ابزار اندازه‌گیری

انرژی

Example: In a plant that furnishes نیروگاه تلمبه ذخیره‌ای, کار (فیزیک) and electrical work is done by machines like electric پمپs and مولد الکتریکیs. The pumped water stores mechanical work. The amount of energy put into the system equals the amount of energy which comes out of the system, less that amount of energy used to overcome اصطکاک.
Such examples suggested the derivation of some unifying concepts: Instead of discerning (transferred) forms of work or stored work, there has been introduced one single کمیت فیزیکی called energy. Energy is assumed to have substance-like qualities; energy can be apportioned and transferred. Energy cannot be created from nothing, or to be annihilated to nothing, thus energy becomes a conserved quantity, when properly balanced.
Describing the transfer of energy two dictions, two ways of wording are used:
(energy carriers exchanging energy) Physical interactions occur by carriers (linear momentum, electric charge, entropy) exchanging energy. For example, a generator transfers energy from angular momentum to electric charge.
(حامل‌های انرژیs transforming energy) Energy forms are transformed; for example انرژی مکانیکی into انرژی پتانسیل الکتریکی by a generator.
Often the energy value results from multiplying two related quantities: (a generalized) potential (relative velocity, voltage, temperature difference) times some substance-like quantity (linear momentum, electrical charge, entropy). — Thus energy has to be measured by first choosing a carrier/form. The measurement usually happens indirectly, by obtaining two values (potential and substance-like quantity) and by multiplying their values.
For the ranges of energy-values see: Orders of magnitude (energy)

مکانیک

کمیت‌های ابتدایی که در   مکانیک کلاسیک- و   مکانیک محیط‌های پیوستهیافت می‌شود به شرح زیر است که شامل موارد مرتبط با دما نیستند

الکتریستی، مهندسی الکترونیک

Considerations related to بار الکتریکی dominate الکتریسیته و   الکترونیک.
Electrical charges interact via a میدان الکترومغناطیسی. That field is called میدان الکتریکی if the charge doesn't move. If the charge moves, thus realizing an electric current, especially in an electrically neutral conductor, that field is called میدان مغناطیسی.
Electricity can be given a quality — a پتانسیل الکتریکی.  And electricity has a substance-like property, the electric charge.
Energy (or power) in elementary electrodynamics is calculated by multiplying the potential by the amount of charge (or current) found at that potential:  potential times charge (or current). (See الکترومغناطیس کلاسیک and its Covariant formulation of classical electromagnetism)

ترمودینامیک

دما-related considerations dominate thermodynamics. There are two distinct thermal properties: A thermal potential — the temperature. For example: A glowing coal has a different thermal quality than a non-glowing one.
And a substance-like property, — the انتروپی; for example: One glowing coal won't heat a pot of water, but a hundred will.
Energy in thermodynamics is calculated by multipying the thermal potential by the amount of entropy found at that potential:  temperature times entropy.
Entropy can be created by friction but not annihilated.

انتروپی

انتروپی برای اندازه‌گیری انرژی و دما کاربرد دارد

موارد دیگر در مکانیک محیط‌های پیوسته

This includes mostly instruments which measure macroscopic properties of matter: In the fields of فیزیک حالت جامد; in فیزیک ماده چگال which considers جامدs, مایعs and in-betweens exhibiting for example viscoelastic behavior. Furthermore مکانیک شاره‌ها, where liquids, گازes, پلاسما (فیزیک) and in-betweens like supercritical fluids are studied.

لانزینگ پرتو

Ionizing radiation includes rays of "particles" as well as rays of "waves". Especially پرتو ایکسs and پرتو گاماs transfer enough energy in non-thermal, (single) collision processes to separate electron(s) from an atom.

Identification and content

This could include مواد شیمیاییs, rays of any kind, ذرات بنیادیs, quasiparticles. Many measurement devices outside this section may be used or at least become part of an identification process.
For identification and content concerning chemical substances see also شیمی تجزیه especially its List of chemical analysis methods and the فهرست روش‌های آنالیز مواد.

هواشناسی

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ناوبری  و  نقشه‌برداری

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نیروی نظامی

در ابزارهای نظامی تعدادی از ابزارها مانند تلسکوپ و ابزارهای ناوبری دریایی سده‌های متوالی مورد استفاده بوده‌است استفاده از ابزارها با پیشرفت تکنولوژی از سده ۱۹ تا به امروز رواج  بیشتری نسبت به گذشته داشته‌است.
ابزارهای نظامی در این مقاله در دسته‌بندی‌های موقعیت‌یابی، نجومی، نورسنجی، تصویرنگاری و تشخیص مسیر حرکت اجسام و وسایل متحرک قرار گرفته‌اند.
مشخصه ویژه آن‌ها دارا بودن سرعت، کاربردپذیری، قابل اعتماد بودن و دقت است.