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Q28457144

_START_ARTICLE_ Bright Tetteh Ackwerh _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bright was born in Accra and he attended Accra Academy and studied Visual Arts for his senior high school education, before proceeding to Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST) to study BFA and MFA in painting. He completed his first degree in 2011 and served as a teaching assistant the following year. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He begun by exhibiting his artworks via social media and also painting on wall murals in the streets of Accra. He has featured in many arts exhibitions in Ghana and abroad. Some these include; Art X Lagos Exhibition in Nigeria, blockbuster exhibitions by Blaxtarlines in Kumasi and Chalewote street art festival in Accra. _NEWLINE__NEWLINE_In 2016, he won the Kuenyehia Prize for Contemporary Ghanaian Art (the ‘Prize’)at an event held at the ringway estates in Accra. Bright has through the years used social media in sharing his works and provoking powerful sentiments around the themes he explores in his illustrations and paintings._NEWLINE_He has also participated in group shows in Accra, Paris, Johannesburg and Los Angeles. In October 2017 he featured in the October edition of CNN African Voices. He was also on the Barclays L’Atelier Art Competition's 2017 list of top 10 artists. _START_SECTION_ Style _START_PARAGRAPH_ His style is a satirical re-presentation of Ghanaian sociopolitical and religious issues in an incisive manner that provokes conversations, sparks debate and elicits response. He draws huge inspiration from Fela Kuti and other great African heroes as the subject of his works depict the unapologetic manner in relaying his messages. _NEWLINE_He believes the music culture has a certain power to influence and inspire people and there's always the use of double and triples entendre that provide entry points into some of the discussions that the artwork generates.

16995454609153282263

Q3644932

_START_ARTICLE_ Bristol Aquila _START_SECTION_ Design and development _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Aquila was developed two years after the somewhat larger Perseus, both being sleeve valve designs. The primary difference was in size, the Perseus being based on the 5.75 by 6.5 in (146 by 165 mm) cylinder used in the Mercury engine, while the Aquila used a new and smaller 5 by 5.375 in (127.0 by 136.5 mm) sized cylinder. The result was a reduction in displacement from 1520 to 950 cubic inches (24.9 to 15.6 L)._NEWLINE_The first Aquila engine delivered a modest 365 horsepower (272 kW), which was unspectacular for an engine of this size. It soon developed into more powerful versions as improvements were worked into the line (as well as similar changes to the Perseus), and by 1936 it had improved to 500 hp (370 kW). This would have made it an excellent replacement for the Bristol Jupiter, which ended production at 590 hp (440 kW) three years earlier, but by this time almost all interest was on ever-larger engines. _START_SECTION_ Specifications (Aquila I) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Data from Lumsden.

13851724444589300928

Q4969137

_START_ARTICLE_ Bristow Helicopters _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bristow Helicopters Limited was established in June 1955 by Alan Bristow._NEWLINE_ _NEWLINE_From 17 February 1965 and onwards, it operated the Westland Wessex 60 ten-seat helicopter in support of North Sea Oil industry off-shore installations._NEWLINE_During the late 1960s, Bristow operated a fleet of Hiller UH-12 training helicopters based at AAC Middle Wallop which were used to train flight crews for the UK Army Air Corps._NEWLINE_In 1985, it was acquired by British and Commonwealth Holdings plc._NEWLINE_In 1996, Bristow Helicopters was purchased by Offshore Logistics, an American offshore helicopter operator which operated as Air Logistics in the U.S. Gulf of Mexico and Alaska, and was structured as a reverse takeover. The group now operates and maintains a global fleet of over 400 aircraft. In 2006 Offshore Logistics re-branded itself as 'The Bristow Group'._NEWLINE_The Bristow Group expanded their portfolio in April 2007 with the purchase of Helicopter Adventures, a Florida-based flight school, Helicopter Adventures was subsequently renamed Bristow Academy. The deal also provided the Bristow Group with the world's largest civilian fleet of Schweizer aircraft. _START_SECTION_ Bristow (formerly Air Logistics) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In January 2010, Bristow announced the retirement of the Air Logistics name and Gulf of Mexico operations would operate under the name Bristow. Bristow provides helicopter services, maintenance and other support services to the oil and gas industry. It operates more than 170 single and twin-turbine helicopters in the United States. These receive support, materials and operational assistance from its regional headquarters and primary maintenance facility located at the Acadiana Regional Airport in New Iberia, Louisiana. _START_SECTION_ Eastern Airways and Airnorth _START_PARAGRAPH_ Fixed Wing_NEWLINE_Bristow has controlling interests in Eastern Airways which is a regional airline based in the U.K. operating fixed wing regional jet and turboprop aircraft and Airnorth, also a regional airline, based in Australia operating fixed wing regional jet and turboprop aircraft. Both Eastern Airways and Airnorth operate scheduled passenger services, shuttle flights for oil and gas industry personnel, and charter services. _START_SECTION_ Military _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Search and Rescue Training Unit at RAF Valley is a detachment of the Defence Helicopter Flying School at RAF Shawbury, from which its aircraft are distinguished by their flotation bags, rescue winches and cable cutters above the cockpit roof. The aircraft are maintained to EASA standards but are military registered allowing them to operate outside civilian flight restrictions._NEWLINE_All the Defence Helicopter Flying School Helicopters and Synthetic Training Equipment are owned by FB Heliservices, a consortium of Bristow Helicopters and FR Aviation, who provide 40% of the instructional staff, all the ground school and simulator staff, carry out all maintenance and provide support services. _START_SECTION_ Search and Rescue _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bristow helicopters operated Sikorsky S-61N helicopters on behalf of Her Majesty's Coastguard, the United Kingdom's Coast Guard, until July 2007 after which there was a 12-month transitional period whilst CHC Helicopter took over the contract replacing the S-61N with new helicopters._NEWLINE_Bristow operated four dedicated Search and Rescue (SAR) sites in the UK, on behalf of HM Coastguard. The units were located at Portland (EGDP) and Lee-on-Solent (EGHF) on the south coast of England, at Stornoway (EGPO) in the Outer Hebrides, and at Sumburgh (EGPB) in the Shetland Isles._NEWLINE_Northern North Sea services operated from Aberdeen (EGPD), Scatsta (EGPM) and Stavanger (ENZV)._NEWLINE_Southern North Sea services operate from Norwich (EGSH), Humberside (EGNJ) and Den Helder (EHKD) with its support organisation based at Redhill (EGKR)._NEWLINE_Bristow S61N's were responsible to carry out SAR tasks, operating from Den Helder Airport on behalf of the oil and gas industry._NEWLINE_On 26 March 2013 Bristow was awarded a 10-year contract to operate the search and rescue operations in the United Kingdom, at the time being provided by CHC Helicopter (on behalf of Her Majesty's Coastguard), the Royal Air Force and the Royal Navy. Bristow is currently operating AgustaWestland AW139, AgustaWestland AW189 and Sikorsky S-92 helicopters in support of this contract. The AW139 aircraft are being replaced by the AW189 which was originally specified in the contract however procurement delays lead to the AW139 being introduced instead of the AW189 initially, resulting in AAR AIrlift Group claiming the first civilian registered SAR AW189, based in the Falkland Islands, in support of the UK Government _START_SECTION_ Fleet _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bristow operates a large fleet of over 450 helicopters and aircraft, which includes unconsolidated affiliates and joint venture partners. Bristow intends to reduce fleet variety from 24 helicopter types to six. For subsidiaries Eastern Airways and Airnorth fixed wing jet and turboprop aircraft, see Eastern Airways and Airnorth.

16419448646945241470

Q4971279

_START_ARTICLE_ British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums _START_SECTION_ Conservation _START_PARAGRAPH_ BIAZA members support over 700 field conservation projects contributing over £11 million per year. Members supply skills, staff and equipment for wildlife conservation, and essential materials for education and awareness programmes in developing countries. They also play an important role in conservation awareness-raising in the UK, support conservation campaigns and facilitate career development of young conservationists. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ More than 25 million people visit BIAZA collections every year including 1.3 million children on organised education trips. BIAZA encourages its members to develop an effective education system aiming to conserve the natural world in a number of ways by motivating people to change their habits, inspiring people to get involved with conservation and encouraging people to donate to particular conservation programmes. _START_SECTION_ Research _START_PARAGRAPH_ Research in BIAZA zoos and aquariums aims to gather knowledge that benefits the conservation of threatened species. BIAZA collections assist over 800 research projects to raise awareness and increase knowledge about wildlife and global issues._NEWLINE_A significant number of zoo animals housed within the UK are part of European breeding programmes (EEPs) which aim to preserve threatened species for the future by pairing compatible individuals. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ An annual event is held at which awards are given out for a variety of achievements, known as the "Zoo Oscars". Awards categories include: Animal Breeding, Care and Welfare; Conservation; Education; Exhibits; Horticulture; PR, Marketing, Digital and Events; Research; Sustainability. There are also awards for individuals and collections that make outstanding contributions.

17480803235104226992

Q6393

_START_ARTICLE_ Brive-la-Gaillarde _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Even though the inhabitants settled around the 1st century, the city only started to grow much later. From around the 5th century onwards, the original city began to develop around a church dedicated to Saint-Martin-l'Espagnol. During the 12th century walls were built around the city and during the Hundred Years' War a second wall was built. These fortifications no longer exist and have been replaced by boulevards._NEWLINE_The commune was named "Brive" until 1919, when it was renamed "Brive-la-Gaillarde". The word "Gaillarde" (still used in current French) probably stands for bravery or strength in the city's name, but it can also refer to the city's walls. Brive now extends outside of its original boundaries into Malemort and Ussac._NEWLINE_During World War II, Brive-la-Gaillarde was a regional capital of the Resistance, acting as a seat of several clandestine information networks and several of the principal resistance movements, including the Armée secrète (or “Secret Army”) and the Mouvements Unis de la Résistance (or "United Movements of the Resistance")._NEWLINE_Brive-la-Gaillarde was the first city of Occupied France to liberate itself by its own means, on 15 August 1944. For this, the city received the “Croix de guerre 1939–1945” military decoration._NEWLINE_The medieval centre is mainly a commercial district with retail shops and various cafés. It is also the location of the city hall, the main police station, and the Labenche museum. One notable landmark outside the inner city is the Pont Cardinal, a bridge which used to be a crossing point for travelers from Paris to Toulouse. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brive-la-Gaillarde railway station offers connections to Limoges, Périgueux, Bordeaux, Clermont-Ferrand, Toulouse, and several regional destinations. The A20 motorway connects Brive with Limoges and Toulouse, the A89 with Bordeaux._NEWLINE_Brive–Souillac Airport lies south of the city. It was opened in 2010 to replace the older Brive-La Roche Airport. _START_SECTION_ Sport _START_PARAGRAPH_ The city is home to a rugby union team, CA Brive. It also hosted the 2009 Junior World Rowing Championships.

18088632948047255871

Q3062117

_START_ARTICLE_ Broadley's dwarf gecko _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The specific name, broadleyi, is in honor of herpetologist Donald G. Broadley.

14131738536407652626

Q4097124

_START_ARTICLE_ Broberg/Söderhamn Bandy _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Broberg/Söderhamn Bandy was founded in 1919.

3640046563060069274

Q30179728

_START_ARTICLE_ Brock Dykxhoorn _START_SECTION_ Amateur Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dykxhoorn attended St. Anne's Catholic Secondary School in Clinton, Ontario, and Central Arizona College. _START_SECTION_ Houston Astros _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Houston Astros selected Dykxhoorn in the sixth round of the 2014 MLB draft, and signed him for a $250,000 signing bonus. _NEWLINE_After signing, Dykxhoorn was assigned to the Greeneville Astros where he went 3–3 with a 4.31 ERA in 12 games. In 2015, he played for the Quad Cities River Bandits, posting an 8–5 record and 3.88 ERA. He was promoted to the Lancaster JetHawks for the 2016 season where he went 10–4 with a 5.02 ERA in a career high 123.2 innings pitched. He spent the 2017 season with the Corpus Christi Hooks, going 3–5 with a 4.62 ERA in 25 games pitched. He was released by the Astros organization on November 13, 2018. _START_SECTION_ SK Wyverns _START_PARAGRAPH_ On November 16, 2018, he signed with SK Wyverns of the KBO League. He was waived on June 3, 2019. _START_SECTION_ Lotte Giants _START_PARAGRAPH_ On June 9, 2019, Dykxhoorn was claimed off waivers by the Lotte Giants of the KBO League. After the seaon, October 13, 2019, he was selected Canada national baseball team at the 2019 WBSC Premier12.

10567048748660583511

Q2421987

_START_ARTICLE_ Brody Hutzler _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ian Brody Hutzler was born on April 20, 1971 in Fairbanks, Alaska. He attended Michigan State University before relocating to Los Angeles. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hutzler played the role of Zachary Smith on Guiding Light from 1996–1997 and the role of Cody Dixon on The Young and the Restless from 1999-2004 before moving on to Days of Our Lives, where he played the role of Patrick Lockhart from 2004–2007. He has also made several television guest appearances on shows, such as The WB series Charmed and Angel and the short-lived 2000 NBC series, Titans. He also starred in the 2008 film Green Flash, along with Torrey DeVitto and Kristin Cavallari. In 2011, he played Navy Lieutenant Michael Jensen in NCIS. In 2012, he played Jason Sheridan in Ringer. In 2015, he appeared in the film Mega Shark vs. Kolossus.

14396338169890904024

Q2691877

_START_ARTICLE_ Brondesbury Park railway station _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Hampstead Junction Railway route between Willesden Junction (Low Level) and Camden Road (via Gospel Oak) opened in 1860, but at first there were no stations west of Brondesbury. The line was absorbed by the London and North Western Railway in 1867, but it was not until 1 June 1908 that a station at Brondesbury Park was opened. _START_SECTION_ Connections _START_PARAGRAPH_ London Buses route 206 serves the station.

4242248935010049187

Q16255584

_START_ARTICLE_ Bronze and Brass Museum _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bronze and Brass Museum is a museum located in Bhaktapur, Nepal.

13549629821352096706

Q343916

_START_ARTICLE_ Brooks Atkinson _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Atkinson was born in Melrose, Massachusetts to Jonathan H. Atkinson, a salesman statistician and Garafelia Taylor. As a boy, he printed his own newspaper (using movable type), and planned a career in journalism. He attended Harvard University, where he began writing for the Boston Herald. He graduated from Harvard in 1917, and worked at the Springfield Daily News and the Boston Evening Transcript, where he was assistant to the drama critic. In 1922, he became the editor of the New York Times Book Review, and in 1925 the drama critic. Atkinson married Oriana MacIlveen, a writer, in August 1926._NEWLINE_On the drama desk, Atkinson quickly became known for his commitment to new kinds of theater—he was one of the first critical admirers of Eugene O'Neill—for his interest in all kinds of drama, including off-Broadway productions. In 1928, he said of the new play The Front Page, "No one who has ground his heels in the grime of a police headquarters press room will complain that this argot misrepresents the gentlemen of the press." In 1932 Atkinson dropped the J. from his bi-line and embraced the witty, direct writing style that became his hallmark._NEWLINE_His reviews were reputed to have the power to make or break a new stage production: for example, his panning in 1940 of Lawrence Riley's Return Engagement led to that comedy's closure after only eight performances, this despite the fact that Riley's previous comedy, Personal Appearance, had lasted for over 500 performances on Broadway. Atkinson, who was dubbed "the conscience of the theater," was not comfortable with the influence he wielded over the Broadway box office._NEWLINE_After the bombing of Pearl Harbor in December 1941, Atkinson attempted to enlist in the Navy, but was refused. He requested a reassignment to war coverage, and The New York Times sent him to the front lines as a war correspondent in China, where he covered the second Sino-Japanese war until 1945. While in China, he visited Mao Tse-Tung in Yenan and was captivated by Mao, writing favorably on the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) movement, and against the Nationalist government of Chiang Kai-shek, which he saw as reactionary and corrupt. After visiting Yenan, he wrote that the CCP political system was best described as an "agrarian or peasant democracy, or as a farm labor party." Atkinson viewed the Chinese Communist Party as Communist in name only and more democratic than totalitarian; the Times effusively titled his article Yenan, a Chinese Wonderland City._NEWLINE_After the end of the war, Atkinson stayed only briefly in New York before being sent to Moscow as a press correspondent; his work as the Moscow correspondent for the Times earned him a Pulitzer Prize for Correspondence in 1947._NEWLINE_After returning from the Soviet Union, Atkinson was reassigned to the drama desk, where he remained until his retirement in 1960. He is given much credit for the growth of Off-Broadway into a major theatrical force in the 1950s, and has been cited by many influential people in the theatre as crucial to their careers. David Merrick's infamous spoof ad for Subways Are For Sleeping—in which he hired seven ordinary New Yorkers who had the same names as prominent drama critics to praise his musical—had to wait for Atkinson's retirement, because Merrick could not find anyone with the right name. There was only one Brooks Atkinson in New York City._NEWLINE_Atkinson was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1960. He came briefly out of retirement in 1965 to write a favorable review of Man of La Mancha; his review was printed on the first page of the show's original souvenir program. After his retirement, he became a member of The Players who organized a tribute dinner for Atkinson's 80th birthday which was attended by Arthur Miller, Elia Kazan, and other prominent actors and playwrights._NEWLINE_He died on January 14, 1984 at Crestwood Hospital in Huntsville, Alabama. Atkinson had moved to Huntsville from his farm in Durham, New York in 1981 to be closer to his family. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1960, the Mansfield Theatre in New York was renamed Brooks Atkinson Theatre in his honor.

11180080216966925407

Q2709928

_START_ARTICLE_ Brother Ali _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ali was born in Madison, Wisconsin, with albinism, a disorder characterized by the complete or partial absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes. He moved with his family to Michigan for a few years and then settled in Minneapolis, Minnesota, in 1992. He attended Robbinsdale Cooper High School in New Hope, Minnesota. He began rapping at age eight. Ali stated that he was influenced by hip hop culture at a very early age. In an interview with Huck magazine, he stated "Ever since I was a little kid, I've always been into hip hop. I started beatboxing when I was about seven years old. Eventually, that led to me falling in love with the words." _START_SECTION_ Television _START_PARAGRAPH_ On August 13, 2007, Brother Ali appeared on The Late Late Show and performed his single "Uncle Sam Goddamn" from The Undisputed Truth. On October 19, 2007, Ali appeared on Late Night with Conan O'Brien and performed "Take Me Home" from The Undisputed Truth. On December 16, 2009, Ali appeared on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon and was featured with late night band The Roots. _START_SECTION_ Podcasts _START_PARAGRAPH_ On July 24, 2013, Brother Ali appeared on the Maximum Fun podcast Judge John Hodgman as an "Expert Witness"._NEWLINE_On April 4, 2017, he appeared on The Combat Jack Show: "The Brother Ali Episode" and on October 19, 2017, on BuzzFeed's See Something Say Something podcast. On April 5, 2018, he appeared on Max Fun's Heat Rocks podcast. _START_SECTION_ Films _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ali also appeared in Sacha Jenkins' 2018 documentary Word is Bond. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ali has a son, Faheem, from his first marriage, and a daughter, Stacy, from his second marriage in 2006. His music frequently addresses his role as a father, parent, and husband. The song "Real as Can Be" off his 2009 EP The Truth Is Here refers to the incoming daughter and in the song "Fresh Air" from his 2009 album Us, he goes on to say "Just got married last year/ treated so good that it ain't even fair/ already got a boy now the baby girl's here/ Bought us a house like the Berenstain Bears."_NEWLINE_Ali often makes fun of the media's constant urge to mention his albinism condition in the first lines of their reviews or newspaper articles. He is also legally blind which is caused by his albinism._NEWLINE_In an article titled "The Art of Mourning in America", Brother Ali said his favorite food is sweet potato pie. The interview was conducted during the month of Ramadan and Ali performed a freestyle: "life long Starvation every month is Ramadan, walk in the crib and I'm surprised that the power's on." _START_SECTION_ Religion _START_PARAGRAPH_ Ali converted to Islam at age 15 and followed Imam Warith Deen Mohammed. During this time, Ali was selected to join a group of students on a Malaysian study tour, in which they explored ways that a more liberal Islamic society could peacefully coexist with different religions._NEWLINE_Ali credits his conversion to Islam to fellow hip hop musician KRS-One, whom he met during a lecture at age 13 at a local Minnesotan university. When asked about his faith, Ali stated, "KRS-One was actually the one who told me I should read Malcolm X. He assigned the autobiography of Malcolm X to me; I read it, and that's what led to me becoming a Muslim." _START_SECTION_ Activism _START_PARAGRAPH_ Many of Brother Ali's themes of social justice are incorporated into his lyrics, though he also takes part in activism outside of the music. He primarily focuses on themes of racial inequality, slavery, and critiquing the United States government, though overarching themes of hope, acceptance, and rising from sorrow are also often present. Much attention was garnered through Ali's album, The Undisputed Truth, as it heavily criticized much about the United States' political system. After the music video for "Uncle Sam Goddamn" was released in 2007, it quickly gained much attention, and shortly after, the United States Department of Homeland Security froze a money transfer to his record label._NEWLINE_In 2012, Ali was arrested along with thirty-seven others while occupying the home of a Minneapolis resident to fight the house's foreclosure. The goal of the protesters was to block the eviction of the family through their assembly and occupancy, but they were unsuccessful. Ali ended up using his celebrity as a platform to discuss these events, and bring them to the attention of his audience._NEWLINE_Ali deals heavily with the notion of privilege. He stated in an interview with Yes! magazine that "The best definition of privilege I've heard is anything you don't have to wrestle with, that you don't have to think about." Ali feels a certain obligation to act politically, as he is unwilling to sit aside after experiencing all he has. He states, "I feel like that's my job, and I feel like within the last few years I fully woke up to that, found the courage to understand that, and stepped out like that."

9877486245649540540

Q4975704

_START_ARTICLE_ Brothers in Unity _START_SECTION_ Founding _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Society of Brothers in Unity at Yale College was founded by 21 members of the Yale classes of 1768, 1769, 1770 and 1771. The founders included David Humphreys, who is noted in the society's public 1841 catalogue as the "cornerstone" of the founding class. The society was founded chiefly to combat existing class separation among literary societies; prior to 1768, Yale freshmen were not "received into any Society", and junior society members were forced into the servitude of seniors "under dread of the severest penalties". Humphreys, a freshman of the class of 1771, persuaded two members of the senior class, three junior class members, two sophomores, and 14 freshmen to support the society's founding. _START_SECTION_ Early activity _START_PARAGRAPH_ Immediately after its conception, the society's unorthodox class composition was allegedly challenged by other literary groups at Yale College. According to its catalogue, Brothers in Unity only became an independent institution after persevering "an incessant war" waged by multiple traditional societies who did not support the concept of a four-year debating community. It is speculated that this struggle initiated the Brothers' near 250-year rivalry with Linonia, which previously did not initiate freshman members. Within a year, however, Brothers in Unity became fully independent, its popularity influencing other societies to reconsider their exclusion of first year students. The Yale College freshman class of 1771 yielded 15 members of Brothers in Unity, while Linonia accepted four; the first noted point in which underclassmen were publicly accepted into a Yale society. The Brothers adopted the motto E parvis oriuntur magna between 1768 and 1769. _START_SECTION_ 1768-1841 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between its founding and 1841, the society is said to have followed the template of other debating societies, although operating under "Masonic secrecy," according to 19th century Yale historian Ebenezer Baldwin. In conjunction with Linonia and the Calliopean Society, Brothers in Unity was noted by Baldwin to discuss "scientific questions" and gravitate towards "literary pursuits." This is substantiated by the Brother's own public documentation, which denotes that the society sought "lofty places in science, literature, and oratory" fields, as well as general "intellectual improvement."_NEWLINE_The Brotherhood, between the years of 1768 and 1841, claims membership of 15 Supreme Court Justices (seven of which Chief Justices), 6 United States Governors, 13 Senators, 45 Congressional representatives, 14 presidents of colleges and universities, two United States Attorney Generals, and a United States Vice President. In its catalogue, the Brotherhood also asserts: "Every President of the United States, with the exception of two, has had in his cabinet one of our members, and the governor's chair of our own state has been filled for twenty years with Brothers in Unity." 26 Yale valedictorians after the position's 1798 founding are attributed to the Society._NEWLINE_Membership to the Brothers and the Linonian Society divided the students of Yale College beginning in the turn of the 19th century. Both held expansive literary collections, which they used to compete against each other. Between 1780 and 1841, the Brothers claimed right to more volumes than Linonia, although these assertions are disputed The two societies' rivalry extended to their membership. Brothers in Unity claims membership of John C. Calhoun, who was alphabetically assigned to Linonia, but had "undiminished attachment" to the Brothers. However, while publications released by both societies repeatedly assert superiority amongst each other, they also express positive sentiment; denoting each other as "ornaments" of Yale and "generous rivals."_NEWLINE_At the time of the formation of Yale's central library, Linonia and 'Brothers in Unity donated their respective libraries to the university. The donation is commemorated in the Linonia and Brothers Reading Room of Yale's Sterling Memorial Library. The reading room contains the Linonia and Brothers (L&B) collection, a travel collection, a collection devoted to medieval history, and a selection of new books recently added to Sterling’s collections.

4511739404022015648

Q56279767

_START_ARTICLE_ Broughton House, Parramatta _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The block on which Broughton House now stands was part of two sixty acre farms, stretching from today's Isabella Street south to the River, that were granted to two seamen from HMS Sirius, Robert Webb (c. 1762-1799) and William Reid (c. 1765-?) in March 1791, by Governor Phillip, for farming. Huts were built for them, two acres of land cleared and they were granted food, seed, agricultural tools, livestock and medical attention. Their assigned convicts were provided for from the public stores for one year._NEWLINE_Over the two decades, Farm No. 7 and adjacent landholdings were bought up by, and/or granted to, Samuel Marsden. The Reverend Samuel Marsden (1764-1838) was born in Yorkshire and arrived in the colony of New South Wales as assistant to the Chaplain in March 1794. Later becoming Principal Chaplain at Parramatta, he was an ardent farmer and pastoralist and a central member of the Parramatta gentry. While his official Parramatta residence was the Parsonage (on May's Hill), built in 1817 to Francis Greenway's design, he acquired several grants of land, which he called Newlands, on the northern side of the Parramatta River._NEWLINE_In 1835, Marsden built a house for his daughter Jane and her husband, the Rev Thomas Marsden (cousin of Samuel)._NEWLINE_A few kilometres east along the banks of the Parramatta River (in today's Rydalmere), Hannibal H. Macarthur had Verge design a two-storey mansion, The Vineyard in 1835._NEWLINE_The north bank of the river appeared to be the preferred part of town where many quality homes were built during the 1830s. Waddon Cottage and Pemberton Grange had been erected for the Palmers. Samuel Marsden's house was the first to be named Newlands, built 1835 was west of Campbell's building. Across the river, John Macarthur had enlarged Elizabeth Farm and further east along Duck River, John Blaxland had erected a two-storey mansion called Newington House._NEWLINE_An indenture dated 1 February 1839 transferred the property (Newlands) to Jane Marsden, daughter of the late Reverend Samuel Marsden for 1500 pounds. Jane Marsden resided in Newlands house only for a short time, for in 1842 she sailed to England with her two children. The property was advertised seeking a tenant for a three-year lease in the "Sydney Morning Herald" in May 1841._NEWLINE_Pieter Laurentz Campbell became private secretary, aged seventeen, to Major General Sir Richard Bourke, Acting Governor of the Cape of Good Hope, in 1826. He stayed on at the cape after Bourke's departure, joined the military in 1830 and transferred in 1832 to the 21st Regiment, destined for New South Wales. Campbell married Barbara Macleay, daughter of Colonial Secretary, Alexander Macleay, in September 1834. Campbell was posted to Parramatta as Police Magistrate in October 1836. He purchased 15 acres 3 roods from Samuel Marsden's extensive grant named Newlands, district of Field of Mars on 24 November 1837. Campbell was the Police Magistrate for Parramatta from 1836-39._NEWLINE_Campbell had borrowed money from William Lawson of Parramatta to build his grand house in 1838/1839._NEWLINE_Three months after his appointment, on 1 January 1837 Campbell purchased eight acres from Rev. Samuel Marsden on the northern side of the Parramatta River, extending to the water and almost opposite Experiment Farm. Building began shortly after, as is evidenced by artist Conrad Martens' "View of Parramatta from the grounds of H. H. Macarthur" dated 25/9/1837 which depicts the very substantial two storey residence. The house was designed by architect John Verge who, about the same time, also drew up plans for Elizabeth Bay House, for Campbell's father-in-law, Alexander Macleay. (Aside from the clues of Verge's stylistic attributes, in February 1839 Campbell applied to purchase 1048 acres on the Macleay River and this land was immediately on sold to Verge for a nominal fee. It is reasonable to assume that this was payment). In February 1838 Campbell bought another seven acres from Marsden that adjoined his earlier purchase, extending to the north to present-day Victoria Road._NEWLINE_The dwelling and other buildings were completed by 1 February 1839._NEWLINE_The Campbells took up residence in a (this new) house that stood "entirely by itself" near the "Government Paddock". The Government Paddock was a designated place and appeared on various maps from c. 1828. It was at the south west corner of the present day Great Western Highway and Church Street._NEWLINE_In February 1839, as Campbell prepared to move to Sydney to assume the office of Acting Colonial Treasurer, the property was re-acquired by the Marsden family (the Rev. Samuel Marsden had died on 12 May 1838) when Jane, his daughter, purchased it from Campbell. The transfer was done using a legal device known as a "lease and release" which in effect kept the sale secret for at least the term of the lease, in this instance, one year. It also meant that the family could continue to reside there until premises were found in the east._NEWLINE_Conrad Martens' sketched the house identifying it as the "House of L Campbell Esq. J.P., Parramatta, 20 March 1839". In April 1839 Campbell purchased from Martens his "View of Parramatta" which shows his house as a prominent feature of the landscape as seen from the eastern approach from the river and also the "house at Parramatta", together with a copy. In total he spent 22.1.0 pounds on the three works, a substantial sum for Campbell who was continually plagued with financial shortfalls. He was indeed proud of the house, despite the family's very limited period of occupation of only about one year._NEWLINE_Elizabeth Macarthur (of Elizabeth Farm south of /over the River) wrote in a letter of 6 March 1839 referring to Campbell and his family being her "near neighbours" and resident in the "new cottage on the Estate of the late Dr. Harris". Historian Sue Rosen notes that Broughton Hall was built in 1837 and designed by John Verge. She quotes Macarthur's 1839 letter further:_NEWLINE_" Mr Riddell has two years leave of absence from his duties as Colonial Treasurer. Mr Laurentz Campbell who has been our Police Magistrate for the last three years is to take Riddell's place - & he is already gone to Sydney - His little Wife and three little ones, who are our near neighbours - & have occupied a new cottage on the Estate of the late Dr. Harris follow as soon as they can get a house in Sydney. Mr Campbell is a most vigilant & active Policy Magistrate and has kept the Town of Parramatta and its neighbourhood free from robberies and disturbances..."._NEWLINE_The "new cottage" has been taken to mean Experiment Farm Cottage (Harris owned Experiment Farm on the River's southern bank adjoining Elizabeth Farm). Yet the Campbell residence, which was sketched in March 1839 by Conrad Martens, was located on the northern side of the river, almost opposite Experiment Farm. This house still stands, although much-altered, and is currently known as Broughton House. It is located at 43A Thomas Street._NEWLINE_What would become Broughton House remained in Jane Marsden's name until 1876. Further research is required to establish who occupied the house from 1842 to 1864. It was possibly leased as a residence by military officers._NEWLINE_One of the most popular schools in Parramatta was conducted by William Woolls. He first started a school ('Mr Woolls' Academy': Gilbert, 32) at Harrisford in George Street, Parramatta in 1842 but moved to the larger premises of Newlands in 1864 (Gilbert says "in or about 1865", noting Woolls' Harrisford Academy was remarkably successful. Never large, catering for about 30 boys at a time it seems to have been a happy, enlightened and enlightening institution which the boys remembered with gratitude and affection). Gilbert adds that Woolls remained at Newlands for the last seven years or so of his teaching career. The school was for local boys as well as boarders. During Woolls' stay at Newlands, he continued his extensive botanical studies including botany in the school curriculum, taking the boys regularly on field trips around the hills of Parramatta collecting samples of unknown specimens. Woolls was an important early schoolmaster and botanist. He lectured frequently on the botanical landscape and was recognised by the greatest of the British and European botanists and on whose recommendation Woolls was admitted in 1865, as a Fellow of the Linnean Society in London, one of the most respected scientific organisations in Britain. In August 1872 Woolls retired from teaching and was admitted to the Holy Order in 1873, becoming the Rev. William Woolls._NEWLINE_In 1876, Thomas Kendall Bowden bought the property for 2,000 pounds (family of lawyers, his father was Mayor of Parramatta, Methodist Pioneers). He died 31 October 1879 and Trustee, William Byrnes was appointed to act on behalf of widow Mary Elizabeth Bowden and the property transferred and later became known as Bowden House. Sarah Emily Richards was the owner of Bowden House on 20 August 1897 paying 2,000 pounds._NEWLINE_An 1877 birds-eye view of Parramatta shows the former Campbell residence on the northern side of the river. An enlargement of the Campbell house in this view provides some indication of the scale and the detailing of the house. It also indicates a number of large trees, one of which appears tall and narrow and dark, such as an Araucaria sp. pine._NEWLINE_In 1906 James Swanton Vickery on behalf of S. E. Richards discharged a mortgage of 4,100 pounds on the property._NEWLINE_In 1908 Percival Stacy Waddy paid 3,500 pounds for the property. The house was leased to The King's School at this time. Stacy Waddy, the Headmaster on 16 September 1909, personally financed the mortgage and leased the house to the school council. The property was used to train young men in wool classing, farm management and engineering. Waddy first named the property "the Farm House" but later renamed it "Broughton House" in honour of the founder of the King's School in Australia. The property at the time (1909) was known as "The Farm House" and it was renamed "Broughton House" in 1911._NEWLINE_It was not until 6 June 1916 that The King's School Council bought the house and land from Waddy. The school continued until 1942 when it closed due to wartime restrictions, re-opening in 1946 and continuing until the mid 1960s._NEWLINE_The land was possibly subdivided at this time and house and its smaller allotment were sold. The next use of the building and grounds was as a convalescent home and maintains that use today._NEWLINE_The landscaped grounds preserved until at least 1951 have been built upon for other buildings associated with the nursing home. The house survives within the Parramatta Nursing Home._NEWLINE_Newlands was bought by Panoramic View Units Pty Ltd in December 1965 for 60,000 pounds. On 24 July 1971 the Certificate of Title was transferred to Parramatta Convalescent Home Pty Ltd and it has since been operated as a nursing home. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Broughton House is a two-storey Regency style stucco brick dwelling with faceted bays to three elevations. Curved bay sections and French doors opening to verandahs. It has a hip roof covered in slate. Arched entry porch rising to a tower with a metal dome topped by a weather vane. First floor verandah bays are glassed in. Original twin verandah posts to both levels. Cast iron valance to ground floor verandahs. Twelve pane sash windows. The hall has an ornately carved timber dog leg double staircase and return landing with elaborate timber balustrades and coffered Jacobean like timber ceiling. A panelled room leads of the hall with finely carved timber fireplace and coloured panes to the twelve paned sash windows. All the main doors have ornate pedimented architraves. The servants' wing exists._NEWLINE_It is set in generous grounds with large trees giving shade and privacy. Despite the reduction in extent of its grounds and later building infill and encroachment, some remnant plantings give an idea of the grandeur of the former Newlands/Broughton Hall/House in its heyday. One mature and very tall Californian desert fan palm (Washingtonia robusta) and mature shrubs including Cotoneaster sp. and African olive (Olea europaea var.cuspidata) are near the house. Large trees include two silky oaks (Grevillea robusta), a large lemon-scented gum (Corymbia citriodora), Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifolia), paperbark (Melaleuca quinquenervia), golden Monterey cypress (Cupressus macrocarpa "Aurea Stricta", English oak (Quercus robur), Manchurian pear (Pyrus ussuriensis), bottlebrush (Callistemon, likely C.salignus) and jacaranda (Jacaranda mimosifolia)._NEWLINE_The property has high archaeologicla resesearch potential. The physical archaeological evidence within this area may include structural features, intact subfloor deposits, open deposits and scatters, ecological samples and individual artefacts which have potential to yield information about the life of Jane and Rev Thomas Marsden, relating to major historic themes including housing, persons, religion, cultural sites, land tenure, townships, agriculture and Welfare.Archaeological evidence at this site is likely to be largely intact, though subject to minor disturbance in some areas._NEWLINE_The physical condition of the property was reported as good as at 9 June 1999, although much altered and adapted. Broughton House is largely intact. The interior retains many of the original features. Some alterations have been made to accommodate Health Department requirements. Two faceted bows to the western side have been removed. _START_SECTION_ Heritage listing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Broughton House is an item of State significance, being a notable example of a Victorian Regency style house that reflects the social and economic status of the wealthier free settler who played an essential part in the establishment of New South Wales. It has strong associations with the Marsden family and the King's School. It has association with educational, religious, scientific and literary training through William Woolls School and Kings School. It is the sole remaining home of a series of quality residences which faced south over the Parramatta River such as the Vineyard (Subiaco), Newlands (Athole) Pemberton Grange and Waddon Estate (Palmer Family)._NEWLINE_It is a notable example of an Victorian Regency style house. It also has a strong association with the Marsden family and Kings School._NEWLINE_It is a picturesque house which is valued for its aesthetic attributes. It is an architecturally significant example of the Victorian Regency style. One of the few surviving early houses of Parramatta. It is important for its close associations with the prominent Marsden family for whom it was built and with the King's School which used the house for boarding pupils between 1908 and 1965. It is also important for its historic associations with the early development of Parramatta._NEWLINE_Broughton House was listed on the New South Wales State Heritage Register on 1 October 1999 having satisfied the following criteria._NEWLINE_The place is important in demonstrating the course, or pattern, of cultural or natural history in New South Wales._NEWLINE_Broughton House reflects the social and economic status of the wealthier free settler who played an essential part in the establishment of New South Wales. It is associated with important Marsden family and other prominent people such as Piter Campbell, William Woolls, Thomas Bowden, Percival Waddy and the Kings School. It is associated with the early development of Parramatta._NEWLINE_The place is important in demonstrating aesthetic characteristics and/or a high degree of creative or technical achievement in New South Wales._NEWLINE_Broughton House is a notable example of a Victorian Regency style house, set in large grounds. It demonstrates the importance of location and address, being sited on the north side of Parramatta River._NEWLINE_The place has strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group in New South Wales for social, cultural or spiritual reasons._NEWLINE_Broughton House is valued by the community, which is demonstrated by their concern for its future. It has strong ties with Kings School and was a place that educated many students between 1916 and 1942._NEWLINE_The place has potential to yield information that will contribute to an understanding of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales._NEWLINE_Broughton House provides an example of the interior and exterior construction materials and decoration of its time. It has archaeological potential to reveal details about the original garden layout, remnant structures and how the property was used over time. It has been suggested that Broughton House was designed by Verge._NEWLINE_The place possesses uncommon, rare or endangered aspects of the cultural or natural history of New South Wales._NEWLINE_Broughton House is the sole remaining home of a series of quality residences which faced south over the Parramatta River such as the Vineyard (Subiaco), Newlands (Athole), Pemberton Grange and Waddon Estate (Palmer Family)._NEWLINE_The place is important in demonstrating the principal characteristics of a class of cultural or natural places/environments in New South Wales._NEWLINE_Broughton House represents the type of residence constructed by the wealthier free settlers of NSW.

