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Q4912209

_START_ARTICLE_ Billy Bingham (footballer, born 1990) _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bingham started his career as a youth player at Crystal Palace: starting a two-year scholarship in the summer of 2006. Upon its completion in April 2009, he signed a six-month deal on a non-contractual basis. _START_SECTION_ Dagenham & Redbridge _START_PARAGRAPH_ In January 2009 when his contract expired, Bingham joined Football League Two side Dagenham & Redbridge on trial. He was immediately loaned out to Isthmian League Premier Division side Sutton United on loan along with Jacob Erskine, making his debut in a 0–0 draw with Canvey Island. His only other appearance for the club came in a 3–2 defeat to Horsham in the Isthmian League Cup. In February 2009, he signed an eighteen-month contract by Dagenham after impressing on trial. He made his professional debut for the Daggers in August 2009, coming on as a last minute substitute for Jon Nurse in a 3–0 home win over Lincoln City. At the start of November 2009 after impressing in his first two appearances for the club, he signed a new two-year contract extension until 2012. Later in the month he signed for Conference Premier side Grays Athletic on a one-month loan. He returned to Dagenham in December having made six appearances in all competitions._NEWLINE_The Daggers were promoted at the end of the campaign beating Rotherham United in the 2010 Football League Two play-off Final, however, he failed to make any more appearances. In the 2010–11 season Bingham again failed to make an impact after suffering a medial ligament injury, only making six appearances as the Daggers were relegated in their maiden season in Football League One. He scored his first senior goal in Dagenham's 2–1 victory over Gillingham in December 2011, scoring an equalising volley. Bingham established himself at the club during the 2011–12 season making 32 appearances despite having a few injury setbacks. His thirty-yard strike in the 1–1 draw with Crawley Town in April 2012 was voted the club's goal of the season and also secured the club's place in League Two. He was rewarded in July 2012 with a new three-year contract. He started the 2012–13 season as a regular. In October, he was brought back into the starting line-up and scored upon his return in a 3–0 win over Wycombe Wanderers. In November 2013, he suffered a medial knee ligament injury in a 1–1 draw with AFC Wimbledon, similar to the injury he picked up on his left knee in 2010. He made his return in February against Rochdale after two months on the sidelines. _START_SECTION_ Crewe Alexandra _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 6 July 2015 Bingham joined Crewe Alexandra after rejecting offers of a new contract with Dagenham. He scored his first and only goal for Crewe in a 4–3 EFL Cup loss against Blackburn Rovers on 23 August 2016. On 9 May 2017, Crewe announced that Bingham had been released by the club. Crewe manager David Artell noted that he had wanted Bingham to remain at the club but that he "wanted to move closer to home". _START_SECTION_ Gillingham _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 18 July 2017 he signed for League One side Gillingham on a two-year deal. He was released by Gillingham at the end of the 2018–19 season.

15731173009220548135

Q4912534

_START_ARTICLE_ Billy Evans _START_SECTION_ Formative years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Evans was born in Chicago. When he was still a child, he relocated with his family to Youngstown, Ohio, where his Welsh-born father became superintendent at a Carnegie steel plant. In Youngstown, the Evans family joined Westminster Presbyterian Church, where Billy Evans attended Sunday school. As a youth, Evans was active in YMCA programs and participated in a neighborhood baseball club called the Youngstown Spiders, a team named in honor of the regionally popular Cleveland Spiders. He gained notability as an athlete at Youngstown's Rayen School, excelling at baseball, football, and track. In 1902, Evans enrolled at Cornell University, where he played on a freshman team managed by veteran major league shortstop Hughie Jennings. After two years, his law studies and collegiate sports career came to an end, with the sudden death of his father. Evans returned to Ohio and accepted a job as a sports reporter at the Youngstown Daily Vindicator. The paper's city editor, Sam Wright, hired Evans on the basis of writing experience he secured as a staff member of his high school yearbook and college newspaper. At the same time, Wright understood that Evans' varied experiences as an athlete provided him with an in-depth knowledge of sports._NEWLINE_In the early 1900s, while covering a baseball game between the Youngstown Ohio Works club and a team from Homestead, Pennsylvania, Evans was approached by the manager of the local club, ex-major leaguer Marty Hogan, and asked to fill an umpire vacancy. According to Evans's obituary, the aspiring reporter, who was on a date with a young woman, "wasn't interested until Hogan mentioned he would be paid $15 a week for officiating the game", a figure equivalent to a week's salary at his sportswriting job._NEWLINE_Evans' ability caught the attention of Charlie Morton, president of the Ohio–Pennsylvania League, and he was offered a full-time position as a league umpire. Evans accepted the job, on the condition that he could retain his position as a sportswriter. In 1906, he received a spectacular career boost from fellow Youngstowner Jimmy McAleer, an ex-major leaguer who was so impressed with the young man's ability that he recommended Evans to American League president Ban Johnson. This gesture enabled Evans to move from a Class C Division minor league club to the major leagues. _START_SECTION_ Major league umpiring career _START_PARAGRAPH_ At 22 years of age, Evans was the youngest umpire in major league history; furthermore, he was among those very rare umpires who broke into the major leagues with little previous professional experience. He was regarded as the only umpire of his era who never had played professional baseball himself. After making his debut at Highlanders' Park in New York City, he went on to umpire for six World Series: 1909, 1912, 1915, 1917, 1919 and 1923. Working in an era during which most major league games used no more than two umpires (and sometimes only one), Evans single-handedly umpired seven double-headers in eight days during the 1907 season. He was the base umpire for Charlie Robertson's perfect game on April 30, 1922._NEWLINE_Unlike many umpires, Evans never made claims to infallibility. "I missed a lot of decisions", he once said. "At the time of making such a decision there was no doubt in my mind as to its correctness. However, a second or two later I felt that I erred and wished I could change my original ruling". Evans' humility and impartiality did not always protect him from abusive fans. As sports writers Daniel Okrent and Steve Wulf observed, "roughness on the field seemed to elicit the same in the stands". On September 15, 1907, in the midst of a doubleheader between the St. Louis Browns and Detroit Tigers, Evans suffered a skull fracture when a bottle hurled by an angry spectator knocked him unconscious. The New York Times described the incident as "one of the most disgraceful scenes ever witnessed on a ball field"._NEWLINE_Evans became known as an innovator during more than two decades with the American League. One obituary observed that he "introduced something new to officiating by running down to a base where a play was made so that he would be on top of it". This approach became a standard practice among major league officials. He was also aware of the increasing demands placed on umpires and strongly advocated formal training for baseball officials. Furthermore, in a game that retained much of the rough-and-tumble atmosphere of earlier decades, Evans "substituted diplomacy for belligerency and proved an arbiter could control a game without threats of physical violence"._NEWLINE_At the same time, he was unwilling to "back down" when physically threatened. In September 1921, Evans was involved in a bloody fistfight with Ty Cobb, who contested one of Evans' calls. Baseball historian David Anderson noted that the trouble began when Cobb threatened to "whip" Evans "right at home plate", a move that would have led to Cobb's immediate suspension. Evans supposedly invited Cobb to the umpire's dressing room for "post-game festivities", and before long, the two men were brawling beneath the stands as players from both teams looked on. According to some accounts, many of Cobb's Detroit Tigers teammates "rooted" for Evans. After the fight, Cobb was suspended for one game, while Evans attended the next several games wearing bandages. Both men had agreed before the fight that they would not report it to league officials, but word of the incident eventually reached the league president, Ban Johnson. According to sports writers Okrent and Wulf, Johnson responded to news of the incident "with uncharacteristic humor", saying "only that he was sorry that he missed it"._NEWLINE_For the duration of his career as an umpire, Evans also remained active as a sportswriter. From 1918 to 1928, he served as sports editor of Newspaper Enterprise Association and produced a syndicated sports column titled, "Billy Evans Says". His staff featured well-known sportswriters Jimmy Powers and Joe Williams. _START_SECTION_ Executive career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Evans retired from umpiring following the 1927 season to become the general manager of the Cleveland Indians, earning a substantial annual salary of $30,000. Baseball historian Bill James observed that Evans was the first front-office executive of a major league team to be officially called a "general manager". In this capacity, Evans was credited with taking the Indians from a second division to a first division team. He served as general manager for the next eight years, until budget cuts forced him out in 1935. Rumors circulated that Evans's decision to leave the Indians was also motivated by a disagreement with the Indians' manager, Walter Johnson, over the suspension of third baseman Willie Kamm and the release of catcher Glenn Myatt. Johnson allegedly accused Evans of "disloyalty", while Evans reportedly replied that he refused to be a "yes man". Evans soon found work as chief scout and head of the Boston Red Sox farm system, but left on October 8, 1940 after the team sold Pee Wee Reese to the Brooklyn Dodgers over his objections._NEWLINE_Shifting sports, Evans returned to Cleveland to become general manager of the Cleveland Rams for the 1941 season. Although the team struggled on the field, it was a financial success, but after failing to come to terms on a new contract, Evans left and spent the next year writing before accepting the position of league president of the Southern Association on December 3, 1942._NEWLINE_During his four years leading the league, the Association thrived despite many other leagues shutting down due to World War II. In his first year, attendance increased by nearly 300,000, and while it dipped slightly in 1944, the threshold of one million people attending league games was again reached the following year._NEWLINE_On December 16, 1946, Evans accepted a contract offer from the Detroit Tigers to become their general manager. One of his first moves was dramatic – selling aging superstar Hank Greenberg to the Pittsburgh Pirates. Over the next four years, the team had two runnerup finishes to the New York Yankees, but after dropping in the standings during the 1951 season, Evans announced his resignation on July 28 in favor of Tiger legend Charlie Gehringer. _START_SECTION_ Private life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Despite long absences from his residence in Cleveland, Evans was known as a devoted husband and father. He married the former Hazel Baldwin in 1908; the couple had one child, Robert, who became the sports director of a radio station in Miami, Florida. Evans maintained close ties with family members and died while visiting his son in Miami._NEWLINE_Despite his success, Evans remained accessible to friends from his early days in Youngstown. Shortly after Evans' death, a former high school classmate, E. Allan Lightner, recalled that his late friend "was still the fine clean character that he was in his high school days in Youngstown". Lightner recalled that, shortly after his final conversation with the retired umpire, Evans sent Lightner an autographed photo of himself with former Detroit Tigers manager Red Rolfe. _START_SECTION_ Final years _START_PARAGRAPH_ By 1952, Evans had unofficially retired, then was injured in an automobile accident in Monroe, Michigan. After recovering, he remained in good health until January 21, 1956, when he suffered a massive stroke while visiting his son. Evans died two days later at the age of 71. Funeral services were held in Cleveland. Evans' remains were interred at Knollwood Cemetery in Mayfield Heights, Ohio. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Evans' contributions to baseball have been widely recognized. In 1973, he became the third umpire elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame. Evans is honored for the high standard of professionalism he set during his career as an official, and he is credited as a tireless advocate of formal training for umpires. Ironically, as David Anderson observed, Evans might have been denied the opportunity to serve as an official in the major leagues "if the present day umpire school system existed during the Dead Ball Era". Anderson noted that Evans' description of the basic qualities required of an effective umpire holds up even today: "Good eyes, plenty of courage – mental and physical – a thorough knowledge of the playing rules, more than average portions of fair play, common sense and diplomacy, an entire lack of vindictiveness, plenty of confidence in your ability".

7835928397864418237

Q863224

_START_ARTICLE_ Billy Smith (ice hockey) _START_SECTION_ NHL beginnings _START_PARAGRAPH_ Smith was drafted by the Los Angeles Kings in the 5th round of the 1970 NHL Amateur Draft from the Cornwall Royals of the QMJHL. He played two seasons with the Kings' minor league affiliate, the American Hockey League's Springfield Kings, and spent a brief stint with the big-league Kings after winning a Calder Cup for Springfield in 1971._NEWLINE_He made his NHL debut with the Los Angeles Kings on February 12, 1972, at the Montreal Forum. L.A. lost the game 6-5. Smith faced 48 shots that afternoon, yielding the winning goal to Guy Lafleur with 22 seconds remaining in the game. He was drafted in the 1972 NHL Expansion Draft by the New York Islanders; he was the second player picked by the team._NEWLINE_After sharing goaltending duties with Gerry Desjardins for two years, he got the starting job all to himself in 1974–75 when Desjardins bolted to the World Hockey Association. That season, he led the Islanders to their first playoff appearance. _START_SECTION_ New York Islanders _START_PARAGRAPH_ Smith played in the 1978 All-Star Game, where he was named MVP. For the rest of the decade, he shared time in the Islanders net with Chico Resch, where they combined to form perhaps the top goaltending duo in the NHL at the time. This changed in the 1980 playoffs, when the Isles rode Smith's goaltending to their first of four consecutive Stanley Cups, firmly establishing Smith as the team's starting goaltender. Resch was dealt to the Colorado Rockies the following season. Smith went on to become a First Team All-Star and Vezina Trophy winner in 1982. In 1983, he won the William M. Jennings Trophy for fewest goals allowed (shared with Roland Melanson). He was chosen to play for Canada in the 1981 Canada Cup, but was unable to play due to an injury sustained in a pre-tournament game._NEWLINE_Smith's regular season success, however, was surpassed by his performances in the playoffs, as he helped the Islanders win four straight Stanley Cups (1980–83), reach the finals five straight times (1980–84), and win a record 19 consecutive playoff series from 1980–84._NEWLINE_Smith was the first goalie to win the Stanley Cup wearing the helmet-and-cage combination mask, rather than the fiberglass mask which had been the standard from 1959, when it was introduced by Jacques Plante, until the early 1980s. Smith wore a fiberglass mask early in his career, but switched to the helmet-and-cage in 1978._NEWLINE_His single most famous game may be his 2–0 victory in the first game of the 1983 Stanley Cup finals against the Edmonton Oilers, shutting out the likes of Mark Messier, Wayne Gretzky, Jari Kurri, and Paul Coffey. The Islanders went on to sweep the Oilers in 4 games, with Smith allowing the Oilers only 6 goals and winning the Conn Smythe Trophy as Most Valuable Player in the Playoffs. A year later, Smith broke the record for the most Playoff victories: he led all goaltenders in playoff victories in total and in every individual year between 1980 and 1984. Then in 1985, Smith led the Islanders to win 3 straight games after being down 0–2 to the Washington Capitals, the first time such a comeback occurred in the NHL. Smith's playoff success feeds into his reputation as the supreme "money" goalie (or "clutch" goaltender) of his era, the person you would want in net with the season on the line. Teammates and observers have said that Smith seemed able to sense when he needed to be perfect to win and when he could give up five goals and still come away with the victory. _START_SECTION_ First NHL goal credited to a goaltender _START_PARAGRAPH_ Smith was the first NHL goaltender to be credited with scoring a goal. On November 28, 1979, in a game between the Islanders and the Colorado Rockies, the Rockies' goaltender left the ice for an extra attacker after a delayed penalty call was called on the Islanders. The puck deflected off of Smith's chest protector into the corner. Rockies rookie Rob Ramage picked up the puck and accidentally made a blind pass from the corner boards in the opposing zone to the blue line. Nobody was there to receive the pass, and so the puck sailed all the way down the length of the ice and into the Rockies' net. As Smith had been the last Islanders player to touch the puck, he was credited with the goal. _START_SECTION_ Retirement _START_PARAGRAPH_ Smith retired in 1989; he was the last original Islander still on the team. After four years as the Islanders' goaltending coach, he followed longtime Islander general manager Bill Torrey to the expansion Florida Panthers in the same role, serving there until his retirement in 2000. He had spent 30 years at ice level in the NHL, the last 27 of them alongside Torrey with the Islanders (1973-1992) and the Panthers (1992-2000)._NEWLINE_The Islanders retired his #31 on February 20, 1993. Later that year, he was inducted into the Hockey Hall of Fame, the only goalie inducted in the Hall in the 1990s. In 1998, he was ranked number 80 on The Hockey News' list of the 100 Greatest Hockey Players. _START_SECTION_ Personality _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was nicknamed "Battlin' Billy" or "Hatchet Man" for his fiery temper and unabashed use of the stick or blocker on players crowding his crease; as such, forwards needed ankle guards to protect themselves._NEWLINE_Smith was also noted for his displays of feigned injuries that would often lead to penalties against opponents, for whom he carried an undisguised enmity. For instance, in Game Four of the 1983 Stanley Cup Finals, Smith's dive resulted in referee Andy Van Hellemond handing a five-minute penalty to Glenn Anderson of the Edmonton Oilers. Van Hellemond said that this was "making a bit of a fool of me", and when he officiated Game One of the 1984 Finals, a rematch of the Islanders and Oilers, he called no penalty when Smith and Anderson collided._NEWLINE_Smith refused to participate in the traditional handshakes between teams at the end of a playoff series, as to not feel any worse after a loss than he already did, being very passionate about games that put the ranking of their team on the line._NEWLINE_A notable incident with Smith occurred in practice where then-teammate Mike Bossy fired a shot at Smith to which Smith objected. Smith charged after Bossy with his stick but was tackled by teammates before Smith took his frustrations out on Bossy. Bossy also noted that Smith never liked being talked to in the locker room, and keeping an intense focus before and after games and practices, but is much more laid-back off the ice.

17419336593835282914

Q4913862

_START_ARTICLE_ Binary Divide _START_PARAGRAPH_ In higher education in the United Kingdom, the Binary Divide was the differentiation between polytechnic institutions (including central institutions) and universities between 1965 and 1992. Many polytechnics had roots in the mid-19th century. The original focus of the polytechnic institutions was STEM subjects especially degrees in engineering, applied science, and life sciences but soon after they formed they developed faculties in humanities, law, architecture, journalism and other professional practice occupations._NEWLINE_This ended with the Further and Higher Education Act 1992. Polytechnics became "new universities" and broadened their educational scope to include non-STEM subjects including media studies, complementary medicine, fashion, sports medicine, and other humanities type degrees._NEWLINE_The University of Ulster was formed in 1984 from a merger between the New University of Ulster and the Ulster Polytechnic - the only such "trans binary merger" that crossed the divide.

4285522196743583956

Q19867187

_START_ARTICLE_ Birch Island House _START_SECTION_ Description and history _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Birch Island House is a 2-1/2 story wood frame structure, with a rubble foundation and a red standing seam metal roof. A two-story porch extends across the front, and the roof in the rear slopes down to the first floor, giving the building a saltbox profile. The porch is supported by square posts with a decoratively sawn balustrade. The house is five bays wide, with doorways in the center bay (the lower one providing the main entrance, the upper one access to the upper balcony) and windows in the flanking bays. Each floor has four rooms, with living, dining, and kitchen space on the first floor and bedrooms on the second and in the half-story above. Original pine board finish has been covered over by plasterboard in many of these rooms._NEWLINE_The date of construction of the house is uncertain; mention of it does not appear in either local histories or in period works on Maine's sporting camps, and its remote location (access today is still not particularly easy) means it escaped wider notice. Tradition ascribes its construction date to 1870, although there is no documentary support for this. The island was documented to be home to the "Birch Island Sporting Camps", run by a private association, by the early decades of the 20th century, and this building appears to have functioned as a central lodge for the other facilities on the island. The camp was apparently abandoned around the 1950s, and was revived in the 1980s when it was acquired by R. David Murphy through the purchase of Birch Island Sporting Camps. R.D. Murphy, formed the Birch Island Sportsman Association, restored the sporting camps on the island and subdivided the island ownership. The Birch Island House ownership remains in trust with the Murphy family today.

16212920578119947560

Q16823296

_START_ARTICLE_ Birmingham Corporation Tramways F.C. _START_PARAGRAPH_ Birmingham Corporation Tramways F.C. was an English association football club which participated in the FA Cup in the 1934–1935 season, losing 2–0 to Workington in the First Round.

16377654475174445769

Q2739309

_START_ARTICLE_ Birra Menabrea _START_SECTION_ Related products _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Sbirro is a cheese made with the Menabrea beer.

5170315582553565875

Q1235888

_START_ARTICLE_ Birth trauma (physical) _START_SECTION_ Signs and symptoms _START_PARAGRAPH_ Sequelae can occur in both the mother and the infant after a traumatic birth._NEWLINE_Birth trauma is uncommon in the Western world in relation to rates in the third world. In the West injury occurs in 1.1% of C-sections.

8001742020789284625

Q4917587

_START_ARTICLE_ Bishop Hedley High School _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bishop Hedley was established in 1967 due to the growing need to cater for the large populace of Catholic youth aged 11–18 in the Merthyr Tydfil and Heads of the Valleys area. The school was named after John Cuthbert Hedley, Bishop of Newport, who opened the first Roman Catholic Church (St. Illtyd's) in the Merthyr Valley in 1863. The school was expanded to a second phase in 1973. _START_SECTION_ Subjects and curriculum _START_PARAGRAPH_ In KS3, pupil partake in English, Mathematics, Science (in year 9, this changes to chemistry, physics and biology as they start GCSE Science early), RE, ICT, Welsh, French, Art, History, Geography, Music, Design & Technology and Drama._NEWLINE_In KS4, pupils study English Language, English Literature, Science, Additional Science, Mathematics, Welsh (Short Course), RE, and PSE. Pupils then have three choices out of ICT, Welsh, French, Art, History, Geography, Music, Design & Technology, Drama, Business Studies.Also at GCSE Welsh, students are offered a 'boost class' in Year 11 if these choose not to do GCSE Full Course Welsh at the end of Year 9. Students then boost up from Short Course to Full Course. This has been a success and continues to be a success. It is run by Head of Welsh, Mrs. Elaine Walters._NEWLINE_In Years 9–11, Science is taught separately as Chemistry, Biology and Physics. The EdExcel Science 360 specification is used at KS4 – but at the present moment it is a GCSE Science and Additional Science course. Shortly, the school hopes to offer the three sciences separately. In years 7 and 8, Spotlight Science is used. _START_SECTION_ Facilities _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bishop Hedley has recently been improved. 70% of the exterior of phase 2 is now completed, with the new colour red. Progress continues on completing the refurbishment of the exterior of phase 2. Bishop Hedley has also recently improved phase 1 main hall._NEWLINE_Bishop Hedley has a main hall, dance and drama studio, pottery room, gymnasium, two sports hall, football/rugby field, hockey pitch, three yards, three design and technology rooms, learning resources centre, music rehearsal room, two new 21st century science suites, 5 I.C.T. resources rooms (excluding I.C.T services in other areas of the school e.g., music room, LRC etc.) The MFL department has a specific room on the top floor. There is also a specific SEN and EAL area._NEWLINE_The MFL department has a French assistant from France attend every academic year to improve their and help in their studies of English, and help GCSE and AS/A2/A level pupils who have taken French._NEWLINE_Classrooms are well-equipped, with every classroom having an electronic projector. This also aids the science department, which currently uses the on-board textbook for GCSE Science and GCSE Additional Science. This is part of the new EdExcel specification. The school has also invested in a Pisys system, which has proved a great investment for staff and pupils alike. _START_SECTION_ Recent school report _START_PARAGRAPH_ Estyn inspected Bishop Hedley in November 2007 and said "The school has many good features, of which some are outstanding." Religious education is inspected separately at the same time. This was another positive report which said "The Catholicity of the school pervades all that goes on and provides a rich environment where pupils excel academically and grow spiritually. The school is highly effective in promoting Catholic values." It also said that "pupils at Key Stage 4 achieve high standards". _START_SECTION_ 40th anniversary _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bishop Hedley High School celebrated its 40th anniversary in 2008. The culmination of various celebrations was a mass held on Tuesday 24 June 2008. In the afternoon, Father Mike Evans led a mass for the pupils, while in the evening Archbishop Peter Smith led the celebrations. Pupils, staff, parish priests, parishioners, councillors, representatives of officers from Merthyr County Borough Council, representatives of our partnerships with external organisations and past pupils celebrated the mass with the Archbishop._NEWLINE_Music from the mass was composed by Mr. Peter Lewis, Head of Music and a tapestry was displayed which had been created by Mrs. A. Richards, Mrs. G. Jones and Year 8 pupils. During the mass, pupils sang and the bidding prayers were read in the different languages of the school community – Polish, Portuguese, Filipino, Welsh and English. The orchestra accompanied all the hymns. At the end of the mass the Archbishop blessed all the crosses from the classrooms in the school. He also blessed the large cross in the Main Hall, formed from individual ceramic tiles joined together to form one large cross, which was created by the ceramicist Christine Chivers and current students. _START_SECTION_ Community and charity events _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bishop Hedley High School is a primary location for the 3G's community group. Yearly, there is also an annual OAP party for the residents in the local area. The School also has a Charity Day every term in the school year. The last charity day raised over £1,100 for three charities – the Mayor's appeal, Breast cancer care and to help with the purchase of a land-rover in Tanzania. _START_SECTION_ Drama Department _START_PARAGRAPH_ A successful modern twist on an old classic saw pupils in Year 8 and 9 praised by the manager of the Shakespeare Festival when they performed Macbeth at the Taliesin Theatre in Swansea. Their contemporary version featured dancing witches who rocked around the cauldron to songs such as "Soulja Boy", "Welcome to the Jungle" and "Rock Star". The idea was to make the play more accessible and enjoyable for teenagers. The cast was praised for their mature performances and the manager of the Shakespeare Festival recommended that some of them try for the National Youth Theatre when they are 16.

12119753492739509456

Q4917837

_START_ARTICLE_ Bishop of Edmonton (London) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bishop of Edmonton is an episcopal title used by an area bishop of the Church of England Diocese of London in the Province of Canterbury, England. The title takes its name after Edmonton, an area in the North of the London Borough of Enfield._NEWLINE_The bishops suffragan of Edmonton have been area bishops since the London area scheme was founded in 1979. The post of suffragan fell vacant following the retirement of Peter Wheatley, who began his ministry as suffragan bishop in March 1999 and retired at the end of 2014. On 9 July 2015, it was announced that Rob Wickham was to become the next area bishop from his consecration on 23 September of that year._NEWLINE_The episcopal title of "Bishop of Edmonton" is one of three that are duplicated in the Anglican Communion. The other Bishop of Edmonton is a diocesan bishop in Canada.

7734216564411453117

Q4930917

_START_ARTICLE_ Blågårds Plads _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blågårds Plads (lit. "Blue House Square") is a public square attached to Blågårdsgade, a side street to Nørrebrogade in the Nørrebro district of Copenhagen, Denmark. It is a popular venue for events and various activities in the summer time. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The square takes its name from a country estate, Blågård (English: Blue House), which was established at the site by Christoffer Gabel in the middle of the 17th century on the grounds of a former brickyard. Later owners included Ulrik Frederik Gyldenløve, Prince Charles and Peter von Scholten._NEWLINE_In 1827 the owner obtained a license from King Frederick VI to convert the property into an iron foundry. From 1852 to 1889, Copenhagen's old fortification ring was gradually decommissioned and the area began to undergo rapid urbanization, becoming one of the densest and poorest parts of the city._NEWLINE_The foundry's highly polluting activities posed a severe health hazard and the neighbourhood became known as the Black Square (Danish: Den Sorte Firkant)._NEWLINE_In 1898 the City acquired the property to turn it into a public space. The first square was laid out in 1902, enclosed by two rows of large-leaved Linden trees._NEWLINE_In the 1980s, the old buildings on two sides of the square were demolished and replaced by new houses. _START_SECTION_ Buildings _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blågård Church is located on the north side of the square. It was built in 1926 to a design by Andreas Clemmensen and Johan Nielsen, replacing a temporary church by Martin Nyrop from 1905._NEWLINE_The church is flanked by two buildings from circa 1900. The buildings on the two other sides are from the early 1980s. _START_SECTION_ Kai Nielsen sculptures _START_PARAGRAPH_ The space is dominated by 22 granite figures integrated in a low granite wall enclosing a depressed, rectangular section in the centre of the square. Designed by sculptor Kai Nielsen in collaboration with the architect Ivar Bentsen, they depict people plying a trade—a tailor, a cooper, a barber and a baker etc.—all in the company of a toddler. In the corners stand larger figure groups depicting playing children. _START_SECTION_ Blågårds Plads today _START_PARAGRAPH_ With a community centre, a library and several popular cafés, Blågårds Plads is a focal point for the life of the surrounding neighbourhood which is still known as the Black Square. The depressed central section serves as a football field in summer and features an ice-skating rink in winter.

