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▁rou ges . ▁ ▁In ▁Sri ▁L anka , ▁it ▁is ▁known ▁as ▁ar ali ya ▁in ▁Sin h ales e . ▁It ▁is ▁known ▁by ▁many ▁names ▁in ▁Brazil , ▁including ▁j asm im - de - ca ien a , ▁j as min - do - par á , ▁and ▁j as min - m anga . ▁Another ▁name ▁it ▁has ▁in ▁Portuguese ▁is ▁fl or - de - S anto - Ant ô nio . ▁In ▁My an mar , ▁it ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁m awk - sam - ka , ▁m awk - sam - p ail ong , ▁and ▁son p ab ata ing . ▁In ▁China , ▁it ▁has ▁the ▁common ▁name ▁ji ▁dan ▁h ua , ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States , ▁it ▁is ▁referred ▁to ▁as ▁nose g ay . ▁ ▁Description ▁Pl umer ia ▁rub ra ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁dog b ane ▁family ▁and ▁grows ▁as ▁a ▁spreading ▁shr ub ▁or ▁small ▁tree ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁and ▁similar ▁width . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁thick ▁succ ulent ▁trunk ▁and ▁sa usage - like ▁bl unt ▁branches ▁covered ▁with ▁a ▁thin ▁grey ▁bark . ▁The ▁branches ▁are ▁somewhat ▁br ittle ▁and ▁when ▁broken , ▁o o ze ▁a ▁white ▁late x ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁irrit ating ▁to ▁the ▁skin ▁and ▁m uc ous ▁membr anes . ▁This ▁late x ▁found ▁in ▁the ▁stem ▁of ▁the ▁plants ▁is ▁in ▁fact ▁toxic , ▁but ▁not ▁deadly ▁unless ▁present ▁in ▁large ▁quantities . ▁The ▁large ▁green

▁leaves ▁can ▁reach ▁ ▁long ▁and ▁are ▁arranged ▁altern ately ▁and ▁cl ust ered ▁at ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁branches . The ▁b oles ▁of ▁these ▁plants ▁can ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁ 2 5 ▁cm ▁in ▁the ▁wild . ▁It ▁tends ▁to ▁be ▁smaller ▁in ▁cultiv ation . ▁ ▁They ▁are ▁decid uous , ▁falling ▁in ▁the ▁cool er ▁months ▁of ▁the ▁year . ▁The ▁flowers ▁are ▁terminal , ▁appearing ▁at ▁the ▁ends ▁of ▁branches ▁over ▁the ▁summer . ▁Often ▁prof use ▁and ▁very ▁prominent , ▁they ▁are ▁strongly ▁frag rant , ▁and ▁have ▁five ▁pet als . ▁The ▁flowers ▁give ▁off ▁their ▁frag r ance ▁in ▁the ▁morning ▁and ▁in ▁the ▁evening . ▁This ▁frag r ance ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁rose , ▁cit rus , ▁and ▁c inn amon . ▁The ▁colors ▁range ▁from ▁the ▁common ▁pink ▁to ▁white ▁with ▁sh ades ▁of ▁yellow ▁in ▁the ▁centre ▁of ▁the ▁flower . ▁Init ially ▁tub ular ▁before ▁opening ▁out , ▁the ▁flowers ▁are ▁ ▁in ▁diameter , ▁and ▁only ▁rarely ▁go ▁on ▁to ▁produce ▁seed ▁- ▁ 2 0 - 6 0 ▁wing ed ▁seeds ▁are ▁contained ▁in ▁a ▁ ▁pod . ▁The ▁fruits ▁are ▁cyl ind rical ▁pod s ▁that ▁are ▁rarely ▁found ▁in ▁cultiv ation . ▁ ▁Distribution ▁and ▁habitat ▁Its ▁native ▁range ▁extends ▁from ▁central ▁Mexico ▁south ▁through ▁Central ▁America ▁to ▁Colombia ▁and ▁Venezuela ▁in ▁South ▁America . ▁It ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁in ▁the ▁tropical ▁regions ▁of ▁the ▁world , ▁and ▁is ▁perhaps ▁natural ized ▁in ▁some ▁parts

▁of ▁India . ▁ ▁More ▁specifically , ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁in ▁the ▁low lands ▁and ▁the ▁Y ung as ▁in ▁Bol ivia , ▁the ▁coastal ▁and ▁And e an ▁regions ▁of ▁E cu ador , ▁and ▁the ▁Amazon ian ▁and ▁And e an ▁regions ▁of ▁Peru , ▁where ▁it ▁inhab its ▁dist urbed ▁areas . ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁has ▁been ▁introduced ▁into ▁many ▁countries ▁and ▁islands , ▁including ▁South ▁Africa , ▁Y emen , ▁Ch ad , ▁and ▁Bur und i . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁found ▁growing ▁everywhere ▁in ▁My an mar ▁except ▁in ▁very ▁cool ▁mountain ous ▁regions . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁introduced ▁both ▁in ▁China ▁and ▁Pakistan ▁and ▁has ▁been ▁natural ized ▁in ▁the ▁Anal am anga ▁& ▁B ets ib oka ▁regions ▁of ▁Mad ag asc ar . ▁It ▁is ▁native ▁to ▁the ▁Department ▁of ▁Ant io qu ia ▁in ▁Colombia , ▁and ▁is ▁distributed ▁in ▁countries ▁such ▁as ▁Costa ▁R ica , ▁Nic ar ag ua , ▁Gu atem ala , ▁Mexico , ▁El ▁Salvador , ▁Bel ize , ▁and , ▁H ond uras , ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁West ▁Ind ies . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁widely ▁cultiv ated ▁in ▁Pan ama . ▁ ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁generally ▁inhab its ▁hot ▁and ▁rock y ▁areas ▁with ▁dry ▁to ▁moderate ▁rain fall . ▁They ▁can ▁survive ▁in ▁locations ▁with ▁prominent ▁dry ▁seasons , ▁where ▁they ▁can ▁flower ▁on ▁the ▁bare ▁branches , ▁or ▁in ▁more ▁hum id ▁conditions , ▁where ▁they ▁can ▁remain ▁ever green

. ▁It ▁can ▁also ▁be ▁found ▁in ▁rock y ▁forests , ▁mountain ▁sl opes , ▁and ▁even ▁occasionally ▁on ▁pl ains ▁or ▁sav ann as . ▁It ▁occup ies ▁elev ations ▁of ▁ 5 0 0 ▁to ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁meters ▁but ▁can ▁be ▁found ▁up ▁to ▁elev ations ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁meters . ▁ ▁C ult iv ation ▁The ▁species ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁around ▁the ▁world ▁in ▁sub t rop ical ▁and ▁tropical ▁clim ates . ▁In ▁Australia , ▁it ▁is ▁widely ▁seen ▁in ▁cultiv ation ▁in ▁Sydney ▁and ▁Per th ▁and ▁war mer ▁fro st ▁free ▁clim ates ▁north wards . ▁In ▁the ▁main land ▁United ▁States , ▁it ▁toler ates ▁US DA ▁Hard iness ▁zones ▁ 1 0 B ▁to ▁ 1 1 ▁( s ou thern ▁coastal ▁California ▁and ▁the ▁southern ▁tip ▁of ▁Florida ). ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁grown ▁in ▁Hawaii ▁to ▁an ▁alt itude ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁m . ▁They ▁toler ate ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁so ils , ▁from ▁acid ▁to ▁al kal ine ▁and ▁sand y ▁to ▁clay . ▁These ▁plants ▁grow ▁best ▁in ▁dry ▁to ▁medium ▁moisture , ▁well - dr ained ▁so ils ▁in ▁full ▁sun ▁and ▁will ▁blo om ▁throughout ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁year ▁in ▁tropical ▁areas . ▁They ▁do ▁not ▁grow ▁well ▁in ▁wet ▁so ils ▁and ▁in ▁areas ▁with ▁temperatures ▁below ▁ 5 0 ▁degrees ▁F ahren heit ▁during ▁the ▁winter ▁seasons , ▁the ▁plants ▁will ▁stop ▁blo oming ▁and ▁shed ▁their ▁leaves

. ▁Est ab lished ▁plants ▁are ▁also ▁very ▁salt ▁toler ant ▁and ▁toler ate ▁even ▁salt - l aden ▁winds . ▁W id ely ▁available ▁in ▁nur series , ▁fr ang ip an is ▁are ▁readily ▁propag ated ▁by ▁cut tings ▁of ▁branches ▁taken ▁in ▁cool er ▁months ▁and ▁left ▁to ▁dry ▁for ▁a ▁week ▁or ▁more . ▁As ▁well ▁as ▁gardens ▁and ▁street - ▁and ▁park ▁plant ing , ▁fr ang ip an is ▁are ▁planted ▁in ▁tem ples ▁and ▁c em eter ies . ▁ ▁Pl umer ia ▁rub ra ▁is ▁an ▁important ▁crop ▁in ▁Hawaii , ▁with ▁over ▁ 1 4 ▁million ▁flowers ▁were ▁sold ▁to ▁be ▁used ▁in ▁le is ▁there ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁In ▁temper ate ▁areas ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁must ▁be ▁grown ▁under ▁glass , ▁in ▁a ▁large ▁conserv atory ▁or ▁similar , ▁as ▁it ▁does ▁not ▁toler ate ▁temperatures ▁below ▁. ▁However ▁it ▁may ▁be ▁placed ▁outside ▁in ▁a ▁shel tered ▁sun ny ▁spot ▁during ▁the ▁summer ▁months . ▁In ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom ▁it ▁has ▁gained ▁the ▁Royal ▁H ort icult ural ▁Society ’ s ▁Award ▁of ▁Garden ▁Mer it . ▁▁ ▁Some ▁forms ▁in ▁cultiv ation ▁are ▁hy br ids ▁between ▁this ▁species ▁and ▁Pl umer ia ▁obt usa ; ▁these ▁have ▁rounded ▁rather ▁than ▁pointed ▁leaves ▁and ▁are ▁less ▁likely ▁to ▁be ▁decid uous . ▁The ▁white ▁and ▁yellow ▁cultiv ar ▁" Sing apore " ▁flowers ▁all ▁year ▁round ▁in ▁Hawaii . ▁ ▁Cole os por ium ▁pl

