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▁married ▁Louise ▁M üll er , ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁land lord ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Sch ne id em ü hl , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁very ▁substantial ▁dow ry . ▁A ▁part ▁of ▁this ▁dow ry ▁was ▁likely ▁invested ▁in ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁Em il ▁Bern hard t ' s ▁house , ▁located ▁at ▁G d ans ks ▁street ▁ 1 6 . ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 3 ▁Em il ▁Bern hard t ▁commissioned ▁a ▁B rom berg - born ▁architect , ▁J óz ef ▁Ś wię c ick i , ▁to ▁realize ▁his ▁new ▁hotel ▁project . ▁This ▁building ▁was ▁to ▁stretch ▁under ▁a ▁huge ▁sculpt ure ▁of ▁an ▁e agle ▁with ▁spread ▁wings . ▁Ś wię c ick i ' s ▁design ▁was ▁based ▁on ▁similar ▁projects ▁from ▁Berlin ▁and ▁Mun ich . ▁As ▁a ▁signature , ▁Ś wię c ick i ▁hid ▁his ▁self - port rait ▁among ▁the ▁row ▁of ▁alleg or ical ▁heads ▁ad or ning ▁the ▁faç ade . ▁The ▁property ▁was ▁built ▁between ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 6 . ▁When ▁completed , ▁the ▁building ▁became ▁the ▁largest ▁and ▁most ▁modern ▁hotel ▁in ▁B rom berg , ▁with ▁an ▁extens ively ▁detailed ▁faç ade ▁and ▁interior ▁decor ation . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁hotel ' s ▁basement , ▁the ▁restaurant ▁was ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁vault s ▁supported ▁by ▁columns , ▁pan elling , ▁and ▁wall ▁paintings ▁mod elled ▁after ▁the ▁latest ▁Mun ich ▁f ash ions , ▁with

▁nic hes ▁for ▁se ating . ▁From ▁the ▁beginning , ▁the ▁building ▁has ▁been ▁equipped ▁with ▁electric ▁lighting , ▁steam ▁heating , ▁and ▁a ▁hyd ra ul ic ▁lift . ▁The ▁facility ▁combined ▁the ▁functions ▁of ▁a ▁residential ▁area ▁( with ▁ 3 ▁six - rooms ▁apartment ▁of ▁a ▁high ▁standard ), ▁a ▁hotel , ▁and ▁a ▁commercial ▁space ▁( with ▁restaurants ▁and ▁shops ). ▁Commun ication ▁between ▁the ▁different ▁areas ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁ 4 ▁network ▁of ▁stair cases ▁and ▁corrid ors . ▁In ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁le ased ▁to ▁the ▁Berlin ▁business man ▁Rud olf ▁Tr ill h ose . ▁ ▁Inter war ▁period ▁In ▁ 1 9 2 0 , ▁B rom berg ▁rejo ined ▁the ▁territory ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Polish ▁Republic ▁and ▁renamed ▁By d gos z cz , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁Polish ▁land lord ▁and ▁tr ades man ▁Stefan ▁Maj ew icz ▁for ▁the ▁then - astr onom ical ▁sum ▁of ▁ 1 . 2 5 ▁million De utsche ▁Mark . ▁During ▁the ▁inter war ▁period , ▁a ▁modern ization ▁of ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁carried ▁out ; ▁it ▁compr ised ▁install ing ▁new ▁elev ators , ▁changing ▁the ▁dé cor ▁in ▁the ▁guest ▁rooms , ▁and ▁re building ▁the ▁dining ▁room ▁by ▁adding ▁a ▁me zz an ine , ▁new ▁pan elling ▁and ▁changing ▁equip ments . ▁This ▁renov ation ▁work ▁was ▁achieved ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁under ▁the ▁direction ▁of ▁By d gos z cz ▁architect

▁The oph il us ▁B ier n ack i . ▁In ▁those ▁years , ▁balls , ▁re ceptions , ▁conc erts , ▁chamber ▁music ▁and ▁other ▁entertainment ▁were ▁performed ▁in ▁two ▁different ▁h alls ; ▁" Columns " ▁and ▁" R asp berry ." ▁" Column " ▁Hall ▁was ▁famous ▁for ▁its ▁daily ▁conc erts ▁of ▁popular ▁music , ▁played ▁by ▁the ▁By d gos z cz ▁or chestra , ▁and ▁the ▁restaurant ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ▁() ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁in ▁terms ▁of ▁design , ▁meals ▁and ▁drinks . ▁It ▁was ▁here ▁that ▁ban qu ets ▁in ▁honour ▁of ▁Marshal ▁Pi ł s ud ski , ▁President ▁W oj cie ch owski ▁and ▁General ▁Hall er ▁were ▁given . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 3 0 s , ▁social ▁elite ▁met ▁at ▁its ▁" Cl ub ▁of ▁the ▁angular ▁Table " ▁( ), ▁among ▁them ▁Adam ▁Gr zy ma ła - S ied le ck i , ▁Kon rad ▁F ied ler , ▁Jan ▁P ie ch ock i , ▁Marian ▁Tur wid , ▁Henry ▁Kum ine k , ▁Stan is ław ▁Le ś n iew ski . ▁ ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁During ▁the ▁Nazi ▁occupation , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁taken ▁by ▁the ▁Naz is ▁and ▁renamed ▁" D anz inger ▁Hoff "; ▁Er ich ▁Bl umm ▁became ▁its ▁director . ▁From ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁to ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁south - west ▁corner ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁re built ▁so ▁as ▁to

▁w iden ▁the ▁G d anska ▁street . ▁ ▁Communist ▁Poland ' s ▁era ▁After ▁the ▁invasion ▁of ▁By d gos z cz ▁by ▁Soviet ▁troops , ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁returned ▁to ▁its ▁former ▁owners , ▁who ▁res umed ▁the ▁hotel ▁business ▁as ▁a ▁partnership ▁under ▁the ▁leadership ▁of ▁Stan isl aw ▁Lip ow icz . ▁In ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁" n ational ized " ▁and ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁the ▁" S oc iety ▁of ▁Work ers ' ▁Univers ities ". ▁A ▁few ▁more ▁modifications ▁were ▁performed ▁to ▁the ▁ed if ice , ▁in ▁particular ▁to ▁the ▁att ics . ▁In ▁ 1 9 5 2 , ▁the ▁Polish ▁state ▁travel ▁agency ▁" Or bis " ▁took ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ▁hotel . ▁The ▁times ▁when ▁Or bis ▁was ▁managing ▁the ▁hotel ▁were ▁tre as ured ▁in ▁the ▁memory ▁of ▁the ▁inhabitants ▁of ▁By d gos z cz . ▁R efined ▁cu isine ▁was ▁praised , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁prominent ▁guests ▁visited ▁the ▁hotel , ▁such ▁as ▁Arthur ▁Rub in stein ▁and ▁Kr z ysz to f ▁P end ere ck i ), ▁and ▁the ▁hotel ▁was ▁a ▁substitute ▁for ▁international ▁contacts ▁in ▁the ▁times ▁when ▁Poland ▁was ▁cut ▁off ▁from ▁the ▁western ▁world . ▁Since ▁ 1 9 7 4 , ▁the ▁property ▁is ▁registered ▁on ▁the ▁list ▁of ▁Polish ▁heritage ▁mon uments . ▁In ▁ 1 9 8 7 , ▁a ▁major ▁over ha ul ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was

▁carried ▁out , ▁awarded ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁by ▁the ▁Minister ▁of ▁Culture ▁as ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁best ▁restored ▁building . ▁ ▁Modern ▁period ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁he irs ▁from ▁the ▁Maj ew icz ▁and ▁Kos ick i ▁families ▁claimed ▁ownership ▁of ▁the ▁hotel ; ▁as ▁a ▁compromise , ▁a ▁limited ▁liability ▁company ▁(" M aj ew icz ▁Hotel ▁Enterprise ") ▁was ▁created ▁on ▁January ▁ 1 , ▁ 1 9 9 4 , ▁with ▁various ▁individuals ▁holding ▁ 5 1 % ▁share , ▁including ▁the ▁he irs ▁of ▁the ▁pre - war ▁owners , ▁and ▁Or bis ▁holding ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 4 9 %. ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁ranked ▁in ▁the ▁top ▁ 2 0 ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁business ▁friendly ▁hotels ▁in ▁Poland ▁( rank ing ▁developed ▁by ▁the ▁Business ▁Magazine ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ; ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁hotels ▁in ▁the ▁country ▁selected ▁ 2 0 ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁business - friendly ). ▁ ▁Architect ure ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁ 5 ▁stories ▁and ▁a ▁basement . ▁Its ▁overall ▁shape ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁main ▁body ▁and ▁two ▁wings ; ▁the ▁North ▁and ▁South . ▁The ▁ed if ice ▁has ▁been ▁ere cted ▁in ▁Ec lect ism ▁style , ▁with ▁Ne ob aro que ▁references ▁to ▁Rome ' s ▁Bar o que ▁forms . ▁Among ▁the ▁numerous ▁elements ▁that ▁ad orn ▁the ▁front , ▁the ▁large - size ▁sculpt ure

▁of ▁the ▁e agle ▁with ▁out stret ched ▁wings ▁which ▁tops ▁the ▁faç ade ▁is ▁the ▁hotel ▁symbol . ▁The ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ' s ▁faç ade ▁has ▁ 1 4 ▁windows ▁on ▁each ▁floor . ▁The ▁main ▁architect ural ▁horizontal ▁elements ▁are ▁boss ages , ▁f rie zes , ▁corn ices ▁and ▁balcon ies . ▁These ▁elements ▁are ▁balanced ▁vert ically ▁by ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁decor ative ▁sculpt ures ▁and ▁columns ▁that ▁run ▁through ▁the ▁entire ▁height ▁of ▁the ▁faç ade , ▁along ▁the ▁axis ▁of ▁the ▁main ▁entrance . ▁At ▁the ▁level ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁floor ▁is ▁a ▁log g ia ▁with ▁at l antes ▁on ▁the ▁sides ▁to pped ▁on ▁the ▁second ▁floor ▁by ▁two ▁e agle ▁figures . ▁The ▁third ▁floor ▁windows ▁are ▁c rowned ▁with ▁l int els ▁ad orn ed ▁with ▁a ▁representation ▁of ▁a ▁woman ' s ▁head ▁on ▁a ▁solar ▁background . ▁On ▁the ▁south - western ▁corner , ▁large ▁at l antes ' ▁her ms ▁stand ▁at ▁ground ▁level . ▁ ▁The ▁hotel ▁inter iors ▁feature ▁many ▁Art ▁Nou ve au ▁references ; ▁in ▁the ▁lobby , ▁the ▁stair case ▁with ▁gold - colored ▁st ained ▁glass , ▁the ▁door ▁handles ▁and ▁the ▁for ged ▁hand ra ils ▁have ▁an ▁inter war ▁appearance . ▁ ▁" Pod ▁Or ł em " ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁four - star ▁hotel ▁category . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁hotel ▁had ▁a ▁capacity ▁of ▁ 3 9 ▁single ▁rooms , ▁ 3

2 ▁double ▁rooms ▁and ▁ 4 ▁luxury ▁apartments . ▁It ▁compris es ▁a ▁restaurant , ▁" Column ", ▁and ▁ 5 ▁mult if unction ▁rooms ▁where ▁can ▁be ▁organized ▁ban qu ets , ▁balls , ▁con ferences ▁and ▁business ▁meetings . ▁The ▁largest ▁rooms ▁are ▁the ▁Mal in owa ▁(" R asp berry "), ▁Business ▁Center , ▁and ▁Rot aria ń ska . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁area , ▁J óz ef ▁Ś wię c ick i ▁also ▁created ▁many ▁other ▁buildings , ▁such ▁as : ▁ ▁O sk ar ▁E wald ▁Ten ement ▁at ▁G d anska ▁st . 3 0 ; ▁ ▁J óz ef ▁Ś wię c ick i ▁ten ement ▁at ▁G d anska ▁st . 6 3 ; ▁ ▁Ten ement ▁at ▁G d anska ▁st . ▁ 8 6 ; ▁ ▁Ten ement ▁at ▁Freedom ▁Square ▁ 1 . ▁ ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁been ▁registered ▁on ▁the ▁P omer an ian ▁Heritage ▁List ▁( N ° 6 0 1 2 9 5 - reg . 9 0 / A ) ▁on ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁ 1 9 7 4 . ▁ ▁Dist ingu ished ▁guests ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁By d gos z cz ▁ ▁G d anska ▁Street ▁in ▁By d gos z cz ▁ ▁D wor c owa ▁Street ▁in ▁By d gos z cz ▁ ▁Em il ▁Bern hard t ▁ten ement ▁in ▁By d gos z cz ▁▁ ▁J óz ef ▁Ś wię c ick i ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁

▁Bibli ography ▁▁ ▁Br ę cz ew ska - K ules za ▁D aria , ▁Der kow ska - K ost kow ska ▁Bog na , ▁W ys ock a ▁A .: ▁U lica ▁G da ń ska , ▁Pr z ew od nik ▁history cz ny , ▁By d gos z cz ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ ▁J astr z eb ska - P uz ow ska ▁I w ona : ▁Hotel ▁„ Pod ▁Or ł em ", ▁K ron ika ▁By d gos ka ▁XIV ▁ 1 9 9 2 , ▁By d gos z cz ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁▁ ▁Par uck a ▁K ry st yna : ▁Z ab yt ki ▁By d gos z czy ▁– ▁min ik atalog , ▁„ T if en " ▁K ry st yna ▁Par uck a , ▁By d gos z cz ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Web ▁site ▁of ▁Hotel ▁Pod ▁Or ł em ▁▁ ▁By d gos z cz ▁newspaper ' s ▁article ▁about ▁Hotel ▁Pod ▁Or ł em ▁ ▁Category : C ultural ▁heritage ▁mon uments ▁in ▁By d gos z cz ▁Category : Build ings ▁and ▁structures ▁on ▁G da ń ska ▁Street , ▁By d gos z cz ▁Category : Build ings ▁by ▁J óz ef ▁Ś wię c ick i ▁Category : Hot el ▁buildings ▁completed ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁Category : Hot els ▁in ▁By d gos z cz <0x0A> </s> ▁Events ▁in ▁the ▁year

▁ 1 8 4 6 ▁in ▁Norway . ▁ ▁Inc umb ents ▁Mon arch : ▁Oscar ▁I ▁ ▁Events ▁ ▁Arts ▁and ▁literature ▁ ▁Birth s ▁ 2 2 ▁February ▁– ▁P eder ▁N ils en , ▁politician ▁and ▁Minister ▁( d . 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ 4 ▁August ▁– ▁Ste phan ▁S inding , ▁sculpt or ▁( d . 1 9 2 2 ) ▁ 5 ▁August ▁– ▁Al v ilde ▁P ry dz , ▁Norweg ian ▁novel ist ▁( d . 1 9 2 2 ▁in ▁Norway ) ▁ 2 2 ▁August ▁– ▁Am alie ▁Sk ram , ▁author ▁and ▁femin ist ▁( d . 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ 3 0 ▁September ▁– ▁Oscar ▁Amb ros ius ▁Cast berg , ▁painter ▁and ▁sculpt or ▁( d . 1 9 1 7 ) ▁ 2 2 ▁October ▁– ▁Anders ▁Anders en , ▁politician ▁( d . 1 9 3 1 ) ▁ 1 0 ▁December ▁– ▁Greg ers ▁Win ther ▁W ul fs berg ▁Gram , ▁jur ist ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . 1 9 2 9 ) ▁ 1 5 ▁December ▁– ▁K ittel ▁Hal v ors on , ▁a ▁U . S . ▁Represent ative ▁from ▁Minnesota ▁( d . 1 9 3 6 ) ▁ ▁Full ▁date ▁unknown ▁Hans ▁Kon rad ▁Fo os n æ s , ▁politician ▁and ▁Minister ▁( d . 1 9 1 7 ) ▁Ax el ▁Otto ▁Krist ian ▁H agem ann , ▁politician ▁ ▁Death s ▁ 2 8 ▁April

▁– ▁Christ en ▁S med , ▁black smith ▁and ▁mount aine er ▁( b . 1 7 9 7 ) ▁ ▁See ▁also <0x0A> </s> ▁Fun eral ▁celebr ant ▁is ▁a ▁formal ▁term ▁den oting ▁members ▁of ▁a ▁group ▁of ▁non - cl er gy ▁professionals ▁who ▁are ▁committed ▁to ▁preparing ▁and ▁delivering ▁high ▁quality ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies , ▁which ▁are ▁not ▁closely ▁linked ▁to ▁any ▁religion ▁or ▁to ▁belief ▁in ▁an ▁after - life . ▁The ▁concept ▁of ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁is ▁analog ous ▁in ▁Western ▁countries ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁civil ▁celebr ants ▁( for ▁mar riages ). ▁ ▁It ▁began ▁in ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁On ▁ 1 9 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁the ▁Australian ▁attorney - general ▁Lion el ▁Murphy ▁had ▁appointed ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁with ▁the ▁aim ▁of ▁creating ▁ceremon ies ▁of ▁substance ▁and ▁meaning ▁for ▁non - ch urch ▁people . ▁As ▁sec ular ▁( c ivil ) ▁marriage ▁ceremon ies ▁became ▁accepted , ▁first ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁then ▁in ▁other ▁Western ▁countries , ▁it ▁was ▁inevitable ▁that ▁a ▁similar ▁philosoph ical ▁parad ig m ▁would ▁be ▁applied ▁to ▁sec ular ▁fun er als . ▁ ▁Though ▁initiated ▁in ▁Australia ▁the ▁program ▁and ▁the ▁process ▁has ▁been ▁followed ▁and ▁is ▁now ▁established ▁in ▁New ▁Zealand , ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom , ▁Canada ▁and ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁of ▁America . ▁ ▁Des cript ive ▁definition ▁A ▁civil ▁funeral ▁celebr ant ▁is ▁an ▁individual ▁person , ▁quite ▁often , ▁but ▁not ▁necessarily , ▁an

▁author ised ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ant , ▁who ▁offers ▁to ▁perform ▁civil ▁fun er als ▁in ▁a ▁dign ified ▁and ▁cult ur ally ▁acceptable ▁manner , ▁for ▁those ▁who , ▁for ▁whatever ▁reason , ▁do ▁not ▁choose ▁a ▁religious ▁ceremony . ▁Civil ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁also ▁serve ▁people ▁who ▁have ▁religious ▁beliefs ▁but ▁do ▁not ▁wish ▁to ▁be ▁buried ▁or ▁cre m ated ▁from ▁a ▁church , ▁temple ▁or ▁mos que . ▁More ▁frequently , ▁people ▁choose ▁civil ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁because ▁they ▁wish ▁a ▁professional ▁person ▁to ▁co - create ▁a ▁service ▁cent red ▁on ▁the ▁person , ▁their ▁history ▁and ▁their ▁achievements . ▁ ▁This ▁is ▁often ▁in ▁contrast ▁to ▁the ▁established ▁set - rit ual ▁ceremon ies ▁of ▁most ▁relig ions . ▁In ▁celebr ant ▁ceremon ies ▁decisions ▁about ▁the ▁content ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony ▁are ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁family ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased ▁in ▁consultation ▁with ▁the ▁celebr ant . ▁Therefore , ▁the ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁can ▁be ▁defined ▁as ▁a ▁profession ally ▁trained ▁ceremony - provider ▁who ▁works ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁wishes ▁of ▁the ▁client . ▁Dep ending ▁on ▁circumstances , ▁best ▁practice ▁is ▁usually ▁for ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁interview ▁the ▁family , ▁carefully ▁prepare ▁and ▁check ▁the ▁e ul ogy , ▁brief ▁those ▁persons ▁chosen ▁to ▁give ▁rem in isc ences , ▁and ▁finally ▁to ▁provide ▁resources ▁and ▁suggestions ▁that ▁will ▁assist ▁the ▁client ▁family ▁to ▁choose ▁the ▁most ▁appropriate ▁music , ▁video / photo ▁present ations , ▁quot ations ▁( po etry ▁and ▁pro se

