李嘉图经济学

边际效应递减

另一个让李嘉图出名的概念出自他的关于玉米低价格对于股票收益影响的随笔，这就是著名的边际效应递减法则 (李嘉图, 经济学随笔, Henderson 826).所谓的边际效应递减法则说的是如果对一个生产要素提供更多的数量而对另外一个生产要素保持数量不变，则总产量created by the extra units will eventually get smaller to a point where overall output will begin to fall ("Diminishing Returns").
举一个例子，考虑一个只有两资源--劳力和土地的简单农场。假设该农场有一百亩土地及一名工人(劳力资源)。这个地-工组合可达到一定程度的产出。 如果我们增加土地且劳动力不变，该工人对每亩地的照料程度就会下降(假设其他条件皆不变)。所以，产出可能会增加，但单位土地的产量可能下降。如果我们继续增加该名工人须照料的土地，最终会因土地过剩而导致工人分身乏术，总产量开始下滑(及分配给各亩田的劳动时数减少) 。这就是典型的边际效应。 This is the typical stylized result of increasing one productive input while holding the others constant (versus increasing all inputs, generating economies of scale).

李嘉图经济学今日的应用

尽管大卫 李嘉图是19世纪人物， 很多人在日常经济学中还在引用他的工作成果. 李嘉图的rent理论主要包括农民和地主的农业模式。由于高生产力的土地能够生产更多的农作物，市场将支付相同价额购买有利和不利的土地上种植的作物，农民愿意付出更多钱来买高生产力的土地来种植更多的作物挣钱（Henderson 827).
李嘉图也有另一个有影响力的理论：最低工资。他知道如果较大幅度的人口增长，就业需求就会增加，使得工资下降到一个水平上，因为很多人愿意采取低工资的工作，从而得以生存（圣克莱尔9，Fusfeld 325）。这个观察最低工资的工作成果，尤其是今天显得极为正确，只要看一看与执行最低工资法相关的争议便明白了。。在他的著作政治经济学和税收原理中,李嘉图说，工作提供更多的工资给我们珍惜的工作，而不是那些不珍惜的。对李嘉图而言,价值和生产成本有很大关系，后者包括工资和利润 (St. Clair 27) 并且，你支付多少钱给工人影响产品的价格。他还认为the value of a product was related to the quality of labor necessary for the production (Principles of Political 5). An example of this would be paying a slightly higher price for an item that is handmade, rather than being manufactured. Though this is true, 李嘉图 also thought the labor or machine itself should be considered when selling an item and that a little of every item should be priced to include this factor of labor (St. Claire 24). 李嘉图解决我们今天的经济世界所面临的许多问题，如最低工资和租金(Fusfeld 325).也许这些问题对我们非常重要，正如他们在19世纪的时候一样，这是为什么大卫李嘉图的经济学理论是现代经济学的重要组成部分。

引文

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