut flower trade. _START_SECTION_ Disease symptoms _START_PARAGRAPH_ As with all plant viruses, the symptoms exhibited on an infected plant depend on the plant species. Symptoms of BiMoV in various hosts have been described as mild to severe mottling, slight to severe leaf distortion, vein clearing, and stunting. It can cause flower break symptoms and flower abortion in some hosts and at least one host has been found that shows no visible symptoms._NEWLINE_Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus on Lark Daisy (Centratherum punctatum)._NEWLINE_Symptoms of Bidens mottle virus in Faba bean (Vicia faba). _START_SECTION_ Disease diagnosis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Correct diagnosis of any plant disease requires some expertise. Plants suspected of a viral infection should be sent to a plant disease diagnostic laboratory._NEWLINE_One of the specific tests that a plant diagnostic laboratory might perform is an ELISA or serological test where the plant sap is tested against virus specific antiserum made to the capsid protein of the virus. A PCR test can also be run using the RNA of the virus. A part of the viral genome can be copied and sequenced and then compared to sequences of other potyviruses in the GenBank. If the sequence of the segment matches to a known sequence at 90% or greater it can be assumed the virus in the plant is that same virus._NEWLINE_A third way used to diagnose some plant viruses is to inoculate a variety of other plants and match the known host range for a given plant virus. In addition, plant viruses make inclusion bodies in plant cells that can be stained and seen in a light microscope. Bidens mottle has a distinctive host range and makes typical potyvirus inclusions._NEWLINE_One of the diagnostic hosts for this virus is the plant Zinnia elegans. The virus makes easily recognizable viral inclusions called laminated aggregates and prominent symptoms on both the leaves and the flowers of this plant. (Symptoms and Inclusions of Bidens mottle virus infecting Zinnia elegans) _START_SECTION_ Geographic distribution _START_PARAGRAPH_ Until 2007 the only place this virus was known was in the United States, in particular in the state of Florida. In 2007, the virus was identified in a new host in Florida and it was partially sequenced for the first time. When the sequence of 247 base pairs was compared to other potyvirus sequences in GenBank it matched a virus found in Taiwan tentatively called Sunflower chlorotic spot virus (SCSV) whose sequence had been deposited in the GenBank in 2001 (GenBank Accession No. AF538686). The nucleotide sequences of the two were 94% identical and the deduced amino acid sequences were 98% identical. At the time it was suggested that SCSV and BiMoV were one and the same._NEWLINE_Another publication in 2008 directly compared the sequences of a second isolate of BiMoV from Florida to the sequence of SCSV from Taiwan. The authors of the article concluded that "the sunflower chlorotic spot virus described from Taiwan is in fact an isolate of BiMoV". In addition, an isolate of what was believed to be SCSV (based on sequences available in 2004) was found in the State of São Paulo in Brazil._NEWLINE_Taken together these reports likely mean that the geographical distribution of BiMoV now includes Taiwan and Brazil in addition to the US. (Note that when two named viruses are found to be identical, precedence is given to the virus name reported first in the literature.) _START_SECTION_ Prevention and control _START_PARAGRAPH_ Control measures for all plant viruses include prevention and eradication. Bidens mottle virus can be avoided in field crops such as lettuce and endive or in bedding plants such as Ageratum by the removal of weed hosts from areas surrounding the crops and control of aphids. For greenhouse ornamentals propagated by vegetative means, like Fittonia, control requires the removal of infected plants from the propagation stock and the sanitation of tools used in the propagation process.

17153926996418436241

Q555323

_START_ARTICLE_ Biff Elliot _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Elliot was born in Lynn, Massachusetts, the son of Susan M. (née Bernstein) and Israel Michael Shalek. All of his grandparents were Jewish immigrants from Eastern Europe. His father was a former semi-pro baseball player who had, after retiring, opened a burlap-bag manufacturing business in Presque Isle, Maine._NEWLINE_Elliot had a childhood nickname "Bith" but later adapted it to "Biff" when he went into boxing, which he did when he was 16 and his family had moved to Presque Isle. He then became known as Biff Harris. Eventually Elliot went on to become the North Maine champion and even reached the New England regional championship, but once his mother found out about his boxing, she refused to allow him to continue. In 1943 Elliot signed up for the United States Army, was placed in the 34th Infantry Division and later stationed to North Africa._NEWLINE_Once the war finished, Elliot was discharged and decided to return to the University of Maine in 1945. In college Elliot wrote column for The Maine Campus entitled Scotch and Soda. He graduated in 1949 and moved to New York City in hopes of pursuing a writing career. After failing as a writer, Elliot switched his attention to acting, and began taking courses at the actors' studio. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He first started doing stage and television work, mostly playing tough, working-class characters. When he was spotted by a Hollywood attorney while performing a television episode, the attorney recommended him to Victor Saville, the producer who was preparing the first film adaption of Mickey Spillane's I, the Jury. When accepted for the audition, Elliot was brought to Hollywood, and began preparing for his role by cramming with Mike Hammer novels, spending the whole night re-reading them. After a successful 15-minute audition, Elliot landed his first leading role on film and became the first actor to portray the famed Mike Hammer in a motion picture. Over the next few years, Elliot was a prominent fixture in classic war films of the 1950s and '60s, appearing in Between Heaven and Hell, The Enemy Below, Pork Chop Hill, and PT 109. But mostly he worked in television. In 1959, Elliot got a seemingly good break when playwright Clifford Odets happened to see I, the Jury and offered him a role in The Story on Page One, which Odets wrote and directed. Thereafter, over the next decade, Elliot was mostly seen on television, including an appearance on Frank Lovejoy's detective series, Meet McGraw, and an appearance on Perry Mason, starring Raymond Burr.In 1961 Elliot played the part of Buddy Blue,a trumpeter on the run from a gangster in the series 77 Sunset Strip.In 1966, he portrayed a government agent in an episode of the comedy series The Dick Van Dyke Show. In 1967, he appeared in the Star Trek episode "The Devil in the Dark". He guest-starred in an episode of Gibbsville in 1976. In 1977, he had a memorable supporting role in Telly Savalas's Beyond Reason with Diana Muldaur. A late notable role came in 1981 when he co-starred in Back to the Planet of the Apes, a TV movie. Elliot would make his final film appearance in 1986 in a comedy, co-starring with Jack Lemmon in a scene from That's Life!. His last appearance on television was in 1986 on the set of the television series of Starman, and he retired in 2001. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ After Elliot's retirement he worked in radio sports, covering Los Angeles sports for CBS Radio Network. Elliot was previously married to Betty Cole, a former model, whom he met during his tenure at the University of Maine and married in his sophomore year in 1948. She died in 1974. In 1977, he married Connie and they resided in Los Angeles._NEWLINE_A brother of Win Elliott, longtime CBS Radio Network sportscaster and 1950's TV game show host, Biff Elliot died in his home in Studio City, California on August 15, 2012, aged 89.