3331732895804320129

Q4976842

_START_ARTICLE_ Brown–Peterson task _START_PARAGRAPH_ In cognitive psychology, Brown–Peterson task (or Brown–Peterson procedure) refers to a cognitive exercise purposed for testing the limits of working memory capacity. The task is named for two notable experiments published in the 1950s in which it was first documented, the first by John Brown and the second by husband and wife team Lloyd and Margaret Peterson._NEWLINE_The task aims to test the quantity of objects that can be held in working memory while preventing participants from using mnemonics or other memory techniques separate from the working memory to increase recall capacity. In the experiment, participants view a sequence of three-letter constructs called trigrams, and are asked to perform simple algebraic computations such as counting backwards by 3s from 999 between each trigram. A trigram consists of 3 non-morphemic letters, the importance of which is that each letter represents a different independent object to be stored in working memory; therefore, trigrams avoid letter combinations that depict words or common acronyms. The algebraic computations are administered between trigrams to assure the participant isn't using mnemonic strategies to chunk the letters into a single object. Variants of the Brown–Peterson task are still used today, all with the same fundamental concept of administering items for the participant to remember whilst preventing the usage of additional cognitive resources to augment working memory. _START_SECTION_ Procedure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Brown–Peterson task refers to two studies published in the late 1950s that used similar procedures, one in 1958 by John Brown and a second in 1959 by Lloyd and Margaret Peterson._NEWLINE_The first experiment involved 24 psychology students at Indiana University at the time. The examiner proceeded by spelling a random three-letter nonsense syllable and then enunciating immediately afterwards a random three-digit number. The subject would then count backwards by some assigned number, either three or four, from the enunciated number._NEWLINE_After a set interval, a light signal was flashed to prompt the subject to cease verbally counting and to recall the random, three-letter nonsense syllable. The time interval between the enunciation by the examiner of the nonsense syllable (exposure to the syllable) and the signal prompt to the participant was known as the recall interval; the time interval between the signal prompt and the enunciation of the third letter by the participant was known as a latency._NEWLINE_In order to maintain reproducibility of results, each participant was tested eight times using each recall interval, which were 3, 6, 9, 12, and 15 seconds. In addition, each nonsense syllable appeared an equal number of times; the trials were split evenly in terms of counting by either three or four. No successive items contained the same letters, and the time between signal for recall and the next trial was always 15 seconds. In addition, the examiner and participant were instructed to enunciate in rhythm with a 120 BPM metronome, such that two letters or numbers were spoken per second._NEWLINE_The second experiment involved 48 psychology students from Indiana University. The exact procedure from the first experiment was followed for 24 of the students, but the other 24 were asked to repeat the stimulus (i.e., the nonsense syllable) aloud until the examiner stated the three-digit number. Therefore, the only difference between the two experiments was that there was a variable gap between the examiner's enunciation of the stimulus and the number, during which maintenance rehearsal took place. The inspiration behind this experiment was Brown's disbelief that repetition would strengthen the 'memory trace. The purpose of the second experiment was basically to prove or disprove this notion. However, the analysis of the study concluded that forgetting was found to progress at differential rates dependent upon the amount of rehearsal that took place'. _START_SECTION_ Interference _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are two types of interference:_NEWLINE_Retroactive interference: This type of interference occurs when new information disrupts the recall of old information._NEWLINE_Proactive interference: This type of interference occurs when old information disrupts the recall of new information._NEWLINE_Proactive interference affects participant performance in the Brown–Peterson task. The first time the students participate in the task, they show little loss of information. However, after multiple trials, the task becomes increasingly challenging when letters from the early trials are confused with letters in the current trial. _NEWLINE_Fortunately, proactive interference can be hindered if the information to be remembered is changed to a different type of information. For example, in the Brown–Peterson task there appeared to be little proactive interference when the participants switched from recalling letters to recalling numbers. _START_SECTION_ Rehearsal _START_PARAGRAPH_ A key aspect of the Brown–Peterson task is the fact that it blocks rehearsal, which is used to better recall items in short-term memory. Rehearsal is the concept of directing attention to material that was just learned. This way, it can lengthen the duration of one's short-term memory capacity. In order to accurately calculate the duration of short-term memory using the Brown–Peterson task, such a method must be blocked so as not to falsely increase an unaltered duration. There are two different types of rehearsal:_NEWLINE_Maintenance rehearsal: This method of rehearsal uses repetition of the items in memory. It is essentially "saying something repeatedly in order to keep it in mind". An example could be attempting to memorize a shopping list while out shopping for groceries. Instead of remembering to take the list out to the store, the shopper could leave it at home and proceed to repeat each word. As useful as this type of rehearsal may seem, it does not guarantee the ability to recall what was memorized after it is no longer rehearsed_NEWLINE_Elaborative rehearsal: This is type of rehearsal is also known as creative rehearsal. Elaborative rehearsal uses creativity to increase capacity of short-term memory and accurately recall items. Creating associations and connections between something significant to the person memorizing and the item(s) to be memorized is one example of elaborative rehearsal. Another example is the use of mnemonic devices, which are a creative way to mentally arrange the items to be memorized._NEWLINE_Three key words in rehearsal are Association, Location, and Imagination. Association is an important factor in rehearsal, as it is the part of elaborative rehearsal where people make connections with the items and things significant to them. This helps increase capacity of short-term memory as they are recalling items with the help of something meaningful to them. Location is another factor, as incorporating location into what they are trying to memorize may be another association to a significant location in particular, thus making the item much easier to recall. Finally, imagination is essentially the creativity of elaborative rehearsal. It combines creativity with the items to recall in such a way that makes them easiest to recall.

5020789002996556311

Q4976012

_START_ARTICLE_ Brown & Bryant, Inc. (Arvin Plant) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brown & Bryant Inc. was a chemical distribution company located in Arvin, California in Kern County. The land the company operated on is designated as a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Superfund cleanup site. The company was a formulator of agricultural chemicals including fertilizers, herbicides, insecticides, and fumigants._NEWLINE_Brown & Bryant operated from the 1960s until 1989. The company stored and distributed various chemicals on the site, including the herbicide dinoseb, which was sold by Dow Chemicals, and the pesticides D-D and Nemagon, both sold by Shell Oil Company. During its years of operation in Arvin, there were numerous chemical spills, equipment failures, and leaks that led to many of the chemicals seeping into the soil and upper levels of the groundwater. In 1979, an evaporation pond was built onto the site. On at least two occasions under heavy rainfall the pond received pesticide rinse water and surface runoff from the site. In 1989 the company went out of business and ceased all operations._NEWLINE_Investigation of the Site in the 1980s by both the California Department of Toxic Substances Control and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) showed significant contamination of the soil and groundwater. The nearest public well in Arvin is located about 1,700 ft. south and down gradient of the operating site. The public water system in Arvin supplies drinking water to approximately 7,800 people and irrigates about 19,600 acres of surrounding cropland._NEWLINE_In 1988, as ordered by the State, Brown & Bryant excavated heavily contaminated soil underneath their pond and installed a liner. The removed soil was then cleaned and treated and returned to the ground using an innovate technology called ultraviolet/ozone. _NEWLINE_In 1989, the EPA’s emergency response program began to evaluate the need to conduct removal action at the site; and Brown & Bryant Inc. was placed on the Superfund List. The following year the EPA began to look into and develop long term solutions to the groundwater and soil contamination problems at the site. EPA decided to consolidate the contaminated soil, install a cap over this consolidated soil, and extract and treat water from the first water bearing unit. To remediate the groundwater EPA planned to extract and treat groundwater in the A-zone, which was the source of contamination to the B-zone. _START_SECTION_ Supreme Court Decision _START_PARAGRAPH_ Following Brown & Bryant’s closure in 1989 the EPA and the State undertook the cleanup efforts at the site and looked to apportion some of the costs onto two railroad companies who had leased the land to Brown & Bryant. The United States sued both the Union Pacific Railroad and the Burlington Northern & Santa Fe Railing Company (BNSF), under the "Superfund Law" or the Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (CERCLA). Before the Supreme Court decision, they settled with the EPA to pay nearly $1 million for cleanup costs. The Supreme Court ruled that the railroad companies were to pay nine percent of the total cost of cleanup._NEWLINE_The United States also sued Shell because they had delivered the chemical products to the Brown & Bryant site. Shell Oil Company maintained that it was not responsible for the cleanup and the Supreme Court ruled in their favor, clearing them of having to share the cost of cleaning up the toxic site.

12859965477105595145

Q975125

_START_ARTICLE_ Browndell, Texas _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Browndell is located in northern Jasper County at 31°7′13″N 93°58′55″W (31.120251, -93.982003). U.S. Route 96 runs along the western border of the city, leading south 15 miles (24 km) to Jasper, the county seat, and north 9 miles (14 km) to Pineland. The community is 2 miles (3 km) east of the Sam Rayburn Reservoir._NEWLINE_According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 2.4 square miles (6.3 km²), all of it land. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Browndell is served by the Brookeland Independent School District.

8073341553457918299

Q4977899

_START_ARTICLE_ Bruce Logan (rower) _START_SECTION_ Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Logan was born at Chesterton, Cambridge, the son of John Maxwell Samuel Logan and his wife Alice Mary Bullard. He became a member of Thames Rowing Club and in 1909 and 1911 was a member of the crew that won the Stewards' Challenge Cup at Henley Royal Regatta. Also in the 1911 regatta, Logan and Charles Rought dead heated in a heat of Silver Goblets against the eventual winners Julius Beresford and Arthur Cloutte to set a course record which lasted until 1934. A year later in 1912 Rought and Logan won Silver Goblets. He was the strokeman of the Thames Rowing Club coxed four which won the silver medal for Great Britain rowing at the 1912 Summer Olympics.

8209480763141436624

Q4978267

_START_ARTICLE_ Bruce Scott (Australian politician) _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Scott was born in Roma, Queensland, and was a wool and grain grower before entering politics. He was educated at the Anglican Church Grammar School in Brisbane. Before entering politics, Scott was president of the Queensland Merino Stud Sheep Breeders Association, president of the Maranoa Graziers' Association and president of the Australian Association of Stud Merino Breeders. He was a Nuffield Farming Scholar in 1983._NEWLINE_Scott was first elected in 1990, and has held this safely conservative seat without serious difficulty since then. Maranoa has been in Country/National hands for all but three years since 1921, and without interruption since 1943. He currently holds the seat with a majority of 22.3 percent, the second-safest seat in Australia._NEWLINE_He was a member of the Opposition Shadow Ministry 1992–96. He was Minister for Veterans' Affairs from 1996 to 1998, and Minister for Veterans' Affairs and Minister Assisting the Minister for Defence from 1998 to 2001._NEWLINE_Following the resignation of Harry Jenkins as Speaker of the House on 24 November 2011, Scott was nominated for the position of Deputy Speaker of the House by Liberal MP Christopher Pyne. Scott accepted the nomination and a ballot took place, installing Anna Burke as the Deputy Speaker of the House. Following the resignation of Peter Slipper as Speaker on 9 October 2012, Burke was elected as his replacement. Scott was nominated by Pyne as Deputy; with his nomination seconded by Tony Windsor. Scott defeated Steve Georganas in a ballot._NEWLINE_Scott announced on 3 August 2015 that he would not stand in the next election.

16531435665961163047

Q2926720

_START_ARTICLE_ Bruno Côté _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bruno Côté was born in Quebec City in August 1940. His youth in a family where art held a strong significance encouraged the development of his artistic talents. He joined the family's publicity business in 1957. In 1978 he moved to Baie-Saint-Paul, where he held his first important solo exhibition. In 1980 he began to travel, painting landscapes in many different regions of Canada._NEWLINE_Bruno Côté is represented by art galleries across Canada. Such art galleries have been for example, in the Chateau Laurier hotel of Ottawa Canada. In 2008 the Canadian Parliament gave Côté's painting, The Portage Trail to the Parliament of Scotland to mark the opening of the Scottish Parliament Building._NEWLINE_Côté died on June 30, 2010 in Baie-Saint-Paul, after prostate cancer had metastasized.

391991529932614501

Q994964

_START_ARTICLE_ Bryan Berard _START_SECTION_ Playing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berard was drafted first overall by the Ottawa Senators in the 1995 NHL Entry Draft. As the first overall pick - and with the Senators blue line among the weaker in the league, Berard felt he was going to step right into the National Hockey League. However, after his first training camp with the team, he was reassigned back to Junior hockey and Berard had concerns about the team's management. Concerned about his development with the club, Berard requested a trade. In January 1996, the Senators traded him in a three-team trade with the New York Islanders and Toronto Maple Leafs that saw his rights, along with those of Wade Redden, Martin Straka, Kirk Muller, Ken Belanger, Don Beaupre and Damian Rhodes move between the three teams._NEWLINE_Berard joined the Islanders for 1996-97 season and made an impact right away. With 48 points in his rookie season, he led all defensemen on the Islanders in scoring and finished 9th league-wide for blue liners. He was rewarded for his efforts in 1997 by winning the Calder Trophy as the top rookie player in the NHL, edging out Jarome Iginla for the honor. He also played for the United States in the 1998 Winter Olympics. After four years on Long Island, he was traded to the Toronto Maple Leafs in exchange for goaltender Felix Potvin._NEWLINE_Berard put up 19 points in 38 games with the Maple Leafs following the trade then suited up for 17 more contests in the post season. In his second year with the club, he had 30 points in 64 games when tragedy struck. On March 11, 2000, during a game between the Maple Leafs and the Senators in Ottawa, the stick of the Senators' Marian Hossa clipped Berard in the right eye on a follow through, severely injuring it. The eye was severely slashed on the sclera which resulted in a retinal tear and a detached retina. In the hospital room after the incident, after being told he might lose his eye, Berard reportedly told his friends that he would play hockey again. Despite being optimistic about his future in hockey, he ended up receiving a $6.5 million settlement from his insurance company, what many considered to be a career-ending settlement._NEWLINE_Berard missed the 2000-01 season and underwent seven eye operations, improving his vision in the eye to 20/600. He started working out again in April 2001 and started skating again months thereafter. Berard was later fitted with a contact lens that allowed him to meet the league's minimum vision requirement of 20/400._NEWLINE_When it became apparent that he might play again, the Maple Leafs stated they were interested in his services, but Berard opted to play for a team that was currently rebuilding and was a bit closer to his home of Woonsocket, Rhode Island. Upon signing a tryout contract with the New York Rangers, he returned his insurance settlement and risked a comeback to the NHL. He played well enough that his tryout contract turned into a $2 million contract for the 2001–02 season, plus two one-year options that could have turned it into a $9.75 million pact. However, he was released by the Rangers after a disappointing season where he only scored 2 goals and 23 points despite playing in all 82 games for the Rangers._NEWLINE_Berard then inked a one-year deal to join the Boston Bruins. With Boston, Berard began to return to his pre-injury form posting ten goals and 38-points, his highest total since his second year in the league. Despite his success, the Bruins balked when an arbitrator awarded Berard a $2.51 million contract and they walked away from the ruling, making him an unrestricted free agent._NEWLINE_The Chicago Blackhawks offered him a $2.01 million deal and signed him to a one-year contract. In Chicago, Berard's game continued to improve and he finished the year second on the team in scoring with 47-points, just one off his career best. He capped his year by being awarded the Bill Masterton Trophy for his dedication to hockey. With his career seemingly on the upswing, the Blackhawks and Berard agreed on a one-year $3 million contract for the 2004-05 campaign. Blackhawks General Manager Bob Pulford was eager to have him back:"His point production was right up there with the best defensemen. He excels on the power play and that's a huge part of the game now. It was important for us to get him under contract." But the season was ultimately cancelled due to labour unrest in the league and with a new General Manager replacing Bob Pulford during the cancelled season, Berard was not tendered an offer for the 2005-06 season._NEWLINE_As a free agent, Berard landed a two-year deal from the Columbus Blue Jackets. Columbus GM Doug MacLean felt that Berard's skillset was a perfect fit for his club. "Bryan brings a level of speed to our blue line that we've never had in the past," Columbus general manager Doug MacLean said. "With a more wide-open game coming in the NHL, Bryan should really flourish and we're excited about what he adds to our hockey team." Unfortunately for Berard, while he had overcome the limitations of his vision to become a solid offensive defensemen, his time in Columbus would be marred by troubles with his back. His first season with the Jackets saw him post impressive numbers with 12-goals and 32-points in just 44 games but a back injury - and subsequent surgery - shut him down in March. In October, when he should have been gearing up for his second year with the club, he had another surgery to repair a herniated disc in his back and managed to play just eleven games with the Jackets. In late February, just before the trade deadline, the team waived Berard, ending his time in Columbus._NEWLINE_Berard accepted an invitation to attend training camp for the 2007–08 season with the New York Islanders. He performed well enough to earn a one-year contract with the Islanders at the conclusion of training camp. In his first game back with the first NHL team he ever played for, Berard scored the game-winning goal against another of his former teams, the rival New York Rangers in a 2–1 Islander victory. However, from there it was downhill and Berard managed just five-goals and 22-points while posting an -17 plus/minus rating._NEWLINE_Prior to the start of the 2008–09 NHL season, Berard was invited to training camp with the Philadelphia Flyers. He was not offered a contract despite tallying 2 assists in Philadelphia's final game in Wachovia Spectrum. Berard signed on November 16, 2008, with Vityaz Chekhov of the Kontinental Hockey League (KHL). He scored 17 points in 25 games played._NEWLINE_Berard retired after the 2008–09 season. _START_SECTION_ Post retirement _START_PARAGRAPH_ Berard lives in Greenwich Village, Manhattan. He appeared in 2011 on the Battle of the Blades, a CBC Television program. _START_SECTION_ Positive drug test _START_PARAGRAPH_ In early 2006, it was revealed that he had tested positive for an anabolic steroid known as 19-norandrosterone, in a drug test he had taken in November 2005. He was the first NHL player to ever test positive for steroids. The NHL did not hand down any form of suspension to Berard, as they did not administer the test, but he was banned from international play for two years effective January 3, 2006. Berard said after the incident, "I made a mistake that resulted in a suspension and, while unintentional, I take full responsibility. I became aware of this problem after the fact, and for that I am disappointed in myself."

4589876289189400483

Q4980591

_START_ARTICLE_ Bryant Johnson _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Johnson attended Baltimore City College high school, excelling at football, basketball, and track. He was selected first-team all-state and the 1998 Baltimore Touchdown Club’s offensive player-of-the-year from the Knight's football team, Johnson also anchored a winning relay team at the Penn Relays for the school's track team. _START_SECTION_ College career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Johnson was a star wide receiver for Penn State, starting his final two years. He was the sixth player in PSU history to catch more than 100 career passes, and finished second all-time with 2,008 career receiving yards._NEWLINE_Johnson earned a Bachelor of Arts in sociology from Penn State University in 2005. _START_SECTION_ Arizona Cardinals _START_PARAGRAPH_ Johnson played three years predominantly as the Cardinals' third option receiver, playing mainly out of the slot receiver role, due to Anquan Boldin and Larry Fitzgerald being higher on the depth chart. His 35 catches in 2003 was the third most receptions for a rookie (his teammate Anquan Boldin had the most receptions for a rookie that year). In his 5-year career with the Cardinals he caught 210 passes for 2675 yards and 9 touchdowns._NEWLINE_Johnson scored the inaugural touchdown at University of Phoenix Stadium, a 5-yard reception from Kurt Warner in the Arizona Cardinals preseason game on August 12, 2006. _START_SECTION_ San Francisco 49ers _START_PARAGRAPH_ Johnson signed a one-year deal with the San Francisco 49ers on March 14, 2008. He had 45 receptions for 546 yards and three touchdowns the 2008 season, his fifth straight season with 40 or more receptions. In his tenure with the 49ers, he changed his jersey number from 80 to 82 in respect of retired 49ers WR Jerry Rice, whose jersey number 80 was retired in his honor. _START_SECTION_ Detroit Lions _START_PARAGRAPH_ On February 28, 2009 Johnson signed a 3-year $9 million deal with the Detroit Lions. He was released on July 28, 2011. _START_SECTION_ Houston Texans _START_PARAGRAPH_ Johnson signed with the Houston Texans on August 29, 2011._NEWLINE_He re-signed with the Texans on July 26, 2012. On August 27, he was released by the team.

11747377305095260349

Q4981166

_START_ARTICLE_ Bryson High School (Bryson, Texas) _START_SECTION_ Athletics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bryson Cowboys compete in these sports - _NEWLINE_Cross Country, Volleyball, 6-Man Football, Basketball, Softball & Baseball

6682471541833082542

Q4982178

_START_ARTICLE_ Bubba Starling _START_SECTION_ Amateur career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starling graduated in 2011 from Gardner Edgerton High School in Gardner, Kansas. Starling was an All-State selection in three different sports at Gardner-Edgerton. He earned first team Top 11 picks as a quarterback in all classifications in Kansas two years in a row. He was rated as high as the No. 6 quarterback in the class of 2011 and No. 112 in the nation for high school football recruits and was also touted as the No. 1 ranked baseball recruit in the nation._NEWLINE_Starling started three years at quarterback for Gardner-Edgerton's football team, and during his junior year he led the Trailblazers to the 2009 Kansas 5A State Championship game, which was won by Hutchinson. After his senior year, he was considered one of the top quarterback prospects in the nation. Starling accepted a scholarship to play both football and baseball for the Nebraska Cornhuskers._NEWLINE_Starling was also a member of Kansas's high school All-State team in basketball. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Kansas City Royals of Major League Baseball (MLB) selected Starling with the fifth overall selection in the 2011 Major League Baseball draft. He had widely been considered to be the most athletic prospect in the draft. On August 14, 2011, Starling signed a $7.5 million, three-year contract with the Kansas City Royals, opting to play professional baseball over a collegiate athletic career for the University of Nebraska. The $7.5 million signing bonus was the second largest in draft history. It was also the largest ever for a high school player and represented the most guaranteed money ever given to a high school player. Starling was represented by agent Scott Boras._NEWLINE_Starling made his professional debut in 2012 with the Burlington Royals and spent the whole season there, batting .275 with ten home runs and 33 RBIs in 53 games. In 2013, he played for the Lexington Legends where he compiled a .241 batting average with 13 home runs and 63 RBIs in 125 games, and in 2014, he played with the Wilmington Blue Rocks where he batted .218 with nine home runs and 54 RBIs in 132 games. Starling spent 2015 with both Wilmington and the Northwest Arkansas Naturals, compiling a combined .269 batting average with 12 home runs and 44 RBIs in 103 total games between both clubs._NEWLINE_The Royals added Starling to their 40-man roster after the 2015 season. He began 2016 with Northwest Arkansas and was promoted to the AAA Omaha Storm Chasers in July. In 109 games between the two teams he batted .183 with seven home runs and 40 RBIs. Starling spent 2017 with Omaha where he slashed .248/.303/.381 with seven home runs and 21 RBIs in 80 games._NEWLINE_Starling began 2018 with Omaha, but was sidelined for most of the season with injuries. Between his time in Omaha and rehabilitation stints with the Arizona League Royals and the Idaho Falls Chukars, Starling appeared in only 20 total games, hitting .296 with four homers and 11 RBIs. On November 30, 2018, the Royals non-tendered Starling, making him a free agent. On December 17, the Royals re-signed Starling to a minor league deal. He was again assigned to Omaha to start the 2019 season. He was selected to play on the Pacific Coast League in the 2019 Triple-A All-Star Game. _START_SECTION_ Kansas City Royals _START_PARAGRAPH_ On July 12, 2019, the Royals selected Starling's contract and promoted him to the major leagues. He made his major league debut that night versus the Detroit Tigers. Starling collected his first career hit, and RBI single off the Tigers' Matthew Boyd, the following night. On July 21, 2019 Starling hit his first career MLB home run off of Cleveland Indians closer, Brad Hand. _START_SECTION_ Personal _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starling was born and raised in Gardner, Kansas where his mother had also been a three-sport athlete at Gardner-Edgerton High School. His father had played basketball at nearby Wellsville High School.

5578762678980039032

Q1185425

_START_ARTICLE_ Buck Buchanan _START_SECTION_ High school years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buchanan attended A. H. Parker High School in Birmingham, Alabama, and was a standout in football and basketball. _START_SECTION_ College years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buchanan attended Grambling College in Louisiana and was a letterman in football and an NAIA All-America selection. He was inducted into the College Football Hall of Fame in 1996. He is one of four Grambling State players, Willie Brown, Willie Davis, and Charlie Joiner coached by Eddie Robinson enshrined in the Pro Football Hall of Fame. _START_SECTION_ Professional career _START_PARAGRAPH_ For the 1963 NFL Draft, Buchanan was selected 265th overall in the 19th round by the New York Giants. The 6 ft 7 in (2.01 m) 287 lb (130 kg) Buchanan was the first overall selection in the AFL Draft by the Kansas City Chiefs. Eddie Robinson, his coach at Grambling State, where he had been an NAIA All-American in 1962, called him "the finest lineman I have seen." Buchanan was the first black number one draft choice in Professional Football. _NEWLINE_Others who had watched Buchanan in action were equally enthusiastic. Buchanan had the physical size plus the athletic instincts to be exceptionally successful at his job of foiling opposing offenses. He was particularly effective at intimidating the passer and in one season alone (1967) he batted down 16 passes at or behind the line of scrimmage. He was clocked at 4.9 in the 40-yard dash and 10.2 in the 100-yard dash at Grambling State and with that speed he could range from sideline to sideline to make tackles._NEWLINE_In spite of the weekly pounding he took on the line of scrimmage, Buchanan was extremely durable. He played in 182 career games that included a string of 166 straight. After dabbling briefly at defensive end as a rookie, Buchanan settled down to his permanent job as the Chiefs' defensive right tackle. He was named to his first AFL All-Star Game after his second season and played in six AFL All-Star games and two AFC-NFC Pro Bowls._NEWLINE_He teamed with Curley Culp, Aaron Brown and Jerry Mays to establish a dominant front four for the Chiefs, culminating in their victory over the Minnesota Vikings in Super Bowl IV, when they allowed Viking runners only 67 yards rushing in 19 carries and 172 net passing yards, Buchanan in particular dominating the opposing center, Mick Tingelhoff, a 5-time AP first-team All-Pro selection up to that 1969 season, as handily as the left guard, Jim Vellone._NEWLINE_He was selected to the second team of the AFL All-Time Team, and was inducted into the Alabama Sports Hall of Fame in 1987 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 1990. Two years later, he died from lung cancer at the age of 51._NEWLINE_In 1999, he was ranked number 67 on The Sporting News' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players, right behind his former Chiefs teammate Bobby Bell at number 66. The Chiefs also retired his uniform number 86. _START_SECTION_ Death _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buchanan was diagnosed with lung cancer a week before his Hall of Fame induction and died at age 51 in his Kansas City home on July 16, 1992. He left behind a son, Flash Russo.

11567653460107252805

Q1000616

_START_ARTICLE_ Budapest Marathon _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Like many sports, running in Hungary was limited to professional athletes only. With the growing popularity of marathons in other countries, in 1984 BSI decided to hold a "marathon for everyone", where amateur runners could participate too. The event would be held in spring. A half marathon and a shorter race for school children was also held alongside the event. This would continue until 1996, when the Budapest Half Marathon became an independent race._NEWLINE_The first edition of the marathon consisted of two loops, 21 km each. 625 men and 25 women from 18 countries reached the finish line. The results of the race can still be found on the marathon's official website. The official sponsor of the event was the IBUSZ travel agency, which remained for the next ten years._NEWLINE_In 1986 the Budapest Marathon became an AIMS member, the first one in Eastern Europe. The prize for winning the race was a trip to New York to participate in the New York City Marathon, provided the winner finishes under 2:18 (man) or 2:40 (woman)._NEWLINE_In 1987, with full AIMS membership, the race attracted more international participants and the number of runners passed 1000. This was also the first time that every finisher received a medal._NEWLINE_In 1993 the official sponsor was changed to Mars. Fred Lebow, the founder of the New York City Marathon and of Hungarian origin was the guest star of the event (he ran a half marathon)._NEWLINE_The marathon was not held in 1994 and 1995 due to financial difficulties. In 1996, the marathon event was moved to autumn, while the half marathon remained in spring. The sponsor was changed to Kaiser's-Plus._NEWLINE_In 2009 Spar bought Plus, which meant the marathon's name was also changed to "Spar Budapest Marathon", which it remains. This year saw over 13,000 participants, with 2,388 running the full length. The number of people increased every year, so in 2016 there were over 28,000 participants, with 4,969 running the whole marathon._NEWLINE_In the early history of the race, it was known as the Csepeli Nemzetközi Maraton (Csepel International Marathon). It obtained its current name in 1984. _START_SECTION_ Organization _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Budapest Marathon is managed by BSI, led by Árpád Kocsis. BSI is an acronym for "Budapest Sport Bureau". The organization always needs to delicately position itself to produce profit, while at the same time keep politicians happy. Almost every marathon has either the mayor or a minister as the "main patron" of the event. Budapest has a loud group of people that don't want the race to be held in the city center (due to the road closures that inevitably occur), which forces BSI always to be close to the party currently in power. _START_SECTION_ The Race _START_PARAGRAPH_ The course of the marathon changes every year, but the main routes usually remain. The race center is situated at the Városliget (City Park). The race starts in Hősök tere (Heroes' Square), and due to the large number of participants a "zoned start" is implemented, where each subsequent zone starts a little bit later. It takes more than 15 minutes for the runners from the last zone to cross the starting line._NEWLINE_The marathon passes through two UNESCO World Heritage sites. It also crosses the Danube several times. There are many music performers along the route. While there are usually crowds along the route, there are several "crowd support points" where large groups of people cheer. These points are well organized (usually near metro stations) so that people can go from one point to another quickly and find their friend or family member that is running._NEWLINE_Each year, the organizer prepares a video (available on Youtube) where you can see the entire track in 5 compressed minutes._NEWLINE_After the race is over, competitors can bathe their aching feet in the Széchenyi thermal bath (usually for free thought this can change). _START_SECTION_ Race Times _START_PARAGRAPH_ Among men, the time of 2:15:04 time from 1984, set by Zoltán Kiss, is still a record. Among women, Simona Staicu has the best time ever, she was able to stand on the podium four times and in 2010 she completed the distance in 2:37:47.

13933132277094339820

Q538406

_START_ARTICLE_ Buergbrennen _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buergbrennen is a celebration centred on a huge bonfire which takes place on the first Sunday in Lent in Luxembourg and surrounding areas. In Germany it is called Burgbrennen, in France and Belgium it is known as the dimanche des Brandons. It is based on old traditions representing the end of winter and the coming of spring. _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The word buerg or burg originates from the Latin burere to burn. In the south of Belgium, the day is still known as dimanche des Bures. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The burning of fires apparently originated with pagan feasts in connection with the spring solstice on 21 March. The current tradition of holding it on the first Sunday of Lent is therefore probably an approximation based on the Christian calendar. While the tradition is waning in Belgium, France and Germany, since the 1930s Luxembourg has revived the Buergbrennen festivities with some 75% of villages celebrating the occasion. Originally the bonfire seems simply to have consisted of a heap of wood and straw but as time went by, a central pillar of tree branches was introduced. A crosspiece was later attached near the top of the pillar, giving it the appearance of a cross._NEWLINE_The buergbrennen was once celebrated only by the men in the village, women only being admitted under exceptional circumstances. The most recently married men played a special role, the honour of lighting the fire falling on the last man to have wed. But the newly-weds also had the responsibility of collecting wood for the fire or paying others to assist in the work. At the end of the festivities, they were expected to entertain those taking part, either at home or in local inns. The tradition began to die out in the 19th century because of the high costs involved, but in the 20th century local authorities revived the tradition, taking over responsibility for the arrangements and the costs involved. _START_SECTION_ Buergbrennen today _START_PARAGRAPH_ The local authorities or youth organisations usually make the arrangements for the Buergbrennen. They collect wood, often old Christmas trees, from the inhabitants and make the buerg or bonfire, usually on the top of a neighbouring hill and clad with hay to ensure rapid burning. There is often a cross rising high above the centre of the fire. Torchlight processions to the bonfire sometimes take place and there are usually stands for food and drink. The firemen are present to ensure against accidents. In some areas, the most recently married couple have the honour of lighting the fire.