17985286260793357733

Q423081

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Chamber _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Headed by Herbert O. Yardley (1889–1958), the Black Chamber was founded in May 1919 following World War I. Yardley had commanded the Army cryptographic section of Military Intelligence (MI-8) during World War I. MI-8 was disbanded after the war. Jointly funded by the Army and the State Department, the Cipher Bureau was disguised as a New York City commercial code company; it actually produced and sold such codes for business use. Its true mission, however, was to break the communications (chiefly diplomatic) of other nations. Its most notable known success was during the Washington Naval Conference during which it aided American negotiators considerably by providing them with the decrypted traffic of many of the Conference delegations, most notably the Japanese._NEWLINE_According to intelligence historian James Bamford, the Black Chamber secured the cooperation of American telegraph companies, such as Western Union, in illegally turning over the cable traffic of foreign embassies and consulates in Washington and New York. Eventually, "almost the entire American cable industry" was part of this effort. However, these companies eventually withdrew their support—possibly spurred by the Radio Act of 1927, which broadened criminal offenses related to breaching the confidentiality of telegraph messages._NEWLINE_In 1929, the State Department withdrew its share of the funding, the Army declined to bear the entire load, and the Black Chamber closed down. New Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson made this decision, and years later in his memoirs made the oft-quoted comment: "Gentlemen do not read each other's mail." Stimson's ethical reservations about cryptanalysis focused on the targeting of diplomats from America's close allies, not on spying in general. Once he became Secretary of War during World War II, he and the entire US command structure relied heavily on decrypted enemy communications._NEWLINE_In 1931, and in need of money, Yardley wrote a book about the Cipher Bureau, titled The American Black Chamber._NEWLINE_The term "Black Chamber" predates Yardley's use of it in the title of his book. Codes and code breakers have been used throughout history, notably by Sir Francis Walsingham in Elizabethan England. A so-called cabinet noir was established by King Henry IV of France in 1590 as part of the Poste aux Lettres. Its mission was to open, read and reseal letters, and great expertise was developed in the restoration of broken seals. In the knowledge that mail was being opened, correspondents began to develop systems to encrypt and decrypt their letters. The breaking of these codes gave birth to modern systematic scientific code breaking. The Black Chambers survived through to the Twentieth Century in a variety of guises and inspired similar organisations in other countries, such as the "Secret Office" of the British Post Office and the Admiralty's Room 40 and it is within this historical framework that Yardley uses the term._NEWLINE_It was also used at about that time in Poland (see article on Marian Rejewski).

14639569538757570963

Q4920646

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Diamond (roller coaster) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Golden Nugget Mine Ride opened in July 1960 at Morey's Piers on the newly constructed ocean side section of Hunt's Pier. The Golden Nugget was built three stories high with the top floor giving riders a mine car ride through the “desert.” The coaster was specially constructed for Hunt’s Pier by the Philadelphia Toboggan Coasters and was engineered by John C. Allen. Bill Tracy designed the ride’s western theme pieces through his Amusement Display company._NEWLINE_On December 11, 2008, Morey's Piers announced that the Golden Nugget would be demolished and that they would have a ceremony for the Golden Nugget on Saturday, January 31. _NEWLINE_On January 26, 2009 it was publicly announced that Knoebels' Amusement Resort had purchased the Golden Nugget track and trains from Morey's Piers. _NEWLINE_The Coaster was modified and rebuilt on the location where the park's former bald eagle habitat resides. The eagle's habitat has been relocated. The Black Diamond opened on October 8, 2011.

210374739686708706

Q20708131

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Dog Lake _START_PARAGRAPH_ Black Dog Lake is a lake in Dakota County, in the U.S. state of Minnesota._NEWLINE_The lake was named for Black Dog, a Sioux Indian.

13603948831127405060

Q20313368

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Money (Undisclosed Foreign Income and Assets) and Imposition of Tax Act, 2015 _START_SECTION_ Disclosure Opportunity _START_PARAGRAPH_ The goal of this law is to bring back the income and assets held abroad back to the country. As a result, only an Indian resident gets the opportunity to declare undisclosed assets._NEWLINE_The government gives a time frame when someone can disclose assets. If the resident holding undisclosed assets declare the assets in the given time frame they are not subject to prosecution._NEWLINE_The resident may want to disclose assets when they have not submitted a return on time, or if they filled and submitted a return they chose not to include certain assets or even when the taxpayer did not provide all the facts and thus the return could not be evaluated._NEWLINE_There are instances when a taxpayer does not get the opportunity to disclose the income and assets. Information received on or before June 30, 2015 is not considered valid because of the date of the act. A resident with unsettled legal offense under the Indian law cannot disclose money. Disclosure opportunity is not available when the tax audit is still under surveillance with accordance to Indian tax laws. _START_SECTION_ Valuation _START_PARAGRAPH_ The valuation of undisclosed assets to calculate tax on will be done at Fair Market Price. _START_SECTION_ Computation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Under normal income tax act, taxpayers are subject to deduction but while computing for such undisclosed foreign assets and income no such deductions will be applicable. While computing, if the assets/income are movable then value computed will be used to calculate the tax but if it is taxed prior then that value would be subtracted from the undisclosed income/asset. In case of immovable object, computation keeps in mind the value at the first day of financial year. _START_SECTION_ Related to undisclosed foreign income and assets _START_PARAGRAPH_ The taxpayer holding undisclosed foreign income and assets is liable to pay a penalty which is three times the tax computed under section 10 of the article. _START_SECTION_ Related to default in payment of tax arrear _START_PARAGRAPH_ If the taxpayer is in default, he/she is liable to pay a penalty which equals amount of tax arrears. _START_SECTION_ Related to other defaults _START_PARAGRAPH_ If the taxpayer does not comply with the rules and officers and is subject to defaults then he/she is liable to pay a sum ranging from 50,000- 2,00,000 INR. _START_SECTION_ Related to failure in filing return _START_PARAGRAPH_ If a person fails to file return before the end of that assessment year then he/she is subject to 10,00,000 INR penalty. There will be no penalty if the aggregate balance in one or more foreign bank account is less than 5,00,000 INR. _START_SECTION_ Related to failure to provide information or provide inaccurate particulars while filing _START_PARAGRAPH_ If a person provides inaccurate information or does not provide information in general is subject to penalty of 10,00,000 INR. There will be no penalty if the aggregate balance in one or more foreign bank account is less than 5,00,000 INR.

14436945483358009869

Q880447

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Mountain College _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Black Mountain was founded in 1933 by John Andrew Rice, Theodore Dreier, Frederick Georgia, and Ralph Lounsbury, who were controversially dismissed as faculty from Rollins College for refusing to sign a loyalty pledge. The institution was established to "avoid the pitfalls of autocratic chancellors and trustees and allow for a more flexible curriculum," and "with the holistic aim 'to educate a student as a person and a citizen.'"_NEWLINE_Black Mountain was experimental in nature and committed to an interdisciplinary approach, prioritizing art-making as a necessary component of education and attracting a faculty and lecturers that included many of America's leading visual artists, composers, poets, and designers. During the 1930s and 1940s the school flourished, becoming well known as an incubator for artistic talent. Notable events at the school were common; it was here that the first large-scale geodesic dome was made by faculty member Buckminster Fuller and students, where Merce Cunningham formed his dance company, and where John Cage staged his first musical happening. In the 1950s, the focus of the school shifted to the literary arts under the rectorship of Charles Olson. Olson founded The Black Mountain Review in 1954 and, together with his colleague and student Robert Creeley, developed the poetic school of Black Mountain Poets. _NEWLINE_Additionally, the College was an important incubator for the American avant-garde. Black Mountain proved to be an important precursor to and prototype for many of the alternative colleges of today, ranging from College of the Atlantic, Naropa University, the University of California, Santa Cruz, and Marlboro College to Evergreen State College, Hampshire College, Shimer College, Prescott College, Goddard College, World College West (1973-1992), and New College of Florida, among others, including Warren Wilson College located just minutes down the road from where Black Mountain College was located. Bennington College, based on the same philosophy, was founded one year before Black Mountain College. _START_SECTION_ Structure _START_PARAGRAPH_ The school operated using non-hierarchical methodologies that placed students and educators on the same plane. Revolving around 20th-century ideals about the value and importance of balancing education, art, and cooperative labor, students were required to participate in farm work, construction projects, and kitchen duty as part of their holistic education. The students were involved at all levels of institutional decision-making. They were also left in charge of deciding when they were ready to graduate, which notoriously few ever did. There were no course requirements, official grades (except for transfer purposes), or accredited degrees. Graduates were presented with handcrafted diplomas as purely ceremonial symbols of their achievement. The liberal arts program offered at Black Mountain was broad, and supplemented by art making as a means of cultivating creative thinking within all fields. While Albers led the school, the only two requirements were a course on materials and form taught by Albers and a course on Plato. _START_SECTION_ Sociopolitical context _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1933, the Nazis shut down the Bauhaus in Germany, a similarly progressive arts-based educational institution. Many of the school's faculty left Europe for the US, and a number of them settled at Black Mountain, most notably Josef Albers, who was selected to run the art program, and his wife Anni Albers, who taught weaving and textile design._NEWLINE_Adolf Hitler's rise to power and the subsequent persecution taking place in Europe led many artists and intellectuals to flee and resettle in the US, populating Black Mountain College with an influx of both students and faculty._NEWLINE_In addition, the college was operating in the South during the period of legal racial segregation at other colleges and universities in the region. While not immune from racial tensions, the student Alma Stone Williams, an African American woman, is considered by some to be the first black student to enroll in an all-white institution of higher education in the South during the Jim Crow era. Notable African American teachers included Carol Brice and Roland Hayes during the 1945 Summer Music Institute; Percy H. Baker, hired on full-time in 1945; Jacob Lawrence and Gwendolyn Knight during the 1946 Summer Art Institute; and Mark Oakland Fax for the Spring 1946 quarter. The Julius Rosenwald Fund provided African American teachers' salaries as well as student scholarships. _START_SECTION_ Locations _START_PARAGRAPH_ For the first eight years the college rented the YMCA Blue Ridge Assembly buildings south of Black Mountain, North Carolina. In 1941, it moved across the valley to its own campus at Lake Eden, where it remained until its closing in 1957. The property was later purchased and converted to an ecumenical Christian boys' residential summer camp (Camp Rockmont). This has been used for years as the site of the Black Mountain Festival, the Lake Eden Arts Festival, and Black Mountain College Museum + Arts Center's {Re}HAPPENING. A number of the original structures are still in use as lodgings or administrative facilities, and two frescos painted by Jean Charlot remain intact on the site. _START_SECTION_ Closing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Black Mountain College closed in 1957, eight years after Albers left to direct the first design department at Yale. The college suspended classes by court order due to debts; the school was unable to sustain itself financially given the greatly decreased number of students. In 1962, the school's books were finally closed, with all debts covered. _START_SECTION_ Legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Black Mountain College Museum & Arts Center, founded in 1993, continues the legacy of Black Mountain College through talks, exhibitions, performances, collection and preservation, and an annual fall conference that examines the college's history and impact. The Journal of Black Mountain College Studies is a peer-reviewed, open-access digital publication that publishes articles, essays, and creative work related to the school and the individuals associated with it._NEWLINE_Black Mountain College was the subject of the museum exhibition Leap Before You Look: Black Mountain College 1933-1957, which opened at the Institute of Contemporary Art, Boston on October 10, 2015. The show was curated by Helen Molesworth with Ruth Erickson. The show later exhibited at the Hammer Museum from February 21 to May 15, 2016. _NEWLINE_Black Mountain College was featured in Nicholas Sparks' novel, The Longest Ride (2013) and the 2015 movie adaptation of the same name.

6756551222419972056

Q4921454

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Peril _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Black Peril refers to the fear of colonial settlers that black men are attracted to white women and are having sexual relations with them. This goes back to class and race prejudices. Examples can be seen in British colonialism of India and Africa.One of the major areas that has been written and documented in having experienced the Black Peril is South Africa, or more specifically in certain writings, Southern Rhodesia, which later became the modern day country Zimbabwe in 1980. Black Peril is a colonial based fear that started in Southern Rhodesia and survived all the way to the independence of Zimbabwe._NEWLINE_Black Rape scares were not unique or scarce to South Africa since well-documented_NEWLINE_parallels have ranged in place and time from "the southern United States in the late 1860s' to Papua_NEWLINE_in the 1920s"._NEWLINE_It was theorized that the fear of this Black Peril, the rape threats, as seen through the eyes of the white male settlers, were essentially a "rationalization of white men's fear of sexual competition from black men"._NEWLINE_The "'Black Peril' outcries from white settlers in Southern Rhodesia provided an outlet for anxieties about_NEWLINE_weakness within the 'body politic'" since the 'Whites shared a conceptual language for crisis and_NEWLINE_it was corporeal'. It was through this thought process that the 'Black Peril' panics led to specific actions that served the interests of the white settler men in these areas. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The black peril' scares 'embittered race relations' in South Africa during the years before the First World_NEWLINE_War. In Southern Rhodesia, the situation was even more traumatic, since the 'black peril' scare of the early 1900s came in the wake of the 1896 war of resistance. Resultant embitterment lingered to the extent that throughout the first decades of colonialism there were periodic campaigns to control the supposedly excessive fundamental urges of African men. Much more clandestine, but far more of a reality was the rarely noted 'white peril', a wide range of sexual abuse of black women (and occasionally men) by settler males. _START_SECTION_ South Africa _START_PARAGRAPH_ During the 1900s, in response to these white women rapes (imagined or otherwise) the Government of South Africa tried to control it through setting up a program of national Human population control which would theoretically encompasses these three distinct elements; limitation on women's Fertility, change in human mortality rates and control of Immigration._NEWLINE_At this time Birth controldid not have an official program so the government turned to other methods and elements in population control._NEWLINE_Thus through this Black Peril scare the government of South Africa adopted specific policies on each of these three which, taken together, attempted to limit the black population while maintaining a large white population._NEWLINE_As late as the 1911 census white men outnumbered white women by nearly two to one. It was not until 1921 that females reached 40 per cent of the settler population and census takers could boast that 'the population has now attained a settled character comparable with that of much older countries'. Along the road to that settled character white males in Rhodesia often soothed their feelings of isolation by sexual relations with black women. These sexual encounters were not usually based on mutual attraction but on coercion. As two observers have noted they were 'similar to those between masters and slaves, feudal lords and serfs,conquerors and conquered in other countries'. This side of the interracial sexual coin was the 'white peril', a term which rarely appeared in Rhodesian annals. _START_SECTION_ South Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The 'black peril' became a public issue in the settler community within South Rhodesia just after the turn of the century._NEWLINE_In colonial Zimbabwe the fear of 'black peril' spawned a wide range of legislation, including the prohibition of sexual relations between white women and black men._NEWLINE_In addition, dozens of blacks were executed, both legally and extra-legally, for supposed 'black peril' violations._NEWLINE_The rise of alleged sexual attacks on white women around 1902 was, according to settler consensus due to an influx into Southern Rhodesia of a number of prostitutes who were racially undiscerning in choosing their customers._NEWLINE_A government report of 1914 presented this historical analysis:_NEWLINE_On the question of prostitution by white women with natives it is pertinent to state that the prevalence of 'black peril' during the years 1902 and 1903 in Bulawayo was mainly attributed by the general public to the presence and operation of the women referred to in the instances quoted under the heading of 'white peril'_NEWLINE_Perhaps frightened by the rise of both non-discriminating white women and vigilantism, the Legislative Assembly took its own action_NEWLINE_passing the Immorality Suppression Ordinance in September 1903. According to this law a man could face the death penalty for anything which constituted 'attempted rape'. The legislation also affected maximum sentences of two years imprisonment for white women and five years for black men who engaged in interracial sex. Even these penalties were not sufficient to please all the whites._NEWLINE_In Zimbabwe a large number of black men were channeled into domestic service, as well as the mining and farming labors. In fact, throughout the first half century of colonialism domestic service ranked third as a source of African employment, therefore that meant that white women spent most of their days alone with black male servants. It would be in this situation that the complex paranoia called the 'black peril' would be manufactured. _START_SECTION_ White Peril _START_PARAGRAPH_ In contrast, 'white peril', or Sexual Abuse of black women by white men, was far more frequent._NEWLINE_Despite these protestations there was never any law passed to prohibit white men from having sexual relations with black women._NEWLINE_The main reason for the differing official response to the 'black' and 'white perils' was the nature of race, class and gender relations in the colony. _NEWLINE_The 'perils' were necessary in order to solidify racial and gender differences and thereby to_NEWLINE_construct white and male supremacist social order. _START_SECTION_ Movies _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the movie A Passage to India this is depicted very clearly, in the court scene.

10510312362860652426

Q4921542

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Reel Award for Best Actor _START_PARAGRAPH_ This page lists the winners and nominees for the Black Reel Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture. As of 2016, Denzel Washington has the most wins with 4 and nominations with 10. Chiwetel Ejiofor is also a multiple winner in this category with 2 wins. Both Bernie Mac and Jamie Foxx were the only recipients of the Outstanding Actor awards in Musical/Comedy and Drama.

14374364015536912346

Q597840

_START_ARTICLE_ Black River Falls Area Airport _START_SECTION_ Facilities and aircraft _START_PARAGRAPH_ Black River Falls Area Airport covers an area of 353 acres (143 ha) at an elevation of 836 feet (255 m) above mean sea level. It has one asphalt paved runway designated 8/26 which measures 4,601 by 75 feet (1,402 x 23 m). For the 12-month period ending June 26, 2019, the airport had 1,500 aircraft operations, an average of 29 per week: 87% general aviation, 7% military, and 7% air taxi. In August 2019, there were 18 aircraft based at this airport: 13 single-engine, 2 multi-engine, and 3 ultra-lights._NEWLINE_A Non-directional beacon, 362 kHz, ident: BCK is on field.