9804003415089196318

Q4905551

_START_ARTICLE_ Big Dave (rapper) _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Big Dave has toured nationally performing with international artists like Ice Cube, D12, Tech N9ne, Xzibit, Bone Thugs N Harmony, Kurupt, Obie Trice, KRS-One, De La Soul, Outlawz, and Kool Keith. On top of these international acts Big Dave has also shared the bill with a large list of Australia's top hip hop acts._NEWLINE_Big Dave's debut solo album Self Made was first released via KP Records/WIDEawake Entertainment LLC on 25 September 2012 in a limited format and was later released in full via KP Records and MGM Distribution on 4 April 2013 with the full release featuring the Big Dave/Snoop Dogg collaboration single "The Original". The album has been described as a blend of Hip Hop, House, street culture and commercial dance music. The album is produced by in-house KP producer Grantwho? and features guest appearances from Snoop Dogg, Joell Ortiz (Slaughterhouse), WC (Westside Connection), Kurupt (Tha Dogg Pound), Necro, Kyza and KP artists Kitty B, Mibs, Pug D and Eitha. Self Made was mastered by Sameer Sengupta of Ministry Of Sound at Studios 301 Sydney._NEWLINE_The first single from "Self Made" titled "The Good Life" ft Kitty B was released on 25 September 2012 and featured on 160 commercial top 40 Australian radio stations._NEWLINE_Big Dave has been a regular feature in the Australian media in recent times including an ABC special on his life and music titled "Beats And Bars"._NEWLINE_The 30 minute documentary also featured Ice Cube who spoke of his pride in Big Dave's achievements, KRS One and John Payne._NEWLINE_Other highlights include News Limited press, Fairfax Media press and various print, web, TV appearances and radio broadcasts._NEWLINE_Big Dave is also part-time host and producer of Jailbreak Radio on Sydney's 2SER Radio. He has been a part of the team since 2009, the Jailbreak programme became syndicated nationally in Australia via the Community Radio Network service._NEWLINE_Big Dave also manages various community projects including the infamous Behind The Walls project which supports Australian prison inmates and the Workshop Program, a hip hop based course aimed at helping troubled teens in the ACT. He was a speaker on Triple J's The Hack Half Hour television program—the Lock Up special on 24 November 2008.

11150863477201245149

Q4906070

_START_ARTICLE_ Big News _START_SECTION_ The Big News, first era (1962-1972) _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was originally anchored by Duds Rivera and Bong Lapira with Antonio Tecson as head of the newsroom. Lapira later left the newscast in 1967 to transfer to ABS-CBN to anchor Newsbreak aired on DZXL-TV Channel 9. He was replaced by Jose Mari Velez. The show was originally first aired in 1962, and went off the air in 1972 due to martial law, and re-aired again in 1992 (six years of post-EDSA People Power Revolution) as a revival and also as an English language newscast. _START_SECTION_ The Big News, second era (1992-2004) _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 21, 1992, as ABC returned to the airwaves, the program resumed its telecast, but this time, it was anchored by Eric Eloriaga, Tina Monzon-Palma and Kathy Tanco-Ong. Five years later, they were replaced by Anthony Pangilinan, Thelma Dumpit-Murillo and Janice Pronstroller as its new anchors. In 1999, they were replaced by Amelyn Veloso and Rod Nepomuceno as its new anchors. In 2002, Nepomuceno was replaced by Atty. Mike Toledo. Monzon-Palma went to become anchor of ABS-CBN's late night newscast The World Tonight while Eloriaga became anchor of RPN's NewsWatch, both mewscast's main rivals during pre-Martial Law days. _START_SECTION_ Big News (2004-2008) _START_PARAGRAPH_ On April 12, 2004, when the network reformatted most of its programs, former ABS-CBN anchor Cherie Mercado replaced Toledo and joined with Amelyn Veloso as a co-anchor and the newscast switched to Filipino in order to compete with the other networks' newscasts._NEWLINE_On October 2, 2006, the newscast exchanged timeslots with Sentro, the early-evening news program of the network. Mercado became the sole anchor of the program, and the length of the program was reduced to 15 minutes from the former 30._NEWLINE_On August 8, 2008, the program, together with Sentro aired its final broadcast and on the next day (August 9), it rebranded as TV5.

3175578031825757101

Q859172

_START_ARTICLE_ Big River (Brodribb River, Victoria) _START_SECTION_ Course and features _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Big River rises below Big Tree Hill within the Errinundra National Park, and flows generally westerly, joined by the Saint Patricks River, before reaching its confluence with the Brodribb River, in remote country southwest of the locality of Malinns in the Shire of East Gippsland. The river descends 101 metres (331 ft) over its 10-kilometre (6.2 mi) course._NEWLINE_The catchment area of the river is administered by the East Gippsland Catchment Management Authority.

11541847538470322274

Q4906507

_START_ARTICLE_ Big Ten Athlete of the Year _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Big Ten Athlete of the Year award is given annually to the athletes voted as the top male and female athlete in the Big Ten Conference. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1982, the Big Ten Conference established a Big Ten Athlete of the Year award. The award is named after Jesse Owens, the legendary Ohio State track star. The following year, a parallel award for women, the Big Ten Suzy Favor Athlete of the Year, was created. After the December 2012 revelation that Favor, now known by her married name of Suzy Favor Hamilton, had worked as a prostitute for a Las Vegas escort service, in July 2013 the Big Ten Conference removed her name from the women's award._NEWLINE_The Big Ten Athletes of the Year are selected by a panel of conference media members from nominations submitted by each institution.

16448538499886419446

Q4906805

_START_ARTICLE_ Bigelow Carpet Company Woolen Mills _START_SECTION_ Description and history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bigelow Carpet Company Woolen Mills occupy a large parcel on the west side of Clinton's downtown, bounded on the north and west by railroad tracks, the south by Pine Street, and the east by Main Street (Massachusetts Route 110). The complex includes eight large connected brick buildings built between 1858 and 1898, one wood frame building that may date as far back as 1810, and a nondescript concrete-block storage shed built in 1898. The brick buildings are built with Italianate styling typical of 19th-century mills, featuring rows of segmented-arch windows and modest brick corbelling. The main building has an elaborately-decorated five-story tower._NEWLINE_The Bigelow Company was incorporated in 1838 by Erastus and Horatio Bigelow, which began operations in 1837 in the c. 1810 wood-frame building the brothers leased and later purchased. The firm produced fabrics using a variety of materials, establishing successful divisions that produced carpets, wire mesh fabrics, and cotton gingham cloths. Erastus was a technological innovator, producing numerous inventions that improved the efficiency ahd capability of textile machinery. The company expanded on and operated on these premises until 1929, when a merger with a carpet maker in Amsterdam, New York resulted in the closure of this plant three years later. The facilities have since been adapted for use by other industrial concerns.