9143671306141432570

Q4986918

_START_ARTICLE_ Bukit Marak _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bukit Marak (literally Shining Hill) is a village in Bachok, Kelantan, Malaysia, located about 24 kilometres (15 mi) south of the state capital Kota Bharu. It is famous as the childhood home of Puteri Saadong, and thus has great significance in the history of the Sultanate of Kelantan._NEWLINE_The village derives its name from a local hill, one of the last hillocks in the district. The hill has some attractions for tourists, and draws thousands of visitors every weekend both for hiking and for sightseeing. Among these are a famous pool in which Puteri Saadong was believed to have bathed, and three granite rocks at the peak of the hill resembling Puteri Saadong's favourite musical instrument. However, the hill is being negatively affected by excavation of soil for use in land reclamation; local villagers are said to be selling soil from the hill at RM40 for one lorry-load. Aside from the damage to the historical site, this also may introduce the danger of mudslides and landslides during the monsoon season. The state government has offered to purchase the hill from its owners in accordance with the National Heritage Act 2005, in order to prevent further damage.

5134722127373383826

Q19917338

_START_ARTICLE_ Bumerang-BM _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ The turret is designed by the KBP Instrument Design Bureau. _START_SECTION_ Armament _START_PARAGRAPH_ The main armament is the 2A42 30 mm auto cannon with 500 rounds consisting of 160 AP and 340 HE shells with effective firing ranges of 4,000 m (2.5 mi) and 1,500 m respectively, along with a coaxial 7.62 mm PKT machine gun with 2,000 rounds._NEWLINE_The turret has a pair of Kornet-EM anti-tank guided missiles (ATGMs) on either side, enabling it to salvo fire two missiles at once, either at separate targets or to "double tap" the same one to overwhelm active protection systems._NEWLINE_The turret comes with a wide range of modern sensory, target acquisition and target tracking equipment which can engage targets day and night at maximum range of 5,500 m (3.4 mi).

11976084096984793332

Q4997876

_START_ARTICLE_ Bunny Sterling _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born Basil Sylvester Sterling in Jamaica, he moved with his parents to live in London at the age of six._NEWLINE_Managed by George Francis, he made his professional debut in September 1966, losing on points to Joe Devitt. After also losing his next two fights, he gained his first win in December, with a points decision over Fess Parker. _NEWLINE_In May 1968, he unsuccessfully challenged for Johnny Kramer's Southern Area middleweight title, losing narrowly on points. The two fought again for the title in December, this time Sterling taking the win after a cut to Kramer led to the fight being stopped. In his next four fights, he lost three (to former British champion Wally Swift, Harry Scott, and Dick Duffy) and drew one (with Nessim Max Cohen), but in January and May 1970 respectively, beat Dennis Pleace and Scott in eliminators to get a shot at the British middleweight title. At this time he was studying Law as well as pursuing a boxing career._NEWLINE_He won the British and Commonwealth middleweight titles on 8 September 1970 at Wembley Stadium in London, stopping Mark Rowe at the end of the fourth round due to a cut. Although he had been allowed to compete for the British title based on his residency, he didn't become a British citizen until 20 October 1970, which also gave him eligibility to fight for the European title. He successfully defended his Commonwealth title in November 1970 against Kahu Mahanga._NEWLINE_Later in 1970, Sterling was charged with using threatening behaviour and driving offences. After his original court hearing was adjourned after he arrived late, he was allowed to travel to Australia in January 1971 to defend his Commonwealth title against Tony Mundine, the fight ending in a draw. After failing to attend court for the reconvened hearing, a warrant was issued for his arrest in February 1971. When he was eventually tried in April that year, he pleaded guilty and was fined £38 with £50 costs._NEWLINE_He made a third defence of the Commonwealth title in March 1971, taking a unanimous decision against Johan Louw in Edmonton. Wins over Billy Douglas, former world welterweight champion Luis Manuel Rodríguez, and former European champion Tom Bogs followed, before he got his first shot at the European title in December, challenging defending champion Jean Claude Bouttier. Bouttier knocked him out in the fourteenth round to retain the title._NEWLINE_Sterling lost the Commonwealth title in April 1972, Tony Mundine stopping him in the fifteenth and final round in Brisbane. Sterling made successful defences of his British title against Phil Matthews in September 1972, Don McMillan in January 1973, and Rowe in April 1973, to win the Lonsdale Belt outright. With the European title becoming vacant, Sterling got a second shot at it in November 1973 against Elio Calcabrini in San Remo. The Italian took the title on points._NEWLINE_Sterling lost the British title in his fourth defence, Kevin Finnegan taking a points decision in February 1974. When Finnegan vacated, he took the chance to win it back, stopping reigning light-middleweight champion Maurice Hope in the eighth round in June 1975. He vacated the title to once again challenge for the European title._NEWLINE_In February 1976, he stopped Frank Reiche in the thirteenth round at the Sporthalle, Alsterdorf to become European champion. He made one defence of the title, losing a unanimous decision to Angelo Jacopucci in Milan four months later._NEWLINE_Sterling had three further fights, his last a points defeat to Mustafa Wasajja in November 1977, before retiring in 1978.

6720527034871463963

Q20686129

_START_ARTICLE_ Bur oak blight _START_SECTION_ Hosts and symptoms _START_PARAGRAPH_ The host for this disease is the bur oak, Quercus macrocarpa. Research shows that Q. macrocarpa var. olivaeformis tends to be the most susceptible to the pathogen, but the more common and widespread Q. macrocarpa var. macrocarpa has also been affected by BOB. Q. macrocarpa var. olivaeformis has a range centered in the state of Iowa and is characterized by acorns that are olive shaped and smaller than the acorns of other susceptible varieties. The range of BOB is centered in the state of Iowa, however, it has also recently been confirmed in southern Minnesota._NEWLINE_When affected by the disease, the oak develops vein necrosis confined to the leaf midvein and major lateral veins, eventually causing leaf death. Symptoms typically start in the lower crown of the tree and eventually spread to the entire tree. If this disease persists for many years, there can be lasting effects. One example is the possible loss of food reserves. This can leave the tree susceptible to greater insect predation, secondary infections from other pathogens, and death. A distinguishing characteristic of T. iowensis is the formation of black crustose asexual fruiting bodies at the base of the petioles that are retained until the following year. These distinctive fruiting bodies are pycnothyria (conidiomata) with radiating setae-like hyphae that form along the necrotic veins. _START_SECTION_ Disease cycle _START_PARAGRAPH_ For the purposes of this description of BOB the disease cycle will start in the springtime. In the spring, black crustose conidiomata (pychnothyria) that have served as the overwintering mechanism of the disease release conidia. These spores are dispersed in a number of ways, most commonly in the presence of moisture, be it heavy rain or morning dew. Conidia are also easily wind dispersed. The spores land on healthy leaves and the process of infection begins. Symptoms don’t start to appear on the leaves until late in the summer months, July and August. As autumn approaches BOB forms pychnothyria along leaf veins and on the base of the leaf petioles that remain on the tree until spring. The petiole forms an abscission layer but pustules under the epidermis form possibly causing leaf retention. This prepares the disease for winter and the cycle repeats. Secondary infection could occur during abnormally wet periods during the summer giving this pathogen’s polycyclic potential. A polycyclic pathogen is one that is able to go through several infection cycles in one season. _START_SECTION_ Environment _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or NOAA, over the previous two decades the state of Iowa has received more early season rainfall than in years past. This increase in moisture may be what is leading to a more favorable environment for BOB to flourish in. It is unknown if the observed disease is caused by a new pathogen or if the conditions are simply more favorable for the existing pathogen to thrive. Several changes have been documented in the Iowa annual cycles including warmer nighttime temperatures, more humidity, more spring and summer rainfall, and a shift from the normal late season precipitation. In the latter part of April and into May rains help BOB during its most critical period by slashing conidia from the crustose pychnothyria on the upper surface of the leaf. The amount of rainfall during this critical time of year has been higher than the normal averages since 1895. They also report that there have been no droughts in Iowa from 1989–2011. This increase in moisture is thought to be responsible for the buildup of primary inoculum. Repeated defoliations due to high concentrations of BOB conidia will eventually lead to a depletion of the bur oak’s food reserves and ultimately cause death. _START_SECTION_ Management _START_PARAGRAPH_ When left untreated, BOB will often kill the infected tree. Management is thus an important implication when discussing this disease. Due to the fact that BOB overwinters on leaf petioles that stay on the tree, removing fallen infected leaves will do little in terms of disease control. One proven method of attacking the pathogen is the introduction of a fungicide. Macro injections of the fungicide Alamo™ (Propiconazole (K)) have been shown to be effective on a two-year rotation. Dosage should be carefully monitored, as there are some phytotoxic effects. _START_SECTION_ Importance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The impact of BOB reaches many aspects of the regions in which it is found. First is the impact on the wildlife that live around the oaks. Bur oaks, along with other oak species, are prolific acorn producers during mast years. Many birds and mammals use the acorns of the oak as a source of nutrition. Declining bur oak populations could also wreak havoc on wildlife populations that are dependent on acorns for food. These organisms would either have to find another food source, move to a new area, or may perish due to a lack of resources._NEWLINE_The loss of these oaks can also cause costly problems in city management. Dead Bur Oak trees pose a problem for the upkeep of urban areas. At $1000/ tree a tree for removal, costs can add up fast. In the state of Iowa, removal can reach over $700,000 trees a year. With the cost of replacing the trees and other needs, the total cost can reach over $964,548,000. This is obviously a large sum that could hurt the economies of the areas affected.

7321492617624825934

Q2906424

_START_ARTICLE_ Bureau of Ordnance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bureau of Ordnance (BuOrd) was the U.S. Navy's organization responsible for the procurement, storage, and deployment of all naval weapons, between the years 1862 and 1959. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Congress established the Bureau in the Department of the Navy by an act of July 5, 1862 (12 Stat. 510), which transferred the hydrographic functions of the Navy's Bureau of Ordnance and Hydrography (1842–1862) to the newly established Bureau of Navigation._NEWLINE_During the early 20th century, BuOrd became involved in the development of aerial weapons. This often led to friction with the Bureau of Aeronautics (BuAer), which had responsibility for the development of Naval aircraft. BuAer's work on "pilotless aircraft," or drones, conflicted with BuOrd's development of guided missiles. After World War II, the Navy examined ways to improve coordination between the two bureaus; ultimately, the decision was made to merge the two organizations into a new bureau, to be known as the Bureau of Naval Weapons (BuWeps). _NEWLINE_It was heavily criticized during the Second World War for its failure to quickly remedy the numerous issues with the Mark 14 torpedo which had an over 70% dud rate._NEWLINE_BuOrd was disestablished by Congress by an act of August 18, 1959 (73 Stat. 395), and its functions were transferred to the newly established Bureau of Naval Weapons. BuAir merged with BuOrd to form BuWeps. BuWeps, in turn, was disestablished in 1966 when the Navy overhauled its materiel organization, and was replaced with the Naval Ordnance Systems Command (NAVORD) and the Naval Air Systems Command (NAVAIR). Other systems commands at the time included the Naval Ship Systems Command (NAVSHIPS) and the Naval Electronics Systems Command (NAVELEX). Ship and submarine ordnance functions fell under the new Naval Ordnance Systems Command while air ordnance stayed with the Naval Air Systems Command. In July 1974, the Naval Ordnance Systems Command and Naval Ship Systems Command merged to form the Naval Sea Systems Command (NAVSEA). Traditional Naval Ordnance functions are now conducted at the Naval Surface Warfare Centers which fall under the command of Naval Sea Systems Command.

18102541645483240592

Q4998454

_START_ARTICLE_ Burelle _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burelle was founded in 1957 by Pierre Burelle and his family as a legal entity for its growing businesses. In 1987, Burelle went public and was listed on the Bourse de Lyon. _START_SECTION_ Plastic Omnium _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burelle controls a 55.1 percent stake in Plastic Omnium, making it the largest shareholder. Plastic Omnium is a plastic processing company engaged in the manufacture of vehicle components and elements for waste management. _START_SECTION_ Sofiparc _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sofiparc is a French company that provides asset management services and owns property for rental and construction. As of 2010, the company had 13,132 m² (141,350 sq ft) in offices and 270 parking lots. It was founded in 1989 and is headquartered in Lyon. _START_SECTION_ Burelle Participations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burelle Participations is a French private equity company. It focuses on giving money to help launch new businesses and in leveraged buyout. The company centers its investments in medium-sized French companies. It considers investments in all sectors except the automotive. It invests between 1 and 5 million euros per transaction in the majority of financing rounds in companies with revenues between 10 and 200 million euros. Burelle Participations was founded in 2001 and is headquartered in Paris. _START_SECTION_ Ownership structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the end of 2011, the Burelle family held a 77.85 percent stake in Burelle. This control was exercised directly and also indirectly, through the shareholders Sogec 2 and Compagnie Financière de la Cascade, with a 35.37 and 21.49 percent stake respectively. The Burelles controlled 90.25 percent of voting rights. 16.62 percent of the shares were public.

5738203349191852939

Q3473799

_START_ARTICLE_ Burley, Washington _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burley was established in 1898 as a cooperative socialist colony by a group called the Co-operative Brotherhood, an offshoot of the Brotherhood of the Co-operative Commonwealth that had established Equality Colony elsewhere in Washington state in the previous year. Both communities were part of an attempt to plant socialist colonies in Washington in order to convert first the state, and then the entire nation, to socialism._NEWLINE_Burley was originally named "Brotherhood". Circle City was an area of the colony with buildings laid out on the periphery of a circle. In its earliest years the community achieved a maximum population of approximately 150, but like some other planned towns of the era such as Equality Colony, its population endured a long decline through the ensuing years. The local economy was dominated by the lumber industry; other businesses never flourished, though a cigar-manufacturing effort did achieve some short-term success. _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burley is in southern Kitsap County. It is bordered to the south by the Pierce County communities of Wauna and Purdy. Washington State Route 16 passes through the eastern side of Burley, leading north 9 miles (14 km) to Port Orchard and south 7 miles (11 km) to Gig Harbor. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the Burley CDP has a total area of 4.9 square miles (12.7 km²), of which 4.7 square miles (12.3 km²) are land and 0.2 square miles (0.4 km²), or 3.04%, are water.

4639930756318246708

Q28940854

_START_ARTICLE_ Burmah Road, George Town _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burmah Road was named after the Burmese community that used to reside at the road. Upon arriving on Penang Island in the late 18th century, the Burmese established their own settlement, named Kampung Ava, which was located near the road. The Dhammikarama Burmese Temple, which was built within that settlement, still stands to this day as a reminder of the Burmese presence in George Town._NEWLINE_In the olden days, water sourced from the interior of Penang Island had to be carried on ox-carts and pails suspended on shoulder yokes. Burmah Road was the route taken by these water-sellers to reach George Town, hence the road's nickname, 'Jalan Kreta Ayer', which meant 'Water Cart Road' in Malay. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Burmah Road was originally laid out as a rural road that ran from the settlement of George Town to the villages in Pulau Tikus, cutting through plantations and vegetation that existed outside the settlement at the time._NEWLINE_The eastern city end of Burmah Road, where a pedestrian bridge near Komtar now stands, was actually the site of a bridge that traversed a canal in the area. Prangin Canal, which also lent its name to the adjoining Prangin Road, once stretched all the way up to Transfer Road further west. Thus, a wooden drawbridge, known as Titi Papan, was used to cross the canal; the name is immortalised today by a mosque, Masjid Titi Papan._NEWLINE_Over the centuries, various ethnic communities have resided along Burmah Road, giving it its multicultural character. The western end of the road, which forms an intersection with Cantonment Road, marks the heart of Pulau Tikus and is home to a substantial Eurasian community. The Church of the Immaculate Conception at this particular section of Burmah Road was founded in 1811 by the Eurasians. The Burmese and Thais reside immediately east of the Eurasians. Meanwhile, closer to the city centre, Chinese associations and temples line the street._NEWLINE_Since the latter half of the 20th century, modern urbanisation has also gentrified much of Burmah Road, as the growth of George Town continued westwards and subsumed Pulau Tikus into an affluent suburb of the city.

5336942204444206891

Q2587867

_START_ARTICLE_ Burney, California _START_SECTION_ 2010 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 2010 United States Census reported that Burney had a population of 3,154. The population density was 606.5 people per square mile (234.2/km²). The racial makeup of Burney was 2,685 (85.1%) White, 13 (0.4%) African American, 233 (7.4%) Native American, 7 (0.2%) Asian, 2 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 61 (1.9%) from other races, and 153 (4.9%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 265 persons (8.4%)._NEWLINE_The Census reported that 3,035 people (96.2% of the population) lived in households, 119 (3.8%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 0 (0%) were institutionalized._NEWLINE_There were 1,262 households, out of which 371 (29.4%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 638 (50.6%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 155 (12.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 70 (5.5%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 74 (5.9%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 5 (0.4%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 344 households (27.3%) were made up of individuals and 150 (11.9%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.40. There were 863 families (68.4% of all households); the average family size was 2.87._NEWLINE_The population was spread out with 751 people (23.8%) under the age of 18, 240 people (7.6%) aged 18 to 24, 681 people (21.6%) aged 25 to 44, 949 people (30.1%) aged 45 to 64, and 533 people (16.9%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 91.2 males._NEWLINE_There were 1,446 housing units at an average density of 278.0 per square mile (107.4/km²), of which 797 (63.2%) were owner-occupied, and 465 (36.8%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.2%; the rental vacancy rate was 7.4%. 1,833 people (58.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,202 people (38.1%) lived in rental housing units. _START_SECTION_ 2000 _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2000, there were 3,217 people, 1,311 households, and 912 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 622.4 people per square mile (240.2/km²). There were 1,420 housing units at an average density of 274.7 per square mile (106.0/km²). The racial makeup of the CDP was 87.97% White, 0.09% African American, 6.87% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.06% Pacific Islander, 2.14% from other races, and 2.21% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 5.97% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 1,311 households out of which 33.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 54.4% were married couples living together, 11.7% had a female householder with no husband present, and 30.4% were non-families. 26.2% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.45 and the average family size was 2.96._NEWLINE_In the CDP, the population was spread out with 27.7% under the age of 18, 6.2% from 18 to 24, 23.9% from 25 to 44, 27.1% from 45 to 64, and 15.0% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 40 years. For every 100 females, there were 93.8 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 89.2 males._NEWLINE_The median income for a household in the CDP was $30,510, and the median income for a family was $37,682. Males had a median income of $42,314 versus $25,139 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $17,060. About 14.8% of families and 18.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 18.0% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over. _START_SECTION_ Politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the state legislature Burney is located in the 1st Senate District, represented by Republican Brian Dahle, and the 1st Assembly District, represented by (vacant)._NEWLINE_Federally, Burney is in California's 1st congressional district, represented by Republican Doug LaMalfa. _START_SECTION_ Popular culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Parts of the 1980s film Stand by Me were filmed within the vicinity of Burney and Fall River Mills, California. The scene where the boys outrace a locomotive across a trestle was filmed at Lake Britton on the McCloud River Railroad, near McArthur-Burney Falls Memorial State Park, California._NEWLINE_Jonathan Schmierer, Burney High School graduate, appeared on the Price Is Right during one of Bob Barker's final showings. He lost a game of Tic-Tac-Toe for a trip to the Ramada Inn in Ireland.

11359637588061725178

Q4999825

_START_ARTICLE_ Burning Car _START_SECTION_ Picture disc _START_PARAGRAPH_ The single was also issued as a 7" picture disc with the same catalogue number. The A side features a reflected image of Foxx against venetian blinds while the B side features a burning car, the same image as used for the reverse of the regular 7" picture sleeve. _START_SECTION_ 20th Century _START_PARAGRAPH_ An edit of "20th Century", the B side to "Burning Car", was used as the theme tune to the Janet Street-Porter produced LWT series 20th Century Box (later Twentieth Century Box). The weekly programme hosted by reporter Danny Baker covered topical issues for young people. Musical trends were also covered, including an early episode on the group Spandau Ballet before they had a recording contract, and Depeche Mode as part of the new "electro-disco" scene. The show ran from June, 1980 to September, 1982._NEWLINE_The track was revived by Foxx for live performances with Louis Gordon from 1998 onwards, as documented on the albums Subterranean Omnidelic Exotour (1997), Retro Future (2007) and A New Kind Of Man (2008). In later live performances the single lyric "twentieth century!" is modified to "twenty-first century!"._NEWLINE_The studio version of "20th Century" was included on re-issues of the Metamatic album in 2001 and 2007.

8162742403290316990

Q5001077

_START_ARTICLE_ Bury Castle, Selworthy _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bury Castle was built on a spur of land overlooking the surrounding terrain. The Bury Castle hillfort covers 0.2 hectares (0.49 acres) in internal area. The main enclosure has a single rampart and ditch, with steep drops on the north, east and south sides. The bank is up to 1.6 metres (5 ft 3 in) high with a ditch 2 metres (6 ft 7 in) deep. There is an additional rampart 30 metres (98 ft) to the west, with a deep ditch. The rampart is revetted with drystone walling._NEWLINE_Hill forts developed in the Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, roughly the start of the first millennium BC. The reason for the emergence of hillforts in Britain, and their purpose, has been a subject of debate. It has been argued that they could have been military sites constructed in response to invasion from continental Europe, sites built by invaders, or a military reaction to social tensions caused by an increasing population and consequent pressure on agriculture. The dominant view since the 1960s has been that the increasing use of iron led to social changes in Britain. Deposits of iron ore were located in different places to the tin and copper ore necessary to make bronze, and as a result trading patterns shifted and the old elites lost their economic and social status. Archaeologist Barry Cunliffe has argued that while widespread war was not typical during the period, hill forts reflected the tensions at the time, and did provide defensive strongholds when conflicts broke out, as well as playing an important political role for the new elites. _START_SECTION_ Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bury Castle is today protected as a Scheduled Ancient Monument and owned by the National Trust. It has been added to the Heritage at Risk register due to vulnerability from scrub or tree growth.

16053455206667051156

Q967489

_START_ARTICLE_ Butterfly on a Wheel _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Chicago residents Neil Randall (Gerard Butler) and his wife, Abby Randall (Maria Bello) have the perfect life and a perfect marriage. With their beautiful young daughter, Sophie, they are living the American dream . . . until today. When Sophie is suddenly kidnapped, they have no choice but to comply with the abductor's demands. The kidnapper, Tom Ryan (Pierce Brosnan), an apparent sociopath, takes over their lives with the brutal efficiency of someone who has nothing to lose._NEWLINE_In the blink of an eye, Neil and Abby's safe and secure existence is turned upside down. Over the next twenty-four hours they will be at the mercy of a man who wants only one thing: that they do his bidding. Ryan's demands are all the more terrifying because he doesn't want their money. What he wants is Neil and Abby's life to be systematically dismantled and destroyed, piece by piece._NEWLINE_With time running out on their little girl, Neil and Abby realize they will have to submit to Ryan's challenges over the next 24-hour period. Tom asks them, how far will they go to save their child? He requires them to withdraw more than $100,000 from their bank, which Tom burns and throws into a river along with their wallets. Then he requires them to get $300 from nowhere in a part of the town where they don't have any friends. Abby pawns her bracelet and Neil his watch to get the $300. He then requires Abby to deliver a document to Neil's office within twenty minutes, and Tom shows Neil a copy of document that contains details of Neil's hacking into customer accounts, which if leaked will ruin Neil. Neil watches Abby deliver the document from a distance. Neil and Abby try to rescue Sophie from a hotel, only to get caught by Tom, who makes Abby take off her dress and put on an enticing short dress in front of both of them._NEWLINE_Tom has one last test for Neil to save Sophie: he requires Neil to enter a house and kill the occupant - a coworker named Judy who Neil has been having an affair with. Neil is greeted warmly by Judy, and is desperately confused as he sees a picture of Tom on the mantel and learns that he and Judy are married. Tom enters the house and tells Neil to shoot Judy or he will kill Neil's daughter Sophie. Neil pulls the trigger but the gun isn't loaded. Tom reveals he knows about their affair and tells Neil his daughter is safe at home._NEWLINE_As they return home, Neil lies to Abby and tells her that his boss was having an affair with Judy and Tom mistook Neil for that person, which is why Tom had tormented them the whole day. When they return home, Sophie is asleep and has been there the whole time. Abby reveals to Neil that their daughter had never been kidnapped, and Tom had concocted the entire day to let Neil experience for one day the pain he has undergone. Neil says that Abby has ruined his career by delivering the document to his office, but she tells him it was blank. Abby has paid Neil back for 24 hours a portion of the pain she has experienced since learning of his affair. _START_SECTION_ Production _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pierce Brosnan joined the film's cast in late 2005. Maria Bello and Gerard Butler joined production on 19 January 2006._NEWLINE_Filming began in February 2006 and finished in May 2006. Vancouver stands in for Chicago but the production shot in the latter city for landscapes before moving to the United Kingdom for post-production. Filming also took place in Los Angeles. _START_SECTION_ Remake _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 2010 Indian Malayalam film Cocktail and the 2014 Indian Tamil film Athithi are uncredited remakes of Butterfly on a Wheel._NEWLINE_Marathi TV serial Guntata Hriday He, starring Mrinal Kulkarni, is based on storyline of the film.

7988790558831881721

Q16255957

_START_ARTICLE_ Buxton, Kansas _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buxton is an unincorporated community in Wilson County, Kansas, USA. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Buxton had its start in the year 1866 by the building of the Atchison, Topeka and Santa Fe Railway through that territory. Buxton was named for a railroad official._NEWLINE_The post office in Buxton was discontinued in 1921.

3265476446552217138

Q493090

_START_ARTICLE_ Byul _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Her debut album was released on October 10, 2002._NEWLINE_It was announced at the end of January 2009 that Primary, her fifth album, would be released the following month. Teaser posters were distributed in 7-11 stores. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ On August 15, 2012, it was announced that Byul was to marry Haha, South Korean singer, actor and cast member of the variety show Running Man, on November 30, 2012. The couple welcomed their first child, a son named Dream, on July 9, 2013. Their second son, Soul, was born on March 22, 2017. Their third child, a daughter, named Song, was born on July 15, 2019.

15158789114752177014

Q9820

_START_ARTICLE_ C _START_SECTION_ English _START_PARAGRAPH_ In English orthography, ⟨c⟩ generally represents the "soft" value of /s/ before the letters ⟨e⟩ (including the Latin-derived digraphs ⟨ae⟩ and ⟨oe⟩, or the corresponding ligatures ⟨æ⟩ and ⟨œ⟩), ⟨i⟩, and ⟨y⟩, and a "hard" value of /k/ before any other letters or at the end of a word. However, there are a number of exceptions in English: "soccer" and "Celt" are words that have /k/ where /s/ would be expected._NEWLINE_The "soft" ⟨c⟩ may represent the /ʃ/ sound in the digraph ⟨ci⟩ when this precedes a vowel, as in the words 'delicious' and 'appreciate', and also in the word "ocean" and its derivatives._NEWLINE_The digraph ⟨ch⟩ most commonly represents /tʃ/, but can also represent /k/ (mainly in words of Greek origin) or /ʃ/ (mainly in words of French origin). For some dialects of English, it may also represent /x/ in words like loch, while other speakers pronounce the final sound as /k/. The trigraph ⟨tch⟩ always represents /tʃ/._NEWLINE_The digraph ⟨ck⟩ is often used to represent the sound /k/ after short vowels, like "wicket". _START_SECTION_ Other languages _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the Romance languages French, Spanish, Italian, Romanian and Portuguese, ⟨c⟩ generally has a "hard" value of /k/ and a "soft" value whose pronunciation varies by language. In French, Portuguese, Catalan and Spanish from Latin America and southern Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ value is /s/ as it is in English. In the Spanish spoken in northern and central Spain, the soft ⟨c⟩ is a voiceless dental fricative /θ/. In Italian and Romanian, the soft ⟨c⟩ is [t͡ʃ]._NEWLINE_All Balto-Slavic languages that use the Latin alphabet, as well as Albanian, Hungarian, Pashto, several Sami languages, Esperanto, Ido, Interlingua, and Americanist phonetic notation (and those aboriginal languages of North America whose practical orthography derives from it) use ⟨c⟩ to represent /t͡s/, the voiceless alveolar or voiceless dental sibilant affricate. In Hanyu Pinyin, the standard romanization of Mandarin Chinese, the letter represents an aspirated version of this sound, /t͡sʰ/._NEWLINE_Among non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet, ⟨c⟩ represents a variety of sounds. Yup'ik, Indonesian, Malay, and a number of African languages such as Hausa, Fula, and Manding share the soft Italian value of /t͡ʃ/. In Azeri, Crimean Tatar, Kurmanji Kurdish, and Turkish ⟨c⟩ stands for the voiced counterpart of this sound, the voiced postalveolar affricate /d͡ʒ/. In Yabem and similar languages, such as Bukawa, ⟨c⟩ stands for a glottal stop /ʔ/. Xhosa and Zulu use this letter to represent the click /ǀ/. In some other African languages, such as Berber languages, ⟨c⟩ is used for /ʃ/. In Fijian, ⟨c⟩ stands for a voiced dental fricative /ð/, while in Somali it has the value of /ʕ/._NEWLINE_The letter ⟨c⟩ is also used as a transliteration of Cyrillic ⟨ц⟩ in the Latin forms of Serbian, Macedonian, and sometimes Ukrainian, along with the digraph ⟨ts⟩. _START_SECTION_ Other systems _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a phonetic symbol, lowercase ⟨c⟩ is the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal plosive, and capital ⟨C⟩ is the X-SAMPA symbol for the voiceless palatal fricative. _START_SECTION_ Digraphs _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are several common digraphs with ⟨c⟩, the most common being ⟨ch⟩, which in some languages (such as German) is far more common than ⟨c⟩ alone. ⟨ch⟩ takes various values in other languages._NEWLINE_As in English, ⟨ck⟩, with the value /k/, is often used after short vowels in other Germanic languages such as German and Swedish (but some other Germanic languages use ⟨kk⟩ instead, such as Dutch and Norwegian). The digraph ⟨cz⟩ is found in Polish and ⟨cs⟩ in Hungarian, both representing /t͡ʃ/. The digraph ⟨sc⟩ represents /ʃ/ in Old English, Italian, and a few languages related to Italian (where this only happens before front vowels, while otherwise it represents /sk/). The trigraph ⟨sch⟩ represents /ʃ/ in German.

9824247307297810040

Q5006454

_START_ARTICLE_ C. Fox Smith _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cicely Fox Smith was born 1 February 1882, into a middle-class family in Lymm, near Warrington, England during the latter half of the reign of Queen Victoria. Her father was a barrister and her grandfather was a clergyman. Smith well might have been expected to have a brief education and then to settle down to life as a homemaker either for her family or her marriage partner._NEWLINE_She was well educated at Manchester High School for Girls from 1894 to 1897, where she described herself later as "something of a rebel," and started writing poems at a comparatively early age. In an article for the school magazine Smith later wrote "I have a hazy recollection of epic poems after Pope's Iliad, romantic poems after Marmion stored carefully away in tin tobacco boxes when I was seven or eight." All of that early work is lost unfortunately. She published her first book of verses when she was 17 and it received favourable press comments._NEWLINE_Wandering the moors near her home she developed a spirit of adventure. She would follow the Holcombe Harriers hunt on foot as a girl. She had a fierce desire to travel to Africa but eventually settled for a voyage to Canada. Smith likely sailed with her sister Madge in 1911 on a steamship to Montreal, where she would then have travelled by train to Lethbridge, Alberta, staying for about a year with her older brother Richard Andrew Smith before continuing on to British Columbia (BC). From 1912 to 1913 she resided in the James Bay neighbourhood of Victoria at the southern tip of Vancouver Island, working as a typist for the BC Lands Department and later for an attorney on the waterfront. Her spare time was spent roaming nearby wharves and alleys, talking to residents and sailors alike. She listened to and learned from the sailors' tales until she too was able to speak with that authoritative nautical air that pervades her written work._NEWLINE_On 23 November 1913, Smith, with her mother and sister, arrived home in Liverpool aboard the White Star Line steamer Teutonic on the eve of World War I. She and her family then settled in Hampshire. _START_SECTION_ Poet _START_PARAGRAPH_ She soon put her experiences to use in a great outpouring of poetry, some of it clearly focused on supporting England's war efforts. Much of her poetry was from the point of view of the sailor. The detailed nautical content of her poems made it easy to understand why so many readers assumed that Smith was male. One correspondent wrote to her as "Capt. Fox Smith" and when she tried to correct him he wrote back "You say you are not a master but you must be a practical seaman. I can always detect the hand of an amateur." He was almost correct. She was familiar with life at sea as few armchair amateur would ever be. It was only when she was well established that she started routinely using the by-line "Miss C. Fox Smith" or "Cicely Fox Smith."_NEWLINE_Smith initially had her poetry published in a variety of magazines and newspapers: Blackwood's Magazine, Blue Peter, Canada Monthly, Country Life, Cunard Magazine, Daily Chronicle, Grand Magazine, Holly Leaves, the Outlook, Pall Mall Gazette, The Daily Mail, The Dolphin, The London Mercury, The Nautical Magazine, The Spectator, The Sphere, The Times Literary Supplement, Westminster Gazette, White Star Magazine, The Windsor Magazine, The Week and The Daily Colonist (BC) and Punch for which she wrote many poems between 1914 and her death in 1954. She later re-published much of this poetry in her many books. In all, with the new edition, she published well over 660 poems._NEWLINE_In June 2012, the first edition of The Complete Poetry of Cicely Fox Smith, edited by Charles Ipcar (US) and James Saville (UK), was published by Little Red Tree Publishing in the US, and contained all the poems known at that time. The second edition (2015) added 74 new poems, some published for the first time, thanks to the work of numerous researchers around the world, including Jake Wade and Danny McLeod. Included in the second edition is an important introduction by Marcia Phillips McGowan, PhD, (Distinguished Professor Emerita of English, Eastern Connecticut State University), in which she reclaims Cicely Fox Smith in the continuum of important women poets of the early 20 century. _START_SECTION_ Later life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Other books by Smith included three romantic novels, numerous short stories and articles, as well as several books describing "sailortown." She also published a book of traditional sea shanties that she had collected, and edited a collection of sea poems and stories primarily by other authors. In 1937 Smith finally realised a childhood dream by sailing around the coast of Africa, as a guest of the Union-Castle Mail Steamship Co. Ltd., stopping in the_NEWLINE_Her literary outpourings were such as to persuade the Government to award her, at the age of 67, a modest pension for "her services to literature."_NEWLINE_Smith kept writing to the end of her life about many things and many places but always with the accuracy and knowledge of an expert. She even chose her own gravestone epitaph, an extract from one of Walter Raleigh's poems:_NEWLINE_But from this earth_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_This grave_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_This dust_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_My lord shall raise me up_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_I trust_NEWLINE_Cicely Fox Smith died on 8 April 1954, in the town of Bow, Devon, where she'd been living with her sister Madge. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Over 70 of Smith's poems have been adapted for singing and have been recorded, primarily in the nautical folk song tradition.