umer ia e , ▁known ▁as ▁pl umer ia ▁rust ▁or ▁fr ang ip ani ▁rust , ▁is ▁a ▁fun g us ▁which ▁attacks ▁young ▁leaves ▁of ▁P . ▁rub ra . ▁It ▁causes ▁a ▁brown ish ▁or ▁orange ▁powder y ▁co ating ▁or ▁bl ister ing ▁of ▁leaves . ▁It ▁has ▁been ▁recorded ▁from ▁Hawaii ▁and ▁the ▁east ▁coast ▁of ▁Australia . ▁It ▁was ▁first ▁recognised ▁by ▁the ▁French ▁my c ologist ▁N arc isse ▁Th é oph ile ▁Pat ou ill ard ▁on ▁Gu adel ou pe ▁Island ▁in ▁the ▁eastern ▁Caribbean ▁in ▁ 1 9 0 2 , ▁and ▁had ▁reached ▁Taiwan ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 5 . ▁ ▁Us es ▁The ▁US DA ▁Forest ry ▁Service ▁lists ▁Pl umer ia ▁rub ra ▁as ▁a ▁poison ous ▁plant ▁and ▁warn s ▁against ▁touching ▁or ▁eating ▁any ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁plant . ▁▁ ▁In ▁Camb od ia , ▁as ▁with ▁other ▁Pl umer ia ▁species , ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁flowers ▁is ▁used ▁for ▁neck l aces , ▁as ▁offer ings ▁to ▁de ities ▁or ▁as ▁decor ation ▁for ▁coff ins . ▁The ▁leaves ▁of ▁this ▁species ▁are ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁care ▁of ▁so res ▁and ▁made ▁into ▁so othing ▁inf usions . ▁The ▁flowers ▁and ▁bark ▁of ▁it ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁traditional ▁Chinese ▁medicine ▁in ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁fever , ▁b ac ill ary ▁dys ent ery , ▁pert uss is ▁and ▁so ▁on . ▁▁ ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁possess es ▁ful v opl um ier in

, ▁an ▁antib i otic ▁that ▁inhib its ▁the ▁growth ▁of ▁My c ob acter ium ▁tub er cul osis . ▁The ▁plant ▁has ▁also ▁been ▁shown ▁to ▁be ▁an ▁ant if ung al , ▁ant iv iral , ▁anal ges ic , ▁ant isp as mod ic , ▁and ▁hyp og ly ce mic . ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁is ▁also ▁reported ▁to ▁contain ▁ag oni ad in , ▁pl um ier id , ▁pl umeric ▁acid , ▁cer ot in ic ▁acid , ▁and ▁lu pe ol , ▁and ▁the ▁stem ▁possess es ▁an ▁al kal oid ▁called ▁tr iter pin oid . ▁The ▁plant ▁has ▁been ▁known ▁to ▁promote ▁digest ion ▁and ▁ex cret ion , ▁along ▁with ▁resp ir atory ▁and ▁immune ▁functions . ▁The ▁sap ▁of ▁the ▁plant ▁is ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁la x ative ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁rem edy ▁for ▁blo ating ▁and ▁stomach aches . ▁The ▁bark ▁is ▁said ▁to ▁be ▁p urg ative ▁and ▁is ▁also ▁used ▁for ▁ven ere al ▁so res . ▁The ▁flowers ▁can ▁be ▁bo iled ▁in ▁water ▁or ▁juice ▁and ▁made ▁into ▁a ▁salad ▁to ▁promote ▁bow el ▁movement , ▁ur ine ▁flow , ▁and ▁to ▁control ▁gas ▁and ▁ph leg m . ▁The ▁flowers ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁in ▁the ▁treatment ▁of ▁ast h ma . ▁▁ ▁On ▁the ▁Mol ok ai ▁island ▁in ▁the ▁Hawai ian ▁arch ip el ago , ▁P . ▁rub ra ▁is ▁cultiv ated ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁produce ▁neck ▁gar lands ▁( le is ).

▁They ▁are ▁also ▁used ▁to ▁make ▁a ▁sc ented ▁oil ▁in ▁many ▁Pacific ▁islands ▁that ▁include ▁Hawaii . ▁The ▁flowers ▁are ▁used ▁to ▁scent ▁coc on ut ▁oil . ▁The ▁bark ▁contains ▁faint ▁pur pl ish ▁streak s ▁and ▁the ▁wood ▁is ▁hard ▁and ▁compact ▁with ▁a ▁very ▁fine ▁texture . ▁The ▁wood ▁takes ▁a ▁high ▁pol ish . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁ ▁rub ra ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Central ▁America ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Camb od ia ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Colombia ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Hawaii ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Mexico ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Chi ap as ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁J alis co ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁P ue bl a ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁the ▁Y uc at án ▁Pen insula ▁Category : T rees ▁of ▁Venezuela ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 7 5 3 <0x0A> </s> ▁Tokyo ▁Korean ▁Middle ▁and ▁High ▁School ▁( 東 京 朝 <0xE9> <0xAE> <0xAE> 中 高 級 学 校 ▁T ō ky ō ▁Ch ō sen ▁Ch ū k ō ky ū g ak k ō ; ▁) ▁is ▁a ▁North ▁Korea - aligned ▁Korean ▁international ▁school ▁in ▁ ▁( 十 条 台 ), ▁K ita - ku , ▁Tokyo . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁it ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁ten ▁North ▁Korean - aligned ▁high ▁schools ▁located ▁in ▁Japan . ▁As ▁of ▁that ▁year , ▁Sh in ▁Gil - ung ▁serves

▁as ▁the ▁school ' s ▁principal . ▁It ▁operates ▁under ▁the ▁Ch ong ry on . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁Isabel ▁Reyn olds ▁of ▁Bloom berg ▁News ▁described ▁the ▁school ▁as ▁" large ▁and ▁relatively ▁prosper ous " ▁compared ▁to ▁other ▁North ▁Korean ▁international ▁schools ▁in ▁Japan . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁Histor ically ▁the ▁school ▁received ▁funding ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁Korean ▁government ▁and ▁a ▁six ▁million ▁y en ▁($ 6 3 , 0 0 0 ▁US ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 3 ) ▁subs idy ▁every ▁year ▁from ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government . ▁Around ▁ 2 0 1 1 ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁made ▁North ▁Korea - aligned ▁schools ▁in el igible ▁for ▁tu ition ▁w ai vers . ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁Japanese ▁government ▁announced ▁that ▁this ▁school ▁would ▁no ▁longer ▁get ▁subs id ies . ▁By ▁that ▁time ▁funding ▁from ▁the ▁North ▁Korean ▁government ▁had ▁sharply ▁declined . ▁ ▁Fac ility ▁The ▁school ▁uses ▁gray ▁buildings , ▁one ▁of ▁which ▁includes ▁a ▁clock . ▁Isabel ▁Reyn olds ▁of ▁Bloom berg ▁stated ▁that ▁the ▁physical ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁school ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁domestic ▁Japanese ▁schools . ▁ ▁Cur riculum ▁The ▁school ' s ▁curriculum ▁is ▁similar ▁to ▁that ▁of ▁most ▁Japanese ▁senior ▁high ▁schools . ▁Modern ▁history ▁classes ▁have ▁their ▁own ▁course ▁materials , ▁while ▁other ▁classes ▁use ▁Korean ▁transl ations ▁of ▁Japanese ▁text books . ▁Many ▁female ▁students ▁take ▁dance ▁classes ▁using ▁Korean ▁styles . ▁Students ▁in ▁their ▁senior ▁( final ) ▁year ▁take ▁trips ▁to

▁North ▁Korea . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁principal ▁Sh in ▁Gil - ung ▁stated ▁" It ’ s ▁up ▁to ▁the ▁students ▁to ▁decide ▁whether ▁they ▁support ▁that ▁political ▁system . ▁We ▁avoid ▁telling ▁them ▁that ▁everything ▁North ▁Korea ▁does ▁is ▁right ." ▁ ▁Operations ▁ ▁The ▁school ▁uses ▁the ▁Korean ▁language ▁in ▁its ▁official ▁not ices , ▁and ▁the ▁school ▁discour ages ▁its ▁students ▁from ▁speaking ▁Japanese ▁while ▁on ▁school ▁grounds . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁all ▁class rooms ▁have ▁photographs ▁of ▁Kim ▁Il - sung ▁and ▁Kim ▁J ong - il . ▁Fem ale ▁students ▁and ▁teachers ▁wear ▁ch ima ▁je og ori . ▁The ▁school ▁serves ▁Korean ▁foods ▁in ▁its ▁caf eter ia . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁ 8 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁school ' s ▁costs ▁come ▁from ▁tu ition ▁and ▁other ▁expenses ▁from ▁the ▁parents ▁of ▁the ▁students . ▁ ▁Student ▁body ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁school ▁had ▁ 6 5 0 ▁students . ▁As ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁about ▁ 4 0 % ▁of ▁the ▁students ▁who ▁graduate ▁from ▁this ▁school ▁attend ▁universities . ▁The ▁school ' s ▁peak ▁en rollment ▁was ▁in ▁the ▁late ▁ 1 9 6 0 s , ▁with ▁ 2 , 3 0 0 ▁students . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Further ▁reading ▁ ▁Tor res , ▁I da . ▁" C aught ▁between ▁two ▁worlds : ▁A ▁North ▁Korean ▁school ▁in ▁Japan ." ▁Japan ▁Daily ▁Press

. ▁February ▁ 4 , ▁ 2 0 1 3 . ▁▁ ▁" 東 京 朝 <0xE9> <0xAE> <0xAE> 中 高 級 学 校 ▁( 作 品 と 方 法 ( 1 9 6 0 - 1 9 7 5 )). " ▁ 建 <0xE7> <0xAF> <0x89> ▁( 1 7 6 ), ▁p 8 6 - 8 9 , ▁ 1 9 7 5 - 0 7 . ▁ 中 外 出 版 . ▁See ▁profile ▁at ▁Ci N ii . ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁ ▁Tokyo ▁Korean ▁Junior ▁and ▁Senior ▁High ▁School ▁ ▁Category : Intern ational ▁schools ▁in ▁Tokyo ▁Category : N orth ▁Korean ▁schools ▁in ▁Japan ▁Category : High ▁schools ▁in ▁Tokyo <0x0A> </s> ▁John ▁James ▁Davis ▁( May ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁– ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 ) ▁was ▁an ▁attorney ▁and ▁politician ▁who ▁helped ▁found ▁West ▁Virginia ▁and ▁later ▁served ▁as ▁a ▁United ▁States ▁Represent ative ▁in ▁Congress ▁from ▁that ▁state . ▁ ▁Early ▁and ▁family ▁life ▁John ▁James ▁Davis ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Clark sburg , ▁Virginia ▁( now ▁West ▁Virginia ) ▁in ▁ 1 8 3 5 ▁to ▁master ▁s add ler ▁John ▁Davis ▁( 1 7 9 7 - 1 8 6 3 ) ▁and ▁his ▁New ▁York ▁born ▁wife ▁Eliz a ▁Arnold ▁Ste en ▁Davis ▁( 1 7 9 9 - 1 8 6 6 ). ▁He ▁had ▁a ▁younger ▁brother , ▁Re zin ▁C ale b ▁Davis ▁( 1 8 4 7 - 1