), ▁symbols ▁and ▁movement ▁or ▁ch ore ography . ▁Sometimes ▁a ▁rehe ars al ▁is ▁indicated ▁for ▁a ▁funeral . ▁More ▁often ▁a ▁planning ▁session ▁is ▁sufficient ▁to ▁ensure ▁that ▁the ▁ceremony ▁that ▁is ▁delivered ▁is ▁the ▁one ▁that ▁is ▁planned . ▁In ▁this ▁task ▁the ▁funeral ▁celebr ant ▁works ▁in ▁cooperation ▁with ▁a ▁funeral ▁director . ▁ ▁Thus ▁the ▁celebr ant ▁is ▁usually ▁the ▁central ▁person ▁who ▁del ivers ▁the ▁ceremony . ▁He ▁or ▁she ▁is ▁the ▁facil it ator , ▁the ▁adv iser , ▁the ▁resource ▁person , ▁the ▁co - creat or ▁of ▁the ▁ceremony , ▁and ▁the ▁director . ▁ ▁A ▁celebr ant , ▁by ▁this ▁definition , ▁does ▁not ▁come ▁from ▁the ▁stand point ▁of ▁any ▁do ctr inal ▁belief ▁or ▁un bel ief . ▁A ▁trained ▁celebr ant ▁usually ▁operates ▁profession ally ▁on ▁the ▁principle ▁that ▁their ▁own ▁beliefs ▁and ▁values ▁are ▁not ▁relevant . ▁ ▁The ▁first ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁funeral ▁- ▁Helen ▁Francis ▁An ▁acknowledged ▁pione er ▁of ▁civil ▁Cele br ancy , ▁D ally ▁Mess enger ▁III ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁off ici ated ▁at ▁the ▁first ▁funeral ▁celebr ant ▁ceremony . ▁This ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁sense ▁that ▁the ▁client ▁sought ▁a ▁service ▁from ▁Mess enger , ▁as ▁a ▁government ▁appointed ▁civil ▁celebr ant , ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁professional ▁ceremony ▁provider . ▁There ▁had ▁occasionally ▁been ▁sec ular ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁before ▁this ▁date , ▁but ▁they ▁were ▁extremely ▁rare ▁and ▁inform al , ▁e . g . ▁some ▁words ▁spoken ▁at ▁the ▁gr aves

ide ▁by ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Communist ▁party . ▁In ▁general , ▁fun er als ▁were ▁considered ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁province ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy ▁- ▁even ▁for ▁un bel ie vers . ▁For ▁example , ▁many ▁fun er als ▁for ▁non - bel ie vers ▁were ▁performed ▁by ▁the ▁Salv ation ▁army . ▁▁ ▁D ally ▁Mess enger ▁III ▁records ▁that ▁this ▁first ▁celebr ant ▁funeral ▁was ▁for ▁Helen ▁Francis ▁( née ▁G riev es ) ▁on ▁ 2 ▁July ▁ 1 9 7 5 ▁at ▁the ▁Le ▁P ine ▁Fun eral ▁Parl our ▁in ▁Fer nt ree ▁G ully , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁of ▁Victoria . ▁Helen ▁Francis ▁was ▁a ▁young ▁woman ▁who ▁had ▁engaged ▁Mess enger ▁as ▁a ▁celebr ant ▁for ▁her ▁wedding ▁to ▁Roy ▁Francis ▁some ▁four ▁weeks ▁previously . ▁Roy ▁Francis ▁convinced ▁Mess enger ▁that ▁just ▁as ▁his ▁wife ▁was ▁entitled ▁to ▁a ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁marriage , ▁she ▁was ▁similarly ▁entitled ▁to ▁a ▁civil ▁celebr ant ▁funeral . ▁Some ▁ 2 0 0 ▁people ▁attended ▁and ▁many ▁urged ▁Mess enger ▁to ▁continue ▁the ▁work ▁as ▁" m uch ▁more ▁important ▁than ▁wed dings ." ▁Mess enger ▁credits ▁Dennis ▁Perry , ▁then ▁brother ▁in ▁law ▁of ▁Helen ▁Francis , ▁of ▁being ▁a ▁decis ive ▁influence . ▁ ▁The ▁inaug ural ▁association ▁of ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁ ▁Support ▁of ▁the ▁funeral ▁industry ▁and ▁the ▁cler gy ▁From ▁this ▁time ▁on ▁some ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁began ▁to ▁quietly ▁and ▁carefully ▁off ici ate ▁at ▁fun er

als ▁when ▁they ▁were ▁asked ▁to ▁do ▁so . ▁On ▁Tuesday ▁ 3 ▁May ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁a ▁group , ▁consisting ▁of ▁some ▁author ised ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁and ▁some ▁other ▁persons ▁formed ▁an ▁association ▁- ▁The ▁Fun eral ▁Cele br ants ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia . ▁D ally ▁Mess enger ▁III ▁was ▁elected ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁president . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁and ▁cler gy ▁attended ▁as ▁supportive ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Association . ▁For ▁them ▁it ▁solved ▁the ▁problem ▁of ▁appropriate ▁ceremony ▁providers ▁for ▁the ▁increasing ▁number ▁families ▁for ▁whom ▁a ▁religious ▁ceremony ▁was ▁no ▁longer ▁an ▁authentic ▁option . ▁For ▁many ▁years ▁this ▁had ▁been ▁an ▁uncomfortable ▁problem ▁for ▁which ▁there ▁had ▁been ▁no ▁good ▁solution . ▁ ▁Cont ro vers y ▁among ▁celebr ants ▁These ▁innov ations ▁soon ▁produced ▁a ▁bitter ▁controversy . ▁In ▁a ▁time ▁when ▁death ▁and ▁fun er als ▁were ▁almost ▁tab oo ▁subjects , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁were ▁vis cer ally ▁opposed ▁to ▁being ▁associated ▁with ▁fun er als . ▁Most , ▁supported ▁by ▁the ▁public ▁servants ▁of ▁the ▁Commonwealth ’ s ▁Attorney - General ’ s ▁Department , ▁viewed ▁the ▁situation ▁of ▁ ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁also ▁being ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁as ▁" using ▁their ▁appointment ▁as ▁civil ▁marriage ▁celebr ants , ▁to ▁commer c ially ▁explo it ▁vulnerable ▁people ▁in ▁their ▁time ▁of ▁grief ". ▁ ▁Most ▁of ▁those ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁who ▁had ▁attended ▁the ▁inaug ural ▁meeting ▁then ▁withd rew ▁their ▁support . ▁The ▁few ▁" mar

riage ▁celebr ant ▁associations " ▁declared ▁their ▁opposition ▁to ▁fun er als . ▁However , ▁Lion el ▁Murphy , ▁then ▁a ▁judge ▁of ▁the ▁High ▁Court ▁of ▁Australia , ▁encouraged ▁Mess enger ▁to ▁go ▁out ▁into ▁the ▁" high ways ▁and ▁by ways " ▁and ▁find ▁non - mar riage ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁ful fil ▁the ▁societ al ▁need . ▁▁ ▁Murphy ▁urged ▁Mess enger ▁and ▁his ▁colleagues ▁to ▁prepare ▁each ▁ceremony ▁well , ▁to ▁charge ▁a ▁reasonable ▁fee ▁to ▁ensure ▁long ▁term ▁sustain ability , ▁and ▁to ▁see ▁the ▁civil ▁ceremony ▁as ▁a ▁cultural ▁bridge ▁between ▁ordinary ▁people ▁and ▁the ▁rich ▁world ▁of ▁the ▁visual ▁and ▁performing ▁arts ▁- ▁especially ▁music , ▁English ▁literature , ▁and ▁poetry . ▁ ▁The ▁pione er ▁civil ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁The ▁few ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁of ▁that ▁time ▁( 1 9 7 5 - 1 9 7 6 ) ▁involved ▁- ▁notably ▁D ally ▁Mess enger ▁III ▁and ▁Mar jor ie ▁Mess enger ▁- ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁years ▁and ▁months ▁following ▁( to ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁joined ▁by ▁non - mar riage ▁celebr ants , ▁Brian ▁Mc In er ney , ▁D iane ▁Store y , ▁Da wn ▁Dick son , ▁Jean ▁N ug ent , ▁Ken ▁Wood burn ▁and ▁Jan ▁T ully . ▁A ▁decis ive ▁influence ▁later ▁was ▁marriage ▁celebr ant , ▁mayor ▁of ▁Cro yd on , ▁and ▁public ▁advocate ▁Rick ▁Bar cl ay . ▁Mess enger ▁credits ▁these ▁persons ▁with ▁establishing ▁the ▁profession ▁in ▁Melbourne , ▁and ▁subsequently ▁throughout

▁the ▁western ▁world . ▁ ▁Setting ▁standards ▁and ▁prices ▁ ▁Stand ards ▁As ▁with ▁marriage ▁celebr ants , ▁public ▁acceptance ▁of ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁was ▁enthusi astic ▁and ▁rapid . ▁The ▁early ▁celebr ants ▁reported ▁the ▁commonly ▁expressed ▁need ▁of ▁non - ch urch ▁people ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁funeral ▁that ▁was ▁personal ▁in ▁nature , ▁with ▁a ▁minimum ▁of ▁plat itudes , ▁and ▁also ▁a ▁personal ▁e ul ogy ▁that ▁was ▁well ▁prepared , ▁and ▁substantial ▁in ▁its ▁coverage ▁of ▁the ▁life ▁of ▁the ▁person ▁who ▁had ▁died . ▁There ▁was ▁a ▁strong ▁ant ip ath y ▁to ▁mistakes ▁which ▁people ▁had ▁experienced ▁in ▁funeral ▁services , ▁such ▁as ▁fact ual ▁errors : ▁the ▁dece ased ▁being ▁called ▁by ▁the ▁wrong ▁name , ▁or ▁a ▁mis pr on ounced ▁name , ▁as ▁was ▁characteristic ▁of ▁many ▁under - pre pared ▁and ▁ritual istic ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁provided ▁by ▁the ▁churches . ▁The ▁public ▁also ▁required ▁that ▁music , ▁quot ations ▁and ▁individual ▁t ributes ▁be ▁appropriate ▁to ▁the ▁dece ased ▁person . ▁( Cl er gy ▁were ▁then ▁induced ▁to ▁compete ▁with ▁these ▁standards ▁and ▁were ▁thus ▁led ▁to ▁provide ▁more ▁personal ised ▁ceremon ies .) ▁ ▁The ▁problem ▁of ▁fees ▁The ▁new ▁Fun eral ▁Cele br ants ▁needed ▁to ▁establish ▁working ▁relationships ▁with ▁the ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors , ▁whose ▁role ▁was ▁to ▁collect , ▁prepare , ▁and ▁store ▁the ▁bodies ▁of ▁the ▁dece ased . ▁Fun eral ▁directors ▁were ▁then ▁( 1 9 7 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 8

0 s ) ▁mostly ▁smaller ▁ ▁family ▁owned ▁firms . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁John ▁and ▁Rob ▁All ison ▁of ▁John ▁All ison ▁Mon k house ▁( M el bourne , ▁Victoria ) ▁were ▁particularly ▁supportive ▁of ▁Fun eral ▁Cele br ants . ▁So ▁was ▁the ▁active ▁ideal ist ▁Des ▁Tob in , ▁General ▁Manager ▁of ▁Tob in ▁Brothers ▁Fun eral ▁Parl ours ▁of ▁Melbourne . ▁The ▁fee ▁that ▁funeral ▁directors ▁had ▁custom arily ▁paid ▁to ▁the ▁cler gy ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁fee ▁for ▁service ▁but ▁merely ▁an ▁" off ering ", ▁since ▁the ▁general ▁presum ption ▁was ▁that ▁the ▁client ▁was ▁a ▁church go er , ▁who ▁had ▁don ated ▁to ▁the ▁up keep ▁of ▁the ▁cler gy ▁all ▁his ▁or ▁her ▁life . ▁ ▁Fun eral ▁Cele br ants ▁argued ▁that ▁those ▁who ▁required ▁a ▁personally ▁prepared ▁service , ▁which ▁required ▁many ▁extra ▁hours ▁of ▁preparation , ▁should ▁pay ▁more . ▁Rob ▁All ison ▁agreed , ▁and ▁a ▁two - t ier ed ▁structure ▁of ▁fees ▁was ▁established . ▁The ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁argued ▁that ▁the ▁fee ▁should ▁be ▁fixed ▁so ▁they ▁could ▁quote ▁costs ▁clearly ▁to ▁the ▁client . ▁The ▁resulting ▁two - t ier ed ▁fee ▁acknowledged ▁that ▁civil ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁had ▁no ▁other ▁sources ▁of ▁income ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁cler gy ▁had . ▁However , ▁this ▁happened ▁only ▁in ▁Victoria . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁other ▁states ▁of ▁Australia ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁celebr ants ▁any ▁more ▁than ▁they ▁had ▁decided ▁to ▁pay ▁the ▁cler gy

. ▁This ▁led ▁predict ably ▁to ▁uns atisf actory ▁standards ▁and ▁un in sp iring ▁funeral ▁services . ▁See ▁below ▁under ▁" Austral ian ▁States ▁other ▁than ▁Victoria ". ▁ ▁Training ▁and ▁education ▁of ▁celebr ants ▁ ▁Training ▁It ▁also ▁became ▁clear , ▁as ▁funeral ▁celebr ancy ▁became ▁an ▁organ ised ▁profession , ▁that ▁it ▁was ▁not ▁appropriate ▁for ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁learn ▁how ▁to ▁carry ▁out ▁the ▁work ▁by ▁learning ▁from ▁one ’ s ▁mistakes ▁and ▁experience ▁while ▁‘ on ▁the ▁job ’. ▁Cele br ants ▁observed ▁that ▁mistakes ▁made ▁in ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁could ▁leave ▁lif el ong ▁psychological ▁sc ars . ▁It ▁was ▁clear ▁that ▁skills ▁such ▁as ▁creative ▁writing ▁and ▁public ▁speaking , ▁a ▁knowledge ▁of ▁suitable ▁poet ic , ▁literary , ▁symbol ic ▁and ▁musical ▁resources , ▁an ▁awareness ▁of ▁punct ual ity ▁and ▁time , ▁appropriate ▁dress ▁and ▁similar ▁were ▁essential . ▁It ▁was ▁clear ▁that ▁a ▁formal ▁educational ▁and ▁training ▁process ▁was ▁required . ▁ ▁Education ▁Exper i enced ▁celebr ants ▁maintained ▁it ▁was ▁crucial ▁for ▁train ee ▁celebr ants ▁to ▁achieve ▁an ▁understanding ▁of ▁the ▁" g rief ▁process " ▁and ▁how ▁it ▁impact ed ▁on ▁their ▁work . ▁The ▁Australian ▁lecture ▁tour ▁of ▁a ▁renown ed ▁scholar ▁in ▁this ▁area , ▁El is abeth ▁K ü bler - R oss , ▁organ ised ▁by ▁funeral ▁celebr ant ▁D iane ▁Store y , ▁received ▁wide ▁media ▁public ity ▁and ▁was ▁cred ited ▁with ▁changing ▁social ▁attitudes ▁to ▁death ▁and ▁dying . ▁Training , ▁in

▁the ▁inform al ▁sense , ▁began ▁by ▁constant ▁reflect ive ▁interaction ▁among ▁the ▁original ▁celebr ants ▁who ▁all ▁knew ▁each ▁other . ▁Later ▁on ▁when ▁more ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁were ▁attracted ▁to ▁the ▁voc ation , ▁programs ▁of ▁sem in ars ▁were ▁set ▁up ▁by ▁celebr ants ▁Bever ley ▁Sil v ius , ▁D iane ▁Store y ▁and ▁Brian ▁and ▁T ina ▁Mc In er ney . ▁This ▁body ▁of ▁learning ▁was ▁later ▁incorporated ▁into ▁the ▁courses ▁more ▁formally ▁prepared ▁by ▁the ▁College ▁of ▁Cele br ancy ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁secur ing ▁of ▁celebr ant ▁professional ism ▁It ▁was ▁agreed ▁that ▁adequate ▁training ▁of ▁celebr ants ▁must ▁leave ▁them ▁capable ▁of ▁providing ▁the ▁standards ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁expected ▁such ▁as ▁full ▁personal ▁interaction ▁and ▁cooperation ▁with ▁the ▁family , ▁careful ▁preparation ▁of ▁a ▁historical ▁and ▁personal ▁e ul ogy , ▁att ent ive ▁choosing ▁of ▁read ings ▁( po etry ▁and ▁pro se ), ▁music , ▁ch ore ography ▁( process ion als ▁and ▁rec ession als ), ▁symbol ism , ▁and ▁an ▁appropriate ▁setting ▁and ▁place ▁for ▁the ▁ceremony . ▁Another ▁essential ▁was ▁that ▁Cele br ants ▁should ▁check ▁the ▁e ul ogy ▁and ▁the ▁ceremony ▁with ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁family , ▁so ▁that ▁harmful ▁mistakes ▁were ▁avoided . ▁In ▁short , ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁were ▁viewed ▁as ▁a ▁serious ▁responsibility ▁which ▁should ▁be ▁prepared ▁with ▁efficiency ▁and ▁attention ▁to ▁detail , ▁requiring ▁an ▁attitude ▁of ▁genu inen ess , ▁em pathy ▁and ▁compassion .

▁The ▁high ▁ide als ▁of ▁the ▁original ▁celebr ants ▁and ▁the ▁ones ▁who ▁slowly ▁joined ▁their ▁ranks ▁changed ▁the ▁nature ▁of ▁the ▁funeral ▁ceremony ▁scene ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁and ▁Victoria . ▁They ▁profess ed ▁to ▁offer ▁the ▁best ▁and ▁most ▁personal ▁fun er als ▁which ▁existed ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁world . ▁This ▁high ▁standard ▁is ▁well ▁acknowledged ▁by ▁Professor ▁Tony ▁Walter , ▁lect urer ▁and ▁reader ▁in ▁Death ▁and ▁Society ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Reading ▁UK . ▁Professor ▁Walter ▁particularly ▁singles ▁out ▁for ▁comment ary ▁two ▁celebr ants ▁he ▁considered ▁outstanding , ▁Brian ▁Mc In er ney ▁and ▁Rick ▁Bar cl ay . ▁ ▁TIME ▁Magazine ▁report ▁International ▁acknowled g ment ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁comprehensive ▁article ▁in ▁Time ▁Magazine ▁( Se ptember ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁reporting ▁that ▁in ▁the ▁" li ber al " ▁cities ▁of ▁Melbourne ▁( Austral ia ) ▁and ▁A uck land ▁( New ▁Zealand ) ▁civil ▁celebr ants ▁" conduct ▁substant ially ▁more ▁than ▁half ▁of ▁the ▁fun er als ." ▁It ▁reported ▁that ▁before ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁only ▁cler gy ▁fun er als ▁were ▁available ▁to ▁the ▁general ▁public ▁in ▁Australia ▁and ▁New ▁Zealand . ▁The ▁article ▁describes ▁celebr ant ▁fun er als ▁as ▁" int imate ▁and ▁personal ised ". ▁But ▁it ▁also ▁cited ▁an ▁alternative ▁point ▁of ▁view ▁by ▁at he ist ▁soci ologist ▁M ira ▁C rou ch ▁who ▁stated ▁that ▁celebr ant ▁fun er als ▁were ▁" ma w k ish ▁and ▁sent imental ". ▁ ▁The ▁Australian ▁Institute

▁of ▁Civil ▁Cele br ants ▁In ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁the ▁‘ ’ Fun eral ▁Cele br ants ▁Association ▁of ▁Australia ’ ’ ▁had ▁become ▁the ▁‘ ’ Austral ian ▁Institute ▁of ▁Civil ▁Cele br ants ’ ’. ▁This ▁new ▁body ▁was ▁able ▁to ▁welcome ▁marriage ▁celebr ants , ▁who ▁were ▁increasingly ▁in ▁disag reement ▁with ▁the ▁Mar riage ▁Cele br ants ▁Associ ations , ▁which ▁continued ▁to ▁opp ose ▁sec ular ▁funeral ▁celebr ants . ▁An ▁active ▁marriage ▁celebr ant ▁with ▁a ▁public ▁profile , ▁Rick ▁Bar cl ay ▁was ▁voted ▁in ▁as ▁President , ▁D ally ▁Mess enger ▁III ▁as ▁Secretary , ▁and ▁Ken ▁Wood burn ▁as ▁Tre as urer . ▁These ▁three ▁administer ed ▁the ▁Institute ▁until ▁it ▁became ▁‘ ’ The ▁Australian ▁Federation ▁of ▁Civil ▁Cele br ants ▁Inc ’ ’ ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 9 4 . ▁Although ▁no ▁reliable ▁statistics ▁were ▁kept ▁In ▁Melbourne ▁or ▁Victoria ▁by ▁any ▁reput able ▁authority , ▁inform al ▁checks ▁of ▁the ▁fun er als ▁services ▁as ▁advert ised ▁in ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁newspapers ▁by ▁celebr ant ▁John ▁Dean ▁concluded ▁that ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁about ▁ 8 2 % ▁of ▁all ▁advert ised ▁funeral ▁services ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁were ▁performed ▁by ▁civil ▁funeral ▁celebr ants . ▁ ▁Australian ▁States ▁other ▁than ▁Victoria ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁states ▁of ▁Australia ▁other ▁than ▁Victoria ▁still ▁refused ▁to ▁pay ▁celebr ants ▁any ▁more ▁than ▁they ▁paid ▁the ▁cler gy ▁i . e . ▁a ▁low ▁" st ip end "

▁or ▁" off ering ". ▁The ▁results ▁were ▁predict able . ▁With ▁ ▁some ▁notable ▁exceptions , ▁very ▁few ▁marriage ▁celebr ants ▁were ▁prepared ▁to ▁put ▁the ▁amount ▁of ▁pain st aking ▁time ▁and ▁effort ▁into ▁the ▁preparation ▁and ▁checking ▁of ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁that ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁reach ▁the ▁Victorian ▁standard . ▁Many ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁these ▁states ▁saw ▁celebr ants ▁as ▁a ▁threat ▁to ▁their ▁income ▁and ▁were ▁openly ▁hostile . ▁Several ▁firms ▁declared ▁every ▁member ▁of ▁their ▁staff ▁a ▁celebr ant . ▁Others ▁employed ▁an ▁in - house ▁celebr ant ▁who ▁was ▁required ▁to ▁perform ▁ 1 3 ▁or ▁ 1 4 ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁per ▁week ▁— ▁compelling ▁such ▁employees ▁to ▁resort ▁to ▁one - size - f its - all ▁imp erson al ▁ceremon ies . ▁A ▁" ce le br ant ▁funeral " ▁in ▁these ▁context s ▁became ▁the ▁worst ▁option ▁available . ▁As ▁author ▁and ▁comment ator ▁Robert ▁L ark ins ▁put ▁it , ▁speaking ▁of ▁one ▁family ’ s ▁experience - ▁ ▁Geoff ▁was ▁not ▁a ▁religious ▁man ▁so ▁there ▁was ▁no ▁minister ▁of ▁religion ▁present , ▁just ▁a ▁celebr ant … ▁Sus anne ▁had ▁found ▁the ▁funeral ▁experience ▁to ▁be ▁deeply ▁diss atisf ying . ▁ ▁As ▁church ▁attend ances ▁declined , ▁funeral ▁directors ▁in ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁pushed ▁non - ch urch ▁people ▁into ▁organ ising ▁" family ▁ceremon ies ". ▁A ▁few ▁families ▁proved ▁capable ▁of ▁this , ▁but ▁most ▁were ▁not . ▁ ▁A ▁further ▁decline ▁in ▁standards ▁in