10749362704010457073

Q860550

_START_ARTICLE_ Bild der Frau _START_SECTION_ History and profile _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bild der Frau was established in March 1983. The headquarters of the weekly is in Hamburg. The magazine was part of the Axel Springer Group and was published by Axel Springer SE on a weekly basis. In July 2013 the Axel Springer Group sold it and many other publications to Funke Mediengruppe._NEWLINE_Bild der Frau is a full-color tabloid magazine which features articles related to women-related topics. Sandra Immoor is the editor-in-chief of the magazine of which the website was started in 2001. _START_SECTION_ Circulation _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1987 Bild der Frau sold 2.5 million copies. During the third quarter of 1992 the magazine had a circulation of 2,094,000 copies. The circulation of the weekly was 2,108,309 copies between October and December 1994. Its 1999 circulation was 1,977,300 copies. _NEWLINE_During the fourth quarter of 2000 the circulation of the weekly was 1,662,502 copies. In 2001 it was the eleventh best-selling women's magazine worldwide with a circulation of 1,663,000 copies. The magazine had an average circulation of 1,186,000 copies in 2003. In the fourth quarter of 2006 its circulation was 1,083,300 copies. It rose to 1,478,000 copies for 2006 as a whole._NEWLINE_Bild der Frau sold 1,085,258 copies during the second quarter of 2007. The magazine had a circulation of 1,021,098 copies in 2009, making it the best-selling weekly women magazine in Europe. In 2012 the circulation of the magazine was 897,600 copies. During the second quarter of 2016 the magazine had a circulation of 777,050 copies, making it the best-selling women's magazine in the country.

1176868657585762404

Q4908474

_START_ARTICLE_ Bill Chipman Palouse Trail _START_SECTION_ The trail _START_PARAGRAPH_ From Pullman, the trail's 7-mile (11 km) route gently climbs eastward along Paradise Creek, crossing it twelve times on original railroad bridges. The elevation at its highest point, the eastern terminus at the Perimeter Road trailhead in Idaho, is 2,535 feet (773 m) above sea level and the vertical drop westward to Pullman is just under 200 feet (60 m). The trail has two rest areas, three emergency phones, and multiple interpretive areas. It is south of and parallel to State Route 270, the Moscow-Pullman Highway, which becomes State Highway 8 in Idaho. The BCPT is not only a recreational facility, but also a commuter route that connects the land-grant campuses of the University of Idaho and Washington State University._NEWLINE_After 12 years of community vision, perseverance, and donations, along with agency cooperation, the Bill Chipman Palouse Trail was dedicated on April 4, 1998. It is part of the federal Rails to Trails program, which preserves railroad corridors for non-motorized transportation and possible future transportation use. It is open dawn to dusk year round - day use only - and to all ages and abilities. The trail is maintained and managed by a coalition of park and trail representatives from Whitman County, the City of Pullman, the City of Moscow, the University of Idaho, and Washington State University. With non-motorized traffic transferred to the BCPT, the highway was later improved and widened to five lanes (two lanes in each direction with a center dividing lane), completed in spring 2008._NEWLINE_The extended time frame for completion was because the railroad was not yet abandoned. Two rail lines ran between Moscow and Pullman and the issue was which to consolidate upon. The former U.P. line, operated by the Palouse River Railroad, ran along Paradise Creek, south of and parallel to Highway 270. Further south, the BNSF line arcs southwest from the state line to follow Sunshine Creek and then the old highway to Pullman Junction. When it was agreed that the BNSF route would remain, the old U.P. route was removed, beginning in October 1996._NEWLINE_The U.P. line between the cities was first constructed in 1885 as the Columbia and Palouse Railroad, which later became part of the Oregon Railroad and Navigation Company. _START_SECTION_ Trail connections _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bill Chipman Palouse Trail ends 0.8 miles (1.3 km) into Idaho at the UI's Perimeter Road, but the trail continues eastward. It connects with the Paradise Path, which spans two miles (3 km) through the north and east edges of the UI campus and to the east edge of the Moscow city limits, where it seamlessly connects with the Latah Trail at Carmichael Road. The Latah Trail travels 12 miles (20 km) east to the small city of Troy at 2,487 feet (758 m). Completed in October 2008, the 10-foot (3 m) wide trail was paved in stages over a six-year period. It parallels Highway 8, the Troy Highway, for most of its length, separating to the north a few miles outside of Troy. All three trails follow former rail corridors and result in a total length of 22 miles (35 km) from Pullman to Troy.

16389227776015214432

Q4909654

_START_ARTICLE_ Bill Juzda _START_SECTION_ Early years and pre-war NHL career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Juzda began his hockey career in the Western Junior Hockey League with the Elmwood Maple Leafs and Kenora Thistles, helping the Thistles earn a trip to the Memorial Cup final in 1940. He was called up by the New York Rangers during the 1940-41 season but spent a good part of the year with their American Hockey League (AHL) affiliate, the Philadelphia Rockets. He appeared in 45 games with the Rangers during the 1941-42 season. Juzda put his National Hockey League career on hold when he volunteered for World War II service with the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF). He maintained his connection with hockey by playing for the RCAF hockey team in the Winnipeg National Defense Hockey League (WNDHL). _START_SECTION_ NHL career after World War II _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the conclusion of the war, Juzda was discharged from military service and he returned to hockey full-time. He joined the New Haven Ramblers of the AHL and was re-signed by the New York Rangers in time for the 1946–47 NHL season. He appeared in another 137 games with the Rangers before being traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in a multi-player deal before the 1947–48 NHL season. With the Leafs, Juzda won two Stanley Cups in 1949 and 1951, playing alongside legendary Leaf teammates including Ted "Teeder" Kennedy, Bill Barilko and Howie Meeker. He appeared in a total of 211 games with the Leafs. He left the NHL after the 1952 season. _START_SECTION_ Career after the NHL _START_PARAGRAPH_ Juzda played for the Pittsburgh Hornets of the AHL in 1952 and earned an AHL 2nd team All-Star selection. In 1953 he returned to Winnipeg to play for the Winnipeg Maroons for ten seasons, making two Allan Cup final appearances. The Maroons toured Czechoslovakia where hockey veterans still refer to a bone-rattling body check as a "Juzda". In the mid-1950s Juzda had brief stops with the Brandon Wheat Kings and the Pine Falls Paper Kings. While Juzda officially retired from hockey after 1963, he played old-timers' hockey well into his seventies._NEWLINE_Juzda coached hockey from levels midget to senior. Until his death, Juzda resided in Winnipeg, and still wore his Stanley Cup ring from the 1948–49 season. He was inducted into the Manitoba Sports Hall of Fame and Museum in 1992. He died on February 17, 2008.

6981804323078129223

Q4909723

_START_ARTICLE_ Bill Ketron _START_SECTION_ Personal background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ketron was born in Kingsport, Tennessee and grew up in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. He graduated from Central High School in Murfreesboro in 1971 and Middle Tennessee State University in 1976 with a Bachelor of Science degree in political science and history. He is the owner of Universal International Insurance, a small business in Murfreesboro._NEWLINE_He married Theresa Fallaw in 1983. Their daughter, Kelsey (born 1990), attends Middle Tennessee State University, and the family attends First United Methodist Church in Murfreesboro. _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bill Ketron has served as a state senator since being elected to the 103rd Tennessee General Assembly. He served as the Deputy Speaker of the Senate, the chairman of the very active and powerful Senate State and Local Government Committee, and a member of the following committees: the Senate Commerce, Labor and Agriculture; Senate Education; Senate Ethics; and Joint Long Term Care Oversight. He previously held office as a member of the Rutherford County commission from 1990 to 1998. He is a member of the 106th Tennessee General Assembly, the 2010 regular session of which convened on January 25, 2010. He will be up for re-election this year._NEWLINE_He supported Rick Perry for the Republican Party's nomination in the presidential election of 2012._NEWLINE_In February 2011, Ketron and State Rep. Judd Matheny introduced legislation to outlaw sharia law in the state._NEWLINE_In March 2013, Ketron and Matheny drew national attention after inquiring whether a new floor-level sink in the Tennessee state capitol had been installed to allow Muslims to wash their feet before praying. According to state officials, the sink is meant to make it easier for custodial staff to fill buckets and clean mops._NEWLINE_On May 1, 2018, Ketron won the Republican primary for the Rutherford County Mayoral nomination. Ketron won the August 2 general election, defeating his opponent Heather Ann Brown with 24,013 votes to her 14,575 votes. He was sworn into office on September 1, 2018. _START_SECTION_ Public image _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 2018, a fraud complaint was filed against Universal International Insurance, of which Ketron is owner and president. The complaint alleges that the company's vice-president, Kelsey Ketron, fraudulently accepted payment for a homeowner's insurance policy, without obtaining the policy, and at a time when she did not possess a valid license to do so. A civil lawsuit is pending in Rutherford County Circuit Court against the company.