17145526335694794998

Q5006552

_START_ARTICLE_ C. J. Henry _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Henry is the son of Carl Henry, Sr., a former professional basketball player. His younger brother is Xavier Henry._NEWLINE_Henry attended Putnam City High School in Oklahoma City, where he starred at basketball and baseball. He was named to the 2005 USA Today All-USA high school baseball team and became a top prospect. He was also heavily recruited as a point guard and committed to play for the Kansas Jayhawks team on May 19, 2005, choosing the Jayhawks over North Carolina and Texas. _START_SECTION_ Baseball _START_PARAGRAPH_ Henry was drafted by the New York Yankees in the first round (17th overall) of the 2005 Major League Baseball Draft and signed, receiving a $1.6 million bonus._NEWLINE_He played for the Gulf Coast Yankees and Charleston RiverDogs, before being traded by the Yankees to the Philadelphia Phillies in the deal that sent Bobby Abreu and Cory Lidle to the Yankees._NEWLINE_Henry played for the Lakewood BlueClaws of the Phillies' organization, but was released following the 2007 season. The Yankees re-signed Henry, assigning him to the Class-A Advanced Tampa Yankees for the 2008 season. In 272 minor-league games, Henry hit .222 and made 57 errors. Following his continuing baseball struggles, Henry left baseball and returned to basketball. _START_SECTION_ Basketball _START_PARAGRAPH_ Henry was a walk-on for the Memphis Tigers in fall 2008, as the Yankees were responsible for his college tuition. He redshirted for the 2008-09 season._NEWLINE_Henry's brother, Xavier, was a top recruit by John Calipari to attend Memphis beginning in the 2009-10 year. However, when Calipari left to accept the coaching job for the Kentucky Wildcats, the Henry brothers decided to commit to the Kansas Jayhawks, with Xavier released from his letter of intent with Memphis, and C. J. transferring._NEWLINE_C. J. was a redshirt freshman at Kansas in the 2009-10 year, and he was eligible to play for the 2009-10 Kansas Jayhawks men's basketball team. On August 27, 2010, NAIA school Southern Nazarene University announced that Henry had transferred there. He became a starter and the team's leading scorer in the 2010-11 season.

9889662071263957049

Q65070413

_START_ARTICLE_ C13orf38 _START_PARAGRAPH_ C13orf38 is a protein found in the thirteenth chromosome with an open reading frame number 38. It is 139 amino acids long. The protein goes by a number of aliases CCDC169-SOHLH2 and CCDC169.The protein is found to be over expressed in the testis of humans. It is not known what the exact function of the protein is at this current time. The human CCDC169 gene contains 753 nucleotides. C13orf contains a domain of unknown function DUF4600. which is conserved in between nucleotide interval 1-79. The protein contains 139 amino acids. _START_SECTION_ Aliases _START_PARAGRAPH_ Known aliases are CCDC169 and CCDC169-SOHLH2. SOHLH refers to the suspected role in oogenesis and spermatogenisis. CCDC refers to the structure of the domain the protein, which is a coil-coil domain containing protein. Isoforms:_NEWLINE_C13orf38 has seven isoforms, a through e. The most common isoform is isoform b. CCDC169 isoform b gene codes for the C13orf38 protein. Isoform b is the most common isoform. _START_SECTION_ Protein regulation _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is evidence that the protein is retained in the nucleus. There are several leucine-rich nuclear export signals in the amino acid sequence of the protein. Making it likely to be retained in the nucleus after transcription. _START_SECTION_ Tissue Expression _START_PARAGRAPH_ C13orf38 is over expressed in the testis of humans. It has very weak expression data in the bone marrow, brain, and vascular tissues. It is expresses in several type of tumors, brain,lung, and germ cell tumors. It can also be expressed in leukemia cells. _START_SECTION_ Antibodies _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are antibodies available that are polyclonal.The antibodies come form a rabbit host sold by Bioss antibodies. The molecular weight is 25kDa. _START_SECTION_ Homologs and Paralogs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Homologs were found mostly in primates. The homolog with the furthest divergence would be the Hood coral, which predates humans by 686 million years._NEWLINE_There are two low identity paralogs and two hypothetical protein paralogs found through the sequencing of the human genome. _START_SECTION_ Genetic Divergence _START_PARAGRAPH_ Diverges 432 million years ago from Zebra fish. The most divergent species would be the Hood coral, Stylophora pistillata, at 686 million years ago. _START_SECTION_ Experimental data _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cdcc169 has been used in a variety of tissue expression experiments. One study was done on a variety of tissues in order to show that gene expression in the mid-range of tissue expression can give a strong clue to the function of a gene.The study covered and analyzed set of 62,839 probe sets in 12 representative normal human tissues. 0 represents housekeeping genes and 1 is for tissue specific genes. CCDC 169 was found not to have housekeeping gene type expression. It was tissue specific and appeared in the prostate._NEWLINE_A systematic survey of gene expression in 115 human tissue samples representing 35 different tissue types. The study used cDNA micro-arrays representing approximately 26,000 different human genes.The study included Ccdc169, which showed a strong positive expression in the testes. This study goal was to find a baseline which could be used to help identify diseased tissue and look at genes with tissue specific expression and how those can be used as markers for detecting diseased and injured tissue in organs. Could be used in anticancer therapy.

5622153578583139975

Q42872212

_START_ARTICLE_ CA Suleiman _START_PARAGRAPH_ CA Suleiman is a writer, game designer, and musician who has worked primarily in dark fantasy and horror for role-playing games and fiction. _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Suleiman attended the Landon School as a child and Churchill High School, and went to the University of Maryland in the late 1990s. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ C.A. Suleiman has contributed to books for Dungeons & Dragons and the World of Darkness. Suleiman co-wrote Vampire: The Requiem and conceived and developed the Mummy: The Curse line._NEWLINE_His D&D work includes City of Stormreach, Cityscape, Dragonmarked, Heroes of Horror, and Faiths of Eberron._NEWLINE_He launched a transmedia fantasy property called The Lost Citadel, based around the meshing of zombie horror and traditional fantasy tropes. The world debuted with a fiction anthology, and then with a Kickstarted game line. _NEWLINE_C.A. Suleiman created and developed a Cthulhu Mythos game and setting called Unspeakable: Sigil & Sign, which focuses on the Old One cultists as protagonists. _START_SECTION_ Music _START_PARAGRAPH_ C.A. Suleiman is the founder of the Washington D.C. based interstitial rock group Toll Carom.

14114643169091299572

Q2931054

_START_ARTICLE_ CBUFT-DT _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The station first signed on the air on September 27, 1976 on UHF channel 26 – as Vancouver's second UHF television station after CKVU (channel 21, now on channel 10); it took Radio-Canada programming from CBUT (channel 2), which had previously aired select programs from the network on weekend mornings, and exclusively began airing English language programs from that point onward. _START_SECTION_ Transmitters _START_PARAGRAPH_ CBUFT formerly operated seven analogue rebroadcast transmitters, which broadcast in some of the larger British Columbia communities such as Kelowna and Kamloops. CBUFT's content was also broadcast on a transmitter in Whitehorse, Yukon, although that transmitter was technically licensed to Montreal sister station CBFT. It also formerly operated rebroadcast transmitters in Chilliwack, Dawson Creek, Kitimat, Lillooet, Logan Lake, Prince George and Terrace._NEWLINE_Due to federal funding reductions to the CBC, in April 2012, the CBC responded with substantial budget cuts, which included shutting down CBC's and Radio-Canada's remaining analogue transmitters on July 31, 2012. None of CBC or Radio-Canada's television rebroadcast transmitters were converted to digital, leaving rural Canadians and U.S. border regions with no free over-the-air Radio-Canada coverage, requiring a subscription to a cable or satellite provider to receive programming from the two networks in those areas. _START_SECTION_ Analogue-to-digital conversion _START_PARAGRAPH_ On August 31, 2011, the official date in which Canadian television stations in CRTC-designated mandatory markets transitioned from analogue to digital broadcasts, CBUFT flash cut its digital signal into operation on UHF channel 26. Following the transition, the station's over-the-air signal coverage area expanded to include parts of the Saanich Peninsula, though reception in Victoria varies depending on the area._NEWLINE_CBUFT's transmits its digital signal in the 720p resolution format. This differs from the majority of terrestrial television stations in Canada that broadcast digital signals, which transmit HD programming in the 1080i format.

268299507922112974

Q2044610

_START_ARTICLE_ CCD Cerceda _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cerceda made their debut in Tercera División in 1994. After 23 consecutive years playing in this league and 12 failed attempts to promote to Segunda División B, the club would finally play in the third tier after achieving a place by paying €133,000._NEWLINE_On 30 June 2018, after being relegated to Tercera División, the club was dropped one more tier due to unpayments. However, the club did not register for any competition in the 2018–19 season.

12748688847249199604

Q18049269

_START_ARTICLE_ CENTD2 _START_SECTION_ Function _START_PARAGRAPH_ The protein encoded by this gene contains ARF-GAP, RHO-GAP, ankyrin repeat, RAS-associating, and pleckstrin homology domains. In vitro, this protein displays RHO-GAP and phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5) trisphosphate (PIP3)-dependent ARF-GAP activity. The encoded protein associates with the Golgi, and the ARF-GAP activity mediates changes in the Golgi and the formation of filopodia. The RHO-GAP activity may mediate cell rounding and loss of stress fibers. At least three transcript variants encoding different isoforms have been found for this gene, but the full-length natures of all variants have not been determined.

7545689417137575394

Q5010647

_START_ARTICLE_ CFIN-FM (Coaticook, Quebec) _START_PARAGRAPH_ CFIN-FM is a defunct radio station in Coaticook, Quebec, Canada._NEWLINE_In 1982, Coaticook FM Inc.'s application for a new FM station was denied. The station reapplied the same year to broadcast at 104.5 MHz (FM) with power of 710 watts and received CRTC approval in November 1982. The CFIN callsign was assigned in February 1983 and signed on in October later that same year._NEWLINE_CFIN received approval to decrease power from 710 to 450 watts in 1984._NEWLINE_In 1986, the station received a short-term one year licence renewal. The commission denied the renewal application a year later._NEWLINE_On July 4, 1987, CFIN-FM broadcasting at 104.5 MHz with 450 watts left the air for good, due to financial and non-compliance difficulties. Radio CFIN Inc. applied to reopen the station but denied the application in 1988._NEWLINE_The CFIN callsign now belongs to a radio station in Lac-Etchemin, Quebec. The 104.5 MHz frequency would be reallocated to nearby Sherbrooke, in which it would later be used by CJTS-FM; that station would cease operations on December 6, 2011.

12112624620300151924

Q1091468

_START_ARTICLE_ CIAT Group _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Compagnie Industrielle d'Applications Thermiques, or CIAT Group, is an HVAC equipment manufacturer, founded in 1934._NEWLINE_The headquarters and main industrial site are located in France, in Culoz department of Ain, between Lyon and Geneva. A second large industrial facility is located in Montilla, in Cordoba, Spain, where several HVAC products, such as rooftop units, are manufactured and engineered. A large research and development center including a test laboratory is also present there._NEWLINE_CIAT was able to expand internationally since 2004, concentrating heavily on the Middle East, as well as Canada after it was acquired by UTC in 2015. One of the most dominant reselling branches is located in the West Bank, working under the representative company GATES, registered as Green Advanced. In which they have been taking majority of the HVAC market in Palestinian territories.

13963980962040987213

Q2931522

_START_ARTICLE_ CIMI-FM _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The non-profit organization which manages the radio station was registered in December 1999 by three young promoters, Philippe Bélanger, Dominique Tessier, Pierre-Luc Dancause, and the board of directors sat for the first time in January 2000. During the summer of 2000, a business plan was assembled, a technical study carried out and an application for a broadcast license was filed with the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC). On 31 March 2001, the CRTC granted the license and the station began broadcasting on 10 August of the same year at 4:15 p.m._NEWLINE_In the beginning, 24-year-old Philippe Bélanger was program director and hosted the station's launch. The station would broadcast exclusively French-language music during the day, and Canadian, American, and British alternative rock in the evening and overnight._NEWLINE_On 2 July 2002, André Arthur took to the microphone at CIMI after he was dismissed from CJMF-FM ("FM 93") in November 2001. Arthur then signed with CKNU in Donnacona (now CHXX-FM) in August 2002, where the program would now originate and be simulcast to CIMI. Between 2002 and 2005, in spite of relatively good ratings, the station's weak signal made it hard to keep sponsors, as Genex was more interested in bringing advertisers to CKNU, to the detriment of the small Charlesbourg community radio station. As CIMI accumulated complaints, and telecommunications giants like Astral Media (past owner of the now-defunct CHRC) and Cogeco (FM 93) accused the small station of not respecting its broadcasting mandate, they began to lose advertising revenue. François Beaulé (formerly of CHRC) directed the station from 2003 until the summer of 2005. The station now offered programming more focused on "talk radio" and has as its slogan "la radio qui vous parle à Québec" ("Radio which talks to you in Quebec City")._NEWLINE_In October 2005, CKNU was sold to RNC Media, the transaction was approved before the holidays, and everyone was laid off. CIMI lost its programming, but it applied for an increase in power and an antenna relocation, along with a frequency change to 106.9 MHz. This application was refused by the CRTC, and the frequency was obtained by Corus Entertainment to serve Trois-Rivières in order to move CHLN-FM from AM to FM._NEWLINE_This small community radio station was sued by local radio personality Robert Gillet who claimed three million dollars for defamation, after André Arthur spoke extensively about the Scorpion case, a scandal which has embroiled Gillet, having been found guilty in a court trial of having sex with a minor for a fee. In February 2006, CIMI was targeted by another lawsuit on behalf of a lawyer from Quebec following allegations by entertainer Roby Moreault._NEWLINE_CIMI-FM ceased programs July 23rd 2008, citing financial and legal troubles. The CRTC cancelled CIMI-FM's license on 5 September 2012, after a lack of communication between the CRTC and the contact person for the station since its 2008 closure. _START_SECTION_ Audience _START_PARAGRAPH_ The audience of CIMI-FM 103.7 was generally different depending on the time of day. Programs like L'Alternative, Rebelles and Moreault dans le Retour was targeted to a very large audience (males 25-54). Mornings, CIMI was aimed to an older audience with programs like Hier Encore (men and women 55+). As the day progresses the audience becomes younger in the evening (males 18-25) as it plays hard rock music._NEWLINE_In 2003, the Canadian polling company SOM found that more than 100,000 people in the Quebec City Area listened to CIMI-FM, and that over 190,000 people knew of or have heard of the station.

9452549515660968543

Q4645864

_START_ARTICLE_ CJBI-FM _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Radio Bell Island began as a one-week special event broadcast license from March 14 to March 20, 2011, supported by the Rural Secretariat of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador. During this week, Radio Bell Island operated on 100.1 FM. Radio Bell Island 100.1 FM was a partnership between the Town of Wabana, St. Michael's Regional High School, and the Rural Secretariat._NEWLINE_Radio Bell Island was approved for another one-week broadcasting license from March 19 to March 24, 2012, once again on 100.1 FM, and organized through partnership from the Town of Wabana, St. Michael's Regional High, and the Rural Secretariat. During the one-week broadcast of March 19 to 24, 2012, Peter Mansbridge, Chief Correspondent for CBC News and the anchor of The National, was interviewed on Radio Bell Island 100.1 FM by Donovan Taplin, local broadcaster and former Wabana municipal councillor. _NEWLINE_On September 5, 2012, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador provided Radio Bell Island Inc. with $15, 000 in aid to assist in equipment and start-up costs to establish a permanent station._NEWLINE_Radio Bell Island is an incorporated entity governed by a volunteer Board of Directors. Radio Bell Island Inc. is a not-for-profit organization. John Moore is the current Chairperson of the Board of Directors._NEWLINE_On November 5, 2012, Radio Bell Island Inc. received approval by the Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission (CRTC) to operate a new low power community FM radio station in Bell Island.

12798836770321525894

Q28194821

_START_ARTICLE_ CO-STAR _START_PARAGRAPH_ CO-STAR is an iterative innovation management methodology originating from silicon valley. The acronym stands for customer, opportunity, solution, team, advantages and results. It was introduced in a 2012 book by Laszlo Gyorffy and Lisa Friedman._NEWLINE_The methodology is being used by several companies, for example by INNOArchitects, IdeaScale or the Swiss Post.

10769393653382264724

Q5013344

_START_ARTICLE_ COLUMBUS _START_SECTION_ Brief History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS were started in 1980 in the Department of Chemistry of the Ohio State University by Isaiah Shavitt, Hans Lischka and Ron Shepard. The programs pioneered the Graphical Unitary Group Approach (GUGA) for configuration interaction calculations, which is now available in many other program suites. The programs are named after Columbus, OH. _START_SECTION_ Style _START_PARAGRAPH_ The COLUMBUS PROGRAMS maintain a program unique style that distinguish itself from most other quantum chemistry programs._NEWLINE_The program suite is a collection of a number of programs coded in Fortran, each can be executed independently. These programs communicate through files. Perl scripts are provided to prepare input files and to link these programs together to perform common tasks such as single point energy calculation, geometry optimization, normal mode analysis, etc. This style provides very high degree of flexibility which is embraced by advanced users. The open style allows new components to be added to the program suite with ease. However, such flexibility also increased the complexity of input file preparation and execution, making it very difficult for new users.

1587153214927323367

Q2077619

_START_ARTICLE_ COROT-5 _START_SECTION_ Location and properties _START_PARAGRAPH_ The announcement materials identify this star as located within the LRa01 field of view of the COROT spacecraft. According to the project website this field is in the Monoceros constellation._NEWLINE_The announcement materials report that the star has a radius of about 116% of the Sun and a mass of about 101% of the Sun._NEWLINE_ _NEWLINE_This star is reported to be a main sequence F type star a little larger and hotter than the Sun.

5017227625756981025

Q38595513

_START_ARTICLE_ Cabeza _START_PARAGRAPH_ In Mexican cuisine, cabeza (lit. 'head') is the meat from a roasted head of an animal, served as taco or burrito fillings. _NEWLINE_Typically, the whole head is placed on a steamer or grill, and customers may ask for particular parts of the body meats they favor, such as ojo (eye), oreja (ear), cachete (cheek), lengua (tongue), or labios (lips).

15533029048421846248

Q466538

_START_ARTICLE_ Cabo Delgado Province _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 25 September 1964, Frelimo guerrillas arrived from Tanzania, with help from some individuals of the surrounding population, attacking a Portuguese administrative post in the province. This raid marked the beginning of the Portuguese Colonial War, the armed struggle between the Portuguese colonial authorities in the then Portuguese Overseas Province of Mozambique. This province was the focus of Operation Gordian Knot, where the Portuguese colonials attempted to wipe out the guerrilla bases in the province._NEWLINE_The province is named after Cape Delgado (Portuguese: Cabo Delgado), a coastal headland on the border between Mozambique and Tanzania, which forms the northernmost point in Mozambique.

16619691186499689886

Q5015807

_START_ARTICLE_ Cabral Ferreira _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cabral Ferreira (1951 – 26 February 2008) was the Portuguese President of the C.F. Os Belenenses soccer club from April 2005 until 2008. _NEWLINE_Ferreira died in Lisbon, Portugal, on 26 February 2008, after a long illness at the age of 56. His funeral was held at the Basílica da Estrela in Lisbon and was buried in a cemetery in Lumiar.

18110060242125425553

Q16850327

_START_ARTICLE_ Cairo Egyptians _START_SECTION_ Team history _START_PARAGRAPH_ On January 18, 1897, the Cairo Egyptians, based in Cairo, Illinois, were formed as a charter member of the Class C Central League. Joining the Egyptions in the six-team league were the Evansville Brewers, Nashville Centennials, Paducah Little Colonels, Terre Haute Hottentots, and Washington Browns. Cairo's uniforms were gray and black. Severe financial problems throughout the circuit forced the league to disband on July 20. As of July 19, the final day of play, the Egyptians were in fifth place with a 29–35 (.453) record._NEWLINE_Another Egyptians team played in the first Kentucky–Illinois–Tennessee League (KITTY League) from 1903 to 1906 as the Egyptians (1903), Champions (1904), and Giants (1905–1906). It resurfaced as the Egyptians from 1911 to 1914 in the second KITTY League, then returned from 1922 to 1924 in another incarnation of the league._NEWLINE_For the final KITTY league, the team played from 1946 to 1950 before folding for good. From 1948 to 1949, they were a Brooklyn Dodgers affiliate known as the Cairo Dodgers.

5340157361448520211

Q5017872

_START_ARTICLE_ Caithness and Sutherland (UK Parliament constituency) _START_SECTION_ 1918 constituency reform _START_PARAGRAPH_ The creation of Caithness and Sutherland as a single constituency was a part of a package of boundary reform also affecting many other parts of the United Kingdom. The reform was the first since the Redistribution of Seats Act of 1885, and its main aim was to make constituencies more equal in terms of the sizes of their electorates. _START_SECTION_ 1918 to 1975 _START_PARAGRAPH_ When created the constituency covered the county of Caithness and the county of Sutherland, including the burghs of Dornoch, Thurso and Wick. _START_SECTION_ 1975 to 1983 _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1975 counties and burghs were abolished and the constituency became an area within the Highland region. The region included two new local government districts, called Caithness and Sutherland. The Caithness district was entirely within the constituency. The Sutherland district had a small area, the Kincardine electoral division, within the Ross and Cromarty constituency. _START_SECTION_ 1983 to 1996 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Constituency boundaries were redrawn in 1983, and the Caithness and Sutherland constituency was enlarged to cover the whole of the Sutherland district. _START_SECTION_ 1996 to 1997 _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1996 the districts were abolished and the Highland region became a unitary council area. Throughout the remainder of the life of the constituency the Highland Council had area committees representing the areas of the former districts.

3780018112576817010

Q1026529

_START_ARTICLE_ Caleb Cain Marcus _START_SECTION_ Life and work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cain Marcus received his MFA from Columbia University._NEWLINE_The Silent Aftermath of Space, an oversized hard cover book was published in 2010. Robert Frank introduced the artist—“His view shows a quiet resignation and jubilation for being an artist and alone.” The series of twenty dense black and white photographs focused on New York City. They showed spaces devoid of people in the darkness._NEWLINE_A Portrait of Ice, a large double soft cover book was published 2012. The series of thirty color images depicted glaciers from Patagonia, Iceland, Alaska, Norway and New Zealand. The photo critic Marvin Heiferman, whose essay was included in the book, introduces the work as, “eerily gorgeous… like the eccentrically rendered landforms you might soar over in a dream…”_NEWLINE_Critic, Mark Feeney, reviewed Cain Marcus’s large images for the Boston Globe. “[The work has] an inherent painterliness that would have made Caspar David Friedrich’s Romantic soul swoon. Swooning is not uncalled for. These images seem to belong to their own unique medium — in the same way that this terrain and climate belong to their own unique world.”

16195654169861469539

Q5412075

_START_ARTICLE_ Calidad Pascual _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company created in 1969, when a group of entrepreneurs (brothers of Tomás Pascual) from Burgos led by Tomás Pascual, a Segovian by birth, took over a dairy cooperative bankrupt Aranda de Duero. The operation could be carried out thanks to a loan from the Municipal Savings Bank of Burgos, and Tomás changed the name of the group to Industrias Lácteas Pascual, it renamed as Grupo Leche Pascual in 1972._NEWLINE_In its first years the cooperative went through difficulties with the departure of several of its partners, but Tomás Pascual remained at the head of the firm. It was not until 1973 that Pascual made a dent in the Spanish market thanks to the introduction of tetra brick packaging, a pioneer in Spain, and the ultra-pasteurization process that served to conserve milk longer. In 1980, the group first marketed the first brand of skimmed and semi-skimmed milk at the national level._NEWLINE_In addition to the dairy market, Pascual soon began to diversify his business to other sectors. In 1974 the company obtained the concession of the spring of Ortigosa del Monte, Segovia, thanks to which it was able to the market the Bezoya mineral water brand. In 1987, he began producing fruit juices under the Zumosol brand (for a short time Zumisol). Two years later he remodeled his factory to make dairy products such as cream and butter, and in 1991 absorbed Cerex breakfast cereal factory. In 1995, the company introduced the pasteurized yogurt ranges into the market, becoming the first Spanish company to do so._NEWLINE_During the 1980s and 1990s, Pascual launched aggressive advertising campaigns in the media, through sponsorships of programs, spots and sporting events. In that sense, Pascual was the sponsor of the Spanish Olympic swimming team and is currently one of the sponsors of the Spanish Olympic and Paralympic Development Aid Plan. Thanks to advertising and slogans such as "the cousin of Zumosol", Pascual became the leader of the Spanish dairy market in the 1990s. The designer of the logo was neither more nor less than Eufrasia Pascual Reyes, wife of one of Tomás' brothers and a capitalist partner._NEWLINE_Pascual increased the number of facilities and plants and continued to launch new products over the years. Since 1997, they have been marketing a juice and milk drink called BiFrutas (called Pascual Funciona between 2006 and 2010). It was called Bio Frutas until 2010. In 2000, they did the same with Yosport, a kind of pasteurized liquid yogurt after fermentation, and In 2002, they began to market the ViveSoy soy product line, in which time the group had more than 4,500 direct workers and a turnover of close to 1,000 million euros._NEWLINE_After 37 years at the head of the company, on February 16, 2006, the founder of Grupo Leche Pascual, Tomás Pascual passed away at the age of 79. His first-born son Tomás Pascual Gómez-Cuétara took over as president of the firm. The group currently has 22 industrial plants and is present in 80 countries on four continents, with Spain and some countries in South America as its main sales markets._NEWLINE_Pascual has had to face the fall in sales, a restructuring of the workforce and the loss of positions in the Spanish dairy sector, behind Central Lechera Asturiana and Puleva In 2010 he tried to buy the Ebro dairy line without success Foods, which included the Puleva brand, and which was finally acquired by the French group Lactalis. And at the end of 2013 it sold the "Zumosol" brand to its Turkish competitor Toksöz for 40 million euros._NEWLINE_In December 2012, Grupo Leche Pascual formed a joint venture with Asia Brewery in the Philippines under the name AB Pascual Foods with the introduction of Creamy Delight yogurt._NEWLINE_In January 2014, the company announced a new corporate identity. To reflect its business in other products beyond the dairy sector. At the same time, Grupo Leche Pascual changed their name to Calidad Pascual.

11299837685616558446

Q4158811

_START_ARTICLE_ Calkin–Wilf tree _START_PARAGRAPH_ In number theory, the Calkin–Wilf tree is a tree in which the vertices correspond one-to-one to the positive rational numbers. The tree is rooted at the number 1, and any rational number expressed in simplest terms as the fraction has as its two children the numbers and . Every positive rational number appears exactly once in the tree._NEWLINE_The sequence of rational numbers in a breadth-first traversal of the Calkin–Wilf tree is known as the Calkin–Wilf sequence. Its sequence of numerators (or, offset by one, denominators) is Stern's diatomic series, and can be computed by the fusc function._NEWLINE_The Calkin–Wilf tree is named after Neil Calkin and Herbert Wilf, who considered it in their 2000 paper. The tree was introduced earlier by Jean Berstel and Aldo de Luca as Raney tree, since they drew some ideas from a paper by George N. Raney. Stern's diatomic series was formulated much earlier by Moritz Abraham Stern, a 19th-century German mathematician who also invented the closely related Stern–Brocot tree. Even earlier, a similar tree appears in Kepler's Harmonices Mundi (1619). _START_SECTION_ Definition and structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Calkin–Wilf tree may be defined as a directed graph in which each positive rational number occurs as a vertex and has one outgoing edge to another vertex, its parent. We assume that is in simplest terms; that is, the greatest common divisor of a and b is 1. If < 1, the parent of is ; if > 1, the parent of is . Thus, in either case, the parent is a fraction with a smaller sum of numerator and denominator, so repeated reduction of this type must eventually reach the number 1. As a graph with one outgoing edge per vertex and one root reachable by all other vertices, the Calkin–Wilf tree must indeed be a tree._NEWLINE_The children of any vertex in the Calkin–Wilf tree may be computed by inverting the formula for the parents of a vertex. Each vertex has one child whose value is less than 1, , because this is the only value less than 1 whose parent formula leads back to . Similarly, each vertex has one child whose value is greater than 1, ._NEWLINE_Although it is a binary tree (each vertex has two children), the Calkin–Wilf tree is not a binary search tree: its inorder does not coincide with the sorted order of its vertices. However, it is closely related to a different binary search tree on the same set of vertices, the Stern–Brocot tree: the vertices at each level of the two trees coincide, and are related to each other by a bit-reversal permutation. _START_SECTION_ Relation to Stern–Brocot tree _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Calkin–Wilf tree resembles the Stern–Brocot tree in that both are binary trees with each positive rational number appearing exactly once. Additionally, the top levels of the two trees appear very similar, and in both trees the same numbers appear at the same levels. One tree can be obtained from the other by performing a bit-reversal permutation on the numbers at each level of the trees. Alternatively, the number at a given node of the Calkin–Wilf tree can be converted into the number at the same position in the Stern–Brocot tree, and vice versa, by a process involving the reversal of the continued fraction representations of these numbers._NEWLINE_However, in other ways they have different properties: for instance, the Stern–Brocot tree is a binary search tree: the left-to-right traversal order of the tree is the same as the numerical order of the numbers in it. This property is not true of the Calkin–Wilf tree.

17715097401431893895

Q65042601

_START_ARTICLE_ Callaíta _START_SECTION_ Music video _START_PARAGRAPH_ The video was released on May 31, 2019 and it was directed by Kacho Lopez Mari and produced by Puerto Rican production company, Filmes Zapatero. In it, Bunny talks about a girl who, despite seemingly meek and quiet, lives a life free of inhibitions and hesitations, both in terms of herself and of people who criticize her.

1848390399668003888

Q2045500

_START_ARTICLE_ Callington _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ The town is situated in east Cornwall between Dartmoor to the east and Bodmin Moor to the west. A former agricultural market town, it lies at the intersection of the south-north A388 Saltash to Launceston road and the east-west A390 Tavistock to Liskeard road._NEWLINE_Kit Hill is a mile north-east of the town and rises to 333 metres (1,093 ft) with views of Dartmoor, Bodmin Moor and the River Tamar._NEWLINE_The hamlets of Bowling Green, Kelly Bray, Frogwell and Downgate are in the parish. _START_SECTION_ Railway station _START_PARAGRAPH_ Callington railway station was the terminus of a branch line from Bere Alston, the junction with the Southern Railway's Tavistock to Plymouth line. The railway line beyond Gunnislake to the Callington terminus was closed in the 1960s, due to low usage and difficult operating conditions on the final sections of the line due to several severe gradients and speed restrictions. One can still travel by rail on the Tamar Valley Line from Plymouth as far as Gunnislake via Bere Alston, where trains reverse. For most of its journey the line follows the River Tamar. Gunnislake is the nearest railway station to Callington, although the nearest mainline station is at Saltash. _START_SECTION_ Economy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Food manufacturers Ginsters and The Cornwall Bakery (both wholly owned subsidiaries of Samworth Brothers) are the largest employers in the town._NEWLINE_Ginsters uses local produce in many of its products, buying potatoes and other vegetables from local farmers and suppliers._NEWLINE_Historic listed building The Old Clink on Tillie St, built in 1851 as a lock-up for drunks and vagrants, is now used as the offices for a local driving school._NEWLINE_There is also a Tesco supermarket, opened in 2010, which employs 200 local people. _START_SECTION_ History and antiquities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Callington has been postulated as one of the possible locations of the ancient site of Celliwig, associated with King Arthur. Nearby ancient monuments include Castlewitch Henge with a diameter of 96m and Cadsonbury Iron Age hillfort, as well as Dupath Well built in 1510 on the site of an ancient sacred spring._NEWLINE_Callington was recorded in the Domesday Book (1086); the manor had four hides of land and land for thirty ploughs. The lord had land for three ploughs with eleven serfs. Twenty-four villeins and fourteen smallholders had land for fifteen ploughs. There were also one and a half square leagues of pasture and a small amount of woodland. The income of the manor was £6 sterling._NEWLINE_In 1601 Robert Rolle (died 1633) purchased the manor of Callington, thereby gaining the pocket borough seat of Callington in Parliament, which in future served to promote the careers of many Rolles. He nominated to this seat his brother William Rolle (died 1652) in 1604 and 1614, his son Sir Henry Rolle (1589–1656), of Shapwick, in 1620 and 1624, his son-in-law Thomas Wise (died March 1641) of Sydenham in Devon, in 1625, and another son John Rolle (1598–1648), _NEWLINE_In the 19th-century, Callington was one of the most important mining areas in Great Britain. Deposits of silver were found nearby in Silver Valley. Today, the area is marked by mining remains, but there are no active mines. Granite is still quarried on Hingston Down._NEWLINE_The former Callington constituency, a rotten borough, elected two members to the unreformed House of Commons but was abolished by the Reform Act 1832. The town is now in the South East Cornwall constituency._NEWLINE_St Mary's Church was originally a chapel of ease to South Hill; it was consecrated in 1438 and then had two aisles and a buttressed tower; a second north aisle was added in 1882. Unusually for Cornwall there is a clerestory; the wagon roofs are old. The parish church contains the fine brass of Nicholas Assheton and his wife, 1466._NEWLINE_In the churchyard there is a Gothic lantern cross. It was first mentioned by the historian William Borlase in 1752. Each of the four faces of the cross head features a carved figure beneath an ogee arch. The heads of these figures have been chiselled off, no doubt in the Commonwealth period. _START_SECTION_ Governance _START_PARAGRAPH_ Callington is one of a small number of towns to continue to appoint a Portreeve; originally a medieval revenue officer and now an honorary title given to the chairman of the town council. Callington Town Council has twelve members and covers the civil parish of Callington. At the Council elections in 2013 only ten candidates stood, eight Independents and two Mebyon Kernow Councillors. The current portreeve of the town is Suzan Tolman. _START_SECTION_ Development _START_PARAGRAPH_ In recent years, the town has seen much residential development with more, including social housing, planned for the next few years. The neighbouring village of Kelly Bray has almost doubled in size in recent years with houses still being built in the area. A housing estate named Meadowbrook is in the process of being built. _START_SECTION_ Twinning _START_PARAGRAPH_ Callington is twinned with Guipavas in Brittany, France, and Barsbüttel near Hamburg in Germany. It also has unofficial friendship links with Keila in Estonia and a suburb of Malaga, Spain. _START_SECTION_ Sport _START_PARAGRAPH_ Callington has both football and cricket teams. Callington Town Football Club (established 1989) has four adult teams playing in the South West Peninsula League, East Cornwall League, Duchy League and South West Regional Women's Football League. They all play at Marshfield Parc, which backs onto Callington Community College. Callington Cricket Club has three teams playing in the Cornwall Cricket League and play their games at Moores Park.

10932265653759976556

Q16762663

_START_ARTICLE_ Calum Antell _START_SECTION_ Early and personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antell was born in Abergavenny and raised in Ebbw Vale. _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antell joined Hibernian in June 2010 after previously playing for Swindon Town. He signed a new one-year contract with the club in July 2012. During his time with Hibernian he spent loan spells at East Stirlingshire and East Fife. He was East Stirling's 'Player of the Year' for the 2011–12 season._NEWLINE_After leaving Hibernian in 2013, Antell played for Queen of the South, spending a loan spell at Brechin City during his time there. Antell was released by Queens in May 2014 and signed for Nairn County later that year. He left Nairn in July 2016, with his contract being cancelled by mutual consent._NEWLINE_Following his departure from Nairn, Antell signed for newly promoted Scottish League Two club Edinburgh City. _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Antell has represented Wales at under-19 youth level.

6409763265087243952

Q5025474

_START_ARTICLE_ Cambridge Meetinghouse _START_SECTION_ Description and history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Cambridge Meetinghouse stands in the center of Jeffersonville village, on the south side of Church Street (Vermont Route 108) next to the Smugglers Notch Inn. It is a two-story brick building with a gabled roof. The front facade has a pedimented gable and wide projecting central bay, also with a pedimented gable, that houses the main entrance. The entrance is slightly recessed, and is framed by pilasters and a corniced entablature. There are sash windows on either side of the projecting section on the second level. Rising astride the main roof and the projecting is a square tower, topped by an octagonal belfry and cupola._NEWLINE_The meetinghouse was built in 1826, and is the community's most prominent example of Federal period architecture. It was built to be shared by four separate Christian denominations, and was at the center of sectarian strife in the community. The rise of a religious movement known as Perfectionism took place here, and contributed to the eventual founding of the Oneida Community in New York in the 1840s. Church usage declined in the second half of the 19th century, and in 1866 the town began to use the building for town meetings. The last religious services in this building took place in 1889, by Congregationalists who moved into a new building nearby. The building continued to serve as town hall, its offices occupying the vestry space until 1958. In the early 1900s, an addition was made to the rear to accommodate a stage for use in theatrical performances.