▁Australia ▁As ▁inflation ▁took ▁hold ▁during ▁the ▁years ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁the ▁value ▁of ▁money ▁declined . ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁in ▁Australia , ▁who ▁effectively ▁controlled ▁fees ▁for ▁celebr ants , ▁held ▁out ▁against ▁any ▁increases ▁in ▁payments . ▁ ▁The ▁loss ▁of ▁support ▁for ▁celebr ants ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁retire ments ▁of ▁ideal ist ▁Fun eral ▁Direct ors ▁such ▁as ▁Rob ▁and ▁John ▁All ison ▁and ▁Des mond ▁Tob in ▁was ▁keen ly ▁felt . ▁The ▁take over ▁of ▁the ▁small ▁and ▁middle ▁size ▁Fun eral ▁Companies ▁by ▁the ▁mult in ational ▁company ▁Inv oc are ▁Limited , ▁meant ▁there ▁was ▁little ▁interest ▁in ▁any ▁celebr ant ▁standards ▁of ▁ceremony . ▁L ark ins ▁lists ▁five ▁pages ▁of ▁Fun eral ▁Hom es ▁purchased ▁by ▁Inv oc are ▁Limited ▁ ▁including ▁such ▁names ▁as ▁Sim plicity ▁Fun er als , ▁White ▁Lady ▁Fun er als , ▁Tob in ▁Brothers ▁Fun er als ▁and ▁Le ▁P ine ▁Fun er als . ▁All ▁these ▁smaller ▁firms ▁kept ▁their ▁original ▁names , ▁thus ▁mis leading ▁the ▁public ▁as ▁to ▁ownership . ▁Not with standing ▁the ▁above , ▁a ▁core ▁group ▁of ▁Fun eral ▁Cele br ants ▁throughout ▁Australia ▁still ▁provide ▁the ▁public ▁with ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies ▁in ▁accordance ▁with ▁the ▁original ▁ide als . ▁ ▁Fun eral ▁celebr ants ▁in ▁N Z , ▁UK ▁and ▁USA ▁In ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 7 0 s ▁New ▁Zealand ▁followed ▁Australia ▁in ▁establishing ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁and ▁have ▁had

▁an ▁un tr ou bled ▁history . ▁The ▁Human ist ▁Society ▁of ▁England ▁and ▁Scotland , ▁after ▁many ▁visits ▁to ▁Australia ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s , ▁established ▁a ▁wide ▁network ▁of ▁quality ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁character ised ▁by ▁a ▁strong ▁non - rel igious ▁stance . ▁Others ▁in ▁the ▁UK ▁have ▁set ▁themselves ▁up ▁as ▁Civil ▁Fun eral ▁Cele br ants ▁based ▁on ▁the ▁Australian / V ict or ian ▁model . ▁They ▁are ▁gaining ▁wide ▁acceptance ▁particularly ▁funeral ▁celebr ants ▁trained ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁Society ▁of ▁Cele br ants . ▁The ▁USA ▁Cele br ant ▁Foundation , ▁established ▁by ▁gradu ates ▁of ▁the ▁Australian - based ▁International ▁College ▁of ▁Cele br ancy ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁has ▁emerged ▁as ▁the ▁leading ▁organisation ▁in ▁training ▁and ▁educ ating ▁civil ▁celebr ants ▁in ▁the ▁USA . ▁Origin ally ▁a ▁force ▁for ▁sec ular ▁wedding ▁and ▁n aming ▁ceremon ies , ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁some ▁civil ▁celebr ants ▁in ▁the ▁USA ▁have ▁become ▁more ▁involved ▁in ▁high ▁standard ▁funeral ▁ceremon ies . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Austral ian ▁culture ▁Category : Fun er als <0x0A> </s> ▁USS ▁Che w ▁( DD - 1 0 6 ) ▁was ▁a ▁ ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁and ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁She ▁was ▁named ▁in ▁honor ▁of ▁Samuel ▁Che w . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁to ▁ 1 9 2 2 , ▁Che w ▁operated ▁along ▁the

▁East ▁Coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁patrol ▁and ▁training ▁duties , ▁including ▁escort ing ▁a ▁trans at l antic ▁voyage ▁of ▁Curt iss ▁NC ▁se ap lan es . ▁In ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁she ▁was ▁recomm ission ed ▁and ▁operated ▁out ▁of ▁Pearl ▁Harbor . ▁During ▁the ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁attack ▁on ▁Pearl ▁Harbor , ▁she ▁brought ▁her ▁guns ▁to ▁bear ▁against ▁aircraft ▁of ▁the ▁Empire ▁of ▁Japan , ▁and ▁two ▁of ▁her ▁men ▁were ▁killed ▁helping ▁to ▁man ▁the ▁battles hip ▁. ▁For ▁the ▁remainder ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁Che w ▁operated ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁on ▁escort ▁and ▁patrol ▁duties , ▁until ▁she ▁was ▁de comm ission ed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 5 . ▁ ▁Design ▁and ▁construction ▁▁ ▁Che w ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ 1 1 1 ▁s ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁between ▁ 1 9 1 7 ▁and ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁She , ▁along ▁with ▁seven ▁of ▁her ▁sisters , ▁were ▁constructed ▁at ▁Union ▁Iron ▁Works ▁ship y ards ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁California ▁using ▁specific ations ▁and ▁detail ▁designs ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁Beth le hem ▁Steel . ▁ ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁standard ▁displ acement ▁of ▁ ▁an ▁overall ▁length ▁of ▁, ▁a ▁beam ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁a ▁d ra ug ht ▁of ▁. ▁On ▁trials , ▁ ▁reached ▁a ▁speed ▁of ▁. ▁She ▁was ▁armed ▁with ▁four ▁ 4 " / 5 0 ▁cal iber ▁guns ▁and ▁twelve ▁ ▁tor ped o ▁tub

es . ▁She ▁had ▁a ▁regular ▁crew ▁complement ▁of ▁ 1 1 3 ▁officers ▁and ▁en listed ▁men . ▁She ▁was ▁driven ▁by ▁two ▁Curt is ▁steam ▁turb ines ▁powered ▁by ▁four ▁Y arrow ▁bo ilers . ▁ ▁Specific s ▁on ▁Che ws ▁performance ▁are ▁not ▁known , ▁but ▁she ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁group ▁of ▁W ick es - class ▁destroy ers ▁designed ▁by ▁Beth le hem ▁Steel , ▁built ▁from ▁a ▁different ▁design ▁than ▁the ▁' L iber ty ▁type ' ▁destroy ers ▁constructed ▁from ▁detail ▁designs ▁drawn ▁up ▁by ▁Bath ▁Iron ▁Works , ▁which ▁used ▁Pars ons ▁or ▁West ing house ▁turb ines . ▁The ▁non - ' L iber ty ' ▁type ▁destroy ers ▁deter ior ated ▁badly ▁in ▁service , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁all ▁ 6 0 ▁of ▁this ▁group ▁were ▁retired ▁by ▁the ▁Navy . ▁Act ual ▁performance ▁of ▁these ▁ships ▁was ▁far ▁below ▁intended ▁specific ations ▁especially ▁in ▁fuel ▁economy , ▁with ▁most ▁only ▁able ▁to ▁make ▁ ▁at ▁ ▁instead ▁of ▁the ▁design ▁standard ▁of ▁ ▁at ▁. ▁The ▁class ▁also ▁suffered ▁problems ▁with ▁turning ▁and ▁weight . ▁ ▁Che w ▁was ▁the ▁first ▁and ▁only ▁ship ▁commissioned ▁in ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Navy ▁named ▁for ▁Samuel ▁Che w , ▁who ▁had ▁been ▁a ▁Contin ental ▁Navy ▁officer ▁killed ▁in ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁ ▁Service ▁history ▁Che w ▁was ▁launched ▁on ▁ 2 6 ▁May ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁out ▁of ▁San ▁Francisco , ▁sponsored ▁by ▁F

. ▁X . ▁G yg ax . ▁She ▁was ▁commissioned ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁Commander ▁J . ▁H . ▁Klein ▁Jr . ▁ ▁She ▁s ailed ▁for ▁the ▁East ▁Coast ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁December ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁and ▁arrived ▁in ▁port ▁at ▁New port , ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁January ▁ 1 9 1 9 . ▁After ▁brief ▁repairs ▁at ▁port ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City , ▁New ▁York ▁and ▁refres her ▁training ▁at ▁Gu ant an amo ▁Bay ▁Naval ▁Base , ▁she ▁cleared ▁New ▁York ▁on ▁ 2 8 ▁April ▁and ▁emb ark ed ▁as ▁an ▁escort ▁during ▁the ▁first ▁trans at l antic ▁se ap lane ▁flight , ▁made ▁by ▁Curt iss ▁NC - 4 ▁aircraft . ▁Following ▁this ▁duty , ▁she ▁visited ▁to ▁the ▁Az ores , ▁Gib ral tar , ▁Mal ta , ▁and ▁Constant in ople ▁before ▁returning ▁to ▁New ▁York ▁on ▁ 5 ▁June . ▁After ▁repairs , ▁she ▁ste amed ▁for ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California , ▁leaving ▁New ▁York ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁September ▁and ▁arriving ▁in ▁San ▁Diego ▁on ▁ 1 2 ▁October . ▁Begin ning ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁November ▁ 1 9 1 9 , ▁she ▁was ▁placed ▁in ▁reduced ▁commission , ▁operating ▁only ▁inf requ ently ▁with ▁Naval ▁reserv ists ▁of ▁Reserve ▁Division ▁ 1 0 ▁until ▁she ▁was ▁placed ▁out ▁of ▁commission ▁on ▁ 1 ▁June ▁ 1 9 2 2

. ▁ ▁At ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁mobil ization ▁effort ▁preced ing ▁the ▁U . S . ▁entry ▁into ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Che w ▁was ▁recomm ission ed ▁on ▁ 1 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 0 , ▁assigned ▁to ▁Defense ▁Force , ▁ 1 4 th ▁Naval ▁District . ▁She ▁arrived ▁at ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁on ▁ 1 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁which ▁she ▁made ▁her ▁home ▁port . ▁She ▁spent ▁the ▁next ▁year ▁conducting ▁patrol s ▁and ▁had ▁training ▁duty ▁from ▁Pearl ▁Harbor . ▁She ▁was ▁assigned ▁to ▁Dest roy er ▁Division ▁ 8 0 , ▁with ▁sister ▁ships ▁, ▁, ▁and ▁. ▁ ▁On ▁the ▁morning ▁of ▁ 7 ▁December ▁ 1 9 4 1 , ▁Che w ▁was ▁mo ored ▁in ▁Ber th ▁X - 5 , ▁alongside ▁Allen ▁and ▁the ▁de comm ission ed ▁, ▁which ▁was ▁being ▁used ▁for ▁storage . ▁At ▁the ▁outbreak ▁of ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁by ▁the ▁Empire ▁of ▁Japan ▁that ▁morning , ▁Che w ▁brought ▁one ▁of ▁her ▁ 3 " / 2 3 ▁cal iber ▁guns ▁online ▁and ▁began ▁firing ▁at ▁ 0 8 : 0 3 , ▁under ▁the ▁command ▁of ▁her ▁executive ▁officer . ▁At ▁ 0 8 : 1 1 , ▁two ▁of ▁her ▁. 5 0 ▁cal iber ▁machine ▁guns ▁were ▁also ▁brought ▁online ▁and ▁began ▁firing . ▁The ▁ ▁gun ▁scored ▁one ▁Japanese ▁aircraft ▁shot ▁down ▁and ▁two ▁damaged , ▁and ▁the ▁machine ▁guns ▁observed ▁no ▁hits . ▁Che w ▁maintained

▁continuous ▁fire ▁from ▁these ▁weapons ▁until ▁ 0 9 : 3 4 , ▁when ▁the ▁last ▁of ▁the ▁Japanese ▁aircraft ▁depart ed . ▁She ▁then ▁got ▁under way ▁and ▁began ▁pat rolling ▁for ▁Japanese ▁submar ine ▁activity , ▁just ▁south west ▁of ▁the ▁port ▁entrance ▁bu oy . ▁She ▁p ing ed ▁eight ▁possible ▁contacts ▁and ▁dropped ▁ 2 8 ▁depth ▁charges , ▁which ▁her ▁commander , ▁H . ▁R . ▁Hum mer , ▁Jr ., ▁reported ▁two ▁Japanese ▁submar ines ▁destroyed . ▁Sub sequ ent ▁evidence ▁does ▁not ▁suggest ▁Che w ▁struck ▁any ▁Japanese ▁submar ines . ▁In ▁the ▁chaos ▁of ▁the ▁attack , ▁a ▁number ▁of ▁Che w ▁crew ▁members ▁also ▁dis emb ark ed ▁and ▁came ▁aboard ▁nearby ▁battles hip ▁, ▁which ▁was ▁in ▁dry d ock , ▁to ▁assist ▁in ▁man ning ▁guns , ▁forming ▁am mun ition ▁trains , ▁and ▁fighting ▁fires . ▁A board ▁Pennsylvania , ▁two ▁Che w ▁crew man ▁were ▁killed ▁in ▁defending ▁the ▁ship , ▁Se aman ▁Second ▁Class ▁Matthew ▁J . ▁Ag ola ▁and ▁Fire man ▁Third ▁Class ▁Cl aren ce ▁A . ▁W ise . ▁ ▁From ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁through ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁World ▁War ▁II , ▁Che w ▁operated ▁out ▁of ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁on ▁patrol . ▁She ▁took ▁on ▁periodic ▁escort ▁duties ▁among ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁Islands ▁and ▁on ▁training ▁duty ▁for ▁submar ines . ▁She ▁made ▁occasional ▁trips ▁to ▁San ▁Francisco ▁and ▁Seattle ▁escort ing ▁con vo ys ▁and ▁screening ▁for ▁other ▁Navy ▁ships , ▁inter -

is land ▁escort , ▁and ▁submar ine ▁training ▁duty . ▁Following ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁war , ▁she ▁depart ed ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁on ▁ 2 1 ▁August ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁and ▁arrived ▁at ▁Philadelphia ▁ 1 3 ▁September . ▁She ▁was ▁de comm ission ed ▁there ▁on ▁ 1 0 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 5 , ▁and ▁sold ▁for ▁scrap ▁on ▁ 4 ▁October ▁ 1 9 4 6 . ▁Che w ▁received ▁one ▁battle ▁star ▁for ▁World ▁War ▁II ▁service . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Navy ▁destroy ers ▁ ▁Notes ▁ ▁S ources ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Nav Source ▁Phot os ▁ ▁USS ▁Che w ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁A AR ▁ ▁Category : W ick es - class ▁destroy ers ▁Category : World ▁War ▁II ▁destroy ers ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Category : Ship s ▁present ▁during ▁the ▁attack ▁on ▁Pearl ▁Harbor ▁Category : Ship s ▁built ▁in ▁San ▁Francisco ▁Category : 1 9 1 8 ▁ships <0x0A> </s> ▁An ▁Object ▁is ▁the ▁fourth ▁studio ▁album ▁from ▁the ▁du o ▁No ▁Age ▁and ▁third ▁to ▁be ▁released ▁through ▁Sub ▁Pop . ▁The ▁band ▁physically ▁created , ▁printed , ▁pack aged , ▁and ▁manufactured ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁units ▁of ▁the ▁record ▁themselves . ▁ ▁Background ▁and ▁recording ▁ ▁Track ▁listing ▁ ▁Person nel ▁R andy ▁Rand all ▁- ▁Com poser ▁Dean ▁Sp unt ▁- ▁Com poser ▁Fac undo ▁B erm ude z ▁- ▁Produ cer , ▁Engine er ▁Pete ▁L yman ▁-

▁Master ing ▁Isaac ▁Take uch i ▁- ▁C ello ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : No ▁Age ▁albums ▁Category : 2 0 1 3 ▁albums ▁Category : Sub ▁Pop ▁albums <0x0A> </s> ▁" D ancing ▁Your ▁Memory ▁A way " ▁is ▁a ▁song ▁recorded ▁by ▁American ▁country ▁music ▁artist ▁Ch arly ▁Mc Cl ain . ▁ ▁It ▁was ▁released ▁in ▁June ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁as ▁the ▁first ▁single ▁from ▁the ▁album ▁Too ▁Good ▁to ▁Hur ry . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁reached ▁number ▁three ▁on ▁the ▁Bill board ▁Hot ▁Country ▁Singles ▁& ▁Tr acks ▁chart . ▁ ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁written ▁by ▁Eddie ▁Bur ton ▁and ▁Thomas ▁Alan ▁Grant ▁for ▁Barn wood ▁Music ▁which ▁is ▁now ▁owned ▁by ▁H ori Pro ▁Entertainment . ▁" D ancing ▁Your ▁Memory ▁A way " ▁also ▁won ▁two ▁B MI ▁awards , ▁one ▁at ▁the ▁country ▁awards ▁in ▁Nash ville ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁at ▁the ▁pop ▁awards ▁in ▁Bever ly ▁Hills , ▁CA . ▁The ▁song ▁was ▁first ▁recorded ▁by ▁Tam my ▁W yn ette ▁for ▁her ▁Soft ▁Touch ▁album . ▁The ▁Ch arly ▁Mc Cl ain ▁version ▁was ▁produced ▁by ▁Nor ro ▁Wilson . ▁It ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁recorded ▁by ▁over ▁ 3 0 ▁different ▁artists ▁around ▁the ▁world . ▁ ▁Chart ▁performance ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁singles ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁songs ▁Category : T am my ▁W yn ette ▁songs ▁Category : Ch arly ▁Mc Cl ain ▁songs ▁Category : S

ong ▁record ings ▁produced ▁by ▁Nor ro ▁Wilson ▁Category : E pic ▁Records ▁singles <0x0A> </s> ▁Al ad ▁is ▁an ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁The ▁Philipp ine ▁third - class ▁municip ality ▁of ▁Rom bl on ▁is ▁located ▁on ▁Al ad ▁and ▁on ▁Rom bl on , ▁Cob rad or , ▁and ▁Log bon ▁Islands . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁islands ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : Is lands ▁of ▁Rom bl on <0x0A> </s> ▁Charles ▁Hamilton ▁San ford ▁( May ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 8 7 3 ▁- ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio , ▁and ▁was ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁S yr ac use ▁Trust ▁Company ▁and ▁co - found er ▁of ▁San ford - Her bert ▁Motor ▁Tru ck ▁Company ▁in ▁S yr ac use , ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Biography ▁San ford ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Cleveland , ▁Ohio , ▁on ▁May ▁ 2 8 , ▁ 1 8 7 3 . ▁He ▁was ▁the ▁son ▁of ▁Theod ore ▁S . ▁San ford ▁and ▁Arab ella ▁F ent on ▁San ford . ▁His ▁father ▁was ▁a ▁" leading ▁figure " ▁in ▁the ▁banking ▁and ▁financial ▁circles ▁of ▁the ▁Ohio ▁met ropol is . ▁ ▁Early ▁career ▁ ▁C . ▁Hamilton ▁San ford , ▁as ▁he ▁was ▁known , ▁was ▁" so ▁eager ▁to ▁get ▁into ▁the ▁business ▁field ▁in ▁which ▁his ▁father ▁had ▁succeeded " ▁that , ▁on ▁gradu ation ▁from ▁Cleveland

▁public ▁schools , ▁he ▁took ▁a ▁job ▁as ▁a ▁mess enger ▁for ▁the ▁German - American ▁Sav ings ▁Bank . ▁ ▁He ▁worked ▁there ▁for ▁a ▁year ▁and ▁then ▁became ▁a ▁cl erk ▁in ▁the ▁Western ▁Reserve ▁National ▁Bank ▁of ▁Cleveland , ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁until ▁its ▁mer ger ▁with ▁the ▁Bank ▁of ▁Commerce ▁National ▁Association . ▁During ▁his ▁time ▁there , ▁he ▁rose ▁to ▁the ▁position ▁of ▁" pay ing ▁tell er " ▁and ▁after ▁the ▁mer ger ▁he ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁a ▁" re ce iving ▁tell er " ▁and ▁later , ▁" ass istant ▁cash ier ". ▁ ▁Bank ▁president ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁he ▁became ▁" c ash ier " ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁National ▁Bank ▁of ▁S yr ac use ▁where ▁he ▁remained ▁in ▁that ▁position ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 5 , ▁when ▁he ▁was ▁elected ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁firm . ▁ ▁When ▁the ▁National ▁Bank ▁of ▁S yr ac use ▁was ▁am alg am ated ▁with ▁the ▁S yr ac use ▁Trust ▁Company ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 8 , ▁he ▁became ▁vice - pres ident ▁of ▁the ▁combined ▁bank ▁and ▁was ▁promoted ▁to ▁president ▁two ▁years ▁later ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 0 . ▁San ford ▁spent ▁another ▁ 1 9 ▁years ▁as ▁executive ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁large ▁Up state , ▁New ▁York ▁bank ▁as ▁a ▁" fin anc ier ▁of ▁prest ige ", ▁not ▁only ▁in ▁his ▁adopted ▁state , ▁but ▁far ▁beyond ▁its ▁conf ines . ▁ ▁By ▁ 1