9 1 0 , ▁who ▁initially ▁app rent iced ▁with ▁their ▁father , ▁but ▁was ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁soldier ▁and ▁later ▁became ▁a ▁lawyer ▁in ▁Kentucky ). ▁The ▁family ▁included ▁at ▁least ▁two ▁sisters : ▁R egin a ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 3 7 ) ▁and ▁Ann ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 3 9 ). ▁Their ▁grandfather ▁C ale b ▁Davis ▁( 1 7 6 7 - 1 8 3 4 ) ▁had ▁been ▁born ▁across ▁the ▁Pot om ac ▁River ▁at ▁Old town , ▁Al leg hen y ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁but ▁had ▁moved ▁to ▁Wood stock , ▁S hen ando ah ▁County , ▁Virginia ▁where ▁J . ▁J . ▁Davis ' s ▁father ▁John ▁Davis ▁had ▁been ▁born . ▁After ▁learning ▁his ▁trade , ▁John ▁Davis ▁moved ▁to ▁Clark sburg ▁shortly ▁before ▁Virginia ▁authorized ▁construction ▁of ▁the ▁North western ▁Turn pi ke . ▁John ▁Davis ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Harrison ▁County ▁sh er iff , ▁ruling ▁elder ▁in ▁his ▁Pres by ter ian ▁church ▁and ▁( un like ▁his ▁son ▁John ▁James ▁Davis ) ▁sym path ized ▁with ▁the ▁Confeder acy ▁and ▁died ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 3 . ▁His ▁wife ▁Eliz a ▁( J . J . ▁Davis ' ▁mother ) ▁was ▁a ▁pione er ▁school ▁teacher ▁in ▁Harrison ▁County , ▁who ▁taught ▁Stone wall ▁Jackson ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁her ▁sons ▁and ▁many ▁other ▁local ▁children . ▁Either ▁the ▁father ▁John ▁Davis ▁ ▁or ▁this ▁J . J . ▁Davis ▁owned ▁ 6 ▁slaves ▁in ▁Harrison ▁County

▁in ▁ 1 8 6 0 , ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Re zin ▁Davis ▁owned ▁two ▁slaves ▁( a ▁ 1 7 ▁year ▁old ▁woman ▁and ▁a ▁one ▁year ▁old ▁boy ). ▁ ▁Young ▁J . ▁J . ▁Davis ▁attended ▁the ▁North western ▁Virginia ▁Academy ▁at ▁Clark sburg ▁( the ▁Harrison ▁County ▁seat ). ▁When ▁he ▁was ▁ 1 7 , ▁he ▁moved ▁to ▁Lex ington , ▁Virginia ▁to ▁attend ▁the ▁Lex ington ▁Law ▁School ▁( now ▁the ▁law ▁department ▁of ▁Washington ▁and ▁Lee ▁University ). ▁Grad u ating ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 6 , ▁J . ▁J . ▁Davis ▁was ▁admitted ▁to ▁the ▁Virginia ▁bar ▁that ▁same ▁year ▁and ▁began ▁what ▁would ▁become ▁his ▁life - long ▁legal ▁practice ▁in ▁Clark sburg . ▁ ▁On ▁August ▁ 2 1 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁John ▁J . ▁Davis ▁married ▁Anna ▁Kennedy ▁( 1 8 4 1 - 1 9 1 7 ) ▁in ▁Baltimore , ▁Maryland , ▁her ▁home ▁city . ▁She ▁was ▁the ▁daughter ▁of ▁a ▁l umber ▁merchant ▁and ▁college - educ ated . ▁They ▁later ▁had ▁a ▁son ▁John ▁W . ▁Davis ▁( 1 8 7 3 - 1 9 5 5 ); ▁who ▁followed ▁his ▁father ' s ▁career ▁and ▁became ▁a ▁lawyer ▁and ▁Congress man , ▁although ▁he ▁also ▁left ▁West ▁Virginia ▁and ▁was ▁an ▁un successful ▁Democratic ▁President ial ▁candidate ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 4 ). ▁They ▁also ▁had ▁four ▁daughters : ▁L ill ie ▁Davis ▁Prest on ▁( 1 8 6 3

- 1 9 3 9 ) ▁of ▁Lewis burg , ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁Emma ▁Kennedy ▁Davis ▁( 1 8 6 5 - 1 9 4 3 ) ▁who ▁never ▁married ▁and ▁was ▁secretary ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁Red ▁Cross ▁in ▁World ▁War ▁I ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁assistant ▁chair ▁of ▁the ▁Harrison ▁County ▁Democratic ▁committee , ▁Anna ▁Holmes ▁Davis ▁Richard son ▁( 1 8 6 9 - 1 9 4 5 ; ▁whose ▁first ▁husband ▁was ▁a ▁Un iter ian ▁minister ▁in ▁New ▁York ), ▁and ▁Catherine ▁Est elle ▁Davis ▁( 1 8 7 4 - 1 8 8 1 ). ▁ ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ▁Davis ▁became ▁polit ically ▁active ▁after ▁the ▁Virginia ▁Sec ession ▁Convention ▁of ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁on ▁April ▁ 1 7 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁voted ▁to ▁appro ve ▁an ▁ordin ance ▁of ▁se cess ion ▁over ▁the ▁opposition ▁of ▁many ▁deleg ates ▁from ▁the ▁north western ▁count ies ▁( including ▁fellow ▁lawyer ▁John ▁S . ▁Carl ile ▁from ▁Harrison ▁County ). ▁Carl ile ▁called ▁a ▁mass ▁meeting ▁in ▁Clark sburg ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 2 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁to ▁call ▁Virginia ' s ▁se cess ion ▁tre ason ous ▁and ▁consider ▁responses . ▁Davis ▁attended ▁that ▁" Cl ark sburg ▁Convention ." ▁ ▁On ▁May ▁ 1 3 – 1 5 , ▁J . J . ▁Davis ▁was ▁among ▁seven ▁Harrison ▁County ▁men ▁attending ▁the ▁Whe eling ▁Convention ▁which ▁established ▁the ▁Rest ored ▁Government ▁of ▁Virginia . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 1 8

6 1 , ▁Harrison ▁County ▁voters ▁elected ▁Davis ▁and ▁John ▁C . ▁V ance ▁to ▁represent ▁them ▁in ▁the ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁which ▁met ▁in ▁Whe eling ▁from ▁July ▁ 1 – 2 6 ; ▁he ▁never ▁served ▁in ▁Richmond , ▁Virginia ▁( the ▁normal ▁meeting ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁Virginia ▁General ▁Assembly , ▁including ▁during ▁the ▁American ▁Civil ▁War ). ▁In ▁October , ▁ 1 8 6 1 , ▁Harrison ▁County ▁voters ▁elected ▁V ance ▁and ▁J . J . ▁Davis ▁as ▁their ▁two ▁deleg ates ▁to ▁the ▁General ▁Assembly ▁at ▁Whe eling ▁which ▁met ▁from ▁December ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁– ▁February ▁ 1 3 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁and ▁from ▁May ▁ 6 – 1 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 , ▁and ▁from ▁December ▁ 4 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 - F ebru ary ▁ 5 , ▁ 1 8 6 3 ▁( although ▁V ance ▁resigned ▁on ▁January ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 8 6 2 ). ▁ ▁Despite ▁Davis ' ▁Union ist ▁advoc acy , ▁his ▁father ▁remained ▁a ▁Confeder ate ▁sym path izer ▁and ▁his ▁brother ▁Re zin ▁en listed ▁in ▁the ▁Confeder ate ▁army . ▁ ▁Post war ▁career ▁As ▁the ▁war ▁ended , ▁Davis ▁continued ▁his ▁legal ▁practice ▁in ▁Clark sburg , ▁and ▁voters ▁elected ▁him ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 9 . ▁He ▁served ▁one ▁term ▁in ▁that ▁part ▁time ▁position ▁(

1 8 7 0 ). ▁ ▁Active ▁in ▁his ▁local ▁Democratic ▁Party , ▁Davis ▁was ▁a ▁delegate ▁to ▁the ▁Democratic ▁National ▁Con ventions ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 8 , ▁ 1 8 7 6 ▁and ▁ 1 8 9 2 . ▁He ▁also ▁was ▁a ▁Mason , ▁reg ent ▁of ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁West ▁Virginia , ▁a ▁member ▁of ▁the ▁Board ▁of ▁Vis itors ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁Military ▁Academy ▁at ▁West ▁Point , ▁director ▁of ▁the ▁State ▁Ins ane ▁Hospital , ▁and ▁a ▁ruling ▁elder ▁in ▁the ▁Southern ▁Pres by ter ian ▁Church . ▁ ▁National ▁politics ▁When ▁Republican ▁Iss ac ▁H . ▁Du val ▁announced ▁that ▁he ▁would ▁not ▁seek ▁re - election ▁from ▁West ▁Virginia ' s ▁ 1 st ▁congress ional ▁district , ▁Davis ▁was ▁the ▁Democratic ▁candidate ▁and ▁won . ▁He ▁served ▁in ▁the ▁ 4 2 nd ▁Congress , ▁and ▁was ▁re - e lected ▁as ▁an ▁Independent ▁Democrat ▁to ▁the ▁ 4 3 rd ▁Congress . ▁He ▁decided ▁against ▁running ▁for ▁ren om ination ▁in ▁ 1 8 7 4 , ▁and ▁fellow ▁Democrat ▁Benjamin ▁Wilson ▁won ▁the ▁seat . ▁ ▁His ▁elect ive ▁political ▁years ▁over , ▁except ▁for ▁st int s ▁at ▁the ▁Democratic ▁National ▁Con ventions ▁and ▁as ▁a ▁President ial ▁elect or ▁for ▁Gro ver ▁Cleveland , ▁Davis ▁res umed ▁his ▁legal ▁practice ▁in ▁Clark sburg , ▁which ▁came ▁in ▁second ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 7 7 ▁contest ▁to ▁become ▁West ▁Virginia ' s ▁state ▁capit ol . ▁However ,