8950210425988195487

Q16927700

_START_ARTICLE_ Black Twitter _START_PARAGRAPH_ Black Twitter is a cultural identity consisting of "Black" Twitter users from around the world on the Twitter social network focused on issues of interest to the black community, particularly in the United States. Feminista Jones described it in Salon as "a collective of active, primarily African-American Twitter users who have created a virtual community ... [and are] proving adept at bringing about a wide range of sociopolitical changes." A similar Black Twitter community grew in South Africa in the early 2010s. Although Black Twitter has a strong Black American user base, other people and groups are able to be a part of this social media circle through commonalities in shared experiences and reactions to such online. _START_SECTION_ User base _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to a 2015 report by the Pew Research Center, 28 percent of African Americans who used the Internet used Twitter, compared to 20 percent of online white, non-Hispanic Americans. By 2018, this gap had shrunk, with 26 percent of all African American adults using Twitter, compared to 24 percent of white adults and 20 percent of Hispanic adults. In addition, in 2013 11 percent of African-American Twitter users said they used Twitter at least once a day, compared to 3 percent of white users._NEWLINE_User and social media researcher André Brock of the University of Iowa dates the first published comments on Black Twitter usage to a 2008 piece by blogger Anil Dash, and a 2009 article by Chris Wilson in The Root describing the viral success of Twitter joke memes such as #YouKnowYoureBlackWhen and #YouKnowYoureFromQueens that were primarily aimed at Black Twitter users. Brock cites the first reference to a Black Twitter community—as "Late Night Black People Twitter" and "Black People Twitter"—in the November 2009 article "What Were Black People Talking About on Twitter Last Night?" by Choire Sicha, co-founder of current-affairs website The Awl. Sicha described it as "huge, organic and ... seemingly seriously nocturnal"—in fact, active around the clock._NEWLINE_Kyra Gaunt, an early adopter who participated in Black Twitter who also became a social media researcher, shared reactions to black users at the first 140 Characters Conference (#140Conf) that took place on November 17, 2009 at the O2 Indigo in London. Her slide deck offered examples of racist reactions to the topic #Thatsafrican that started trending in July 2008. She and other users claimed the trending topic was censored by the platform. She and other Black Twitter users began blogging and micro-blogging about Black Twitter identity. The blogging led to buzz-worthy media appearances about Twitter. Social media researcher Sarah Florini prefers to discuss the interactions among this community of users as an "enclave." _START_SECTION_ Reciprocity and community _START_PARAGRAPH_ An August 2010 article by Farhad Manjoo in Slate, "How Black People Use Twitter," brought the community to wider attention. Manjoo wrote that young black people appeared to use Twitter in a particular way: "They form tighter clusters on the network—they follow one another more readily, they retweet each other more often, and more of their posts are @-replies—posts directed at other users." Manjoo cited Brendan Meeder of Carnegie Mellon University, who argued that the high level of reciprocity between the hundreds of users who initiate hashtags (or "blacktags") leads to a high-density, influential network._NEWLINE_Furthermore, a 2014 dissertation by Meredith Clark studied the topic of African American practice of creating hashtags on Twitter by arguing that most people use them to “test their opinions with the assurance they are being shared within a space where fundamental values are still agreed upon”. She explains that users on Black Twitter have begun to use hashtags as a way to attract members of society with similar ideals to a single conversation in order to interact with each other and feel as though they are engaged in a “safe space”. Clark characterizes the use of Black Twitter as critically important to the group, as the conversation helps “cement the hashtag as a cultural artifact recognizable in the minds of both Black Twitter participants and individuals with no knowledge of the initial discussion”. She argues that hashtags have transitioned from serving as a method of setting up conversation between separate parties to an underlying reason behind how users outside Black Twitter learn about the thoughts and feelings of African Americans in the present world._NEWLINE_Manjoo's article in Slate drew criticism from American and Africana Studies scholar Kimberly C. Ellis (Twitter user @drgoddess). She concluded that large parts of the article had generalized too much, and published a response to it titled "Why 'They' Don't Understand What Black People Do On Twitter." Pointing out the diversity of black people on Twitter, she said, "[I]t's clear that not only Slate but the rest of mainstream America has no real idea who Black people are, no real clue about our humanity, in general [...]. For us, Twitter is an electronic medium that allows enough flexibility for uninhibited and fabricated creativity while exhibiting more of the strengths of social media that allow us to build community. [...] Actually, we talk to each other AND we broadcast a message to the world, hence the popularity of the Trending Topics and Twitter usage, yes?" Ellis said that the most appropriate response she had seen to the Slate article was that by Twitter user @InnyVinny, who made the point that "black people are not a monolith" and then presented a wide array of brown Twitter bird drawings on her blogsite in order to express the diverse range of Black Twitter users; the #browntwitterbird hashtag immediately went viral, as users adopted or suggested new Twitter birds._NEWLINE_According to Shani O. Hilton (@shani_o) writing in 2013, the defining characteristic of Black Twitter is that its members "a) are interested in issues of race in the news and pop culture and b) tweet A LOT." She adds that while the community includes thousands of black Twitter users, in fact "not everyone within Black Twitter is black, and not every black person on Twitter is in Black Twitter". She also notes that the viral reach and focus of Black Twitter's hashtags have transformed it from a mere source of entertainment, and object of outside curiosity, to "a cultural force in its own right ... Now, black folks on Twitter aren't just influencing the conversation online, they're creating it."_NEWLINE_Apryl Williams and Doris Domoszlai (2013) similarly state, "There is no single identity or set of characteristics that define Black Twitter. Like all cultural groups, Black Twitter is dynamic, containing a variety of viewpoints and identities. We think of Black Twitter as a social construct created by a self-selecting community of users to describe aspects of black American society through their use of the Twitter platform. Not everyone on Black Twitter is black, and not everyone who is black is represented by Black Twitter." _START_SECTION_ Signifyin' _START_PARAGRAPH_ Feminista Jones has argued that Black Twitter's historical cultural roots are the spirituals, or work songs, sung by slaves in the United States, when finding a universal means of communication was essential to survival and grassroots organization._NEWLINE_Several writers see Black Twitter interaction as a form of signifyin', wordplay involving tropes such as irony and hyperbole. André Brock states that the Black Tweeter is the signifier, while the hashtag is signifier, sign and signified, "marking ... the concept to be signified, the cultural context within which the tweet should be understood, and the 'call' awaiting a response." He writes: "Tweet-as-signifyin', then, can be understood as a discursive, public performance of Black identity."_NEWLINE_Sarah Florini of UW-Madison also interprets Black Twitter within the context of signifyin'. She writes that race is normally "deeply tied to corporeal signifiers"; in the absence of the body, black users display their racial identities through wordplay and other language that shows knowledge of black culture. Black Twitter has become an important platform for this performance._NEWLINE_Florini notes that the specific construction of Twitter itself contributes to the ability for African Americans to signify on Black Twitter. She contends that “Twitter’s architecture creates participant structures that accommodate the crucial function of the audience during signifyin’”. By being able to see each other’s replies and retweets, the user base is able to jointly partake in an extended dialogue where each person tries to participate in the signifyin’. In addition, Florini adds that “Twitter mimics another key aspect of how signifyin’ games are traditionally played—speed”. Specifically, the retweets and replies are able to be sent so quickly that it replaces the need for the audience members to interact in person._NEWLINE_In addition the practices of signifying create a signalling that one is entering a communicative collective space rather than functioning as an individual. Tweets become part of Black Twitter by responding to the calls in the tag. Hashtags embody a performance of blackness through a transmission of racial knowledge into wordplay. Sarah Florini in particular focuses on how an active self-identification of blackness rejects notions of a post-racial society by disrupting the narratives of a color-blind society. This rejection of a post-racial society gets tied into the collective practices of performance by turning narratives such as the Republican National Committee's declaration of Rosa Parks ending racism into a moment of critique and ridicule under the guise of a game. Moments where performance of blackness meet social critique allow for the spaces of activism to be created. The Republican Party later rescinded their statement to acknowledge that racism was not over._NEWLINE_Manjoo referred to the hashtags the black community uses as "blacktags," citing Baratunde Thurston, then of The Onion, who argued that blacktags are a version of the dozens. Also an example of signifyin', this is a game popular with African Americans in which participants outdo each other by throwing insults back and forth ("Yo momma so bowlegged, she look like a bite out of a donut," "Yo momma sent her picture to the lonely hearts club, but they sent it back and said, 'We ain't that lonely!'"). According to Thurston, the brevity of tweets and the instant feedback mean Twitter fits well into the African tradition of call and response. _START_SECTION_ Black Twitter humor _START_PARAGRAPH_ Many scholars have highlighted how Black Twitter offers a platform for users to share humorous, yet insightful messages. In their book titled, From Blackface to Black Twitter: Reflections on Black Humor, Race, Politics, & Gender, Jannette Dates and Mia Moody-Ramirez (2018) suggest that alternative spaces, such as Twitter, offer a platform for ideas and concerns from a black perspective about social inequalities, politics, and social justice, that were historically prohibited from taking root in other communication venues. Dates and Moody-Ramirez (2018) noted Black Twitter became the amplifier for a "clap back" culture that was particularly prominent during an era of social unrest. Comedians and ordinary citizens used the platform to share both humorous and serious messages on topics such as “Stay Mad Abby,” which highlighted Abigail Fisher, whose case against affirmative action was argued in front of the U.S. Supreme Court after Fisher was rejected from the University of Texas at Austin in 2008. She claimed that it was because she was white. In another example, Black Twitter responded with #AskRachel questions, which quizzed readers on their true blackness. The questions centered on the idea Rachel Dolezal knew a lot about black culture; however, she was still white. Black Twitter also knows how to make sad situations into something humorous._NEWLINE_More recently, Black Twitter spotlighted the "BBQing While Black", incident during which a white woman called police officers on a black family barbecuing in the park. Oakland police arrived; no one was arrested. The 25-minute episode was captured on video, then posted on YouTube where it was viewed more than 2 million times. The incident was memed hundreds of times with images featuring a white woman in sunglasses showing up to various locations and events, including Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.’s monumental speech, a Soul Train taping, and President Barack Obama’s presidency. _START_SECTION_ Black Twitter and image repair _START_PARAGRAPH_ In their book titled, Race, Gender & Image Repair Case Studies in the Early 21st Century, Mia Moody-Ramirez and Hazel Cole (2018) explored how Black Twitter has been used to repair the image of individuals and corporations using Benoit's typology of image repair. The popularity of #NiggerNavy provides an example of how social media users used Twitter to call out social injustices (Dates & Moody-Ramirez, 2018). Black Twitter was ablaze in January 2017 when Yahoo Finance misspelled bigger with an "n", in a Twitter link to a story on President-elect Donald Trump’s plans to enlarge America’s navy. The tweet containing a racial slur gained more than 1,000 retweets before being deleted, almost one hour after it was shared. Yahoo Finance published an apology shortly after, saying it was a "mistake". It was too late. Black Twitter turned #NiggerNavy into a joke for many Twitter users. Unlike other image repair cases in which celebrities used remorse and mortification (Benoit, 1995), Yahoo Finance primarily took a back seat in its own image restoration process and others took control—using social media. The two note that while Black Twitter responses are not a replacement for true image restoration tactics such as mortification and corrective action, they provide a platform to help tackle tough issues that might aid in the image restoration process of an individual or a company. _START_SECTION_ Influence _START_PARAGRAPH_ Having been the topic of a 2012 SXSW Interactive panel led by Kimberly Ellis, Black Twitter came to wider public attention in July 2013, when it was credited with having stopped a book deal between a Seattle literary agent and one of the jurors in the trial of George Zimmerman. Zimmerman – who had only been arrested and charged after a large-scale social media campaign including petitions circulated on Twitter that attracted millions of signatures – was controversially acquitted that month of charges stemming from the February 2012 shooting of Trayvon Martin, a black teenager in Florida. Black Twitter's swift response to the juror's proposed book, spearheaded by Twitter user Genie Lauren (@MoreAndAgain), who launched a change.org petition, resulted in coverage on CNN._NEWLINE_The community was also involved in June 2013 in protesting to companies selling products by Paula Deen, the celebrity chef, after she was accused of racism, reportedly resulting in the loss of millions of dollars' worth of business. A #paulasbestdishes hashtag game started by writer and humorist Tracy Clayton (@brokeymcpoverty) went viral._NEWLINE_In August 2013, outrage on Black Twitter over a Harriet Tubman "sex parody" video Russell Simmons had posted on his Def Comedy Jam website persuaded Simmons to remove the video; he apologized for his error in judgment._NEWLINE_Another example of Black Twitter influence occurred in May 2018 after Ambien maker Sanofi Aventis responded to Roseanne Barr, who blamed the sedative for the racist tweet she posted that resulted in the cancellation of her TV show, Rosanne. Barr explained that she was "ambien tweeting" when she compared former Obama adviser Valerie Jarrett to the "spawn" of "Muslim brotherhood & planet of the apes." Sanofi responded: "People of all races, religions and nationalities work at Sanofi every day to improve the lives of people around the world. While all pharmaceutical treatments have side effects, racism is not a known side effect of any Sanofi medication." In response to Twitter chatter and criticism, Barr was killed off Roseanne via an opioid overdose. The show was renamed, The Conners._NEWLINE_Demonstrating the continued influence of Black Twitter, a 2019 SXSW Education panel, organized by Kennetta Piper, was selected to address the topic, "We Tried to Tell Y’all: Black Twitter as a Source!" Panelists include Meredith Clark, Feminista Jones, Mia Moody-Ramirez and L. Joy Williams. The focus for this panel is about how Black women are creating community and sparking change via social media and digital communities, how Black humor, over the centuries offers insights into the intersections of race, gender and politics, and how Black Twitter should be recognized as a news subculture. _START_SECTION_ #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen hashtag was created by black feminist blogger/author Mikki Kendall in response to the Twitter comments of male feminist Hugo Schwyzer, a critique of mainstream feminism as catering to the needs of white women, while the concerns of black feminists are pushed to the side. The hashtag and subsequent conversations have been part of Black Twitter culture. In Kendall's own words: "#SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen started in a moment of frustration. [...] When I launched the hashtag #SolidarityIsForWhiteWomen, I thought it would largely be a discussion between people impacted by the latest bout of problematic behavior from mainstream white feminists. It was intended to be Twitter shorthand for how often feminists of color are told that the racism they feel they experience 'isn't a feminist issue'. The first few tweets reflect the deeply personal impact of such a long-running structural issue." _START_SECTION_ #IfTheyGunnedMeDown _START_PARAGRAPH_ After Ferguson, Missouri, police officer Darren Wilson fatally shot unarmed resident Michael Brown, a high school student in Houston, Texas, named Tyler Atkins tweeted an informal photo of himself in casual clothes including a T-shirt and a bandana, and a second photo of himself posing with his prized saxophone. Atkins claimed that if the police shot him down, media would broadcast the photo of his wearing a T-shirt and a bandana and not the photo of him posing with his saxophone. #IfTheyGunnedMeDown spread virally in the course of worldwide social media attention paid to the Ferguson crisis. The hashtag was posted several hundred times in the weeks following Atkins' initial use of it. _START_SECTION_ #MigosSaid _START_PARAGRAPH_ The call and response aspects of a game where users work to outdo the other are exemplified in the creation of the blacktag #MigosSaid. Black Twitter engaged in a public display of using oral traditions to critique the hierarchy of pop culture. The movement stemmed from an initial tweet on June 22, 2014, when @Pipe_Tyson tweeted, "Migos best music group since the Beatles." This sparked an online joke where users began to use the hashtag #MigosSaid to examine lyrics of the popular rap group. While the game could widely be seen as a joke it also embodied a critique of popular representations of black artists. The hashtag made in fun was used to offer a counter argument to the view the Beatles and other white popular music figures are more culturally relevant than their black counterparts. _START_SECTION_ #BlackLivesMatter _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #BlackLivesMatter hashtag was created in 2013 by activists Alicia Garza, Patrisse Cullors and Opal Tometi. They felt that African Americans received unequal treatment from law enforcement. Alicia Garza describes the hashtag as follows: "Black Lives Matter is an ideological and political intervention in a world where Black lives are systematically and intentionally targeted for demise. It is an affirmation of Black folks’ contributions to this society, our humanity, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression." _START_SECTION_ #OscarsSoWhite _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #OscarsSoWhite hashtag was originally created in 2015 in response to the 87th Academy Awards' lack of diversity amongst the nominees in major categories. The hashtag was used again when the nominations were announced for the 88th Academy Awards the following year. April Reign, activist and former attorney, who is credited with starting the hashtag, tweeted, "It's actually worse than last year. Best Documentary and Best Original Screenplay. That's it. #OscarsSoWhite." In addition, she mentions that none of the African-American cast of Straight Outta Compton were recognized, while the Caucasian screenwriter received nominations. _START_SECTION_ #SayHerName _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #SayHerName hashtag was created in February 2015 as part of a gender-inclusive racial justice movement. The movement campaigns for black women in the United States against anti-Black violence and police violence. Gender-specific ways black women are affected by police brutality and anti-Black violence are highlighted in this movement, including the specific impact black queer women and black trans women encounter. The hashtag gained more popularity and the movement gained more momentum following Sandra Bland's death in police custody in July 2015. This hashtag is commonly used with #BlackLivesMatter, reinforcing the intersectionality of the movement. _START_SECTION_ #IfIDieInPoliceCustody _START_PARAGRAPH_ #IfIDieInPoliceCustody is another hashtag that started trending after Sandra Bland's death. In the tweets, people ask what you would want people to know about you if you died in police custody. _START_SECTION_ #ICantBreathe _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #ICantBreathe hashtag was created after the police killing of Eric Garner and the grand jury's decision to not indict Daniel Pantaleo, the police officer that choked Garner to death, on December 3, 2014. "I can't breathe" were Garner's final words and can be heard in the video footage of the arrest that led to his death. The hashtag trended for days and gained attention beyond Twitter. Basketball players, including Lebron James, wore shirts with the words for warm ups on December 8, 2014. _START_SECTION_ #HandsUpDontShoot _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was created after the police shooting of Michael Brown and the grand jury's decision to not indict Darren Wilson, the white Ferguson police officer that shot Brown, on November 24, 2015. Witnesses claimed that Brown had his hands up and was surrendering when Wilson fatally shot him. However, this information was deemed not credible in the face of conflicting testimonies and impacted the jury's decision. Hands up, don't shoot is a slogan used by the Black Lives Matter movement and was used during protests after the ruling. The slogan was supported by members of the St. Louis Rams football team, who entered the field during a National Football League game holding their hands up. Using the hashtag on Twitter was a form of showing solidarity with those protesting, show opposition to the decision, and bring attention to police brutality. The #HandsUpDontShoot hashtag was immediately satirized with #PantsUpDontLoot when peaceful protests turned into riotous looting and firebombing that same evening. _START_SECTION_ #BlackOnCampus _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #BlackOnCampus hashtag was started in the context of the 2015–16 University of Missouri protests (which involved the resignation of multiple university officials), as well as other demonstrations at Ithaca College in New York, Smith College in Massachusetts, and Claremont McKenna College in California. The hashtag became an online discussion about racial inequality on college campuses, specifically microagressions, that some say are often overlooked by administrators and Caucasian students. The tweets shed light on the struggles that some black students endure at school and are seen as a call to action to address structural racism on campuses. _START_SECTION_ #BlackGirlMagic/#BlackBoyJoy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Black Twitter has also been used as a method of praise (Moody & Dates, 2018). Popular Black Twitter hashtags--#BlackGirlMagic and #BlackBoyJoy—were used to praise the accomplishments of black men and women. Both are meant to create a space for black people to celebrate themselves, outside of the projections society had placed on them. Harrison (2016) stated: "To reference childhood is to acknowledge that once a black person, and especially a black American, has reached adulthood, there are sorts of 'magic' and 'joy' that simply cannot be reclaimed if he or she is at all conscious of reality, a reality that has become increasingly inescapable with the practice of sharing police executions of black citizens on any given Twitter or Facebook timeline."_NEWLINE_According to Harrison (2016), the hashtag, #BlackBoyJoy, first appeared as a "natural and necessary counterpart to the more established #BlackGirlMagic". The hashtag #BlackBoyJoy appeared following the 2016 Video Music Awards ceremony, after Chance the Rapper tweeted an image of himself on the red carpet using the hashtag. _START_SECTION_ #StayMadAbby _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2015, #StayMadAbby surfaced on Black Twitter as Black students and college grads rallied against Supreme Court Justice Antonin Scalia, after he made comments about their supposed inability to graduate from universities he labeled "too fast". Scalia's comments came in 2015 during oral arguments for the affirmative action case Fisher v. University of Texas. The suit, filed by one-time prospective student Abigail Fisher, alleged that she was denied admission to the University of Texas at Austin because she was white, and that other, less qualified candidates were admitted because of their race._NEWLINE_The hashtag #StayMadAbby took off with hundreds of black graduates tweeting photos of themselves clad in caps and gowns, as well as statistics pointedly noting that black students only account for a small share of the UT Austin student body. The hashtag #BeckyWithTheBadGrades also emerged to spotlight Fisher. The hashtag referred both to Fisher and to a Beyoncé lyric from the song "Sorry" off her album, Lemonade. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Jonathan Pitts-Wiley, a former writer for The Root, cautioned in 2010 that Black Twitter was just a slice of contemporary African-American culture. "For people who aren't on the inside," he wrote, "it's sort of an inside look at a slice of the black American modes of thought. I want to be particular about that—it's just a slice of it. Unfortunately, it may be a slice that confirms what many people already think they know about black culture."_NEWLINE_Daniella Gibbs Leger (@dgibber123), wrote in a 2013 HuffPost Black Voices article that "Black Twitter is a real thing. It is often hilarious (as with the Paula Deen recipes hashtag); sometimes that humor comes with a bit of a sting (see any hashtag related to Don Lemon)." Referring to the controversy over the Tubman video, she concluded, "1. Don't mess with Black Twitter because it will come for you. 2. If you're about to post a really offensive joke, take 10 minutes and really think about it. 3. There are some really funny and clever people out there on Twitter. And 4. See number 1." _START_SECTION_ Labeling _START_PARAGRAPH_ While Black Twitter is used as a way to communicate within the black community, many people outside of said community and within do not understand the need to label it. This can be a subtle way of segregating black people on Twitter. In regards to this concern, Meredith Clark, a professor at the University of North Texas who studies black online communities, recalls one user's remarks, "Black Twitter is just Twitter." _START_SECTION_ Intersectionality _START_PARAGRAPH_ Additional criticism of Black Twitter is the lack of intersectionality. One example is the tweets made after the rapper, Tyga, was pictured with the transgender actress, Mia Isabella. Alicia Garza, one of the founders of the Black Lives Matter movement, explained the importance of intersectionality and makes it one of the priorities in the movement. She wrote that many people find certain "charismatic black men" more appealing, which leaves "sisters, queers, trans, and disable [black] folk [to] take up roles in the background." _START_SECTION_ South Africa _START_PARAGRAPH_ Kenichi Serino writes in The Christian Science Monitor that South Africa is experiencing a similar Black Twitter phenomenon, with black discourse on Twitter becoming increasingly influential. In a country that has 11 official languages, Black Twitter users regularly embed words from isiZulu, isiXhosa, and Sesotho in their tweets. Twitter had 1.1 million users in South Africa as of 2011. Tweeting is still a middle-class activity in that country, where just 21 percent have access to the Internet,but according to journalism lecturer Unathi Kondile, black people have taken to Twitter as "a free online platform where black voices can assert themselves and their views without editors or publishers deciding if their views matter." _START_SECTION_ #FeesMustFall _START_PARAGRAPH_ #FeesMustFall was the most significant hashtag in South African Black Twitter. It started with a student led protest movement that began in mid October 2015 in response to an increase in fees at South African universities. The protests also called for higher wages for low earning university staff who worked for private contractors such as cleaning services and campus security and for them to be employed directly by universities._NEWLINE_Black Students took to Twitter to report about the protest because they believed that the media was distorting their views and what the protest was about. One of the most retweeted tweets of the protest was "The Revolution Won't Be Televised, It Will Be Tweeted", the protest led to President Jacob Zuma of the ANC making a statement in December 2017 stating that free education would be rolled out for the working class as well as the low class, through a grant system. _START_SECTION_ #MenAreTrash _START_PARAGRAPH_ The #MenAreTrash hashtag was another prominent topic in 2017 on South African Twitter. Women of colour took to the social media platform to address numerous issues such as rape, patriarchy and domestic violence.

17629625003693690495

Q4923221

_START_ARTICLE_ Blackout date _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blackout dates are dates when travel rewards and other special discounts/promotions are not available. These dates typically fall on or around major holidays or other peak travel seasons. Time off requests from work may not be available during those times as well. _START_SECTION_ About _START_PARAGRAPH_ Awards are given by airlines to attract potential fliers away from other carriers and keep them loyal by promising lower fare on future flights. Awards are tailored to create higher incentive to travel on days other than the blackout dates. On blackout dates, more travelers fly by necessity. Hence, a carrier can charge a higher price and yet fill its capacity as the competition is also being fully booked on the blackout dates. A carrier can maximize profits by providing incentives to loyal but flexible travelers to plan and move their travel dates to lower traffic days, thereby allowing other fliers at premium priced tickets on the blackout dates. The other days are often graded so that the awards afford more on less preferred days.

12403243135480370955

Q4923328

_START_ARTICLE_ Blacks A Fake _START_SECTION_ Racing record _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blacks A Fake began racing as a late two-year-old in August 2003. He won 10 of his 12 starts as a two- and three-year-old, culminating with a win in the Qbred Triad Final. However, a hock injury halted his career, and he was away from racing for 17 months. _START_SECTION_ Five-year-old season: 2005-2006 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blacks A Fake returned to the track as a five-year-old in October 2005 and won his next six starts. A four-race campaign in Victoria that included a win and two seconds set him up for a tilt at the Inter Dominion series in Hobart during March and April 2006. Wins in the first and last rounds of heats in the three-round series saw him start a short-priced favourite in the Final, which was run for an Australasian record stake of $1.5 million. He gained the lead early on in the Final and claimed his first Inter Dominion title. Returning for a winter campaign in Brisbane after his Inter Dominion success, he won two out of three races, including the Winter Cup. _START_SECTION_ Six-year-old season: 2006-2007 _START_PARAGRAPH_ An injury-hampered start to Blacks A Fake's six-year-old season saw him return in October with two minor race wins, which were followed by a second in the Miracle Mile at Harold Park. Group One wins in the Treuer Memorial and the Victoria Cup preceded an attempt at a second Inter Dominion, for which the Final was held at Globe Derby Park, Adelaide in January. Fifth and second placings in the first two heats were followed by a win in the final heat, which saw Blacks A Fake start favourite in the Final for the second straight year. He won the race, becoming one of the few horses to win back-to-back Inter Dominions. His season ended with another winter campaign, which yielded four wins including a second Winter Cup. He was crowned Australian Horse of the Year for the season. _START_SECTION_ Seven-year-old season: 2007-2008 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Equine Influenza outbreak in 2007 seriously affected the early part of Blacks A Fake’s seven-year-old season, with cancelled races, travel restrictions and the fact he caught the disease all contributing factors. He returned to racing in November with two wins and a second in Brisbane. He got to Melbourne in January and started with a win in the Moonee Valley Cup. His next race came in the Ballarat Cup. Blacks A Fake led the inside line throughout; however, Safari sat outside him and held a clear lead over Blacks A Fake for most of the race. Safari won the race. Blacks A Fake then went on to the Hunter Cup, a race in which Natalie Rasmussen was originally reluctant to start given that the horse would face a 30 metre handicap against a field of many of Australia’s best pacers. However, Blacks A Fake came around the field to narrowly gain the win in race-record time._NEWLINE_Blacks A Fake’s Hunter Cup win saw him head into the Inter Dominions at Moonee Valley in February and March as favourite. Changes to the format of the series meant that he only had to contest a semi-final (which he won) in order to make the Final. In front of a large crowd at Moonee Valley, he won the Final and joined Our Sir Vancelot as the only pacers to win three Inter Dominion Championships._NEWLINE_Blacks A Fake was again crowned Horse of the Year for the season, and was also crowned the Australasian Pacers Grand Circuit champion. _START_SECTION_ Eight-year-old season: 2008-2009 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blacks A Fake started his eight-year-old season successfully with a Gold Coast Cup win followed by his first Group One wins in Queensland – the Queensland Pacing Championship and the Trans-Tasman. However, unplaced runs in the Miracle Mile and Victoria Cup followed, and he was spelled with a view to a fourth Inter Dominion._NEWLINE_The 2009 Inter Dominion series was held in March at the Gold Coast. One lead-up win set Blacks A Fake up for the series, which consisted of two rounds of heats. A win in the first heat was followed by a second in the second round. The Final was expected by many to be a match race between Blacks A Fake and star New Zealand pacer Auckland Reactor, who went into the Final with 20 wins from 22 starts. The early part of the race went to plan, with Blacks A Fake leading and Auckland Reactor sitting outside him. However, Auckland Reactor overraced badly throughout the race, and eventually choked down and finished tailed off. The failure of Auckland Reactor to settle in the parked position impacted on Blacks A Fake, and he was run down by Mr Feelgood and placed second._NEWLINE_Once again, Blacks A Fake campaigned over the winter in Queensland, which saw him add a third Winter Cup (which was now a Group One race) to his long list of achievements. He was the joint winner (with Mr Feelgood) of the Australasian Grand Circuit. _START_SECTION_ Nine-year-old season: 2009-2010 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Returning in September 2009, Blacks A Fake won his first six races for the season, including his second Gold Coast Cup and second Queensland Pacing Championship. A seventh in the Miracle Mile and a third in the Victoria Cup followed. These performances prompted connections to consider retiring the horse, with the possibility that age and racing had caught up with him. However, the decision was made to continue his career._NEWLINE_Three wins during late January and early February prepared Blacks A Fake for another tilt at the Inter Dominions, for which the Final was held at Menangle, outside of Sydney, in early March. He won his first heat of the series at Harold Park and overcame a wide draw to win his second heat at Newcastle. These performances were not enough to see him start favourite in the Final, with that honour going to New Zealand Cup and Miracle Mile winner Monkey King. In the race, Blacks A Fake sat three wide without cover for much of the last 1000m of the race, with Monkey King on his back. He ran down the leaders in the straight and held out the finish of Monkey King to record a record-breaking fourth Inter Dominion title._NEWLINE_Blacks A Fake returned to racing in July 2010 for another winter campaign. However, in his returning race he dropped out quickly at around the 400m mark and finished a long last. He was subsequently found to have suffered a heart fibrillation. He was immediately spelled, but the decision was made to continue racing as a ten-year-old. His performances were sufficient to earn him a third Horse of the Year crown. _START_SECTION_ Ten-year-old season: 2010–2011 _START_PARAGRAPH_ The early part of Blacks A Fake’s ten-year-old season was highlighted by a third Gold Coast Cup; however, he was overshadowed by Mr Feelgood, who defeated him three times in Brisbane including the Queensland Pacing Championship (albeit with better barrier draws). He went to Menangle in late November for a fourth attempt at the Miracle Mile, the biggest Australian race to have eluded him. From a good barrier draw, he led soon after the start, with Smoken Up outside him. The two horses led throughout the trip and finished locked together; however, Smoken Up denied Blacks A Fake his first Miracle Mile by a nose in an Australasian record time of 1:50.3. This performance saw Blacks A Fake become the world's highest earning pacer. This was followed by a second placing in the Treuer Memorial and two wins in Brisbane in December._NEWLINE_Blacks A Fake suffered another cardiac arrhythmia in training in early February. It was initially reported that this would rule out the Inter Dominion series in New Zealand; however, he recovered well and returned to racing quickly. A second placing and a win in Brisbane set him up for the series at Alexandra Park in Auckland. He ran fourth in his first heat and second in his second heat to become the first horse ever to qualify for six Inter Dominion Grand Finals. He ran third in the Final behind Smoken Up and Im Themightyquinn, but was later promoted to second with Smoken Up returning a positive drug test._NEWLINE_Blacks A Fake returned to racing at the Queensland winter carnival. Two wins and a third in minor events preceded a victory in the Sunshine Sprint and a second in the Winter Cup, which was his final career start.

8949569466119454594

Q4923811

_START_ARTICLE_ Blaengwrach _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blaengwrach Community is a predominantly upland area, and contains the highest points of three local hills or mountains, namely Mynydd Resolfen (383mt/1257 ft) and the more prominent Mynydd Pen-y-Cae (573mt/1880 ft) and Craig-y-Llyn (600mt/1970 ft), both of which have views of the valley below and the Brecon Beacons in the distance. Craig-y-Llyn is the highest point in the old county of Glamorgan, and is home to a nature reserve containing Llyn Fach and a Site of Special Scientific Interest. West of the summit is Foel Chwern Round cairn. _START_SECTION_ Settlement _START_PARAGRAPH_ The villages of Cwmgwrach and Blaengwrach are on the upper reaches of the Neath Valley, and occupy the strip of lowland south of the River Neath, and up the lower slopes of the hillside around the Nant Gwrach stream. The ward had a population of 1,985 in the 2001 census, but 837 were residents of the neighbouring community of Glynneath, so the population of the Blaengwrach community was 1,148. The ward population changed very little at the census of 2011._NEWLINE_The settlement of Blaengwrach is sometimes confused with the village of Cwmgwrach, the name that is used for both the village as a whole, and the western settlement. Traditionally, the stream is the dividing line. The Community Council describe Cwmgwrach, as being a village that 'is actually a combination of Blaengwrach and Cwmgwrach'. A history of the village (Cwmgwrach: Valley of the Witch) was written by Ian Currie, published in 2000._NEWLINE_The village itself was once an active commercial centre, servicing the coalmines, but now contains one shop, a single pub and a rugby union club, Cwmgwrach RFC. Other community facilities include Blaengwrach Primary School, St Mary's Church in Wales, the 13th Afannedd (Cwmgwrach) Scout group, and the Welfare Hall. For wider services the village is largely dependent upon Glynneath. _START_SECTION_ Transport _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Neath and Tennant Canal once reached to Glyn-neath, and has been restored to provide over four miles of walkable towpath between Resolven and Glynneath. The Vale of Neath Railway was built by Isambard Kingdom Brunel to carry coal to Swansea docks, and is still used for freight trains transporting coal from the Unity open cast mine at the north-east edge of the village. In 1996 the single-carriageway road along the length of the Neath valley was replaced with a major duel-carriageway, carrying the A465 trunk road from Llandarcy (near Neath) to Hirwaun in Rhondda Cynon Taf, which transformed the access along the Neath valley. _START_SECTION_ Film _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2014, a film called 'Valley of the Witch', was released, set in Cwmgwrach, and with substantial on location filming. A low-budget indie horror/witchcraft film, it was written and directed by Andrew Jones, and released to DVD in 2015 under the title 'Conjuring the Dead'.

15675095083311429959

Q2906129

_START_ARTICLE_ Blankenham _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blankenham is a village in the Netherlands, in the municipality of Steenwijkerland. Until 1973, it was a separate municipality.

442287485334592897

Q4925282

_START_ARTICLE_ Blas Romero _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Romero played professional football in Paraguay, Argentina and Colombia during his career. His last club was Once Caldas. Romero played for Argentina first division side Club Atlético Belgrano._NEWLINE_Romero made his international debut for the Paraguay national football team on 14 June 1991 in a Copa Paz de Chaco match against Bolivia (0-1 win). He obtained a total number of two international caps, scoring no goals for the national side.