712295394123714099

Q4909803

_START_ARTICLE_ Bill LaFortune _START_SECTION_ History in Tulsa Politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bill LaFortune served as district attorney of Tulsa County, as a special judge for Tulsa County, and as Assistant Attorney General for the state of Oklahoma. Running as a Republican, he was elected mayor in 2002, but he was unsuccessful in his bid for re-election on April 5, 2006 when he lost to his Democratic opponent, former Oklahoma Secretary of Commerce and Tourism, Kathy Taylor._NEWLINE_LaFortune's nephew, G. T. Bynum, ran for mayor of Tulsa in 2016 and was elected to begin the role that December. _START_SECTION_ Mayor, City of Tulsa, 2002-2006 _START_PARAGRAPH_ While a partner at the prestigious Tulsa law firm of Norman Wohlgemuth Chandler and Dowdell, Tulsa's longtime Mayor Susan Savage announced she would be retiring at the end of her current term, thereby creating a vacancy in the Mayor's office in 2002. LaFortune, with a long career of public service and community involvement, threw his hat in the ring with several other contenders. Running as a Republican, he won decisively in both the primary and general elections. _START_SECTION_ Vision 2025 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Despite the economic downturn, LaFortune was able to put together a county-wide coalition of elected officials, business leaders and everyday citizens to prepare a long overdue capital improvements plan. The result of this unprecedented effort was “Vision 2025”, a four-part $885 million ballot initiative which was passed overwhelmingly by Tulsa County voters in September 2003. LaFortune was the point person for the successful campaign. Over 34 job incentives and capital improvement projects were funded through Vision 2025, including significant new medical clinics at the University of Oklahoma-Tulsa and in Tulsa's under-served communities, a new engineering facility at Oklahoma State University's Tulsa Campus, a new administration building at Langston University's Tulsa Campus, books and updated technology for Tulsa's school children, and capital improvements at many Tulsa County smaller municipalities. _START_SECTION_ BOK Center _START_PARAGRAPH_ The flagship project of Vision 2025, however was an 18,000 seat multi-purpose event center/arena, later named as the BOK Center. Since its completion in 2006, the BOK Center has consistently ranked in the nation's top arenas for tickets sales, hosting the biggest names in the entertainment world. LaFortune personally selected world-renowned architect Cesar Pelli as the architect for the venue and his outstanding achievement that is now the BOK Center. In addition to being showered with numerous honors, the arena was recognized as the top venue in the country by the International Entertainment Buyers Association in October 2016. _START_SECTION_ District Judge, 14th Judicial District, State of Oklahoma, 2015 – present _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bill LaFortune was elected to a four-year term as District Judge for the 14th Judicial District of the State of Oklahoma in 2014. He ran unopposed in the non-partisan race. Judge LaFortune brought his legacy of public service to the bench in 2015. He has presided over a full-time criminal felony docket since that time. He has handled approximately 15,000 felony case docket settings over that period. He has also presided over approximately 60 felony jury trials, including trials of multiple defendants. Most of these trials involved either first degree murder, rape, armed robbery or child abuse charges. Even more importantly, in cases resulting in conviction and were subsequently appealed, Judge LaFortune has been consistently affirmed by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. He was also affirmed, and new law was made, as to the application of the Uniform Interstate Detainers Act. His decisions in post-conviction relief cases have also been consistently affirmed. Administratively, Judge LaFortune was elected by his fellow criminal division judges as Chief of the Criminal Division within just his first year of taking office. During his tenure, he has developed a reputation for a strong work ethic, dedication, fairness and integrity. He has also championed alternatives to incarceration for non-violent offenses, specifically Tulsa's Women in Recovery Program. _START_SECTION_ Introduction _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bill LaFortune served as a licensed legal intern for the Tulsa County District Attorney's Office in the spring of 1983 during his third year of law school. Immediately after his graduation from the University of Tulsa College of Law, LaFortune was hired as a contracts administrator for Telex Computer Products, Inc. He was later promoted to Senior Contracts Administrator, acting as second in command of the contracts administration department that tripled in size during his tenure. _START_SECTION_ Assistant Attorney General _START_PARAGRAPH_ After a brief stint working with his father in the oil and gas business, LaFortune was appointed as an Assistant Attorney General for the State of Oklahoma by newly elected Attorney General Robert H. Henry in 1987. Initially assigned to the office's civil division, he represented various state agencies, including the State Auditor and Inspector's office, the Department of Transportation, the Oklahoma Police Pension and Retirement Board, the Oklahoma Military Department, and the Merit Protection Commission. He also represented the State Board of Osteopathic Examiners and the State Board of Chiropractic Examiners, prosecuting licensees of these Boards against whom formal complaints had been filed. LaFortune also handled all civil litigation and appellate work for these state agencies before the Oklahoma Supreme Court._NEWLINE_As an Assistant Attorney General, LaFortune also authored numerous, formal Attorney General Opinions, was the chief in-house consultant on all county and municipal matters, represented the Attorney General as legal advisor to numerous state grand juries and was the in-house “expert” on the Administrative Procedures Act, while also serving as a member of the Oklahoma Legislature's “Task Force on Administrative Rules”, charged with the compilation and codification of all state agency rules and regulations. During this time LaFortune was honored for his service by the Association of County Commissioners of Oklahoma for “Service to County Government”._NEWLINE_The Oklahoma Attorney General later tapped LaFortune to organize and impanel Oklahoma's first multi-county grand jury. After receiving the necessary approval from the Oklahoma Supreme Court, LaFortune was assigned to the newly created Multi-County Grand Jury Division, where he worked until being appointed as an Assistant District Attorney in late 1988. To this day, the multi-county grand jury remains a powerful weapon in Oklahoma's fight against crime. _START_SECTION_ Assistant District Attorney _START_PARAGRAPH_ In November 1988, LaFortune was appointed as an Assistant District Attorney for Tulsa County by then District Attorney David Moss. He was initially assigned to the Juvenile Division of Tulsa County District Court, prosecuting only child abuse and neglect cases in juvenile court, rising to Chief of the District Attorney's Juvenile Division, supervising assistant district attorneys and support staff in that division._NEWLINE_The District Attorney later promoted LaFortune to a felony team prosecutor in the office's Criminal Division. He acted in that capacity as one of two lead prosecutors on a felony trial team, responsible for representation of the State of Oklahoma at jury trial, non-jury trial, motion and sentencing criminal dockets. _START_SECTION_ Administrative Chief, Tulsa Bureau of the Office of Oklahoma Attorney General _START_PARAGRAPH_ In July 1990, then Oklahoma Attorney General Robert H. Henry opened a Tulsa branch of the Attorney General's Office. LaFortune was chosen by the Attorney General to accomplish this task. Starting with just himself and one support person, the Tulsa branch rapidly expanded under his leadership and today, houses several assistant attorneys general, investigators and support staff. _START_SECTION_ Special Judge – 14th Judicial District for State of Oklahoma _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 1993, LaFortune sought appointment by then elected Tulsa County district judges as a special judge. He was unanimously elected to this position by the district judges and immediately assumed his duties as a special judge. His first dockets were handling felony preliminary hearing and arraignment dockets. He later was assigned to domestic order, mental health and juvenile dockets. His decisions included upholding the constitutionality of Oklahoma's new “stalking” laws. _START_SECTION_ Tulsa County District Attorney 1995 - 1998 _START_PARAGRAPH_ While serving as a Special Judge, the untimely death of then District Attorney David Moss created a vacancy in that office. LaFortune applied for the position and in December 1995, he was appointed by then Oklahoma Governor Frank Keating as the Tulsa County District Attorney. As Tulsa County's chief law enforcement officer, LaFortune managed the largest “law firm” in Tulsa County, composed of over 80 persons. This included overseeing thousands of felony cases, as well as all civil litigation for county government._NEWLINE_LaFortune personally prosecuted violent crimes, including record-setting verdicts in sex crime and first-degree murder cases. Also, during his tenure as Tulsa County District Attorney, LaFortune created the first “Crimes Against Children” Division in office to focus the fight against child abuse in all forms. He also created an “Elder Abuse Task Force” to consolidate and coordinate agencies and resources to better focus, prevent and prosecute crimes against our senior citizens. _START_SECTION_ Partner, Norman Wohlgemuth Chandler and Dowdell _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 1988, LaFortune was offered, and accepted, a partnership at the prestigious Tulsa law firm of Norman Wohlgemuth Chandler and Dowdell. His practice focused on land use planning and zoning matters before the City of Tulsa Board of Adjustment and the Tulsa Metropolitan Area Planning Commission. He also represented numerous clients in every type of civil litigation. _START_SECTION_ Of Counsel, Moyers, Martin, Santee & Imel, LLP _START_PARAGRAPH_ After leaving the Mayor's Office in 2006, LaFortune was asked to serve in an “Of Counsel” position with the prestigious Tulsa law firm of Moyers, Martin, Santee & Imel. His practice there focused on public and administrative law, civil litigation, land use planning and zoning and work for the University of Oklahoma and Waste Management Corporation of Oklahoma in a governmental affairs capacity. During this time, LaFortune also served as an Administrative Law Judge for the Oklahoma Department of Labor. He also served as General Counsel for the Tulsa Housing Authority and even represented the Philadelphia Housing Authority in a class action matter filed in Oklahoma._NEWLINE_In 2010, LaFortune established a successful solo law practice, again specializing in land use planning and zoning as well as all varieties of civil litigation. His zoning clients included major advertising firms. His solo practice concluded with his successful bid in 2014 to be elected as District Judge for the 14th Judicial District, State of Oklahoma. _START_SECTION_ Notable child abuse, child pornography and child neglect cases _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune has presided over numerous jury trials and cases involving child abuse and neglect. _START_SECTION_ Scott Allen Bolden trial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scott Allen Bolden was convicted of first-degree murder and child abuse by injury in the death of a 19-month-old toddler, the little daughter of his girlfriend at the time. The prosecution maintained that Bolden used unreasonable force upon the child, causing fatal subdural hemorrhaging, extensive retinal hemorrhaging and bruises all over her body. LaFortune sentenced Bolden to back-to-back life sentences. Bolden maintained throughout the proceedings, including at sentencing, that the child's injuries were caused accidentally, and LaFortune noted at sentencing that he found it “incredible” that Bolden continued to claim the child's death was caused by accident. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals. _START_SECTION_ Yvon Demesmin trial _START_PARAGRAPH_ LaFortune's child abuse jury trials also include the trial of Yvon Demesmin, a former school security guard, convicted of several counts of child sexual abuse. Demesmin had maintained at trial that the various sex acts he had engaged in with a young girl were acceptable in his native country of Haiti, although a prosecution witness, that was also a native Haitian, testified that the country does not condone sex with children. LaFortune sentenced Demesmin to 2 consecutive life terms and 3 concurrent 25-year prison sentences. At sentencing, LaFortune said, “That should protect the public”. _START_SECTION_ Jeffery Arch Jones trial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Another child abuse injury trial presided over by Judge LaFortune involved Jeffery Arch Jones, convicted of 5 counts of child sexual abuse. LaFortune sentenced Jones to 175 years in prison, to be served consecutively. _START_SECTION_ John Mark Jennings trial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune also presided over the jury trial of John Mark Jennings, convicted of 4 counts of sexual abuse of a child family member over the course of 3 years. Judge LaFortune sentenced Jennings to 115 consecutive years in prison. _START_SECTION_ Timothy Shawn Cato trial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of Timothy Shawn Cato, convicted of 11 counts of child sexual abuse committed against 5 boys he met through church and while doing volunteer work for a local Department of Human Services Shelter. In sentencing Cato to more than 200 consecutive years in prison, LaFortune noted that Cato had consistently tried to minimize, justify or otherwise rationalize his actions against the boys, who were ages 7 to 17. Judge LaFortune further stated at sentencing that “There appears to be a pattern of behavior” that “was very telling to the court” that Cato repeatedly put himself in a position to work in areas “where the most vulnerable young boys were found”. _START_SECTION_ Paul Owen Hamilton trial _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of Paul Owen Hamilton, who was convicted of distribution of child pornography and aggravated possession of more than 100 images of child pornography. Detectives had found 241 images containing child pornography on Hamilton's computer, including images of a girl who appeared to be 12 or younger wearing only high heel shoes and lying on a white rug. LaFortune sentenced Hamilton to 30 years in prison. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in a published decision. _START_SECTION_ “Alien Baby” case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune accepted the plea of Candace Marie Stanley, who pleaded guilty to a child-neglect charge alleging she had exposed her newborn to Xanax, marijuana, methamphetamine, and or heroin. Stanley was arrested after emergency responders found the newborn on a pile of trash in her apartment. Responders found Stanley “swinging her placenta around” and she told the EMTs that the baby was an “alien” and she refused to hold him to keep him warm. The baby had to have multiple life-saving medical treatments, including heart-lung bypass surgery. LaFortune sentenced Stanley to a 20-year term, 15 years after that on probation. _START_SECTION_ The “Shed” case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the case of a 5-month baby boy that was living in what was initially termed as a “dirty shed”. Anna Marie Hyden and Kevin Lee Crawford were charged with child neglect and both entered guilty pleas. Prosecutors claimed that Hyden and Crawford had exposed the baby to methamphetamine, which along with their failure to seek medical care contributed to the baby dying January 16, 2016. Police described the shed as “deplorable” with no running water, no heat, no insulation and the only power coming from an extension cord running from a nearby home. Debris in the shed included hypodermic needles, trash, chemicals and drug paraphernalia. Authorities said the couple had used or manufactured methamphetamine in the presence of the baby who slept in the shed's attic._NEWLINE_Judge LaFortune sentenced Hyden to 20 years in prison and Crawford to life in prison. At sentencing, LaFortune rejected Hyden's request for drug treatment in lieu of prison, noting that what she did to the baby “transcends mere addiction” and that she had “completely failed” to comply with her rules and conditions of probation in a previous felony case and an array of treatment options that had been made available to her. Judge LaFortune, in sentencing Crawford, who had a criminal record dating to 1983, stated that he had brought Hyden into his life as his “puppet” in a “horrendous ride” of drug abuse. _START_SECTION_ Starvation of special needs child _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the child neglect case of Victor Castro-Huerta and Christina Calhoun. Castro-Huerta and Calhoun were charged with nearly starving to death a 5-year-old special needs child. The child had presented at Saint Francis Hospital weighing only 19 pounds and “severely dehydrated” and “extremely malnourished”. A jury convicted Castro-Huerta and LaFortune sentenced him to 35 years in prison as recommended by the jury._NEWLINE_At Calhoun's sentencing, her attorney argued that a life sentence for her would be cruel, but LaFortune, in sentencing her to a life prison term, stated, “I don’t believe a life sentence is cruel. The starvation of special needs child is cruel”. He also noted that the 5-year-old, who has cerebral palsy, was “singled out due to her special needs” based in part on evidence that all the other children in the home were healthy and happy. The child has multiple medical issues caused by extended starvation. _START_SECTION_ Notable crimes against women cases _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune has presided over many jury trials involving charges of sex crimes against women. _START_SECTION_ Admiral Street Rapist case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of the so-called “Admiral Street Rapist”, Shawn Conrad Freeman. Police conducted an 18-month investigation into reports of rapes in the Admiral Place area which resulted in Freeman's arrest and subsequent charges: 4 counts each of first-degree rape and kidnapping, 5 counts of sodomy, and 1 count of robbery. LaFortune followed the jury's recommendation and sentenced the convicted serial rapist to 365 consecutive years in prison. _START_SECTION_ Ex-Tulsa County deputy convicted of sex crimes _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of former Tulsa County deputy Gerald Nuckolls, who was charged with sex crimes allegedly committed while on duty. Nuckolls was convicted of Indecent Exposure and Sexual Battery and LaFortune sentenced him to 8 consecutive years in prison as recommended by the jury. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal. _START_SECTION_ Rape of elderly woman in nursing home by nurse _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over a case involving the rape of an 84-year-old woman with dementia at a Tulsa assisted living center. Stephen Craig Reed, who was a nurse at the center, plead guilty to the rape and LaFortune sentenced him to 20 years in prison. At sentencing, the prosecutor called Reed a “sexual predator” for “taking advantage” of a woman in a “most vulnerable” state. In delivering his sentence, LaFortune noted that Reed had shown a “pattern of minimalizing” his actions and placing blame on the victim. A year later, LaFortune refused to modify Reed's 20-year sentence at a judicial review. _START_SECTION_ Notable DUI manslaughter cases _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune has presided over numerous DUI fatality cases. _START_SECTION_ Christina Cantrell case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the case involving Defendant Christina Cantrell. She entered a blind guilty plea to 2 counts of first degree manslaughter, driving under the influence, causing great bodily harm and other related charges. Cantrell had run a red light while driving under the influence and crashed into a vehicle, killing two of its occupants and injuring 3 others. A 12-year-old and her 16-year-old sister were thrown from the car on impact. The 12-year-old and 16-year-old later died at Saint Francis Hospital. LaFortune sentenced Cantrell to life in prison. _START_SECTION_ Whitney Tatum Wheeler case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the case of Defendant Whitney Tatum Wheeler. She was charged with 1 count of first-degree manslaughter and 1 count of driving under the influence and causing great bodily injury. The investigation revealed that Wheeler rear-ended a 1920 Ford Model T while she was driving 65 mph and was still accelerating at impact. The impact caused the car to roll and its driver was killed, and a passenger suffered several injuries. LaFortune sentenced Wheeler to 25 years in prison. _START_SECTION_ Christopher David Mitchell case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over Defendant Christopher David Mitchell's second-degree felony murder case. Mitchell was charged with first hitting a motorcycle with 2 occupants, injuring both, fleeing that scene at 75 mph and then crashing into the vehicle of a 22-year-old woman, killing her. Her husband termed her death as “a murder, not an accident”. LaFortune sentenced Mitchell to life in prison after he entered a blind guilty plea. _START_SECTION_ Notable first-degree murder cases _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune has presided over many jury trials in first-degree murder cases. _START_SECTION_ Isaac Luna Ashton murder case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Defendant Isaac Luna Ashton was convicted by a jury of shooting and killing 3 unarmed individuals at close range. LaFortune sentenced Ashton to 2 consecutive life without parole terms for the murders. He had earlier denied Ashton's request for immunity under Oklahoma's “Stand Your Ground” law. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in a published decision. _START_SECTION_ Gilcrease Expressway murder _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trials of David Ruble and Travis Lozada, who were convicted of felony murder first-degree in the random slaying of a 14-year-old girl who was innocently traveling home with her family along the Gilcrease Expressway after a day of recreation at Keystone Lake. He sentenced Ruble to a life term plus 10 years and Lozada to life in prison without parole plus 10 years. At the sentencing of Lozada, LaFortune noted, “This concludes one of the most tragic stories of Tulsa County criminal justice history. A young girl was shot basically at random in a botched, poorly planned robbery.” LaFortune was affirmed on appeal in Ruble's case. _START_SECTION_ Papa John’s Pizza murder _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the trial of Frankie Jackson Jr. and the sentencing of his 2 co-defendants, Jermaine Savory and Damian Anderson. They were charged with murder in the fatal shooting of a Papa John's truck driver while he was making a delivery and unloading his truck behind a Papa John's pizza restaurant in the early morning hours. He sentenced Jackson, who was convicted of felony murder by a jury, to life in prison and Savory, who plead guilty to first-degree murder, to life in prison. Anderson was sentenced to 20 years in prison after pleading to a charge of accessory to first-degree felony murder. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal in Jackson's case. _START_SECTION_ North Tulsa barber shop murder _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the trial of Dezmen “Dash” Smith, who was charged along with Chadrick Lamont “Fat Cat” Colbert in a gang-related shooting that killed an innocent barber while he was cutting hair and injured 3 customers, including a child. LaFortune sentenced Smith to life in prison for first-degree murder and Colbert, who testified at Smith's trial on behalf of the prosecution, to 15 years for accessory after the fact to murder and 3 counts of assault and battery with a deadly weapon, pursuant to a plea agreement with the state. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal in Smith's case. _START_SECTION_ James Edward “G-Baby” Knapper murder case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the first-degree murder trial of James Edward “G-Baby” Knapper. A jury convicted Knapper of a gang-related daytime shooting and killing of a 16-year-old girl, who was an innocent bystander and the unintended target in what a prosecutor called a “gangland assassination”. The prosecutor argued that Knapper's intent was to kill a different person because of that person's membership in a rival gang. Knapper, who was 14 at the time of the crime, was sentenced by Judge LaFortune to life in prison for first-degree murder and 55 years for assault and battery with a deadly weapon related to the intended victim and 5 years for a gang-related offense. Knapper was 16 at the time LaFortune imposed the sentence. At sentencing, LaFortune stated that the shooting death of the 16-year-old girl was “especially tragic and senseless”. He further noted that Knapper's behavior during his trial showed “a complete lack of accountability and a lack of any semblance of remorse” and his belief that he would have continued to commit violent crimes had he not been charged and arrested in the incident. After sentencing, the prosecutor noted that Knapper's behavior at the trial was “not juvenile behavior. It’s (the) behavior of someone who truly enjoys the fact that they’re getting credit for killing someone”. _START_SECTION_ Murder of mother and unborn child _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of Kenneth Hopkins who was convicted of first-degree murder in the shooting death of a woman who was about 8 months pregnant with a boy who would have been her second child with Hopkins. Prior to trial, LaFortune had denied Hopkin's request to dismiss the case for a violation of the Uniform, and that ruling was affirmed by the Oklahoma Court of Criminal Appeals in a published decision that made new Oklahoma law on the issue. Pursuant to the jury's sentencing recommendations, LaFortune sentenced Hopkins to 2 consecutive life-without-parole terms for the killing of the 19-year-old woman and their unborn child. _START_SECTION_ Jabara case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Vernon Majors first appeared before Judge LaFortune on a pending charge of Assault and Battery with a Deadly Weapon. Afterwards, his defense attorney filed a motion to quash and dismiss Major's case on April 12, 2016. LaFortune after a full hearing, denied the Motion to Dismiss. A new defense attorney subsequently entered the case and requested a bond be set. In May 2016, the district attorney's office asked Judge LaFortune to hold Vernon Majors without bond or set bond to $300,000 for charges of assault and battery with a deadly weapon case in which Majors is accused of running over Haifa Jabara, an Arab-American Christian, with a car in September 2015. Relying on the pre-set Tulsa County Bond Schedule, Judge LaFortune initially set the bond at $30,000 per the Bond Schedule. Then upon the State's request, and over the Defendant's objection, he doubled the bond to $60,000, which is also the amount pre-set by the Tulsa County Bond Schedule for the charge of Assault and Battery with a Deadly Weapon, after a former felony conviction. When the bond was set at $60,000 by Judge LaFortune, Majors had a protective order in place against Khalid Jabara and Mr. Jabara had a protective order in place against Majors. Majors was released on May 25, 2016._NEWLINE_Almost three months after Majors made the $60,000 bond, the State filed first degree murder charges against Majors for the death of Khalid Jabara. Vernon Majors was arrested on Friday August 12, 2016, accused of shooting and killing Haifa Jabara's son, Khalid Jabara. LaFortune was the judge for the trial of Stanley Vernon Majors, accused of killing his neighbor, Khalid Jabara, on August 12, 2016. A trial is still pending as to this charge as well as the previous charge. _START_SECTION_ Universal Aryan Brotherhood murder and assault case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of Ronnie Dean Haskins, who was convicted of fatally stabbing a man in his home in 2013. Haskins was accused of involvement in the Universal Aryan Brotherhood, a “white only” prison-based criminal organization whose members engage in drug distribution, money laundering and acts of violence involving kidnapping, assault and arson throughout Oklahoma. LaFortune sentenced Haskins to 2 consecutive life sentences, one of which was without parole, upholding the jury's recommendation. LaFortune was affirmed on appeal._NEWLINE_In another case with allegations relating to the Universal Aryan Brotherhood, Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of Jestin Tafolla, who was found guilty of assault and battery with a dangerous weapon, brass knuckles, of a black man during a road rage incident in East Tulsa in 2016. LaFortune followed the jury's recommendation in imposing a life sentence. _START_SECTION_ Irish Mob Gang murder case _START_PARAGRAPH_ Judge LaFortune presided over the jury trial of John Kyle Crandall, who was convicted of first-degree murder in a fatal Irish Mob gang-related shooting and he also plead guilty and was convicted of intimidating a prosecution witness and having contraband in his jail cell. During the trial, prosecutors read jailhouse correspondence from Crandall that detailed his membership in the Irish Mob Gang, its importance to him and the Irish Mob Gang's rivalry with members of the Universal Aryan Brotherhood. Crandall wrote in that correspondence that he would “put the Mob first, even above my family….I do what needs to be done, and I do what I’m told even if it means losing my own life”. LaFortune upheld the jury's sentencing recommendation of life in prison without the possibility of parole and, at sentencing, told Crandall that he believed the jury, “through their verdicts, told you cold-blooded murder on our streets will not be tolerated”. _START_SECTION_ Volunteer board member _START_PARAGRAPH_ Over the course of his professional life, LaFortune has volunteered his time and talents to many nonprofit boards and causes. This includes prior service as a board member for the Tulsa Psychiatric Center, Operation Aware, Inc., Child Abuse Network (CAN), Inc., the Arthritis Foundation for Eastern Oklahoma, the Children's Services Advisory Board of Tulsa County, St. John Health System's Community Liaison Board and the Tulsa Boys’ Home. _START_SECTION_ Fundraising event chair _START_PARAGRAPH_ He and his wife of 35 years, forensic psychologist Dr. Kathy LaFortune, have also chaired major fundraising events for Big Brothers and Sisters of Green Country, the then existing Tulsa Philharmonic and Junior Philharmonic. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ More recently, LaFortune has served on the Tulsa World Community Advisory Board. He was honored in 2017 by the Indian Nations Council of Governments at its 50th Anniversary celebration with the “Robert J. LaFortune” award. The Tulsa Press Club also honored he and his wife as their “Headliners” for 2017, the first time that honor has been bestowed upon a married couple. _START_SECTION_ Tulsa County Bar Association Professionalism Committee and Board of Directors _START_PARAGRAPH_ LaFortune has also been active in local bar association activities, having served on the Tulsa County Bar Association Professionalism Committee and Board of Directors (elected by his peers). _START_SECTION_ Addressing concerns about impacts of juror stress _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2016, Judge LaFortune wrote a column in which he described reports of traumatic stress experienced by many jurors from having to hear and/or view disturbing evidence in certain types of cases, especially capital murder and child abuse cases. Using his own observations and reports from other professionals in the field, he emphasized that such traumas often do not just go away on their own with the passage of time, but constitute a real problem, just like many other traumatic experiences. The judge expressed his opinion that trial courts need to play a bigger role in helping jurors obtain professional help when needed to recover from such events. He noted that, at his instigation, the University of Tulsa Psychology Department had begun a pilot program to address the issue.