▁the ▁Republican ▁Party ▁grew ▁stronger ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁led ▁by ▁Nathan ▁G off , ▁Jr ., ▁who ▁defeated ▁Wilson ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 3 . ▁Eventually , ▁Davis ▁pract iced ▁with ▁his ▁son , ▁John ▁W . ▁Davis , ▁who ▁began ▁his ▁personal ▁political ▁career ▁by ▁winning ▁election ▁to ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 . ▁Although ▁the ▁U . S . ▁congress ional ▁seat ▁was ▁generally ▁held ▁by ▁Republicans ▁( other ▁than ▁twice ▁briefly ▁held ▁by ▁Democrat ▁John ▁O . ▁P end leton ), ▁Davis ▁lived ▁to ▁see ▁his ▁son ▁win ▁it ▁in ▁ 1 9 1 0 , ▁then ▁resign ▁to ▁become ▁the ▁U . S . ▁Sol ic itor ▁General ▁under ▁Democratic ▁President ▁Wood row ▁Wilson . ▁ ▁Death ▁and ▁legacy ▁John ▁J . ▁Davis ▁died ▁in ▁Clark sburg , ▁Harrison ▁County ▁on ▁March ▁ 1 9 , ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁and ▁was ▁inter red ▁in ▁what ▁was ▁then ▁the ▁O dd ▁F ell ows ▁C emetery , ▁where ▁his ▁wife ▁of ▁nearly ▁ 5 5 ▁years ▁joined ▁him ▁less ▁than ▁a ▁year ▁later . ▁Their ▁daughter ▁Emma , ▁who ▁never ▁married , ▁remained ▁active ▁in ▁ ▁Democratic ▁politics ▁in ▁Clark sburg . ▁After ▁serving ▁as ▁Sol ic itor ▁General , ▁his ▁son ▁John ▁Davis ▁would ▁because ▁U . S . ▁Amb assador ▁to ▁Britain , ▁then ▁move ▁to ▁New ▁York . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 8 3 5 ▁birth s ▁Category : 1

9 1 6 ▁deaths ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁lawyers ▁Category : 2 0 th - century ▁American ▁lawyers ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁from ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : Members ▁of ▁the ▁West ▁Virginia ▁House ▁of ▁De leg ates ▁Category : Pol it icians ▁from ▁Clark sburg , ▁West ▁Virginia ▁Category : W ashington ▁and ▁Lee ▁University ▁School ▁of ▁Law ▁al umn i ▁Category : West ▁Virginia ▁Democrats ▁Category : West ▁Virginia ▁lawyers ▁Category : Dele g ates ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁Whe eling ▁Convention ▁Category : Dem ocratic ▁Party ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : Ind ep endent ▁Democrat ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁United ▁States ▁House ▁of ▁Represent atives ▁Category : West ▁Virginia ▁Independ ents ▁Category : 1 9 th - century ▁American ▁politicians <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁Mal aria ▁Atl as ▁Project , ▁ab bre vi ated ▁as ▁M AP , ▁is ▁a ▁non - profit ▁academic ▁group ▁led ▁by ▁Professor ▁Peter ▁G ething , ▁K erry ▁M ▁St okes ▁Chair ▁in ▁Child ▁Health , ▁at ▁the ▁Tele thon ▁Kids ▁Institute , ▁Per th , ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁The ▁group ▁is ▁funded ▁by ▁the ▁Bill ▁and ▁Mel inda ▁G ates ▁Foundation , ▁with ▁previous ▁funding ▁also ▁coming ▁from ▁the ▁Medical ▁Research ▁Council ▁and ▁the ▁Well come ▁Trust . ▁▁ ▁M AP ▁aims ▁to ▁disse min ate ▁free , ▁accurate ▁and ▁up - to - date

▁information ▁on ▁mal aria ▁and ▁associated ▁topics , ▁organ ised ▁on ▁a ▁ge ographical ▁basis . ▁ ▁The ▁work ▁of ▁M AP ▁falls ▁into ▁three ▁areas : ▁ ▁The ▁estimation ▁of ▁the ▁spatial ▁distribution ▁of ▁mal aria ▁preval ence ▁and ▁inc idence ▁and ▁related ▁topics ▁such ▁as ▁the ▁spatial ▁distribution ▁of ▁insect icide ▁treated ▁n ets , ▁ant imal ar ial ▁drugs , ▁mos qu ito ▁vectors , ▁and ▁human ▁blood ▁disorders ▁Dis se min ating ▁data ▁on ▁mal aria ▁via ▁the ▁Rep ository ▁for ▁Open ▁Access ▁Data ▁( RO AD - MAP ) ▁project ▁Prov iding ▁maps ▁relating ▁to ▁mal aria ▁preval ence ▁and ▁related ▁topics ▁for ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organization ▁( W HO ) ▁and ▁other ▁bodies . ▁ ▁The ▁M AP ▁team ▁have ▁assembled ▁a ▁unique ▁spatial ▁database ▁on ▁linked ▁information ▁derived ▁from ▁medical ▁intelligence , ▁satellite - der ived ▁climate ▁data ▁to ▁constr ain ▁the ▁limits ▁of ▁mal aria ▁transmission , ▁and ▁the ▁largest ▁ever ▁archive ▁of ▁community - based ▁estimates ▁of ▁paras ite ▁preval ence . ▁These ▁data ▁have ▁been ▁assembled ▁and ▁analys ed ▁by ▁a ▁team ▁of ▁ge ograph ers , ▁statist icians , ▁epid emi ologists , ▁bi ologists ▁and ▁public ▁health ▁specialists . ▁ ▁Furthermore , ▁where ▁these ▁data ▁have ▁been ▁cleared ▁for ▁release , ▁they ▁are ▁available ▁via ▁a ▁data ▁expl orer ▁tool ▁on ▁the ▁M AP ▁website . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁M AP ▁was ▁founded ▁by ▁Bob ▁Snow ▁and ▁Simon ▁Hay ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁to ▁fill ▁the ▁n iche ▁for

▁the ▁mal aria ▁control ▁community ▁at ▁a ▁global ▁scale . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁it ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Peter ▁G ething , ▁Dave ▁Smith , ▁Catherine ▁M oy es ▁and ▁Simon ▁Hay . ▁The ▁initial ▁focus ▁of ▁M AP ▁cent red ▁on ▁predict ing ▁the ▁end emic ity ▁of ▁Pl as mod ium ▁fal cip ar um , ▁the ▁most ▁deadly ▁form ▁of ▁the ▁mal aria ▁paras ite , ▁due ▁to ▁its ▁global ▁epid emi ological ▁significance ▁and ▁its ▁better ▁prospects ▁for ▁elim ination ▁and ▁control . ▁Work ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁began ▁to ▁map ▁the ▁extent ▁and ▁burden ▁of ▁the ▁relatively ▁neg lected ▁Pl as mod ium ▁viv ax . ▁ ▁The ▁Rep ository ▁for ▁Open ▁Access ▁Data ▁from ▁the ▁Mal aria ▁Atl as ▁Project ▁( RO AD - MAP ) ▁was ▁established ▁by ▁Catherine ▁M oy es , ▁Simon ▁Hay ▁and ▁Bob ▁Snow ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 1 . ▁ ▁Between ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 9 , ▁it ▁was ▁led ▁by ▁Peter ▁G ething ▁and ▁Mike ▁Th orn . ▁ ▁Academ ic ▁research ▁ ▁Mod elling ▁mal aria ▁preval ence ▁ ▁A ▁key ▁aspect ▁of ▁M AP ’ s ▁work ▁is ▁to ▁use ▁statistical ▁approaches ▁to ▁mod elling ▁the ▁preval ence ▁of ▁different ▁forms ▁of ▁mal aria ▁on ▁a ▁global ▁scale ▁using ▁Bay esian ▁model - based ▁ge ost at istics . ▁ ▁Var ious ▁environmental ▁factors ▁are ▁known ▁to ▁affect ▁mal

aria ▁preval ence . ▁Mal aria ▁preval ence ▁is ▁known ▁to ▁vary ▁in ▁a ▁relatively ▁predict able ▁fashion ▁in ▁space ▁and ▁time , ▁and ▁observed ▁mal aria ▁preval ence ▁depends ▁heavily ▁on ▁people ’ s ▁age ▁and ▁intervention ▁coverage . ▁ ▁In ▁spatial ▁epid emi ology , ▁it ▁is ▁common ▁to ▁find ▁that ▁very ▁few ▁measurements ▁have ▁been ▁taken ▁in ▁large ▁parts ▁of ▁the ▁ge ographical ▁region ▁of ▁interest . ▁The ▁available ▁measurements ▁may ▁be ▁error - pr one ▁or ▁in com plet ely ▁reported , ▁and ▁almost ▁always ▁it ▁is ▁a ▁subset ▁of ▁the ▁local ▁population ▁that ▁has ▁been ▁survey ed . ▁ ▁Since ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁M AP ▁has ▁coll ated ▁an ▁extensive ▁database ▁of ▁survey ▁data ▁from ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁sources . ▁ ▁These ▁surveys ▁are ▁typically ▁cl ust ered ▁at ▁village ▁level ▁and ▁record ▁data ▁on ▁paras ite ▁posit ivity ▁rates , ▁usually ▁determined ▁by ▁rapid ▁diagnostic ▁blood ▁tests . ▁▁▁ ▁Additionally , ▁M AP ▁has ▁gathered ▁extensive ▁data ▁on ▁cov ari ates ▁such ▁as ▁temperature ▁suit ability ▁and ▁land ▁cover . ▁ ▁These ▁factors ▁affect ▁the ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁mos qu ito ▁vectors ▁responsible ▁for ▁spreading ▁mal aria . ▁ ▁The ▁benefit ▁of ▁using ▁Bay esian ▁model - based ▁ge ost at istics ▁is ▁that ▁it ▁conve ys ▁the ▁spat ially ▁varying ▁level ▁of ▁uncertainty ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁mapped ▁surface . ▁ ▁The ▁probability ▁that ▁any ▁of ▁the ▁very ▁many ▁individual ▁( c andidate ) ▁maps ▁is ▁the ▁single ▁correct ▁map ▁is ▁small , ▁so