4301309042268026548

Q647710

_START_ARTICLE_ Blaster (computer worm) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blaster Worm (also known as Lovsan, Lovesan, or MSBlast) was a computer worm that spread on computers running operating systems Windows XP and Windows 2000 during August 2003._NEWLINE_The worm was first noticed and started spreading on August 11, 2003. The rate that it spread increased until the number of infections peaked on August 13, 2003. Once a network (such as a company or university) was infected, it spread quicker within the network because firewalls typically did not prevent internal machines from using a certain port. Filtering by ISPs and widespread publicity about the worm curbed the spread of Blaster._NEWLINE_On March 12, 2004, Jeffrey Lee Parson, an 18-year-old from Hopkins, Minnesota, was arrested for creating the B variant of the Blaster worm; he admitted responsibility and was sentenced to an 18-month prison term in January 2005. _START_SECTION_ Creation and effects _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to court papers, the original Blaster was created after security researchers from the Chinese group Xfocus reverse engineered the original Microsoft patch that allowed for execution of the attack._NEWLINE_The worm spreads by exploiting a buffer overflow discovered by the Polish security research group Last Stage of Delirium in the DCOM RPC service on the affected operating systems, for which a patch had been released one month earlier in MS03-026 and later in MS03-039. This allowed the worm to spread without users opening attachments simply by spamming itself to large numbers of random IP addresses. Four versions have been detected in the wild. These are the most well-known exploits of the original flaw in RPC, but there were in fact another 12 different vulnerabilities that did not see as much media attention._NEWLINE_The worm was programmed to start a SYN flood against port 80 of windowsupdate.com if the system date is after August 15 and before December 31 and after the 15th day of other months, thereby creating a distributed denial of service attack (DDoS) against the site. The damage to Microsoft was minimal as the site targeted was windowsupdate.com, rather than windowsupdate.microsoft.com, to which the former was redirected. Microsoft temporarily shut down the targeted site to minimize potential effects from the worm._NEWLINE_The worm's executable, MSBlast.exe, contains two messages. The first reads:_NEWLINE_I just want to say LOVE YOU SAN!!_NEWLINE_This message gave the worm the alternative name of Lovesan. The second reads:_NEWLINE_billy gates why do you make this possible ? Stop making money_NEWLINE__NEWLINE_and fix your software!!_NEWLINE_This is a message to Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft and the target of the worm._NEWLINE_The worm also creates the following registry entry so that it is launched every time Windows starts:_NEWLINE_HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SOFTWARE\Microsoft\Windows\CurrentVersion\Run\ windows auto update=msblast.exe

17657036567596042185

Q15641614

_START_ARTICLE_ Blastobasis aedes _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The specific name is derived from Latin aedes (meaning a building).

17155252407005647047

Q882326

_START_ARTICLE_ Blau Mobilfunk _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company was founded by three entrepreneurs, Martin Ostermayer, Thorsten Rehling and Dirk Freise in 2005. The money came from the sale of the website handy.de to Bertelsmann._NEWLINE_A company for the distribution of mobile phone service with E-Plus was the base to establish Blau Mobilfunk GmbH as the first independent mobile phone discounter._NEWLINE_Blau Mobilfunk took over the mobile virtual network operator in the discount sector, debitel-light, in November 2006. Debitel received a minority share of the Blau Mobilfunk GmbH as compensation. 2007 blau.de already had 600,000 customers._NEWLINE_Blau Mobilfunk was taken over by the Dutch E-Plus-mother KPN in April 2008._NEWLINE_The key brands blau.de and blauworld were continued._NEWLINE_Blau.de also offered an allnet flatrate like Yourfone in addition to normal prepaid cards in 2012._NEWLINE_Thus blau.de is not only a pure prepaid discounter, but also offers handy tariffs by invoice._NEWLINE_Blau Mobilfunk has belonged to E-Plus since 1 January 2013. _START_SECTION_ Technology _START_PARAGRAPH_ blau.de initially used the network and all the technical equipment of E-Plus, which was later merged with the Telefónica O2 Germany network. The network accessibility reached 98% of the population in Germany in 2011. Connections of up to 384 kbit/s via UMTS-network and of up to 7,2 Mbit/s via HSDPA as an enhancement of UMTS were possible in 2011.

2640437183859872719

Q16966730

_START_ARTICLE_ Bleckley County Courthouse _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bleckley County was formed in 1912. The county jail and courthouse were built the following year. The county courthouse opened on January 1, 1914, and has continuously been the county's courthouse since. The courthouse predates the city hall and city auditorium, which were built in 1928._NEWLINE_The architect J.J. Baldwin of the architectural firm of Gayre & Baldwin designed the courthouse, one of eight Georgia courthouses designed by Baldwin. The building is in the Classical Revival style. It is made of brick, with white columns and stone trim. Wilbur W. Caldwell writes that while the building it "pleasant and serviceable ... it lacks exuberance and flair," and it is one indication that by 1912, "the age of flamboyant courthouse building was over in Georgia," as county courthouse design became more restrained.

12246235891402910902

Q60621353

_START_ARTICLE_ Bledian Krasniqi _START_SECTION_ Zürich _START_PARAGRAPH_ On 29 November 2018, Krasniqi made his professional debut against AEK Larnaca in UEFA Europa League. On 20 June 2019 it was confirmed, that Krasniqi had been loaned out to FC Wil for the 2019-20 season.

15356937881326164058

Q2748669

_START_ARTICLE_ Blitz (magazine) _START_SECTION_ History and profile _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blitz was founded in November 1984. The magazine is based in Lisbon and is published by Medipress._NEWLINE_In July 1992, it was acquired by Impresa, which gave the magazine access to more advanced technology, like color treatment. In June 2006, Blitz began to be published on a monthly basis._NEWLINE_The 2004 circulation of Blitz was about 20,000 copies. Its circulation was 16,000 copies in 2007. The magazine had a circulation of 16,344 copies in 2010 and 14,008 in 2011. The circulation of the magazine was 10,648 copies in 2012._NEWLINE_In late 2017, Impresa announced that the regular (i.e., monthly) publication of Blitz would cease to exist and that the Blitz brand would still be present in the form of its website and special, non-monthly editions of the magazine. It is expected that there will be published at least three special editions of the magazine in 2018. Since 2018, Blitz and Expresso are the only printed publications owned by Impresa.

1748629783723083015

Q4927163

_START_ARTICLE_ Block Parent Program _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The program began in London, Ontario in 1968. Independent programs began appearing across Canada until 1983 when a national committee was formed and the national Block Parents Program of Canada was created in 1986. The first school to have Block Parent program was Arthur Stringer on Shaftesbury Avenue in Westminster Park._NEWLINE_In the United States, there was a Block Parent program Boise, ID. in the mid 1960s.pre-1968

14070109841758755887

Q43449804

_START_ARTICLE_ Blohm & Voss P 163 _START_SECTION_ Design _START_PARAGRAPH_ The P 163 was one of several highly unusual bomber configurations studied by the Blohm & Voss aircraft division under Chief Designer Richard Vogt. It was developed in response to a 1942 Luftwaffe requirement for a Heinkel He 111 replacement._NEWLINE_The primary structure was of welded sheet steel, in order to avoid using the strategically important light alloys which were in short supply._NEWLINE_Its main fuselage was unmanned but otherwise conventional, having a tractor propeller and conventional tail, with the tailplane mounted part way up the fin. The tail section and control surfaces were to be made of fabric-covered wood. A shallow indent on the underside allowed for carriage of a semi-recessed bomb load._NEWLINE_The lightly tapered, unswept wing was mounted low on the fuselage and its inner section housed the retractable main undercarriage. A large nacelle was mounted on each wing tip. also of armoured steel, and each housing two crew fore and aft, with additional gun positions. This unusual arrangement was designed to provide the pilot with maximum visibility and the gunners with maximum field of fire. Heavy defensive armament such as mixed 20 mm guns and 30 mm cannon was proposed._NEWLINE_The distribution of weight outboard also improved the span loading of the wing, reducing the bending forces at the roots by an estimated 44% and allowing a lighter structure._NEWLINE_To test the asymmetric pilot's position, one wing tip of a Blohm & Voss BV 141 was fitted with an experimental nacelle. Pilots found it sufficiently intuitive to use, although it was not fitted with flight controls._NEWLINE_The propulsion system was also unconventional. The propeller was contra-rotating and driven by two coupled engines located in the fuselage immediately behind it. Two variants were studied in parallel, having different powerplants but being otherwise almost identical._NEWLINE_The P 163.01 had a Daimler-Benz DB 613C based on two DB 603 series inline engines located side by side. The P 163.02 was given the more powerful BMW 803A based on two BMW 801 series radials placed back to back._NEWLINE_Various offensive bomb loads were considered, between 2,000 kilograms (4,400 lb) and 2,500 kilograms (5,500 lb). Large bombs would be recessed into the fuselage, while multiple smaller bombs would be carried under the wing, inboard of the undercarriage.

6989003577941367302

Q18642176

_START_ARTICLE_ Blood (TV series) _START_SECTION_ Plot _START_PARAGRAPH_ Park Ji-sang (Ahn Jae-hyun) is a doctor specializing in hepato-pancreato-biliary surgery in the best cancer research hospital in the country. He is also a vampire. Despite seeming cold and unfeeling, Ji-sang masks his soft heart and inner pain and yearns for closeness with people. He believes very strongly in the sanctity of human life, and suppresses his thirst for blood to treat terminally ill patients and save lives. Among his colleagues is Yoo Ri-ta (Ku Hye-sun), a hotshot physician who entered medical school at the age of 17 and is also the niece of the chaebol group chairman who owns the hospital. Ri-ta is highly capable but snooty and prideful, yet Ji-sang finds himself falling for her. He also gets drawn into a conflict between good and evil as he encounters Lee Jae-wook, a two-faced hospital director who gains everyone's trust with his gentle demeanor, but inwardly harbors a dangerous ambition for power and a talent for cruelty. _START_SECTION_ Reception _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although the rating was low in Korea, internationally it was a success topping the internet for most watched and becoming the number 1 show on Drama Fever, Viki, and My Asian TV throughout its airing and continued on after the final episode. It was the No.1 Hot topic on China's Weibo and Rank# 6 on Drama Fever Top 10 Most Popular Korean Dramas of 2015.

4131632240229392205

Q4928678

_START_ARTICLE_ Blud of Bludov _START_PARAGRAPH_ Blud z Bludova (Blud of Bludov) was the founder of the village of Bludov village and the Moravian aristocratic house of Zierotin. His name appears in records around 1200 as a Grand Huntsman and from 1213 till 1215, as the burgrave of Přerov. He had two sons, Oneš (1209–1249) and Viktor.

6240061800152700904

Q17299992

_START_ARTICLE_ Blue Saints Drum and Bugle Corps _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Source:_NEWLINE_Legend has it that Maurice Gravelle, a music teacher at the Sudbury Mining and Technical School (now known as Sudbury Secondary School) was so dismayed and/or disgusted by the noises the students made with drums, horns, and whatever other noisemakers came to hand in support of the school's football team that he decided to start a school band, originally known as the Sudbury Mining and Technical School Trumpet Band._NEWLINE_Gravelle's associate and successor, George Netzke, not only continued what had been begun in 1952, but in 1954, he added the military discipline he had learned as a member of the Canadian Militia, converting the band into a drum and bugle corps. In 1958, the name of the unit was changed to the Blue Saints, in complement to the school's football team, the Blue Devils._NEWLINE_For many years, the Blue Saints performed and competed exclusively within Canada, as a Class B, Class C, or Cadet Class corps._NEWLINE_In 1990, the corps crossed the border into the U.S. to compete for their first time at the DCI Class A60 Prelims, held that year in Buffalo, New York. Blue Saints finished 23rd of 23 corps. The corps would return to DCI at the 1992 Division III Prelims in Whitewater, Wisconsin, placing 28th of 29 corps. In 1995, Blue Saints finished 36th of 41 corps at DCI's Division III prelims in Buffalo._NEWLINE_Blue Saints thereafter competed strictly Canada until 2002, when the corps made a commitment to perform on the DCI tour and at the DCI World Championships._NEWLINE_Since 2010, Blue Saints have been the only active competitive junior drum and bugle corps in Ontario._NEWLINE_On July 5, 2014, the Blue Saints marched in the parade for the 97th Lions Clubs International Convention in Toronto as musical representatives of the U.S. state of Tennessee. "We will be representing the state of Tennessee, playing the state song 'Rocky Top Tennessee' while the Tennessee delegates march behind us along the parade route," said Sheila Ripley, the corps' president. "This is the first time being invited to the Lion's international parade and is as exciting as performing in the Grey Cup or Calgary Stampede." _START_SECTION_ Sponsorship _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Blue Saints Drum and Bugle Corps is a non-profit youth organization with a Board of Directors, director, and staff assigned to carry out the organization's mission. Sheila Ripley is the organization's president, and the corps director is Mark Ripley.

3162574091026592225

Q2596268

_START_ARTICLE_ Bluing (fabric) _START_SECTION_ Uses _START_PARAGRAPH_ White fabrics acquire a slight color cast after use (usually grey or yellow). Since blue and yellow are complementary colors in the subtractive color model of color perception, adding a trace of blue color to the slightly off-white color of these fabrics makes them appear whiter. Laundry detergents may also use fluorescing agents to similar effect. Many white fabrics are blued during manufacturing. Bluing is not permanent and rinses out over time leaving dingy or yellowed whites. A commercial bluing product allows the consumer to add the bluing back into the fabric to restore whiteness._NEWLINE_On the same principle, bluing is sometimes used by white-haired people in a blue rinse._NEWLINE_Bluing has other miscellaneous household uses, including as an ingredient in rock crystal "gardens" (whereby a porous item is placed in a salt solution, the solution then precipitating out as crystals), and to improve the appearance of swimming-pool water. In Australia it was used as a folk remedy to relieve the itching of mosquito and sand fly bites._NEWLINE_Laundry bluing is made of a colloid of ferric ferrocyanide (blue iron salt, also referred to as "Prussian blue") in water. _NEWLINE_Blue colorings have been added to rinse water for centuries, first in the form of powder blue or smalt, or using small lumps of indigo and starch, called stone blue. After the invention of synthetic ultramarine and Prussian blue it was manufactured by many companies, including Mrs. Stewart's Bluing in the United States, and by Reckitt's Crown Blue in Hull and the Lancashire Ultramarine Company's Dolly Blue at Backbarrow (later purchased by Reckitt & Sons) in the United Kingdom. It was popular until the mid-twentieth century in the United Kingdom and the United States, and is still widely used in India and Pakistan. In many places, it has been replaced by bleach for its primary purpose._NEWLINE_Bluing is usually sold in liquid form, but it may also be a solid. Solid bluing is sometimes used by hoodoo doctors to provide the blue color needed for "mojo hands" without having to use the toxic compound copper(II) sulfate. Bluing was also used by some Native American tribes to mark their arrows showing tribe ownership.

1978095194475827009

Q4932698

_START_ARTICLE_ Bob Harper (personal trainer) _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Harper has worked as a personal trainer for celebrity clients, including Jennifer Jason Leigh. In 1999, he was cast as an extra in Melissa Etheridge's hit video for the song "Angels Would Fall" from her album Breakdown. He is featured as a trainer on the United States version of The Biggest Loser reality television series. He has been a trainer on the NBC show since 2004 and has appeared in several Biggest Loser DVD workouts. Harper is also featured in the first three seasons of the Australian version of the show._NEWLINE_In addition to his appearances, speaking dates, and writing, Harper teaches regular classes in Los Angeles and works as a yoga instructor._NEWLINE_In early 2010, Harper launched mytrainerbob.com, a website where subscribers can discuss weight loss and receive coaching. The success of his site led to the release of his first workout DVD series in May, titled "Bob Harper: Inside Out Method." Harper has also contributed workouts to the Shape magazine website. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Harper was born August 18, 1965 in Nashville, Tennessee. He attended Austin Peay State University in Clarksville, Tennessee, but did not graduate._NEWLINE_After reading the book Skinny Bitch, Harper became a vegetarian. In 2010, he then became a vegan. That same year, PETA voted him sexiest male vegetarian of the year. In 2013 Harper stopped following a vegan diet because "my body personally got to a point where I needed something more." He practices Transcendental Meditation. He is an avid CrossFit athlete._NEWLINE_Harper has spoken out against puppy mills and has adopted a black and white dog from the Animal Advocates Alliance in Baldwin Park, California. He named the dog Karl, after Karl Lagerfeld, because of the dog's color._NEWLINE_Harper is Farm Sanctuary's 2010 Walk for Farm Animals national spokesman._NEWLINE_Harper publicly came out as gay in the seventh episode of the fifteenth season of The Biggest Loser, while talking to a contestant who was having difficulty telling his parents about his sexuality. Harper revealed he came out to his parents at 17, but that this was his first time ever addressing his sexuality publicly in his career. The episode aired on November 28, 2013._NEWLINE_On February 12, 2017, Harper suffered a heart attack.

13375867899673150054

Q4934000

_START_ARTICLE_ Bob Skelly _START_PARAGRAPH_ Robert Skelly (born April 14, 1943) is a Canadian former politician from British Columbia. He was born April 14, 1943 at New Westminster, British Columbia and worked as a teacher._NEWLINE_Skelly, the son of Robert Daniel Skelly and Dorothy Graham, was educated at the University of British Columbia. In 1965, he married Sonia Alexandra Shewchuk. He has a daughter, Susan Kathleen Skelly, born 1973; and a son, Robert Mark William Skelly, born 1975. Susan married Michael Ramsay, and they have three children: Rebecca Ruth, born 2001; Sarah-Grace Victoria, born 2002; and Maria Anne Heather, born 2010._NEWLINE_He served in the BC Legislature from 1972 to 1987. The longest-serving member for Alberni constituency in history, he was elected five times. He was elected leader of the British Columbia New Democratic Party in 1984 and was Opposition Leader in the BC Legislature until 1987. He resigned as MLA in early 1988 and was elected to the House of Commons of Canada representing the Federal riding of Comox—Alberni from 1988 to 1993._NEWLINE_During his campaign in the 1986 election he showed such great gains against then Premier Bill Bennett that the Social Credit Party became alarmed and convinced Bennett to resign, replacing him with Bill Vander Zalm. The Social Credit Party then went on to win the election. While the NDP failed to gain any seats under Bob Skelly's leadership, neither did they lose any (Social Credit won 47 seats to the NDP's 22 in the newly enlarged BC Legislative Assembly). The NDP had dropped in popular vote from the previous election, though they scored a higher percentage than in the elections they won in 1972, 1991 and 1996. The NDP vote fell in each election after 1979 until the 2005 election._NEWLINE_Following the election, the distribution of electoral districts in the province was declared to be biased in favour of Social Credit, suggesting that Skelly would have won if this hadn't been the case. The courts then ordered a fair redistribution. In 1986 Skelly resigned as NDP leader and in the following year, a party convention acclaimed Michael Harcourt as his successor._NEWLINE_Skelly went on to federal politics and was elected Member of Parliament for the federal riding of Comox—Alberni in the 1988 federal election under the banner of the New Democratic Party. He ran for a second term but was defeated in the 1993 general election in which the New Democratic Party collapsed to nine seats.._NEWLINE_Skelly served in parliament at the same time as his brother Ray Skelly.

4291535680843878083

Q4934333

_START_ARTICLE_ Bob Weeks _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bob Weeks is a reporter and analyst for TSN, covering golf and curling. He was previously the editorial director of SCOREGolf magazine. In addition, he served as host for SCOREGolf TV. He was also the curling columnist for The Globe and Mail for more than 25 years and editor of the Ontario Curling Report for 30._NEWLINE_Weeks joined TSN on a full-time basis on June 29, 2015._NEWLINE_Weeks joined SCOREGolf as associate editor in October 1987. He was promoted to editor in 1992. In 2012 he became editorial director._NEWLINE_In 2009, he was ranked sixth overall and the top media member on the National Post's list of the most influential people in Canadian golf._NEWLINE_In 2009 he was made an Honorary Life Member of the Ontario Curling Association for his contributions to curling._NEWLINE_In 2013, Weeks was named as the recipient of the Golf Journalists' Association of Canada Dick Grimm Award for lifetime contributions to the game of golf. On May 7, 2014, he became the 67th person to be inducted into the Ontario Golf Hall of Fame. On Nov. 6, 2014, he was inducted into the Etobicoke Sports Hall of Fame. On Feb. 14, 2015 he was presented with the Distinguished Service Award by Golf Canada for outstanding contributions to the game of golf in Canada. On March 9, 2016, he was inducted into the Canadian Curling Hall of Fame in the Builder category. On July 20, 2016 he was inducted into the Canadian Golf Hall of Fame as a Builder. He is the only person to be inducted into both the curling and golf halls. On Jan. 26, 2017, he received the George Cumming Distinguished Service Award from the PGA of Canada, the association's most prestigious award. _START_SECTION_ Books _START_PARAGRAPH_ Weeks has authored five books: The World's Greatest Golf Courses; The Brier: A History of Canada's Most Celebrated Curling Championship; Curling For Dummies (Volumes 1 and 2); Hurry Hard: the Russ Howard Story, which he co-authored with Russ Howard, and Curling, Etcetera. He is a three-time winner of the Scotty Harper Award for the top curling story in Canada. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Weeks grew up in Montreal -- Mount Royal, Quebec—but spent most summers in Prince Edward Island where his family's roots are located. A fifth-generation Canadian, Weeks' great-grandfather was one of the founders of the first golf course in PEI. His grandfather, Major-General Ernest Geoffrey Weeks, was a highly decorated military hero who went on to become Adjutant-General of the Canadian Forces._NEWLINE_A graduate of Richview Collegiate Institute in Toronto and the University of Windsor (Hons. BA—Communications), he lives in Toronto with his son.

13931084022909060154

Q22137142

_START_ARTICLE_ Bobbili Veena _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobbili veena is a large plucked string instrument used in Carnatic classical music. The Veena is named after Bobbili, a place where it was invented. In 2011 the musical instrument got a Geographical Indication tag from the Government of India. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobbili Veena is considered to be invented in Bobbili of Vizianagaram district, Andhra Pradesh. The making of the Veena started in the 17th century during the reign of Pedda Rayudu. At that time, playing Veena was a common practice in India, specially South India. The entire development process of the Veena took more than three centuries. Bobbili kingdom rulers were fond of music, and many of them learned to play Veena. In the Bobbili kingdom, the Veena used to be supplied by Sarwasiddi community craftsmen. These craftsmen were from Gollapalli. The craftsmen community who make this musical instrument are known as "Bobbili Veena sampradayam" (Bobbili Veena community). _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ A Bobbili Veena is carved from a single piece of jack wood.

12601746506695371778

Q4934917

_START_ARTICLE_ Bobby Dazzler _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The English word bobby-dazzler was originally a northern English dialect term for a person who is considered remarkable or excellent in some way.

11947909383961257779

Q60694652

_START_ARTICLE_ Bobby Grant (footballer, born 1940) _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Grant began his career at Ormiston Primrose, before signing for Rangers in 1959. On 27 April 1960, Grant made his only appearance for Rangers, in a 4–1 defeat to away to Clyde. In 1961, Grant signed for St Johnstone, making three Scottish Football League appearances during his time at the club. In 1962, Grant moved to England, signing for Carlisle United. Grant made two English Football League appearances for the club, scoring once. After a spell at Carlisle, Grant dropped into non-league, playing for Chelmsford City and Cheltenham Town. In 1965, Grant signed for Gloucester City, taking up a player-manager role. Grant made 100 appearances in all competitions, scoring 36 times. Following the culmination of his spell at Gloucester, Grant moved back up to Scotland, playing for Queen of the South and Newtongrange Star. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Grant's son, Roddy, was also a footballer for St Johnstone.

12577205618650390559

Q4935067

_START_ARTICLE_ Bobby Greenough _START_SECTION_ Background _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough's birth was registered in St. Helens district, Lancashire, England, and he has retired to Eday, one of the islands of Orkney, Scotland. _START_SECTION_ International honours _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough, won a cap for Great Britain while at Warrington in the 1960 Rugby League World Cup against New Zealand._NEWLINE_Bobby Greenough played right wing, i.e. number 2, in the first of the three matches for Great Britain's 1960 Rugby League World Cup winning team against New Zealand, being replaced by Jim Challinor in the second game against France, and by Billy Boston in the last game against Australia. _START_SECTION_ Championship Final appearances _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough played in Warrington's 10–25 defeat by Leeds in the Championship Final during the 1960–61 season at Odsal Stadium, Bradford on Saturday 20 May 1961. _START_SECTION_ County Cup Final appearances _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough played in Warrington's 5–4 victory over St. Helens in the 1959 Lancashire County Cup Final during the 1959–60 season at Central Park, Wigan on Saturday 31 October 1959. _START_SECTION_ Club career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough made his début for Warrington in the 20–16 victory over Salford at Wilderspool Stadium, Warrington, he scored 30-tries in the 1960–61 season, he is only one of six players to score 30-tries in a season for Warrington, and he is eighth in the list of Warrington all-time try scorers. _START_SECTION_ Honoured at Warrington _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough is a Warrington Wolves Hall of Fame inductee. _START_SECTION_ Note _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Greenough's surname is variously spelt correctly without an h as Greenough, and incorrectly with an h as Greenhough.

16705186035251623942

Q16859554

_START_ARTICLE_ Bobby Shafto _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Robert Shafto was born around 1732 the son of John Shafto and his wife Mary Jackson, daughter of Thomas Jackson of Nunnington, Yorkshire at his family seat of Whitworth near Spennymoor in County Durham. He was educated at Westminster School from 1740 to 1749, when he entered Balliol College, Oxford._NEWLINE_He succeeded to the family estates on the death of his father John in 1742. Both his father and uncle Robert Shafto had been Tory Members of Parliament. He continued this tradition, becoming one of the two members for County Durham in 1760, using his nickname "Bonny Bobby Shafto" and the now famous song for electioneering purposes, defeating the Whig Sir Thomas Clavering, with a campaign supported by Thomas Pelham-Holles, Duke of Newcastle, who was the prime minister, Henry Vane, first earl of Darlington, and the bishop of Durham. However, once in parliament he dropped this allegiance, supporting the administrations of John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute and Pitt the elder. He held the County Durham seat for two parliaments until he declined to stand in the election of 1768._NEWLINE_On 18 April 1774 Shafto married Anne Duncombe (died 1783), daughter and heir of Thomas Duncombe of Duncombe Park, Yorkshire, by his marriage to Diana Howard, a daughter of Henry Howard, 4th Earl of Carlisle. Shafto and his wife had three children, John (1775–1802), Robert (1776–1848), and Thomas (born 1777). His wife, Anne, had inherited property in the rotten borough of Downton in Wiltshire and he became one of its two members in 1780. He is known to have supported William Pitt the Younger during the regency crisis of 1788–9 and did not seek re-election in 1790. Robert Shafto died on 24 November 1797 and is buried in the Shafto family crypt beneath the floor of Whitworth Church. He was succeeded in his estates by his elder son, John Shafto. _START_SECTION_ Popular Culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bobby Shafto has been immortalised by Imperial College School of Medicine Squash Club. It is tradition for all members of the club to claim to be a descendant of the famed politician.

1212986889212617847

Q3710745

_START_ARTICLE_ Bokon District _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bokon District is one of 16 districts of Sinoe County, Liberia. As of 2008, the population was 4,417.