3219631434427478623

Q5025858

_START_ARTICLE_ Camel Nunataks _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Camel Nunataks (63°25′S 57°26′W) are two similar rock nunataks rising to 450 metres (1,480 ft), 1 nautical mile (2 km) apart, and 8 nautical miles (15 km) north of View Point and 8.68 km northwest of Garvan Point, Trinity Peninsula. The name is descriptive and has been in use amongst Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey personnel at Hope Bay since about 1959.

1560630235408644517

Q5026438

_START_ARTICLE_ Cameroon Cricket Association _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cameroon Cricket Association is the official governing body of the sport of cricket in Cameroon and operates Cameroon national cricket team. Cameroon Cricket Association is Cameroon's representative at the International Cricket Council and is an affiliate member and has been a member of that body since 2007. It is also a member of the African Cricket Association.

3771820138144571207

Q714898

_START_ARTICLE_ Camille Lacourt _START_SECTION_ 2010: breakthrough year _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lacourt collected three gold medal at the European Championships. He became European Champion in the 100 m backstroke (long course) ahead of compatriot Jérémy Stravius in a time of 52.11. This time was a new European record and the second fastest time ever, second to Aaron Peirsol's 51.94 from 2009. He collected the 50 m backstroke title in a time of 24.07, also bumping him up to the second fastest performer of all time in that event. On the final night, he collected gold in the 4 × 100 m medley relay. _START_SECTION_ Following years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lacourt collected a series of medals at the World Championships in the following years: one gold and one silver in 2011 in Shanghai, two gold in 2013 in Barcelona, and one of each medal in 2015 in Kazan. He finished 4th in the 100 metre backstroke at the 2012 Summer Olympics and failed to win any medals. After missing the 2014 European Championships due to a hip injury, he won two golds at the 2016 European Championships._NEWLINE_Lacourt failed to win any medals at the 2016 Summer Olympics. Following his 5th-place finish in the 100 meter backstroke, Lacourt made international news after criticizing the sport of swimming and making disparaging, unsubstantiated remarks about Chinese swimmer Sun Yang. In a post-race interview with French radio station RMCsport, Lacourt said: "I am very sad when I see my sport getting like this. I have the impression I am looking at athletics, with two or three doped in each final. I hope that FINA is going to react and stop this massacre, because it is getting sad," and finished with "Sun Yang, he pisses purple!" After being defeated by another Chinese swimmer, Xu Jiayu, who won the silver medal in the 100 meter backstroke, Lacourt said, "I don't like being beaten by a Chinese."_NEWLINE_Lacourt won his third consecutive gold medal in the 50 m backstroke at the 2017 World Championships. He then announced his retirement later in 2017. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Lacourt was married to Valérie Bègue, who won Miss France 2008. He is the father of a girl, Jazz, born in October 2012. Lacourt and Bègue divorced in 2016.

15480510639753259552

Q1954351

_START_ARTICLE_ Camotán _START_SECTION_ 2001 famine _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 3 August 2001, Camotán municipality declared yellow code in the area when it learned about the desperate situation that the rural communities were facing, facing imminent famine; the root cause of the crisis were the short raining season, and the decline in the international coffee price. Alfonso Portillo's government decreed State of Calamity to get international help; officially, 48 deceased were reported, but there were rumors of hundreds of casualties.

5349018965760763834

Q24261001

_START_ARTICLE_ Camp Opelika _START_PARAGRAPH_ Camp Opelika was a World War II era prisoner of war (POW) camp in Opelika, Alabama. Its construction began in September 1942 and it shut down in September 1945. The first prisoners, captured by the British, were part of General Erwin Rommel's feared Africa Corps. It held approximately 3,000 German prisoners at any one time. _START_SECTION_ Present _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Museum of East Alabama in Opelika hosts a collection of material from Camp Opelika. No trace of the camp remains in the present day; an industrial park now occupies the site just south of I-85 on the south side of Opelika. _NEWLINE_A historical marker erected by the Opelika Historic Preservation Society and the Historic Chattachoochee Commission stands at the southwest quadrant of the intersection of Marvyn Parkway and Williamson Avenue. This marker reads:_NEWLINE_"Located on this 800 acre site was an enemy prisoner of war camp. Construction of Camp Opelika began in September 1942. The first prisoners, captured by the British, were part of General Erwin Rommel's Africa Corps. The camp prisoner population was maintained around 3000 until the end of World War II, in May 1945. In September 1945 the camp was deactivated and deeded to the City of Opelika. For a brief period the camp quarters were used for veteran's housing before the site became an industrial park."

3957786106667145112

Q5027962

_START_ARTICLE_ Campbell's Island, Illinois _START_SECTION_ War of 1812 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Campbell's Island was the site of the Battle of Rock Island Rapids, one of the westernmost battles of the War of 1812, when a band of approximately 500 Sauk warriors allied with the British Army clashed on July 19, 1814 with an American force led by Lieutenant John Campbell of the 1st U.S. Regiment of Infantry. Campbell was leading three gunboats along the Mississippi River to carry military supplies to Fort Shelby, located at the present site of Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin. One boat carried 42 people – soldiers of the 1st U.S. Regiment of Infantry and members of their families. The other two boats carried 66 U.S. Rangers. The British-allied Indians attacked the flotilla in their canoes and forced Campbell to turn back. The American loss was 8 men of the 1st Regiment killed and 16 wounded;4 Rangers killed and 8 wounded. This victory helped to enable the Sauk to maintain their control over the Quad Cities area for almost 20 more years. The Campbell's Island State Memorial, dedicated in 1908, commemorates this battle._NEWLINE_However, the movement of Euro-American militiamen and families into northwestern Illinois continued, and in the Black Hawk War of 1832 the Sauk were decisively defeated. The Quad Cities area was "opened to settlement," and Campbell's Island was named in honor of the loser of the 1814 battle, John Campbell._NEWLINE_Five currently active infantry battalions of the Regular Army (1-1 Inf, 2-1 Inf, 1-3 Inf, 2-3 Inf and 4-3 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of elements of the old 1st and 7th Infantry Regiments that were at the Battle of the Rock Island Rapids. _START_SECTION_ Early 1900s _START_PARAGRAPH_ At the turn of the 20th century, Campbell's Island was bought by a streetcar company who intended to build an amusement park which would have covered the island. In 1904 the first streetcar bridge was constructed atop a closing dam that had been built by the Army Corp of Engineers in 1899._NEWLINE_Campbell's Island was a popular resort area in the early to mid 20th century. Cottages were available for rent, and some of the more affluent built their own summer cabins. Extra streetcars were added to the island in the mornings and afternoons to accommodate seasonal residents traveling to and from work in the cities._NEWLINE_The House-In-the-Woods, built in 1904, offered dining on the first floor and orchestra concerts in the ballroom on the second floor. It was destroyed by fire in 1911, but rebuilt the following spring and eventually renamed The Campbell's Island Inn. In the late 1950s the inn became the Ship's Wheel Boat Club, which had a visiter's dock that allowed customers to boat to the club, along with a full service marina. It suffered a flood in 1965, but reopened, and burned down in 1979. _START_SECTION_ Today _START_PARAGRAPH_ The size and shape of Campbell's Island has been somewhat variable in historic times, due to additions and subtractions created by the power of the Mississippi River. Today, the island is approximately 1.25 miles (2 km) long and 0.5 miles (0.8 km) wide. It is the home of a suburban community that dwells on a ring road that circles the island. The low-lying Campbell's Island is subject to flooding, and many of the island homes are raised, built on stilts, or otherwise constructed so as to minimize damage during periods of high water such as the Great Flood of 1993. The bridge to East Moline was built in 1938 and completely rebuilt in 1999._NEWLINE_The Rock Island Rapids, a riffle in the Upper Mississippi River after which the 1814 battle was named, have disappeared. The riffle was replaced in 1934 by Lock and Dam No. 15, an engineering structure several miles downstream from Campbell's Island.

10605896045504117052

Q5028180

_START_ARTICLE_ Campbell of Craignish _START_SECTION_ Craignish Castle _START_PARAGRAPH_ The founder of the Campbells of Craignish, Dugall Maul Campbell became first Laird of Craignish and his descendants built and resided in Craignish Castle, on the Craignish peninsula in Argyll.. Ranald MacCallum was made hereditary keeper of Craignish Castle in 1510. However, the castle has long since escaped family hands, and in 1832 was rebuilt as a private mansion for Mr. Trench-Gascoigne, who owned nearly 6000 acres (24 km²) in Argyllshire. Today, the Castle has been converted into apartments and is owned privately. _START_SECTION_ Incumbent _START_PARAGRAPH_ The title 'Laird of Craignish' is no longer used, because the title 'Laird' conveys a sense of ownership of land, and the Craignish estates were lost long ago (see above). However, most of these properties have since been sold on._NEWLINE_The House of Craignish represents thousands of Campbells worldwide, but currently no Chieftain has been identified._NEWLINE_The title 'Baron Campbell von Laurents' is a German title, which was restricted in inheritance to the male line of the original holder, meaning it is now extinct.

11389201203105841058

Q24884179

_START_ARTICLE_ Campo Mário Santiago _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The area were the court is located was the home ground of two football clubs that closed down in the post-independence period: Académica do Ambrizete and Benfica do Quinzau._NEWLINE_During the pro-communist rule that followed the country's independence in 1975, the area where the court is located was called Campo da Revolução (Revolution Camp) and was the venue of several firing-squad executions ordered by the MPLA regime in 1975, the most famous of which was the shooting of MPLA commander Virgílio Sotto Mayor under the charge of treason._NEWLINE_Following that ill-famed period, the field was renamed in honour of Angolan nationalist Mário Afonso Santiago (9 Sep 1942–13 Nov 1971), a local resident, ownership given to Progresso do Sambizanga and the construction work for the football stadium beginning afterwards.

3953050100926453351

Q16837238

_START_ARTICLE_ Canada men's national under-23 soccer team _START_SECTION_ 2008 qualifying _START_PARAGRAPH_ Known for his vocal antics on the touchline, Nick Dasovic led Canada through Olympic qualifying in 2008, drawing Mexico 1–1 and helping to eliminate the heavily favoured Mexican side in the process. After a highly promising 5–0 win over Guatemala on a night when Mexico had to better that result against Haiti but could only win 5–1, Canada fell to the United States 3–0 in the semifinal, losing out on a spot in Beijing at the Olympics that summer. Canada recovered to defeat Guatemala in the third-place playoff, a rematch of their first round game, winning on penalties (5–3) after a scoreless draw through 120 minutes. _START_SECTION_ 2012 qualifying _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tony Fonseca led Canada to an opening game 0–0 draw against El Salvador. Following this, Canada stunned the United States 2–0, contributing to their surprising early elimination on home soil. Canada disappointed in their final group stage game with a 1–1 tie versus Cuba, setting up a more difficult semi-final for them against Mexico, which they would lose 3–1. _START_SECTION_ 2016 qualifying _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was announced in August 2015 that Canada head coach Benito Floro would be in charge of the Olympic team. The final squad for qualification was announced on September 18, 2015.