▁it ▁is ▁not ▁useful ▁to ▁report ▁the ▁single ▁most ▁likely ▁map . ▁ ▁T aken ▁together , ▁however , ▁the ▁candidate ▁maps ▁make ▁it ▁possible ▁to ▁compute ▁the ▁probability ▁of ▁correct ness ▁of ▁statements ▁about ▁the ▁map , ▁such ▁as ▁Pl as mod ium ▁fal cip ar um ▁end emic ity ▁at ▁location ▁x ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁was ▁between ▁ 0 . 1 ▁and ▁ 0 . 3 ". ▁ ▁Pl as mod ium ▁fal cip ar um ▁preval ence ▁maps ▁ ▁Since ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 0 , ▁a ▁concert ed ▁campaign ▁against ▁mal aria ▁has ▁led ▁to ▁unpre ced ented ▁levels ▁of ▁intervention ▁coverage ▁across ▁sub - S ah aran ▁Africa . ▁Future ▁control ▁planning ▁depends ▁on ▁understanding ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁this ▁effort . ▁However , ▁the ▁effect ▁of ▁mal aria ▁inter ventions ▁across ▁the ▁varied ▁epid emi ological ▁settings ▁of ▁Africa ▁remains ▁poorly ▁understood ▁o wing ▁to ▁the ▁absence ▁of ▁reliable ▁surveillance ▁data ▁and ▁the ▁simpl istic ▁approaches ▁underlying ▁current ▁disease ▁estimates . ▁ ▁In ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁research ▁by ▁M AP ▁published ▁in ▁Nature ▁quant ified ▁the ▁attribut able ▁effect ▁of ▁mal aria ▁disease ▁control ▁efforts ▁in ▁Africa . ▁The ▁results ▁showed ▁Pl as mod ium ▁fal cip ar um ▁infection ▁preval ence ▁in ▁end emic ▁Africa ▁hal ved ▁and ▁the ▁inc idence ▁of ▁clinical ▁disease ▁fell ▁by ▁ 4 0 % ▁between ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁The ▁best ▁estimate ▁is

▁that ▁inter ventions ▁have ▁a verted ▁ 6 6 3 ▁million ▁clinical ▁cases ▁since ▁ 2 0 0 0 . ▁In sect icide - tre ated ▁n ets , ▁the ▁most ▁widespread ▁intervention , ▁were ▁by ▁far ▁the ▁largest ▁contributor . ▁Although ▁still ▁below ▁target ▁levels , ▁current ▁mal aria ▁inter ventions ▁have ▁substant ially ▁reduced ▁mal aria ▁disease ▁inc idence ▁across ▁the ▁continent . ▁ ▁Pl as mod ium ▁viv ax ▁preval ence ▁maps ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁M AP ▁published ▁the ▁first ▁global ▁maps ▁for ▁Pl as mod ium ▁viv ax ▁end emic ity . ▁ ▁Data ▁collection , ▁cur ation , ▁and ▁disse min ation ▁ ▁W HO ▁World ▁Mal aria ▁Re ports ▁ ▁The ▁M AP ▁team ▁works ▁in ▁collaboration ▁with ▁the ▁World ▁Health ▁Organization ▁( W HO ) ▁to ▁provide ▁the ▁preval ence ▁estimates ▁for ▁sub - S ah aran ▁African ▁countries ▁for ▁the ▁annual ▁World ▁Mal aria ▁Report . ▁Additionally , ▁M AP ▁a ids ▁the ▁W HO ▁in ▁production ▁of ▁the ▁annual ▁preval ence ▁rates ▁maps ▁in ▁the ▁World ▁Mal aria ▁Report . ▁ ▁O ng o ing ▁data ▁cur ation ▁ ▁The ▁M AP ▁database ▁is ▁the ▁biggest ▁source ▁of ▁processed ▁mal ari ometric ▁data ▁available . ▁ ▁By ▁April ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁the ▁M AP ▁database ▁contained : ▁▁ 4 0 , 0 0 0 ▁ge o - refer enced ▁cluster ▁locations ’ ▁paras ite ▁rate ▁survey ▁records ▁from ▁ 2 , 0 1 0 ▁sources ▁

▁The ▁database ▁contains ▁approximately ▁ 5 0 , 0 0 0 ▁Annual ▁Par as ite ▁Inc idence ▁( here after ▁API ) ▁records ▁for ▁the ▁years ▁ 2 0 0 2 ▁– ▁ 2 0 1 0 . ▁ ▁M AP ▁actively ▁seeks ▁out ▁and ▁cur ates ▁a ▁wide ▁variety ▁of ▁additional ▁data ▁from ▁different ▁sources , ▁including ▁the ▁following : ▁ ▁Mal aria ▁intervention ▁coverage ▁indicator ▁data ▁Par as ite ▁rate ▁ ▁data ▁ ▁Annual ▁Par as ite ▁Inc idence ▁data ▁ ▁Treat ment - seek ing ▁data ▁ ▁Sat ell ite ▁data ▁to ▁provide ▁cov ari ate ▁r aster ▁surfaces ▁ ▁Blood ▁disorder ▁data ▁Mos qu ito ▁b ion om ics ▁and ▁distribution ▁data ▁ ▁M AP ▁is ▁committed ▁to ▁the ▁free ▁and ▁open ▁disse min ation ▁of ▁this ▁data ▁( where ▁permission ▁has ▁been ▁granted ▁by ▁the ▁data ▁owner ▁to ▁release ▁it ). ▁ ▁Dis se min ation ▁of ▁data ▁is ▁facil itated ▁via ▁the ▁main ▁M AP ▁web page ▁and ▁the ▁Expl orer ▁tool . ▁ ▁The ▁latter ▁allows ▁users ▁to ▁download ▁tab ular ▁data ▁on ▁mal aria ▁by ▁countries . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Center ▁for ▁Dise ase ▁D ynamics , ▁Econom ics ▁& ▁Policy ▁ ▁The ▁Af ri Pop ▁Project ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁ ▁Mal aria ▁Atl as ▁Project ▁— ▁Official ▁website ▁ ▁Category : Mal aria ▁organizations ▁Category : Health ▁char ities ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁Kingdom <0x0A> </s> ▁Ur qu ide z ▁is ▁a ▁surn ame . ▁Not able ▁people ▁with ▁the

▁surn ame ▁include : ▁ ▁Ben ny ▁Ur qu ide z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 5 2 ), ▁American ▁kick box er , ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁ch ore ographer ▁and ▁actor ▁Jason ▁Ur qu ide z ▁( born ▁ 1 9 8 2 ), ▁Mexican - American ▁baseball ▁pitch er <0x0A> </s> ▁Ass on et ▁is ▁one ▁of ▁two ▁villages ▁in ▁the ▁town ▁of ▁Fre et own , ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁Brist ol ▁County , ▁Massachusetts , ▁United ▁States . ▁An ▁original ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁Ass on et ▁was ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 9 ▁along ▁with ▁the ▁city ▁of ▁Fall ▁River , ▁then ▁a ▁part ▁of ▁Fre et own . ▁It ▁rest s ▁on ▁the ▁banks ▁of ▁the ▁Ass on et ▁River . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁census , ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁population ▁of ▁ 4 , 0 8 4 ; ▁up ▁from ▁ 3 , 6 1 4 ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 0 . ▁As ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 4 ▁census ▁the ▁village ▁had ▁a ▁total ▁estimated ▁population ▁of ▁ 9 , 0 9 3 ▁( from ▁www . c ensus . gov ). ▁ ▁History ▁Ass on et ▁was ▁first ▁settled ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 9 , ▁shortly ▁after ▁the ▁completion ▁of ▁Ye ▁Fre emen ' s ▁P urchase . ▁It ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁P ly mouth ▁Col ony ▁until ▁the ▁ 1 6 9 1 ▁mer ger ▁with ▁the ▁Massachusetts ▁Bay ▁Col ony . ▁

▁The ▁word ▁comes ▁from ▁the ▁local ▁W amp ano ag ▁Indians , ▁who ▁had ▁a ▁settlement ▁in ▁the ▁area , ▁and ▁has ▁two ▁mean ings : ▁" place ▁of ▁rocks " ▁and ▁" s ong ▁of ▁praise ". ▁Those ▁mean ings ▁are ▁traditional , ▁but ▁the ▁former ▁can ▁be ▁segment ed ▁as : ▁( h ) ass un - et ▁where ▁hass un ▁or ▁ass in , ▁which ▁is ▁a ▁word ▁used ▁by ▁southern ▁New ▁England ▁Al gon qu ian , ▁means ▁" stone ". ▁The ▁- et ▁is ▁a ▁loc ative ▁suffix : ▁" at ▁the ▁place ▁of ▁the ▁stone ". ▁The ▁entire ▁region ▁was ▁sold ▁to ▁the ▁English ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 9 ▁by ▁the ▁W amp ano ags , ▁but , ▁due ▁to ▁the ▁Al gon qu ian ▁mobile ▁way ▁of ▁life ▁and ▁the ▁splitting ▁and ▁re comb ining ▁of ▁social ▁units , ▁the ▁N ip m uc s ▁may ▁have ▁been ▁subject ▁to ▁or ▁at ▁the ▁time ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁W amp ano ags . ▁ ▁The ▁English ▁settlement ▁remained ▁for ▁many ▁years ▁a ▁small ▁fishing ▁and ▁farming ▁village , ▁growing ▁to ▁be ▁Fre et own ' s ▁more ▁indust ri ous ▁side ▁by ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century . ▁By ▁the ▁end ▁of ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁century , ▁Ass on et ▁had ▁begun ▁to ▁slowly ▁return ▁to ▁its ▁origins , ▁having ▁less ▁and ▁less ▁industry ▁in ▁town . ▁At ▁the ▁beginning ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 1 st ▁century , ▁the ▁village

