Negeri-negeri Gabungan Amerika

Punca-punca pemisahan

Ahli sejarah mengatakan punca pemisahan adalah kerana ancaman untuk menghad atau menamatkan perhambaan oleh pihak Republikan atau sekatan ke atas hak negeri berhubung pemilikan hamba di dalam jajahan-jajahan menyebabkan negeri-negeri selatan keluar dari Gabungan.

Kebangkitan dan keruntuhan Gabungan

Perang Saudara Amerika meletus pada bulan April 1861 dengan bermulanya Pertempuran Kubu Sumter di Charleston, Carolina Selatan. Pasukan tentera persekutuan A.S. telah berundur ke Kubu Sumter tidak lama selepas Carolina Selatan mengisthiharkan pemisahannya. Presiden A.S. Buchanan telah cuba untuk memberi bantuan kepada Sumter dengan menghantar Bintang Barat, akan tetapi pasukan tentera Gabungan menembak ke arah kapal dan berjaya mengusirnya. Presiden A.S. Abraham Lincoln juga cuba memberi bantuan kepada Sumter. Lincoln memberitahu Gabenor Carolina Selatan, Francis W. Pickens bahawa "cubaan akan dibuat bagi menghantar bekalan ke Fort Sumter dengan kebenaran sahaja, dan sekiranya cubaan ini tidak dihalang, tiada usaha bagi menghantar tentera, senjata, atau peluru akan dilakukan tanpa notis lanjut, kecuali di mana serangan dibuat ke atas kubu". Sebagai jawapan, kabinet Gabungan memutuskan dalam satu mesyuarat di Montgomery bagi menawan Fort Sumter dalam cubaan untuk memaksanya untuk menyerah diri sebelum ketibaan angkatan bantuan.
Pada 12 April, 1861, pasukan tentera Gabungan, berdasarkan arahan daripada Davis dan Setiausaha Perang beliau, telah melepaskan tembakan ke atas pasukan tentera persekutuan yang menduduki Fort Sumter, dan memaksa mereka menyerah diri. Berikutan daripada Pertempuran Kubu Sumter, Lincoln telah memanggil negeri-negeri yang masih tinggal dalam Kesatuan bagi menghantar pasukan tentera untuk menawan kembali Sumter, kubu-kubu lain dan rumah-rumah kastam di Selatan di mana telah ditawan oleh pasukan tentera Gabungan, beberapa darinya melalui kekerasan. Pengisytiharan ini dibuat sebelum Kongres dapat bersidang mengenainya, dan permintaan asal dari Jabatan Perang memanggil sukarelawan bagi hanya tiga bulan bertugas. Seruan Lincoln bagi tentera menyebabkan empat lagi negeri memilih untuk berpisah, dan bukannya menyediakan pasukan tentera untuk Kesatuan. Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, dan Carolina Utara menyertai Konfederasi untuk menjadikan bilangan sejumlah 11. Setelah Virginia menyertai Gabungan, ibu negeri Gabungan dipindahkan daripada Montgomery, Alabama, ke Richmond, Virginia. Kesemua pertempuran (kecuali dua) berlaku di wilayah Gabungan.
Alexander H. Stephens menegaskan cubaan Lincoln bagi membekal semula Sumter telah memprovokasi perang.
Kentucky merupakan negeri sempadan semasa perang, dan dalam satu ketika, memiliki dua kerajaan, satu pihak menyokong Gabungan manakala satu pihak lagi menyokong Kesatuan. Kerajaan asal kekal berada di dalam Kesatuan selepas cubaan singkat untuk bersikap neutral, tetapi serpihan pesaing dari negeri itu diterima sebagai ahli Negeri-Negeri Gabungan Amerika; ia tidak mengawal mana-mana kawasan. Keadaan lebih kompleks melanda pemisahan Missouri, tetapi dalam sebarang keadaan, Gabungan menganggap Missouri sebagai sebuah Negeri Gabungan Amerika; it did not control any territory. Dengan Kentucky dan Missouri, jumlah negeri-negeri Gabungan boleh dikira sebagai 13 buah.
Lima kerajaan puak Wilayah Indian - yang menjadi Oklahoma pada tahun 1907 - juga menyokong Konfederasi, dengan menyediakan tentera dan seorang Pegawai Jeneral. Ia tidak diwakili dalam Kongres Konfederat.
Citizens at Mesilla and Tucson in the southern part of New Mexico Territory formed a secession convention and voted to join the Confederacy on March 16, 1861, and appointed Lewis Owings as the new territorial governor. In July, Mesilla appealed to Confederate troops in El Paso, Texas, under Lieutenant Colonel John Baylor for help in removing the Union Army under Major Isaac Lynde that was stationed nearby. The Confederates defeated Lynde at the Battle of Mesilla on July 27. After the battle, Baylor established a territorial government for the Confederate Arizona Territory and named himself governor. In 1862, a New Mexico Campaign was launched under General Henry Hopkins Sibley to take the northern half of New Mexico. Although Confederates briefly occupied the territorial capital of Santa Fe, they were defeated at Glorietta Pass in March and retreated, never to return.
The northernmost slave states (Missouri, Kentucky, Maryland, Delaware and West Virginia) were contested territory, but the Union won control by 1862. In 1861, martial law was declared in Maryland (the state which borders the U.S. capital, Washington, D.C., on three sides) to block attempts at secession. Delaware, also a slave state, never considered secession, nor did Washington, D.C. In 1861, a unionist legislature in Wheeling, Virginia seceded from Virginia, claiming 48 counties, and joined the United States in 1863 as the state of West Virginia with a constitution that gradually abolished slavery.
Attempts to secede from the Confederate States of America by some counties in East Tennessee were held in check by Confederate declarations of martial law  .
Penyerahan diri Tentera Virginia Utara oleh Jeneral Lee di Appomattox Court House pada 9 April, 1865, secara umumnya dikira sebagai penamat ke atas negeri-negeri Gabungan. Presiden Davis telah ditawan di Irwinville, Georgia, pada 10 Mei, dan pasukan-pasukan tentera selebihnya telah menyerah diri pada bulan Jun 1865. Bendera Gabungan terakhir telah diturunkan daripada CSS Shenandoah pada 6 November, 1865.-->