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Q15429566

_START_ARTICLE_ Bill Peach _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Peach was born in 1935 in the Riverina town of Lockhart, New South Wales. He was educated at a boarding school, St Stanislaus College in Bathurst, and then studied a master of arts degree at St John's College, University of Sydney, where he met his future wife, Shirley. _START_SECTION_ Media career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Peach joined the Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC) in 1958, as a specialist trainee in the talks department. In 1960, he joined the Sydney office of the British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) where he worked in program sales. In 1962, he and his wife moved to the United Kingdom, where he worked for three years for the BBC overseas service, based in London and later New York City._NEWLINE_Returning to Australia in 1965, Peach joined Network Ten, where he co-produced and presented Australia's first current affairs program, Telescope, with Tanya Halesworth. In 1966, he returned to the ABC as a reporter for Four Corners. In 1967, he was appointed as the presenter of ABC's new evening current affairs series, This Day Tonight, which he hosted for eight years._NEWLINE_In 1975, Peach left This Day Tonight and was awarded a Logie in that year for Outstanding Contribution to Television in recognition of his eight years of service on the program. He then hosted a travel series called Peach's Australia and wrote two books in the Ginger Meggs series. Bill Peach also wrote The Explorers, published in 1984, dealing with the early European explorers of Australia during the colonial era and presented the eponymous TV show. _START_SECTION_ Tourism career _START_PARAGRAPH_ After leaving the ABC, Peach started a travel and tourism company, Bill Peach Journeys._NEWLINE_In the 1991 Queen's Birthday Honours, Peach was made a Member of the Order of Australia (AM) for service to the media and to tourism. _START_SECTION_ Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Peach died of cancer at the Royal North Shore Hospital in Sydney in the early morning of 27 August 2013.