11496306601693050839

Q46974

_START_ARTICLE_ Canadian Pacific Railway _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Together with the Canadian Confederation, the creation of the Canadian Pacific Railway was a task originally undertaken as the National Dream by the Conservative government of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald (1st Canadian Ministry). He was helped by Sir Alexander Tilloch Galt, who was the owner of the North Western Coal and Navigation Company. British Columbia, a four-month sea voyage away from the East Coast, had insisted upon a land transport link to the East as a condition for joining Confederation (initially requesting a wagon road). The government however proposed to build a railway linking the Pacific province to the Eastern provinces within 10 years of 20 July 1871. Macdonald saw it as essential to the creation of a unified Canadian nation that would stretch across the continent. Moreover, manufacturing interests in Quebec and Ontario wanted access to raw materials and markets in Western Canada._NEWLINE_The first obstacle to its construction was political. The logical route went through the American Midwest and the city of Chicago, Illinois (via some Milwaukee Road and Soo Line Railroad trackage that would later be acquired by CP in the late 20th century). In addition to this was the difficulty of building a railroad through the Canadian Rockies; an entirely Canadian route would require crossing 1,600 km (990 mi) of rugged terrain across the barren Canadian Shield and muskeg of Northern Ontario. To ensure this routing, the government offered huge incentives including vast grants of land in the West._NEWLINE_In 1873, Sir John A. Macdonald and other high-ranking politicians, bribed in the Pacific Scandal, granted federal contracts to Hugh Allan's Canada Pacific Railway Company (which was unrelated to the current company) rather than to David Lewis Macpherson's Inter-Ocean Railway Company which was thought to have connections to the American Northern Pacific Railway Company. Because of this scandal, the Conservative Party was removed from office in 1873. The new Liberal prime minister, Alexander Mackenzie, ordered construction of segments of the railway as a public enterprise under the supervision of the Department of Public Works led by Sandford Fleming. Surveying was carried out during the first years of a number of alternative routes in this virgin territory followed by construction of a telegraph along the lines that had been agreed upon. The Thunder Bay section linking Lake Superior to Winnipeg was commenced in 1875. By 1880, around 1,000 kilometres (700 mi) was nearly complete, mainly across the troublesome Canadian Shield terrain, with trains running on only 500 kilometres (300 mi) of track._NEWLINE_With Macdonald's return to power on 16 October 1878, a more aggressive construction policy was adopted. Macdonald confirmed that Port Moody would be the terminus of the transcontinental railway, and announced that the railway would follow the Fraser and Thompson rivers between Port Moody and Kamloops. In 1879, the federal government floated bonds in London and called for tenders to construct the 206 km (128 mi) section of the railway from Yale, British Columbia, to Savona's Ferry, on Kamloops Lake. The contract was awarded to Andrew Onderdonk, whose men started work on 15 May 1880. After the completion of that section, Onderdonk received contracts to build between Yale and Port Moody, and between Savona's Ferry and Eagle Pass._NEWLINE_On 21 October 1880, a new syndicate, unrelated to Hugh Allan's, signed a contract with the Macdonald government and Fleming was dismissed. They agreed to build the railway in exchange for $25 million (approximately $625 million in modern Canadian dollars) in credit from the Canadian government and a grant of 25 million acres (100,000 km²) of land. The government transferred to the new company those sections of the railway it had constructed under government ownership, on which it had already spent at least $25 million. But its estimates of the cost of the Rocky Mountain section alone was over $60 million. The government also defrayed surveying costs and exempted the railway from property taxes for 20 years. The Montreal-based syndicate officially comprised five men: George Stephen, James J. Hill, Duncan McIntyre, Richard B. Angus and John Stewart Kennedy. Donald A. Smith and Norman Kittson were unofficial silent partners with a significant financial interest. On 15 February 1881, legislation confirming the contract received royal assent, and the Canadian Pacific Railway Company was formally incorporated the next day. Critics claimed that the government gave too large a subsidy for the proposed project but this was to incorporate uncertainties of risk and irreversibility of insurance. The large subsidy also needed to compensate the CPR for not constructing the line in the future, but rather right away even though demand would not cover operational costs. _START_SECTION_ Building the railway, 1881–1885 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Building the railway took over four years. The Canadian Pacific Railway began its westward expansion from Bonfield, Ontario (previously called Callander Station), where the first spike was driven into a sunken railway tie. Bonfield was inducted into Canadian Railway Hall of Fame in 2002 as the CPR first spike location. That was the point where the Canada Central Railway extension ended. The CCR was owned by Duncan McIntyre, who amalgamated it with the CPR, and became one of the handful of officers of the newly formed CPR. The CCR started in Brockville and extended to Pembroke. It then followed a westward route along the Ottawa River passing through places like Cobden, Deux-Rivières and eventually to Mattawa at the confluence of the Mattawa and Ottawa rivers. It then proceeded cross-country towards its final destination of Bonfield. Duncan McIntyre and his contractor James Worthington piloted the CPR expansion. Worthington continued on as the construction superintendent for the CPR past Bonfield. He remained with the CPR for about a year after which he left the company. McIntyre was uncle to John Ferguson who staked out future North Bay and who became the town's wealthiest inhabitant and mayor for four successive terms._NEWLINE_It was presumed that the railway would travel through the rich "Fertile Belt" of the North Saskatchewan River Valley and cross the Rocky Mountains via the Yellowhead Pass, a route suggested by Sir Sandford Fleming based on a decade of work. However, the CPR quickly discarded this plan in favour of a more southerly route across the arid Palliser's Triangle in Saskatchewan and via Kicking Horse Pass and down the Field Hill to the Rocky Mountain Trench. This route was more direct and closer to the Canada–US border, making it easier for the CPR to keep American railways from encroaching on the Canadian market. However, this route also had several disadvantages._NEWLINE_One was that the CPR would need to find a route through the Selkirk Mountains in British Columbia while, at the time, it was not known whether a route even existed. The job of finding a pass was assigned to a surveyor named Major Albert Bowman Rogers. The CPR promised him a cheque for $5,000 and that the pass would be named in his honour. Rogers became obsessed with finding the pass that would immortalize his name. He discovered the pass in April 1881 and, true to its word, the CPR named it "Rogers Pass" and gave him the cheque. However, he at first refused to cash it, preferring to frame it, saying he did not do it for the money. He later agreed to cash it with the promise of an engraved watch._NEWLINE_Another obstacle was that the proposed route crossed land in Alberta that was controlled by the Blackfoot First Nation. This difficulty was overcome when a missionary priest, Albert Lacombe, persuaded the Blackfoot chief Crowfoot that construction of the railway was inevitable. In return for his assent, Crowfoot was famously rewarded with a lifetime pass to ride the CPR._NEWLINE_A more lasting consequence of the choice of route was that, unlike the one proposed by Fleming, the land surrounding the railway often proved too arid for successful agriculture. The CPR may have placed too much reliance on a report from naturalist John Macoun, who had crossed the prairies at a time of very high rainfall and had reported that the area was fertile._NEWLINE_The greatest disadvantage of the route was in Kicking Horse Pass, at the Alberta-British Columbia border on the continental divide. In the first 6 km (3.7 mi) west of the 1,625 metres (5,331 feet) high summit, the Kicking Horse River drops 350 metres (1,150 feet). The steep drop would force the cash-strapped CPR to build a 7 km (4.3 mi) long stretch of track with a very steep 4​¹⁄₂ percent gradient once it reached the pass in 1884. This was over four times the maximum gradient recommended for railways of this era, and even modern railways rarely exceed a two-percent gradient. However, this route was far more direct than one through the Yellowhead Pass and saved hours for both passengers and freight. This section of track was the CPR's Big Hill. Safety switches were installed at several points, the speed limit for descending trains was set at 10 km per hour (6 mph), and special locomotives were ordered. Despite these measures, several serious runaways still occurred including the first locomotive, which belonged to the contractors, to descend the line. CPR officials insisted that this was a temporary expediency, but this state of affairs would last for 25 years until the completion of the Spiral Tunnels in the early 20th century. _NEWLINE_In 1881, construction progressed at a pace too slow for the railway's officials who, in 1882, hired the renowned railway executive William Cornelius Van Horne to oversee construction with the inducement of a generous salary and the intriguing challenge of handling such a difficult railway project. Van Horne stated that he would have 800 km (500 mi) of main line built in 1882. Floods delayed the start of the construction season, but over 672 km (418 mi) of main line, as well as sidings and branch lines, were built that year. The Thunder Bay branch (west from Fort William) was completed in June 1882 by the Department of Railways and Canals and turned over to the company in May 1883, permitting all-Canadian lake and railway traffic from Eastern Canada to Winnipeg, for the first time in Canada's history. By the end of 1883, the railway had reached the Rocky Mountains, just eight kilometres (five miles) east of Kicking Horse Pass. The construction seasons of 1884 and 1885 would be spent in the mountains of British Columbia and on the north shore of Lake Superior._NEWLINE_Many thousands of navvies worked on the railway. Many were European immigrants. In British Columbia, government contractors eventually hired 17000 workers from China, known as "coolies". A navvy received between $1 and $2.50 per day, but had to pay for his own food, clothing, transport to the job site, mail and medical care. After 2​¹⁄₂ months of hard labour, they could net as little as $16. Chinese labourers in British Columbia made only between 75 cents and $1.25 a day, paid in rice mats, and not including expenses, leaving barely anything to send home. They did the most dangerous construction jobs, such as working with explosives to clear tunnels through rock. The exact number of Chinese workers who died is unknown but historians estimate the number is between 600 and 800. The victims of sickness and accidents were not given proper funerals. Most of the remains were buried into the railroad and the families of the Chinese who were killed received no compensation, or even notification of loss of life. Many of the men who survived did not have enough money to return to their families in China, although Chinese labour contractors had promised that as part of their responsibilities. Many spent years in isolated and often poor conditions. Yet the Chinese were hard working and played a key role in building the Western stretch of the railway; even some boys as young as twelve years old served as tea-boys. In 2006, the Canadian government issued a formal apology to the Chinese population in Canada for their treatment both during and following the construction of the CPR._NEWLINE_By 1883, railway construction was progressing rapidly, but the CPR was in danger of running out of funds. In response, on 31 January 1884, the government passed the Railway Relief Bill, providing a further $22.5 million in loans to the CPR. The bill received royal assent on 6 March 1884._NEWLINE_In March 1885, the North-West Rebellion broke out in the District of Saskatchewan. Van Horne, in Ottawa at the time, suggested to the government that the CPR could transport troops to Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan (Assiniboia) in 10 days. Some sections of track were incomplete or had not been used before, but the trip to Winnipeg was made in nine days and the rebellion quickly suppressed. Perhaps because the government was grateful for this service, they subsequently reorganized the CPR's debt and provided a further $5 million loan. This money was desperately needed by the CPR. However, this government loan later became controversial. Even with Van Horne's support with moving troops to Qu'Appelle, the government still delayed in giving its support to CPR. This was due to Sir John A. Macdonald putting pressure on George Stephen for additional benefits. Stephen himself later did admit to spending $1 million between 1881 and 1886 to ensure government support. This money went to buying a £40,000 necklace for Lady MacDonald and numerous other "bonifications" to government members._NEWLINE_On 7 November 1885, the last spike was driven at Craigellachie, British Columbia, making good on the original promise. Four days earlier, the last spike of the Lake Superior section was driven in just west of Jackfish, Ontario. While the railway was completed four years after the original 1881 deadline, it was completed more than five years ahead of the new date of 1891 that Macdonald gave in 1881. The successful construction of such a massive project, although troubled by delays and scandal, was considered an impressive feat of engineering and political will for a country with such a small population, limited capital, and difficult terrain. It was by far the longest railway ever constructed at the time. It had taken 12,000 men and 5,000 horses to construct the Lake section alone._NEWLINE_Meanwhile, in Eastern Canada, the CPR had created a network of lines reaching from Quebec City to St. Thomas, Ontario by 1885 (mainly by buying the Quebec, Montreal, Ottawa & Occidental Railway from the Quebec government), and had launched a fleet of Great Lakes ships to link its terminals. The CPR had effected purchases and long-term leases of several railways through an associated railway company, the Ontario and Quebec Railway (O&Q). The O&Q built a line between Perth, Ontario, and Toronto (completed on 5 May 1884) to connect these acquisitions. The CPR obtained a 999-year lease on the O&Q on 4 January 1884. In 1895, it acquired a minority interest in the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway, giving it a link to New York and the Northeast United States. _START_SECTION_ 1886–1900 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The last spike in the CPR was driven on 7 November 1885, by one of its directors, Donald Smith, but so many cost-cutting shortcuts were taken in constructing the railway that regular transcontinental service could not start for another seven months while work was done to improve the railway's condition (part of this was because of snow in the mountains and lack of snowsheds to keep the line open). However, had these shortcuts not been taken, it is conceivable that the CPR might have had to default financially, leaving the railway unfinished._NEWLINE_The first transcontinental passenger train departed from Montreal's Dalhousie Station, located at Berri Street and Notre Dame Street at 8 pm on 28 June 1886, and arrived at Port Moody at noon on 4 July 1886. This train consisted of two baggage cars, a mail car, one second-class coach, two immigrant sleepers, two first-class coaches, two sleeping cars and a diner (several dining cars were used throughout the journey, as they were removed from the train during the night, with another one added the next morning)._NEWLINE_By that time, however, the CPR had decided to move its western terminus from Port Moody to Granville, which was renamed "Vancouver" later that year. The first official train destined for Vancouver arrived on 23 May 1887, although the line had already been in use for three months. The CPR quickly became profitable, and all loans from the Federal government were repaid years ahead of time. In 1888, a branch line was opened between Sudbury and Sault Ste. Marie where the CPR connected with the American railway system and its own steamships. That same year, work was started on a line from London, Ontario, to the Canada–US border at Windsor, Ontario. That line opened on 12 June 1890._NEWLINE_The CPR also leased the New Brunswick Railway in 1891 for 991 years, and built the International Railway of Maine, connecting Montreal with Saint John, New Brunswick, in 1889. The connection with Saint John on the Atlantic coast made the CPR the first truly transcontinental railway company in Canada and permitted trans-Atlantic cargo and passenger services to continue year-round when sea ice in the Gulf of St. Lawrence closed the port of Montreal during the winter months. By 1896, competition with the Great Northern Railway for traffic in southern British Columbia forced the CPR to construct a second line across the province, south of the original line. Van Horne, now president of the CPR, asked for government aid, and the government agreed to provide around $3.6 million to construct a railway from Lethbridge, Alberta, through Crowsnest Pass to the south shore of Kootenay Lake, in exchange for the CPR agreeing to reduce freight rates in perpetuity for key commodities shipped in Western Canada._NEWLINE_The controversial Crowsnest Pass Agreement effectively locked the eastbound rate on grain products and westbound rates on certain "settlers' effects" at the 1897 level. Although temporarily suspended during the First World War, it was not until 1983 that the "Crow Rate" was permanently replaced by the Western Grain Transportation Act which allowed for the gradual increase of grain shipping prices. The Crowsnest Pass line opened on 18 June 1898, and followed a complicated route through the maze of valleys and passes in southern British Columbia, rejoining the original mainline at Hope after crossing the Cascade Mountains via Coquihalla Pass._NEWLINE_The Southern Mainline, generally known as the Kettle Valley Railway in British Columbia, was built in response to the booming mining and smelting economy in southern British Columbia, and the tendency of the local geography to encourage and enable easier access from neighbouring US states than from Vancouver or the rest of Canada, which was viewed to be as much of a threat to national security as it was to the province's control of its own resources. The local passenger service was re-routed to this new southerly line, which connected numerous emergent small cities across the region. Independent railways and subsidiaries that were eventually merged into the CPR in connection with this route were the Shuswap and Okanagan Railway, the Kaslo and Slocan Railway, the Columbia and Kootenay Railway, the Columbia and Western Railway and various others. _START_SECTION_ CPR and the settlement of western Canada _START_PARAGRAPH_ The CPR had built a railway that operated mostly in the wilderness. The usefulness of the prairies was questionable in the minds of many. The thinking prevailed that the prairies had great potential. Under the initial contract with the Canadian government to build the railway, the CPR was granted 25 million acres (100,000 km²). Proving already to be a very resourceful organization, Canadian Pacific began an intense campaign to bring immigrants to Canada. Canadian Pacific agents operated in many overseas locations. Immigrants were often sold a package that included passage on a CP ship, travel on a CP train and land sold by the CP railway. Land was priced at $2.50 an acre and up but required cultivation. To transport immigrants, Canadian Pacific developed a fleet of over a thousand Colonist cars, low-budget sleeper cars designed to transport immigrant families from eastern Canadian seaports to the west. _START_SECTION_ 1901–1928 _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the first decade of the 20th century, the CPR continued to build more lines. In 1908, the CPR opened a line connecting Toronto with Sudbury. Previously, westbound traffic originating in southern Ontario took a circuitous route through eastern Ontario. Several operational improvements were also made to the railway in Western Canada. In 1909 the CPR completed two significant engineering accomplishments. The most significant was the replacement of the Big Hill, which had become a major bottleneck in the CPR's main line, with the Spiral Tunnels, reducing the grade to 2.2 percent from 4.5 percent. The Spiral Tunnels opened in August. In April 1908, the CPR started work to replace the Old Calgary-Edmonton Rail Bridge across the Red Deer River with a new standard steel bridge that was completed by March 1909._NEWLINE_On 3 November 1909, the Lethbridge Viaduct over the Oldman River valley at Lethbridge, Alberta, was opened. It is 1,624 metres (5,328 feet) long and, at its maximum, 96 metres (315 feet) high, making it one of the longest railway bridges in Canada. In 1916, the CPR replaced its line through Rogers Pass, which was prone to avalanches (the most serious of which killed 62 men in 1910) with the Connaught Tunnel, an eight-kilometre-long (5-mile) tunnel under Mount Macdonald that was, at the time of its opening, the longest railway tunnel in the Western Hemisphere._NEWLINE_On 21 January 1910, a passenger train derailed on the CPR line at the Spanish River bridge at Nairn, Ontario (near Sudbury), killing at least 43._NEWLINE_The CPR acquired several smaller railways via long-term leases in 1912. On 3 January 1912, the CPR acquired the Dominion Atlantic Railway, a railway that ran in western Nova Scotia. This acquisition gave the CPR a connection to Halifax, a significant port on the Atlantic Ocean. The Dominion Atlantic was isolated from the rest of the CPR network and used the CNR to facilitate interchange; the DAR also operated ferry services across the Bay of Fundy for passengers and cargo (but not rail cars) from the port of Digby, Nova Scotia, to the CPR at Saint John, New Brunswick. DAR steamships also provided connections for passengers and cargo between Yarmouth, Boston and New York. On 1 July 1912, the CPR acquired the Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway, a railway on Vancouver Island that connected to the CPR using a railcar ferry. The CPR acquired the Quebec Central Railway on 14 December 1912._NEWLINE_During the late 19th century, the railway undertook an ambitious programme of hotel construction, building Glacier House in Glacier National Park, Mount Stephen House at Field, British Columbia, the Château Frontenac in Quebec City and the Banff Springs Hotel. By then, the CPR had competition from three other transcontinental lines, all of them money-losers. In 1919, these lines were consolidated, along with the track of the old Intercolonial Railway and its spurs, into the government-owned Canadian National Railways. The CPR suffered its greatest loss of life when one of its steamships, the Empress of Ireland, sank after a collision with the Norwegian collier SS Storstad. On 29 May 1914, the Empress (operated by the CPR's Canadian Pacific Steamship Company) went down in the St. Lawrence River with the loss of 1,024 lives, of which 840 were passengers. _START_SECTION_ First World War _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the First World War CPR put the entire resources of the "world's greatest travel system" at the disposal of the British Empire, not only trains and tracks, but also its ships, shops, hotels, telegraphs and, above all, its people. Aiding the war effort meant transporting and billeting troops; building and supplying arms and munitions; arming, lending and selling ships. Fifty-two CPR ships were pressed into service during World War I, carrying more than a million troops and passengers and four million tons of cargo. Twenty seven survived and returned to CPR. CPR also helped the war effort with money and jobs. CPR made loans and guarantees to the Allies of some $100 million. As a lasting tribute, CPR commissioned three statues and 23 memorial tablets to commemorate the efforts of those who fought and those who died in the war. After the war, the Federal government created Canadian National Railways (CNR, later CN) out of several bankrupt railways that fell into government hands during and after the war. CNR would become the main competitor to the CPR in Canada. In 1923, Henry Worth Thornton replaced David Blyth Hanna becoming the second president of the CNR, and his competition spurred Edward Wentworth Beatty, the first Canadian-born president of the CPR, to action. During this time the railway land grants were formalized. _START_SECTION_ Great Depression and the Second World War, 1929–1945 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Great Depression, which lasted from 1929 until 1939, hit many companies heavily. While the CPR was affected, it was not affected to the extent of its rival CNR because it, unlike the CNR, was debt-free. The CPR scaled back on some of its passenger and freight services, and stopped issuing dividends to its shareholders after 1932. Hard times led to the creation of new political parties such as the Social Credit movement and the Cooperative Commonwealth Federation, as well as popular protest in the form of the On-to-Ottawa Trek._NEWLINE_One highlight of the late 1930s, both for the railway and for Canada, was the visit of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth during their 1939 royal tour of Canada, the first time that the reigning monarch had visited the country. The CPR and the CNR shared the honours of pulling the royal train across the country, with the CPR undertaking the westbound journey from Quebec City to Vancouver. Later that year, the Second World War began. As it had done in World War I, the CPR devoted much of its resources to the war effort. It retooled its Angus Shops in Montreal to produce Valentine tanks and other armoured vehicles, and transported troops and resources across the country. As well, 22 of the CPR's ships went to war, 12 of which were sunk. _START_SECTION_ 1946–1978 _START_PARAGRAPH_ After the Second World War, the transport industry in Canada changed. Where railways had previously provided almost universal freight and passenger services, cars, trucks and airplanes started to take traffic away from railways. This naturally helped the CPR's air and trucking operations, and the railway's freight operations continued to thrive hauling resource traffic and bulk commodities. However, passenger trains quickly became unprofitable. During the 1950s, the railway introduced new innovations in passenger service. In 1955, it introduced The Canadian, a new luxury transcontinental train. However, in the 1960s, the company started to pull out of passenger services, ending services on many of its branch lines. It also discontinued its secondary transcontinental train The Dominion in 1966, and in 1970, unsuccessfully applied to discontinue The Canadian. For the next eight years, it continued to apply to discontinue the service, and service on The Canadian declined markedly. On 29 October 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail, a new federal Crown corporation that is responsible for managing all intercity passenger service formerly handled by both CP Rail and CN. Via eventually took almost all of its passenger trains, including The Canadian, off CP's lines._NEWLINE_In 1968, as part of a corporate reorganization, each of the CPR's major operations, including its rail operations, were organized as separate subsidiaries. The name of the railway was changed to CP Rail, and the parent company changed its name to Canadian Pacific Limited in 1971. Its air, express, telecommunications, hotel and real estate holdings were spun off, and ownership of all of the companies transferred to Canadian Pacific Investments. The slogan was: "TO THE FOUR CORNERS OF THE WORLD" The company discarded its beaver logo, adopting the new Multimark {which, when mirrored by an adjacent "multi-mark" creates a diamond appearance on a globe} that was used—with a different colour background—for each of its operations. _START_SECTION_ 1979–2001 _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 10 November 1979, a derailment of a hazardous materials train in Mississauga, Ontario, led to the evacuation of 200,000 people; there were no fatalities._NEWLINE_In 1984, CP Rail commenced construction of the Mount Macdonald Tunnel to augment the Connaught Tunnel under the Selkirk Mountains. The first revenue train passed through the tunnel in 1988. At 14.7 km (nine miles), it is the longest tunnel in the Americas. During the 1980s, the Soo Line Railroad, in which CP Rail still owned a controlling interest, underwent several changes. It acquired the Minneapolis, Northfield and Southern Railway in 1982. Then on 21 February 1985, the Soo Line obtained a controlling interest in the bankrupt Milwaukee Road, merging it into its system on 1 January 1986. Also in 1980, Canadian Pacific bought out the controlling interests of the Toronto, Hamilton and Buffalo Railway (TH&B) from Conrail and molded it into the Canadian Pacific System, dissolving the TH&B's name from the books in 1985. In 1987, most of CPR's trackage in the Great Lakes region, including much of the original Soo Line, were spun off into a new railway, the Wisconsin Central, which was subsequently purchased by CN. Influenced by the Canada-U.S. Free Trade Agreement of 1989, which liberalized trade between the two nations, the CPR's expansion continued during the early 1990s: CP Rail gained full control of the Soo Line in 1990, and bought the Delaware and Hudson Railway in 1991. These two acquisitions gave CP Rail routes to the major American cities of Chicago (via the Soo Line) and New York City (via the D&H)._NEWLINE_During the next few years CP Rail downsized its route, and several Canadian branch lines and even some secondary mainlines were either sold to short lines or abandoned. This rationalization, however, came at a price, as many grain elevators in the region known as Canada's Breadbasket shut down due to not being able to distribute their thousands of bushels of grain through a large enough region. This included all of its lines east of Montreal, with the routes operating across Maine and New Brunswick to the port of Saint John (operating as the Canadian Atlantic Railway) being sold or abandoned, severing CPR's transcontinental status (in Canada); the opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in the late 1950s, coupled with subsidized icebreaking services, made Saint John surplus to CPR's requirements._NEWLINE_During the 1990s, both CP Rail and CN attempted unsuccessfully to buy out the eastern assets of the other, so as to permit further rationalization. In 1996, CP Rail moved its head office from Windsor Station in Montreal to Gulf Canada Square in Calgary, Alberta. CP consolidated most of its Canadian train control into the new office, creating the Network Management Centre (NMC). The NMC controlled all CP train movement from the Port of Vancouver to Northern Ontario (Mactier, Ontario). A smaller office was left at Windsor Station, which controlled train traffic from Mactier to the Port of Montreal._NEWLINE_In 1996, CP Rail moved its head office to Calgary from Montreal and changed its name back to Canadian Pacific Railway. A new subsidiary company, the St. Lawrence and Hudson Railway, was created to operate its money-losing lines in eastern North America, covering Quebec, Southern and Eastern Ontario, trackage rights to Chicago, Illinois, as well as the Delaware and Hudson Railway in the northeastern United States. However, the new subsidiary, threatened with being sold off and free to innovate, quickly spun off losing track to short lines, instituted scheduled freight service, and produced an unexpected turn-around in profitability. On 1 January 2001 the StL&H was formally amalgamated with the CP Rail system. _START_SECTION_ 2001 to present _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2001, the CPR's parent company, Canadian Pacific Limited, spun off its five subsidiaries, including the CPR, into independent companies. Most of the company's non-railway businesses at the time of the split were operated by a separate subsidiary called Canadian Pacific Limited. Canadian Pacific Railway formally (but, not legally) shortened its name to Canadian Pacific in early 2007, dropping the word "railway" in order to reflect more operational flexibility. Shortly after the name revision, Canadian Pacific announced that it had committed to becoming a major sponsor and logistics provider to the 2010 Olympic Winter Games in Vancouver._NEWLINE_On 4 September 2007, CPR announced it was acquiring the Dakota, Minnesota and Eastern Railroad from London-based Electra Private Equity. The transaction was an "end-to-end" consolidation and gave CPR access to United States shippers of agricultural products, ethanol and coal. CPR stated its intention to use this purchase to gain access to the rich coalfields of Wyoming's Powder River Basin. The purchase price was US$ 1.48 billion with future payments of over US$1 billion contingent on commencement of construction on the smaller railway's Powder River extension and specified volumes of coal shipments from the Powder River basin. The transaction was subject to approval of the U.S. Surface Transportation Board (STB), which was expected to take about a year. On 4 October 2007, CPR announced that it had completed financial transactions required for the acquisition, placing the DM&E and IC&E in a voting trust with Richard Hamlin appointed as trustee. The merger was completed as of 31 October 2008._NEWLINE_On 28 October 2011, in a 13D regulatory filing, the U.S. hedge fund Pershing Square Capital Management (PSCM) indicated it owned 12.2 percent of Canadian Pacific. PSCM began acquiring Canadian Pacific shares in 2011. The stake eventually increased to 14.2 percent, making PSCM the railway's largest shareholder. At a meeting with the company that month, Pershing's head Bill Ackman proposed replacing Fred Green as CP's chief executive. Just hours before the railway's annual shareholder meeting on Thursday, 17 May 2012, Green and five other board members, including chairman John Cleghorn, resigned. The seven nominees, including Ackman and his partner, Paul Hilal, were then elected. The reconstituted board, having named Stephen Tobias (former vice president and chief operating officer of Norfolk Southern Railroad) as interim CEO, initiated a search for a new CEO, eventually settling on E. Hunter Harrison, former President of CN Rail, on 29 June 2012._NEWLINE_Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd. trains resumed regular operations on 1 June 2012 after a nine-day strike by some 4,800 locomotive engineers, conductors and traffic controllers who walked off the job on 23 May, stalling Canadian freight traffic and costing the economy an estimated CA$80 million (US$77 million). The strike ended with a government back-to-work bill forcing both sides to come to a binding agreement._NEWLINE_On 6 July 2013, a unit train of crude oil which CP had subcontracted to short-line operator Montreal, Maine and Atlantic Railway derailed in Lac-Mégantic, killing 47. On 14 August 2013, the Quebec government added the CPR, along with lessor World Fuel Services (WFS), to the list of corporate entities from which it seeks reimbursement for the environmental cleanup of the Lac-Megantic derailment. On 15 July, the press reported that CP would appeal the legal order. Railway spokesman Ed Greenberg stated "Canadian Pacific has reviewed the notice. As a matter of fact, in law, CP is not responsible for this cleanup." In February 2014, Harrison called for immediate action to phase-out DOT-111 tank cars, known to be more dangerous in cases of derailment._NEWLINE_On 12 October 2014 it was reported that Canadian Pacific had tried to enter into a merger with American Railway CSX, but was unsuccessful._NEWLINE_In 2015-16 Canadian Pacific sought to merge with American railway Norfolk Southern. and wanted to have a vote on it. Canadian Pacific created a website to persuade people that the Canadian Pacific/Norfolk Southern merger would benefit the rail industry. Canadian Pacific both filed a complaint against the Department of Justice and dropped their proposed proxy fight in the proposed merger with Norfolk Southern. On 11 April 2016, Canadian Pacific abandoned the proposed merger with Norfolk Southern after three offers were rejected by the NS' board._NEWLINE_United Parcel Service (UPS) spoke out about the rail merger and said they are against the Canadian Pacific/Norfolk Southern merger. CP terminated its efforts to merge on 11 April 2016. On 18 January 2017 it was announced that Hunter Harrison was retiring from CP and that Keith Creel would become President and Chief Executive Officer of the company effective 31 January 2017._NEWLINE_On 4 February 2019, a loaded grain train ran away from the siding at Partridge just above the Upper Spiral Tunnel in Kicking Horse Pass. The 112 car grain train with three locomotives derailed into the Kicking Horse River just after the Trans Canada Highway overpass. The three crew members on the lead locomotive all perished in the derailment. _START_SECTION_ Canadian Pacific Railway's North Line _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canadian Pacific Railway's North Line, which runs from Edmonton to Winnipeg, a high capacity line, is connected to "all the key refining markets in North America." Chief Executive Hunter Harrison told the Wall Street Journal that Canadian Pacific planned to improve track along its North Line as part of a plan to ship Alberta oil east._NEWLINE_CPR COO Keith Creel said CPR was in a growth position in 2014 thanks to the increased Alberta crude oil, Western Canadian Select WCS, transport that will account for one-third of CPR's new revenue gains through 2018 "aided by improvements at oil-loading terminals and track in western Canada."_NEWLINE_By 2014 Creel said the transport of Alberta's heavy crude oil would account for about 60% of the CP's oil revenues, and light crude from the Bakken Shale region in Saskatchewan and the U.S. state of North Dakota would account for 40%, the opposite of the ratios prior to the implementation of tougher regulations in both Canada and the United States that negatively affect the volatile, sensitive light sweet Bakken crude. Creel said that "It [WCS is] safer, less volatile and more profitable to move and we're uniquely positioned to connect to the West Coast as well as the East Coast." _START_SECTION_ Passenger trains _START_PARAGRAPH_ The train was the primary mode of long-distance transport in Canada until the 1960s. Among the many types of people who rode CPR trains were new immigrants heading for the prairies, military troops (especially during the two world wars) and upper class tourists. It also custom-built many of its passenger cars at its CPR Angus Shops to be able to meet the demands of the upper class._NEWLINE_The CPR also had a line of Great Lakes ships integrated into its transcontinental service. From 1885 until 1912, these ships linked Owen Sound on Georgian Bay to Fort William. Following a major fire in December 1911 that destroyed the grain elevator, operations were relocated to a new, larger port created by the CPR at Port McNicoll opening in May 1912. Five ships allowed daily service, and included the S.S. Assiniboia and S.S. Keewatin built in 1908 which remained in use until the end of service. Travellers went by train from Toronto to that Georgian Bay port, then travelled by ship to link with another train at the Lakehead. After World War II, the trains and ships carried automobiles as well as passengers. This service featured what was to become the last boat train in North America. The Steam Boat was a fast, direct connecting train between Toronto and Port McNicoll. The passenger service was discontinued at the end of season in 1965 with one ship, the Keewatin, carrying on in freight service for two more years. It later became a marine museum at Douglas, Michigan in the United States, before returning to its original homeport of Port McNicoll, Canada in 2013._NEWLINE_After the Second World War, passenger traffic declined as automobiles and aeroplanes became more common, but the CPR continued to innovate in an attempt to keep passenger numbers up. Beginning 9 November 1953, the CPR introduced Budd Rail Diesel Cars (RDCs) on many of its lines. Officially called "Dayliners" by the CPR, they were always referred to as Budd Cars by employees. Greatly reduced travel times and reduced costs resulted, which saved service on many lines for a number of years. The CPR went on to acquire the second largest fleet of RDCs totalling 52 cars. Only the Boston and Maine Railroad had more. This CPR fleet also included the rare model RDC-4 (which consisted of a mail section at one end and a baggage section at the other end with no formal passenger section). On 24 April 1955, the CPR introduced a new luxury transcontinental passenger train, The Canadian. The train provided service between Vancouver and Toronto or Montreal (east of Sudbury; the train was in two sections). The train, which operated on an expedited schedule, was pulled by diesel locomotives, and used new, streamlined, stainless steel rolling stock._NEWLINE_Starting in the 1960s, however, the railway started to discontinue much of its passenger service, particularly on its branch lines. For example, passenger service ended on its line through southern British Columbia and Crowsnest Pass in January 1964, and on its Quebec Central in April 1967, and the transcontinental train The Dominion was dropped in January 1966. On 29 October 1978, CP Rail transferred its passenger services to Via Rail, a new federal Crown corporation that was now responsible for intercity passenger services in Canada. Canadian Prime Minister Brian Mulroney presided over major cuts in Via Rail service on 15 January 1990. This ended service by The Canadian over CPR rails, and the train was rerouted on the former Super Continental route via Canadian National without a change of name. Where both trains had been daily prior to the 15 January 1990 cuts, the surviving Canadian was only a three-times-weekly operation. In October 2012, The Canadian was reduced to twice-weekly for the six-month off-season period, and currently operates three-times-weekly for only six months a year. In addition to inter-city passenger services, the CPR also provided commuter rail services in Montreal. CP Rail introduced Canada's first bi-level passenger cars here in 1970. On 1 October 1982, the Montreal Urban Community Transit Commission (STCUM) assumed responsibility for the commuter services previously provided by CP Rail. It continues under the Metropolitan Transportation Agency (AMT)._NEWLINE_Canadian Pacific Railway currently operates two commuter services under contract. GO Transit contracts CPR to operate six return trips between Milton and central Toronto in Ontario. In Montreal, 59 daily commuter trains run on CPR lines from Lucien-L'Allier Station to Candiac, Hudson and Blainville–Saint-Jérôme on behalf of the AMT. CP no longer operates Vancouver's West Coast Express on behalf of TransLink, a regional transit authority. Bombardier Transportation assumed control of train operations on 5 May 2014. Although CP Rail no longer owns the track nor operates the commuter trains, it handles dispatching of two commuter rail lines: the Milwaukee District/North and Milwaukee District/West Lines, as part of Greater Chicago's Metra system. CP Rail continues freight service on these segments via trackage rights. _START_SECTION_ Sleeping, Dining and Parlour Car Department _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sleeping cars were operated by a separate department of the railway that included the dining and parlour cars and aptly named as the Sleeping, Dining and Parlour Car Department. The CPR decided from the very beginning that it would operate its own sleeping cars, unlike railways in the United States that depended upon independent companies that specialized in providing cars and porters, including building the cars themselves. Pullman was long a famous name in this regard; its Pullman porters were legendary. Other early companies included the Wagner Palace Car Company. Bigger-sized berths and more comfortable surroundings were built by order of the CPR's General Manager, William Van Horne, who was a large man himself. Providing and operating their own cars allowed better control of the service provided as well as keeping all of the revenue received, although dining-car services were never profitable. But railroad managers realized that those who could afford to travel great distances expected such facilities, and their favourable opinion would bode well to attracting others to Canada and the CPR's trains. _START_SECTION_ Express _START_PARAGRAPH_ W. C. Van Horne decided from the very beginning that the CPR would retain as much revenue from its various operations as it could. This translated into keeping express, telegraph, sleeping car and other lines of business for themselves, creating separate departments or companies as necessary. This was necessary as the fledgling railway would need all the income it could get, and in addition, he saw some of these ancillary operations such as express and telegraph as being quite profitable. Others such as sleeping and dining cars were kept in order to provide better control over the quality of service being provided to passengers. Hotels were likewise crucial to the CPR's growth by attracting travellers._NEWLINE_Dominion Express Company was formed independently in 1873 before the CPR itself, although train service did not begin until the summer of 1882 at which time it operated over some 500 kilometres (300 mi) of track from Rat Portage (Kenora) Ontario west to Winnipeg, Manitoba. It was soon absorbed into the CPR and expanded everywhere the CPR went. It was renamed Canadian Express Company on 1 September 1926, and the headquarters moved from Winnipeg, to Toronto. It was operated as a separate company with the railway charging them to haul express cars on trains. Express was handled in separate cars, some with employees on board, on the headend of passenger trains to provide a fast scheduled service for which higher rates could be charged than for LCL (Less than Carload Lot), small shipments of freight which were subject to delay. Aside from all sorts of small shipments for all kinds of businesses such products as cream, butter, poultry and eggs were handled along with fresh flowers, fish and other sea foods some handled in separate refrigerated cars. Horses and livestock along with birds and small animals including prize cattle for exhibition were carried often in special horse cars that had facilities for grooms to ride with their animals._NEWLINE_Automobiles for individuals were also handled by express in closed boxcars. Gold and silver bullion as well as cash were carried in large amounts between the mint and banks and Express messengers were armed for security. Small business money shipments and valuables such as jewellery were routinely handled in small packets. Money orders and travellers' cheques were an important part of the express company's business and were used worldwide in the years before credit cards. Canadian Express Cartage Department was formed in March 1937 to handle pickup and delivery of most express shipments including less-than-carload freight. Their trucks were painted Killarney (dark) green while regular express company vehicles were painted bright red. Express routes using highway trucks beginning in November 1945 in southern Ontario and Alberta co-ordinated railway and highway service expanded service to better serve smaller locations especially on branchlines. Trucking operations would go on to expand across Canada making it an important transport provider for small shipments. Deregulation in the 1980s, however, changed everything and trucking services were ended after many attempts to change with the times. _START_SECTION_ Silk trains _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between the 1890s and 1933, the CPR transported raw silk from Vancouver, where it had been shipped from the Orient, to silk mills in New York and New Jersey. A silk train could carry several million dollars' worth of silk; so they had their own armed guards. To avoid train robberies and so minimize insurance costs, they travelled quickly and stopped only to change locomotives and crews, which was often done in under five minutes. The silk trains had superior rights over all other trains; even passenger trains (including the Royal Train of 1939) would be put in sidings to make the silk trains' trip faster. At the end of World War II, the invention of nylon made silk less valuable; so the silk trains died out. _START_SECTION_ Funeral trains _START_PARAGRAPH_ Funeral trains would carry the remains of important people, such as prime ministers. As the train would pass, mourners would be at certain spots to show respect. Two of the CPR's funeral trains are particularly well-known. On 10 June 1891, the funeral train of Prime Minister Sir John A. Macdonald ran from Ottawa to Kingston, Ontario. The train consisted of five heavily draped passenger cars and was pulled by 4-4-0 No. 283. On 14 September 1915, the funeral train of former CPR president Sir William Cornelius Van Horne ran from Montreal to Joliet, Illinois, pulled by 4-6-2 No. 2213. _START_SECTION_ Royal trains _START_PARAGRAPH_ The CPR ran a number of trains that transported members of the Canadian Royal Family when they have toured the country. These trains transported royalty through Canada's scenery, forests, small towns and enabled people to see and greet them. Their trains were elegantly decorated; some had amenities such as a post office and barber shop. The CPR's most notable royal train was in 1939. In 1939, the CPR and the CNR had the honour of giving King George VI and Queen Elizabeth a rail tour of Canada, from Quebec City to Vancouver. This was the first visit to Canada by a reigning Monarch. The steam locomotives used to pull the train included CPR 2850, a Hudson (4-6-4) built by Montreal Locomotive Works in 1938, CNR 6400, a U-4-a Northern (4-8-4) and CNR 6028 a U-1-b Mountain (4-8-2) type. They were specially painted royal blue, with the exception of CNR 6028 which was not painted, with silver trim as was the entire train. The locomotives ran 5,189 km (3,224 mi) across Canada, through 25 changes of crew, without engine failure. The King, somewhat of a railbuff, rode in the cab when possible. After the tour, King George gave the CPR permission to use the term "Royal Hudson" for the CPR locomotives and to display Royal Crowns on their running boards. This applied only to the semi-streamlined locomotives (2820–2864), not the "standard" Hudsons (2800–2819). _START_SECTION_ Better Farming Train _START_PARAGRAPH_ CPR provided the rollingstock for the Better Farming Train which toured rural Saskatchewan between 1914 and 1922 to promote the latest information on agricultural research. It was staffed by the University of Saskatchewan and operating expenses were covered by the Department of Agriculture. _START_SECTION_ School cars _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between 1927 and the early 1950s, the CPR ran a school car to reach people who lived in Northern Ontario, far from schools. A teacher would travel in a specially designed car to remote areas and would stay to teach in one area for two to three days, then leave for another area. Each car had a blackboard and a few sets of chairs and desks. They also contained miniature libraries and accommodation for the teacher. _START_SECTION_ Silver Streak _START_PARAGRAPH_ Major shooting for the 1976 film Silver Streak, a fictional comedy tale of a murder-infested train trip from Los Angeles to Chicago, was done on the CPR, mainly in the Alberta area with station footage at Toronto's Union Station. The train set was so lightly disguised as the fictional "AMRoad" that the locomotives and cars still carried their original names and numbers, along with the easily identifiable CP Rail red-striped paint scheme. Most of the cars are still in revenue service on Via Rail Canada; the lead locomotive (CP 4070) and the second unit (CP 4067) were sold to Via Rail and CTCUM respectively. _START_SECTION_ Holiday Train _START_PARAGRAPH_ Starting in 1999, CP runs a Holiday Train along its main line during the months of November and December. The Holiday Train celebrates the holiday season and collects donations for community food banks and hunger issues. The Holiday Train also provides publicity for CP and a few of its customers. Each train has a box car stage for entertainers who are travelling along with the train._NEWLINE_The train is a freight train, but also pulls vintage passenger cars which are used as lodging/transportation for the crew and entertainers. Only entertainers and CP employees are allowed to board the train aside from a coach car that takes employees and their families from one stop to the next. All donations collected in a community remain in that community for distribution._NEWLINE_There are two Holiday Trains that cover 150 stops in Canada and the United States Northeast and Midwest. Each train is roughly 1,000 feet (300 m) in length with brightly decorated railway cars, including a modified box car that has been turned into a travelling stage for performers. They are each decorated with hundred of thousands of LED Christmas lights. In 2013 to celebrate the program's 15th year, three signature events were held in Hamilton, Ontario, Calgary, Alberta, and Cottage Grove, Minnesota, to further raise awareness for hunger issues. _NEWLINE_The trains feature different entertainers each year; in 2016, one train featured Dallas Smith and the Odds, while the other featured Colin James and Kelly Prescott. After its 20th anniversary tour in 2018, which hosted Terri Clark, Sam Roberts Band, The Trews and Willy Porter, the tour reported to have raised more than CA$15.8 million and collected more than 4.5 million pounds (2,000 t) of food since 1999. _START_SECTION_ Royal Canadian Pacific _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 7 June 2000, the CPR inaugurated the Royal Canadian Pacific, a luxury excursion service that operates between the months of June and September. It operates along a 1,050 km (650 mi) route from Calgary, through the Columbia Valley in British Columbia, and returning to Calgary via Crowsnest Pass. The trip takes six days and five nights. The train consists of up to eight luxury passenger cars built between 1916 and 1931 and is powered by first-generation diesel locomotives. _START_SECTION_ Steam train _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1998, the CPR repatriated one of its former passenger steam locomotives that had been on static display in the United States following its sale in January 1964, long after the close of the steam era. CPR Hudson 2816 was re-designated Empress 2816 following a 30-month restoration that cost in excess of $1 million. It was subsequently returned to service to promote public relations. It has operated across much of the CPR system, including lines in the U.S. and been used for various charitable purposes; 100% of the money raised goes to the nationwide charity Breakfast for Learning — the CPR bears all of the expenses associated with the operation of the train. 2816 is the subject of Rocky Mountain Express, a 2011 IMAX film which follows the locomotive on an eastbound journey beginning in Vancouver, and which tells the story of the building of the CPR. _START_SECTION_ Spirit Train _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2008, Canadian Pacific partnered with the 2010 Olympic and Paralympic Winter Games to present a "Spirit Train" tour that featured Olympic-themed events at various stops. Colin James was a headline entertainer. Several stops were met by protesters who argued that the games were slated to take place on stolen indigenous land. _START_SECTION_ CP Canada 150 Train _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2017, CP ran the CP Canada 150 Train from Port Moody to Ottawa to celebrate Canada's 150th year since Confederation. The train stopped in 13 cities along its 3-week summer tour, offering a free block party and concert from Dean Brody, Kelly Prescott and Dallas Arcand. The heritage train drew out thousands to sign the special "Spirit of Tomorrow" car, where children were invited to write their wishes for the future of Canada and send them to Ottawa. Prime Minister Justin Trudeau and daughter Ella-Grace Trudeau also visited the train and rode it from Revelstoke to Calgary. _START_SECTION_ Non-railway services _START_PARAGRAPH_ Historically, Canadian Pacific operated several non-railway businesses. In 1971, these businesses were split off into the separate company Canadian Pacific Limited, and in 2001, that company was further split into five companies. CP no longer provides any of these services. _START_SECTION_ Telegraph _START_PARAGRAPH_ The original charter of the CPR granted in 1881 provided for the right to create an electric telegraph and telephone service including charging for it. The telephone had barely been invented but telegraph was well established as a means of communicating quickly across great distances. Being allowed to sell this service meant the railway could offset the costs of constructing and maintaining a pole line along its tracks across vast distances for its own purposes which were largely for dispatching trains. It began doing so in 1882 as the separate Telegraph Department. It would go on to provide a link between the cables under the Atlantic and Pacific oceans when they were completed. Before the CPR line, messages to the west could be sent only via the United States._NEWLINE_Paid for by the word, the telegram was an expensive way to send messages, but they were vital to businesses. An individual receiving a personal telegram was seen as being someone important except for those that transmitted sorrow in the form of death notices. Messengers on bicycles delivered telegrams and picked up a reply in cities. In smaller locations, the local railway station agent would handle this on a commission basis. To speed things, at the local end messages would first be telephoned. In 1931, it became the Communications Department in recognition of the expanding services provided which included telephones lines, news wire, ticker quotations for the stock market and eventually teleprinters. All were faster than mail and very important to business and the public alike for many decades before mobile phones and computers came along. It was the coming of these newer technologies especially cellular telephones that eventually resulted in the demise of these services even after formation in 1967 of CN-CP Telecommunications in an effort to effect efficiencies through consolidation rather than competition. Deregulation in the 1980s, brought about mergers and the sale of remaining services and facilities. _START_SECTION_ Radio _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 17 January 1930, the CPR applied for licences to operate radio stations in 11 cities from coast to coast for the purpose of organising its own radio network in order to compete with the CNR Radio service. The CNR had built a radio network with the aim of promoting itself as well as entertaining its passengers during their travels. The onset of the Great Depression hurt the CPR's financial plan for a rival project and in April they withdrew their applications for stations in all but Toronto, Montreal and Winnipeg. CPR did not end up pursuing these applications but instead operated a phantom station in Toronto known as "CPRY," with initials standing for "Canadian Pacific Royal York" which operated out of studios at CP's Royal York Hotel and leased time on CFRB and CKGW. A network of affiliates carried the CPR radio network's broadcasts in the first half of the 1930s, but the takeover of CNR's Radio service by the new Canadian Radio Broadcasting Commission removed CPR's need to have a network for competitive reasons and CPR's radio service was discontinued in 1935. _START_SECTION_ Steamships _START_PARAGRAPH_ Steamships played an important part in the history of CP from the very earliest days. During construction of the line in British Columbia even before the private CPR took over from the government contractor, ships were used to bring supplies to the construction sites. Similarly, to reach the isolated area of Superior in northern Ontario ships were used to bring in supplies to the construction work. While this work was going on there was already regular passenger service to the West. Trains operated from Toronto Owen Sound where CPR steamships connected to Fort William where trains once again operated to reach Winnipeg. Before the CPR was completed the only way to reach the West was through the United States via St. Paul and Winnipeg. This Great Lakes steam ship service continued as an alternative route for many years and was always operated by the railway. Canadian Pacific passenger service on the lakes ended in 1965._NEWLINE_In 1884, CPR began purchasing sailing ships as part of a railway supply service on the Great Lakes. Over time, CPR became a railroad company with widely organized water transportation auxiliaries including the Great Lakes service, the trans-Pacific service, the Pacific coastal service, the British Columbia lake and river service, the trans-Atlantic service and the Bay of Fundy Ferry service. In the 20th century, the company evolved into an intercontinental railway which operated two transoceanic services which connected Canada with Europe and with Asia. The range of CPR services were aspects of an integrated plan._NEWLINE_Once the railway was completed to British Columbia, the CPR chartered and soon bought their own passenger steamships as a link to the Orient. These sleek steamships were of the latest design and christened with "Empress" names (e. g., RMS Empress of Britain, Empress of Canada, Empress of Australia, and so forth). Travel to and from the Orient and cargo, especially imported tea and silk, were an important source of revenue, aided by Royal Mail contracts. This was an important part of the All-Red Route linking the various parts of the British Empire._NEWLINE_The other ocean part was the Atlantic service to and from the United Kingdom, which began with acquisition of two existing lines, Beaver Line, owned by Elder Dempster and Allan Lines. These two segments became Canadian Pacific Ocean Services (later, Canadian Pacific Steamships) and operated separately from the various lake services operated in Canada, which were considered to be a direct part of the railway's operations. These trans-ocean routes made it possible to travel from Britain to Hong Kong using only the CPR's ships, trains and hotels. CP's 'Empress' ships became world-famous for their luxury and speed. They had a practical role, too, in transporting immigrants from much of Europe to Canada, especially to populate the vast prairies. They also played an important role in both world wars with many of them being lost to enemy action, including Empress of Britain._NEWLINE_There were also a number of rail ferries operated over the years as well including, between Windsor, Ontario and Detroit from 1890 until 1915. This began with two paddle-wheelers capable of carrying 16 cars. Passenger cars were carried as well as freight. This service ended in 1915 when the CPR made an agreement with the Michigan Central to use their Detroit River tunnel opened in 1910. Pennsylvania-Ontario Transportation Company was formed jointly with the PRR in 1906 to operate a ferry across Lake Erie between Ashtabula, Ohio and Port Burwell, Ontario to carry freight cars, mostly of coal, much of it to be burned in CPR steam locomotives. Only one ferry boat was ever operated, Ashtabula, a large vessel which eventually sank in a harbour collision in Ashtabula on 18 September 1958, thus ending the service._NEWLINE_Canadian Pacific Car and Passenger Transfer Company was formed by other interest in 1888 linking the CPR in Prescott, Ontario, and the NYC in Ogdensburg, New York. Service on this route had actually begun very early, in 1854, along with service from Brockville. A bridge built in 1958 ended passenger service however, freight continued until Ogdensburg's dock was destroyed by fire 25 September 1970, thus ending all service. CPC&PTC was never owned by the CPR. Bay of Fundy ferry service was operated for passengers and freight for many years linking Digby, Nova Scotia, and Saint John, New Brunswick. Eventually, after 78 years, with the changing times the scheduled passenger services would all be ended as well as ocean cruises. Cargo would continue on both oceans with a change over to containers. CP was an intermodal pioneer especially on land with road and railway mixing to provide the best service. CP Ships was the final operation, and in the end it too left CP ownership when it was spun off in 2001. CP Ships was merged with Hapag-Lloyd in 2005. _START_SECTION_ British Columbia Coast Steamships _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canadian Pacific Railway Coast Service (British Columbia Coast Steamships or BCCS) was established when the CPR acquired in 1901 Canadian Pacific Navigation Company (no relation) and its large fleet of ships that served 72 ports along the coast of British Columbia including on Vancouver Island. Service included the Vancouver-Victoria-Seattle Triangle Route, Gulf Islands, Powell River, as well as Vancouver-Alaska service. BCCS operated a fleet of 14 passenger ships made up of a number of Princess ships, pocket versions of the famous oceangoing Empress ships along with a freighter, three tugs and five railway car barges. Popular with tourists, the Princess ships were famous in their own right especially Princess Marguerite (II) which operated from 1949 until 1985 and was the last coastal liner in operation. The best known of the princess ships, however, is Princess Sophia, which sank with no survivors in October 1918 after striking the Vanderbilt Reef in Alaska's Lynn Canal, constituting the largest maritime disaster in the history of the Pacific Northwest. These services continued for many years until changing conditions in the late 1950s brought about their decline and eventual demise at the end of season in 1974. Princess Marguerite was acquired by the province's British Columbia Steamship (1975) Ltd. and continued to operate for a number of years. In 1977 although BCCSS was the legal name, it was rebranded as Coastal Marine Operations (CMO). By 1998 the company was bought by the Washington Marine Group which after purchase was renamed Seaspan Coastal Intermodal Company and then subsequently rebranded in 2011 as Seaspan Ferries Corporation. Passenger service ended in 1981. _START_SECTION_ British Columbia Lake and River Service _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canadian Pacific Railway Lake and River Service (British Columbia Lake and River Service) developed slowly and in spurts of growth. CP began a long history of service in the Kootenays region of southern British Columbia beginning with the purchase in 1897 of the Columbia and Kootenay Steam Navigation Company which operated a fleet of steamers and barges on the Arrow Lakes and was merged into the CPR as the CPR Lake and River Service which also served the Arrow Lakes and Columbia River, Kootenay Lake and Kootenai River, Lake Okanagan and Skaha Lake, Slocan Lake, Trout Lake, and Shuswap Lake and the Thompson River/Kamloops Lake._NEWLINE_All of these lake operations had one thing in common, the need for shallow draft therefore sternwheelers were the choice of ship. Tugs and barges handled railway equipment including one operation that saw the entire train including the locomotive and caboose go along. These services gradually declined and ended in 1975 except for a freight barge on Slocan Lake. This was the one where the entire train went along since the barge was a link to an isolated section of track. The Iris G tug boat and a barge were operated under contract to CP Rail until the last train ran late in December 1988. The sternwheel steamship Moyie on Kootenay Lake was the last CPR passenger boat in BC lake service, having operated from 1898 until 1957. She became a beached historical exhibit, as are also the Sicamous and Naramata at Penticton on Lake Okanagan. _START_SECTION_ Hotels _START_PARAGRAPH_ To promote tourism and passenger ridership the Canadian Pacific established a series of first class hotels. These hotels became landmarks famous in their own right. They include the Algonquin in St. Andrews, Château Frontenac in Quebec, Royal York in Toronto, Minaki Lodge in Minaki Ontario, Hotel Vancouver, Empress Hotel in Victoria and the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise in the Canadian Rockies. Several signature hotels were acquired from its competitor Canadian National during the 1980s, including the Jasper Park Lodge. The hotels retain their Canadian Pacific heritage, but are no longer operated by the railroad. In 1998, Canadian Pacific Hotels acquired Fairmont Hotels, an American company, becoming Fairmont Hotels and Resorts, Inc.; the combined corporation operated the historic Canadian properties as well as the Fairmont's U.S. properties until merged with Raffles Hotels and Resorts and Swissôtel in 2006. _START_SECTION_ Airline _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canadian Pacific Airlines, also called CP Air, operated from 1942 to 1987 and was the main competitor of Canadian government-owned Air Canada. Based at Vancouver International Airport, it served Canadian and international routes until it was purchased by Pacific Western Airlines which merged PWA and CP Air to create Canadian Airlines. _START_SECTION_ Steam locomotives _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the CPR's early years, it made extensive use of American-type 4-4-0 steam locomotives, and an example of this is the Countess of Dufferin. Later, considerable use was also made of the 4-6-0 type for passenger and 2-8-0 type for freight. Starting in the 20th century, the CPR bought and built hundreds of Ten-Wheeler-type 4-6-0s for passenger and freight service and similar quantities of 2-8-0s and 2-10-2s for freight. 2-10-2s were also used in passenger service on mountain routes. The CPR bought hundreds of 4-6-2 Pacifics between 1906 and 1948 with later versions being true dual-purpose passenger and fast-freight locomotives._NEWLINE_The CPR built hundreds of its own locomotives at its shops in Montreal, first at the "New Shops", as the DeLorimer shops were commonly referred to, and at the massive Angus Shops that replaced them in 1904. Some of the CPR's best-known locomotives were the 4-6-4 Hudsons. First built in 1929, they began a new era of modern locomotives with capabilities that changed how transcontinental passenger trains ran, eliminating frequent changes en route. What once took 24 changes of engines in 1886, all of them 4-4-0s except for two of 2-8-0s in the mountains, for 4,640 kilometres (2,883 mi) between Montreal and Vancouver became 8 changes. The 2800s, as the Hudson type was known, ran from Toronto to Fort William, a distance of 1,305 kilometres (811 mi), while another lengthy engine district was from Winnipeg to Calgary 1,339 kilometres (832 mi)._NEWLINE_Especially notable were the semi-streamlined H1 class Royal Hudsons, locomotives that were given their name because one of their class hauled the royal train carrying King George VI and Queen Elizabeth on the 1939 royal tour across Canada without change or failure. That locomotive, No. 2850, is preserved in the Exporail exhibit hall of the Canadian Railway Museum in Saint-Constant, Quebec. One of the class, No. 2860, was restored by the British Columbia government and used in excursion service on the British Columbia Railway between 1974 and 1999._NEWLINE_The CPR also made many of their older 2-8-0s, built in the turn of the century, into 2-8-2s._NEWLINE_In 1929, the CPR received its first 2-10-4 Selkirk locomotives, the largest steam locomotives to run in Canada and the British Empire. Named after the Selkirk Mountains where they served, these locomotives were well suited for steep grades. They were regularly used in passenger and freight service. The CPR would own 37 of these locomotives, including number 8000, an experimental high pressure engine. The last steam locomotives that the CPR received, in 1949, were Selkirks, numbered 5930–5935. _START_SECTION_ Diesel locomotives _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1937, the CPR acquired its first diesel-electric locomotive, a custom-built one-of-a-kind switcher numbered 7000. This locomotive was not successful and was not repeated. Production-model diesels were imported from American Locomotive Company (Alco) starting with five model S-2 yard switchers in 1943 and followed by further orders. In 1949, operations on lines in Vermont were dieselized with Alco FA1 road locomotives (eight A and four B units), five ALCO RS-2 road switchers, three Alco S-2 switchers and three EMD E8 passenger locomotives. In 1948 Montreal Locomotive Works began production of ALCO designs._NEWLINE_In 1949, the CPR acquired 13 Baldwin-designed locomotives from the Canadian Locomotive Company for its isolated Esquimalt and Nanaimo Railway and Vancouver Island was quickly dieselized. Following that successful experiment, the CPR started to dieselize its main network. Dieselization was completed 11 years later, with its last steam locomotive running on 6 November 1960. The CPR's first-generation locomotives were mostly made by General Motors Diesel and Montreal Locomotive Works (American Locomotive Company designs), with some made by the Canadian Locomotive Company to Baldwin and Fairbanks Morse designs._NEWLINE_CP was the first railway in North America to pioneer alternating current (AC) traction diesel-electric locomotives, in 1984. In 1995 CP turned to GE Transportation Systems for the first production AC traction locomotives in Canada, and now has the highest percentage of AC locomotives in service of all North American Class I railways._NEWLINE_On 16 September 2019, Progress Rail rolled out two SD70ACu rebuilds in Canadian Pacific heritage paint schemes. The 7010 wears a Tuscan-red and grey paint scheme with script writing, and the 7015 wears a similar paint scheme with block lettering. Eventually, there will be ten SD70ACu rebuilds painted in the two heritage paint schemes._NEWLINE_The fleet includes these types: _START_SECTION_ Corporate structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canadian Pacific Railway Limited (TSX: CP NYSE: CP) is a Canadian railway transportation company that operates the Canadian Pacific Railway. It was created in 2001 when the CPR's former parent company, Canadian Pacific Limited, spun off its railway operations. On 3 October 2001, the company's shares began to trade on the New York Stock Exchange and the Toronto Stock Exchange under the "CP" symbol. During 2003, the company earned $C3.5 billion in freight revenue. In October 2008, Canadian Pacific Railway Ltd was named one of "Canada's Top 100 Employers" by Mediacorp Canada Inc., and was featured in Maclean's. Later that month, CPR was named one of Alberta's Top Employers, which was reported in both the Calgary Herald and the Edmonton Journal.