9 2 7 , ▁S yr ac use ▁Trust ▁Company ▁had ▁two ▁branches , ▁one ▁at ▁ 3 3 0 ▁South ▁Warren ▁and ▁the ▁other ▁at ▁ 5 0 9 ▁North ▁Sal ina ▁Street ▁in ▁S yr ac use . ▁The ▁company ▁was ▁renamed ▁to ▁Marine ▁Mid land ▁Trust ▁Company ▁of ▁Central ▁New ▁York ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 5 3 , ▁and ▁Marine ▁Mid land ▁Bank ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 1 . ▁By ▁ 1 9 9 9 , ▁the ▁bank ▁changed ▁its ▁name ▁to ▁H S BC ▁Bank ▁USA . ▁ ▁San ford - Her bert ▁trucks ▁ ▁C . ▁Hamilton ▁San ford ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁found ers ▁of ▁the ▁San ford - Her bert ▁Motor ▁Tru ck ▁Company ▁in ▁S yr ac use , ▁New ▁York , ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 9 . ▁He ▁succeeded ▁the ▁late ▁J . ▁Frank ▁Dur ston ▁as ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁concern ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 1 . ▁ ▁Ret irement ▁ ▁He ▁retired ▁from ▁active ▁business ▁in ▁January ▁ 1 9 3 9 , ▁but ▁remained ▁as ▁head ▁of ▁the ▁board ▁of ▁directors ▁of ▁the ▁S yr ac use ▁Trust ▁Company . ▁San ford ▁was ▁succeeded ▁in ▁the ▁presid ency ▁by ▁Harry ▁W . ▁Dav ies . ▁ ▁Personal ▁life ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁married ▁to ▁Alice ▁Dur ston ▁San ford ▁and ▁had ▁two ▁sons ; ▁C . ▁Hamilton ▁San ford , ▁Jr ., ▁and ▁Dur ston ▁San ford ▁and ▁one ▁daughter , ▁A de le ▁San ford . ▁He ▁also

▁had ▁two ▁grand children ; ▁Samuel ▁Cook ▁San ford ▁and ▁C . ▁Hamilton ▁San ford ▁III . ▁ ▁He ▁was ▁a ▁lif el ong ▁Republican . ▁During ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁he ▁worked ▁for ▁the ▁Liberty ▁Lo an ▁sales , ▁in ▁Red ▁Cross ▁drives ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁War ▁Che st ▁campaign . ▁ ▁San ford ▁was ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁S yr ac use ▁Chamber ▁of ▁Commerce , ▁the ▁Century ▁Club ▁and ▁the ▁On ond aga ▁Golf ▁and ▁Country ▁Club . ▁ ▁Death ▁ ▁C . ▁Hamilton ▁San ford ▁died ▁on ▁February ▁ 1 6 , ▁ 1 9 4 2 , ▁at ▁age ▁ 6 8 . ▁Fun eral ▁services ▁were ▁held ▁at ▁his ▁home ▁at ▁ 2 1 5 ▁Map le ▁Drive ▁in ▁De W itt , ▁New ▁York , ▁a ▁sub urb ▁of ▁S yr ac use . ▁He ▁had ▁been ▁in ▁poor ▁health ▁for ▁several ▁years . ▁San ford ▁was ▁buried ▁in ▁Oak wood ▁C emetery ▁in ▁S yr ac use ▁after ▁services ▁at ▁First ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁▁ ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁S yr ac use , ▁New ▁York ▁Category : Bus iness people ▁from ▁Cleveland ▁Category : B ur ials ▁at ▁Oak wood ▁C emetery ▁( S yr ac use , ▁New ▁York ) ▁Category : 1 8 7 3 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1 9 4 2 ▁deaths <0x0A> </s> ▁ 2 2 4 th ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁may ▁refer ▁to : ▁ 2 2 4 th ▁Brigade ▁(

Un ited ▁Kingdom ) ▁ 2 2 4 th ▁M ixed ▁Brigade ▁( Sp ain ) <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Sh and ong ▁coal ▁mine ▁flood ▁was ▁an ▁incident ▁that ▁occurred ▁on ▁August ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁in ▁X int ai , ▁Sh and ong , ▁People ' s ▁Republic ▁of ▁China , ▁when ▁heavy ▁rain ▁caused ▁a ▁river ▁to ▁burst ▁a ▁le vee ▁creating ▁a ▁flood ▁into ▁two ▁mine ▁shaft s . ▁ ▁By ▁ 8 : 5 0 ▁am ▁( 1 : 5 0 G MT ), ▁the ▁mine ▁was ▁in und ated ▁under water . ▁ ▁Dam ages ▁and ▁casual ties ▁More ▁than ▁ 2 0 0 mm ▁of ▁rain ▁had ▁fallen ▁in ▁X int ai , ▁causing ▁a ▁ 5 0 - met re ▁bre ach ▁of ▁a ▁le vee ▁of ▁the ▁W en ▁river . ▁ ▁Water ▁poured ▁into ▁the ▁ 8 6 0 - met re ▁deep ▁pit ▁at ▁the ▁Hu ay uan ▁mine , ▁quickly ▁overwhelming ▁the ▁mine ' s ▁p umps . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 7 2 ▁min ers ▁were ▁trapped ▁in ▁a ▁ 3 , 0 0 0 - foot - deep ▁mine ▁shaft ▁when ▁a ▁mine ▁operated ▁by ▁the ▁Hu ay uan ▁Min ing ▁Co . ▁ ▁N ine ▁others ▁were ▁also ▁missing , ▁in ▁a ▁nearby ▁mine ▁run ▁by ▁a ▁different ▁company . ▁None ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 1 ▁min ers , ▁living ▁or ▁dead , ▁were ▁recovered ▁from ▁the ▁two

▁mines ▁after ▁the ▁accident . ▁ ▁The ▁Hu ay uan ▁mine ▁was ▁flo oded ▁with ▁an ▁estimated ▁ 1 2 ▁million ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁of ▁water . ▁If ▁all ▁six ▁available ▁p umps ▁were ▁used ▁around ▁the ▁clock ▁they ▁could ▁pump ▁out ▁about ▁ 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁cub ic ▁metres ▁of ▁water ▁a ▁day . ▁But ▁only ▁four ▁were ▁operational . ▁Un off ic ially , ▁experts ▁say ▁that ▁it ▁would ▁take ▁almost ▁ 1 0 0 ▁days ▁to ▁drain ▁the ▁water ▁inside ▁the ▁mine . ▁ ▁After math ▁An ▁official ▁at ▁China . com . cn ▁discussed ▁the ▁fact ▁that ▁signs ▁of ▁flo oding ▁had ▁appeared ▁in ▁advance ▁prior ▁to ▁the ▁incident , ▁and ▁that ▁the ▁" dis aster ▁was ▁completely ▁avoid able ." ▁ ▁On ▁September ▁ 6 , ▁the ▁Sh and ong ▁provincial ▁government ▁issued ▁a ▁statement ▁c iting ▁scientists ▁who ▁said ▁that ▁none ▁of ▁the ▁min ers ▁would ▁be ▁able ▁to ▁make ▁it ▁out ▁alive ▁after ▁that ▁amount ▁of ▁time ▁underground . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Coal ▁power ▁in ▁China ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Sh and ong ▁mine ▁flood ▁Sh and ong ▁mine ▁flood ▁Category : Environment al ▁dis asters ▁in ▁China ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁Category : 2 0 0 7 ▁flood s ▁Category : Sh and ong ▁Category : Co al ▁mining ▁dis asters ▁in ▁China <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Ap hel ion , ▁the ▁point ▁in ▁the ▁year ▁when ▁the ▁Earth ▁is ▁f art hest ▁from ▁the ▁Sun , ▁occurs ▁around ▁this

▁date . ▁ ▁Events ▁▁ 3 6 2 ▁BC ▁– ▁Battle ▁of ▁M ant inea : ▁The ▁The b ans , ▁led ▁by ▁Ep amin ond as , ▁defeated ▁the ▁Sp art ans . ▁▁▁ 4 1 4 ▁– ▁Emperor ▁Theod os ius ▁II , ▁age ▁ 1 3 , ▁yields ▁power ▁to ▁his ▁older ▁sister ▁A elia ▁Pul cher ia , ▁who ▁re igned ▁as ▁reg ent ▁and ▁pro claimed ▁herself ▁em press ▁( Aug usta ) ▁of ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Roman ▁Empire . ▁▁ 8 3 6 ▁– ▁P act um ▁Sic ardi , ▁a ▁peace ▁treat y ▁between ▁the ▁Pr incip ality ▁of ▁Ben event o ▁and ▁the ▁D uch y ▁of ▁Nap les , ▁is ▁signed . ▁▁ 9 9 3 ▁– ▁Ul rich ▁of ▁Aug sburg ▁is ▁canon ized ▁as ▁a ▁saint . ▁ 1 0 5 4 ▁– ▁A ▁super n ova , ▁called ▁SN ▁ 1 0 5 4 , ▁is ▁seen ▁by ▁Chinese ▁Song ▁dyn asty , ▁Arab , ▁and ▁possibly ▁Amer ind ian ▁ob servers ▁near ▁the ▁star ▁Z eta ▁T aur i . ▁For ▁several ▁months ▁it ▁remains ▁bright ▁enough ▁to ▁be ▁seen ▁during ▁the ▁day . ▁Its ▁rem n ants ▁form ▁the ▁Cr ab ▁Neb ula . ▁ 1 1 2 0 ▁– ▁Jordan ▁II ▁of ▁Cap ua ▁is ▁an oint ed ▁as ▁prince ▁after ▁his ▁infant ▁nep hew ' s ▁death . ▁ 1 1 8 7 ▁– ▁The ▁Cr us ades : ▁Battle ▁of ▁H att in : ▁Sal ad in

▁defe ats ▁Guy ▁of ▁L us ign an , ▁King ▁of ▁Jerusalem . ▁ 1 2 5 3 ▁– ▁Battle ▁of ▁West - Cap elle : ▁John ▁I ▁of ▁A ves nes ▁defe ats ▁Guy ▁of ▁D amp ierre . ▁ 1 3 5 9 ▁– ▁Francesco ▁II ▁Or del aff i ▁of ▁For l ì ▁sur rend ers ▁to ▁the ▁Pap al ▁commander ▁Gil ▁de ▁Al born oz . ▁ 1 4 5 6 ▁– ▁Ott oman – H ung arian ▁wars : ▁The ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁N ánd or fe h ér v ár ▁( Bel grade ) ▁begins . ▁ 1 5 3 4 ▁– ▁Christian ▁III ▁is ▁elected ▁King ▁of ▁Denmark ▁and ▁Norway ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁R ye . ▁ 1 5 8 4 ▁– ▁Philip ▁Am adas ▁ ▁and ▁Arthur ▁B arl owe ▁arrive ▁at ▁Ro ano ke ▁Island ▁▁ 1 6 1 0 ▁– ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Kl ush ino ▁is ▁fought ▁between ▁forces ▁of ▁the ▁Polish – L ith uan ian ▁Commonwealth ▁and ▁Russia ▁during ▁the ▁Polish – M usc ov ite ▁War . ▁ 1 6 3 4 ▁– ▁The ▁city ▁of ▁Tro is - R ivi ères ▁is ▁founded ▁in ▁New ▁France ▁( now ▁Quebec , ▁Canada ). ▁ 1 7 4 4 ▁– ▁The ▁Treat y ▁of ▁Lanc aster , ▁in ▁which ▁the ▁I ro qu ois ▁c ede ▁lands ▁between ▁the ▁Al leg hen y ▁Mountains ▁and ▁the ▁Ohio ▁River ▁to ▁the ▁British ▁colon ies , ▁was ▁signed ▁in ▁Lanc aster

, ▁Pennsylvania . ▁ 1 7 7 4 ▁– ▁Or an get own ▁Res olutions ▁are ▁adopted ▁in ▁the ▁Province ▁of ▁New ▁York , ▁one ▁of ▁many ▁protests ▁against ▁the ▁British ▁Parliament ' s ▁Co erc ive ▁Act s . ▁ 1 7 7 6 ▁– ▁American ▁Revolution : ▁The ▁United ▁States ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁is ▁adopted ▁by ▁the ▁Second ▁Contin ental ▁Congress . ▁ 1 7 7 8 ▁– ▁American ▁Revolution ary ▁War : ▁U . S . ▁forces ▁under ▁George ▁Clark ▁capture ▁K ask ask ia ▁during ▁the ▁Illinois ▁campaign . ▁ 1 8 0 2 ▁– ▁At ▁West ▁Point , ▁New ▁York , ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁opens . ▁ 1 8 0 3 ▁– ▁The ▁Louisiana ▁P urchase ▁is ▁announced ▁to ▁the ▁U . S . ▁people . ▁ 1 8 1 7 ▁– ▁In ▁Rome , ▁New ▁York , ▁construction ▁on ▁the ▁E rie ▁Canal ▁begins . ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁– ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson , ▁third ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁dies ▁the ▁same ▁day ▁as ▁John ▁Adams , ▁second ▁president ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁on ▁the ▁f ift i eth ▁anniversary ▁of ▁the ▁adoption ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence . ▁ 1 8 2 7 ▁– ▁S la very ▁is ▁abol ished ▁in ▁the ▁State ▁of ▁New ▁York . ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁– ▁Samuel ▁Francis ▁Smith ▁writes ▁" My ▁Country , ▁' T is ▁of ▁The e " ▁for ▁the ▁Boston , ▁Massachusetts ▁July ▁

4 ▁fest iv ities . ▁ 1 8 3 7 ▁– ▁Grand ▁Jun ction ▁Railway , ▁the ▁world ' s ▁first ▁long - distance ▁railway , ▁opens ▁between ▁Birmingham ▁and ▁Liverpool . ▁ 1 8 3 8 ▁– ▁The ▁Iowa ▁Terr itory ▁is ▁organized . ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁– ▁Henry ▁David ▁Th ore au ▁moves ▁into ▁a ▁small ▁cabin ▁on ▁Wal den ▁P ond ▁in ▁Con cord , ▁Massachusetts . ▁ ▁Th ore au ' s ▁account ▁of ▁his ▁two ▁years ▁there , ▁Wal den , ▁will ▁become ▁a ▁touch stone ▁of ▁the ▁environmental ▁movement . ▁ 1 8 5 5 ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁edition ▁of ▁Walt ▁Whit man ' s ▁book ▁of ▁poems , ▁Le aves ▁of ▁Gr ass , ▁is ▁published ▁In ▁Brooklyn . ▁ 1 8 6 2 ▁– ▁Lewis ▁Car roll ▁tells ▁Alice ▁L idd ell ▁a ▁story ▁that ▁would ▁grow ▁into ▁Alice ' s ▁Advent ures ▁in ▁Wonder land ▁and ▁its ▁sequ els . ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁– ▁American ▁Civil ▁War : ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁V ick sburg : ▁V ick sburg , ▁Mississippi ▁sur rend ers ▁to ▁U . S . ▁forces ▁under ▁U ly ss es ▁S . ▁Grant ▁after ▁ 4 7 ▁days ▁of ▁sie ge . ▁One ▁hundred ▁fifty ▁miles ▁up ▁the ▁Mississippi ▁River , ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁army ▁is ▁rep uls ed ▁at ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Hel ena , ▁Arkansas . ▁▁▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁American ▁Civil ▁War : ▁The ▁Army ▁of ▁Northern ▁Virginia ▁withdraw s

▁from ▁the ▁battle field ▁after ▁losing ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Get t ys burg , ▁sign alling ▁an ▁end ▁to ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁invasion ▁of ▁U . S . ▁territory . ▁ 1 8 7 9 ▁– ▁Ang lo - Z ulu ▁War : ▁The ▁Z ul ul and ▁capital ▁of ▁Ul und i ▁is ▁captured ▁by ▁British ▁troops ▁and ▁burned ▁to ▁the ▁ground , ▁ending ▁the ▁war ▁and ▁forcing ▁King ▁C et sh way o ▁to ▁fle e . ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁In ▁Alabama , ▁the ▁T us ke ge e ▁Institute ▁opens . ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁scheduled ▁Canadian ▁trans contin ental ▁train ▁arrives ▁in ▁Port ▁M ood y , ▁British ▁Columbia . ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁– ▁The ▁founder ▁of ▁Pakistan , ▁Qu aid - i - Az am ▁Muhammad ▁Ali ▁J inn ah , ▁jo ins ▁S ind h - Mad ras a - t ul - I sl am , ▁Kar achi . ▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁– ▁Western ▁Sam oa ▁changes ▁the ▁International ▁Date ▁Line , ▁causing ▁Monday ▁( J uly ▁ 4 ) ▁to ▁occur ▁twice , ▁resulting ▁in ▁a ▁year ▁with ▁ 3 6 7 ▁days . ▁▁▁ 1 8 9 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁double - deck ed ▁street ▁car ▁service ▁was ▁inaugur ated ▁in ▁San ▁Diego , ▁California . ▁ 1 8 9 4 ▁– ▁The ▁short - l ived ▁Republic ▁of ▁Hawaii ▁is ▁pro claimed ▁by ▁San ford ▁B . ▁D ole .

▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁– ▁En ▁route ▁from ▁New ▁York ▁to ▁Le ▁Hav re , ▁the ▁SS ▁La ▁Bour g og ne ▁coll ides ▁with ▁another ▁ship ▁and ▁sink s ▁off ▁the ▁coast ▁of ▁S able ▁Island , ▁with ▁the ▁loss ▁of ▁ 5 4 9 ▁lives . ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁William ▁Howard ▁T aft ▁becomes ▁American ▁governor ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines . ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁– ▁The ▁Philipp ine – American ▁War ▁is ▁officially ▁concluded . ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁African - American ▁box er ▁Jack ▁Johnson ▁kn ocks ▁out ▁white ▁box er ▁Jim ▁Jeff ries ▁in ▁a ▁heavy weight ▁box ing ▁match , ▁spark ing ▁race ▁ri ots ▁across ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁– ▁A ▁massive ▁heat ▁wave ▁strikes ▁the ▁nort he astern ▁United ▁States , ▁killing ▁ 3 8 0 ▁people ▁in ▁eleven ▁days ▁and ▁breaking ▁temperature ▁records ▁in ▁several ▁cities . ▁ 1 9 1 3 ▁– ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson ▁addresses ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁veterans ▁at ▁the ▁Great ▁Re union ▁of ▁ 1 9 1 3 . ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁– ▁The ▁funeral ▁of ▁Arch du ke ▁Franz ▁Ferd inand ▁and ▁his ▁wife ▁Sophie ▁takes ▁place ▁in ▁Vienna , ▁six ▁days ▁after ▁their ▁assass inations ▁in ▁Sar aj ev o . ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁Me h med ▁V ▁died ▁at ▁the ▁age ▁of ▁ 7 3 ▁and ▁Ott oman ▁s ultan ▁Me h med ▁VI ▁asc ends ▁to ▁the ▁throne .

▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁World ▁War ▁I : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Ham el , ▁a ▁successful ▁attack ▁by ▁the ▁Australian ▁Corps ▁against ▁German ▁positions ▁near ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Le ▁Ham el ▁on ▁the ▁Western ▁Front . ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Bol she vik s ▁kill ▁Ts ar ▁Nicholas ▁II ▁of ▁Russia ▁and ▁his ▁family ▁( J ul ian ▁calendar ▁date ). ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁– ▁First ▁flight ▁of ▁the ▁Lock he ed ▁V ega . ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁– ▁Leo ▁Sz il ard ▁pat ents ▁the ▁chain - re action ▁design ▁that ▁would ▁later ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁atomic ▁bomb . ▁ 1 9 3 9 ▁– ▁Lou ▁Ge hr ig , ▁recently ▁diagnosed ▁with ▁Amy ot ro ph ic ▁later al ▁s cl er osis , ▁inform s ▁a ▁crowd ▁at ▁Yan kee ▁Stadium ▁that ▁he ▁considers ▁himself ▁" The ▁luck iest ▁man ▁on ▁the ▁face ▁of ▁the ▁earth ", ▁then ▁announ ces ▁his ▁retirement ▁from ▁major ▁league ▁baseball . ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁– ▁Nazi ▁crimes ▁against ▁the ▁Polish ▁nation : ▁Nazi ▁troops ▁mass acre ▁Polish ▁scientists ▁and ▁writers ▁in ▁the ▁captured ▁Ukrain ian ▁city ▁of ▁L viv . ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁World ▁War ▁II : ▁The ▁Burn ing ▁of ▁the ▁R iga ▁syn agog ues : ▁The ▁Great ▁Ch oral ▁Syn agog ue ▁in ▁German ▁occupied ▁R iga ▁is ▁bur nt ▁with ▁ 3 0 0 ▁Jews ▁locked ▁in ▁the ▁basement . ▁ 1 9

4 2 ▁– ▁World ▁War ▁II : ▁The ▁ 2 5 0 - day ▁Sie ge ▁of ▁Sev ast opol ▁in ▁the ▁Crime a ▁ends ▁when ▁the ▁city ▁falls ▁to ▁A xis ▁forces . ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁World ▁War ▁II : ▁The ▁Battle ▁of ▁Kur sk , ▁the ▁largest ▁full - scale ▁battle ▁in ▁history ▁and ▁the ▁world ' s ▁largest ▁tank ▁battle , ▁begins ▁in ▁the ▁village ▁of ▁Pro k hor ov ka . ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁World ▁War ▁II : ▁In ▁Gib ral tar , ▁a ▁Royal ▁Air ▁Force ▁B - 2 4 ▁Liber ator ▁bom ber ▁cr ashes ▁into ▁the ▁sea ▁in ▁an ▁apparent ▁accident ▁moments ▁after ▁take off , ▁killing ▁sixteen ▁passengers ▁on ▁board , ▁ ▁including ▁general ▁W ład ys ław ▁S ik ors ki , ▁the ▁commander - in - ch ief ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁Army ▁and ▁the ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Polish ▁government - in - ex ile ; ▁only ▁the ▁pilot ▁surv ives . ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁– ▁The ▁K iel ce ▁p og rom ▁against ▁Jewish ▁Hol oca ust ▁survivors ▁in ▁Poland . ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁After ▁ 3 8 1 ▁years ▁of ▁near - contin uous ▁colonial ▁rule ▁by ▁various ▁powers , ▁the ▁Philippines ▁att ains ▁full ▁independence ▁from ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁– ▁The ▁" Ind ian ▁Independ ence ▁Bill " ▁is ▁presented ▁before ▁the ▁British ▁House ▁of ▁Commons , ▁propos ing ▁the ▁independence

▁of ▁the ▁Prov in ces ▁of ▁British ▁India ▁into ▁two ▁sovere ign ▁countries : ▁India ▁and ▁Pakistan . ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁– ▁Cold ▁War : ▁Radio ▁Free ▁Europe ▁first ▁broadcast s . ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁– ▁Cold ▁War : ▁A ▁court ▁in ▁Czech os lov ak ia ▁sentences ▁American ▁journalist ▁William ▁N . ▁O atis ▁to ▁ten ▁years ▁in ▁prison ▁on ▁charges ▁of ▁esp ion age . ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁William ▁Sh ock ley ▁announ ces ▁the ▁invention ▁of ▁the ▁jun ction ▁trans ist or . ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁– ▁U . S . ▁President ▁D w ight ▁D . ▁Eisen h ower ▁signed ▁the ▁Rivers ▁and ▁Har b ors ▁Flo od ▁Control ▁Bill . ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁– ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁post - Ind ep end ence ▁Day ▁admission ▁of ▁Hawaii ▁as ▁the ▁ 5 0 th ▁U . S . ▁state ▁on ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 9 5 9 , ▁the ▁ 5 0 - star ▁flag ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁debut s ▁in ▁Philadelphia , ▁almost ▁ten ▁and ▁a ▁half ▁months ▁later ▁( see ▁Flag ▁Act s ▁( Un ited ▁States )). ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁– ▁On ▁its ▁maid en ▁voyage , ▁the ▁Soviet ▁nuclear - powered ▁submar ine ▁K - 1 9 ▁suff ers ▁a ▁complete ▁loss ▁of ▁cool ant ▁to ▁its ▁re actor . ▁The ▁crew ▁are ▁able ▁to ▁effect ▁repairs , ▁but ▁ 2 2 ▁of ▁them ▁die ▁of ▁radiation

▁poison ing ▁over ▁the ▁following ▁two ▁years . ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁U . S . ▁President ▁Ly nd on ▁B . ▁Johnson ▁signs ▁the ▁Freedom ▁of ▁Information ▁Act ▁into ▁United ▁States ▁law . ▁The ▁act ▁went ▁into ▁effect ▁the ▁next ▁year . ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁– ▁Israeli ▁command os ▁raid ▁En te b be ▁airport ▁in ▁U g anda , ▁res cu ing ▁all ▁but ▁four ▁of ▁the ▁passengers ▁and ▁crew ▁of ▁an ▁Air ▁France ▁jet lin er ▁seized ▁by ▁Palestinian ▁terror ists . ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁The ▁U . S . ▁celebr ates ▁its ▁B ic ent ennial . ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁– ▁The ▁George ▁Jackson ▁Brigade ▁plants ▁a ▁bomb ▁at ▁the ▁main ▁power ▁subst ation ▁for ▁the ▁Washington ▁state ▁capit ol ▁in ▁Olymp ia , ▁in ▁solid arity ▁with ▁a ▁prison ▁strike ▁at ▁the ▁W alla ▁W alla ▁State ▁Pen it enti ary ▁Int ensive ▁Security ▁Unit . ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁– ▁Three ▁Iran ian ▁diplom ats ▁and ▁a ▁journalist ▁are ▁kidn apped ▁in ▁Leb anon ▁by ▁Ph al ange ▁forces , ▁and ▁their ▁fate ▁remains ▁unknown . ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁– ▁In ▁France , ▁former ▁Gest ap o ▁chief ▁Kl aus ▁Bar bie ▁( a . k . a . ▁the ▁" But cher ▁of ▁Ly on ") ▁is ▁convicted ▁of ▁crimes ▁against ▁humanity ▁and ▁sent enced ▁to ▁life ▁imprison ment . ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁– ▁R wand an ▁gen oc ide :

▁K ig ali , ▁the ▁R wand an ▁capital , ▁is ▁captured ▁by ▁the ▁R wand an ▁Patri otic ▁Front , ▁ending ▁the ▁gen oc ide ▁in ▁the ▁city . ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁– ▁NASA ' s ▁Path finder ▁space ▁probe ▁lands ▁on ▁the ▁surface ▁of ▁Mars . ▁ 1 9 9 8 ▁– ▁Japan ▁la unches ▁the ▁No z omi ▁probe ▁to ▁Mars , ▁joining ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁and ▁Russia ▁as ▁a ▁space ▁exploring ▁nation . ▁ 2 0 0 1 ▁– ▁Vlad iv ost ock ▁Air ▁Flight ▁ 3 5 2 ▁cr ashes ▁on ▁approach ▁to ▁Ir k ut sk ▁Airport ▁killing ▁all ▁ 1 4 5 ▁people ▁on ▁board . ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁– ▁The ▁corner stone ▁of ▁the ▁Freedom ▁Tower ▁is ▁laid ▁on ▁the ▁World ▁Trade ▁Center ▁site ▁in ▁New ▁York ▁City . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Greece ▁be ats ▁Portugal ▁in ▁the ▁UEFA ▁Euro ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁Final ▁and ▁becomes ▁European ▁Champion ▁for ▁first ▁time ▁in ▁its ▁history . ▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁– ▁The ▁Deep ▁Impact ▁coll ider ▁hits ▁the ▁com et ▁Temp el ▁ 1 . ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁The ▁Stat ue ▁of ▁Liberty ' s ▁crown ▁re opens ▁to ▁the ▁public ▁after ▁eight ▁years ▁of ▁closure ▁due ▁to ▁security ▁concerns ▁following ▁the ▁September ▁ 1 1 ▁attacks . ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁The ▁first ▁of ▁four ▁days ▁of ▁bomb ings ▁begins ▁on ▁the ▁southern ▁Philipp ine ▁island ▁group ▁of

▁Mind ana o . ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁The ▁discovery ▁of ▁particles ▁consistent ▁with ▁the ▁Hig gs ▁bos on ▁at ▁the ▁Large ▁Had ron ▁Coll ider ▁is ▁announced ▁at ▁C ERN . ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁– ▁Chile ▁claims ▁its ▁first ▁title ▁in ▁international ▁soccer ▁by ▁defe ating ▁Argentina ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Copa ▁Am érica ▁Final . ▁ ▁Birth s ▁ ▁AD ▁ 6 8 ▁– ▁Sal on ina ▁Mat id ia , ▁Roman ▁daughter ▁of ▁Ul p ia ▁Marc iana ▁( d . ▁ 1 1 9 ) ▁ 1 0 9 5 ▁– ▁Us ama ▁ib n ▁Mun q id h , ▁Muslim ▁poet , ▁author ▁and ▁far is ▁( K night ) ▁( d . ▁ 1 1 8 8 ) ▁ 1 3 3 0 ▁– ▁Ash ik aga ▁Y oshi ak ira , ▁Japanese ▁sh ō gun ▁( d . ▁ 1 3 6 7 ) ▁ 1 4 7 7 ▁– ▁Johannes ▁A vent inus , ▁B av arian ▁historian ▁and ▁phil ologist ▁( d . ▁ 1 5 3 4 ) ▁ 1 5 4 6 ▁– ▁Mur ad ▁III , ▁Ott oman ▁s ultan ▁( d . ▁ 1 5 9 5 ) ▁ 1 6 5 6 ▁– ▁John ▁Le ake , ▁Royal ▁Navy ▁adm iral ▁( d . ▁ 1 7 2 0 ) ▁ 1 6 9 4 ▁– ▁Louis - Cl aude ▁Da quin , ▁French ▁organ ist ▁and ▁composer ▁( d . ▁

1 7 7 2 ) ▁ 1 7 1 5 ▁– ▁Christian ▁Für chte g ott ▁G ell ert , ▁German ▁poet ▁and ▁academic ▁( d . ▁ 1 7 6 9 ) ▁ 1 7 1 9 ▁– ▁Michel - Je an ▁Sed aine , ▁French ▁play wright ▁( d . ▁ 1 7 9 7 ) ▁▁ 1 7 2 9 ▁– ▁George ▁Leonard , ▁American ▁lawyer , ▁jur ist ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 1 9 ) ▁ 1 7 5 3 ▁– ▁Jean - P ierre ▁Bl anch ard , ▁French ▁invent or , ▁best ▁known ▁as ▁a ▁pione er ▁in ▁ball oon ▁flight ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 0 9 ) ▁ 1 7 9 0 ▁– ▁George ▁Ever est , ▁Wel sh ▁ge ographer ▁and ▁survey or ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 6 6 ) ▁ 1 7 9 9 ▁– ▁Oscar ▁I ▁of ▁Sweden ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 5 9 ) ▁ 1 8 0 4 ▁– ▁Nathan iel ▁Haw th orne , ▁American ▁novel ist ▁and ▁short ▁story ▁writer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 6 4 ) ▁ 1 8 0 7 ▁– ▁Gi useppe ▁Gar ib ald i , ▁Italian ▁general ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 8 2 ) ▁ 1 8 1 6 ▁– ▁Hir am ▁Walker , ▁American ▁business man , ▁founded ▁Canadian ▁Club ▁whisk y ▁ ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ 1 8 2 6

▁– ▁Stephen ▁Foster , ▁American ▁song writer ▁and ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 8 6 4 ) ▁ 1 8 4 2 ▁– ▁Herm ann ▁Cohen , ▁German ▁philos opher ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ 1 8 4 5 ▁– ▁Thomas ▁John ▁Barn ardo , ▁Irish ▁phil anth rop ist ▁and ▁human itarian ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ 1 8 4 7 ▁– ▁James ▁Anthony ▁Ba iley , ▁American ▁circ us ▁ring master , ▁co - found ed ▁Ring ling ▁B ros . ▁and ▁Barn um ▁& ▁Ba iley ▁Circ us ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 0 6 ) ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁– ▁Victor ▁B abe ș , ▁Roman ian ▁physician ▁and ▁bi ologist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ 1 8 6 8 ▁– ▁Hen riet ta ▁Sw an ▁Le av itt , ▁American ▁astronom er ▁and ▁academic ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ 1 8 7 1 ▁– ▁Hub ert ▁Cec il ▁Bo oth , ▁English ▁engineer ▁( d . 1 9 5 5 ) ▁ 1 8 7 2 ▁– ▁Cal vin ▁Cool idge , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 3 0 th ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁ 1 8 7 4 ▁– ▁John ▁Mc P he e , ▁Australian ▁journalist ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 2 7 th ▁Premier ▁of ▁T as mania ▁( d . ▁

1 9 5 2 ) ▁ 1 8 8 0 ▁– ▁Victor ▁K raft , ▁Aust rian ▁philos opher ▁from ▁the ▁Vienna ▁Circle ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁U ly ss es ▁S . ▁Grant ▁III , ▁American ▁general ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 6 8 ) ▁ 1 8 8 3 ▁– ▁R ube ▁Gold berg , ▁American ▁sculpt or , ▁cart oon ist , ▁and ▁engineer ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ 1 8 8 7 ▁– ▁P io ▁P ion , ▁Italian ▁engineer ▁and ▁business man ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 6 5 ) ▁ 1 8 8 8 ▁– ▁Henry ▁Ar met ta , ▁Italian - American ▁actor ▁and ▁singer ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 4 5 ) ▁ 1 8 9 5 ▁– ▁Ir ving ▁Ca esar , ▁American ▁song writer ▁and ▁composer ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ 1 8 9 6 ▁– ▁M ao ▁Dun , ▁Chinese ▁journalist , ▁author , ▁and ▁critic ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 8 1 ) ▁ 1 8 9 7 ▁– ▁All uri ▁S it aram a ▁Raj u , ▁Indian ▁activ ist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁– ▁P ilar ▁Barb osa , ▁Puerto ▁R ican - American ▁historian ▁and ▁activ ist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁▁▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁▁ ▁–

▁Ger tr ude ▁Lawrence , ▁British ▁actress , ▁singer , ▁and ▁d ancer ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 5 2 ) ▁▁▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁G ul z ar il al ▁N anda , ▁Indian ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁▁▁ 1 8 9 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ger tr ude ▁We aver , ▁American ▁super cent en arian ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁– ▁Bel inda ▁D ann , ▁Ind igenous ▁Australian ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁St olen ▁Generation , ▁reun ited ▁with ▁family ▁aged ▁ 1 0 7 ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁N ell ie ▁M ae ▁R owe , ▁African - American ▁folk ▁artist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁– ▁Mey er ▁L ans ky , ▁American ▁gang ster ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 8 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁George ▁Murphy , ▁American ▁actor ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 2 ) ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁– ▁Flor ▁Pe eters , ▁Belg ian ▁organ ist , ▁composer , ▁and ▁educ ator ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 8 6 ) ▁ 1 9 0 4 ▁– ▁Angela ▁Bad de ley , ▁English ▁actress ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 6 ) ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁– ▁Ir ving ▁Johnson

, ▁American ▁sail or ▁and ▁author ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 1 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Robert ▁Han key , ▁ 2 nd ▁Baron ▁Han key , ▁British ▁diplom at ▁and ▁public ▁servant ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Lion el ▁Tr illing , ▁American ▁critic , ▁essay ist , ▁short ▁story ▁writer , ▁and ▁educ ator ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 5 ) ▁ 1 9 0 6 ▁– ▁Vincent ▁Sch ae fer , ▁American ▁chem ist ▁and ▁met e or ologist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 3 ) ▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁– ▁John ▁Anderson , ▁American ▁disc us ▁throw er ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 0 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Howard ▁Ta ub man , ▁American ▁author ▁and ▁critic ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 6 ) ▁ 1 9 0 9 ▁– ▁Ale c ▁Temple ton , ▁Wel sh ▁composer , ▁pian ist ▁and ▁sat ir ist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 6 3 ) ▁▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁Robert ▁K . ▁M ert on , ▁American ▁soci ologist ▁and ▁scholar ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Gl oria ▁Stuart , ▁American ▁actress ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁– ▁Bruce ▁Hamilton , ▁Australian ▁public ▁servant ▁( d . ▁

1 9 8 9 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁M itch ▁Miller , ▁American ▁singer ▁and ▁producer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ 1 9 1 4 ▁– ▁Nu cc io ▁Bert one , ▁Italian ▁autom obile ▁designer ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 7 ) ▁ 1 9 1 5 ▁– ▁Tim m ie ▁Rogers , ▁American ▁actor ▁and ▁singer - s ong writer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁– ▁I va ▁T og uri ▁D ' A qu ino , ▁American ▁typ ist ▁and ▁broad c aster ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁– ▁E pp ie ▁L eder er , ▁American ▁journalist ▁and ▁radio ▁host ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁John nie ▁Pars ons , ▁American ▁race ▁car ▁driver ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 8 4 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁King ▁T au fa ' ah au ▁T up ou ▁IV ▁of ▁T ong a , ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ale c ▁Bed ser , ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Eric ▁Bed ser , ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 6 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 8

▁▁ ▁– ▁Paul ine ▁Phillips , ▁American ▁journalist ▁and ▁radio ▁host , ▁created ▁Dear ▁Ab by ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁– ▁Norm ▁Dru cker , ▁American ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁ref eree ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Le ona ▁Hel ms ley , ▁American ▁business woman ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 7 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁F ritz ▁Wil de , ▁German ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Paul ▁B ann ai , ▁American ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁– ▁G ér ard ▁Deb re u , ▁French ▁econom ist ▁and ▁mat hem atic ian , ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁la ure ate ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Nas ser ▁Shar ifi , ▁Iran ian ▁sports ▁shoot er ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Met ropolitan ▁Mik h ail ▁of ▁As y ut ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Philip ▁Rose , ▁American ▁actor , ▁play wright , ▁and ▁producer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Tib or ▁V arga , ▁Hung arian ▁viol in ist ▁and ▁condu ctor ▁( d .

▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁R . ▁James ▁Harvey , ▁American ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 9 ) ▁ 1 9 2 3 ▁– ▁Rud olf ▁Friedrich , ▁Swiss ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁– ▁Eva ▁Marie ▁Saint , ▁American ▁actress ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 2 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Del ia ▁Fi allo , ▁Cub an ▁author ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁– ▁Cir il ▁Z l ob ec , ▁Slov ene ▁poet , ▁writer , ▁transl ator , ▁journalist ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Dor othy ▁Head ▁K node , ▁American ▁tennis ▁player ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁– ▁Alfred o ▁Di ▁St é f ano , ▁Argent inian - Span ish ▁football er ▁and ▁coach ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Lake ▁Under wood , ▁American ▁race ▁car ▁driver ▁and ▁business man ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁– ▁G ina ▁L oll ob rig ida , ▁Italian ▁actress ▁and ▁photographer ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Neil ▁Simon , ▁American ▁play wright ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁– ▁Gi amp iero ▁B oni

pert i , ▁Italian ▁football er ▁and ▁politician ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Te of isto ▁Gu ing ona ▁Jr ., ▁Filip ino ▁politician ; ▁ 1 1 th ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁Philippines ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁J assem ▁Al wan , ▁Sy rian ▁Army ▁Officer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 8 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Shan ▁Rat nam , ▁Sri ▁L ank an ▁physician ▁and ▁academic ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 1 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Chuck ▁T anner , ▁American ▁baseball ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁– ▁Ron ▁Case y , ▁Australian ▁journalist ▁and ▁sport sc aster ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Al ▁Davis , ▁American ▁football ▁player , ▁coach , ▁and ▁manager ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 2 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Bill ▁T utt le , ▁American ▁baseball ▁player ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁George ▁Stein b ren ner , ▁American ▁business man ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁– ▁Stephen ▁Boy d , ▁Northern ▁Ireland - born ▁American ▁actor ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 7 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Rick ▁Cas ares , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁soldier ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1

3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Sé bast ien ▁Jap ris ot , ▁French ▁author , ▁director , ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Peter ▁Richard son , ▁English ▁cr ick eter ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ 1 9 3 2 ▁– ▁Aur èle ▁V and end ri ess che , ▁Belg ian ▁runner ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁– ▁Y v onne ▁B . ▁Miller , ▁American ▁academic ▁and ▁politician ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 2 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Colin ▁Well and , ▁English ▁actor ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 5 ) ▁ 1 9 3 5 ▁– ▁Paul ▁S co on , ▁Gren ad ian ▁politician , ▁ 2 nd ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁Gren ada ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁ 1 9 3 6 ▁– ▁Z dz is ł awa ▁Don at , ▁Polish ▁sop r ano ▁and ▁actress ▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁– ▁Thomas ▁Nag el , ▁American ▁philos opher ▁and ▁academic ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Queen ▁Son ja ▁of ▁Norway ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Richard ▁Rh odes , ▁American ▁journalist ▁and ▁historian ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Eric ▁Wal ters , ▁Australian ▁journalist ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 0 ) ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁– ▁Steven ▁Rose ,

▁English ▁bi ologist ▁and ▁academic ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Bill ▁With ers , ▁American ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁producer ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 2 0 ) ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁– ▁Pat ▁St ap leton , ▁Canadian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁– ▁Sam ▁F arr , ▁American ▁politician ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Tom a ž ▁Š al am un , ▁Cro at ian - Sl oven ian ▁poet ▁and ▁academic ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁P avel ▁Sed l á č ek , ▁Czech ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Brian ▁Will son , ▁American ▁soldier , ▁lawyer , ▁and ▁activ ist ▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁– ▁Hal ▁Lan ier , ▁American ▁baseball ▁player , ▁coach , ▁and ▁manager ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Flo yd ▁Little , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Stefan ▁M eller , ▁French - Pol ish ▁academic ▁and ▁politician , ▁Polish ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 8 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Prince ▁Michael ▁of ▁Kent ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Peter ▁Row an , ▁American ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁Con ny ▁B auer , ▁German ▁t rom bon ist ▁▁▁ 1

