مقاطعة كابيندا

الاندماج الإداري مع أنغولا

By the mid-1920s, the borders of Angola had been finally established in negotiations with the neighbouring colonial powers and from then on, Cabinda was treated as part of this colony. The Portuguese constitution of 1933 distinguished between the colony of Angola and the protectorate of Cabinda but in 1956 the administration of Cabinda was transferred to the governor general of Angola. The legal distinction of Cabinda's status from that of Angola was also expressed in the Portuguese constitution of 1971. Yet, when Angola was declared an "overseas province" (Província Ultramarina) within the empire of Portugal in 1951 (in 1972 the name was changed into "State of Angola"), Cabinda was treated as an ordinary district of Angola.
Under Portuguese rule, Cabinda developed as an important agricultural and forestry centre, and in 1967 it discovered huge offshore oil fields. Oil, timber, and كاكاو were its main exports by then. The town of Cabinda, the capital of the territory was a Portuguese administrative and services centre with a ميناء and airfield. The beaches of Cabinda were popular among the Portuguese Angolans.

بعد استقلال أنغولا من البرتغال

A 1974 ثورة القرنفل abolished the authoritarian regime established by أنطونيو سالازار that had been prevailing in Portugal for decades. The new government decided immediately to grant all Portuguese colonies the independence for which nationalist movements had been striving. In Angola, the decolonization process took the form of a violent conflict between the different movements and their allies. In 1975 the Treaty of Alvor between Portugal and الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير أنغولا (FNLA), People's Movement for the Liberation of Angola (الحركة الشعبية لتحرير أنغولا) and National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (يونيتا) reconfirmed Cabinda's status as part of Angola. The treaty was rejected by several Cabindan political organizations which were in favour of a separate independence. Since then, Cabinda has been, on the one hand, a normal Angolan province, but on the other hand, there has been persistent political protest against this status as well as a number of guerrilla actions.

الاقتصاد

Consisting largely of غابة استوائية, Cabinda produces hardwoods, coffee, cocoa, crude rubber and palm oil. The product for which it is best known, however, is its oil. Conservative estimates are that Cabinda accounts for close to 60% of Angola’s oil production, estimated at approximately 900,000 برميل لكل يوم (140,000 م³/ي), and it is estimated that oil exports from the province are worth the equivalent of US$100,000 per annum for every Cabindan. Yet, it remains one of the poorest provinces in Angola. An agreement in 1996 between the national and provincial governments stipulated that 10% of Cabinda’s taxes on oil revenues should be given back to the province, but Cabindans often feel that these revenues are not benefiting the population as a whole, largely because of corruption. The private sector, particularly the صناعة نفطية, has both affected and been affected by the secessionist conflict. During the early days of Cabinda's struggle, the قائمة شركات البترول were perceived to be sympathetic to, if not supportive of, Cabinda’s self-determination cause. The strategy used by the separatists to gain international attention, was most evident in 1999 and 2000. During 1999, FLEC-R kidnapped four foreign workers (two Portuguese and two فرنسا citizens), but released them after several months, having failed to attract the attention of the international community. FLEC-FAC also increased its activities during 2000 with the more widely publicized kidnapping of three Portuguese workers employed by a construction company, while FLEC-R kidnapped another five Portuguese civilians. These hostages were not freed until June 2001, following the diplomatic intervention of the governments of الغابون and Congo Brazzaville.

أسس عرقية من أجل تقرير المصير

The arguments for self-determination are based on Cabindans' cultural and ethnic background. Prior to the معاهدة سيمولامبوكو، three kingdoms existed in what is now referred to as Cabinda: Cacongo, Ngoyo, and Loango. The Cabindans belong to the Bakongo ethnic group whose language is Kikongo. The Bakongo also comprise the majority of the population in أويغي and مقاطعة زائيرs of أنغولا. However, despite this shared ancestry, the Cabindans developed a very different culture and distinct variants of the Kikongo language. As a result, Cabindans, in their vast majority, consider themselves different and separate from the Angolans .
Ethno-cultural uniqueness as a basis for self-determination has been vehemently opposed in Angola, by both the government and by prominent intellectuals and civil society personalities. The MPLA's Secretary-General, for example, has characterized the argument as "not enough to grant it independence, because all the provinces in the country have specific cultures".

تاريخ الانفصالية

In the early 1960s, several movements advocating a separate status for Cabinda came into being. The Movement for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda (MLEC) was formed in 1960 under the leadership of Luis Ranque Franque. Resulting from the merger of various نزوح associations in برازافيل، the MLEC rapidly became the most prominent of the separatist movements. A further group was the Alliama (Alliance of the Mayombe), representing the Mayombe, a small minority of the population. In an important development, these movements united in August 1963 to form a united front. They called themselves the FLEC, and the leadership role was taken by the MLEC’s Ranque Franque.
In marked contrast with the الجبهة الوطنية لتحرير أنغولا, the FLEC’s efforts to mobilize international support for its حكومة في المنفى met with little success. In fact, the majority of Organization of African Unity (OAU) members, concerned that this could encourage separatism elsewhere on the continent and duly committed to the sanctity of state borders, firmly rejected recognition of the FLEC’s government in exile.
Later, in the course of Angola's turbulent إنهاء الاستعمار process, Ranque Franque proclaimed the independence of the "Republic of Cabinda" in كامبالا on 1 August 1975 at an OAU summit which was discussing Angola at that precise moment. Zairian President موبوتو سيسي سيكو called for a referendum on the future of the Cabinda. Lopes is reported to have said at the time that "Cabinda exists as a reality and is historically and geographically different from Angola".
FLEC formed a حكومة مؤقتة led by Henriques Tiago. The حرب الاستقلال الأنغولية from Portugal was proclaimed on 1 August 1975. Luiz Branque Franque was elected president. After the declaration of Angolan independence in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the الحركة الشعبية لتحرير أنغولا (MPLA) with support of troops from كوبا. The MPLA overthrew the provisional FLEC government and incorporated Cabinda into Angola.
Thus, when in January 1975 Angola’s three liberation movements (MPLA, FNLA, and UNITA) signed the Alvor Agreement with the colonial power, to establish the modalities of the transition to independence, FLEC was not invited. Subsequently, and for much of the 1970s and 1980s, FLEC operated a صراع منخفض الحدة, حرب عصابات, attacking Angolan government troops and economic targets or creating havoc by kidnapping foreign employees working in the province’s oil and construction businesses.
In April 1997, Cabinda joined the منظمة الأمم والشعوب غير الممثلة، a democratic and منظمة دولية whose members are سكان أصليون, قائمة النزاعات الإقليمية, minorities and independent states or territories. In 2010, Cabinda became a charter member of the Organization of Emerging African States (OEAS).

تاريخ حديث

An مخصص (علوم) الأمم المتحدة commission for human rights in Cabinda reported in 2003 that many atrocities had been perpetrated by the MPLA. In 2004, according to Peter Takirambudde, executive director of the هيومن رايتس ووتش mission for Africa, the Angolan army continued to commit حقوق الانسان في أنغولا in Cabinda.
Although the Angolan government says FLEC is no longer operative, this is disputed by the Republic of Cabinda and its Premier, Joel Batila. Recent hikes in oil prices have made Cabinda's untapped onshore احتياطيات النفط a valuable commodity.