Taiko

Kata taiko (太鼓) berarti "drum besar" dalam bahasa Jepang. Di luar Jepang, kata ini digunakan untuk merujuk kepada berbagai jenis drum Jepang (和太鼓, 'wa-daiko', "drum Jepang", dalam bahasa Jepang) dan kepada bentuk seni yang relatif belakangan dalam bentuk ansambel menabuh drum (kadang-kadang lebih khusus disebut, "kumi-daiko" (組太鼓).

Jenis-jenis taiko

Nagado-daiko (長胴太鼓, taiko yang berbadan panjang) terdiri atas dua potong kulit sapi yang dibentangkan di atas sebuah kerangka kayu (biasanya diukir dari satu potong kayu, kini sering dibuat dari sisa-sisa sebuah gentong kayu) dan diregangkan. Kepala dari tsukeshime-daiko (付締め太鼓, seringkali disingkat menjadi, "shime-daiko" atau "shime" saja) dibentangkan di atas cincin-cincin besi dan dijepit di sekitar badan yang lebih kecil. Tali tsukeshime-daiko ditarik hingga ketat sebelum digunakan setiap kalinya. Okedo-daiko (桶胴太鼓, taiko berbadan gentong, seringkali disingkat menjadi "okedo" atau "oke") dapat dipasang di atas sebuah dudukan dan dimainkan seperti taiko lainnya, tapi biasanya digantungkan melintang ke bahu sehingga si pemain drum dapat berjalan dan sekaligus juga memainkannya. Taiko Jepang lainnya mencakup uchiwa-daiko (内輪太鼓、 taiko kipas), hira-daiko (平太鼓, taiko datar), o-daiko (大太鼓, taiko besar), dan serangkaian instrumen tabuh lainnya dalam ansambel tradisional Jepang noh, gagaku, dan kabuki.
Drum okedo-daiko merentang dari yang kecil dan mudah dibawa, hingga drum yang paling besar dari semua drum Jepang. Berbeda dengan nagado, drum ini dapat dibuat dalam berbagai ukuran, namun TIDAK dalam segala ukuran mengingat konstruksi kayu stavenya.
Wilayah Aomori terkenal akan festival Nebuta. Di sini okedo besar dimainkan oleh banyak orang sambil dibawa dengan kereta sepanjang jalan.
Okedo mempunyai penopang betta-nya sendiri yang diciptakan oleh Hayashi Eitetsu.
Selain itu, seperti nagado-daiko, okedo mempunyai suara pinggiran, yang disebut "ka." Namun, ketika memainkan pinggiran sebuah okedo, penting bagi pemain untuk memukul hanya bagian yang palin luar dari cincin metalnya dan bukan pinggiran dari tubuh drum itu sendiri. Kayu tipis dan ringan dari okedo khususnya mudah penyok dan akan cepat menurun kondisinya bila dipukul.

Penggunaan taiko dalam perang

Di Jepang pada masa feodal, taiko sering digunakan untuk memotivasi pasukan, menolong menentukan langkah barisan, dan mengatur perintah atau pengumuman. Menjelang atau pada saat memasuki pertempuran, taiko yaku (penabuh drum) bertanggung jawab untuk menentukan langkah barisan, biasanya dengan enam langkah untuk setiap pukulan drum (ketukan-2-3-4-5-6, ketukan-2-3-4-5-6).
Menurut salah satu catatan sejarah (Gunji Yoshu), sembilan rangkai dari lima ketukan berarti memanggil sekutu ke medan tempur, sementara sembilan rangkai dari tiga ketukan, yang dipercepat tiga atau empat kalinya, adalah panggilan untuk maju dan mengejar lawan.

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