9 4 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Em erson ▁Bo o zer , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁sport sc aster ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Adam ▁Hart - D avis , ▁English ▁historian , ▁author , ▁and ▁photographer ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ger al do ▁River a , ▁American ▁lawyer , ▁journalist , ▁and ▁author ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Alan ▁Wilson , ▁American ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 0 ) ▁ 1 9 4 5 ▁– ▁Andre ▁Sp itzer , ▁Roman ian - Is rael i ▁f encer ▁and ▁coach ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 7 2 ) ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁– ▁Ron ▁K ov ic , ▁American ▁author ▁and ▁activ ist ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Michael ▁Mil ken , ▁American ▁business man ▁and ▁phil anth rop ist ▁ 1 9 4 7 ▁– ▁Lem bit ▁Ul fs ak , ▁Est on ian ▁actor ▁and ▁director ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 7 ) ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁– ▁Ren é ▁Arn oux , ▁French ▁race ▁car ▁driver ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Tommy ▁K ör berg , ▁Swedish ▁singer ▁and ▁actor ▁▁▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jeremy ▁Spencer , ▁English ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁– ▁Philip ▁Cr aven , ▁English ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁swim mer ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁David ▁J ensen

, ▁Canadian - English ▁radio ▁and ▁television ▁host ▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁– ▁John ▁Alexander , ▁Australian ▁tennis ▁player ▁and ▁politician ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ralph ▁Johnson , ▁American ▁R & B ▁drum mer ▁and ▁per cussion ist ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Vlad imir ▁T ism ă ne an u , ▁Roman ian - American ▁political ▁scientist , ▁soci ologist , ▁and ▁academic ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Kath leen ▁Kennedy ▁Town send , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 6 th ▁Lieutenant ▁Governor ▁of ▁Maryland ▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁– ▁Á l var o ▁U ribe , ▁Colomb ian ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 3 9 th ▁President ▁of ▁Colombia ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Carol ▁Mac Ready , ▁English ▁actress ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁John ▁Wa ite , ▁English ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁guitar ist ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Paul ▁Rog at ▁Lo eb , ▁American ▁author ▁and ▁activ ist ▁▁ 1 9 5 3 ▁– ▁Francis ▁M aude , ▁English ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician , ▁Minister ▁for ▁the ▁Cab inet ▁Office ▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁– ▁Jim ▁Be att ie , ▁American ▁baseball ▁player , ▁coach , ▁and ▁manager ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁M org anna , ▁American ▁model , ▁actress , ▁and ▁d ancer ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Dev end ra ▁Kum ar ▁Jos hi , ▁ 2 1 st ▁Chief ▁of ▁Naval

▁Staff ▁of ▁the ▁Indian ▁Navy ▁ 1 9 5 5 ▁– ▁Kevin ▁Nich ols , ▁Australian ▁cycl ist ▁ 1 9 5 6 ▁– ▁Robert ▁S incl air ▁Mac K ay , ▁British ▁academic ▁and ▁educ ator ▁ 1 9 5 7 ▁– ▁Rein ▁Lang , ▁Est on ian ▁politician ▁and ▁diplom at , ▁ 2 5 th ▁Est on ian ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁– ▁V era ▁L eth , ▁Green land ic ▁O mb ud s man ▁▁▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Kirk ▁P eng illy , ▁Australian ▁guitar ist , ▁sa x oph on ist , ▁and ▁song writer ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 5 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Carl ▁Valentine , ▁English - Can ad ian ▁football er , ▁coach , ▁and ▁manager ▁ 1 9 5 9 ▁– ▁Victoria ▁A br il , ▁Spanish ▁actress ▁and ▁singer ▁ 1 9 6 0 ▁– ▁Roland ▁Rat zen berger , ▁Aust rian ▁race ▁car ▁driver ▁( d . ▁ 1 9 9 4 ) ▁ 1 9 6 1 ▁– ▁Richard ▁Gar ri ott , ▁English - American ▁video ▁game ▁designer , ▁created ▁the ▁Ult ima ▁series ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁– ▁Pam ▁Sh river , ▁American ▁tennis ▁player ▁and ▁sport sc aster ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁– ▁Henri ▁Le con te , ▁French ▁tennis ▁player ▁and ▁sport sc aster ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁La ure ano ▁M ár que z , ▁Spanish - V enez uel an ▁political ▁scientist ▁and

▁journalist ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁– ▁José ▁O qu endo , ▁Puerto ▁R ican - American ▁baseball ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁– ▁Son ia ▁Pierre , ▁Hat ian - Dom in ican ▁human ▁rights ▁activ ist ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 1 ) ▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁– ▁Cle ▁K oo iman , ▁American ▁soccer ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁El ie ▁Sa ab , ▁Leb an ese ▁fashion ▁designer ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ed i ▁R ama , ▁Alban ian ▁politician ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Mark ▁Sl aughter , ▁American ▁singer - s ong writer ▁and ▁producer ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Mark ▁Wh iting , ▁American ▁actor , ▁director , ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁– ▁Harvey ▁Grant , ▁American ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Hor ace ▁Grant , ▁American ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Kir i ak os ▁Kar ata id is , ▁Greek ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁G ér ard ▁Wat kins , ▁English ▁actor ▁and ▁play wright ▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁– ▁Min as ▁H ant z id is , ▁German - G reek ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Lee ▁Re her man , ▁American ▁actor ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ 1 9 6 7

▁– ▁Vin ny ▁Cast illa , ▁Mexican ▁baseball ▁player ▁and ▁manager ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Sé bast ien ▁De le igne , ▁French ▁ath lete ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁– ▁Ron ni ▁An con a , ▁Scottish ▁actress ▁and ▁screen writer ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁– ▁Al ▁Golden , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Todd ▁Mar in ov ich , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Wil fred ▁M uge y i , ▁Z imb ab we an ▁football er ▁and ▁coach ▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁– ▁Stephen ▁G iles , ▁Canadian ▁can oe ▁rac er ▁and ▁engineer ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 7 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Mike ▁Kn ub le , ▁Canadian - American ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁– ▁Ke iko ▁I h ara , ▁Japanese ▁race ▁car ▁driver ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁G ack t , ▁Japanese ▁musician , ▁singer , ▁song writer , ▁record ▁producer ▁and ▁actor ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Michael ▁Johnson , ▁English - J ama ican ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁An jel ika ▁K ry l ova , ▁Russian ▁ice ▁d ancer ▁and ▁coach ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jan ▁Magn ussen , ▁Dan ish ▁race ▁car ▁driver ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Tony ▁Pop ov ic , ▁Australian ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁ 1 9 7

4 ▁– ▁J ill ▁C ray bas , ▁American ▁tennis ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁La ' R oi ▁G lo ver , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁sport sc aster ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ad rian ▁Griff in , ▁American ▁basketball ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁– ▁Da ij iro ▁K ato , ▁Japanese ▁motor cycle ▁rac er ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Y ev gen i ya ▁Med ved eva , ▁Russian ▁sk ier ▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁– ▁Mar cos ▁Daniel , ▁Brazil ian ▁tennis ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁É mile ▁M pen za , ▁Belg ian ▁football er ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁– ▁Si im ▁Kab rit s , ▁Est on ian ▁politician ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Josh ▁McC own , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ren ny ▁V ega , ▁Venez uel an ▁football er ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁– ▁K w ame ▁Ste ede , ▁B erm ud an ▁football er ▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁– ▁D ed é , ▁Ang olan ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Bro ck ▁Berlin , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Christ oph ▁Pre uß , ▁German ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Francisco ▁Cru c eta , ▁Domin ican ▁baseball ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9

8 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Will ▁Smith , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁( d . ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁– ▁Vlad imir ▁Bo isa , ▁Georg ian ▁basketball ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Vlad imir ▁G use v , ▁Russian ▁cycl ist ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jeff ▁L ima , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁rugby ▁league ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Michael ▁" The ▁Situ ation " ▁Sor rent ino , ▁American ▁model , ▁author ▁and ▁television ▁personality ▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁– ▁Mel anie ▁F iona , ▁Canadian ▁singer - s ong writer ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Am ant le ▁Mont sh o , ▁Bot sw an an ▁spr inter ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Miguel ▁P into , ▁Chile an ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Am ol ▁Raj an , ▁Indian - English ▁journalist ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Matt ia ▁Ser af ini , ▁Italian ▁football er ▁▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁– ▁Jin ▁Ak an ishi , ▁Japanese ▁singer - s ong writer ▁▁▁▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Miguel ▁Sant os ▁So ares , ▁Tim ore se ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁K ane ▁Ten ace , ▁Australian ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁D imit rios ▁M av roe id is , ▁Greek ▁basketball ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁W ason ▁R

enter ía , ▁Colomb ian ▁football er ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁– ▁Ö mer ▁A ş ı k , ▁Turkish ▁basketball ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁N gu y en ▁Ng oc ▁D uy , ▁Viet names e ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Raf ael ▁Ar é val o , ▁Salvador an ▁tennis ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁W ille m ▁J ans sen , ▁Dutch ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Terr ance ▁Knight on , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Mar te ▁Eld en , ▁Norweg ian ▁sk ier ▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁– ▁W ude ▁Ay ale w , ▁Eth iop ian ▁runner ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁G ur am ▁K ash ia , ▁Georg ian ▁football er ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁– ▁Angel ique ▁Boy er , ▁French - M ex ican ▁actress ▁ 1 9 8 9 ▁– ▁Benjamin ▁B ü chel , ▁Lie chten stein ▁football er ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁– ▁Jake ▁Gard iner , ▁American ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Richard ▁M p ong , ▁Gh ana ian ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Na oki ▁Yam ada , ▁Japanese ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁I har ▁Y as inski , ▁Bel ar us ian ▁football er ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁– ▁Á ng el ▁Rom ero

, ▁Par agu ay an ▁football er ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁ Ó scar ▁Rom ero , ▁Par agu ay an ▁football er ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁– ▁Tom ▁Bark hu izen , ▁English ▁football er ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁– ▁Post ▁Mal one , ▁American ▁singer , ▁rap per , ▁song writer ▁and ▁record ▁producer ▁▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁– ▁Mo a ▁K ik uch i , ▁Japanese ▁musician ▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁Pol ina ▁Bog use v ich , ▁Russian ▁singer ▁ ▁Death s ▁▁ 6 7 3 ▁– ▁E cg ber ht , ▁king ▁of ▁Kent ▁▁▁ 9 0 7 ▁– ▁L uit p old , ▁mar gr ave ▁of ▁B av aria ▁▁▁▁ 9 0 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Diet mar ▁I , ▁arch b ishop ▁of ▁Sal z burg ▁▁ 9 1 0 ▁– ▁Lu o ▁Sha owe i , ▁Chinese ▁war lord ▁( b . ▁ 8 7 7 ) ▁▁ 9 4 0 ▁– ▁Wang ▁J ian li , ▁Chinese ▁general ▁( b . ▁ 8 7 1 ) ▁▁ 9 4 3 ▁– ▁T ae jo ▁of ▁G ory e o , ▁Korean ▁king ▁( b . ▁ 8 7 7 ) ▁▁ 9 4 5 ▁– ▁Z hu o ▁Yan ming , ▁Chinese ▁Budd hist ▁mon k ▁and ▁emperor ▁▁ 9 6 5 ▁– ▁Bened ict ▁V , ▁po pe ▁of ▁the ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁▁ 9 7 3 ▁– ▁Ul rich ▁of ▁Aug sburg , ▁German ▁b

ishop ▁and ▁saint ▁( b . ▁ 8 9 0 ) ▁▁ 9 7 5 ▁– ▁G w ang j ong ▁of ▁G ory e o , ▁Korean ▁king ▁( b . ▁ 9 2 5 ) ▁ 1 1 8 7 ▁– ▁Ray nal d ▁of ▁Ch ât illon , ▁French ▁kn ight ▁( b . ▁ 1 1 2 5 ) ▁ 1 3 0 7 ▁– ▁Rud olf ▁I ▁of ▁Bo hem ia ▁( b . ▁ 1 2 8 1 ) ▁ 1 3 3 6 ▁– ▁Saint ▁Elizabeth ▁of ▁Portugal ▁( b . ▁ 1 2 7 1 ) ▁ 1 4 2 9 ▁– ▁Carlo ▁I ▁T oc co , ▁rul er ▁of ▁Ep irus ▁( b . ▁ 1 3 7 2 ) ▁ 1 5 3 3 ▁– ▁John ▁Fr ith , ▁English ▁priest , ▁writer , ▁and ▁mart yr ▁( b . ▁ 1 5 0 3 ) ▁▁ 1 5 4 1 ▁– ▁Pedro ▁de ▁Al var ado , ▁Spanish ▁general ▁and ▁expl orer ▁( b . ▁ 1 4 9 5 ) ▁ 1 5 4 6 ▁– ▁Hay red d in ▁Bar bar oss a , ▁Ott oman ▁adm iral ▁( b . ▁ 1 4 7 8 ) ▁ 1 5 5 1 ▁– ▁Gregory ▁C rom well , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁C rom well , ▁English ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 5 1 4 ) ▁ 1 6 0 3 ▁– ▁Philippe ▁de ▁Monte , ▁F lem

ish ▁composer ▁and ▁educ ator ▁( b . ▁ 1 5 2 1 ) ▁ 1 6 2 3 ▁– ▁William ▁By rd , ▁English ▁composer ▁( b . ▁c . ▁ 1 5 4 0 ) ▁ 1 6 4 4 ▁– ▁Brian ▁Tw y ne , ▁English ▁academic , ▁ant iqu arian ▁ ▁and ▁arch iv ist ▁( b . ▁ 1 5 8 1 ) ▁ 1 6 4 8 ▁– ▁Ant oine ▁Daniel , ▁French ▁mission ary ▁and ▁saint ▁( b . ▁ 1 6 0 1 ) ▁ 1 7 4 2 ▁– ▁Lu igi ▁Gu ido ▁Grand i , ▁Italian ▁mon k , ▁mat hem atic ian , ▁and ▁engineer ▁( b . ▁ 1 6 7 1 ) ▁ 1 7 5 4 ▁– ▁Philippe ▁N éric ault ▁Dest ou ches , ▁French ▁play wright ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 6 8 0 ) ▁ 1 7 6 1 ▁– ▁Samuel ▁Richard son , ▁English ▁author ▁and ▁painter ▁( b . ▁ 1 6 8 9 ) ▁ 1 7 8 0 ▁– ▁Prince ▁Charles ▁Alexander ▁of ▁L orr aine ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 1 2 ) ▁ 1 7 8 7 ▁– ▁Charles , ▁Prince ▁of ▁Sou b ise , ▁Marshal ▁of ▁France ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 1 5 ) ▁ 1 8 2 1 ▁– ▁Richard ▁Cos way , ▁English ▁painter ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 4 2 ) ▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁–

▁John ▁Adams , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 2 nd ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 3 5 ) ▁▁▁ 1 8 2 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Thomas ▁Jefferson , ▁American ▁architect , ▁lawyer , ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 3 rd ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 4 3 ) ▁ 1 8 3 1 ▁– ▁James ▁Mon roe , ▁American ▁soldier , ▁lawyer , ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 5 th ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 5 8 ) ▁ 1 8 4 8 ▁– ▁François - R en é ▁de ▁Ch ate a ub ri and , ▁French ▁historian ▁and ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 6 8 ) ▁ 1 8 5 0 ▁– ▁William ▁Kir by , ▁English ▁ent om ologist ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 5 9 ) ▁ 1 8 5 4 ▁– ▁Karl ▁Friedrich ▁E ich horn , ▁German ▁academic ▁and ▁jur ist ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 8 1 ) ▁ 1 8 5 7 ▁– ▁William ▁L . ▁Mar cy , ▁American ▁lawyer , ▁judge , ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 2 1 st ▁United ▁States ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 8 6 ) ▁ 1 8 8 1 ▁– ▁Joh an ▁Vil helm ▁Sn ell man , ▁Finn ish ▁philos opher ▁and ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 0 6 ) ▁ 1 8 8 2 ▁– ▁Joseph ▁Br

ack ett , ▁American ▁composer ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 9 7 ) ▁ 1 8 8 6 ▁– ▁P ound maker , ▁Canadian ▁trib al ▁chief ▁( b . ▁ 1 7 9 7 ) ▁ 1 8 9 1 ▁– ▁Hann ib al ▁Ham lin , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 1 5 th ▁Vice ▁President ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 0 9 ) ▁ 1 9 0 1 ▁– ▁Johannes ▁Sch midt , ▁German ▁lingu ist ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 4 3 ) ▁ 1 9 0 2 ▁– ▁V ive kan anda , ▁Indian ▁mon k ▁and ▁saint ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 6 3 ) ▁ 1 9 0 5 ▁– ▁É l is ée ▁Re cl us , ▁French ▁ge ographer ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 3 0 ) ▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁– ▁Mel ville ▁Full er , ▁American ▁lawyer ▁and ▁jur ist , ▁Chief ▁Justice ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 3 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 1 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Giovanni ▁Sch i ap are lli , ▁Italian ▁astronom er ▁and ▁historian ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 3 5 ) ▁ 1 9 1 6 ▁– ▁Alan ▁Se eg er , ▁American ▁soldier ▁and ▁poet ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 8 8 ) ▁ 1 9 2 2 ▁– ▁L oth ar ▁von ▁Rich th of en , ▁German ▁lieutenant

▁and ▁pilot ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 4 ) ▁ 1 9 2 6 ▁– ▁Pier ▁G ior gio ▁Fr ass ati , ▁Italian ▁activ ist ▁and ▁saint ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 1 ) ▁ 1 9 3 4 ▁– ▁Marie ▁Cur ie , ▁French - Pol ish ▁phys ic ist ▁and ▁chem ist , ▁Nob el ▁Prize ▁la ure ate ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 6 7 ) ▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁– ▁Otto ▁B auer , ▁Aust rian ▁philos opher ▁and ▁politician , ▁Aust rian ▁Minister ▁of ▁Foreign ▁Affairs ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 3 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Suz anne ▁L eng len , ▁French ▁tennis ▁player ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ 1 9 4 1 ▁– ▁Ant oni ▁Ł om nick i , ▁Polish ▁mat hem atic ian ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁ 1 9 4 3 ▁– ▁W ład ys ław ▁S ik ors ki , ▁Polish ▁general ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 9 th ▁Prime ▁Minister ▁of ▁the ▁Second ▁Republic ▁of ▁Poland ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 8 1 ) ▁ 1 9 4 6 ▁– ▁T aff y ▁O ' Call ag han , ▁Wel sh ▁football er ▁and ▁coach ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 6 ) ▁ 1 9 4 8 ▁– ▁Monte iro ▁L ob ato , ▁Brazil ian ▁journalist ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1

8 8 2 ) ▁ 1 9 4 9 ▁– ▁François ▁Brand t , ▁Dutch ▁row er ▁and ▁engineer ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 7 4 ) ▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁– ▁Bernard ▁Fre y berg , ▁ 1 st ▁Baron ▁Fre y berg , ▁New ▁Zealand ▁general ▁and ▁politician , ▁ 7 th ▁Governor - General ▁of ▁New ▁Zealand ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 8 9 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁C ly de ▁Kenn ard , ▁American ▁activ ist ▁and ▁mart yr ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 6 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁P ing ali ▁Ven k ay ya , ▁Indian ▁activ ist , ▁designed ▁the ▁Flag ▁of ▁India ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 7 6 ) ▁▁ 1 9 6 4 ▁– ▁G aby ▁Mor lay , ▁French ▁actress ▁and ▁singer ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 3 ) ▁ 1 9 6 9 ▁– ▁Henri ▁Dec oin , ▁French ▁director ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 0 ) ▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁– ▁Barn ett ▁New man , ▁American ▁painter ▁and ▁illustr ator ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 5 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 0 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Harold ▁St irling ▁V ander b ilt , ▁American ▁sail or ▁and ▁business man ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 8 4 ) ▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁– ▁August ▁Der le th , ▁American ▁anth ologist ▁and ▁author ▁( b

. ▁ 1 9 0 9 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Thomas ▁C . ▁Hart , ▁American ▁adm iral ▁and ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 7 7 ) ▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁– ▁Ge or get te ▁He yer , ▁English ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 2 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁André ▁Rand all , ▁French ▁actor ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 2 ) ▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁– ▁Y on atan ▁Net any ahu , ▁Israeli ▁colon el ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 7 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ant oni ▁S ł on im ski , ▁Polish ▁poet ▁and ▁play wright ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 5 ) ▁ 1 9 7 7 ▁– ▁G ers h ▁Bud ker , ▁Ukrain ian ▁phys ic ist ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 8 ) ▁ 1 9 7 9 ▁– ▁Lee ▁W ai ▁T ong , ▁Chinese ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 5 ) ▁ 1 9 8 0 ▁– ▁Maurice ▁Gre vis se , ▁Belg ian ▁lingu ist ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 5 ) ▁ 1 9 8 4 ▁– ▁Jim m ie ▁Sp he er is , ▁American ▁singer - s ong writer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 9 ) ▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁– ▁Paul - G il bert