3264824797172776261

Q4939244

_START_ARTICLE_ Bolesław Gebert _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bolesław Konstanty "Bill" Gebert (22 July 1895 – 13 February 1986) was a top Communist Party official, remembered as one of the organization's top Polish-language speaking leaders. He was a Soviet agent during the years of World War II and was an official of the Polish Communist government after the war. _START_SECTION_ Early years _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bolesław Konstantin Gebert was born July 22, 1895 in the Tykocin the Białystok area, near the current border of Poland and Belarus. His father was a peasant of German-Jewish extraction, his mother an ethnic Pole. _START_SECTION_ Political career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Gebert immigrated from Poland to the United States prior to the Russian Revolution and found work as a miner. He was an active member of the Socialist Party of America working in the SPA's Polish Federation by 1915. He took part in the creation of the Kosciuszko League. Gebert was active in the Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party In 1919 and a founding member of the Communist Party of America (CPA), and edited a Polish socialist newspaper. He was arrested in the Palmer Raids at the end of 1919 but was not deported. He was named to the governing Central Executive Committee of the CPA as an ostensible representative of the Polish Communist Federation in the wake of the deportation of Polish leader Daniel Elbaum in 1920._NEWLINE_Gebert was in Detroit, Michigan by 1920, where he was editor of the three primary Polish-language publications: Głos Robotniczy (Workers' Voice), Trybuna Robotnicza (The Workers' Tribune), and Głos Ludowy (People's Voice)._NEWLINE_As well as working in his editorial capacity, Gebert was the Secretary of the Polish Bureau of the Workers (Communist) Party and was a fraternal delegate to the party's 6th National Convention, held in New York City in March 1929._NEWLINE_In 1932, Gebert was a founder of the Polonia Society from the existing Polish-language section of the International Workers Order (IWO), an organization for which he remained as a national officer. He also served in the first half of the 1930s as District Organizer of the CPUSA's Chicago and Pittsburgh districts. Louis F. Budenz wrote of a conflict between Gebert and Morris Childs, District Organizer for Illinois, over Gebert's intrusion into Chicago and, in particular, over a "Czech comrade who was doing vital underground work for Gebert."_NEWLINE_In 1936 he went to work for the Steel Workers Organizing Committee (SWOC) of the Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO) in charge of efforts to organize fraternal organizations of foreign-born Americans. As such, Gebert organized a conference of said organizations in Pittsburgh at the end of 1936 — a gathering attended by 447 representatives of various national origins. The gather was addressed by Phillip Murray and greeted by John L. Lewis of the SWOC._NEWLINE_Gebert was a frequent contributor to the theoretical monthly of the CPUSA, The Communist, between the years 1933 and 1939._NEWLINE_Gebert appears in nine intercepted KGB messages between May and October 1944. Gebert was the contact of fellow Soviet agent, Oskar Lange, a Polish economist who was a personal emissary from President Franklin D. Roosevelt to Joseph Stalin on the "Polish question". Another Venona message reports Gebert's demand for a $500 balance the KGB still owed him on a one thousand dollar contract to publish a Polish-language book._NEWLINE_After World War II, Gebert returned to the now Communist-dominated Poland, where he assumed a leading position in the state-controlled labor unions. From 1949 to 1950, Gebert was Secretary of the World Peace Council and from 1950 to 1957, the editor of Glosu Pracy._NEWLINE_He returned to the United States in 1950 as United Nations representative of the World Federation of Trade Unions._NEWLINE_From 1960 to 1967 Gebert served as the Polish People's Republic's Ambassador to Turkey. _START_SECTION_ Death and legacy _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bill Gebert died in 1986. He was survived by his wife, Krystyna Poznańska-Gebert (1916–1991), and was the father of three children: a daughter and two sons, Konstanty Gebert (born 1953) prominent Polish journalist.

7051943826250051128

Q468391

_START_ARTICLE_ Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem _START_PARAGRAPH_ In mathematics, specifically in real analysis, the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem, named after Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass, is a fundamental result about convergence in a finite-dimensional Euclidean space Rⁿ. The theorem states that each bounded sequence in Rⁿ has a convergent subsequence. An equivalent formulation is that a subset of Rⁿ is sequentially compact if and only if it is closed and bounded. The theorem is sometimes called the sequential compactness theorem. _START_SECTION_ History and significance _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem is named after mathematicians Bernard Bolzano and Karl Weierstrass. It was actually first proved by Bolzano in 1817 as a lemma in the proof of the intermediate value theorem. Some fifty years later the result was identified as significant in its own right, and proved again by Weierstrass. It has since become an essential theorem of analysis. _START_SECTION_ Proof _START_PARAGRAPH_ First we prove the theorem when , in which case the ordering on can be put to good use. Indeed, we have the following result._NEWLINE_Lemma: Every infinite sequence in has a monotone subsequence._NEWLINE_Proof: Let us call a positive integer a "peak of the sequence" if implies i.e., if is greater than every subsequent term in the sequence. Suppose first that the sequence has infinitely many peaks, . Then the subsequence corresponding to these peaks is monotonically decreasing. So suppose now that there are only finitely many peaks, let be the last peak and . Then is not a peak, since , which implies the existence of with and . Again, is not a peak, hence there is an where with . Repeating this process leads to an infinite non-decreasing subsequence  , as desired._NEWLINE_Now suppose one has a bounded sequence in ; by the lemma there exists a monotone subsequence, necessarily bounded. It follows from the monotone convergence theorem that this subsequence must converge._NEWLINE_Finally, the general case can be reduced to the case of as follows: given a bounded sequence in , the sequence of first coordinates is a bounded real sequence, hence has a convergent subsequence. One can then extract a subsubsequence on which the second coordinates converge, and so on, until in the end we have passed from the original sequence to a subsequence times—which is still a subsequence of the original sequence—on which each coordinate sequence converges, hence the subsequence itself is convergent. _START_SECTION_ Alternative proof _START_PARAGRAPH_ There is also an alternative proof of the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem using nested intervals. We start with a bounded sequence :_NEWLINE_Because we halve the length of an interval at each step the limit of the interval's length is zero. Thus there is a number which is in each Interval . Now we show, that is an accumulation point of ._NEWLINE_Take a neighbourhood of . Because the length of the intervals converges to zero, there is an Interval which is a subset of . Because contains by construction infinitely many members of and , also contains infinitely many members of . This proves that is an accumulation point of . Thus, there is a subsequence of which converges to . _START_SECTION_ Sequential compactness in Euclidean spaces _START_PARAGRAPH_ Suppose A is a subset of Rⁿ with the property that every sequence in A has a subsequence converging to an element of A. Then A must be bounded, since otherwise there exists a sequence xₘ in A with || xₘ || ≥ m for all m, and then every subsequence is unbounded and therefore not convergent. Moreover, A must be closed, since from a noninterior point x in the complement of A, one can build an A-valued sequence converging to x. Thus the subsets A of Rⁿ for which every sequence in A has a subsequence converging to an element of A – i.e., the subsets which are sequentially compact in the subspace topology – are precisely the closed and bounded sets._NEWLINE_This form of the theorem makes especially clear the analogy to the Heine–Borel theorem, _NEWLINE_which asserts that a subset of Rⁿ is compact if and only if it is closed and bounded. In fact, general topology tells us that a metrizable space is compact if and only if it is sequentially compact, so that the Bolzano–Weierstrass and Heine–Borel theorems are essentially the same. _START_SECTION_ Application to economics _START_PARAGRAPH_ There are different important equilibrium concepts in economics, the proofs of the existence of which often require variations of the Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem. One example is the existence of a Pareto efficient allocation. An allocation is a matrix of consumption bundles for agents in an economy, and an allocation is Pareto efficient if no change can be made to it which makes no agent worse off and at least one agent better off (here rows of the allocation matrix must be rankable by a preference relation). The Bolzano–Weierstrass theorem allows one to prove that if the set of allocations is compact and non-empty, then the system has a Pareto-efficient allocation. _START_SECTION_ In popular culture _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bolzano-Weierstrass Rap, written by Steve Sawin (AKA Slim Dorky) of Fairfield University is well-known in academic circles, and considered by critics to be "the greatest Bolzano-Weierstrass theorem song ever made".

5752794546123090654

Q3641947

_START_ARTICLE_ Bombing of Foggia _START_SECTION_ The bombing _START_PARAGRAPH_ Foggia was attacked on nine occasions. Thousands of homes in residential districts, the airport, the railway station, and numerous squares and streets were totally devastated. After the extensive bombing raid of August 19, 1943, which caused over 9,000 victims, the British prime minister Winston Churchill stated "Foggia has been Coventrated", in reference to the destruction suffered by the city of Coventry in the Coventry Blitz on November 14, 1940._NEWLINE_A chronicle of the bombing of Foggia was written by Luca Cicolella in a book called "...e la morte venne dal cielo" ("...and death came from the sky"), published in 1973 and 1983, which also contained the Report made by the Monsignor Fortunato Maria Farina and sent to Pope Pius XII._NEWLINE_ [22 July 1943] The station clock says 9.43. The sky suddenly darkens. Forty Flying Fortresses and more than fifty fighter planes descend upon Foggia. When the bell of the Town Hall tolls to give the alarm, the massacre has already begun. The first bombs fall on the station, smashing the buildings with extraordinary violence and closing the entrances to the underpasses from which heart-rending cries of pain can be heard. A train has arrived from Bari a few minutes before. Many travellers have been caught by surprise as they entered the underpasses. Others believe that they can shelter from the fury of the bombardment in the same underpasses. Instead they go to a certain death..._NEWLINE_For a short period Foggia became a ghost town in which looters sought valuables worn by the casualties and burgled abandoned buildings. _NEWLINE_... There are some who decide to exploit the tragedy. In the night the flying fortresses do not return. Instead the thieves arrive. They are "jackals" who pounce upon the dead, rummaging in their pockets and taking money, rings and gold chains. They enter the half-ruined houses, filling boxes with linen, and running off with furniture and jewellery. Every night they return to plunder the city. No one intervenes. People are afraid that they are armed._NEWLINE_Although an Armistice between Italy and Allied armed forces was declared on September 8, allied forces continued bombing until September 15 ostensibly to prevent German troop movements.

10386677726010043034

Q2231933

_START_ARTICLE_ Bombus melanopygus _START_SECTION_ Biology _START_PARAGRAPH_ This bumblebee can utilize a number of habitat types, including agricultural and urban areas. It is "one of the few bumblebees still found regularly in San Francisco". It feeds on many types of plants, including manzanitas, wild lilacs, goldenbushes, wild buckwheats, lupines, penstemons, rhododendrons, willows, sages, and clovers. It nests underground or aboveground in structures._NEWLINE_This species is a host to the zombie fly (Apocephalus borealis). _START_SECTION_ Systematics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The second and third abdominal segments are red in northern populations and black in southern; individuals with black segments were previously known as Bombus edwardsii, a separate species. Genetic analyses support the conclusion that the two forms are the same species, with B. edwardsii as a synonym.

921008880199428271

Q4941303

_START_ARTICLE_ Bond Street Theatre _START_SECTION_ Overseas work _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bond Street Theatre has initiated innovative theatre and theatre-based programs in over 40 countries worldwide, including: _START_SECTION_ Afghanistan _START_PARAGRAPH_ Since 2001, Bond Street Theatre has been working in Afghanistan to collaborate with local artists and rights groups, use the arts as a tool for education and community dialogue, revitalize the performing arts, introduce new styles of theatre, and work for women's rights. The company cooperates with NGOs and schools to train teachers and health workers in theatre-based techniques for teaching children._NEWLINE_In 2005, Bond Street Theatre created Beyond the Mirror, a physical-visual depiction of Afghan history in collaboration with Exile Theatre of Kabul, a theatre group the company had met in a refugee camp in Pakistan. The two groups presented the play in Afghanistan, Japan, Baltimore and New York. The project was the first US-Afghan theatre collaboration, and Exile Theatre is the first Afghan theatre group to perform in the USA. In 2009, Exile Theatre returned to the USA for its second tour and the two companies presented Beyond the Mirror at the San Francisco International Arts Festival and the Fury Factory Festival in California. This arts exchange program was sponsored with the aid of the Association of Performing Arts Presenters and the US Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs._NEWLINE_In 2010, the company initiated a Theatre for Social Development program, building the capacity of Afghan theatre groups to develop productions that address social issues such as gender violence, health issues, conflict resolution, and other topics. In addition to theatre training, the program includes business training for local theatre groups to improve sustainability. Through this program, Bond Street Theatre has created four all-female theatre groups in Afghanistan, a first in the country. These companies allow live theatre to reach women in isolated communities, women's prisons, women's shelters, and other all-female domains. The United States Institute of Peace sponsored this innovative program along with the US Embassy in Kabul._NEWLINE_Bond Street Theatre's Voter Education and Fraud Mitigation Project prepared the Afghan population for the Presidential elections on April 5, 2014 and the subsequent run-off election on June 14th. The project built on ongoing programs with four Afghan theatre groups to bring civic information to hard-to-reach places with a focus on reaching women and youth. The project was supported by the United States Institute of Peace, and reached over 200,000 Afghans._NEWLINE_The company's current Youth Engagement Project has brought young Afghans together from 25 provinces for leadership training and cross-cultural exchange. Youth from each province successfully implemented community service projects in their region, focusing on themes ranging from environmental conservation, to domestic violence, to child labor. _START_SECTION_ Myanmar _START_PARAGRAPH_ Myanmar is the focus of a broader artistic initiative by Bond Street Theatre involving ongoing creative work with Burmese refugees in Bangladesh and Thailand. Prolonged conflict between the Myanmar government and many internal ethnic groups has resulted in mass-migrations to neighboring countries. Bond Street Theatre created a play with the Gitameit Music School combining traditional and modern forms of Burmese theatre with its own physical-visual theatre style to perform in Myanmar and in the surrounding refugee areas._NEWLINE_In 2009-2010, Bond Street Theatre worked as US State Department Cultural Envoys in Burma with Thila Min of Thukhuma Khayeethe (Art Travelers) Theatre. They created and performed The Handwashing Show, a show that creatively stressed the importance of hygiene. The show traveled to monastery schools and jungle villages near the Thai border._NEWLINE_The company returned in the Spring of 2011 to continue their theatrical programming, and further develop a full length production with Thukhuma Khayeethe about current issues facing Myanmar. This production will tour throughout the region in 2016/17. _START_SECTION_ Haiti _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the spring of 2011, Bond Street Theatre brought a three-week program of performances and workshops to the displaced population living in tent camps in Port-au-Prince and applied theatre-based methods toward post-crisis healing, empowerment and improved life skills as a means of community education and development. They worked in conjunction with the all-female theatre group FAVILEK (Women Victims Get Up, Stand Up), which was founded in 1991 by ten survivors of domestic and political violence._NEWLINE_Bond Street Theatre focused on issues facing women and girls in the camps while also developing a supportive and constructive environment for the male population in order to combat the rising rate of gender and sexual violence. The company drew upon its vast experience of theatrical techniques to create a comprehensive, enriching program to address and develop positive group dynamics, build self-esteem, address trauma, stimulate imagination, create hope and cultivate empowerment and leadership. _START_SECTION_ India _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bond Street Theatre collaborated on a theatre-based project for populations in India in collaboration with the Indian theatre group, Purvabhyas Theatre, and Exile Theatre of Afghanistan. The three-country team (US-Afghanistan-India) worked with rural women to encourage self-expression and confidence, with street-working children to initiate non-violent "life skills," and with youth to explore the nature of ethnic and religious disputes. The multi-year project was sponsored by the US Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (US Department of State)._NEWLINE_In cooperation with UNICEF, Bond Street Theatre created the South Asia Social Theatre Institute (SASTI) at the Gandhi Center in Delhi as a center for study and training in theatre-based approaches to leadership, conflict prevention, healing, and the transfer of information. _START_SECTION_ The Balkans _START_PARAGRAPH_ In the summer of 2000, one year after the war which devastated Kosovo, Bond Street Theatre collaborated with Theatre Tsvete, an award-winning puppet theatre company from Bulgaria, to create a non-verbal version of Romeo & Juliet. Both companies met while performing in the Kosovar refugee camps the prior year. The two companies performed their collaborative "Romeo & Juliet" in war-torn theatres across Kosovo in 2000, and in Serbia, Albania, Bosnia & Herzegovina, Macedonia, Romania, Croatia and Bulgaria in the following years. _START_SECTION_ Performing Artists for Balkan Peace _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2005, Bond Street Theatre and Theatre Tsvete initiated Performing Artists for Balkan Peace, an ongoing and expanding network of professional theatre companies, individual performing artists, and other theatre practitioners devoted to the active pursuit of peace, social progress and artistic cooperation through the performing arts, and placing an emphasis on strengthening the role of artists in the community. Performing Artists for Balkan Peace includes theatre practitioners from 10 companies from Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Serbia, Macedonia, Bulgaria, Greece, England and the United States. Their first collaborative production, Honey and Blood, performed in Blagoevgrad and Sofia, Bulgaria in 2005 and at the International Festival of Authorial Poetics in Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina in 2006. _START_SECTION_ Israel _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a resident company at the 1984 Israel Festival, Bond Street Theatre brought together 60 Palestinian, Kurdish, and Jewish actors of all ages to create an expansive street theatre spectacle and Jerusalem’s first professional street theatre company, which continued for many years. _START_SECTION_ Young Audiences Program _START_PARAGRAPH_ The company's programs for young audiences illuminate world arts and cultures, historical figures, the relationship between math and music, and other curricula topics. The Young Audience Program is presented in New York City public schools, New York City libraries, and city parks. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Founded in 1976 by a group of physical actors dedicated to innovative theatre and motivated by a passion to be useful in the world, in its early years the company used a diverse physical, visual and musical vocabulary to create entertaining and relevant performances exemplifying theatre’s ability to illuminate social and environmental issues._NEWLINE_In 1983, Bond Street Theatre established the Palenville Interarts Colony, an artists' retreat in upstate New York that fostered interdisciplinary collaboration and reached underserved rural audiences. The Colony also produced a community arts project and a Presenting Program, which presented artists such as Dave Brubeck & sons, Eiko & Koma, Bread & Puppet, Talking Band, and others. As a way to bring the community and the Colony closer together, the group created a Children’s Circus – complete with Circus Band – that toured the County with their colorful circus tent, snappy costumes, and amazing feats of physical prowess! The Circus delighted audiences in New York for five years and encouraged the circus arts to thrive across three counties. The Governor of New York named a day in our honor, Palenville Circus Day. Dave Brubeck and his sons gave the Palenville Interarts Colony and the Palenville Children’s Circus two fantastic benefit concerts in the Theatre on the Colony grounds._NEWLINE_The Shinbone Alley Stilt Band emerged as the live band accompanying the street theatre shows in the early 1980s that were performed in New York City. Originally, the performers would parade and play music, while characters on stilts would parade around before the show. Eventually, all the company members learned to walk on stilts. The Shinbone Alley Stilt Band was named after the alley next to the theatre on Bond Street, and made its debut with its new name in 1988 at a performance in Nagasaki, Japan. The Band still plays frequently at events in and around New York City._NEWLINE_As the company developed more international ties and incorporated more intercultural studies, the group began touring international festivals and theatres on a regular basis. In 1984, Bond Street Theatre traveled to the Israel Festival, where its members were exposed to peacebuilding work firsthand._NEWLINE_Over the last two decades, the need for cross-cultural understanding has been magnified and Bond Street Theatre has shifted in light of that change. To date, the company has initiated innovative theatre and theatre-based programs in over 40 countries worldwide, and reached populations in refugee camps, schools, shelters, prisons, rural villages and urban centers._NEWLINE_Today, the company focuses on using the performing arts as a form of humanitarian outreach and as a tool for education and healing in refugee camps, areas of conflict and post-war environments. The ensemble collaborates with local artists to enjoy the mutual benefits of artistic exchange, and to promote the value of the arts in advancing peace and shaping our collective future. In addition, the company finds the means to bring our collaborators to the US to bring the issues of the world closer to our local communities, to dispel misunderstandings about other cultures, traditions and religions, and to facilitate effective cross-cultural communication._NEWLINE_Bond Street Theatre continues to present innovative work in venues around the world. They initiate theatre programs for diverse community populations and collaborate with artists globally. In the USA, the company maintains an active Arts-in-Education program in schools and a popular Internship program that answers the growing interest among young artists in social theatre and internationally responsive arts programming. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bond Street Theatre received an award from The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation (1990), presented at the United Nations Conference on Women in Beijing (1995), traveled as US State Department Cultural Envoys to Burma (2009), presented at the Arts in One World Conference (2010), won first prize at the Meppel Festival in Netherlands, and won Best Show at the KimTom Festival in Shanghai.

11507670646276429019

Q4941334

_START_ARTICLE_ Bond valence method _START_PARAGRAPH_ The bond valence method or mean method (or bond valence sum) (not to be mistaken for the valence bond theory in quantum chemistry) is a popular method in coordination chemistry to estimate the oxidation states of atoms. It is derived from the bond valence model, which is a simple yet robust model for validating chemical structures with localized bonds or used to predict some of their properties. This model is a development of Pauling's rules. _START_SECTION_ Introduction _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although the bond valence model is mostly used for validating newly determined structures, it is capable of predicting many of the properties of those chemical structures that can be described by localized bonds _NEWLINE_In the bond valence model, the valence of an atom, V, is defined as the number of electrons the atom uses for bonding. This is equal to the number of electrons in its valence shell if all the valence shell electrons are used for bonding. If they are not, the remainder will form non-bonding electron pairs, usually known as lone pairs._NEWLINE_The valence of a bond, S, is defined as the number of electron pairs forming the bond. In general this is not an integral number. Since each of the terminal atoms contributes equal numbers of electrons to the bond, the bond valence is also equal to the number of valence electrons that each atom contributes. Further, since within each atom, the negatively charged valence shell is linked to the positively charged core by an electrostatic flux that is equal to the charge on the valence shell, it follows that the bond valence is also equal to the electrostatic flux that links the core to the electrons forming the bond. The bond valence is thus equal to three different quantities: the number of electrons each atom contributes to the bond, the number of electron pairs that form the bond, and the electrostatic flux linking each core to the bonding electron pair. _START_SECTION_ The distortion theorem _START_PARAGRAPH_ Eq. 2 is used to derive the distortion theorem which states that the more the individual bond lengths in a coordination sphere deviate from their average, the more the average bond length increases provided the valence sum is kept constant. Alternatively if the average bond length is kept constant, the more the bond valence sum increases _START_SECTION_ The ionic model _START_PARAGRAPH_ The bond valence model can be reduced to the traditional ionic model if certain conditions are satisfied. These conditions require that atoms be divided into cations and anions in such a way that (a) the electronegativity of every anion is equal to, or greater than, the electronegativity of any of the cations, (b) that the structure is electroneutral when the ions carry charges equal to their valence, and (c) that all the bonds have a cation at one end and an anion at the other. If these conditions are satisfied, as they are in many ionic and covalent compounds, the electrons forming a bond can all be formally assigned to the anion. The anion thus acquires a formal negative charge and the cation a formal positive charge, which is the picture on which the ionic model is based. The electrostatic flux that links the cation core to its bonding electrons now links the cation core to the anion. In this picture, a cation and anion are bonded to each other if they are linked by electrostatic flux, with the flux being equal to the valence of the bond. In a representative set of compounds Preiser et al. have confirmed that the electrostatic flux is the same as the bond valence determined from the bond lengths using Eq. 2._NEWLINE_The association of the cation bonding electrons with the anion in the ionic model is purely formal. There is no change in physical locations of any electrons, and there is no change in the bond valence. The terms "anion" and "cation" in the bond valence model are defined in terms of the bond topology, not the chemical properties of the atoms. This extends the scope of the ionic model well beyond compounds in which the bonding would normally be considered as "ionic". For example, methane, CH₄, obeys the conditions for the ionic model with carbon as the cation and hydrogen as the anion (or vice versa, since carbon and hydrogen have the same electronegativity)._NEWLINE_For compounds that contain cation-cation or anion-anion bonds it is usually possible to transform these homoionic bonds into cation-anion bonds either by treating the atoms linked by the homoionic bond as a single complex cation (e.g., Hg₂²⁺), or by treating the bonding electrons in the homoionic bond as a pseudo-anion to transform a cation-cation bond into two cation - pseudo-anion bonds, e.g., Hg²⁺-e²⁻-Hg²⁺. _START_SECTION_ The covalent model _START_PARAGRAPH_ Structures containing covalent bonds can be treated using the ionic model providing they satisfy the topological conditions given above, but a special situation applies to hydrocarbons which allows the bond valence model to be reduced to the traditional bond model of organic chemistry. If an atom has a valence, V, that is equal to its coordination number, N, its bonding strength according to Eq. 3 is exactly 1.0 vu (valence units), a condition that greatly simplifies the model. This condition is obeyed by carbon, hydrogen and silicon. Since these atoms all have bonding strengths of 1.0 vu the bonds between them are all predicted to have integral valences with carbon forming four single bonds and hydrogen one. Under these conditions, the bonds are all single bonds (or multiples of single bonds). Compounds can be constructed by linking carbon and hydrogen atoms with bonds that are all exactly equivalent. Under certain conditions, nitrogen can form three bonds and oxygen two, but since nitrogen and oxygen typically also form hydrogen bonds, the resulting N-H and O-H bonds have valences less than 1.0 vu, leading through the application of Eq. 1, to the C-C and C-H bonds having valences that differ from 1.0 vu. Nevertheless, the simple bonding rules of organic chemistry are still good approximations, though the rules of the bond valence model are better. _START_SECTION_ Predicting bonding geometry _START_PARAGRAPH_ A chemical structure can be represented by a bond network of the kind familiar in molecular diagrams. The infinitely connected bond networks found in crystals can be simplified into finite networks by extracting one formula unit and reconnecting any broken bonds to each other. If the bond network is not known, a plausible network can be created by connecting well matched cations and anions that satisfy Eq. 4. If the finite network contains only cation-anion bonds, every bond can be treated as an electric capacitor (two equal and opposite charges linked by electrostatic flux). The bond network is thus equivalent to a capacitive electrical circuit with the charge on each capacitor being equivalent to the bond valence. The individual bond capacitors are not initially known, but in the absence of any information to the contrary we assume that they are all equal. In this case the circuit can be solved using the Kirchhoff equations, yielding the valences of each bond. Eq. 2 can then be used to calculate bond lengths which are found to lie within a few picometres of the observed bond lengths if no additional constraints are present. Additional constraints include electronic anisotropies (lone pairs and Jahn-Teller distortions) or steric constraints, (bonds stretched or compressed in order to fit them into three-dimensional space). Hydrogen bonds are an example of a steric constraint. The repulsion resulting from the close approach of the donor and acceptor atoms causes the bonds to be stretched, and under this constraint the distortion theorem predicts that the hydrogen atom will move off-center._NEWLINE_The bond valence is a vector directed along the bond since it represents the electrostatic field linking the ions. If the atom is unconstrained, the sum of the bond valence vectors around an atom is expected to be zero, a condition that limits the range of possible bond angles. _START_SECTION_ Strengths and limitations of the model _START_PARAGRAPH_ The bond valence model is an extension of the electron counting rules and its strength lies in its simplicity and robustness. Unlike most models of chemical bonding, it does not require a prior knowledge of the atomic positions and so can be used to construct chemically plausible structures given only the composition. The empirical parameters of the model are tabulated and are readily transferable between bonds of the same type. The concepts used are familiar to chemists and provide ready insight into the chemical restraints acting on the structure. The bond valence model uses mostly classical physics, and with little more than a pocket calculator, it gives quantitative predictions of bond lengths and places limits on what structures can be formed._NEWLINE_However, like all models, the bond valence model has its limitations. It is restricted to compounds with localized bonds; it does not, in general, apply to metals or aromatic compounds where the electrons are delocalized. It cannot in principle predict electron density distributions or energies since these require the solution of the Schoedinger equation using the long-range Coulomb potential which is incompatible with the concept of a localized bond. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The bond valence method is a development of Pauling's rules. In 1930, Bragg showed that Pauling's electrostatic valence rule could be represented by electrostatic lines of force emanating from cations in proportion to the cation charge and ending on anions. The lines of force are divided equally between the bonds to the corners of the coordination polyhedron._NEWLINE_Starting with Pauling in 1947 a correlation between cation–anion bond length and bond strength was noted. It was then shown later that if bond lengths were included in the calculation of bond strength, its accuracy was improved, and this revised method of calculation was termed the bond valence. These new insights were developed by later workers culminating in the set of rules termed the bond valence model. _START_SECTION_ Doing the calculations _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is possible to do these simple calculations on paper or to use software. A program which does it can be obtained free of charge.