▁has ▁once ▁again ▁begun ▁to ▁expand ▁rapidly . ▁▁ 1 7 th ▁century ▁Ass on et ▁was ▁settled ▁on ▁April ▁ 2 , ▁ 1 6 5 9 , ▁but ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁wars ▁between ▁English ▁sett lers ▁and ▁the ▁local ▁W amp ano ag ▁Indians , ▁including ▁King ▁Philip ' s ▁War , ▁prevented ▁much ▁permanent ▁settlement ▁until ▁later . ▁History ▁shows ▁the ▁area ▁existed ▁as ▁a ▁propriet ary ▁settlement ▁as ▁early ▁as ▁ 1 6 8 0 , ▁and ▁in ▁ 1 6 8 3 ▁Ass on et ▁and ▁Fall ▁River ▁were ▁incorporated ▁as ▁the ▁Town ▁of ▁Fre et own , ▁named ▁as ▁such ▁because ▁its ▁sett lers ▁were ▁Fre emen . ▁The ▁earliest ▁records ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁from ▁approximately ▁ 1 6 8 0 - 1 6 8 5 , ▁have ▁been ▁lost . ▁Since ▁then , ▁records ▁have ▁been ▁kept ▁and ▁maintained ▁to ▁trace ▁back ▁the ▁town ' s ▁legacy . ▁Little ▁development ▁occurred ▁after ▁the ▁incorpor ation ▁of ▁the ▁town , ▁other ▁than ▁the ▁construction ▁of ▁houses ▁and ▁smaller ▁businesses . ▁▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁Ass on et ▁became ▁a ▁prominent ▁commercial ▁fishing ▁port ▁in ▁Sout he astern ▁Massachusetts ▁in ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century , ▁best ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁tr out . ▁Industry ▁had ▁also ▁begun ▁to ▁develop , ▁including ▁gr ist ▁mill s , ▁saw m ills ▁and ▁a ▁black smith ' s ▁shop . ▁As ▁the ▁century ▁progress ed , ▁the ▁vill agers ▁began ▁to ▁fall ▁under ▁the ▁same ▁str ains ▁as

▁the ▁rest ▁of ▁the ▁colon ists . ▁Ass on et ▁was ▁far ▁enough ▁east ▁that ▁it ▁avoided ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁problems ▁faced ▁during ▁the ▁French ▁and ▁Indian ▁War , ▁but ▁did ▁feature ▁in ▁the ▁Revolution ary ▁War . ▁Sk irm ishes ▁were ▁fought ▁in ▁Ass on et , ▁and ▁the ▁Battle ▁of ▁Fre et own ▁was ▁fought ▁on ▁the ▁out sk irts ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁in ▁present - day ▁Fall ▁River . ▁The ▁main ▁settled ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁was ▁known ▁to ▁support ▁the ▁British , ▁even ▁har bor ing ▁a ▁general ▁before ▁he ▁fled ▁to ▁New port , ▁Rh ode ▁Island . ▁The ▁white ▁chim neys ▁with ▁black ▁rings ▁on ▁many ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁houses ▁are ▁indic ative ▁of ▁homes ▁that ▁supported ▁the ▁British . ▁As ▁the ▁ 1 8 th ▁century ▁closed , ▁churches ▁and ▁other ▁more ▁prominent ▁buildings ▁began ▁to ▁pop ▁up ▁around ▁the ▁village , ▁including ▁the ▁ 1 7 9 4 ▁construction ▁of ▁Village ▁School , ▁then ▁the ▁office ▁of ▁a ▁Ray n ham ▁lawyer . ▁▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁was ▁perhaps ▁the ▁most ▁indust ri ous ▁period ▁in ▁the ▁history ▁of ▁Ass on et . ▁The ▁village ▁developed ▁rapidly , ▁with ▁its ▁combination ▁of ▁rail ro ads , ▁ships , ▁its ▁position ▁on ▁the ▁stage co ach ▁and ▁mail ▁routes , ▁and ▁its ▁fact ories . ▁The ▁current ▁Route ▁ 7 9 ▁roughly ▁follows ▁the ▁mail ▁and ▁stage co ach ▁route ▁from ▁Rh ode ▁Island ▁to ▁Boston , ▁and

▁the ▁Green ▁Dragon ▁T aver n ▁on ▁South ▁Main ▁Street ▁was ▁a ▁popular ▁stop over ▁along ▁the ▁route . ▁The ▁downtown ▁area ▁bo asted ▁ship building ▁and ▁was ▁an ▁import / export ▁port , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁a ▁successful ▁fishing ▁industry . ▁ ▁The ▁N . ▁R . ▁Davis ▁Gun ▁Man uf actory , ▁located ▁near ▁and ▁on ▁a ▁portion ▁of ▁where ▁H ath away ▁Park ▁now ▁sits , ▁opened ▁and ▁provided ▁many ▁weapons ▁to ▁Union ▁soldiers ▁during ▁the ▁Civil ▁War . ▁Also ▁built ▁was ▁the ▁Cry stal ▁Springs ▁B le ach ery ▁and ▁D ying ▁Company , ▁which ▁brought ▁mill h ousing ▁to ▁a ▁small ▁area ▁of ▁the ▁village , ▁and ▁employed ▁many ▁from ▁town ▁and ▁neighbor ing ▁Fall ▁River , ▁also ▁known ▁for ▁industry . ▁ ▁North ▁Church ▁( 1 8 0 9 ), ▁Town ▁Hall ▁( 1 8 8 8 ), ▁and ▁the ▁Gu il ford ▁H . ▁H ath away ▁Library ▁( 1 8 9 5 ) ▁were ▁all ▁constructed ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁small ▁area ▁on ▁Ta un ton ▁Hill , ▁and ▁compliment ed ▁the ▁Village ▁School ▁nicely . ▁The ▁Town ▁Hall ▁has ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁municipal ▁office ▁building ▁( 1 8 8 8 – present ), ▁meeting ▁hall ▁( 1 8 8 8 – 1 9 7 6 ), ▁library ▁( 1 8 8 8 – 1 8 9 5 ), ▁police ▁station ▁( 1 8 8 8 – 1 9 7 8 ), ▁and ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁other ▁functions . ▁The ▁second ▁floor , ▁literally ▁a ▁hall

, ▁was ▁sub div ided ▁into ▁office ▁space ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 7 0 s . ▁The ▁Gu il ford ▁H ath away ▁Library ▁( b . ▁ 1 8 9 5 ) ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁town ' s ▁only ▁library ▁from ▁its ▁construction ▁until ▁the ▁James ▁White ▁Library ▁opened ▁in ▁East ▁Fre et own ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 7 . ▁The ▁first ▁Post ▁Office ▁in ▁town ▁opened ▁in ▁Ass on et ▁in ▁ 1 8 1 1 , ▁and ▁has ▁operated ▁continuously ▁since ▁then , ▁first ▁in ▁a ▁raz ed ▁building ▁on ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁El m ▁and ▁North ▁Main ▁Stre ets , ▁later ▁in ▁a ▁second ▁raz ed ▁building , ▁and ▁since ▁ 1 9 6 2 ▁at ▁the ▁facility ▁on ▁South ▁Main ▁Street ▁near ▁the ▁former ▁Ass on et ▁Star ▁Market . ▁The ▁Z IP ▁Code ▁for ▁Ass on et ▁is ▁ 0 2 7 0 2 . ▁▁ 2 0 th ▁century ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁mid - 2 0 th ▁century , ▁Ass on et ▁began ▁to ▁remove ▁itself ▁from ▁the ▁commercial / indust rial ▁scene . ▁Most ▁of ▁its ▁mill s ▁closed ▁during ▁this ▁period , ▁following ▁the ▁Second ▁World ▁War . ▁The ▁N . ▁R . ▁Davis ▁Gun ▁Factory ▁burned ▁to ▁the ▁ground ▁in ▁ 1 9 2 5 ; ▁and ▁the ▁Cry stal ▁Springs ▁B le ach ery , ▁now ▁New ▁England ▁Text ile , ▁burned ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 5 . ▁( Rem n ants ▁of ▁the ▁latter ▁can ▁be ▁found

▁by ▁Mill ▁P ond .) ▁The ▁former ▁Mon ument ▁Manufact uring ▁Company ▁on ▁Mill ▁& ▁Loc ust ▁St s . ▁was ▁the ▁largest ▁domestic ▁producer ▁of ▁sleeping ▁bags ▁during ▁World ▁War ▁II . ▁In ▁the ▁post war ▁period , ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁vill agers ▁sought ▁work ▁outside ▁of ▁town , ▁and ▁farming ▁also ▁came ▁back ▁into ▁common ▁practice . ▁This ▁reverse ▁trend ▁would ▁not ▁last ▁long . ▁By ▁the ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁village ▁began ▁to ▁develop ▁again ▁as ▁the ▁region ▁was ▁seen ▁as ▁a ▁" g reat ▁escape " ▁for ▁upper class ▁Boston ▁workers . ▁ ▁Next ▁to ▁the ▁H ath away ▁Library ▁is ▁a ▁local ▁Ver izon ▁station , ▁which ▁is ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁first ▁regional ▁dial ing ▁systems . ▁Not ▁far ▁away ▁is ▁Fre et own ▁Fire ▁Department ▁Company ▁ 1 , ▁constructed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 8 . ▁▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁The ▁ 2 1 st ▁century ▁has ▁brought ▁a ▁renew ed ▁spirit ▁to ▁Ass on et . ▁The ▁Stop ▁& ▁Shop ▁Super market ▁Company ▁opened ▁a ▁new ▁ 1 . 3 ▁million ▁square ▁foot ▁( 1 2 0 , 0 0 0 ▁m 2 ) ▁distribution ▁center ▁on ▁near ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁Cry stal ▁Springs ▁B le ach ery ▁after ▁it ▁received ▁a ▁tax ▁increment ▁financing ▁agreement ▁from ▁the ▁town , ▁which ▁has ▁saved ▁the ▁company ▁almost ▁$ 2 ▁million ▁in ▁property ▁tax ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 7 . ▁ ▁They ▁provided ▁over ▁ 8