▁L ange vin , ▁French ▁music ologist , ▁critique ▁musical ▁and ▁phys ic ist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Flor ▁Pe eters , ▁Belg ian ▁organ ist ▁and ▁composer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 3 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 8 6 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Oscar ▁Z ar isk i , ▁Bel ar us ian - American ▁mat hem atic ian ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 9 ) ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁– ▁Ad rian ▁Ad on is , ▁American ▁wrest ler ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 4 ) ▁ 1 9 9 0 ▁– ▁Ol ive ▁Ann ▁Burn s , ▁American ▁journalist ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 4 ) ▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁– ▁Victor ▁Ch ang , ▁Chinese - Austral ian ▁sur geon ▁and ▁physician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 6 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 1 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Art ▁S ans om , ▁American ▁cart oon ist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ 1 9 9 2 ▁– ▁Ast or ▁P ia zz oll a , ▁Argent inian ▁band one on ▁player ▁and ▁composer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁ 1 9 9 3 ▁– ▁B ona ▁Ar sen ault , ▁Canadian ▁historian , ▁gene al og ist , ▁and ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 3 ) ▁ 1 9 9 4 ▁– ▁Jo

ey ▁M are lla , ▁American ▁wrest ling ▁ref eree ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 6 4 ) ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁– ▁Eva ▁G abor , ▁Hung arian - American ▁actress ▁and ▁singer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Bob ▁Ross , ▁American ▁painter ▁and ▁television ▁host ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 2 ) ▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁– ▁Charles ▁K ural t , ▁American ▁journalist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 4 ) ▁▁▁ 1 9 9 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁John ▁Zach ary ▁Young , ▁English ▁z ool og ist ▁and ▁neuro phys i ologist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 0 7 ) ▁ 1 9 9 9 ▁– ▁Leo ▁G arel , ▁American ▁illustr ator ▁and ▁educ ator ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 7 ) ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁– ▁Gust aw ▁Her ling - G rud zi ński , ▁Polish ▁journalist ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁Ger ald ▁B ales , ▁Canadian ▁organ ist ▁and ▁composer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Benjamin ▁O . ▁Davis , ▁Jr ., ▁American ▁general ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 2 ) ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁– ▁Larry ▁Bur k ett , ▁American ▁author ▁and ▁radio ▁host ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 9 ) ▁▁▁ 2

0 0 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁André ▁Cl ave au , ▁French ▁singer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Barry ▁White , ▁American ▁singer - s ong writer , ▁pian ist , ▁and ▁producer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 4 ) ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁– ▁Jean - Mar ie ▁Aub erson , ▁Swiss ▁viol in ist ▁and ▁condu ctor ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 0 ) ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁– ▁Cl iff ▁G oup ille , ▁Canadian ▁ice ▁hockey ▁player ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 5 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁H ank ▁Str am , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁and ▁coach ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ 2 0 0 7 ▁– ▁Bill ▁Pink ney , ▁American ▁singer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 5 ) ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁– ▁Thomas ▁M . ▁D isch , ▁American ▁author ▁and ▁poet ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jesse ▁Hel ms , ▁American ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ev ely n ▁Key es , ▁American ▁actress ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Ter rence ▁K iel , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 0 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 8

▁▁ ▁– ▁Charles ▁Whe eler , ▁German - English ▁soldier ▁and ▁journalist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁– ▁Brend a ▁Joy ce , ▁American ▁actress ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 7 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Allen ▁Klein , ▁American ▁business man ▁and ▁talent ▁agent , ▁founded ▁AB K CO ▁Records ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 1 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁D rake ▁Lev in , ▁American ▁guitar ist ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 6 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Steve ▁Mc N air , ▁American ▁football ▁player ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁L asse ▁Str öm sted t , ▁Swedish ▁author ▁and ▁actor ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jean - B apt iste ▁T ati ▁L out ard , ▁Cong ol ese ▁poet ▁and ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 8 ) ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁– ▁Robert ▁Neil ▁Butler , ▁American ▁physician ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁– ▁H ire n ▁Bh attach ary ya , ▁Indian ▁poet ▁and ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jimmy ▁B iv ins , ▁American ▁box er ▁( b . ▁ 1 9

1 9 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Je ong ▁Min - hy e ong , ▁South ▁Korean ▁football er ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 8 7 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Eric ▁Sy kes , ▁English ▁actor , ▁director , ▁and ▁screen writer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 3 ) ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁– ▁On ll w yn ▁Br ace , ▁Wel sh ▁rugby ▁player ▁and ▁sport sc aster ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Jack ▁C rom pton , ▁English ▁football er ▁and ▁manager ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 1 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁James ▁F ult on , ▁American ▁d erm at ologist ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Charles ▁A . ▁H ines , ▁American ▁general ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 5 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Bernie ▁N olan , ▁Irish ▁singer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 6 0 ) ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁– ▁G ior gio ▁Fal etti , ▁Italian ▁author , ▁screen writer , ▁and ▁actor ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 0 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁C . ▁J . ▁Hend erson , ▁American ▁author ▁and ▁critic ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 5 1 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Earl

▁Robinson , ▁American ▁baseball ▁player ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 6 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Richard ▁M ell on ▁Sc a ife , ▁American ▁business man ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 3 2 ) ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁– ▁Ned el cho ▁Ber on ov , ▁Bulgar ian ▁judge ▁and ▁politician ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 8 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁▁ ▁– ▁William ▁Con rad ▁Gib b ons , ▁American ▁historian , ▁author , ▁and ▁academic ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 6 ) ▁ 2 0 1 6 ▁– ▁Abb as ▁K iar ost ami , ▁Iran ian ▁film ▁director , ▁screen writer , ▁poet , ▁and ▁photographer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁– ▁John ▁Black well , ▁American ▁R & B , ▁fun k , ▁and ▁jazz ▁drum mer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 7 3 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 7 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Dan i il ▁Gran in , ▁Soviet ▁and ▁Russian ▁author ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 1 9 ) ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁– ▁Henri ▁Dir ick x , ▁Belg ian ▁football er ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 2 7 ) ▁▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁▁ ▁– ▁Rob by ▁M üll er , ▁Dutch ▁cin emat ographer ▁( b . ▁ 1 9 4 0 ) ▁ ▁Hol idays ▁and ▁observ ances ▁Christian ▁fe ast ▁day : ▁Andrew ▁of ▁Cre

te ▁Ber tha ▁of ▁Ar to is ▁B less ed ▁Catherine ▁J arr ige ▁B less ed ▁Pier ▁G ior gio ▁Fr ass ati ▁Elizabeth ▁of ▁Ar agon ▁( or ▁of ▁Portugal ) ▁O da ▁of ▁Can ter bury ▁Ul rich ▁of ▁Aug sburg ▁July ▁ 4 ▁( E astern ▁Orth odox ▁lit urg ics ) ▁Birth day ▁of ▁Queen ▁Son ja ▁( N or way ) ▁The ▁first ▁evening ▁of ▁D ree ▁Festival , ▁celebrated ▁until ▁July ▁ 7 ▁( A pat ani ▁people , ▁Ar un ach al ▁Pr adesh , ▁India ) ▁Independ ence ▁Day , ▁celebr ates ▁the ▁Decl aration ▁of ▁Independ ence ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁from ▁Great ▁Britain ▁in ▁ 1 7 7 6 . ▁( Un ited ▁States ▁and ▁its ▁dependencies ) ▁Liber ation ▁Day ▁( N or thern ▁Mar iana ▁Islands ) ▁Liber ation ▁Day ▁( R w anda ) ▁Republic ▁Day ▁( Phil ipp ines ) ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁BBC : ▁On ▁This ▁Day ▁▁▁ ▁On ▁This ▁Day ▁in ▁Canada ▁ ▁Category : D ays ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁Category : J uly <0x0A> </s> ▁H ina ▁P erv a iz ▁But t ▁( ; ▁born ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁ 1 9 8 2 ) ▁is ▁a ▁Pak ist ani ▁politician ▁who ▁was ▁a ▁Member ▁of ▁the ▁Provinc ial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁Pun j ab , ▁since ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁ ▁Early ▁life ▁and ▁education ▁H ina ▁was ▁born ▁on ▁ 1 9 ▁January ▁

1 9 8 2 ▁in ▁L ah ore . ▁ ▁She ▁received ▁her ▁initial ▁education ▁from ▁Con vent ▁of ▁Jesus ▁and ▁Mary , ▁L ah ore . ▁She ▁earned ▁the ▁degrees ▁of ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Science ▁( H ons ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁and ▁received ▁the ▁degree ▁of ▁Master ▁of ▁Business ▁Administration ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁from ▁L ah ore ▁University ▁of ▁Management ▁Sciences . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁she ▁earned ▁Master ▁of ▁Arts ▁in ▁International ▁Rel ations ▁from ▁M idd les ex ▁University ▁campus ▁in ▁Dub ai . ▁H ina ▁has ▁to ▁her ▁credit ▁the ▁este emed ▁achievement ▁of ▁being ▁selected ▁at ▁the ▁Harvard ▁Kennedy ▁School ▁Education ▁Module , ▁‘ Global ▁Lead ership ▁and ▁Public ▁Policy ▁for ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ’, ▁Cambridge , ▁USA . ▁To ▁her ▁credit , ▁she ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁most ▁recognized ▁Young ▁Global ▁Lead ers ▁and ▁has ▁participated ▁regularly ▁at ▁the ▁World ▁Economic ▁Forum ▁Sum m its ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁Y GL ▁Sum m its . ▁▁ ▁She ▁has ▁recently ▁been ▁hon ored ▁with ▁certification ▁from ▁Oxford ▁University ▁on ▁" Transform ational ▁Lead ership : ▁Lead ership ▁on ▁the ▁Ed ges ". ▁Her ▁participation ▁at ▁the ▁Y GL ▁" Ann ual ▁Meeting ▁of ▁New ▁Champions ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁exempl ary . ▁She ▁also ▁represents ▁Pakistan ▁in ▁Asia ▁Pacific ▁Sum mit ▁ 2 0 1 9 - C amb od ia . ▁ ▁Political ▁career ▁She ▁was ▁selected ▁to ▁the ▁Provinc ial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁Pun

j ab ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁of ▁Pakistan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( N ) ▁( P ML - N ) ▁on ▁a ▁reserved ▁seat ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁Pak ist ani ▁general ▁election . ▁ ▁She ▁was ▁re - selected ▁to ▁the ▁Provinc ial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁Pun j ab ▁as ▁a ▁candidate ▁of ▁P ML - N ▁on ▁a ▁reserved ▁seat ▁for ▁women ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 8 . ▁Her ▁political ▁career ▁has ▁been ▁an ▁impressive ▁one ▁being ▁elected ▁as ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁provincial ▁assembly , ▁Pun j ab ▁in ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁general ▁elections , ▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁being ▁her ▁second ▁term ▁in ▁office . ▁This ▁period ▁comes ▁with ▁land mark ▁bills ▁and ▁res olutions ▁presented ▁by ▁Ms . ▁H ina ▁But t . ▁Some ▁significant ▁ones ▁out ▁of ▁ 1 7 ▁include ▁‘ The ▁Pun j ab ▁Pro hib ition ▁of ▁H ate ▁Spe ech ", ▁" Re forms ▁in ▁the ▁Ad mission ▁Policy ▁for ▁Students ▁Bel ong ing ▁to ▁the ▁Minor ity ▁Community , ▁" ▁The ▁Pun j ab ▁Right ▁of ▁Children ▁to ▁Free ▁& ▁Comp uls ory ▁Education ▁Bill ▁ 2 0 1 4 ", ▁" The ▁Dom estic ▁Work ers ▁Em ployment ▁Right ▁Bill ▁ 2 0 1 4 ", ▁" The ▁Pun j ab ▁Crim inal ▁Law ▁( Prote ction ▁of ▁Minor ities ) ▁Bill ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁" Child ▁Mar riage ▁Pro hib ition ▁Bill ▁ 2 0 1 3 ", ▁" ▁Pun

j ab ▁Home ▁Based ▁Work ers ▁Bill ▁ 2 0 1 6 ", ▁" The ▁Pun j ab ▁Dom estic ▁Work ers ▁Em ployment ▁Rights ▁Bill ▁ 2 0 1 6 ". ▁ ▁To ▁her ▁credit ▁also ▁is ▁the ▁new ▁land mark ▁bill ▁for ▁which ▁she ▁has ▁put ▁in ▁immense ▁efforts ▁is ▁the ▁‘ P un j ab ▁M atern ity ▁Benef its ’ ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁first ▁of ▁its ▁kind ▁discussion ▁in ▁the ▁provincial ▁assembly . ▁ ▁Her ▁commitment ▁and ▁passion ▁has ▁specifically ▁driven ▁towards ▁activ ism ▁through ▁legislation ▁for ▁human ▁rights ▁and ▁supporting ▁civil ▁society ▁in ▁its ▁implementation ▁and ▁action , ▁the ▁most ▁deb ated ▁being ▁legislation ▁against ▁forced ▁convers ions . ▁She ▁has ▁rendered ▁her ▁services ▁as ▁the ▁General ▁Secretary ▁of ▁First ▁Women ▁Parliament ary ▁C auc us ▁of ▁Pun j ab , ▁Pakistan ▁( 2 0 1 5 - ▁ 2 0 1 6 ) ▁and ▁currently ▁serving ▁as ▁the ▁Women ▁Health ▁Represent ative ▁of ▁the ▁Women ▁C auc us . ▁She ▁also ▁holds ▁an ▁important ▁charge ▁as ▁the ▁General ▁Secretary ▁of ▁the ▁Youth ▁C auc us ▁for ▁the ▁effective ▁of ▁implementation ▁of ▁Youth ▁Rights , ▁highlight ing ▁issues ▁pert aining ▁to ▁the ▁youth ▁in ▁the ▁assembly . ▁She ▁is ▁closely ▁working ▁with ▁civil ▁society ▁and ▁N GO s ▁on ▁issues ▁of ▁minority ▁and ▁women ▁rights ▁including ▁a ▁task ▁force ▁for ▁the ▁formation ▁of ▁minority ▁commission , ▁which ▁is ▁required ▁for ▁implementation ▁of ▁minority ▁rights . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ 2 0 1 8 ▁Pak ist ani ▁general ▁election

▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : P un j ab ▁MP As ▁ 2 0 1 3 – 2 0 1 8 ▁Category : W omen ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁Provinc ial ▁Assembly ▁of ▁the ▁Pun j ab ▁Category : 1 9 8 2 ▁birth s ▁Category : P ak istan ▁Muslim ▁League ▁( N ) ▁MP As ▁( P un j ab ) ▁Category : Con vent ▁of ▁Jesus ▁and ▁Mary , ▁L ah ore ▁al umn i ▁Category : L ah ore ▁University ▁of ▁Management ▁Sciences ▁al umn i ▁Category : P ak ist ani ▁people ▁of ▁K ash mir i ▁descent <0x0A> </s> ▁Mat ara ▁or ▁ ▁Meter a ▁is ▁a ▁small ▁town ▁and ▁important ▁ar che ological ▁site ▁located ▁in ▁the ▁Deb ub ▁Region ▁of ▁E rit rea . ▁Situ ated ▁a ▁few ▁kilom eters ▁south ▁of ▁S ena fe , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁major ▁city ▁in ▁the ▁D ʿ mt ▁and ▁Ak sum ite ▁kingdom s . ▁Since ▁E rit re an ▁independence , ▁the ▁National ▁Museum ▁of ▁E rit rea ▁has ▁petition ed ▁the ▁Eth iop ian ▁government ▁to ▁return ▁art ifacts ▁removed ▁from ▁the ▁site . ▁However , ▁the ▁efforts ▁have ▁thus ▁far ▁been ▁re buff ed . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Mat ara ▁is ▁the ▁name ▁of ▁both ▁a ▁small ▁village ▁and ▁an ▁important ▁archae ological ▁site ▁in ▁E rit rea . ▁The ▁latter ▁is ▁located ▁some ▁ 1 3 6 ▁kilom eters ▁sout heast ▁of ▁the ▁capital ▁As m ara ,

▁just ▁past ▁S ena fe ▁on ▁the ▁road ▁leading ▁south ▁to ▁the ▁border ▁with ▁the ▁northern ▁Tig ray ▁Region ▁of ▁Eth iop ia . ▁The ▁archae ological ▁site ▁already ▁has ▁yield ed ▁evidence ▁of ▁several ▁levels ▁of ▁hab itation , ▁including ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁different ▁major ▁cities , ▁covering ▁more ▁than ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁years . ▁The ▁top most ▁layers ▁are ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁Ak sum ite ▁Empire ▁and ▁date ▁from ▁the ▁fourth ▁to ▁the ▁e ighth ▁centuries . ▁This ▁city ▁was ▁all ied ▁with ▁or ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁powerful ▁trading ▁empire ▁centered ▁in ▁the ▁capital , ▁Ak sum , ▁to ▁the ▁south west . ▁It ▁appears ▁that ▁Mat ara ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁cities ▁along ▁the ▁trade ▁route ▁that ▁ran ▁from ▁Ak sum ▁to ▁its ▁port ▁city , ▁Ad ul is , ▁whose ▁extensive ▁ru ins , ▁survey ed ▁but ▁largely ▁une xc av ated , ▁are ▁in ▁the ▁vic inity ▁of ▁Z ula , ▁sout heast ▁of ▁Mass awa ▁on ▁the ▁Red ▁Sea ▁coast . ▁K esk ese ▁is ▁located ▁ ▁north ▁of ▁Mat ara . ▁ ▁Haw ult i , ▁a ▁pre - A k sum ite ▁or ▁early ▁Ak sum ite ▁era ▁ob el isk , ▁is ▁situated ▁here . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁Ad ul is ▁K esk ese ▁Nak fa ▁Q oh ait o ▁Sem bel ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Mat ara ▁ ▁Category : A k sum ite ▁cities ▁Category : Arch ae ological ▁sites ▁in ▁E rit rea ▁Category

: S ou thern ▁Region ▁( E rit rea ) ▁Category : Form er ▁pop ulated ▁places ▁in ▁E rit rea <0x0A> </s> ▁Par allel ▁adoption ▁is ▁a ▁method ▁for ▁transfer ring ▁between ▁a ▁previous ▁( IT ) ▁system ▁to ▁a ▁target ▁( IT ) ▁system ▁in ▁an ▁organization . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁reduce ▁risk , ▁the ▁old ▁and ▁new ▁system ▁run ▁simultaneously ▁for ▁some ▁period ▁of ▁time ▁after ▁which , ▁if ▁the ▁criteria ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁are ▁met , ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁is ▁disabled . ▁The ▁process ▁requires ▁careful ▁planning ▁and ▁control ▁and ▁a ▁significant ▁investment ▁in ▁labor ▁hours . ▁ ▁Over view ▁ ▁This ▁entry ▁focuses ▁on ▁the ▁generic ▁process ▁of ▁parallel ▁adoption ; ▁( real - world ) ▁examples ▁are ▁used ▁for ▁a ▁more ▁meaningful ▁interpretation ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁if ▁necessary . ▁Moreover ▁a ▁process - data ▁model ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁visual izing ▁the ▁process ▁which ▁is ▁intended ▁to ▁provide ▁a ▁complete ▁overview ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁steps ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁parallel ▁adoption , ▁but ▁emphasis ▁will ▁be ▁laid ▁on ▁the ▁unique ▁characteristics ▁of ▁parallel ▁adoption . ▁Some ▁common ▁characteristics , ▁especially ▁defining ▁an ▁implementation ▁strategy , ▁that ▁go ▁for ▁all ▁four ▁generic ▁kinds ▁of ▁adoption ▁are ▁described ▁in ▁Ad option ▁( soft ware ▁implementation ). ▁ ▁Other ▁kinds ▁of ▁adoption ▁ ▁Besides ▁parallel ▁adoption , ▁three ▁other ▁generic ▁kinds ▁of ▁adoption ▁can ▁be ▁identified . ▁The ▁choice ▁for ▁a ▁specific ▁adoption ▁method ▁depends ▁on ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁characteristics ; ▁more ▁insight ▁on ▁this ▁topic ▁will ▁be ▁provided ▁below .