10037752354299718161

Q4941934

_START_ARTICLE_ Bongwater (band) _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ Earlier recordings consisted of psychedelic-era cover songs, sound collages and originals in an abrasive and/or abstract, dense and sludgy experimental style with often dreamy and cacophonous vocals by Magnuson on the songs "Frank" (a sardonic "tribute" to Frank Sinatra) and "Dazed and Chinese" (Led Zeppelin's "Dazed and Confused", sung in Cantonese). The band's style ultimately evolved into a more poppy, sexy approach which still retained an experimental edge as well as retaining the surreal and wicked, often self-deprecating wit which had distinguished the group's earlier releases. Lengthy sound collages would often terminate or begin the songs and without warning, a spoken word monologue (often taken from Magnuson's dream journal excerpts) might cut into the music._NEWLINE_They distinguished themselves as interpreters of songs by other artists and in particular of 1960s psychedelic rock songs, although they also covered occasional oddities like "Bedazzled" by Dudley Moore. They made "Kisses Sweeter than Wine" by The Weavers and "You Don't Love Me Yet" by Roky Erickson into virtual signature tunes. The former was made into a tribute to Bobby, Magnuson's late beloved brother, and others lost to AIDS. A number of their other songs made reference to this. This included their arguably biggest college radio hit, "Folk Song"._NEWLINE_The group created a number of arty low budget home movie-style music videos, three directed by Magnuson's then-boyfriend, Brad Dunning. However a more slick and polished example, "The Power of Pussy", strangely, aired on the Playboy Channel, which also financed its production._NEWLINE_Bongwater had two major college radio hits, "The Power of Pussy" and the marathon-length "Folk Song" and some college radio chart success. Personality clashes and money issues, however, caused the duo to split up with much acrimony.

12805703552707013516

Q530336

_START_ARTICLE_ Bonnie St. Claire _START_SECTION_ Life and career _START_PARAGRAPH_ St. Claire was born as Bonje Cornelia Swart in Rozenburg on 18 November 1949. She was born on a boat and is the daughter of a barge skipper. Her career began in 1966 when at a Peter Koelewijn concert, she was invited to come up on stage and sing with him._NEWLINE_In 1970 she had a hit with "I Won't Stand Between Them" which peaked at No. 6 in the Netherlands and spent eleven weeks in the charts. In 1979, she was part of a trio called Bonnie, Debbie & Rosy who released a single called "Oh Boy" which was written and produced by Peter Koelewijn. In addition to herself, the trio included Debbie aka Ria Schildmeyer, and Rosy Pereira._NEWLINE_Later St. Claire would join José Hoebee as part of the duo Bonnie & José and would have a degree of success in the Netherlands. The two singers were under the same management and they soon became friends and started socializing with each other. In 1984 they enjoyed a top 40 hit with "Cassandra" which had previously been recorded by ABBA. They also recorded an album of Abba songs which was approved by Björn Ulvaeus._NEWLINE_In 2010, St. Claire and Gerard Joling had a hit in the Netherlands with "Morgen Wordt Alles Anders" as Bonnie & Gerard. The song peaked at no. 2 and spent nine weeks in the charts.

16161768776188073271

Q17006101

_START_ARTICLE_ Bookjam _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ After creating his first start up, Interqubit, Cho was surprised to find out that most publishers were not able to afford to make ebooks, even at a low price. Therefore, he offered a revenue sharing model and began to make their books at no cost. After the very first ebook he made reached second-place ranking in Apple app store Korea, he changed his company name to 'Bookjam' in 2011, and began expanding._NEWLINE_As of October 2013, Bookjam has raised $17 million venture capital funding from Altos Ventures and Bon Angles._NEWLINE_On February 2014, Bookjam announced that it had entered the Japanese ebook market, by cooperating with Leed._NEWLINE_On February 2014, Bookjam announced its plan to provide cloud service to readers in May, which will allow contents to be synced across all platforms on all devices. _START_SECTION_ BXP _START_PARAGRAPH_ BXP stand for Bookjam eXtensible Publication, and is a platform created by Bookjam in 2011. BXP allows the production of interactive multimedia ebooks and optimized layouts for all devices with more features than what ePub allows. It can also add Vimeo videos, embed maps, offer social media, and enable audio recording. BXP allows auto compression of images to enable fast download that is adjusted to the resolution of the device. _START_SECTION_ Business and Services _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bookjam aims to provide multifunctional ebooks to readers and provide direct to consumer platform for publishers. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Innovation Award by Korea Electronic Publishing Association_NEWLINE_2013 Korea eBooks Awards, Winner, "The Land"_NEWLINE_2013 Korea eBooks Awards, Encouragement Award, "The Master Chef"

18346732205416588916

Q15991266

_START_ARTICLE_ Bookmice _START_SECTION_ Description _START_PARAGRAPH_ Norbert, Zazi and Leon, three fun-loving mice, live secretly behind the walls of the neighborhood library. Only Lee, a lonely boy who has just moved into the area, and an interloping, decrepit cat know of the existence of the Bookmice. Later in the series, the mice are discovered by three new children, Alysha, Jason, and Luke, who become their secret friends. Humor, wonder, stories, music, and delightful animation are present in the everyday adventures of the mice, as they explore the wondrous world of books – and the library's many friends and activities. Along with encouraging a love of reading, programs promote social values, as children learn about helping others, the importance of honesty, and overcoming fears.

4349170309302421589

Q1208230

_START_ARTICLE_ Bookseller/Diagram Prize for Oddest Title of the Year _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Although the award was created by The Bookseller, the idea of an award celebrating books with odd titles was proposed by Bruce Robinson and Trevor Bounford of the Diagram Group in order to provide entertainment during the Frankfurt Book Fair in 1978. Originally known as the Diagram Group Prize for the Oddest Title at the Frankfurt Book Fair, any book that was at the fair could be nominated, but other books outside of the fair were also included. In 1982, Horace Bent, diarist for The Bookseller, took over administrative duties. Following two occasions in 1987 and 1991 when no prize was given due to a lack of odd titles, The Bookseller opened suggestions to the readers of the magazine. In 2000, the winner was voted for by the public instead of being decided by Bent. In 2009, online submissions sent on Twitter were accepted. This resulted in the highest number of submissions for the prize in its history, with 90 books being submitted (50 from Twitter), almost three times the number from the previous year (32). However, Bent also expressed his annoyance at people who gave submissions that broke the rules, with some of the books mentioned being published as far back as 1880. The 2014 prize allowed nominations from self-published works, the first book being Strangers Have the Best Candy by Margaret Meps Schulte, which won the prize._NEWLINE_The Diagram Prize receives considerable press coverage every year. In 2008, more people voted for the Diagram Prize (8,500 votes) than The Best of Booker Prize (7,800). The prize is either a magnum of champagne or a bottle of claret for the person who nominates the winning title, and increased publicity for both the book and its author. In 2014, the nominator was Brian Payne, who works as the deputy chief sub-editor of The Bookseller. Due to his position he decided to reject the bottle of claret that he won saying it, "would remain in the cellar." In 2018, all the nominations came from staff at The Bookseller, so the claret will be awarded to a random voter who votes for the eventual winner. _START_SECTION_ Format _START_PARAGRAPH_ Nominees were originally limited to just books at the Frankfurt Book Fair, but this was extended to submissions sent in by The Bookseller magazine's traditional readership of librarians, publishers, and booksellers in order to decrease the risk of no award being given. In 2009, submissions could be sent to either Bent's or The Bookseller's Twitter accounts. People cannot nominate their own works, nor can they select books they publish themselves. Titles that are deliberately created to be funny are normally rejected. Also, nominators, judges and voters are actively discouraged from reading any of the nominations, "for fear that becoming too close to the work may cloud their judgement in declaring the text's title 'odd'. Especially considering the prize champions 'odd titles' and not 'odd books' (see the Man Booker for the latter)". The winner was originally voted for by a panel of judges, but since 2000 the winner has been voted for by members of the public via the Internet. Bent resisted this move and threatened to resign, but he later reconsidered and now creates the short list of finalists. Also, the title of the book must be in English, although the language in the book can be any language. _START_SECTION_ Books about the prize _START_PARAGRAPH_ In September 2008, a book about the Diagram Prize was published by Aurum Press entitled How to Avoid Huge Ships and Other Implausibly Titled Books. With an introduction written by Joel Rickett, the book was released to celebrate the 30th anniversary of the prize. It featured a collection of book covers from winners and runners-up from previous years. A follow-up book was released in October 2009, entitled Baboon Metaphysics And More Implausibly Titled Books, including an introduction by Bent. _START_SECTION_ Controversy _START_PARAGRAPH_ So far, there have been two occasions in which no award has been presented. Bent did not offer a prize in 1987 and 1991, as he felt there was no title that was odd enough to deserve the prize. The prize has become noteworthy enough that, in 2004, The Bookseller castigated publishers for choosing titles with a view to winning it, saying, "There were too many self-consciously titled entries – presumably in a bid to emulate the 2003 champion, Big Book of Lesbian Horse Stories". Bent has also expressed his dislike of people voting for ruder titles, stating that he himself would not have voted for the 2007 winner If You Want Closure in Your Relationship, Start with Your Legs._NEWLINE_In 2009, the choice of The 2009–2014 World Outlook for 60-milligram Containers of Fromage Frais as winner of the 2008 award was controversial, as Parker did not write the book himself, but used an automated authoring machine which produces thousands of titles on the basis of Internet and database searches. Philip Stone, charts editor and awards administrator at The Bookseller, commented by saying: "I think it's slightly controversial as it was written by a computer, but given the number of celebrity memoirs out there that are ghostwritten, I don't think it's too strange."_NEWLINE_In 2018, one of the nominations, Joy of Waterboiling, was controversial because the book was written mostly in German, but the rules of the prize state that only the title needs to be in English in order to qualify for nomination. _START_SECTION_ Diagram of Diagrams _START_PARAGRAPH_ Two special anniversary awards known as the "Diagram of Diagrams" (the name reflects the "Booker of Bookers") have been presented to honour both the 15th and the 30th anniversaries of the Diagram Prize. The nominations of the prizes were all of the previous winners up to that point in time. In 1993, the winner of the 15th anniversary award was Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Nude Mice, the winner of the first Diagram Prize. The second "Diagram of Diagrams", announced on 5 September 2008, was Greek Rural Postmen and Their Cancellation Numbers, the 1996 winner.

13160704522946024920

Q113151

_START_ARTICLE_ Boone County, Nebraska _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ According to the US Census Bureau, the county has an area of 687 square miles (1,780 km²), of which 687 square miles (1,780 km²) is land and 0.7 square miles (1.8 km²) (0.1%) is water.

11824146660224939225

Q4944089

_START_ARTICLE_ Bootstrapping populations _START_SECTION_ Remark _START_PARAGRAPH_ Note that the accuracy with which a parameter distribution law of_NEWLINE_populations compatible with a sample is obtained is not a function of the sample size. Instead, it is a function of the number of seeds we draw. In turn, this number is purely a matter of computational time but does not require any extension of the observed data. With other bootstrapping methods focusing on a generation of sample replicas (like those proposed by (Efron and Tibshirani 1993)) the accuracy of the estimate distributions depends on the sample size.

2927187507228755297

Q4944282

_START_ARTICLE_ Borakalalo Game Reserve _START_SECTION_ Characteristics _START_PARAGRAPH_ The reserve covers an area of about 13,000 hectares. The protected area is situated around the Klipvoor Dam and the Moretele River. The park consists of woodland and open bushveld vegetation._NEWLINE_The nearest bank is at Letlhabile, about 45 km south of the Reserve. There is a shop at the gate of the park selling basic goods. There are also good fishing spots in the park area, mainly in the Klipvoor Dam.

2162617184868163562

Q55605784

_START_ARTICLE_ Bordoll _START_SECTION_ Etymology _START_PARAGRAPH_ The name Bordoll is a portmanteau of bordello and doll. _START_SECTION_ Dolls _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bordoll has 13 female dolls and one male. Each weighs 30kg, has a name, and is defined as either "real", "fantasy", "skinny", or "anime". They are imported from Asia and cost the brothel doll £1,786 each. The brothel encourages the clients to provide clothing outfits in which to dress their doll. _START_SECTION_ Operation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Customers can have a session with a doll for about $100 per hour. Bordoll is a successful business with the dolls being books for about 12 sessions each per day. The owner states that around 70% of the clients are repeat customers._NEWLINE_Wives have been commonly observed by the owner Evelyn Schwarz waiting outside in cars for their husbands who are having a session._NEWLINE_The dolls are cleaned and disinfected after every use.

14018656280839557914

Q16844778

_START_ARTICLE_ Born Too Late (song) _START_SECTION_ In media _START_PARAGRAPH_ The song was used in the 1973 movie, That'll Be the Day.

15302390772688360155

Q3621970

_START_ARTICLE_ Bosco Littorio _START_SECTION_ Bosco Littorio _START_PARAGRAPH_ The area received its current name, which means lictorial wood and refers to the fasces, by the Fascist regime in the 20th century. Following the construction of the Polo petrolchimico di Gela refinery in the 1950s, the local vegetation was affected by the fumes, becoming swollen and contorted. Until the 1970s, the area was used by inhabitants of Gela as a summer resort and swimming spot. It was also frequented by people carrying out illicit excavations._NEWLINE_In 1983, archaeological excavations were carried out, which revealed the emporium and from 1992 the area became part of the state property governed by the Soprintendenza di Caltanissetta, which is based at Gela. The wooded area can be entered freely and is looked after by the Corpo forestale della Regione siciliana. The archaeological area was opened to the public on 29 May 2009. _START_SECTION_ Archaic emporium _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Archaic Emporium, as it is identified by archaeologists, contains numerous structures (more than ten) which belong to a broad area extending from the port to the acropolis (the site of the ancient acropolis is the hill now known as Molino a vento) of the ancient Greek city of Gela, in an area bounded by the Gela river on the southeastern side. The buildings consist of regular square rooms. The walls survive to a height of more than 2 metres and in some cases preserve the ancient holes for the roof beams. In many cases, the layers of plaster which covered the interior walls are also preserved. In one of the structures, an entire door is preserved, including jambs and architrave. The walls were built of rough sundried mudbricks, probably mass-produced since almost all of them have the same measurements (60 x 60 x 15 cm)._NEWLINE_The first phase of activity in this area is datable to the time of the Greek colony's foundation in the 8th century BC. The site developed in the 6th century, until its destruction after 480 BC, probably from natural causes. The destruction might have been caused by a tsunami: traces of a traumatic event are clear from the collapsed walls of some of the houses. Over the remains of the archaic area is evidence for a final phase of life, characterised by the celebration of feasts which probably had a religious dimension._NEWLINE_The discovery of the site occurred during work on the foundations of a communal kindergarten. As a result of the discovery, this work was interrupted and the building was built elsewhere instead._NEWLINE_In December 1999, during some excavations carried out to the west of Bosco by Lavinia Sole under the direction of Sopraintendente Rosalbe Panvini, three terracotta altars were discovered, dating to the 480s BC and decorated with reliefs of mythological figures, the gorgon Medusa with her children Pegasus and Chrysaor under her arms on one, the goddess Eos kidnaping Thanatos on another, and a triad of female figures whose significance is unclear on the third. The altars are on display in the Regional Archaeological Museum of Gela._NEWLINE_A new series of excavations was begun in November 2007 and concluded the next year, in September, and was carried out in tandem with the recovery of the archaic ships on the seabed nearby. The shipwrecks and the emporium have been treated as a single object of research by scholars, since they were probably destroyed by the same event._NEWLINE_During a three-day expedition, Traffici, commerci e vie di distribuzione nel Mediterraneo tra protostoria e V secolo a.C. (27–29 May 2009), the site was opened to the workers and their families and then to the wider public; it remains freely accessible today.

3147299013950181863

Q1702870

_START_ARTICLE_ Bosque de Fray Jorge National Park _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The place where today the Fray Jorge National Park is located was discovered in 1627 by a priest of the Franciscan order, who, due to a lack of timber in the area, set out to search for it with the help of some mules. After "miraculously" finding it at this location, he brought back some timber and used it to build part of the bell tower of the Church of San Francisco in La Serena._NEWLINE_The Bosque de Fray Jorge national park was created in 1941 and is administered by the Chilean forest authority CONAF. UNESCO incorporated the national park as a biosphere reservation in 1977.

16371114097041404085

Q15980829

_START_ARTICLE_ Boston District Independents _START_SECTION_ Frampton and Holme By-Election, 18 October 2012 _START_PARAGRAPH_ Caused by the resignation of Independent Councillor Brian Rush (formerly a member of the Boston Bypass Independents). The Boston District Independents declined to stand and instead assisted another Independent candidate, Maggie Peberdy who came second with 139 votes or 26.7%. _START_SECTION_ Group Reorganisation _START_PARAGRAPH_ At Boston Borough Council's Annual General Meeting in May 2013, the group was reconstituted as "Independent Group 2".

18214605317758180005

Q722522

_START_ARTICLE_ Bouïra _START_SECTION_ Geography _START_PARAGRAPH_ It is located in the geographical heart of the province. It borders the municipality of Ait Laziz in the north, Aïn Turk in the north-east (home to the largest aqueduct in Africa), Aïn El Hadjar in the east, El Hachimia in the south-east, Oued El Berdi in the south, El Asnam in the south-west, Haizer in the west, and Taghzourt in the north-west.

2021699997759879727

Q895118

_START_ARTICLE_ Boulton and Watt _START_SECTION_ The engine partnership _START_PARAGRAPH_ The partnership was formed in 1775 to exploit Watt's patent for a steam engine with a separate condenser. This made much more efficient use of its fuel than the older Newcomen engine. Initially the business was based at the Soho Manufactory near Boulton's Soho House on the southern edge of the then-rural parish of Handsworth. However most of the components for their engines were made by others, for example the cylinders by John Wilkinson._NEWLINE_In 1795, they began to make steam engines themselves at their Soho Foundry in Smethwick, near Birmingham, England. The partnership was passed to two of their sons in 1800. William Murdoch was made a partner of the firm in 1810, where he remained until his retirement 20 years later at the age of 76. The firm lasted over 120 years, albeit renamed "James Watt & Co." in 1849, and was still making steam engines in 1895, when it was sold to W & T Avery Ltd.. _START_SECTION_ Nurturing talent _START_PARAGRAPH_ The business was a hotbed for the nurturing of emerging engineering talent. Among the names which were employed there in the eighteenth century were James Law, Peter Ewart, William Brunton, Isaac Perrins, William Murdoch, and John Southern. _START_SECTION_ Archive _START_PARAGRAPH_ The firm left an extremely detailed archive of its activities, which was given to the city of Birmingham in 1911 and is kept at the Library of Birmingham. The library has since obtained various other related archives._NEWLINE_An additional archive was donated to the Boulton and Watt collection in 2015. It represents the significant research carried out by Dr John Richardson (Accession number 2015/049) The archive includes: A copy of his completed P.h.D.thesis submitted to the University of Reading in 1989. The original thesis remains the property of the University of Reading._NEWLINE_The archive contains: Display folders containing text and different varieties of drawings from the detailed examination of the large number of portfolios of engineering drawings. these include drawings used in the development of new ideas, detail drawings of parts, assembly drawings, drawings used in instruction and function and 'prestige' drawings often produced in full colour to provide customers with realistic views of assemblies and finished engines._NEWLINE_Folders containing detailed handwritten notes on all portfolios examined. This information includes portfolio number, dates of drawings and comments on techniques used. Where applicable, the records cross reference with letters, books and other related literature on the firm of Boulton and Watt._NEWLINE_A selection of DVDs containing all text and the many drawings studied are also included in the archive._NEWLINE_The research is primarily concerned with the contribution of the firm of Boulton and Watt to engineering drawing used in design and manufacture. The archive also includes work carried out by other early architects, artists, engineers and designers._NEWLINE_The archive also includes information on a project undertaken in 1984. _NEWLINE_The Australian Project_NEWLINE_An opportunity arose in 1984 to evaluate the use of Boulton & Watt drawings made two hundred years earlier when Dr Richardson was asked to help the Museum of Applied Arts and Sciences, New South Wales Australia who were planning to restore and erect a Boulton and Watt engine. In the course of restoration the engine had been completely dismantled and the work revealed that the cylinder, valve gear, condenser and air pump had all been modified at least once from the original design. Reports from Australia confirmed that the engine was erected in the Power House Museum, Ultimo, New South Wales. This engine was originally designed and built for Samuel Whitbread in 1784 and the job portfolio (B & W 4) contains forty four drawings that relate to it. Copies of the different types of drawings were made and sent out; they provided all the necessary information required to re assemble and erect the engine. (Dr Louise Crossley 1984)

8599922273453311188

Q2922495

_START_ARTICLE_ Bousillage _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bousillage (bouzillage, bousille, bouzille) is a mixture of clay and grass or other fibrous substances used as the infill (chinking) between the timbers of a half-timbered building. This material was commonly used by 18th-century French colonial settlers in the historical New France region of the United States and is similar to the material cob and adobe. In French torchis has the same meaning or the meaning of a loaf of this material. _START_SECTION_ Discussion _START_PARAGRAPH_ Bousillage in south Louisiana is a mixture of clay earth and retted Spanish moss, but in the Upper Mississippi River Valley and Canada contains straw, grass or hair, used to fill in the panels in poteaux-sur-sol, poteaux-en-terre, and half-timbered framing (called colombage in French). This was a technique used in French Louisiana by colonists from the 18th to 19th centuries. In France the framing was typically in-filled between the post with brick (briquette-entre-poteaux), stone and mud (Pierrotage) or bousillage. There was no stone in south Louisiana, and bricks were not being made during early colonial times. The colonist picked up on a technique that the Native Americans were using to build their wattle and daub structures, and that was heavy clay soil and retted Spanish moss as the binder. Split sticks or staves, known as barreaux, rabbits or batons were used as rungs between the upright post. They were shaped to fit at an angle and hammered into place without the use of nails._NEWLINE_Bousillage is made by layering a taché (hole in the ground) with mud and moss and adding water. Then tacherons (barefoot men) worked the mixture into a mortar. Torchis (bousillage shaped like a bread dough loaf) are hung over the barreaux being compacted as placed one next to the other. The finished wall would have been either lime washed or covered with lime plaster. The plaster contains animal hair as a binder.

779693269084798664

Q27984146

_START_ARTICLE_ Boydsville, Missouri _START_PARAGRAPH_ Boydsville is an unincorporated community in Callaway County, in the U.S. state of Missouri. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ A post office called Boydsville was established in 1858, and remained in operation until 1906. John K. Boyd, an early postmaster, gave the community his name.

1199762952312215877

Q4952707

_START_ARTICLE_ Boys and Girls High School _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brooklyn's first public high school, the Central Grammar School (named "Central" rather than "Free" to avoid controversy over providing free "higher education" for poor children), opened, September 1878 in a rented building on Court & Livingston Streets. A new building was planned on the east side of Nostrand Avenue between from Halsey and Macon Streets, designed by Superintendent of Buildings James W. Naughton, but by the time it opened in 1886, enrollment had increased to the point where it was decided to use this building as the girls' high school and to build a separate building for the boys. The boys remained in the Court Street space. As there were now effectively two schools, in 1891 they were renamed as the Girls' High School and the Boys' High School. A new building for the boys was begun in 1891, on Marcy Avenue, between Madison Street & Putnam Avenue. it opened as Boys High School on November 1, 1892. In 1975 the two schools were merged once again, and shortly afterwards moved into their present building at Fulton Street and Utica Avenue._NEWLINE_From 1986 until 2004, the school's principal was Frank Mickens, who dealt with the school's many problems during the 1980s, and turned into an excellent college preparatory institution for poor and marginalized young men and women. By 1989 some 70 percent of graduates were enrolled in colleges. Though Mickens methods were attacked on the grounds that he was steering undesirable students to other institutions, his success was hard to question; and there had been no objections during the long years in which both Boys' and Girls' had been in decline, largely due to "steering" good students to other places.

17087036708629095311

Q30622899

_START_ARTICLE_ Brahmanagudem railway station _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Between 1893 and 1896, 1,288 km (800 mi) of the East Coast State Railway, between Vijayawada and BMGMttack was opened for traffic. The southern part of the West Coast State Railway (from Waltair to Vijayawada) was taken over by Madras Railway in 1901.