0 0 ▁jobs ▁to ▁the ▁region ▁but ▁as ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 5 , ▁only ▁ 3 6 ▁of ▁those ▁jobs ▁are ▁held ▁by ▁residents ▁of ▁Fre et own . ▁Port ions ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁were ▁designated ▁to ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces . ▁ ▁Historic ▁District ▁ ▁The ▁Ass on et ▁Historic ▁District ▁has ▁been ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁since ▁ 1 9 9 9 . ▁The ▁boundaries ▁are , ▁roughly , ▁High ▁Street , ▁the ▁rail road ▁tracks , ▁a ▁private ▁road , ▁and ▁Route ▁ 2 4 . ▁It ▁contains ▁many ▁buildings ▁of ▁local ▁and ▁widespread ▁historical ▁significance , ▁including ▁the ▁home ▁of ▁United ▁States ▁Secretary ▁of ▁State ▁John ▁Hay ' s ▁grandfather . ▁ ▁Properties ▁Ass on et ▁B ury ing ▁Ground ▁( c . 1 8 0 0 ) ▁Col . ▁Thomas ▁Gilbert ▁House ▁( c . 1 7 0 0 ) ▁Fre et own ▁Town ▁Hall ▁( 1 8 8 8 ) ▁Gu il ford ▁H . ▁H ath away ▁Library ▁( 1 8 9 5 ) ▁North ▁Church ▁( 1 8 0 9 ) ▁( now ▁the ▁United ▁Church ▁of ▁Ass on et ) ▁South ▁Church ▁( c . 1 8 3 5 ) ▁( now ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Church ) ▁Village ▁School ▁( 1 7 9 4 ) ▁ ▁Ch urches ▁In ▁ 1 7 9 5 , ▁ 1 8 3 5 , ▁ 1 8 0 9 , ▁and ▁ 1 9 3 7

, ▁three ▁Christian ▁churches ▁were ▁built ▁in ▁Ass on et . ▁Additionally , ▁throughout ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁and ▁ 1 8 th ▁centuries , ▁several ▁Qu aker ▁meeting h ouses ▁were ▁active . ▁ ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁The ▁original ▁Bapt ist ▁Church ▁( 1 7 9 5 ) ▁was ▁built ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁South ▁Church . ▁The ▁building ▁suffered ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁mis fort une , ▁cul min ating ▁with ▁it ▁burning ▁following ▁a ▁lightning ▁strike ▁c . ▁ 1 8 3 5 . ▁Some ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁maintained , ▁but ▁arg u ably ▁most ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁was ▁new ▁as ▁of ▁ 1 8 3 5 . ▁ ▁South ▁Church ▁South ▁Church ▁( 1 7 9 5 / 1 8 3 5 ) ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁First ▁Christian ▁Church ▁of ▁Ass on et ▁stead ily ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁then ▁again ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 7 – 1 9 2 2 . ▁At ▁this ▁time , ▁it ▁began ▁altern ating ▁weekly ▁services ▁with ▁the ▁Cong reg ational ▁Church , ▁from ▁ 1 9 2 2 - 1 9 4 4 . ▁In ▁ 1 9 6 8 , ▁the ▁church ▁combined ▁with ▁the ▁Cong reg ational ▁Church ▁to ▁form ▁the ▁United ▁Church ▁of ▁Ass on et , ▁and ▁South ▁Church ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 9 . ▁A ▁par son age ▁was ▁built ▁to ▁its ▁left ▁in ▁ 1 8 9 9 , ▁and ▁there ▁are ▁c em eter ies ▁both ▁across

▁the ▁street ▁from ▁the ▁church , ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁property . ▁Bapt isms ▁were ▁originally ▁performed ▁in ▁the ▁Ass on et ▁River . ▁ ▁North ▁Church ▁North ▁Church ▁( 1 8 0 9 ) ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁Cong reg ational ▁Church ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 6 , ▁when ▁it ▁formed ▁the ▁Feder ated ▁Church ▁of ▁Ass on et . ▁Its ▁on - and - off ▁independence ▁mir ro red ▁that ▁of ▁the ▁First ▁Christian ▁Church , ▁except ▁from ▁ 1 9 1 6 - 1 9 1 7 ▁North ▁Church ▁was ▁the ▁facility ▁utilized . ▁The ▁joining ▁of ▁the ▁two ▁congreg ations ▁in ▁ 1 9 6 8 ▁fell ▁under ▁the ▁roof ▁of ▁the ▁North ▁Church , ▁which ▁is ▁still ▁used ▁today . ▁The ▁steep le ▁of ▁the ▁church ▁contains ▁a ▁bell ▁cast ▁by ▁Paul ▁Re vere . ▁A ▁non - adj acent ▁par son age ▁still ▁exists ▁further ▁up ▁Ta un ton ▁Hill ▁as ▁a ▁business . ▁ ▁The ▁church ▁currently ▁belongs ▁to ▁the ▁United ▁Church ▁of ▁Christ . ▁ ▁Rev . ▁Gregory ▁N . ▁Baker ▁serves ▁as ▁minister . ▁ ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Church ▁ ▁Roman ▁Cath ol ics ▁did ▁not ▁have ▁a ▁home ▁in ▁Ass on et ▁until ▁ 1 9 1 2 , ▁when ▁a ▁mission ▁was ▁created . ▁Services ▁were ▁held ▁in ▁private ▁homes ▁until ▁ 1 9 3 7 , ▁when ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Catholic ▁Church ▁was ▁constructed ▁on ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁Col . ▁E b ene e zer ▁Pier ce '

s ▁home ▁on ▁So . ▁Main ▁St . ▁It ▁opened ▁in ▁ 1 9 3 8 . ▁As ▁the ▁congreg ation ▁grew ▁too ▁large ▁for ▁the ▁small ▁church , ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Church ▁was ▁sold ▁and ▁its ▁parish ion ers ▁moved ▁into ▁South ▁Church , ▁heavily ▁renov ated ▁and ▁renamed ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Church . ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s ▁Par ish ▁remains ▁in ▁South ▁Church ▁, ▁and ▁the ▁par son age ▁has ▁remained ▁as ▁the ▁rect ory . ▁ ▁The ▁former ▁St . ▁Bernard ' s , ▁which ▁was ▁sold ▁in ▁ 1 9 8 1 , ▁has ▁been ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁businesses ▁since ▁then . ▁Most ▁recently , ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁d iner , ▁then ▁a ▁Greek ▁restaurant , ▁a ▁mart ial ▁arts ▁studio , ▁and ▁is ▁a ▁private ▁residence . ▁ ▁Ass on et ▁is ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁Roman ▁Catholic ▁Di oc ese ▁of ▁Fall ▁River . ▁ ▁Schools ▁ ▁From ▁the ▁early ▁ 1 9 th ▁century ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 0 , ▁Fre et own ▁was ▁serv iced ▁by ▁several ▁neighborhood ▁gram mar ▁schools , ▁at ▁least ▁three ▁of ▁which ▁existed ▁in ▁Ass on et . ▁ ▁South ▁School ▁South ▁School , ▁ 1 8 6 9 – 1 9 5 0 , ▁currently ▁exists ▁at ▁the ▁corner ▁of ▁Cop ic ut ▁Road ▁and ▁South ▁Main ▁Street . ▁It ▁was ▁a ▁three - room ▁school house ▁used ▁initially ▁for ▁grades ▁ 1 – 8 , ▁and ▁later ▁for ▁grades ▁ 3 – 6

▁and ▁" special ▁class ". ▁Gr ades ▁ 3 – 4 ▁were ▁in ▁one ▁room ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁side ▁and ▁grades ▁ 5 – 6 ▁in ▁one ▁room ▁on ▁the ▁west ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁There ▁was ▁one ▁teacher ▁for ▁each ▁room ▁of ▁two ▁grades . ▁E the l ▁O ' B rien ▁was ▁the ▁grades ▁ 5 – 6 ▁teacher ▁in ▁the ▁mid - 1 9 4 0 s . ▁There ▁were ▁no ▁bathroom s ▁and ▁the ▁ outh ouse ▁( since ▁raz ed ) ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁North west ▁corner . ▁A ▁grass y ▁play ▁area ▁was ▁adjacent ▁the ▁grades ▁ 3 – 4 ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁and ▁Red ▁R over ▁was ▁played ▁in ▁the ▁street ▁at ▁rec ess ▁time . ▁Before ▁being ▁abandoned , ▁it ▁spent ▁time ▁as ▁an ▁American ▁Leg ion ▁hall . ▁It ▁is ▁currently ▁un occup ied , ▁but ▁remains ▁in ▁the ▁possession ▁of ▁the ▁American ▁Leg ion . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁one - story , ▁ground - level ▁building ▁with ▁three ▁rooms . ▁There ▁is ▁no ▁disc ern ible ▁cell ar . ▁The ▁building ▁is ▁constructed ▁of ▁brick , ▁and ▁is ▁covered ▁in ▁white ▁cl ap boards . ▁Most ▁of ▁the ▁windows ▁have ▁been ▁removed ▁or ▁board ed ▁over , ▁so ▁an ▁analysis ▁cannot ▁be ▁provided . ▁There ▁were ▁windows ▁on ▁the ▁East ▁and ▁West ▁walls ▁that ▁are ▁no ▁longer ▁visible ▁( 2 0 1 2 ). ▁ ▁Village ▁School ▁Village ▁School , ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 5 0

, ▁currently ▁exists ▁on ▁Ta un ton ▁Hill ▁between ▁the ▁Town ▁Hall ▁and ▁North ▁Church , ▁being ▁the ▁elder ▁of ▁those ▁two ▁buildings ▁by ▁ 9 4 ▁and ▁ 1 5 ▁years , ▁respectively . ▁It ▁began ▁as ▁a ▁lawyer ' s ▁office ▁in ▁ 1 7 9 4 , ▁then ▁became ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁schools . ▁Origin ally , ▁the ▁minister ▁of ▁North ▁Church ▁served ▁as ▁the ▁school master . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 8 5 0 s ▁it ▁was ▁a ▁private ▁school , ▁the ▁Ass on et ▁Academy . ▁It ▁was ▁purchased ▁by ▁the ▁town ▁circa ▁ 1 9 0 3 ▁and ▁used ▁as ▁a ▁gram mar ▁school ▁until ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁for ▁grades ▁ 1 - 8 , ▁and ▁later ▁grades ▁ 1 ▁and ▁ 2 . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 4 0 s , ▁grades ▁ 1 - 2 ▁were ▁on ▁the ▁left ▁( South ) ▁side ▁and ▁grades ▁ 7 - 8 ▁on ▁the ▁right ▁( N orth ) ▁side ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁Heat ▁was ▁provided ▁by ▁a ▁pot - bell ied ▁wood - burn ing ▁stove ▁in ▁each ▁room . ▁Mrs . ▁C ud worth ▁was ▁the ▁grades ▁ 1 - 2 ▁teacher ▁and ▁both ▁grades ▁were ▁in ▁the ▁same ▁room ; ▁two ▁grades , ▁one ▁teacher . ▁In ▁the ▁ 1 9 8 0 s ▁and ▁ 1 9 9 0 s , ▁the ▁structure ▁was ▁used ▁for ▁public ▁meetings ▁of ▁municipal ▁commit te es . ▁Throughout ▁its ▁history , ▁it ▁served