▁The ▁three ▁other ▁adoption ▁methods ▁are : ▁Product ▁Software ▁Ad option : ▁Big ▁Bang ▁Ad option ▁( Al so ▁known ▁as ▁Direct ▁Con version , ▁sl am ▁d unk , ▁or ▁cold - t ur key ▁strategy ), ▁Ph ased ▁adoption ▁and ▁Pil ot ▁adoption . ▁▁ ▁Product ▁Software ▁Ad option : ▁Big ▁Bang ▁Ad option / Pl unge ▁Ad option : ▁A ▁big - b ang ▁adoption ▁ent ails ▁transfer ring ▁the ▁entire ▁organization ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁in ▁an ▁instant ▁change over . ▁This ▁is ▁the ▁cheap est ▁option ▁but ▁if ▁the ▁new ▁System ▁fails , ▁the ▁organization ▁is ▁in ▁big ▁trouble . ▁It ▁also ▁opens ▁risks ▁for ▁the ▁system ▁not ▁to ▁be ▁accepted ▁by ▁its ▁users . ▁However , ▁this ▁may ▁be ▁the ▁only ▁approach ▁to ▁take ▁when ▁the ▁two ▁systems ▁can ▁not ▁co exist ▁or ▁activ ating ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁is ▁an ▁emergency . ▁▁ ▁Ph ased ▁adoption ▁( Al so ▁known ▁as ▁grad ual ▁conversion ): ▁In ▁ph ased ▁adoption ▁implementation , ▁the ▁organization ▁is ▁gradually ▁transfer ring ▁to ▁a ▁new ▁system ▁in ▁different ▁phases , ▁per ▁module ▁or ▁sub - system . ▁Some ▁systems ▁are ▁incap able ▁of ▁being ▁introduced ▁in ▁pieces ▁as ▁it ▁is ▁too ▁rel iant ▁on ▁the ▁whole ▁system . ▁Using ▁the ▁ph ased ▁adoption ▁has ▁less ▁risks , ▁but ▁causes ▁the ▁most ▁dis ru ptions ▁due ▁to ▁it ▁taking ▁the ▁most ▁time ▁to ▁transfer ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁to ▁the ▁new . ▁▁ ▁Pil ot ▁adoption : ▁The ▁pilot

▁adoption ▁method ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁large ▁organizations ▁that ▁have ▁multiple ▁locations ▁or ▁largely ▁independent ▁departments . ▁The ▁new ▁system ▁is ▁introduced ▁in ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁locations ▁or ▁departments ▁and ▁extended ▁to ▁other ▁locations ▁or ▁departments ▁over ▁time . ▁( limited ▁boundary ▁if ▁a ▁new ▁system ▁is ▁a ▁failure ) ▁( Tur ban , ▁ 2 0 0 2 ) ▁There ▁are ▁several ▁instances ▁when ▁parallel ▁conversion ▁can ▁not ▁be ▁considered ▁a ▁viable ▁conversion ▁strategy . ▁ ▁First ▁consider ▁if ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁contains ▁significant ▁schema ▁changes . ▁ ▁Data ▁elements ▁required ▁by ▁one ▁system ▁that ▁are ▁not ▁being ▁pop ulated ▁by ▁the ▁other ▁can ▁lead ▁to ▁at ▁best ▁data ▁in accur acies ▁and ▁at ▁worst ▁data ▁corruption . ▁ ▁Another ▁concern ▁is ▁if ▁the ▁system ▁rel ies ▁on ▁consumer ▁off ▁the ▁shelf ▁technology ▁( CO TS ). ▁ ▁If ▁a ▁C OT S ▁vendor ' s ▁documentation ▁states ▁that ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁application ▁can ▁not ▁share ▁the ▁same ▁database , ▁then ▁parallel ▁conversion ▁is ▁not ▁an ▁option . ▁ ▁An ▁example ▁would ▁be ▁Oracle ' s ▁Sie bel ▁products . ▁ ▁Other ▁C OT S ▁products ▁may ▁also ▁place ▁restrictions ▁when ▁patches ▁or ▁major ▁up grades ▁require ▁unique ▁license ▁keys . ▁Once ▁applied ▁they ▁may ▁make ▁database ▁changes ▁that ▁might ▁cause ▁the ▁application ▁to ▁fals ely ▁detect ▁a ▁parallel ▁system ▁running ▁against ▁the ▁same ▁database ▁as ▁an ▁attempt ▁at ▁getting ▁around ▁lic ensing ▁controls ▁and ▁thereby ▁disable ▁the ▁system . ▁ ▁Place ▁in ▁implementation ▁process ▁There ▁seem ▁to ▁be ▁little ▁convent ions ▁regarding

▁the ▁process ▁of ▁parallel ▁adoption . ▁Several ▁sources ▁( e . g .: ▁Tur ban , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁E ason , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁R oo ij mans , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Brown , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ), ▁do ▁not ▁use ▁a ▁single ▁process - description ▁name . ▁The ▁term ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁is ▁denoted ▁in ▁these ▁sources , ▁although ▁consistent ▁per ▁source ▁as : ▁parallel ▁conversion , ▁parallel ▁running , ▁shadow - running , ▁parallel ▁cut over ▁and ▁parallel ▁implementation . ▁This ▁appears ▁to ▁be ▁the ▁case ▁because ▁a ▁generic ▁description ▁of ▁the ▁process ▁does ▁not ▁need ▁a ▁distinct ▁classification . ▁There ▁are ▁a ▁quite ▁some ▁standard ▁implementation ▁methods , ▁where ▁different ▁adoption ▁techniques ▁are ▁described ▁but ▁often ▁in ▁a ▁practical ▁context ; ▁real - world ▁case ▁scenario ▁or ▁a ▁more ▁comprehensive ▁set ▁of ▁implementation ▁techniques ▁like ▁Reg atta : ▁adoption ▁method , ▁S IM ▁and ▁PR IN CE 2 . ▁In ▁general , ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁can ▁best ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁Systems ▁Engineering ▁method ▁of ▁implementation ▁of ▁a ▁new ▁system . ▁ ▁In ▁principle , ▁the ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁method ▁is ▁different ▁from ▁the ▁decision ▁to ▁change ▁a ▁system ▁in ▁an ▁organization ▁and ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁one ▁possible ▁mean ▁to ▁achieve ▁that ▁goal . ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁quite ▁some ▁factors ▁that ▁are ▁being ▁taken ▁into ▁account ▁in ▁determining ▁the ▁best ▁implementation ▁strategy . ▁Moreover , ▁a ▁successful ▁implementation ▁can ▁depend ▁to ▁a ▁big ▁extent ▁on ▁the ▁adoption ▁method .

▁( L ee , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ) ▁ ▁The ▁process ▁ ▁The ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁process ▁can ▁not ▁be ▁represented ▁without ▁paying ▁attention ▁to ▁the ▁steps ▁before ▁the ▁actual ▁conversion , ▁namely ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁a ▁conversion ▁scenario ▁and ▁the ▁identification ▁and ▁testing ▁of ▁all ▁the ▁requirements . ▁Therefore ▁the ▁process ▁is ▁explained ▁by ▁going ▁through ▁all ▁the ▁identified ▁processes ▁in ▁figure ▁ 1 , ▁while ▁addressing ▁the ▁common ▁activities ▁that ▁are ▁necessary ▁for ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁identified ▁conversion ▁strategies ▁briefly . ▁▁ ▁Figure ▁ 1 ▁gives ▁an ▁overview ▁of ▁the ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁process . ▁The ▁left ▁side ▁dep icts ▁the ▁flow ▁of ▁activities ▁that ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁process . ▁Activ ities ▁that ▁run ▁simultaneously ▁are ▁preced ed ▁by ▁a ▁thick ▁black ▁line . ▁When ▁the ▁parallel ▁running ▁of ▁activities ▁is ▁over , ▁the ▁activities ▁are ▁joined ▁again ▁in ▁a ▁similar ▁black ▁line . ▁When ▁there ▁is ▁no ▁arrow ▁from ▁an ▁activity ▁to ▁another , ▁this ▁indicates ▁that ▁they ▁are ▁aggreg ates ▁of ▁a ▁bigger ▁activity ▁above . ▁ ▁The ▁activities ▁are ▁divided ▁in ▁four ▁main ▁phases : ▁▁ ▁Define ▁implementation ▁strategy , ▁that ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁kind ▁of ▁implementation ▁strategy ▁should ▁be ▁executed . ▁▁ ▁Pre - implement ation , ▁which ▁has ▁to ▁do ▁with ▁construct ing ▁a ▁planning ▁of ▁all ▁aspects ▁and ▁requirements ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁implementation . ▁ ▁Pre pare ▁organization ▁The ▁organization ▁should ▁be ▁prepared ▁properly ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁previous ▁phase . ▁ ▁Con version ▁deals ▁with ▁the ▁actual ▁conversion ▁process ▁and ▁closing ▁the ▁conversion ▁process ;

▁proceed ing ▁with ▁the ▁new ▁system . ▁ ▁The ▁main ▁phases ▁are ▁sub div ided ▁in ▁other ▁activities ▁that ▁will ▁be ▁described ▁briefly ▁in ▁tables ▁ 1 - 1 ▁to ▁ 1 - 4 . ▁ ▁The ▁right ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁model ▁describes ▁the ▁data ▁involved ▁in ▁the ▁processes . ▁Some ▁of ▁these ▁concepts , ▁depicted ▁as ▁a ▁pair ▁of ▁overl apping ▁open ▁rect angles , ▁can ▁be ▁sub div ided ▁in ▁more ▁than ▁one ▁concept . ▁A ▁pair ▁of ▁overl apping ▁closed ▁rect angles ▁indicate ▁a ▁closed ▁concept ▁which ▁means ▁that ▁it ▁can ▁be ▁sub div ided ▁in ▁more ▁concepts , ▁but ▁it ▁is ▁not ▁of ▁further ▁interest ▁for ▁the ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁process . ▁The ▁diamond ▁shapes ▁figure ▁indicates ▁that ▁the ▁concept ▁linked ▁to ▁it , ▁serves ▁as ▁an ▁aggregate ▁concept ▁and ▁that ▁this ▁concepts ▁consists ▁of ▁the ▁other ▁concepts . ▁Finally ▁the ▁open ▁arrow ▁represents ▁a ▁super ▁class - sub class ▁relation . ▁The ▁concept ▁linked ▁with ▁the ▁arrow ▁is ▁the ▁super ▁class ▁of ▁the ▁concepts ▁that ▁are ▁linked ▁to ▁it . ▁This ▁syntax ▁in ▁figure ▁ 1 ▁is ▁according ▁to ▁Un ified ▁Model ing ▁Language ▁( U ML ) ▁standards . ▁The ▁concepts ▁in ▁figure ▁ 1 ▁are ▁defined ▁in ▁table ▁ 2 . ▁More ▁context ▁for ▁these ▁sub ▁activities ▁in ▁the ▁process ▁will ▁be ▁given ▁underneath ▁the ▁tables . ▁ ▁The ▁concepts ▁from ▁figure ▁ 1 ▁are ▁defined ▁in ▁table ▁ 2 - 1 ▁below . ▁ ▁Det erm ining ▁the ▁parallel ▁implementation ▁strategy ▁ ▁The ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁is

▁preced ed ▁with ▁determining ▁the ▁implementation ▁strategy , ▁which ▁is ▁not ▁unique ▁for ▁parallel ▁adoption , ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁seen ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁change ▁management ▁process ▁that ▁an ▁organization ▁enters . ▁( L ee , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Some ▁factors ▁involved ▁in ▁determining ▁an ▁implementation ▁strategy ▁regarding ▁adoption ▁methods ▁is ▁described ▁more ▁thoroughly ▁in ▁Ad option ▁( soft ware ▁implementation ). ▁ ▁R isk ▁versus ▁costs ▁The ▁reason ▁for ▁an ▁organization ▁to ▁choose ▁for ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁a ▁pilot ▁conversion , ▁big ▁b ang ▁or ▁ph ased ▁adoption ▁is ▁often ▁a ▁trade - off ▁between ▁costs ▁and ▁risk ▁( And ers son , ▁Hans on , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁Par allel ▁adoption ▁the ▁most ▁expensive ▁adoption ▁method ▁( Ch ng , ▁V athan op as , ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Microsoft , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Anderson ▁et ▁al ., ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁because ▁it ▁demands ▁from ▁the ▁organization ▁that ▁two ▁systems ▁run ▁parallel ▁for ▁a ▁certain ▁period . ▁Running ▁two ▁systems ▁simultaneously ▁means ▁that ▁an ▁investment ▁in ▁Human ▁Resources ▁has ▁to ▁be ▁made . ▁Besides ▁a ▁good ▁preparation ▁of ▁the ▁( extra ) ▁personnel , ▁that ▁has ▁to ▁go ▁through ▁a ▁stress ful ▁period ▁of ▁parallel ▁running ▁where ▁procedures ▁cross ▁each ▁other . ▁( R oo ij mans , ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁E ason , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁Eff orts ▁should ▁be ▁placed ▁on ▁data - cons ist ency ▁and

▁preventing ▁data ▁corruption ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁systems . ▁( Ch ng ▁et ▁al . ▁ 2 0 0 2 , ▁Y us uf , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ▁) ▁Not ▁only ▁for ▁the ▁conversion ▁process ▁itself , ▁but ▁also ▁in ▁training ▁them ▁for ▁handling ▁the ▁new ▁system . ▁▁ ▁When ▁it ▁is ▁necessary ▁for ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁to ▁be ▁implemented ▁following ▁a ▁big ▁b ang ▁approach , ▁the ▁risk ▁of ▁failure ▁is ▁high ▁( L ee , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁When ▁the ▁organization ▁demands ▁heavily ▁on ▁the ▁old ▁( leg acy ) ▁system ▁to ▁be ▁changed , ▁the ▁trade - off ▁between ▁extra ▁involved ▁costs ▁for ▁a ▁less ▁risk y ▁parallel ▁approach , ▁should ▁be ▁in ▁favour ▁of ▁those ▁extra ▁costs ▁( L ee , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ), ▁despite ▁this , ▁we ▁see ▁that ▁ER P ▁adoption ▁follows ▁a ▁big ▁b ang ▁adoption ▁in ▁most ▁cases ▁( Microsoft , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁Y us uf , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁▁ ▁This ▁means ▁that ▁an ▁organization ▁should ▁think ▁clearly ▁about ▁their ▁implementation ▁strategy ▁and ▁integrate ▁this ▁decision ▁in ▁their ▁R isk ▁management ▁or ▁Change ▁management ▁analysis . ▁ ▁Develop ing ▁an ▁implementation ▁script ▁ ▁IT - require ments ▁To ▁prepare ▁the ▁organization ▁properly ▁a ▁requirements ▁analysis ▁of ▁both ▁IT - require ments ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁organiz ational ▁requirements ▁is ▁necessary . ▁More ▁information ▁on ▁requirements ▁analysis ▁and ▁change ▁management ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁elsewhere . ▁For ▁parallel ▁adoption , ▁the ▁most ▁important

▁IT ▁requirement ▁( if ▁applicable ) ▁is ▁attention ▁for ▁running ▁the ▁two ▁systems ▁simultaneously . ▁In ▁the ▁conversion ▁phase ▁there ▁is ▁a ▁times lot , ▁where ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁is ▁the ▁leading ▁system . ▁In ▁order ▁to ▁transfer ▁the ▁data ▁from ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁in ▁the ▁catch - up ▁period ▁to ▁the ▁new ▁system , ▁there ▁must ▁be ▁a ▁transition ▁module ▁available ▁( Microsoft , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁Other ▁implementation ▁methods ▁do ▁not ▁directly ▁have ▁this ▁requirement . ▁More ▁information ▁about ▁IT ▁requirements ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Software ▁Engineering . ▁ ▁Organ iz ational ▁requirements ▁ ▁Besides ▁the ▁IT - require ments , ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁requirements ▁require ▁Human ▁Resource ▁Management ▁issues ▁like , ▁the ▁training ▁of ▁personnel , ▁deal ▁with ▁a ▁perhaps ▁changing ▁organiz ational ▁structure , ▁organic ▁organisation ▁or ▁Mechan istic ▁organisation ▁characteristics ▁of ▁the ▁organization ▁( D aft , ▁ 1 9 9 8 ) ▁and ▁most ▁importantly : ▁Top ▁management ▁support ▁( B rown , ▁V es sey , ▁ 1 9 9 9 ). ▁Brown ▁et ▁al . ▁( 1 9 9 9 ) ▁identify ▁two ▁distinct ▁roles ▁top ▁management ▁can ▁initi ate : ▁the ▁so - called ▁spons or ▁and ▁champion ▁roles : ▁▁▁▁ ▁“ A ▁project ▁spons or ▁is ▁responsible ▁for ▁budget ary ▁support ▁and ▁ensuring ▁that ▁key ▁business ▁representatives ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁on ▁the ▁project ▁team .” ▁▁▁ ▁“ The ▁project ▁champion ▁may ▁or ▁may ▁not ▁be ▁a ▁formal ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁project ▁team , ▁but ▁can ▁play ▁a ▁key ▁role ▁in

▁change ▁management ▁efforts ” ▁ ▁A ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁process ▁is ▁very ▁stress ful ▁and ▁requires ▁well ▁prepared ▁employees ▁that ▁can ▁deal ▁with ▁mistakes ▁that ▁are ▁being ▁made , ▁without ▁conserv atively ▁eager ▁to ▁the ▁old ▁system . ▁( E ason , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ) ▁ ▁Time ▁planning ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁very ▁important ▁to ▁have ▁a ▁detailed ▁plan ▁of ▁conducting ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁in ▁an ▁organization ▁( L ee , ▁ 2 0 0 4 , ▁E ason , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ). ▁The ▁most ▁important ▁thing ▁about ▁time ▁planning ▁for ▁a ▁parallel ▁conversion ▁is ▁not ▁to ▁rush ▁things ▁and ▁not ▁be ▁afraid ▁of ▁possible ▁del ays ▁in ▁the ▁actual ▁conversion ▁phase . ▁( L ee , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁It ▁can ▁be ▁very ▁beneficial ▁also ▁to ▁work ▁with ▁clearly ▁defined ▁mil est ones ▁( R oo ij mans , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ), ▁similar ▁to ▁the ▁PR IN CE 2 ▁method . ▁More ▁information ▁on ▁time ▁planning ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁Planning ▁and ▁Strateg ic ▁planning . ▁ ▁Pre par ing ▁the ▁organization ▁ ▁Requ ire ments ▁evaluation ▁The ▁requirements ▁evaluation ▁involves ▁re def ining ▁the ▁implementation ▁script . ▁The ▁IT ▁and ▁( if ▁possible ) ▁organiz ational ▁requirements ▁that ▁were ▁made ▁should ▁be ▁tested . ▁Some ▁tests ▁can ▁be ▁run ▁where ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁respons ibilities ▁can ▁be ▁evaluated ▁( R oo ij mans , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ) ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁the ▁IT - require ments . ▁Here ▁it

▁is ▁also ▁again ▁important ▁to ▁have ▁top - management ▁support ▁and ▁involvement ▁( E ason , ▁ 1 9 8 8 ). ▁If ▁they ▁do ▁not ▁make ▁resources ▁available ▁to ▁evaluate , ▁the ▁implementation ▁can ▁be ▁un successful ▁as ▁a ▁direct ▁consequence . ▁After ▁this ▁evaluation ▁the ▁implementation ▁script ▁is ▁re defined ▁into ▁a ▁more ▁explicit ▁conversion ▁scenario . ▁ ▁Con version ▁scenario ▁The ▁conversion ▁scenario ▁thus ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁blue print ▁for ▁the ▁organiz ational ▁change ▁in ▁all ▁aspects . ▁However , ▁there ▁are ▁two ▁topics ▁that ▁did ▁not ▁yet ▁get ▁the ▁attention ▁they ▁deserve ▁in ▁the ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁scope . ▁▁▁ ▁Work around ▁strategy ▁/ ▁Roll back ▁plan : ▁Being ▁distinct ▁from ▁the ▁other ▁adoption ▁scenarios , ▁also ▁integrated ▁in ▁the ▁conversion ▁scenario ▁is ▁the ▁work around ▁or ▁conting ency ▁strategy ▁with ▁a ▁roll back ▁plan . ▁The ▁work around ▁strategy ▁is ▁defined ▁in ▁a ▁broader ▁scope ▁in ▁another ▁entry , ▁but ▁in ▁this ▁context ▁it ▁indicates ▁as ▁defined ▁in ▁the ▁above ▁table : ▁A ▁backup ▁plan ; ▁strategy ▁taken ▁on , ▁in ▁the ▁conversion ▁scenario ▁to ▁prevent ▁errors ▁in ▁the ▁conversion ▁process ▁and ▁attempt ▁to ▁work ▁around ▁them , ▁so ▁that ▁the ▁implementation ▁can ▁still ▁be ▁successful . ▁( Microsoft , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁The ▁roll back ▁plan , ▁as ▁being ▁one ▁possible ▁work around ▁strategy , ▁is ▁initiated ▁if ▁something ▁goes ▁wrong ▁in ▁the ▁conversion ▁phase . ▁Since ▁the ▁two ▁systems ▁run ▁simultaneously , ▁in ▁a ▁parallel ▁adoption , ▁the ▁roll back ▁plan ▁indicates ▁that ▁the

▁database ▁or ▁other ▁system ▁that ▁handles ▁the ▁transactions ▁should ▁be ▁fully ▁re trace able ▁in ▁the ▁legacy ▁system ▁( Microsoft , ▁ 2 0 0 4 ). ▁In ▁fact ▁the ▁parallel ▁adoption ▁provides ▁per ▁definition ▁this ▁roll back ▁plan ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁nature ▁of ▁a ▁leading ▁system ▁and ▁a ▁( non - leading ) ▁backup ▁system . ▁▁ ▁Criteria ▁indic ators : ▁Since ▁the ▁conversion ▁scenario ▁is ▁a ▁blue print ▁of ▁execut ing ▁the ▁transfer ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁systems , ▁is ▁also ▁ent ails ▁quant ifiable ▁criteria . ▁The ▁re defined ▁IT ▁and ▁organiz ational ▁requirements ▁are ▁being ▁transferred ▁into ▁meas urable ▁components . ▁When ▁the ▁criteria ▁are ▁not ▁being ▁met ▁in ▁the ▁test ▁conversion , ▁the ▁work around ▁strategy ▁should ▁be ▁deployed . ▁ ▁Con version ▁ ▁The ▁actual ▁conversion ▁phase ▁is ▁now ▁in ▁place . ▁During ▁this ▁process , ▁the ▁organization ▁is ▁in ▁a ▁stress ful ▁period ▁( E ason , ▁ 1 9 8 8 , ▁R oo ij mans , ▁ 2 0 0 3 ). ▁The ▁two ▁systems ▁run ▁parallel ▁according ▁to ▁the ▁conversion ▁scenario ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁is ▁being ▁mon it ored ▁closely . ▁When ▁the ▁criteria ▁of ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁are ▁met , ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁will ▁ce ase ▁being ▁the ▁leading ▁system ▁and ▁the ▁new ▁system ▁takes ▁over . ▁The ▁catch ▁up s ▁that ▁are ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁work around ▁strategy ▁are ▁the ▁back ▁up s ▁of ▁the ▁old ▁system ▁and ▁provide ▁the ▁means ▁for ▁reli ability ▁engineering ▁and ▁data ▁recovery . ▁There ▁are