3136331505908792120

Q4955815

_START_ARTICLE_ Brain connectivity estimators _START_SECTION_ Classical methods _START_PARAGRAPH_ Classical estimators of connectivity are correlation and coherence. The above measures provide information on the directionality of interactions in terms of delay (correlation) or coherence (phase), however the information does not imply causal interaction. Moreover it may be ambiguous, since phase is determined modulo 2π. It is also not possible to identify by means of correlation or coherence reciprocal connections. _START_SECTION_ Non-linear methods _START_PARAGRAPH_ Most frequently used nonlinear estimators of connectivity are: mutual information, transfer entropy, generalised synchronisation, continuity measure, synchronization likelihood, phase synchronization. First two of them rely on construction of histograms for estimation of probabilities. Continuity measure, generalized synchronisations, synchronisation likelihood are very similar methods based on reconstruction of phase space of signals. Among these measures only transfer entropy allows for the determination of directionality. According to, nonlinear measures require long stationary segments of signals, are prone to systematic errors and above all are very sensitive to noise. The comparison of nonlinear methods with linear correlation in the presence of noise revealed the poorer performance of non-linear estimators. In the authors conclude that there must be good reason to think that there is non-linearity in the data to apply non-linear methods. In fact it was demonstrated by means of surrogate data test, and time series forecasting that nonlinearity in EEG and LFP is the exception rather than a rule. On the other hand linear methods perform quite well also for non-linear signals. Finally, non-linear methods are bivariate (calculated pair-wise), which has serious implication on their performance. _START_SECTION_ Bivariate versus multivariate estimators _START_PARAGRAPH_ Comparison of performance of bivariate and multivariate estimators of connectivity may be found in, where it was demonstrated that in case of interrelated system of channels, greater than two, bivariate methods supply misleading information, even reversal of true propagation may be found._NEWLINE_Consider the very common situation that the activity from a given source is measured at electrodes positioned at different distances, hence different delays between the recorded signals._NEWLINE_When a bivariate measure is applied, propagation is always obtained when there is a delay between channels., which results in a lot of spurious flows. When we have two or three sources acting simultaneously, which is a common situation, we shall get dense and disorganized structure of connections, similar to random structure (at best some "small world" structure may be identified). This kind of pattern is usually obtained in case of application of bivariate measures. In fact, effective connectivity patterns yielded by EEG or LFP measurements are far from randomness, when proper multivariate measures are applied, as we shall demonstrate below. _START_SECTION_ Multivariate methods based on Granger causality _START_PARAGRAPH_ The testable definition of causality was introduced by Granger. Granger causality principle states that if some series Y(t) contains information in past terms that helps in the prediction of series X(t), then Y(t) is said to cause X(t). Granger causality principle can be expressed in terms of two-channel multivariate autoregressive model (MVAR). Granger in his later work pointed out that the determination of causality is not possible when the system of considered channels is not complete._NEWLINE_The measures based on Granger causality principle are: Granger Causality Index (GCI), Directed Transfer Function (DTF) and Partial Directed Coherence (PDC). These measures are defined in the framework of Multivariate Autoregressive Model. _START_SECTION_ Granger Causality Index _START_PARAGRAPH_ Granger causality index showing the driving of channel x by channel y is defined as the logarithm of the ratio of residual variance for one channel to the residual variance of the two-channel model:_NEWLINE_GCIy→ₓ = ln (e/e₁) _NEWLINE_This definition can be extended to the multichannel system by considering how the inclusion of the given channel changes the residual variance ratios. To quantify directed influence from a channel xⱼ to xᵢ for n channel autoregressive process in time domain we consider n and n−1 dimensional MVAR models. First, the model is fitted to whole n-channel system, leading to the residual variance Vᵢ,ₙ(t) = var(Eᵢ,ₙ(t)) for signal xᵢ. Next, a n−1 dimensional MVAR model is fitted for n−1 channels, excluding channel j, which leads to the residual variance Vᵢ,ₙ−1(t) = var (Eᵢ,ₙ−1(t)). Then Granger causality is defined as:_NEWLINE_GCI is smaller or equal 1, since the variance of n-dimensional system is lower than the residual variance of a smaller, n−1 dimensional system. _NEWLINE_GCI(t) estimates causality relations in time domain. For brain signals the spectral characteristics of the signals is of interest, because for a given task the increase of propagation in certain frequency band may be accompanied by the decrease in another frequency band. DTF or PDC are the estimators defined in the frequency domain. _START_SECTION_ Applications _START_PARAGRAPH_ DTF found multiple applications, the early ones involved: localization of epileptic foci, estimation of EEG propagation in different sleep stages and wakefulness, determination of transmission between brain structures of an animal during a behavioral test._NEWLINE_One may observe the shifting of sources toward the front in transition from wakefulness to the deeper sleep stages. In the deep sleep the source is over corpus callosum, presumably it is connected with feeding the cortex from the sub-cortical structures._NEWLINE_One of the first applications of SDTF was determination of the dynamic propagation during performance of finger movement and its imagination,. The results corresponded very well with the known phenomena of event related synchronization and desynchronization such as decrease of the activity in alpha and beta band and brief increase of activity in the gamma band during movement in the areas corresponding to primary motor cortex, beta rebound after movement and so-called surround effect. Especially interesting was comparison of real finger movement and its imagination. In case of real movement the short burst of gamma propagation was observed from the electrode positioned over finger primary motor cortex . In case of movement imagination this propagation started later and a cross-talk between different sites overlying motor area and supplementary motor area (SMA) was found. (The dynamics of propagation may be observed in animations)._NEWLINE_Another applications of SDTF concerned evaluation of transmission during cognitive experiments. The results of the Continuous Attention Test (CAT) confirmed the engagement of prefrontal and frontal structures in the task and supported the hypothesis of an active inhibition by pre-SMA and right inferior frontal cortex. Animations of propagation during CAT test are available._NEWLINE_The results obtained by means of SDTF in experiments involving working memory were compatible with fMRI studies on the localization of the active sites and supplied the information concerning the temporal interaction between them. The animation illustrating dynamics of the interaction are available._NEWLINE_Note that care should be taken to avoid spurious connectivity estimates when using EEG channel data. Recent articles highlight that previous claims that DTF and PDC were insensitive to volume conduction were inaccurate. Indeed, DTF results obtained for signals recorded from the scalp are in general affected by volume conduction. Even though the effects of volume conduction might be minimal in specific recording situations, appropriate preprocessing on channel data (such as source identification) should be performed before estimating DTF or PDC. _START_SECTION_ Conclusions _START_PARAGRAPH_ The existence of well defined sources of brain activity connected with particular experimental conditions are well established in fMRI experiments, by means of inverse solution methods and intracortical measurements. This kind of deterministic structure of brain activity should affect functional connectivity, so reported in some works random or barely distinguished from random connectivity structure may be considered as a surprising phenomenon. This kind of results may be explained by methodological errors: 1) unrobust methods of connectivity estimation and, even more important, 2) application of bivariate methods. When multivariate robust measures of connectivity are applied for EEG analysis a clear picture of functional connectivity emerges.

8027335662085662066

Q2732810

_START_ARTICLE_ Brandon Barnes _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brandon received his first drum set when he was nine years old from his grandfather, who was a jazz musician in Chicago. He started drum lessons when he was twelve until he was seventeen, he also joined a jazz band in high school. He studied music in college and played drums in the University of Colorado music program. He knew then he wanted to make music his career. By listening to his favorite drummers such as Elvin Jones, Tony Williams, Terry Bozzio, Peter Erskine, and Dave Lombardo, Brandon developed the style of playing he has used in many bands over the last 10 years. _START_SECTION_ Pinhead Circus (1999) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pinhead Circus formed in 1988 with Jimmy Pinhead, guitarist, Trevor, bassist, and Otis as the drummer. In 1997 the band caught their attention of BYO Records and released their first album, Detailed Instructions for the Self Involved, later that year. Brandon joined Pinhead Circus in 1999 after their drummer Otis left. Pinhead then released their second album, Everything Else Is Just a Far Gone Conclusion in 1999 through BYO Records. Soon after, Barnes split the band before joining Rise Against in 2000. _START_SECTION_ Rise Against (2000-present) _START_PARAGRAPH_ After leaving his previous band "Pinhead Circus" Brandon joined Rise Against in 2000 after their drummer, Dan Lumley left and he was then asked to join the band. The band then signed with Fat Wreck Chords in 2001. They then released their debut album The Unraveling and spent the rest of the year touring. The band returned to the studio in December 2002 to work on their second full-length, Revolutions Per Minute in 2003 and toured for 2003's Warped Tour, which gained the band some success. Rise Against then signed to Dreamworks Records in late 2003 to begin the recording of their third record, but Dreamworks was shortly absorbed by the Universal Music Group, and Rise Against found itself with major label Geffen Records. Todd Mohney, the band's guitarist at the time left and was replaced by Chris Chasse and began the recording of the new album Siren Song of the Counter Culture. Siren Song of the Counter Culture was released on August 10, 2004 peaking at number 136 on the U.S. Billboard 200 album charts, gaining the band major success with the singles "Give It All, "Swing Life Away", and "Life Less Frightening"._NEWLINE_The band re-entered the studio in January 2006, after touring in support of Siren Song of the Counter Culture, Rise Against recorded their fourth studio album at the Blasting Room studio in Fort Collins, Colorado with producers Bill Stevenson and Jason Livermore. The Sufferer & the Witness was released on July 4, 2006 peaking at number 10 on Billboard 200 and received generally positive reviews from critics and was a commercial success along with their singles "Ready to Fall", "Prayer of the Refugee" and "The Good Left Undone". Rise Against toured in support of The Sufferer & the Witness throughout the second half of 2006 and all of 2007. The band was a headliner in the 2006 Warped Tour as part of The Sufferer & the Witness Tour. In late 2006, the band co-headlined a tour with Thursday that included the bands Circa Survive and Billy Talent. The Sufferer & the Witness has less of the hardcore punk feel from the band's previous album. In 2007 Chasse decided to leave the band and was replaced by longtime friend Zach Blair from Only Crime. During this tour, on July 3, 2007, Rise Against released an EP in Canada titled This Is Noise, which was subsequently released in the United States on January 15, 2008._NEWLINE_Rise Against's fifth studio album Appeal to Reason was released on October 4 in Australia, October 6 across Europe, and October 7 in the United States. The album sold 64,700 copies in its first week and peaked at number 3 on the U.S. Billboard 200, making it Rise Against's highest-charting album to date. Appeal to Reason was met with generally positive reviews. Rise Against embarked on a North American tour with bands Rancid, Billy Talent, Killswitch Engage, and Riverboat Gamblers in June and July 2009._NEWLINE_After touring for almost two years Rise Against had begun recording their sixth studio album for a 2011 release, at the Blasting Room in Fort Collins, Colorado. Rise Against has announced two South American shows in Brazil and Argentina and a run of European shows in late February and March 2011 respectively. Endgame was released on March 11, 2011 in the United States peaking at number 2 on The Billboard 200, receiving positive reviews from critics and commercial success in the United States and Canada, along with the band's three previous albums. After touring South America, and Europe, Rise Against will tour the United States in April in support of the Endgame Tour, with Bad Religion, and Four Year Strong in the support of the tour.

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Q4956836

_START_ARTICLE_ Brandon Dickerson _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brandon Dickerson is an American writer, director, and producer whose work includes film, music video, documentary film, and television commercials. He made his feature film directorial debut with the 2011 feature film Sironia, which won the Audience Award at the 2011 Austin Film Festival in October 2011 before its release through Filmbuff. His second feature film as writer-director, Victor, is set for release in 2017 as is his documentary film A Single Frame._NEWLINE_His most notable music videos include work for The Jonas Brothers, Demi Lovato, Selena Gomez, Switchfoot, Sixpence None the Richer, Bridget Mendler, Dishwalla, China McClain, Zendaya, Steven Curtis Chapman, Vince Gill, Michael W. Smith, Jeremy Camp, Toby Mac, and Elissa._NEWLINE_As a commercial director, Dickerson has worked with companies like Aprilia, Autodesk, Sony PlayStation, Sega, Yahoo!, Kinder Chocolate, The Walt Disney Company, and Partnership for Drug-Free Kids. In 2000, he won the Gold Lion award at the Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity. Dickerson is signed with kaboom productions for commercials and music videos.

18023108908615311965

Q42416178

_START_ARTICLE_ Brandon Pereira _START_SECTION_ International career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pereira represented Canada at two Junior World Cups: 2013 in New Delhi and 2016 in Lucknow. He captained the Canadian team that won the silver medal at the 2014 Youth Olympics in Nanjing, China. He was part of the national team that clinched silver at the 2017 Men's Pan American Cup in Lancaster, United States. He was selected for the 2018 World Cup, but he only played one game because he picked up an injury in the first match. In June 2019, he was selected in the Canada squad for the 2019 Pan American Games. They won the silver medal as they lost 5–2 to Argentina in the final. _START_SECTION_ Personal life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Pereira was born on 30 April 1996 in Surrey, British Columbia. His grandfather played field hockey for Uganda at the 1972 Olympics, while his father also played the sport._NEWLINE_As of April 2016, having completed level 1 course to be an electrician, Pereira is working with a contractor.

15325165782357299805

Q898652

_START_ARTICLE_ Branko Bošnjaković _START_PARAGRAPH_ Branko (Franjo Marko) Bošnjaković (born 18 February 1939) is a Dutch-Croatian physicist and professional working in the field of environmental protection and sustainability. _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Branko Bošnjaković was born in Zagreb. He studied physics at the Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany and obtained his doctorate in nuclear physics at the State University of Utrecht, Netherlands in 1968. His career included basic and applied research, international management and advisory functions. _START_SECTION_ Professional activities _START_PARAGRAPH_ The years 1968 to 1975 were spent on research in elementary particle physics at CERN, Geneva (Switzerland). From 1975 to 1991, as a senior advisor with the Dutch Ministry of Environment, he conceived and coordinated the multi-annual Dutch National Programme on radiation in the living environment. As a member of the International Non-Ionizing Radiation Committee (INIRC, now ICNIRP) from 1979 to 1992, he contributed to the setting and acceptance of world-wide radiation protection standards. In 1990, he participated in the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Expert Group planning the Chernobyl Centre for International Research._NEWLINE_From 1991 to 1993, he was a member of the management team of Regional Environmental Center for Central and Eastern Europe (REC) in Budapest, Hungary. Subsequently, he advised the World Health Organization European Centre on Environment and Health, Bilthoven, the Netherlands. In 1994, he became a member of the Commission for Education and Communication of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). From 1994 to 2001, as Regional Adviser on Environment of the UN Economic Commission for Europe, he addressed trans-boundary water and environmental issues in Central Asia, Transcaucasia and Southeast Europe. From 1994 to 2009, he was also affiliated to the Avalon Foundation for the promotion of sustainable agriculture in transition countries. In 2001 he was elected as titular professor at the Faculty of Engineering, University of Rijeka, Croatia, focusing on environmental management. He has he acted also as a consultant for the European Commission, Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe and UNESCO. He has been author or co-author of more than 120 scientific and professional publications in the fields of nuclear physics, elementary particle physics, radiation protection, institutional and geopolitical issues of the environment, natural resources and energy, and of sustainable development. A frequently quoted book is Human Exposure to Ultraviolet Radiation: Risks and Regulations, Editors W. F. Passchier and B. F. M. Bosnjakovic, Excerpta Medica, Amsterdam - New York City - Oxford, 1987. _START_SECTION_ Distinctions _START_PARAGRAPH_ Branko Bošnjaković received a plaquette of recognition by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1992, and the golden award for civil protection of the Republic of Slovenia in 1994. He was appointed Honorary Associate by the Centre for Energy, Petroleum and Mineral Law and Policy (CEPMLP) in Dundee, Scotland, in 1998, and a Life Fellow of the REC (Regional Environmental Centre for Central and Eastern Europe), Hungary, 2000. He received the Gouden Tientje (Golden Coin) from the Dutch Ministry of Environment in recognition of achievements for environment and sustainable development. _START_SECTION_ Other interests _START_PARAGRAPH_ As a coordinator of the Dutch Section of Amnesty International for the human rights in East Germany (former GDR) from 1985 to 1991, Branko Bošnjaković witnessed some of the historic changes on the spot. From 1990 to 1995, he was a member of the Board of the Foundation Netherlands-Croatia. He was co-organiser of a meeting held in Vienna in 2009 under the auspices of the Ignaz Lieben Society on the history of science and technology. In 2011, he was an invited speaker at the Conference on Scholars in Exile and Dictatorships of the 20th Century. _START_SECTION_ Private _START_PARAGRAPH_ Branko Bošnjaković originates from a scientifically oriented family. His father Fran Bošnjaković (1902–1993) had international reputation in technical thermodynamics, his grandfather Srećko Bošnjaković (1865–1907) was a pioneer of chemistry and sports in Croatia. He is father of a daughter and a son, and grandfather of three grandchildren; his residence is in Switzerland.

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Q1266428

_START_ARTICLE_ Branko Miljković _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ He was best known throughout Yugoslavia, the Soviet Union and other countries of the Eastern Bloc for his influential writings. At a time when no one could have foreseen anything but a bright future for the poet, he died prematurely in 1961 at the age of 27. He was found hanging from a tree in Zagreb, today's Croatia. This controversial incident was officially recorded as a suicide._NEWLINE_In his one-line poem "Epitaph," he writes "Ubi me prejaka reč" ("I was killed by a word too strong") almost sensing his premature end of life. During the last years of his life, he published five books of poetry (I Wake Her in Vain, Death against Death, The Origin of Hope, Fire and Nothing, The Shining Blood, criticism, and translations of the French Symbolists and Russian poet Osip Mandelstam. He continues to influence poets to this day.

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Q898916

_START_ARTICLE_ Brantt Myhres _START_SECTION_ Playing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Myhres played for the Tampa Bay Lightning, Philadelphia Flyers, San Jose Sharks, Nashville Predators, Washington Capitals, and Boston Bruins. He was suspended four times by the NHL for failing drug tests and was eventually banned from the league for life. After becoming clean and sober and studying substance abuse behavioral health at Mount Royal University in Calgary, Myhres was hired by the Los Angeles Kings in September 2015 as the team's player assistance director.

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Q22906898

_START_ARTICLE_ Braunstein (wargame) _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Braunstein was a type of informal miniatures wargame introduced by David Wesely circa 1969, and modified by Dave Arneson. Although the game itself was never published, its development influenced Arneson's ideas on role-playing games, which led to his involvement in development of Blackmoor and the Dungeons & Dragons game. _START_SECTION_ Overview _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1967, David Wesely served as referee for a Napoleonic wargame set in the fictional German town of Braunstein._NEWLINE_As usual, two players acted as commanders of the opposing armies, but because he was interested in multi-player games, Wesely assigned additional, non-military roles. For example, he had players acting as town mayor, banker, and university chancellor. When two players challenged each other to a duel, Wesely found it necessary to improvise rules for the encounter on the spot. Though Wesely thought the results were chaotic and the experiment a failure, the other players enjoyed the role playing aspect and asked him to run another game._NEWLINE_Wesely's Braunstein drew inspiration from Diplomacy, a game requiring players to negotiate in between turns. The idea of a referee was derived from Strategos: The American Game of War (1880), by Charles Totten. Totten's book also inspired Wesely with the idea of having a game master who invented the scenario for the evening's battle. Wesely discovered the idea of "n-player" strategy games from The Compleat Strategist (1954) by J.D. Williams. Wesely also read and cited as influential, Conflict and Defense: A General Theory (1962), by Kenneth E. Boulding._NEWLINE_Its name was licensed for use as Barons of Braunstein by Olde House Rules_NEWLINE_Wesley continues to run campaigns of Braunstein at GaryCon. _START_SECTION_ Influence _START_PARAGRAPH_ Braunstein contributed to the development of role-playing games by introducing a one-to-one identification of player and character, and open-ended rules allowing the players to attempt any action, with the result of the action determined by the referee._NEWLINE_Wesely subsequently invented a new role playing scenario in which players attempt to stage or avert a coup in a small Latin American republic. He and Dave Arneson, another member of the MMSA, took turns acting as the referee for repeated stagings of this scenario, which was also known as a 'Braunstein'; Arneson took over as referee after Wesely was drafted into the Army. They invented new variations in the perpetually unstable nation of Banania._NEWLINE_In October 1970, Wesely, who had enrolled in Army ROTC at the University of Kansas, was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant and ordered to active duty. Arneson continued to run Braunstein and invent new scenarios. Duane Jenkins, another gamer in the MMSA, collaborated with Arneson to create another series of "wild west Braunsteins" set in "Brownstone Texas". The "Brownstone" games introduced the concept of giving the players their own "player characters" with a history that they could develop from game to game, rather than starting over each time the game was played._NEWLINE_Arneson eventually expanded the Braunsteins to include ideas from The Lord of the Rings and Dark Shadows. Arneson adjusted his Braunsteins to use Gary Gygax's Chainmail rules and allow players to play themselves in the fantasy Barony of Blackmoor, which included delving beneath "Castle Blackmoor", a castle that originated in a plastic kit that Arneson had of a Sicilian castle. In 1971 Arneson developed a Braunstein set in a fantasy world called "Blackmoor", a precursor to Dungeons & Dragons.

13420885180661370521

Q27984693

_START_ARTICLE_ Brazil Creek _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brazil Creek is a stream in Crawford and Washington counties in the U.S. state of Missouri. It is a tributary to the Meramec River._NEWLINE_The stream headwaters are at 37°59′50″N 90°59′10″W in Washington County and its confluence with the Meramec River is at 38°07′21″N 91°08′59″W in Crawford County._NEWLINE_According to the State Historical Society of Missouri, the source of the name of Brazil Creek is obscure.

8945069205146055011

Q4958820

_START_ARTICLE_ Brazilian frigate Constituição (F42) _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ In June 2009, the F Constituição (F42) participated in the recovery mission for the wreckage of Air France Flight 447._NEWLINE_On the 20th of February, 2010, the Constituição brought 12 students, faculty, and crew of the SV Concordia ashore after they were initially rescued by merchant vessels. The Concordia, a tall ship floating classroom operated by the West Island College International's Class Afloat program, was abandoned approximately 300 nautical miles (560 km) south east of Rio de Janeiro with all 64 people aboard making it to life rafts. The remaining 52 students, faculty, and crew were to be transferred from merchant vessels to the Constituição and another Brazilian frigate, but weather and other concerns prevented that.

15308936578621884452

Q4960101

_START_ARTICLE_ Breda O'Brien _START_SECTION_ Early life and education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Born in Dungarvan, County Waterford, O'Brien was educated at the Convent of Mercy, Dungarvan and later at the Mater Dei Institute of Education, Dublin. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ O'Brien taught at Muckross Park College, a public Catholic girls' school, between 1983 and 1987. She later returned to this post in 1992, and has remained there since. She has worked as a video producer and communications trainer in the Catholic Communications Centre (founded by the Irish Catholic Bishops' Conference), Booterstown, Dublin from 1988 to 1991. She worked as a researcher for RTÉ from 1991 to 1992. Her career as a columnist began with The Sunday Business Post from 1997 to 2000 and continued with The Irish Times._NEWLINE_O'Brien is a patron of the Iona Institute, a conservative Catholic pressure group, and appears regularly in the Irish media as a contributor, supporting the teachings of the Catholic Church._NEWLINE_In her Irish Times column, she has expressed her opposition to abortion in all circumstances, including rape, incest and fatal foetal abnormality, and to same-sex marriage._NEWLINE_Her stance on civil partnerships has changed. Initially opposed to them in 2008, and 2010 by 2015, in the run up to the Irish marriage equality referendum, she claimed to be in support of them._NEWLINE_Marriage is already under assault in every way from heterosexuals. Do we wish to redefine it in an even more radical way? ... It is never pleasant to take a stance like this, and it must be a thousand times less pleasant to be the person who is told that important values like equality must take second place to the common good._NEWLINE_— Breda O'Brien, _NEWLINE_O'Brien, along with other members of the Iona Institute took legal action against RTE and Panti Bliss for being labelled as homophobes for campaigning against marriage equality. This was the impetus for Panti's Noble Call speech._NEWLINE_She is married, and has four children who have been home-schooled.

9773140885367474719

Q895744

_START_ARTICLE_ Bremerhaven Radar Tower _START_PARAGRAPH_ The Bremerhaven Radar Tower is a 106-metre reinforced concrete tower located in Bremerhaven, Germany. The radar tower, which was constructed between 1962 and 1965, accommodates numerous transmitting plants for maritime radio purposes, in addition to its radar equipment. A viewing platform is situated at the 60 metre level, and is accessible to the public._NEWLINE_Unlike other transmitting towers, the Bremerhaven facility belongs to the Bremerhaven Water and Shipping department and not Deutsche Telekom AG or a broadcasting corporation.

14604509417787248556

Q908540

_START_ARTICLE_ Brenda & the Tabulations _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brenda & the Tabulations were an American R&B group formed in 1966 in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, originally composed of Brenda Payton, Eddie L. Jackson, Maurice Coates and Jerry Jones. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ The group had a distinctive, almost doo wop sound, especially at the start, featuring Payton's sweet occasionally rough-edged vocals with background male harmonies. The line-up changed around 1971 with the original three men departing. Two female backing singers (Pat Mercer and Deborah Martin) were brought into the group._NEWLINE_Brenda and the Tabulations had one major US hit, entitled "Dry Your Eyes". The group also worked with producer and recording artist Van McCoy with whom they scored the moderate US hit "Right on the Tip of my Tongue". Several other songs became hits or moderate hits on the US soul singles chart from the late 1960s to the late 1970s. _NEWLINE_The group has released a total of three albums: Dry Your Eyes on Dionn Records (1967), Brenda and the Tabulations on Top & Bottom Records (1970), and I Keep Coming Back For More on Chocolate City/Casablanca (1977), although by the time of the last album, Brenda Payton was relatively a solo act while keeping the group name. The group had also signed with Epic Records in 1972 with four singles being released. One of the Epic singles, "One Girl Too Late", charted on the Soul chart._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_Brenda & the Tabulations are one of many recording artists referenced in the song "Life Is a Rock (But the Radio Rolled Me)" by the studio group Reunion._NEWLINE_Brenda Payton, born on October 24, 1945, died on June 14, 1992, aged 46. Eddie L. Jackson died on May 3, 2010, from a brain aneurysm at the age of 63._NEWLINE_The group's music saw a revival in 2011, when the song "The Wash" from the album Dry Your Eyes was licensed by Unilever for use in an Axe body wash commercial.

9115438515873489529

Q14586090

_START_ARTICLE_ Brenda Martinez _START_SECTION_ Giving back _START_PARAGRAPH_ Martinez had spoken regularly at high schools and running camps, so her coach Joe Vigil suggested she start her own running camp for young girls. Her first camp in 2013 consisted of five California middle school and high school girls. There's no official camp name but it can be referred to as the Big Bear Altitude Training Camp. This summer(2017) will mark the camp's fifth year._NEWLINE_The application process is quite easy, all they have to do is submit an open prompt essay and they have to live in Southern California. “Picking a stack, that’s the hardest part,” Martinez said, referring to her application process. The campers aren't necessarily the school's fastest runners, but that's not the point. “I want to get them to believe they can do it even when times are getting tough,” she said. “They see me as an example. I share my story with them, and they share their stories with me. It’s the reason they’re at camp. Storytelling brings us together.”_NEWLINE_Over the course of about three full days, the campers, coached by Martinez and a few of her friends, get to know one another over home-cooked meals, seminars, and runs. The group runs twice a day, but the focus isn’t on intense workouts. Evening seminars, led by Martinez and her physical therapist, range from injury prevention to positive thinking.