8272143576388445582

Q2936258

_START_ARTICLE_ Candîce Hillebrand _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hillebrand's on-screen career started early in life by hosting South African children's television channel, KTV, at the age of 6. Hillebrand went on to appear in numerous commercials and has acted in both TV and film. In 2002, she signed with Musketeer Records and released her debut album, Chasing Your Tomorrows in 2003. She has also appeared in Maxim magazine._NEWLINE_In 2008, Hillebrand was offered the role of Nina Williams, a character in the film adaptation of the popular video game series, Tekken.

12171560101543711727

Q5031834

_START_ARTICLE_ Candidates of the 1976 New South Wales state election _START_PARAGRAPH_ This is a list of candidates for the 1976 New South Wales state election. The election was held on 1 May 1976. _START_SECTION_ Retiring Members _START_PARAGRAPH_ Note: Steve Mauger MLA (Liberal, Monaro) resigned some months prior to the election; a by-election was scheduled for the seat, but was cancelled when the general election was called.

6980302763275667148

Q1899421

_START_ARTICLE_ Candor Township, Otter Tail County, Minnesota _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the United States Census Bureau, the township has a total area of 34.5 square miles (89 km²), of which 30.6 square miles (79 km²) of it is land and 4.0 square miles (10 km²) of it (11.45%) is water. _START_SECTION_ Demographics _START_PARAGRAPH_ As of the census of 2000, there were 534 people, 205 households, and 171 families residing in the township. The population density was 17.5 people per square mile (6.7/km²). There were 404 housing units at an average density of 13.2/sq mi (5.1/km²). The racial makeup of the township was 97.38% White, 0.94% Native American, 0.37% Asian, and 1.31% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 0.19% of the population._NEWLINE_There were 205 households out of which 31.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 73.2% were married couples living together, 4.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 16.1% were non-families. 13.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 4.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.60 and the average family size was 2.83._NEWLINE_In the township the population was spread out with 23.8% under the age of 18, 6.7% from 18 to 24, 23.8% from 25 to 44, 30.9% from 45 to 64, and 14.8% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 43 years. For every 100 females, there were 109.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.6 males._NEWLINE_The median income for a household in the township was $39,318, and the median income for a family was $39,773. Males had a median income of $32,500 versus $18,942 for females. The per capita income for the township was $23,413. About 2.4% of families and 4.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 2.8% of those under age 18 and 9.3% of those age 65 or over.

11677925568476188645

Q23641116

_START_ARTICLE_ Canecutters Memorial _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canecutter's Memorial was erected in 1959 by the Italian community of the Innisfail district to commemorate the centenary of the state of Queensland. The life-size statue of a canecutter was chosen, reflecting the importance of the sugarcane industry in the development of the district's economy._NEWLINE_The town of Innisfail (called Geraldton until 1911) was founded in 1880 by Thomas Henry Fitzgerald. Fitzgerald arrived on the banks of the Johnstone River with 35 South Sea Islanders and ten Irish workers to grow sugarcane on a 10,000 hectares (25,000 acres) land grant, funded by the Roman Catholic Bishop of Brisbane and All Hallows' Sisters of Mercy. Others arrived soon after, and a community was established with an economy based firmly on the production of sugar. In 1882 a sugar mill was built at Mourilyan in 1882, followed by the establishment of the South Johnstone mill in 1915._NEWLINE_Sugarcane was first grown commercially in Queensland in 1864 at Louis Hope's estate at Ormiston. The crop was originally grown on large plantations, using South Sea Islander labour as it was considered working in cane fields in the climatic conditions of Queensland was too prejudicial to the health of Europeans. This practice began to change in the 1880s and 1890s however when the Queensland Government adopted a policy of gradual repatriation of South Sea Islanders. Queensland sugarcane growers considered workers from the warmer parts of Europe, including Italy, to be appropriate replacement labourers. The first Italians to arrive in North Queensland landed in Townsville in 1891. A small number moved into the Johnstone area during the 1890s, although they came as tenant farmers and not labourers. The first large group of Italian nationals seeking cane cutting contracts arrived c. 1907-08. These Italian migrants were known for their determination to accept hardship and poor working conditions which, together with great economic cooperation, saw many Italian labourers gaining their own holdings._NEWLINE_While many Italians arrived in North Queensland before the First World War, Italian immigration peaked in the years following the war. At this time conditions in Italy were such that many looked abroad to start a new life. Australia became a favoured destination in the 1920s when the United States moved to restrict immigration from Italy. The Australian and Italian Governments agreed on a chain migration system, where Italians already resident in Australia nominated relatives and fellow villagers, leading to the development of a chain immigration system. As a result of this system, family group pocket settlements mushroomed. The strong Italian community established in the Innisfail district before the war was strengthened further by the post-war immigration._NEWLINE_The number of Italian migrants arriving in North Queensland peaked again in the years following World War II. Immigrants from many European countries, including Yugoslavia, Malta, Spain and Italy arrived in Australia as displaced persons, and were indentured to work in the cane fields. Of the displaced migrants, the Italians were the largest ethnic group to be employed in the sugar industry, continuing to make a significant contribution to the sugar growing communities of North Queensland, including Innisfail._NEWLINE_In 1959 the Queensland Government suggested communities commemorate the centenary of separation from New South Wales by a structure of a permanent nature. A group from the Italian community in Innisfail decided to erect a statue. Photographs taken throughout the history of the sugar industry in the Johnstone area were submitted to Sydney artist Lamberto Yonna who suggested a statue in the form of a canecutter. The committee formed to oversee construction wrote to the Chamber of Commerce of Carrara, Italy, requesting the submission of designs by suitable sculptors. The design of Renato Beretta, the Instructor at the Carrara Academy of Arts, was selected. The monument was made in Carrara, arriving in 32 cases to be erected by an Italian migrant P Bertolani who had arrived in Australia two months previously. The monument was officially unveiled by the Premier of Queensland, the Hon Frank Nicklin, on 4 October 1959. It cost £5000 to construct. _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canecutter's Memorial is located on the Innisfail Esplanade overlooking the Johnstone River at the eastern end of Edith Street. It is sited on a small sealed area set among trees and a grassed park- like area. The land to the east of the memorial slopes steeply towards the river._NEWLINE_The white marble monument consists of an octagonal pool from which rises a square section plinth containing a water fountain and bowl on each face and topped by a life-sized statue of a man cutting cane by hand. The cane cutter wears the typical clothing of shorts and hat and wields the trademark cane knife in his right hand. Under his left arm and across his back sweeps a sheaf of standing sugar cane._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Below the statue, two opposing faces of the plinth feature bas reliefs depicting cane cutters at work. That at the front of the monument carries the Latin motto "UBI BENI IBI PATRIA", which loosely interprets to 'Where one is content, there is one's homeland'. On the other two faces are inscriptions, one in English and one in Italian. The English version reads:_NEWLINE_TO THE PIONEERS OF THE SUGAR INDUSTRY DONATED BY THE ITALIAN COMMUNITY OF INNISFAIL DISTRICT ON THE FIRST CENTENARY OF THE STATE OF QUEENSLAND 1859 1959_NEWLINE_Below these panels are cast metal water spouts in the form of water bags over metal bowls. The water then flows into fluted marble basins supported by pairs of conventional dolphins. The whole is surrounded by an octagonal metal railing made in the form of stylised cane stalks topped by tram rails and decorated with implements associated with the trade. _START_SECTION_ Heritage listing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canecutters Memorial was listed on the Queensland Heritage Register on 29 April 2003 having satisfied the following criteria._NEWLINE_The place is important in demonstrating the evolution or pattern of Queensland's history._NEWLINE_The Canecutter's Memorial is important in demonstrating the evolution of Queensland's history as an illustration of the significance of the sugar industry in North Queensland. For many years, the growth of Innisfail and the surrounding district was reliant on the sugar industry, an industry which continues to the present day to be a crop of importance in the economy of the Johnstone Shire. Erected by the Italian community of Innisfail, the Memorial is important in demonstrating the contribution of Italian migrants to the sugar industry, both as labourers and farm owners. The subject of the Memorial, a canecutter, further demonstrates the evolution of Queensland's history as a figure in the sugar industry made obsolete by the mechanisation of cane harvesting in the 1960s and 1970s._NEWLINE_The place demonstrates rare, uncommon or endangered aspects of Queensland's cultural heritage._NEWLINE_The Canecutter's Memorial demonstrates a rare aspect of Queensland's cultural heritage as an early example of a monument carrying an inscription in two languages, English and Italian. Constructed in 1959, it is a multicultural tribute to the pioneers of the sugar industry, which predates the nationwide move towards multiculturalism later in the twentieth century._NEWLINE_The place is important because of its aesthetic significance._NEWLINE_The Canecutter's Memorial is important because of its aesthetic significance as a skilled example of the sculptor's art, occupying a prominent position along the Innisfail Esplanade, an open park-like area situated along the Johnstone River, and terminating long views east along Edith Street, one of the major streets of the central business district of the town._NEWLINE_The place has a strong or special association with a particular community or cultural group for social, cultural or spiritual reasons._NEWLINE_The Canecutter's Memorial has a special association with the Italian community of Innisfail, whose members erected the memorial in 1959 to the pioneers of the sugar industry, many of whom were Italian. The Memorial also has a special association with the wider community of Innisfail as a tribute to the pioneers of an industry that has been of vital importance to the development and prosperity of the district.

11665166070672809949

Q149892

_START_ARTICLE_ Canis _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The generic name Canis means "dog" in Latin. The term "canine" comes from the adjective form, caninus ("of the dog"), from which the term canine tooth is also derived. The canine family has prominent canine teeth, used for killing their prey. The word canis is cognate to the Greek word kūon (Greek: Κύων), which means "dog", as well as (less transparently) English hound. _START_SECTION_ Canini _START_PARAGRAPH_ The tribe Canini (Fischer de Waldheim, 1817) is the sister group to the true foxes (Vulpes), and is represented today by two sub-tribes: Canina, which includes the genus Canis (wolves, jackals, the coyote, and the domestic dog), as well as the dhole and the African wild dog; and Cerdocyonina, which includes the so-called foxes of South America. The critical features that mark the Canini as a monophyletic group include: the consistent enlargement of the frontal sinus, often accompanied by the correlated loss of the depression in the dorsal surface of the postorbital process; the posterior expansion of the paroccipital process; the enlargement of the mastoid process; and the lack of lateral flare of the orbital border of the zygoma. _START_SECTION_ Canis _START_PARAGRAPH_ While the tribe Canini (above) is monophyletic, the genus Canis is not. The genus Canis (Carl Linnaeus, 1758) was published in the 10th edition of Systema Naturae and included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, coyotes and jackals. All species within Canis are phylogenetically closely related with 78 chromosomes and can potentially interbreed. In 1926, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN) in Opinion 91 included Genus Canis on its Official Lists and Indexes of Names in Zoology. In 1955, the ICZN's Direction 22 added Canis familiaris as the type specimen for genus Canis to the official list. _START_SECTION_ Dentition and biteforce _START_PARAGRAPH_ Dentition relates to the arrangement of teeth in the mouth, with the dental notation for the upper-jaw teeth using the upper-case letters I to denote incisors, C for canines, P for premolars, and M for molars, and the lower-case letters i, c, p and m to denote the mandible teeth. Teeth are numbered using one side of the mouth and from the front of the mouth to the back. In carnivores, the upper premolar P4 and the lower molar m1 form the carnassials that are used together in a scissor-like action to shear the muscle and tendon of prey._NEWLINE_Canids use their premolars for cutting and crushing except for the upper fourth premolar P4 (the upper carnassial) that is only used for cutting. They use their molars for grinding except for the lower first molar m1 (the lower carnassial) that has evolved for both cutting and grinding depending on the candid's dietary adaptation. On the lower carnassial the trigonid is used for slicing and the talonid is used for grinding. The ratio between the trigonid and the talonid indicates a carnivore's dietary habits, with a larger trigonid indicating a hypercarnivore and a larger talonid indicating a more omnivorous diet. Because of its low variability, the length of the lower carnassial is used to provide an estimate of a carnivore's body size._NEWLINE_A study of the estimated bite force at the canine teeth of a large sample of living and fossil mammalian predators, when adjusted for their body mass, found that for placental mammals the bite force at the canines (in Newtons/kilogram of body weight) was greatest in the extinct dire wolf (163), followed among the modern canids by the four hypercarnivores that often prey on animals larger than themselves: the African hunting dog (142), the gray wolf (136), the dhole (112), and the dingo (108). The bite force at the carnassials showed a similar trend to the canines. A predator's largest prey size is strongly influenced by its biomechanical limits. _START_SECTION_ Description and sexual dimorphism _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is little variance among male and female canids. Canids tend to live as monogamous pairs. Wolves, dholes, coyotes, and jackals live in groups that include breeding pairs and their offspring. Wolves may live in extended family groups. To take prey larger than themselves, the African wild dog, the dhole, and the gray wolf depend on their jaws as they cannot use their forelimbs to grapple with prey. They work together as a pack consisting of an alpha pair and their offspring from the current and previous years. Social mammal predators prey on herbivores with a body mass similar to that of the combined mass of the predator pack. The gray wolf specializes in preying on the vulnerable individuals of large prey, and a pack of timber wolves can bring down a 500 kg (1,100 lb) moose. _START_SECTION_ Mating behaviour _START_PARAGRAPH_ The genus Canis contains many different species and has a wide range of different mating systems that varies depending on the type of canine and the species. In a study done in 2017 it was found that in some species of canids females use their sexual status to gain food resources. The study looked at wolves and dogs. Wolves are typically monogamous and form pair-bonds; whereas dogs are promiscuous when free-range and mate with multiple individuals. The study found that in both species females tried to gain access to food more and were more successful in monopolize a food resource when in heat. Outside of the breeding season their efforts were not as persistent or successful. This shows that the food-for-sex hypothesis likely plays a role in the food sharing among canids and acts as a direct benefit for the females._NEWLINE_Another study on free-ranging dogs found that social factors played a significant role in the determination of mating pairs. The study, done in 2014, looked at social regulation of reproduction in the dogs. They found that females in heat searched out dominant males and were more likely to mate with a dominant male who appeared to be a quality leader. The females were more likely to reject submissive males. Furthermore, cases of male-male competition were more aggressive in the presence of high ranking females. This suggests that females prefer dominant males and males prefer high ranking females meaning social cues and status play a large role in the determination of mating pairs in dogs._NEWLINE_Canids also show a wide range of parental care and in 2018 a study showed that sexual conflict plays a role in the determination of intersexual parental investment. The studied looked at coyote mating pairs and found that paternal investment was increased to match or near match the maternal investment. The amount of parental care provided by the fathers also was shown to fluctuated depending on the level of care provided by the mother._NEWLINE_Another study on parental investment showed that in free-ranging dogs, mothers modify their energy and time investment into their pups as they age. Due to the high mortality of free-range dogs at a young age a mother's fitness can be drastically reduced. This study found that as the pups aged the mother shifted from high-energy care to lower-energy care so that they can care for their offspring for a longer duration for a reduced energy requirement. By doing this the mothers increasing the likelihood of their pups surviving infancy and reaching adulthood and thereby increase their own fitness._NEWLINE_A study done in 2017 found that aggression between male and female gray wolves varied and changed with age. Males were more likely to chase away rival packs and lone individuals than females and became increasingly aggressive with age. Alternatively, females were found to be less aggressive and constant in their level of aggression throughout their life. This requires further research but suggests that intersexual aggression levels in gray wolves relates to their mating system. _START_SECTION_ Tooth breakage _START_PARAGRAPH_ Tooth breakage is a frequent result of carnivores' feeding behaviour. Carnivores include both pack hunters and solitary hunters. The solitary hunter depends on a powerful bite at the canine teeth to subdue their prey, and thus exhibits a strong mandibular symphysis. In contrast, a pack hunter, which delivers many shallower bites, has a comparably weaker mandibular symphysis. Thus, researchers can use the strength of the mandibular symphysis in fossil carnivore specimens to determine what kind of hunter it was – a pack hunter or a solitary hunter – and even how it consumed its prey. The mandibles of canids are buttressed behind the carnassial teeth to crack bones with their post-carnassial teeth (molars M2 and M3). A study found that the modern gray wolf and the red wolf (C. rufus) possess greater buttressing than all other extant canids and the extinct dire wolf. This indicates that these are both better adapted for cracking bone than other canids._NEWLINE_A study of nine modern carnivores indicate that one in four adults had suffered tooth breakage and that half of these breakages were of the canine teeth. The highest frequency of breakage occurred in the spotted hyena, which is known to consume all of its prey including the bone. The least breakage occurred in the African wild dog. The gray wolf ranked between these two. The eating of bone increases the risk of accidental fracture due to the relatively high, unpredictable stresses that it creates. The most commonly broken teeth are the canines, followed by the premolars, carnassial molars, and incisors. Canines are the teeth most likely to break because of their shape and function, which subjects them to bending stresses that are unpredictable in direction and magnitude. The risk of tooth fracture is also higher when taking and consuming large prey._NEWLINE_In comparison to extant gray wolves, the extinct Beringian wolves included many more individuals with moderately to heavily worn teeth and with a significantly greater number of broken teeth. The frequencies of fracture ranged from a minimum of 2% found in the Northern Rocky Mountain wolf (Canis lupus irremotus) up to a maximum of 11% found in Beringian wolves. The distribution of fractures across the tooth row also differs, with Beringian wolves having much higher frequencies of fracture for incisors, carnassials, and molars. A similar pattern was observed in spotted hyenas, suggesting that increased incisor and carnassial fracture reflects habitual bone consumption because bones are gnawed with the incisors and then cracked with the carnassials and molars. _START_SECTION_ African migration _START_PARAGRAPH_ The first record of genus Canis on the African continent is Canis sp. A from South Turkwel, Kenya dated 3.58–3.2 million years ago. In 2015, a study of mitochondrial genome sequences and whole genome nuclear sequences of African and Eurasian canids indicated that extant wolf-like canids have colonised Africa from Eurasia at least 5 times throughout the Pliocene and Pleistocene, which is consistent with fossil evidence suggesting that much of African canid fauna diversity resulted from the immigration of Eurasian ancestors, likely coincident with Plio-Pleistocene climatic oscillations between arid and humid conditions. In 2017, the fossil remains of a new Canis species named Canis othmanii was discovered among remains found at Wadi Sarrat, Tunisia from deposits that date 700,000 years ago. This canine shows a morphology more closely associated with canids from Eurasia rather than Africa.

15432229515238931937

Q991515

_START_ARTICLE_ Canmore, Alberta _START_SECTION_ Climate _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canmore's climate is relatively mild compared to some other regions of Alberta. It does not have an Environment Canada weather observation station, but the nearby town of Banff has an average high of −3.1 °C (26 °F) in January, with relatively low humidity. Summers are short with daytime temperatures ranging from 18 to 22 °C (64 to 72 °F). _START_SECTION_ Elevation Place _START_PARAGRAPH_ Elevation Place opened in April 2013 as Canmore's new recreation facility. Construction of the facility began in 2012 to replace the Canmore Recreation Centre (the community's old facility). The facility offers an 8-lane 25m lap pool, a world class climbing wall developed by Walltopia, two cardio rooms, a strength room, and a host of fitness programs. Elevation Place also houses the community's library and a local art gallery. _START_SECTION_ Grassi Lakes _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Upper & Lower Grassi Lakes lie at an elevation of about 1,525 m in the southern Canadian Rockies overlooking the town of Canmore, Alberta. They receive their water from the Spray Lakes Reservoir on the Spray River. There is a trail route that takes you up to the Upper Grassi Lake , with decent parking at the bottom. The trail is 4.3km. It’s appropriate for all skill levels. The water is a beautiful Caribbean green / blue & very clear. It’s surrounded by stunning snow covered mountains & shear soaring cliffs. There are two options for the hike , one easy & one more difficult. It takes approximately 60 minutes to hike the loop. _START_SECTION_ Banff National Park _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canmore is the closest major town to Banff National Park, the main gate of which is just northwest of the town limits. It is a 22-kilometre drive from Canmore to the park's main townsite at Banff. _START_SECTION_ Health care _START_PARAGRAPH_ Health care is provided at the Canmore General Hospital.

4431216278031328574

Q28868642

_START_ARTICLE_ Cannabis in Martinique _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cannabis in Martinique is illegal, but is illicitly produced and transported on the island. Cannabis, crack, and cocaine are all present on the island, with the latter two having had significant negative impacts on Martiniquan society. Some cannabis is grown locally on Martinique, but appears to be mostly for local consumption and has little impact on the larger drug market.

16817597306784564015

Q5032876

_START_ARTICLE_ Canoe & Kayak UK _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Canoe & Kayak UK has been published monthly in the UK since March 4, 2001 by Warners Group Publications, under their Warners Midlands PLC subsidiary, as part of their outdoor and sporting stable. _START_SECTION_ Local coverage _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine attends local canoeing events across the country, for example during September 2009, staff visited the Wychavon Kayak and Canoe Club for a pool session. _START_SECTION_ Social networks _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine has its own YouTube channel featuring watersports related video articles and tutorials, in addition to user submitted videos hosted on the magazine website._NEWLINE_They also have a Facebook page, where regular updates are posted of upcoming articles from the magazine. _START_SECTION_ Blog _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine website hosts a blog section that invites readers to contribute feedback on the magazine and their own articles on canoeing and kayaking locations and events. The site also hosts blogs from staff and official contributors to the magazine. _START_SECTION_ Forum _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine also has an internet forum in which the editor and writers regularly interact with the readership. Certain questions are posed on a monthly basis with select answers from forum members appearing in the magazine. Forum users can also request articles to be featured by the lead editor. _START_SECTION_ Competitions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The magazine runs regular competitions in which replying readers have a chance to win free watersport and other outdoor activity equipment.

17494033326444346760

Q5033342

_START_ARTICLE_ Canongate Kirkyard _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canongate Kirkyard (English: Churchyard) stands around Canongate Kirk on the Royal Mile in Edinburgh, Scotland. The churchyard was used for burials from the late 1680s until the mid-20th century._NEWLINE_The most celebrated burials at the kirkyard are the economist Adam Smith and the poet Robert Fergusson, but many other notable people were interred in the cemetery. It has been claimed that David Rizzio, the murdered private secretary of Mary, Queen of Scots lies here, although it is highly unlikely that an Italian Catholic would be reinterred in a Protestant graveyard 120 years after his death. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Canongate was, until the 19th century, a separate parish from Edinburgh. This separate parish was formerly served by Holyrood Abbey at the foot of the Royal Mile, and Lady Yester's Church on High School Wynd. In 1687 King James VII adopted the abbey church as a Royal Chapel, and the general population worshipped in Lady Yester's Kirk (built in 1647) until 1691. Both of these sites formerly served as burial grounds to the parish._NEWLINE_The new Canongate Kirk was founded in 1688 and completed in 1691. A large area of ground was purchased beyond that required for the erection of the church, and this appears to have been used for burial immediately from the church's foundation in 1688. This area is now fully occupied as a burial ground._NEWLINE_Due to peculiarities in the parish boundaries, the parish also included some properties on the Nor Loch and, due to an ancient charter linking the castle to Holyrood, also Edinburgh Castle, which saw itself as separate from the parish of Edinburgh, under St Giles'. This led to many burials of soldiers from the castle within the section to the north of the churchyard._NEWLINE_In 1952 the old Church Hall to the east, facing the Canongate, was demolished. This area was reformed as a sunken garden and the Burgh Cross, dating from 1128, was relocated here as a centre-piece, having formerly stood in the roadway in front of the church. The cross was restored in 1888, when it was moved from its temporary home in front of the Canongate Tolbooth to in front of the church, before its transition to the sunken garden in 1953. _START_SECTION_ 18th-century burials _START_PARAGRAPH_ Very Rev Thomas Wilkie (1645–1711) first minister of Canongate Kirk and twice Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland._NEWLINE_The Coachman's Stone, dating to around 1770, displays a skull and the motto "memento mori". It is inscribed "This stone is for the society of Coachdrivers In the Canongate It was chiefly erected by Thomas Jamieson and Robert Maving, treasurer, 1734–65". Below this inscription is a relief sculpture of a coach and horses crossing a bridge. The drivers operated the Edinburgh to London route from White Horse Close, around 200 metres (660 ft) to the east. Several of the Company are interred at this spot._NEWLINE_John Frederick Lampe (1703–1751) was a composer, conductor and writer of hymn-tunes for Charles Wesley and others. His stone, just to the north of the Fettes tomb, is now badly eroded and for the most part illegible. At the base of the stone is a skull and two crossed bones, and at the top two figures hold a small book with some of his composition inscribed. The stone formerly read: _NEWLINE_"Here lye the mortal remains of John Frederick Lampe whose harmonious composing shal out live Monumental register"_NEWLINE_Bishop Robert Keith (1681–1757) authored A History of the Church and State in Scotland from the Reformation to 1568._NEWLINE_Sir Thomas Calder (1682–1760), stone erected by his grandson Admiral Robert Calder._NEWLINE_Professor Charles Alston (1683–1760), lecturer in Botany and Medicinal Plants at Edinburgh University, was co-founder of the Edinburgh School of Medicine in 1726._NEWLINE_George Drummond (1688–1766) was six times Lord Provost of Edinburgh, and the founder of Edinburgh New Town. He was responsible for the redevelopment of Edinburgh, founding the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary; co-founding the Medical School; draining the Nor’ Loch; founding the Royal Exchange in 1753; and most importantly, initiating and founding the New Town and the first North Bridge (1763)._NEWLINE_John Gregory MD (1724–1773) and his son James Gregory MD (1753–1821) were from a long line of Gregorys from Aberdeen, eminent in both medicine and science. John was Professor of Medicine in Aberdeen from 1755 to 1766, and at Edinburgh University from 1766 until his death. James was a doctor and publisher, who succeeded his father in the chair of Medicine at Edinburgh University in 1776, and also had a separate chair in the Practice of Medicine from 1790. He was the inventor of "Gregory's Powder" a mixture of magnesia, rhubarb and ginger, used in the treatment of stomach complaints for around 150 years. His son Dr James Gregory and grandsons Donald Gregory and James Crawford Gregory lie nearby._NEWLINE_Poet Robert Fergusson (1750–1774) was trained as a minister, but abandoned this to take up poetry at the age of 22, supplementing his income by working as a clerk. His career was short-lived, and he died in the Edinburgh lunatic asylum, then called Darien House, on Bristo Street. Robert Burns was inspired to be a poet by reading Fergusson's work. It is likely that Burns left monies in his will to erect a monument in grateful memory, penning the inscription himself. The year of birth on the stone is incorrect, though the day and month are correct. The monument was erected in June 1828, after Burns’ own death, but at his express wish. The grave was fully restored in 2010, replacing the enclosing ironwork and chains, and cleaning the stone. The gravestone reads:_NEWLINE_"Here lies Robert Fergusson, Poet Born September 5th 1751 Died October 16th 1774 No sculptured marble here, nor pompous lay No storied urn, nor animated bust This simple stone directs pale Scotia's way To pour her sorrows o’er her poet's dust"_NEWLINE_The reverse is inscribed:_NEWLINE_"By special grant of the managers to Robert Burns, who erected this stone, This burial place is to remain ever sacred To the memory of Robert Fergusson"_NEWLINE_A further plaque within the front enclosure explains how Robert Louis Stevenson was going to re-inscribe the stone in the mid-19th century. A statue was erected to Fergusson on the pavement at the churchyard entrance in 2004._NEWLINE_Daniel Dow (1732–1783), fiddler and composer of vernacular music._NEWLINE_Rev William Lothian (1740–1783) minister of Canongate Kirk and joint founder of the Royal Society of Edinburgh._NEWLINE_Alexander Runciman (1736–1785) and his brother John Runciman (1744–1766) were painters. Their bronze plaque on the outer west wall of the church bears their heads, and was erected in 1866 by the Royal Scottish Academy near the then unmarked grave of Alexander. John died in Naples during his grand tour, and is buried there._NEWLINE_John Mackenzie, Lord MacLeod (1727–1789), the son of George Mackenzie, 3rd Earl of Cromartie and like his father a Jacobite. He captured Dunrobin Castle in 1746 during the second Jacobite rising and was subsequently convicted of high treason, but pardoned in 1748. He went on to become a Swedish Count, and later a major-general in the British army._NEWLINE_Adam Smith LLD (1723–1790), economist and author of The Wealth of Nations, founded the study of political economics. His house was very close by, at the head of Panmure Close, and it survived until 1889. He lived here from 1778 until his death in 1790, having moved from his native town of Kirkcaldy. The grave is a place of pilgrimage for economists of the world. Although an imposing railed monument, it may have been altered in the 1930s, as it was then described as "too small to notice". It is understood that Dr Joseph Black, the chemist and physicist, and James Hutton, the founder of geology, were both at his funeral, being his executors, as would have been David Douglas (see below)._NEWLINE_Rev. Thomas Hardy (1748–1798) was Professor of Church History and Divinity, Chaplain to the King, Advocate of Church Unity, and one of the ministers of St Giles. _START_SECTION_ 19th-century burials _START_PARAGRAPH_ David Smythe, Lord Methven FRSE (1746–1806) law lord._NEWLINE_Benjamin Bell (1749–1806) and his son Joseph Bell, (1787–1848), both surgeons, are buried in the same plot. Benjamin Bell was one of the few men to have declined a Baronetcy. He was related to Wiliam Paterson, the Scots founder of the Bank of England and was the great-grandfather of Joseph Bell, tutor to Arthur Conan Doyle, J. M. Barrie and Robert Louis Stevenson, and the inspiration for the character Sherlock Holmes. A small stone to the north of Bell's stone is of interest due to its unusual Greek inscription, taken from The Persians by Aeschylus and translated as "Dear the mound for it hides a loved heart."_NEWLINE_Prof Very Rev Alexander Brunton (1772–1854), Moderator of the General Assembly of the Church of Scotland 1823. Professor of Hebrew and Oriental Languages at Edinburgh University. His wife, the author Mary Brunton (1778-1818) lies with him._NEWLINE_James Clark (1732–1808) founded of the James Clark Vet School in Edinburgh. His monument was erected by "members of the veterinary profession in Great Britain and America 1950"._NEWLINE_Luke Fraser (1736–1821) was a teacher of Sir Walter Scott at the Royal High School. Fraser said of Scott that he was "a good Latin scholar, and very worthy man."_NEWLINE_The grave of John Ballantyne (1774–1821), and his brother James Ballantyne (1772–1833), publishers and friends of Sir Walter Scott, has no headstone, reflecting their poverty at the end of their lives. A small bronze plaque on the base of the Fettes tomb marks their final resting place. It is inscribed:_NEWLINE_"Here in June 1821 Sir Walter Scott, Bart, stood by the open grave of his publisher and friend John Ballantyne (1774–1821) and said "I feel as if there would be less sunshine for me this day forth" And here too lies buried his friend and printer James Ballantyne (1772–1833) Brother of the above. Erected by the Edinburgh Walter Scott Club"_NEWLINE_The brothers were from a long-standing family of publishers in the Canongate. James, having moved to Edinburgh from Kelso in 1802, was the printer of the Waverley novels and these were first read in his house, prior to their printing. John, though partly to blame for Scott's loss of his fortune in the midst of his career, was a very dear friend to Scott, who is said to have openly wept at his funeral and whispered the above words on the plaque to John Gibson Lockhart. Scott had nicknames for both men: John was "Rigdumfunnidos"; James was "Aldiboronti-phoscophornio"._NEWLINE_Dugald Stewart (1753–1828) was Professor of Moral Philosophy at Edinburgh University from 1785 until 1820. The son of Matthew Stewart, Professor of Mathematics, Dugald is principally remembered as author of Philosophy of the Human Mind (1792). His sealed tomb stands in the north section of the churchyard, notable as the only sealed tomb in the churchyard. The Dugald Stewart Monument erected to him on the south-west edge of Calton Hill is just out of sight from the tomb._NEWLINE_Hugh William Williams (1773–1829), a watercolorist and landscape artist, was known as "Grecian Williams" for his foreign studies. It was allegedly Williams who coined the term "the modern Athens" in reference to Edinburgh, therefore his resting place, with Edinburgh's "Acropolis" (Calton Hill) standing to the right, is fittingly appropriate._NEWLINE_Sir William Fettes (1750–1836), a former merchant on the High Street, served as Lord Provost of Edinburgh in the early 19th century. His bequests funded the building of Fettes College (opened 1870). The monument is a large sandstone mausoleum with gilded, grey marble tablets, inscribed:_NEWLINE_"Sacred to the memory of Sir William Fettes of Comely Bank, Baronet, Lord Provost of Edinburgh in 1801 and 1802 and a second time in 1805 and 1806 Born 25 June 1750. Died 27 May 1836... over the grave of its founder, the trustees of the Fettes Endowment have erected this monument, in grateful recognition of the enlightened benevolence which devoted the acquisitions of an honourable life to the useful purpose of providing for the children of his less fortunate fellow countrymen the elegance of a sound and liberal education"_NEWLINE_George Chalmers (1773–1836) was a master plumber and founder of Chalmers Hospital. He had lived at 208 Canongate._NEWLINE_Mrs Agnes Maclehose (1759–1841) was born in Glasgow. She separated from her husband and subsequently befriended Robert Burns, carrying on a correspondence with him under the name "Clarinda". She lived at 14 Calton Hill, and is buried in the tomb of Lord Craig. Burns wrote several poems to her (not published until 1843, after her death). The most famous of these is "Ae Fond Kiss", which includes the lines "Had we never lo’ed sae kindly, had we never lo’ed sae blindly, never met, or never parted, we’d hae ne’er been broken-hearted"._NEWLINE_Euphemia Amelia Murray (1768–1845) was called "the Flower of Strathmore" by Robert Burns. She is interred in the ground of David Smyth of Methven._NEWLINE_Sir John Watson Gordon R.A. (1788–1864) was a portrait artist, and a close friend and neighbour of Henry Raeburn. He exhibited from 1821, and was a member of the Royal Scottish Academy (RSA) from 1829, exhibiting there from 1830. He was elected president to the RSA in 1850. His most famous work is the portrait of Sir Walter Scott in the National Gallery. Other subjects include Sir David Brewster and Thomas de Quincy. His brother and sister, who founded the Watson-Gordon Fine Art chair at Edinburgh University in his memory in 1879, are also buried here._NEWLINE_Horatius Bonar (1808–1889), a preacher and prodigious hymn-writer, was minister in Kelso from 1837, and took part in the Disruption of 1843. He was minister of Chalmers’ Memorial Church in Grage Road, Edinburgh from 1866. _START_SECTION_ Edinburgh Castle monument _START_PARAGRAPH_ A red granite cross, 26-foot (7.9 m) commemorates the soldiers of Edinburgh Castle. It was erected in May 1880, by Mr Ford of the Holyrood Glass Works, and inaugurated in the presence of General Hope and the 71st Highlanders. The dead lie in the wide open green area all around the cross, which is inscribed:_NEWLINE_"To the memory of the soldiers who died in Edinburgh Castle, situated in the parish of Canongate, interred herewith military honours from the year 1692 to 1880. "Death called them away from the martial ranks and sad was each comrade's tread as they bore them along to the march in Saul Midst crowds to their lonely bed But their country's sons will around this stone Oft speak of the deeds of the brave And gratefully look on the grassy sod That grows o’er the soldiers grave"_NEWLINE_Verses from the Biblical Epistles to Timothy are inscribed on the reverse. _START_SECTION_ 20th-century burials _START_PARAGRAPH_ Architect Robert Hurd (1905–1963) was responsible for the partial redevelopment of the Canongate in the 1950s, and much other work throughout Edinburgh, including the Art Deco Ravelston Garden (1936). He was interred after the official closure of the churchyard to burials, and his was the most recent interment, other than ashes. _START_SECTION_ Reputed burials _START_PARAGRAPH_ David Rizzio (or Riccio) (1533–1566) was an Italian courtier of Mary, Queen of Scots. Born near Turin, he became valet to the Queen in 1561 and was promoted to be her secretary in 1564. He was enormously unpopular and was stabbed to death, in the presence of the Queen, in her chamber in Holyrood Palace. The murderers included Mary's husband, Lord Darnley. The body was interred in Holyrood Abbey but was allegedly moved to Canongate churchyard in 1688. A small bronze plaque on the east wall of the church, above a worn 17th-century flat tombstone, reads:_NEWLINE_"Tradition says that this is the grave of David Riccio 1533–1566 Transported from Holyrood."_NEWLINE_It is more likely to be a fanciful story to attach to the old but illegible stone (which may be the stone of Bishop James Ramsay). Holyrood was still a royal chapel in 1688, and there would have been little popular support to move this body to the "people's" churchyard. Rizzio being a Catholic, it is also hard to explain why he would be buried in a Protestant churchyard. If the story is true, the stone dates from roughly the time of the re-interment, and is a costly stone for someone who, particularly a century after death, would have no living friends or relatives. The bronze plaque is thought to date from the 1950s.