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Q2607384

_START_ARTICLE_ Bill Stone (Royal Navy sailor) _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Stone was born in Ledstone, Devon, as the tenth of fourteen children, and enlisted into the Royal Navy on his 18th birthday. Two of his older brothers had already joined the navy, and a third was in the army. He had first tried to join up at the age of fifteen, walking three miles from where he was working on a farm, to Kingsbridge, to collect the attestation papers, but his father refused to countersign them. _START_SECTION_ Naval service _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first record of his naval service describes him as being 5'5.5" (1.66 m) tall, with a 32.5" (83 cm) chest, brown hair and blue eyes, and his prior occupation as stationary engine driver. He trained as a Stoker in Plymouth, and could remember the dancing in the streets on Armistice Day. His first position was as a Stoker aboard the battlecruiser HMS Tiger, and by summer 1919 was at the main wartime Royal Navy base at Scapa Flow, here he was a witness to the scuttling of the German fleet._NEWLINE_He remained in the navy after the war, serving on HMS Hood during the 1920s, including a round-the-world "Empire Cruise" showing the flag in British colonies from 1922–24. He married Lily in 1938, the marriage lasting until her death in 1995; they had one daughter, Anne. By the outbreak of the Second World War he was Chief Stoker of the Halcyon class minesweeper HMS Salamander. On her he participated in the evacuation of Dunkirk, with Salamander making five shuttle trips and picking up over a 1,000 men from the beaches. He later described his experience there for the Oxford Mail:_NEWLINE_Dunkirk was the worst experience of my life ... I saw hundreds of people killed in front of me. Some had no clothes on and were shot and bombed as they swam out to boats. There were oil tanks burning, ships sinking and hundreds of soldiers lined up on the beaches._NEWLINE_He served on the Arctic convoys and in the Mediterranean, and was also torpedoed twice. The second time was while serving aboard the Crown Colony class light cruiser HMS Newfoundland during the Allied invasion of Sicily, when it was hit by U-407. Following temporary repairs in Malta, the ship limped across the Atlantic steering using only its two propellers, for full repair at the Boston Navy Yard. He was Mentioned in Despatches on 21 December 1943 for his service on this occasion. He served with the occupation forces in north Germany, and was a Stoker Chief Petty Officer when he left the navy in 1945. After the war, he ran his own barber's shop, where he also sold cigarettes and smoking tobacco, he retired in 1968. _START_SECTION_ Family _START_PARAGRAPH_ William married Lily Margaret E Hoskin (1908-1995) in Kingsbridge in June 1938 . The marriage lasted fifty-seven years until Lily’s death in 1995. The couple had one daughter Anne._NEWLINE_Anne married Michael J Davidson in Kensington, London in 1967. The couple had two children: Christopher and Susan. _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following the end of the Second World War in 1945, Stone left the Navy and ran his own barber’s shop, where he also sold cigarettes and smoking tobacco._NEWLINE_He retired in 1968 at the age of sixty-seven. By 1986 Lily's health began to decline, diagnosed with critical arthritis, the couple moved to Watlington in Oxfordshire, to be near their daughter, Anne, son-in-law Michael and their grandchildren, Christopher and Susan who lived in Buckinghamshire. As the years passed by, Lily became more crippled by her arthritis eventually being confined to a wheelchair, however Bill said that "mentally she was always bright. I was happy that she was able to stay at home and that I was able to look after her. At that time we had a cottage hospital – Watlington Hospital – where eventually she used to go each month to give us both a rest."_NEWLINE_Lily died in 1995, aged eighty-seven, leaving Bill a widower. The local community looked after him. "On my first Sunday at church following her death General Sir John Mogg and his wife, Margaret, who lived in the village, said to me 'William, you are to sit with us now.' As I got to know them better I found out that Lady Mogg's sister, Sarah MacKinnon, had been married to a naval man. He had, in fact, been Flag Lieutenant to Admiral Evans of the Broke in H.M.S. Carlisle at the same time as I had served in that ship on the Africa Station back in 1936!"_NEWLINE_He attended the sixtieth anniversary of the Dunkirk evacuations in 2000, outliving the Dunkirk Veterans' Association which disbanded after this commemoration._NEWLINE_In 2005, Stone became Fox FM’s Local Hero and Central Television’s Personality of the Year._NEWLINE_In his last years Bill attended reunions for HMS Hood and HMS Newfoundland in which he met up with fellow Hood survivor and veteran Ted Briggs (pictured together below). Bill commented:_NEWLINE_"Michael and Anne drive me to the annual re-unions of H.M.S. Newfoundland, H.M.S. Hood, and The George Cross Island Associations. At the 2005 Hood re-union I met Heinrich Kuhnt who is a survivor of the Bismarck, which sank the Hood in 1941. The President of the Association is Ted Briggs, now the only living survivor of that sinking, the other two having died since. At the Sunday church parade the Padre always encourages me to sing 'All the Nice Girls Love a Sailor!' which I do, but follow up with my favourite hymn, 'Abide with me'! I also try to attend the annual Hood memorial service at Boldre village church, near Lymington, which is usually held around the same time of the year."_NEWLINE_In 2006, Bill, as he was known had a fall and broke his hip at the age of 106. Due to his increasing old age, he was forced to leave Watlington, Oxfordshire and move into a retirement facility in Sindlesham, a suburb of Winnersh, which lies between Reading and Wokingham, in 2007. Stone’s son-in-law, Michael Davidson issued a statement about his father-in-law’s condition:_NEWLINE_"He had a fall and developed a small infection, so doctors gave him antibiotics which seem to be working. He is obviously being observed very closely because of his age, but we have no reason to believe his condition will worsen"_NEWLINE_On 11 November 2008, Stone along with fellow veterans, Henry Allingham and Harry Patch laid commemorative wreaths at the Cenotaph in London to mark the ninetieth anniversary of the end of the First World War._NEWLINE_Stone died on 10 January 2009. His daughter described him as a "very determined character [...] a man of great faith and his recipe for long life was: 'Clean living, contented mind and trust in God.' His motto: 'Keep going.'" His funeral was held on 29 January 2009 at St Leonard's Church, Watlington. In September 2009, memoirs detailing Stone's experience of the two world wars were published.

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