16686796364172786208

Q908645

_START_ARTICLE_ Brendan Benson _START_SECTION_ One Mississippi _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benson was born in Royal Oak, Michigan. His debut album, One Mississippi, was released in 1996 on Virgin Records. The album featured several contributions with Jason Falkner and failed to sell in sufficient numbers and Benson was dropped by Virgin. _START_SECTION_ Lapalco _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2002, the follow-up to One Mississippi was released, Lapalco. Again the critical plaudits poured in, but this time the record enjoyed a certain degree of commercial success, selling more than three times as many copies as One Mississippi._NEWLINE_The song "Good To Me" from this album appeared on the British show Teachers during series three and was included on the series soundtrack; it was also covered by The White Stripes for the B-side of the single Seven Nation Army. The song "Tiny Spark" featured on an episode from the fourth series of Teachers, as well as in the feature films Along Came Polly, and World's Greatest Dad._NEWLINE_While touring this record Benson played the Reading and Leeds Festivals and finished his Leeds set with a performance of the track "Jet Lag" featuring guest appearances from Meg White of The White Stripes along with members of The Datsuns and Soledad Brothers. In 2003 Benson re-released his debut album along with bonus tracks including the unreleased six-track extended play Wellfed Boy EP._NEWLINE_In 2003, Benson also released Metarie, with his then band The Well Fed Boys, and which featured a cover of Paul McCartney's Let Me Roll It, which featured back-up vocals by Jack White. This was the first song written completely by another artist to be featured on a Benson release. Another cover, this time "Strong Boy", from Gram Parsons International Submarine Band 1968 album, Safe at Home, was released as a B-side in 2005. _START_SECTION_ The Alternative to Love _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 2005, Benson released his third album, The Alternative to Love, and toured extensively in the US, UK, and Europe with his new touring band, The Stiff Tissues. "Spit It Out" was the first single and reached the UK Top 75 for the first time (peaking at No. 75 in April), and also generated some buzz for Benson. Two further singles were released from the album. "Cold Hands Warm Heart" appeared in many commercials and TV shows and "What I'm Looking For" was used in multiple national advertising campaigns. This album charted at No. 70 in the UK Albums Chart. _START_SECTION_ The Raconteurs _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benson is a member of The Raconteurs, a collaboration with Jack White, Jack Lawrence, and Patrick Keeler. Benson and White co-wrote the songs. The group's debut album, Broken Boy Soldiers, was released in the US on May 16, 2006, with "Steady, As She Goes" as the first single. Benson worked as a producer for The Greenhornes, The Nice Device, The Mood Elevator (a permutation of The Well Fed Boys), Whirlwind Heat, and the Stiff Tissues member Dean Fertita's former band, The Waxwings. The Raconteurs released their second album, Consolers of the Lonely in March 2008. _START_SECTION_ My Old, Familiar Friend _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benson's fourth album was My Old, Familiar Friend. In March 2007, a handful of demos from Benson's upcoming album were posted on his Myspace. "Feel Like Taking You Home" was the first of these demos to appear. Around the same time the demos of "Forget", "Poised And Ready" and "Go Nowhere" leaked onto the internet. Later he posted more songs on his MySpace including "Lesson Learned", "Eyes on the Horizon", and "Untitled". Dean Fertita, who played keyboards with the Raconteurs on tour and now is with Queens of the Stone Age and The Dead Weather, plays piano on all the Benson demos, with all other instruments played by Benson._NEWLINE_In October 2007, two new songs, "Purely Automatic" and "Will it Keep," were published on Benson's official website, presumably finished songs from the album. In November 2008, he uploaded a new song, "Playdown", on his Myspace, but it was quickly taken down. He soon put it back up along with another new song called "No One Else But You". Soon after, the songs "O My Love" and "New Words of Wisdom" were added to his page. Later he added "I'll Never Tell", "Happy Most of the Time", "Only in a Dream" (cover of Young Hines), and "Diamond" on his official MySpace page and he also added "Open Your Eyes" on his Reverb Nation page. In mid March 2009 Brendan put a collaboration with his girlfriend Britt, "The Hunter Gets Captured by the Game" (cover of The Marvelettes) on his Myspace page._NEWLINE_On March 18, 2009, KRCW played a new song "A Whole Lot Better" and on May 10, 2009, KRCW played another new song entitled "Garbage Day" both presumably finished songs off his fourth album. The title "My Old, Familiar Friend" and the track list were revealed on June 4, 2009. The album was released on August 18, 2009. My Old, Familiar Friend was produced by Gil Norton according to his MySpace page. He is backed by the Features on some of the record. _START_SECTION_ Collaboration with Ashley Monroe _START_PARAGRAPH_ In late 2008, Ashley Monroe collaborated with The Raconteurs and Ricky Skaggs on The Raconteurs single, "Old Enough", which was released in bluegrass form, and as a music video which was in rotation on CMT._NEWLINE__NEWLINE_In early February 2009, two songs entitled "The Things I Do" and "Grey" appeared on Monroe's MySpace along with this message:_NEWLINE_"Hey everyone! I just wanted to write ya a quick note to tell you I have put up some new songs you guys haven't heard. I have been working with Brendan Benson ... who I met on the set on The Raconteurs video shoot... and I am SOOO EXCITED about the music we have been making. I can't wait to share more! The two songs I posted of ours are "The Things I Do" and "Grey"... hope you love them as much as I do!" _START_SECTION_ Well & Goode _START_PARAGRAPH_ Benson teamed with Raconteurs touring member Mark Watrous (Gosling, Loudermilk) in October 2010 to release a single as the fictional duo "Midas Well" and "Upton O. Goode". Well & Goode's debut single was a 7" vinyl record and digital download, and featured the songs "Spray Tan" and "Two Birds". _START_SECTION_ What Kind of World _START_PARAGRAPH_ What Kind of World was released on April 21, 2012. It was released on his own new label Readymade Records in the USA, and on the indie label Lojinx in Europe. The album was recorded at "Welcome to 1979" Studios in Nashville, Tennessee and recorded entirely in analog. What Kind of World peaked at No. 7 on the UK Indie album chart in the week of release. _START_SECTION_ You Were Right _START_PARAGRAPH_ You Were Right is the sixth studio album released in December 2013 under Benson's own label Readymade Records in the USA, on Lojinx in Europe, and on Dine Alone Records in Canada. The album is the culmination of a monthly singles series recorded in Nashville, Tennessee at Readymade Studios. _START_SECTION_ Readymade records _START_PARAGRAPH_ Readymade Records was announced by Benson in early 2012. The label was started with Benson and Young Hines as the first two signed artists. Benson released What Kind of World in the US on April 21, 2012. The album was released in the UK on April 30, 2012. Young Hines released Give Me My Change in the US on April 10, 2012.

13738269398992274552

Q4961032

_START_ARTICLE_ Brendan O'Brien (journalist) _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brendan O'Brien was once a journalist on RTÉ One's Prime Time current affairs programme, he worked for RTE from 1973 until 2002._NEWLINE_In 1983, O'Brien won a Jacob's Award for his reporting on the RTÉ current affairs programme, Today Tonight._NEWLINE_He is noted for his report and investigation of Martin Cahill where he follows the criminal and confronts him in the street._NEWLINE_In 2008, O'Brien won the Irish Children's Book of the Year Award for The Story of Ireland. He has also written about the history of the IRA._NEWLINE_He worked from 2005 until 2010 for the independent radio station Newstalk presenting The Saturday Edition. _NEWLINE_O'Brien is a graduate of Trinity College Dublin, and the University of Ulster.

9912373105499830638

Q17182757

_START_ARTICLE_ Brenham, Kansas _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brenham had a post office from 1884 until 1894.

17676688260515947797

Q4961458

_START_ARTICLE_ Brent Liles _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Liles was born on September 7, 1963, and was an only child. His father died in a plane crash when Brent was 8 years old. He continued to live with his mother and was a standout tennis player at Troy High School in Fullerton, California, and salutatorian of his high school graduating class in 1981. Prior to joining Social Distortion, Liles had seriously considered a career as a professional tennis player. _START_SECTION_ Career _START_PARAGRAPH_ He appeared on Social Distortion's 1983 classic debut Mommy's Little Monster before leaving the band on New Year's Day 1984, with the band's drummer Derek O'Brien. The two would once again be bandmates from 1989 to the early 1990s with Agent Orange. The Palm/Liles/O'Brien lineup of Agent Orange can be heard on the album Real Live Sound. It was Liles who originally came up with the idea of Agent Orange recording their little-known and never released album, Living in Total Darkness. This was a re-recording of the songs on their 1981 album Living in Darkness with some newer material mixed in. This recording was made on Christmas of 1988, which is somewhat interesting because Mommy's Little Monster was coincidentally recorded on Christmas Eve of 1982. Liles also briefly played guitar for the band Easter and Chaotic Stature. Brent also played bass for a band in 1984 to 1986 called The Harlots, who were managed by Monk Rock, Brent's manager from his Social Distortion days. The Harlots put out a 12 E.P. around March 1985 which was entitled Roger Roomper's Really Catchy Tunes._NEWLINE_He also appeared in the 1984 documentary Another State of Mind. His songwriting credits include "Mass Hysteria" with Social Distortion and "Broken Dreams" with Agent Orange. He was known for playing a Rickenbacker fretless bass, which is rarely seen in punk rock._NEWLINE_Liles had been out of the musical scene since the mid-1990s, operating a convalescent home in Placentia, California. He died on January 18, 2007, after being hit by a truck while cycling. A Social Distortion benefit concert was held for his family at the Galaxy Theater in Santa Ana, California on March 8, 2007. He is survived by his mother Carol Liles and daughter Maddie Liles._NEWLINE_Liles is the fourth member of Social Distortion to have died. Other deceased Social Distortion members include Dennis Danell in 2000 (brain aneurysm), Randy Carr in 2002 (Cushing's Syndrome), and original bassist Mark Garrett (unknown cause). Additionally, former producer and organist on Mommy's Little Monster Chaz Ramirez died in 1993 after sustaining a broken neck and head injuries in a warehouse fall. With the 2018 death of Charlie Quintana, five members of Social Distortion have died.

15382714943076573973

Q24191706

_START_ARTICLE_ Brewsterdale, West Virginia _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brewsterdale is an unincorporated community in McDowell County, in the U.S. state of West Virginia. _START_SECTION_ History _START_PARAGRAPH_ A post office called Brewsterdale was established in 1915, and remained in operation until 1932. The community's name honors the Brewster family of settlers.

3506203627018854172

Q4963682

_START_ARTICLE_ Brian Esposito _START_SECTION_ Playing career _START_PARAGRAPH_ Esposito was recalled from the Memphis Redbirds on May 30, 2007, when the Cardinals' starting catcher, Yadier Molina, was placed on the disabled list with a fractured wrist. Esposito made his major league debut June 2 against the Houston Astros as a late-inning defensive replacement for Gary Bennett. He did not have a plate appearance. He returned to Memphis on June 5 after the Cardinals acquired veteran catcher Kelly Stinnett from the Los Angeles Dodgers. In 2008, he played for the Double-A Tulsa Drillers in the Colorado Rockies organization and became a free agent at the end of the season._NEWLINE_Esposito signed a minor league contract with the Astros on January 14, 2009, and was invited to spring training._NEWLINE_Esposito would join Houston roster in 2010 when they expanded their roster in September. He would get two plate appearances on September 18, 2010 against the Cincinnati Reds when he was a late inning replacement for Jason Castro. He was also called up June 24, 2011, but sent back down June 29 without an appearance. On October 10, he elected free agency._NEWLINE_On December 23, 2011, Esposito signed a minor league deal with the Cincinnati Reds with an invitation to spring training._NEWLINE_On May 20, 2012 he was signed to a minor league deal by the Chicago Cubs and sent down to their Triple-A affiliate, the Iowa Cubs._NEWLINE_In March 2013, Esposito signed with the Pittsburgh Pirates as a player-coach.

5004995475710879804

Q4963954

_START_ARTICLE_ Brian Harold Thomson _START_PARAGRAPH_ Colonel Brian Harold Thomson (21 November 1918 – 7 November 2006) was a newspaper proprietor of D. C. Thomson & Co. and soldier in the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. He was widely known as "Mr Brian" within D. C. Thomson & Co. and throughout the business community of Dundee. _START_SECTION_ Education _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brian was educated at Charterhouse and spent a year in Germany before joining the family firm (D. C. Thomson & Co.) in 1937. _START_SECTION_ DC Thomson & Co. _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brian Thomson was a great-grandson of William Harold Thomson, a Dundonian who prospered first as a draper and later as a shipowner, and in 1884 became the major shareholder of The Dundee Courier & Daily Argus._NEWLINE_William's son, David Coupar Thomson, became general manager of the paper, and in 1905 a growing portfolio of newspaper interests was consolidated as D. C. Thomson & Co.._NEWLINE_David Coupar Thomson remained chairman of the company until his death, aged 93, in 1954; but it was his nephew, Harold (Brian's father), who drove the expansion of its publishing interests, particularly in the field of comics. The Sunday Post, launched in 1914, introduced a "Fun" section in 1936 which became home to iconic cartoon characters such as Oor Wullie and the Broons._NEWLINE_Brian became a joint Managing Director in 1948 and succeeded his father as chairman in 1974. He conducted business according to strict principles of fairness and courtesy. He did not believe that his company's affairs were the concern of anyone but himself and his board, and he almost never spoke about them to the outside world._NEWLINE_His publications upheld traditional Scottish family values and tastes, typified by the homely tone of the Sunday Post and by magazine titles such as Classic Stitches. _START_SECTION_ Military service _START_PARAGRAPH_ In September 1939 he joined the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. Posted to Montgomery's Eighth Army in early 1943 and served in armoured cars in North Africa and in the intense battles fighting up the spine of Italy._NEWLINE_After the war he continued to serve in the Yeomanry. He was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel and from 1953-1955 he commanded his Regiment, the Fife and Forfar Yeomanry. _START_SECTION_ Family Life and Private Life _START_PARAGRAPH_ He married in 1947 Patricia Cunninghame (died 1991) and had one son Christopher, now deputy chairman of D. C. Thomson & Co., and four daughters._NEWLINE_He loved his garden and woodlands, enjoyed shooting, and was a fine golfer at Royal and Ancient at St Andrews, where he reached the final of the Jubilee Vase in 1953; he continued to play regularly until he was well into his eighties._NEWLINE_Brian Thomson was appointed a Deputy Lieutenant of Fife in 1988.

5110618381294821627

Q2924924

_START_ARTICLE_ Brian Howard (poet) _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Howard was born to American parents in Hascombe, Surrey, of Protestant descent, a descendant of Benjamin Franklin, and brought up in London; his father Francis Gassaway Howard - son of the writer Frank Gassaway, known as 'Derrick Dodd' - was an associate of James Whistler. _NEWLINE_He was educated at Eton College, where he was one of the Eton Arts Society group including Robert Byron, Harold Acton, Oliver Messel, Anthony Powell and Henry Yorke. He entered Christ Church, Oxford in 1923, not without difficulty. He was prominent in the group later known as the Oxford Wits. He was part of the Hypocrites' Club that included Harold Acton, Lord David Cecil, L. P. Hartley and Evelyn Waugh._NEWLINE_At Oxford Howard was part of the Railway Club, which included: Henry Yorke, Roy Harrod, Henry Thynne, 6th Marquess of Bath, David Plunket Greene, Edward Henry Charles James Fox-Strangways, 7th Earl of Ilchester, Brian Howard, Michael Parsons, 6th Earl of Rosse, John Sutro, Hugh Lygon, Harold Acton, Bryan Guinness, 2nd Baron Moyne, Patrick Balfour, 3rd Baron Kinross, Mark Ogilvie-Grant, John Drury-Lowe._NEWLINE_It has been suggested that Howard was Waugh's model for Anthony Blanche in Brideshead Revisited. But Waugh wrote, to Lord Baldwin, "There is an aesthetic bugger who sometimes turns up in my novels under various names—that was 2/3 Brian [Howard] and 1/3 Harold Acton. People think it was all Harold, who is a much sweeter and saner man [than Howard]."_NEWLINE_At this time he had already been published as a poet, in A. R. Orage's The New Age, and the final Sitwell Wheels anthology. He used the pseudonyms "Jasper Proude" and "Charles Orange." His verse also was in Oxford Poetry 1924. His poetry was admired and promoted by Edith Sitwell in the late 1920s._NEWLINE_In the late 1920s, he was a key figure among London's "Bright Young Things"—a privileged, fashionable and bohemian set of relentless party-goers, satirised in such novels as Evelyn Waugh's 1930 Vile Bodies where the character of Miles Malpractice owes something to Howard. Apart from Waugh, Howard knew all this circle, including Nancy Mitford, Henry Yorke, Harold Acton, and especially Allanah Harper and Nancy Cunard. He maintained contact with both throughout his life._NEWLINE_In 1929 he was famously involved in the "Bruno Hat" hoax when the fashionable Hon Mr. & Mrs. Bryan Guinness promoted a spoof London art exhibition by an apparently unknown German painter Bruno Hat (impersonated by the German-speaking Tom Mitford, brother of Nancy and Diana Mitford—the latter at the time Mrs. Guinness, a socialite, arts' patron and friend of Howard, Lytton Strachey, Evelyn Waugh, Boris Anrep, Dora Carrington, John Betjeman and other artistic and literary figures, before her second marriage to British fascist leader Sir Oswald Mosley). Bruno Hat's paintings were the work of Brian Howard._NEWLINE_Howard is credited with coining the phrase, “Anybody over the age of 30 seen in a bus has been a failure in life,” often wrongly attributed to Margaret Thatcher. According to Daily Telegraph correspondent and historian, Hugo Vickers, (writing in November 2006), the author was Brian Howard. The phrase came into wider use when used by Loelia, Duchess of Westminster, in her memoir Grace and Favour (1961)._NEWLINE_Subsequently he led a very active social life, tried to come to terms with his homosexuality, and published only one substantial poetry collection God Save the King (1930, Hours Press). He was active as a poet during the Spanish Civil War, but did not ultimately invest in his work with seriousness. He drank heavily and used drugs._NEWLINE_He had a long affair with Sandy Baird, whom he knew from Eton. Baird was killed in action in 1943 at 33 years old._NEWLINE_During World War II Howard took part in the Dunkirk evacuation and later worked for MI5 but was dismissed from the War Office in June 1942, after which he was conscripted to the Royal Air Force and given a low-level clerk's job at Bomber Command, High Wycombe. An Air Ministry note on his file says he should never be given a commission. Transferred to another posting, where he referred to his commanding officer as "Colonel Cutie" (an appellation Evelyn Waugh gave his rebellious rogue Basil Seal in the novel Put Out More Flags), Howard was dismissed in December 1944, by which time he had formed a longstanding open relationship with Sam Langford, an Irishman serving in the Air Sea Rescue._NEWLINE_After the war, Howard drifted around Europe with Sam, continuing to write occasional articles and reviews for the New Statesman, the BBC and others, fitfully working on an uncompleted biography of the gay English writer Norman Douglas (author of the novel South Wind) and doing no substantial work. Indiscreetly promiscuous, drinking heavily, taking drugs and behaving outrageously, they were expelled in turn from Monaco, France, Italy and Spain, the French authorities noting their "moralité douteuse" (dubious morality)._NEWLINE_Not surprisingly, he suffered from bad health in the 1950s, and committed suicide by taking an overdose of sedatives after the accidental death of his lover, Sam Langford (1926-1958), who died suddenly but naturally in Howard's bath. They were buried alongside each other at Russian Orthodox Cemetery, Nice._NEWLINE_Evelyn Waugh wrote: "I used to know Brian Howard well—a dazzling young man to my innocent eyes. In later life he became very dangerous—constantly attacking people with his fists in public places—so I kept clear of him. He was consumptive but the immediate cause of his death was a broken heart."_NEWLINE_Marie-Jaqueline Lancaster wrote a biography of Howard. His long time friend Allanah Harper contributed useful anecdotes, but she objected to his being called a "failure" and to the emphasis on his homosexuality.

14085106655354120054

Q2924973

_START_ARTICLE_ Brian Part _START_SECTION_ Biography _START_PARAGRAPH_ Part first developed an interest in acting at the age of five. Right before Part's father died, he made his wife promise that their son could become an actor. Part told his dad that he would make his name famous._NEWLINE_Part's first acting job was in an episode of Lucas Tanner called "Collision" in 1975. Later that year, he was in an episode of ABC Afterschool Special and also made a guest appearance on The Waltons. From 1975 to 1977, Part acted in twenty-one episodes of Little House on the Prairie as Carl Sanderson Edwards, the first of which was "Remember Me - Part 1". In the episode, Julia Sanderson (Patricia Neal), a widow with three children (of which Part was the middle), learns that she is going to die and needs to find a home for her children. In the continuation of the episode, Part and his television siblings, Radames Pera and Kyle Richards, are adopted by the recently married Mr. and Mrs. Edwards, played by Victor French and Bonnie Bartlett._NEWLINE_In 1976, Part played Samuel in Birch Interval. After Little House he was in Return from Witch Mountain in 1978 and an episode of Project UFO in 1979. During the early 1980s, Part guest starred on such shows as Eight Is Enough and Knots Landing as well as appearing in Max Dugan Returns in 1983._NEWLINE_Part also landed commercials for Dawn dishwashing liquid and Shasta Cola. His stage work includes Desperate Hours alongside Anthony Caruso and a lead part in the musical Forrest Lights with his wife Kathryn E. Part._NEWLINE_Retiring from acting in 1983, he has now turned his career towards music, performing with bands such as Warrant and Vixon, as well as musicians Annie Lennox and Dave Stewart. With his wife, Melody Part, Brian has recorded CDs._NEWLINE_Part describes his Little House adventure as "the most wonderful experience anyone could ever have." He also says that he was very close to many of the cast members and that both Michael Landon and Victor French, his television dad, were father figures for him, having lost his own dad as a child. Brian was also close to the rest of his on-screen family, Bonnie Bartlett, Radames Pera, and Kyle Richards.

17488825866706131593

Q4965687

_START_ARTICLE_ Brian Woolnough _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brian Woolnough (30 September 1948 – 18 September 2012) was a British sports journalist and Chief Sports writer for the Daily Star._NEWLINE_Previously a writer for The Sun, in 1999 the Daily Mirror tried unsuccessfully to poach him. Woolnough was lured to the Daily Star in 2001 after owner Richard Desmond authorised a £200,000 pay package._NEWLINE_In December 2004, following Norwich City's 4–0 defeat at Chelsea, Woolnough produced a Monday morning column that enraged many Norwich fans, saying that City were "gutless," that they would "stink the place out" with Premiership performances of a similar ilk, and that he "Hopes they go down, and good riddance." Woolnough was strongly criticised for the article in Norwich, and although refusing to withdraw his comments, he later visited Carrow Road after receiving 450 e-mails and the local newspaper getting involved with the debate._NEWLINE_From 2007, Woolnough was the presenter of Sky Sport's Sunday Supplement, replacing Jimmy Hill. Woolnough was previously the presenter of Hold the Back Page from 1994._NEWLINE_Woolnough died on 18 September 2012, aged 63 from bowel cancer. He is survived by his wife Linda and three children._NEWLINE_Gary Lineker described Woolnough as "one of football's finest journalists." The then Manchester United manager Sir Alex Ferguson said that Woolnough was "a good journalist and a good personality."

10523075536689840179

Q4965947

_START_ARTICLE_ Brick Store Building _START_SECTION_ Description and history _START_PARAGRAPH_ It was built in 1807, and consists of a two-story, gable-roofed, rectangular brick main block with a two-story, wood-framed rear wing in a vernacular Federal style. The entire building rests on a limestone foundation._NEWLINE_It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places on April 26, 1996.

12402051906889496926

Q66523356

_START_ARTICLE_ Brickopolis _START_PARAGRAPH_ Brickopolis is a three-story entertainment venue in Bricktown, Oklahoma City, in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. Features include an arcade, laser tag, and an 18-hole miniature golf course. Brickopolis was opened by owner Chris Johnson in 2015.

11135052170820476527

Q18592958

_START_ARTICLE_ Bridget Hill _START_SECTION_ Early life _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hill was born Bridget Irene Sutton in Middlesex, the daughter of a Baptist minister. _START_SECTION_ Education and politics _START_PARAGRAPH_ She went to school at Godolphin and Latymer School in Hammersmith and attended university at the London School of Economics, studying economic history. Hill joined the Communist Party during her time at the London School of Economics in World War II. She went to Prague on a scholarship in 1949. Both her first husband, Stephen Finney Mason (1923–2007), and her second husband, Christopher Hill (1912–2003) were both members of the Communist Party. Hill would later leave the communist party. _START_SECTION_ Published works _START_PARAGRAPH_ Hill and her husband Christopher co-authored a paper entitled Catherine Macaulay and the Seventeenth Century in 1967 about the early female historian, Catherine Macaulay. Hill published in 1992 a full book on Macaulay, entitled The Republican Virago._NEWLINE_Hill's other works included Eighteenth Century Women: an Anthology (1984); Women, Work and Sexual Politics in Eighteenth-Century England (1989); Servants: English Domestics in the Eighteenth Century (1996), and Women Alone: Spinsters in England, 1660-1850 (2001).

740851301016365877

Q204996

_START_ARTICLE_ Bridget of Sweden _START_SECTION_ Fifteen 'Our Father and Hail Mary prayers' _START_PARAGRAPH_ Saint Bridget prayed for a long time to know how many blows Jesus Christ suffered during His terrible Passion. Rewarding her patience, one day He appeared to her and said, "I received 5480 blows upon My Body. If you wish to honor them in some way, recite fifteen Our Fathers and fifteen Hail Marys with the following Prayers, which I Myself shall teach you, for an entire year. When the year is finished, you will have honored each of My Wounds."_NEWLINE_The prayers became known as the "Fifteen O's", because in the original Latin, each prayer began with the words O Jesu, O Rex, or O Domine Jesu Christe. Some have questioned whether Saint Bridget is in fact their author; Eamon Duffy reports that the prayers probably originated in England, in the devotional circles that surrounded Richard Rolle or the English Brigittines._NEWLINE_Whatever their origin, the prayers were quite widely circulated in the late Middle Ages, and became regular features in Books of Hours and other devotional literature. They were translated into various languages; an early English language version of them was printed in a primer by William Caxton. The prayers themselves reflect the late medieval tradition of meditation on the passion of Christ, and are structured around the seven last words of Christ. They borrow from patristic and Scriptural sources as well as the tradition of devotion to the wounds of Christ._NEWLINE_During the Middle Ages, the prayers began to circulate with various promises of indulgence and other assurances of supernatural graces supposed to attend from their regular recitation over the course of a year. These indulgences were repeated in the manuscript tradition of the Books of Hours, and may constitute one major source of the prayers' popularity in the late Middle Ages. They promise, among other things, the release from Purgatory of fifteen of the devotee's family members, and that they would keep fifteen living family members in a state of grace._NEWLINE_The extravagance of the promises made in these rubrics—one widely circulated version promised that the devotee would receive "his heart's desire, if it be for the salvation of his soul"—attracted critics early and late. In 1538, William Marshall enjoined his readers to "henseforth ... forget suche prayers as seynt Brigittes & other lyke, whyche greate promyses and perdons haue falsly auaunced." In 1954, the Supreme Sacred Congregation of the Holy Office found the alleged promises (though not the prayers themselves) unreliable, and directed local ordinaries not to permit the circulation of pamphlets containing the promises. _START_SECTION_ Veneration _START_PARAGRAPH_ In 1651 the Brigitta Chapel was erected in Vienna, and in 1900 the new district Brigittenau was founded. In Sweden, adjacent to Skederid Church, built by Bridget's father on the family's land, a memorial stone was erected in 1930._NEWLINE_On 1 October 1999 Pope John Paul II named Saint Bridget as a patron saint of Europe. Her feast day is celebrated on 23 July, the day of her death. Her feast was not in the Tridentine Calendar, but was inserted in the General Roman Calendar in 1623 for celebration on 7 October, the day of her 1391 canonization by Pope Boniface IX. Five years later, her feast was moved to 8 October (although the Church in Sweden celebrates it on the 7th), where it remained until the revision of the General Roman Calendar in 1969, when it was set on the date currently used. Some continue to use the earlier General Roman Calendar of 1954, the General Roman Calendar of Pope Pius XII, or the General Roman Calendar of 1960._NEWLINE_The Third Order of St. Francis includes her feast day on its Calendar of Saints on same day as the general Church, honoring her as a member of the Order._NEWLINE_Bjärka-Säby Monastery has a portrait of Bridget of Sweden venerated by Christians of several denominations. An hour away from this monastery, Vadstena Abbey, also known as Blue Church, contains relics of the saint, with her body being venerated by both Lutheran and Catholic believers.

1565109899904255222

Q4966943

_START_ARTICLE_ Bridie McGarry _START_SECTION_ Background and early career _START_PARAGRAPH_ She first played Camogie when she went to Presentation Secondary School, Kilkenny where she won an All Ireland Senior Colleges title in 1969. She played with Thornbrack and Lisdowney before winning several county championships and three club All Ireland medals with St Paul’s. _START_SECTION_ Inter-county _START_PARAGRAPH_ She first played with Kilkenny senior team in 1972 and went on to win nine All Ireland medals in what was the county’s most successful period in the game to date. She was captain in 1985 and again in 1987. She won seven National League medals with Kilkenny and eight Gael Linn Cup inter-provincial medals with Leinster. She later became involved in coaching the Development Squad in Kilkenny and is also a referee. _START_SECTION_ Awards _START_PARAGRAPH_ Apart from her selection on the camogie team of the century in 2004, she won B&I Player of the Year in 1976, won the 1976 Kilkenny Sports Star award and an Irish Nationwide ”Women in Sport” Award. _START_SECTION_ Citation _START_PARAGRAPH_ Her team of the century citation read: “she made Camogie look easy, her range of skills a joy to watch. Her dainty physique belied her strength under the dropping ball. Always distributing the ball to best advantage she was an attacking centre-back.” _START_SECTION_ Other sports _START_PARAGRAPH_ A talented soccer player she was chosen to play for Ireland but had to withdraw due to the clash of fixtures between Camogie and soccer.

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