8912762917027002696

Q1605528

_START_ARTICLE_ Canton of Marseille-La Pointe-Rouge _START_SECTION_ Area _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is composed of the part of the 8th arrondissement of Marseille south of an imaginary line along these streets:_NEWLINE_avenue Pierre-Mendès-France starting at boulevard des Neiges, avenue de Bonneveine, avenue de Hambourg, avenue d'Haïfa, traverse Ratonneau, rue Callelongue, boulevard Baptiste-Bonnet, boulevard Barbe, boulevard Pépin, boulevard de Sainte-Anne, avenue de Mazargues, avenue Guy-de-Maupassant.

11560706384992978815

Q185113

_START_ARTICLE_ Cape (geography) _START_PARAGRAPH_ In geography, a cape is a headland or a promontory of large size extending into a body of water, usually the sea._NEWLINE_A cape usually represents a marked change in trend of the coastline which makes them prone to natural forms of erosion, mainly tidal actions. This results in capes having a relatively short geological lifespan. Capes can be formed by glaciers, volcanoes, and changes in sea level. Erosion plays a large role in each of these methods of formation.

17824824199386604532

Q5034578

_START_ARTICLE_ Cape Arkona (Heard Island) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Cape Arkona is a rocky headland between the mouths of Lied Glacier and Gotley Glacier on the southwest side of Heard Island in the southern Indian Ocean. The feature appears to be roughly charted on an 1860 sketch map prepared by Captain H.C. Chester, an American sealer operating in the area during this period. The German frigate Arkona (named after a cape on the north of Rügen) (Captain von Reibnitz) examined the south coast of the island in February 1874 and, in Melbourne, provided the officers of HMS Challenger with a position for the cape which was used in preparation of the Admiralty chart. In so doing, however, the misspelling "Cape Arcona" was used on the British chart. _START_SECTION_ Map _START_PARAGRAPH_ Heard Island and McDonald Islands, including all major topographical features

14957836355683172274

Q1034229

_START_ARTICLE_ Cape Grim massacre _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Cape Grim massacre was an incident on 10 February 1828 in which a group of Aboriginal Tasmanians gathering food at a beach in the north-west of Tasmania is said to have been ambushed and shot by four Van Diemen's Land Company (VDLC) workers, with bodies of some of the victims then thrown from a 60-metre (200 ft) cliff. About 30 men are thought to have been killed in the attack, which was a reprisal action for an earlier Aboriginal raid on a flock of Van Diemen's Land Company sheep, but part of an escalating spiral of violence probably triggered by the abduction and rape of Aboriginal women in the area. The massacre was part of the "Black War", the period of violent conflict between British colonists and Aboriginal Australians in Tasmania from the mid-1820s to 1832._NEWLINE_News of the Cape Grim killings did not reach Governor George Arthur for almost two years. Arthur sent George Augustus Robinson, who held an unofficial government role as an Aboriginal conciliator, to investigate the incident, and later statements from company workers, a diary entry by the wife of a ship's captain and the testimony of an Aboriginal woman provided some further information. Despite the witness statements however, detail of what took place is sketchy and Australian author Keith Windschuttle and some other historians have subsequently disputed the magnitude of the massacre or denied it occurred at all._NEWLINE_The site of the massacre has been identified as the present-day Suicide Bay, facing the island outcrops known as The Doughboys. Because a number of tribes were in the area at the time, it is uncertain which one was involved in the clash, although historian Lyndall Ryan states that those killed were members of the Peerapper clan. _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Clans of the North West nation had experienced violent conflict with European settlers since 1810 when sealing parties abducted women. In 1820 a group of sealers sprang from hiding in a cave at The Doughboys near Cape Grim and ambushed a group of Pennemukeer women collecting muttonbirds and shellfish, capturing and binding them and carrying them off to Kangaroo Island. Pennemukeer men responded with a reprisal attack, clubbing three sealers to death._NEWLINE_Further conflict developed after the arrival of the VDLC in late 1826. The company had been formed in London in 1824 as a joint stock company whose purpose would be to breed and farm Merino and Saxon sheep on a large scale to meet the high demand for wool in England. The company was given a grant to 250,000 acres in the northwest tip of the colony then known as Van Diemen's Land, an area that was home to about 400 or 500 Aboriginals who had cleared the grassy plains of trees through generations of fire-stick farming. Ships then began arriving to offload livestock and labourers—mostly indentured "servants" or convicts who would work as shepherds and ploughmen on sheep stations at Cape Grim and Circular Head, occupying key Aboriginal kangaroo hunting grounds._NEWLINE_Businessman Edward Curr was appointed as VDLC's Chief Agent, answering to a court of directors in London, but his position in the remote part of the colony also gave him the powers and authority of a magistrate. Curr quickly developed a reputation as a cruel and ruthless despot. Within a year of the company establishing a presence in the North West, employees under his direct control had gained a reputation for brutal treatment of the local Aboriginal population. Curr, rather than inquiring into or intervening in such cases, sometimes actively encouraged violence. Rosalie Hare, the wife of a ship's captain who arrived in January 1828 on board the Caroline and remained in the Curr household until March, noted in her journal the frequency of Aboriginal attacks on shepherds, but added: "We are not to suppose the Europeans in their turn take no revenge. We have to lament that our own countrymen consider the massacre of these people an honour. While we remained at Circular Head there were several accounts of considerable numbers of natives having been shot by them, they wishing to extirpate them entirely if possible."_NEWLINE_According to historian Nicholas Clements, the primary cause of conflict was sex: very few white women were in the colony generally, and the shortage was particularly acute in the North West, where only Curr's wife and one other woman lived. The Governor was warned by one worker in 1827 that Curr's shepherds "had designs of violating the (native) women" and examples were later given to Robinson of female Aboriginals being kept by stock keepers and shepherds, some of them "chained up like a wild beast" and abused. Another woman was said to have been kept by a stock keeper for about a month, "after which she was taken out and shot." _START_SECTION_ Massacre _START_PARAGRAPH_ The immediate catalyst of the February killings at Cape Grim was an incident about the beginning of December 1827 during a visit to the area by the Peerapper clan from West Point in search of muttonbird eggs and seals. Convicts who were working as assigned servants for the VDLC were tending to a large flock of sheep and managed to lure some Peerapper women into a hut for sex. When the Peerapper men objected, a skirmish developed during which one of the shepherds, Thomas John, was speared in the leg and several Peerapper men including a chief were shot dead. John was taken back to Circular Head a fortnight later and Curr reported the injury to VDLC directors in London, stating that his shepherd had been speared in an extended conflict that had begun when "a very strong party of Natives" attacked the men._NEWLINE_A party of Peerapper, probably led by Wymurrick, returned to Cape Grim on 31 December, a month after the clash, to seek retribution. They destroyed 118 ewes from the company's stock, spearing some, beating others with waddies and driving the rest over a cliff and into the sea. The company vessel Fanny, with its master, Richard Frederick, was then sent to Cape Grim, ostensibly to collect sheep to be transported to Emu Bay (modern-day Burnie). While he was there, Frederick, who was "very well acquainted with that part of the country and with the habits of the Natives"—helped the shepherds search for the Peerapper clan and located their camp as part of a punitive expedition. Then, according to a journal account by Rosalie Hare, wife of the captain of the Caroline who was staying with Curr and his wife, they killed 12 men in a surprise night time raid._NEWLINE_Several days later, on 10 February—about six weeks after the destruction of the ewes—the same four shepherds are believed to have surprised and trapped a party of Aboriginal men, women and children in what is now known as Suicide Bay, as they feasted on mutton-birds the women had caught at the nearby Doughboy Islands. Although there is no single definitive narrative, it is thought that the Aboriginal people, confronted by the armed Europeans, panicked and fled in different directions, with some rushing into the sea, others scrambling around the cliff and some fatally shot by the shepherds. One group—thought to be all men—were killed near the edge of a 60m cliff and their bodies then thrown to the rocks below. Two individuals, one of the convicts involved and an Aboriginal woman, stated that the death toll was 30, a senior VDLC employee described the fatalities as "a good number" and "a great many", while Curr initially reported six dead "besides several severely wounded". Those wounded by shot fired from muskets would have had poor prospects of survival. _START_SECTION_ Investigation _START_PARAGRAPH_ In a dispatch to VDL Company directors on 14 January Curr reported the voyage of the Fanny and the subsequent night time encounter with Peerapper at their camp by Frederick and the shepherds who had "gone in quest" of those who had slaughtered the sheep. In Curr's account there were about 70 Peerapper in the encampment, but the shepherds watched and waited until dawn before retreating without a shot being fired, because "not a musket would go off" as a result of heavy rain during the night. Historian Ian McFarlane has described Curr's account as problematic and less plausible than that of Rosalie Hare: he said the men would have known the Peerapper were reluctant to move during the night, being timid in the dark, and it was improbable that men armed with that knowledge would sit in the cold and rain all night watching the targets silhouetted by campfires, only to await the light of the morning and lose their strategic advantage._NEWLINE_Two weeks later, on 28 February, Curr provided the directors with his first, brief reference to the events of 10 February. He reported that he had heard information from the men on the Fanny that shepherds had encountered "a strong party of natives" and that after a long fight six Aboriginals were left "dead on the field including their chief besides several severely wounded." He added: "I have no doubt that this will have the effect of intimidating them, and oblige them to keep aloof."_NEWLINE_Curr reported nothing more on the incident or what had become of those who had been severely wounded, prompting the directors to write back to express extreme "regret" over the deaths and point out: "It does not appear from the account who were the aggressors." Despite his role as magistrate Curr did not further investigate the clash or notify Governor Arthur of the deaths and outside knowledge of the massacre would have remained negligible had it not been for the decision of embittered VDL Company agricultural superintendent Alexander Goldie to write a lengthy letter to Arthur in November 1829 mentioning the encounter. Goldie's letter to Arthur was one of confession of his own involvements in the killing of Aboriginals—notably the shooting and butchering with an axe a woman on a north-west beach two months earlier—and revealed:_NEWLINE_There have been a great many Natives shot by the Company's Servants, and several engagements between them while their stock was in that district. On one occasion a good many were shot (I never heard exactly the number) and although Mr Curr knew it, yet he never that I am aware, took any notice of it although in the Commission of the Peace and at that time there was no proclamation against the Natives, nor were they (the Natives) at the time they were attacked at all disturbing the Company's flocks ..."_NEWLINE_In a separate, scathing, 110-page letter to VDL Company directors Goldie said Curr had personally encouraged the killing of other Aboriginals, offering rum on one occasion to any man who could bring him an Aboriginal head. Arthur responded to Goldie's accusations by asking Robinson to discover what he could about the incident when he ventured to the north-west region as part of his "friendly mission" to Aboriginal Tasmanians. It took until June the following year before Robinson arrived in the area, where on 16 June he interviewed Charles Chamberlain, one of the four convict shepherds involved. He recounted the conversation about events that were by then almost 2​¹⁄₂ years in the past:_NEWLINE_Robinson: How many natives do you suppose there was killed?_NEWLINE_Chamberlain: Thirty._NEWLINE_Robinson: There appears to be some difference respecting the numbers._NEWLINE_Chamberlain: Yes, it was so. We was afraid and thought at the time the Governor would hear of it and we should get into trouble, but thirty was about the number._NEWLINE_Robinson: What did you do with the bodies?_NEWLINE_Chamberlain: We threw them down the rocks where they had thrown the sheep._NEWLINE_Robinson: Was there any more females shot?_NEWLINE_Chamberlain: No, the women all laid down, they were most of them men._NEWLINE_Robinson: How many was there in your party?_NEWLINE_Chamberlain: There was four of us._NEWLINE_Robinson: What had they done to you?_NEWLINE_Chamberlain: They had some time before that attacked us in a hut and had speared one man in the thigh. Several blacks was shot on that occasion. Subsequently thirty sheep had been driven over the rocks._NEWLINE_Four days later Robinson questioned a group of Aboriginal women at a sealer's camp adjacent to Robbins Passage, east of Cape Grim. Some related the details of the spearing of Thomas John, the subsequent shooting of an Aboriginal chief and the return of tribe members a few days later to drive sheep off the cliff. They also described the massacre of 10 February, recounting how VDL Company shepherds had taken by "surprise a whole tribe which had come for a supply of muttonbirds at the Doughboys, massacred thirty of them and threw them off a cliff two hundred feet in altitude"._NEWLINE_On 10 August Robinson encountered convict William Gunchannon, another of the four who had been present at the massacre. Gunchannan admitted his involvement, estimating it had happened about six weeks after the destruction of the sheep, but was reluctant to provide detail. He told Robinson that the Aboriginal group attacked on 10 February had included men and women, but denied knowing whether any had been killed. Robinson later wrote that when he informed him that Chamberlain had already admitted a death toll of about 30, Gunchannan "seemed to glory in the act and said he would shoot them whenever he met them". Robinson did not interview the other two involved in the massacre: Richard Nicholson had previously drowned and John Weavis had since moved to Hobart._NEWLINE_Guided by bushman Alexander McKay, Robinson visited Cape Grim and identified the site of the massacre. At the northern arm of what is today known as Suicide Bay, Robinson was able to identify the steep cliff over which the Aborigines drove the sheep. Just south of the cliff was a steep path leading down to the beach the Aboriginal women had identified as the site of the massacre. From the accounts gathered and his visit to the site, Robinson formulated what he believed was the most likely scenario of the day as the women swam across to the Doughboys to gather muttonbirds:_NEWLINE_They swim across, leaving their children at the rocks in the care of the elderly people. They had prepared their supply of birds, had tied them with grass, had towed them on shore, and the whole tribe was seated around their fires partaking of their heard-earned fare, when down rushed the band of fierce barbarians thirsting for the blood of those unprotected and unoffending people ... Some rushed into the sea, others scrambled around the cliff and what remained the monsters put to death. Those poor creatures who had sought shelter in the cleft of the rock they forced to the brink of the awful precipice, massacred them all and threw their bodies down the precipice. _START_SECTION_ Curr's later explanations _START_PARAGRAPH_ VDL Company directors, meanwhile, asked Curr to respond to Goldie's long list of complaints and accusations. His reply, on 7 October 1830, included a more comprehensive report on the events of 10 February 1828. Yet it was markedly different to the accounts Robinson had already obtained. Curr explained to VDL directors that a "very large" Aboriginal party had initially assembled at the top of a hill that overlooked the shepherds' hut. He continued:_NEWLINE_There our men saw them and the account they gave me of the transaction was that they considered the natives were coming to attack them again and marched out to meet them, and in the fight which ensued they killed six of the natives one of whom was a woman. This was the manner in which the story was first related to me: nothing was said about the natives being a party of people who were returning from the Islands with birds and fish, nor do I now believe that was the case but I think it probable they were going there._NEWLINE_... I have no doubt whatever that our men were fully impressed with the idea that the natives were there only for the purpose of surrounding and attacking them, and with that idea it would be madness for them to wait until the natives shewed their designs by making it too late for one man to escape. I considered these things at the time for I had thought of investigating the case, but I saw first that there was a strong presumption that our men were right, second if wrong it was impossible to convict them, and thirdly that the mere enquiry would induce every man to leave Cape Grim._NEWLINE_Seven months later, in May 1831, the paths of Arthur and Curr crossed in the central Tasmanian village of Jericho, where the Governor confronted Curr with Robinson's report and told the Chief Agent that if the findings were incorrect then he should say so. In a letter to the Governor, Curr did just that, declaring: "I believe it to be untrue. I have no doubt that some Natives were killed on the occasion, my impression is that the real number was three ... as the case was represented to me by the men themselves at the time they had no alternative but to act as they did." _START_SECTION_ Site inspection and speculation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The contradictions surrounding accounts of the events of 10 February 1828 have prompted some history writers to carry out their own inspections of the site in order to speculate on the most likely series of events. There is sharp contrast in their conclusions._NEWLINE_Based on his visit to Cape Grim, Windschuttle has disputed much of Robinson's description of events, concluding that the shepherds could not have launched a surprise attack if the Aboriginals had been sitting on the beach at Suicide Bay. He explained that because the basalt slope above the beach is too steep to climb down, the shepherds would have had to descend via a steep track halfway round the bay in full view of those on the beach, giving the Aboriginals at least five minutes to flee, either by swimming across the bay or out to sea, or going around the rocks at the base of the cliff. He said Robinson's description of Aboriginals seeking shelter "in the cleft of the rock" and then being "forced to the brink of an awful precipice" was equally problematic because of the difficulty for shepherds to force captives up the track while carrying weapons and then—once the Aboriginal people reached the top—the impossibility of preventing their escape over the open grassy land as the shepherds climbed up behind them. He said: "If they really were trying to kill them all, they would have done it where they allegedly found them, down near the waterline at the edge of the bay." Windschuttle said the site's "extraordinarily difficult terrain" coupled with the limitations of 19th century muskets made it beyond belief that four shepherds could have killed 30 Aboriginal people. He said the most credible account was Curr's, in which the shepherds felt threatened by the advancing Aboriginal party and marched from their hut to launch a pre-emptive strike. He also accepted Curr's claim of just six Aboriginal fatalities. Windschuttle said the clash probably took place on the open grassland near Victory Hill (on which he said the hut stood) and if bodies were thrown over a cliff, Victory Hill was the most plausible location from which to do it._NEWLINE_A study of the area by McFarlane, however, raises critical flaws with Windschuttle's favoured version in which the convicts responded with gunfire after being threatened at their hut. McFarlane said surveyors' charts placed the shepherds' hut about a kilometre to the northeast of Victory Hill, which allowed the company easy access from the sea via Davisons Bay. The hut was well beyond the range of spears thrown by Aboriginal people on the hill, and McFarlane has argued that abandoning the cover of a hut to engage a vastly greater force of Aboriginal people occupying the higher ground would have been "an act of gross stupidity", particularly given that one of the convicts, John Weavis, was a former soldier who had served in the 89th Foot Regiment and York Chasseurs, a regiment raised from military deserters. McFarlane said a musket loaded with shot and fired uphill would have been a poor match for spears that could be thrown with great accuracy as far as 90 metres. He wrote: "A large number of Aborigines armed with spears on the high ground would certainly have been victorious. That four shepherds could emerge from that shower of missiles unscathed is beyond the bounds of credibility." Additionally, if the fatal encounter had taken place closer to the shepherds' hut they would have had to carry the bodies of their victims almost two kilometres—passing Victory Hill on the way—in order to throw them off the cliffs at Suicide Bay. McFarlane said neither Chamberlain, Gunchannon nor the Aboriginal woman interviewed by Robinson had made any mention of the hut or the hill, with the focus of their accounts solely Suicide Bay. He concluded: "Curr's version of events is clearly implausible, without foundation and would appear designed to depict the Aborigines as aggressors by shifting the scene, and thus the nature of he crime, from Suicide Bay to Victory Hill."_NEWLINE_McFarlane has postulated that the two contradictory witness accounts of events—Chamberlain's admission of men's bodies being thrown from the cliff and the Aboriginal women's account of the whole tribe, including women and children, being attacked on the beach—were two elements of the one story: the convicts attacked and shot a small group of men who were hunting wallaby on the heights and then fired down on to the women, children and elderly who were close to the sea harvesting seafood. The bodies of the men might later have been thrown upon the rocks. He also suggested a second scenario, which he described as more likely, which involved a midden whose remains are about 10 metres (33 ft) from the top of the path to the beach on a large flattish sandy area. He said if this was the cooking area chosen on the day, the tribe could have been ambushed as they cooked and ate the muttonbirds, and suddenly found themselves trapped between the shepherds and the sea. Alarmed by gunfire, some may have fled down to the beach while others were driven back around the lip of the high ground leading to the cliff top. _START_SECTION_ Aftermath _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to McFarlane, most of the Aboriginal people of Tasmania's north west were methodically hunted down and killed by VDL Company hunting expeditions, acting under Curr's control. He says between 400 and 500 Aboriginal people were living in the region before the company's arrival, but by 1835 their number had dwindled to just over 100. From 1830 Robinson began rounding up the last survivors of the Aboriginal tribes to take them to a "place of safety" on an island off Tasmania's north coast; however those in the north-west avoided him. In 1830 at a sealer's camp Robinson found six abducted Aboriginal women, and an 18-year-old man called "Jack of Cape Grim" from the Parperloihener band of Robbins Island, whose Aboriginal name was Tunnerminnerwait. Robinson threatened the sealers with legal action unless they gave up the Aborigines, and to the Aborigines he promised safety and an eventual return to tribal areas.

11745089134502857853

Q23302605

_START_ARTICLE_ Capital Airport Air National Guard Station _START_PARAGRAPH_ Capital Airport Air National Guard Station is a 91-acre (370,000 m²) facility on land leased from the Springfield Airport Authority (SAA), located on the grounds of Abraham Lincoln Capital Airport. It is home to the 183d Fighter Wing (183 FW), an Illinois Air National Guard unit operationally gained by the Air Combat Command (ACC) and State Headquarters, Illinois Air National Guard. Historically a fighter unit, the 183 FW consists of 321 full-time and 800 part-time military personnel (total strength 1,321)._NEWLINE_The 183 FW was directed to divest itself of its fighter aircraft pursuant to a Base Realignment and Closure (BRAC) 2005 decision and in October 2008, the last of the 170th Fighter Squadron's fifteen F-16C/D Fighting Falcon aircraft departed Capital Airport AGS for redistribution to other Air National Guard fighter wings._NEWLINE_The 183 FW remains in place at Capital Airport AGS minus a flying mission while the U.S. Air Force, the Air Combat Command and the Air National Guard determine a new role and mission set for the wing. The Illinois Air National Guard State Headquarters, Expeditionary Combat Support (ECS) elements of the 183 FW, the 217th Engineering Installation Squadron, and the F110 engine Centralized Intermediate Repair Facility (CIRF) also remain in place at Capital Airport AGS.

9511280467398008577

Q2937386

_START_ARTICLE_ Capital City Speedway _START_PARAGRAPH_ Capital City Speedway was a racetrack in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada, located 5 kilometres (3.1 mi) southwest of Stittsville, Ontario. The Speedway included a dragstrip and a 3/8th mile oval, and ran five different series including the 4 For Fun class, Mini Stock Class, Thunder Car Class, ACT Late Model Class and the Lentch Automotive Legends Class. The Speedway's racing season ran from May until September annually. The Speedway has been closed since 2015. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Capital City Speedway was founded in 1961 after the closure of the very popular Lansdowne Speedway. Lansdowne ran from 1955 until 1960 where the track had been a success, gathering 5,000 fans on its June 1, 1955 opening night. The track had been an old horse racing track that was in Lansdowne Park surrounding the football field where the Ottawa Rough Riders CFL team played. Many spectators and drivers came from as far as Montreal and New York State to race at the 1/3-mile track. But with the track being located in Ottawa's residential section, the noise created by the cars had local families unhappy. Neighbourhood complaints meant that the popular track had to close. After its closure, Gerry Bisson, who had been the race promoter, constructed a state of the art track near Stittsville, Ontario, just west of Ottawa, known as Capital City Speedway._NEWLINE_The 2010 season started with a new race promoter, Legend driver Jeremy Coulter. There were many "rain outs" and there were only a handful of full nights completed. Jeremy, who started the year as a manager for the track (hired by the Drummond family), resigned halfway through the season._NEWLINE_The 2011 Season is well underway under the watchful eye of new promoter and former Legend Driver Todd Gow.Our new race director is former Late model driver Tim Dorning and making his return is announcer Brian 'Motormouth' Goudge.CCS also introduced Thundercat as our new mascot.A few driver changes took place with Rick Rump jumping behind the wheel of the #88 Al Dickie Owned Late model, Doug Mould stepped out of the racing picture and Quincy Roberts is now the owner of the #71 (Former #27) Mini-Stock.Former Mini-Stock Driver's Justin Hemsley and Malcolm MacDonald are down in the 4 for fun Class.Hemsley picked up his first feature win on Rona Night July 13.Mike Oakley now drives the #09 Legend and Braydon Oakley drives the #18 4 For Fun Car.As of July 13 here are your points Leaders:Steve Munro holds a 7 Point lead over Justin Holtom in the Late Model Class,Greg Ogilvie has a big 63 Point lead over Ken Sproule in Thunder cars,Matt Haufe has a 7-point lead over Chad Windsor in the Legends,Casey Cavanagh with the help of backup driver Ryan Foley leads Shawn Ethier by 11 Points in Mini-Stocks and Brooke Cordick has a respectable 48 point lead over Rodney Dingwall_NEWLINE_The 2015 season was to be saved by Mr Shawn Kerr, after many drivers meetings the Drummond family decided not to go with him.

6158734058560208060

Q2937632

_START_ARTICLE_ Captain Hareblower _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ A one-man Pirate crew Captain Yosemite Sam is sailing over an ocean on his ship singing "Blow the Man Down." Sam looks through a telescope and sees a trading sailship nearby. Captain Yosemite Sam reveals his new desire to steal the ship for himself. He fires a warning shot from his cannon and lines up side-by-side with the ship ordering its surrender. Since Sam is a legendary intimidating pirate the crew on the other ship surrender and abandon it. Bugs Bunny, lying in a box filled with carrots, hears the commotion on the ship and asks Sam "Ahoy there! What's up doc?" Sam orders Bugs to surrender the ship. Bugs replies with "Surrender? Never hoid the woid. So you'll have to try and take this ship!" Sam simply responds with a warning shot through Bugs' Napoleonic hat and between his ears, leaving a lump on Bugs' head ("Now, he should know better than that!")._NEWLINE_Bugs and Captain Sam battle each other in a fierce duel. Bugs first manages to find and shoot Sam first time ("Blast, ya rabbit! Two can play that game!"), and when Sam tries to himself, he ends up being shot again. When Sam is filling his cannons and firing them, Bugs wanders onto Sam's ship and shoots Sam as he is filling one, turning Sam into a pile of rubble. Later, Sam tries the same method on Bugs but this time, the cannon instead launches backwards into Sam, shooting himself out of the ship's side. Sam then tries to swing aboard Bugs' ship. ("Prepare to defend yourself, rabbit, cuz I'm a-boarding your ship! Charge!") However, there is another cannon in Sam's path resulting in him landing in the cannon. The cannon fires as Sam tries to retreat (much like in Bunker Hill Bunny)._NEWLINE_Sam then makes a model sailship using a barrel of dynamite. He lights it and blows into the sail to push the ship towards Bugs' ship. Bugs tries to blow the explosive model ship back to no avail and then uses an electric fan to blow the ship back towards Sam; when Sam tries to blow it back it explodes when it reaches his face._NEWLINE_Then Sam dresses up in a diving suit, lights a fuse to a bomb and dives underwater (how his bomb does not light out from the water is not explained). When he is swimming towards Bugs' ship with the bomb, a shark comes up from behind and eats Sam. Seconds later the bomb detonates and blows up the shark, leaving only its skeleton behind and Sam himself burned and dazed from the explosion._NEWLINE_Sam eventually corners Bugs on the crow's nest of Bugs' ship. Sam tells Bugs to surrender but Bugs challenges Sam to climb up and get him first. Sam in reply uses an axe to chop down the mast and to avoid being hurt by the falling mast Sam takes cover when it is almost completely cut apart. When it remains still balanced on its last chunk holding it up, Sam walks under the rested mast to chop the final chunk of it off but before he can do anything the mast falls on itself and crushes Sam._NEWLINE_Sam eventually climbs out of the mast, gets back in shape and glares up at Bugs. He climbs up the net ladders and corners Bugs on the rigging ("A-ha! Now I got ya, ya fur-bearin' critter!"). Bugs decides to take a dive in the ocean instead of facing Sam. When Sam tries to dive after Bugs he lands head-first onto a rock and falls in the water in massive pain._NEWLINE_Sam gives a final warning to Bugs once back on ship. Bugs Bunny tosses a lighted match into the powder room of Sam's ship. Sam frantically retrieves the match and tells Bugs "Ya doggone idjit galut! You'll blow the ship to smithereenies! And if ya does that once more, I ain't a-goin' after it!". Bugs uses this stubbornness as an advantage to throw another match into the powder room forcing Sam to stand and wait like he said he would. After a few seconds, Sam changes his mind and runs after the match but by the time he does so, the ship blows up (similar to Buccaneer Bunny)_NEWLINE_An injured, ragged, burnt Sam is blown onto Bugs' ship. To retaliate, Sam lights a match himself and tosses it into Bugs' ship powder room ("What's good for the goose is good for the gander!"). Bugs however refuses to go after it and realizing that Bugs is serious, Sam panics, dives off the ship and swims off. Bugs Bunny reveals that his powder room is actually a make-up room, commenting "I don't know what he's so excited about. Talcum powder doesn't explode." However this is proven false as after Bugs reveals the room, the ship blows up to smithereens, as well. As a defeated Bugs is tossed in the air he sadly stares as he says "I could be wrong, you know".

233339654539166323

Q5037584

_START_ARTICLE_ Caracolus marginella _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ The shell has 5-6 whorls. The width of the shell is 35–45 mm.

9429900624479572352

Q5038507

_START_ARTICLE_ Cardigan Pluton _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Cardigan Pluton is the most voluminous pluton in the state of New Hampshire, United States. The onset of magmatism was during the Acadian orogeny, and the pluton is part of the Kinsman suite of the New Hampshire Plutonic Series. The pluton is approximately 20 km wide by 90 km long and on average about 2.5 km thick. It is exposed in west-central New Hampshire along a north-northeast by south-southwest axis, extending from the town of Groton in the north to Dublin in the south. Mount Cardigan, from which the pluton is named, stands near the north end._NEWLINE_The pluton ranges in composition from granite to tonolite (s-type) and is likely derived from crustal melting of pelitic rocks. The rocks show foliation indicating they were implaced early in the Acadian Orogeny and subsequently overprinted by later metamorphic events. Minerals in the Cardigan Pluton include large K-feldspar megacrysts and quartz, plagioclase, muscovite, garnet, biotite, and less abundant minerals including sillimanite, cordierite, ilmenite, graphite, apatite, monazite, zircon, and allanite. The pluton is dated at 411 +/- 19 Ma by the Rb/Sr method.

15698508541114761688

Q2689514

_START_ARTICLE_ Carel Balth _START_PARAGRAPH_ Carel Balth (born November 25, 1939) is a Dutch artist and curator._NEWLINE_Balth was born in Rotterdam. His work is characterised by the innovative use of new media, where a synthesis of light, motion and space occupies a central position and where new means of perception are investigated. Balth uses a wide array of tools to get to the core of human perception and consistently utilises unconventional means and materials, from vinyl to Plexiglas to deliberately pixilated images. Important influences in his work are Mondriaan and Lucio Fontana.

10191280887856813635

Q2938524

_START_ARTICLE_ Carex inops _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ This sedge produces a loose clump of stems up to 50 centimeters tall. The stiff, narrow leaves persist, with dead ones remaining around the base of the plant. The inflorescence usually has pistillate spikes below staminate spikes. The plant grows from rhizomes and fibrous roots; despite its common name, it does not usually form stolons. _START_SECTION_ Ecology _START_PARAGRAPH_ This plant, particularly sun sedge (C. inops subsp. heliophila), is a dominant species in a number of ecosystems, such as many grasslands. On the prairies of the northern Great Plains it is codominant with grasses such as western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii) and other wheatgrasses, big bluestem (Andropogon gerardi) and other bluestems, needle-and-thread grass (Hesperostipa comata) and other needlegrasses, and/or blue grama (Bouteloua gracilis) and other gramas. It is common on the tallgrass prairies of Kansas alongside bluestems and prairie sandreed (Calamovilfa longifolia). It can be a dominant species in Rocky Mountain meadows, woodlands in Nebraska, the Black Hills of South Dakota and Wyoming, and the plains of Saskatchewan. It can be found in each stage of ecological succession on grasslands. It can colonize blowouts, anthills, and prairie dog towns._NEWLINE_Many types of animals consume this plant, particularly C. inops subsp. heliophila. It is considered a good forage for livestock because it is one of the first green plants to appear in the spring and animals such as cattle find it palatable.

614496721034545633

Q5040261

_START_ARTICLE_ Carl Gutherz _START_PARAGRAPH_ Carl Gutherz (January 28, 1844 in Switzerland – February 7, 1907 in Washington, D.C.) was a painter, part of the Symbolist movement in the United States during the 19th century. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He came to the United States with his parents in 1851. His father settled in Cincinnati and was the first to introduce terra cotta works of art into the U.S. The son began his professional career by modeling clay in his father's studio. He later studied under a portrait painter in Memphis, Tennessee, and in 1868 went to Paris, where he studied with Joseph Cabasson and Isadore Pils, and was a pupil at the École des Beaux Arts._NEWLINE_At the beginning of the Franco-Prussian War, he went to Belgium, studying in Brussels and Antwerp under Stalleart and Robert. He moved to Rome in 1871, where he executed his first important work. He returned to Memphis in 1873, painting portraits and figure pieces in oil and watercolors._NEWLINE_In 1874 he moved to St. Louis, where he was connected with the art department of Washington University, and assisted Halsey Ives in the organization of the St. Louis School and Museum of Fine Arts where he taught the life class from 1876 until 1884. He sent his “Ecce Homo” and his “Awakening of Spring” to the Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, receiving a medal and certificate for the latter work._NEWLINE_In 1884, he went to Paris to study in the Academie Julian. Here he became versed in the Symbolist school and studied with Gustave Boulanger and Joseph Lefebvre. He participated in the annual Paris salon._NEWLINE_In 1896 he did a mural for the Library of Congress, and stayed in Washington, D.C. for the rest of his life.

690578416311614368