Perlembagaan

Perlembagaan Negeri-negeri Gabungan Amerika kebanyakannya sama dengan Perlembagaan Amerika Syarikat. Walaubagaimanpun, terdapat beberapa perbezaan yang penting. Utamanya, hak membeli dan menjual hamba dilindungi, namun perdagangan hamba antarabangsa diharamkan. Perlembagaan ini juga megutamakan falsafah hak negeri. Sejurus ini, kuasa kerajaan pusat dikurangkan. Sebagai contoh, kerajaan pusat dilarang mengutip cukai perlindungan daripada negeri-negeri dalam gabungan. Kerajaan juga tidak dibenarkan menggunakan wang dari suatu negeri untuk membiayai kerajaan di suatu negeri yang lain. Satu lagi adalah perbahasaan dalam perlembagaan, yang menyatakan nama Tuhan beberapa kali serta meminta berkat daripada-Nya.
The constitution did not specifically include a provision allowing states to secede; the Preamble spoke of each state "acting in its sovereign and independent character" but also of the formation of a "permanent federal government". The Southern leaders met in Montgomery, Alabama, to write their constitution.
The President of the Confederate States of America was to be elected to a six-year term and could not be reelected. The only president was Jefferson Davis; the Confederate States of America was defeated by the federal government before he completed his term. One unique power granted to the Confederate president was the ability to subject a bill to a line item veto, a power held by some state governors. The Confederate Congress could overturn either the general or the line item vetoes with the same two-thirds majorities that are required in the U.S. Congress. In addition, appropriations not specifically requested by the executive branch required passage by a two-thirds vote in both houses of Congress.
Printed currency in the forms of bills and stamps was authorized and put into circulation, although by the individual states in the Confederacy's name. The government considered issuing Confederate coinage. Plans, dies and 4 "proofs" were created, but a lack of bullion prevented any public coinage.

Ibu kota

Ibu negara untuk NGA adalah Montgomery, Alabama bermula 4 Februari, 1861, hingga 29 Mei, 1861. Richmond, Virginia, dijadikan ibu negara yang baru pada 6 Mei, 1861. Dalam masa singkat sebelum tamatnya perang, kerajaan Kesatuan telah menduduki Richmond dan merancang untuk meneruskan pendudukan di selatan. Sangat sedikit diketahui berkenaan rancangan ini sebelum Lee menyerah diri di Appomattox Court House. Danville, Virginia menjadi ibu negara terakhir NGA bemula 3 April sehingga 10 April, 1865.

Diplomasi antarabangsa

Sebaik sahaja perang dengan Amerika Syarikat bermula, harapan terbaik untuk meneruskan kewujudan NGA adalah dengan campur tangan tentera oleh Britain dan Perancis. Amerika Syarikat sedar akan hal ini dan dengan jelas menyatakan bahawa pengiktirafan ke atas NGA bermakna berperang dengan Amerika Syarikat - dan kesannya Amerika Syarikat akan menghentikan penghantaran makanan ke Britain. Ahli NGA mempercayai bahawa "kapas adalah raja" - bermakna Britain perlu menyokong NGA bagi mendapatkan kapas - anggapan ini telah terbukti salah. Britain, pada hakikatnya mempunyai simpanan kapas yang mencukupi pada tahun 1861 dan bergantung lebih kepada biji-bijian dari negeri-negeri Kesatuan.
Once the war with the United States began, the best hope for the survival of the Confederacy was military intervention by Britain and France. The U.S. realized this as well and made it clear that recognition of the Confederacy meant war with the United States — and the cutoff of food shipments into Britain. The Confederates who had believed that "cotton is king" — that is, Britain had to support the Confederacy to obtain cotton — were proven wrong. Britain, in fact, had ample stores of cotton in 1861 and depended much more on grain from the Union states.
During its existence, the Confederate government sent repeated delegations to Europe; historians do not give them high marks for diplomatic skills. James M. Mason was sent to London as Confederate minister to Queen Victoria, and John Slidell was sent to Paris as minister to Napoleon III. Both were able to obtain private meetings with high British and French officials, but they failed to secure official recognition for the Confederacy. Britain and the United States were at sword's point during the Trent Affair in late 1861. Mason and Slidell had been illegally seized from a British ship by an American warship. Queen Victoria's husband, Prince Albert, helped calm the situation, and Lincoln released Mason and Slidell, so the episode was no help to the Confederacy.
Throughout the early years of the war, both British foreign secretary Lord Russell and Napoleon III, and, to a lesser extent, British Prime Minister Lord Palmerston, were interested in the idea of recognition of the Confederacy, or at least of offering a mediation. Recognition meant certain war with the United States, loss of American grain, loss of exports to the United States, loss of huge investments in American securities, possible war in Canada and other North American colonies, much higher taxes, many lives lost and a severe threat to the entire British merchant marine, in exchange for the possibility of some cotton. Many party leaders and the general public wanted no war with such high costs and meager benefits. Recognition was considered following the Second Battle of Manassas when the British government was preparing to mediate in the conflict, but the Union victory at the Battle of Antietam and Lincoln's Emancipation Proclamation, combined with internal opposition, caused the government to back away.
In November 1863, Confederate diplomat A. Dudley Mann met Pope Pius IX and received a letter addressed "to the Illustrious and Honorable Jefferson Davis, President of the Confederate States of America.” Mann, in his dispatch to Richmond, interpreted the letter as "a positive recognition of our Government," and some have mistakenly viewed it as a de facto recognition of the C.S.A. Confederate Secretary of State Judah P. Benjamin, however, interpreted it as "a mere inferential recognition, unconnected with political action or the regular establishment of diplomatic relations" and thus did not assign it the weight of formal recognition.  For the remainder of the war, Confederate commissioners continued meeting with Cardinal Antonelli, the Vatican Secretary of State. In 1864, Catholic Bishop Patrick N. Lynch of Charleston traveled to the Vatican with an authorization from Jefferson Davis to represent the Confederacy before the Holy See.
No country appointed any diplomat officially to the Confederacy, but several maintained their consuls in the South who had been appointed before the war. In 1861, Ernst Raven applied for approval as the Saxe-Coburg-Gotha consul, but he was a citizen of Texas and there is no evidence that Saxe officials knew what he was doing. In 1863, the Confederacy expelled all foreign consuls (all of them British or French diplomats) for advising their subjects to refuse to serve in combat against the U.S.
Throughout the war most European powers adopted a policy of neutrality, meeting informally with Confederate diplomats but withholding diplomatic recognition. None ever sent an ambassador or official delegation to Richmond. However, they applied international law principles that recognized the Union and Confederate sides as belligerents. Canada allowed both Confederate and Union agents to work openly within its borders, and some state governments in northern Mexico negotiated local agreements to cover trade on the Texas border.

Sistem sungai

Semasa aman, sistem sungai yang boleh dilalui dengan banyak membolehkan pengangkutan produk-produk ladang yang mudah dan murah. Sistem jalan keretapi dibina bagi melengkapkan, menyambung kawasan penanaman ke sungai terdekat atau pelabuhan laut. The vast geography made for difficult Union logistics, and Union soldiers were used to garrison captured areas and protect rail lines. But the Union Navy seized most of the navigable rivers by 1862, making its own logistics easy and Confederate movements difficult. After the fall of Vicksburg in July 1863, it became impossible for units to cross the Mississippi since Union gunboats constantly patrolled it. The South thus lost use of its western regions.