▁as ▁a ▁meeting ▁place ▁for ▁local ▁Boy ▁and ▁Girl ▁Sc out ▁troops . ▁Currently , ▁the ▁Town ▁Hall ▁uses ▁it ▁for ▁storage . ▁ ▁Str ucture ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁two - story ▁building , ▁with ▁two ▁rooms ▁on ▁the ▁upper ▁( primary ) ▁floor . ▁The ▁lower ▁floor ▁is ▁a ▁two - room ▁cell ar , ▁and ▁partially ▁underground . ▁The ▁foundation ▁is ▁brick , ▁and ▁the ▁building ▁itself ▁is ▁wood . ▁The ▁exterior ▁is ▁white ▁cl ap boards , ▁and ▁the ▁front ▁stair case ▁has ▁a ▁port ico ▁and ▁both ▁wooden ▁and ▁iron ▁rail ings . ▁A ▁cup ola ▁ad orn s ▁the ▁center ▁of ▁the ▁roof , ▁and ▁the ▁windows ▁are ▁six - over - one . ▁The ▁interior ▁of ▁the ▁building ▁is ▁divided ▁in ▁the ▁center , ▁with ▁the ▁wall ▁travelling ▁parallel ▁to ▁School ▁Street ▁between ▁the ▁two ▁front ▁doors . ▁Each ▁room ▁has ▁ch alk boards ▁( black boards ) ▁running ▁along ▁the ▁walls , ▁and ▁hanging ▁fi xtures ▁from ▁the ▁ceiling ▁provide ▁artificial ▁light ▁when ▁necessary . ▁The ▁building ▁has ▁no ▁pl umbing ▁and ▁a ▁wood st ove ▁provides ▁heat , ▁with ▁a ▁central ▁brick ▁chim ney . ▁An ▁ outh ouse , ▁now ▁raz ed , ▁was ▁located ▁at ▁the ▁left ▁rear ▁of ▁the ▁building . ▁ ▁F acing ▁the ▁building ▁from ▁Ta un ton ▁Hill , ▁the ▁r ighth and ▁room ▁is ▁painted ▁in ▁bright ▁colors , ▁and ▁was ▁formerly ▁used ▁for ▁meetings ▁of ▁the ▁Girl ▁Sc outs ▁and ▁the ▁town ' s ▁Cultural ▁Council .

▁The ▁le f th and ▁room ▁is ▁pan elled ▁in ▁f aux ▁st ained ▁wood , ▁and ▁was ▁used ▁by ▁the ▁Boy ▁Sc outs . ▁ ▁A ▁rev ital ization ▁effort , ▁begun ▁a ▁few ▁years ▁ago , ▁seeks ▁funds ▁to ▁help ▁restore ▁the ▁a iling ▁structure , ▁which ▁suff ers ▁from ▁the ▁effects ▁of ▁weather , ▁rot , ▁deter ior ation , ▁and ▁a ▁lack ▁of ▁maintenance ▁funds . ▁ ▁See ▁also : ▁Village ▁School ▁House ▁Rest oration ▁ ▁For ge ▁School ▁The ▁latest ▁in ▁a ▁string ▁of ▁schools ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁For ge ▁School ▁closed ▁in ▁ 1 9 4 0 . ▁It ▁function ed ▁ir regular ly ▁from ▁c . 1 9 2 0 ▁- ▁ 1 9 4 0 ▁and ▁hous ed ▁grades ▁ 7 ▁and ▁ 8 . ▁The ▁school house ▁was ▁later ▁converted ▁to ▁a ▁dw elling ▁house , ▁which ▁burned ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 2 . ▁It ▁has ▁since ▁been ▁re built , ▁now ▁with ▁dorm ers . ▁From ▁ 1 8 5 7 - 1 8 6 2 , ▁the ▁For ge ▁School ▁existed ▁in ▁an ▁out building ▁known ▁as ▁the ▁" c orn ▁c rib " ▁on ▁the ▁property ▁of ▁Daniel ▁Mac om ber ▁on ▁For ge ▁Road , ▁which ▁was ▁once ▁the ▁site ▁of ▁the ▁oldest ▁dw elling ▁in ▁town , ▁dating ▁back ▁to ▁the ▁ 1 7 th ▁century . ▁ ▁Today ▁From ▁ 1 9 5 0 ▁on , ▁students ▁have ▁attended ▁the ▁Fre et own ▁Element ary ▁School ,

▁first ▁for ▁grades ▁ 1 - 8 , ▁later ▁K - 6 , ▁and ▁currently ▁Pre K - 3 . ▁Students ▁then ▁attend ▁the ▁ ▁George ▁R . ▁Austin ▁Inter mediate ▁School ▁for ▁grades ▁ 4 - 5 , ▁and ▁Fre et own - L ake ville ▁Middle ▁School ▁for ▁grades ▁ 6 - 8 . ▁ ▁For ▁public ▁secondary ▁education , ▁students ▁have ▁three ▁options : ▁App one quet ▁Regional ▁High ▁School ▁serves ▁students ▁with ▁an ▁academic ▁focus ▁for ▁grades ▁ 9 - 1 2 . ▁Old ▁Col ony ▁Regional ▁V oc ational ▁Technical ▁High ▁School ▁in ▁Roche ster ▁accepts ▁students ▁from ▁Ass on et ▁when ▁there ▁are ▁open ings , ▁and ▁provides ▁a ▁voc - tech ▁atmosphere . ▁Brist ol ▁County ▁Agricult ural ▁High ▁School ▁serves ▁students ▁wanting ▁to ▁focus ▁primarily ▁in ▁agricultural ▁and ▁animal ▁studies . ▁ ▁In ▁addition , ▁there ▁are ▁a ▁variety ▁of ▁Catholic ▁high ▁schools ▁in ▁the ▁area . ▁ ▁Ge ography ▁ ▁Ass on et ▁is ▁located ▁in ▁Sout he astern ▁Massachusetts . ▁It ▁is ▁bounded ▁by ▁Fall ▁River , ▁Ber k ley , ▁Lake ville , ▁East ▁Fre et own , ▁and ▁the ▁Ass on et ▁River . ▁It ▁has ▁a ▁h illy ▁terrain , ▁with ▁many ▁out cro pp ings ▁of ▁bed rock . ▁One ▁such ▁out cro pping ▁is ▁the ▁famous ▁Profile ▁Rock , ▁a ▁rock ▁said ▁to ▁re semble ▁the ▁profile ▁of ▁W amp ano ag ▁Indian ▁chief ▁Mass as o it . ▁Map le , ▁el m , ▁oak , ▁pine

, ▁and ▁b ir ch ▁trees ▁are ▁common ▁throughout . ▁N umer ous ▁streams ▁and ▁bro oks ▁flow ▁through ▁the ▁village , ▁as ▁does ▁the ▁Ass on et ▁River . ▁ ▁Bod ies ▁of ▁water ▁include ▁Ass on et ▁Bay ▁and ▁Mill ▁P ond . ▁Bry ant ' s ▁Ne ck , ▁also ▁called ▁Ass on et ▁Bay ▁Sh ores , ▁is ▁a ▁large ▁pen insula ▁situated ▁between ▁She ph ard ' s ▁C ove ▁and ▁Ass on et ▁proper ▁on ▁Ass on et ▁Bay . ▁This ▁area ▁is ▁also ▁well ▁known ▁for ▁its ▁salt ▁mars hes . ▁The ▁area ▁around ▁Mill ▁P ond ▁is ▁frequ ented ▁for ▁its ▁her ring ▁runs . ▁ ▁A ▁large ▁section ▁of ▁the ▁village ▁compris es ▁approximately ▁one ▁third ▁of ▁the ▁Fre et own - Fall ▁River ▁State ▁Forest . ▁ ▁Gallery ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁list ings ▁in ▁Brist ol ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁ ▁Friends ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pres ervation ▁- ▁Fre et own , ▁Massachusetts ▁ ▁Ass on et ▁Bay ▁Sh ores ▁Association ▁ ▁Category : F re et own , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁in ▁Brist ol ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : 1 6 5 9 ▁establish ments ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Hist oric ▁districts ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Brist ol ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : Pop ulated ▁coastal ▁places ▁in ▁Fre et own , ▁Massachusetts

▁Category : Pop ulated ▁places ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 6 5 9 ▁Category : Prov idence ▁met ropolitan ▁area ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Brist ol ▁County , ▁Massachusetts ▁Category : V ill ages ▁in ▁Massachusetts <0x0A> </s> ▁Br ampton ▁Fire ▁and ▁Emer gency ▁Services ▁provides ▁fire ▁protection , ▁technical ▁rescue ▁services , ▁haz ard ous ▁materials ▁response , ▁and ▁first ▁respon der ▁emergency ▁medical ▁assistance ▁to ▁the ▁City ▁of ▁Br ampton ▁in ▁the ▁Pe el ▁Region ▁of ▁Ontario , ▁Canada . ▁It ▁operates ▁thirteen ▁fire ▁h alls ▁and ▁coordinates ▁with ▁other ▁emergency ▁services ▁in ▁Pe el ▁Region ▁and ▁the ▁Gre ater ▁Toronto ▁Area : ▁▁ ▁Mississ au ga ▁Fire ▁and ▁Res c ue ▁ ▁Toronto ▁Fire ▁Services ▁ ▁Cal ed on ▁Fire ▁Department ▁ ▁V augh an ▁Fire ▁Res c ue ▁ ▁A ▁list ▁of ▁fire ▁h alls ▁and ▁locations ▁and ▁current ▁appar atus ▁as ▁of ▁Apr ▁ 2 0 1 9 : ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁ ▁Pe el ▁Regional ▁Police ▁ ▁Pe el ▁Regional ▁Param ed ic ▁Services ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁web ▁site ▁Br ampton ▁Fire ▁Live ▁Audio ▁Fe ed ▁ ▁Category : M unicip al ▁government ▁of ▁Br ampton ▁Category : Fire ▁departments ▁in ▁Ontario <0x0A> </s> ▁Suz lon ▁Energy ▁Ltd . ▁is ▁a ▁wind ▁turb ine ▁supplier ▁based ▁in ▁P une , ▁India . ▁It ▁was ▁formerly ▁ranked ▁by ▁MA KE ▁as ▁the ▁world ' s ▁fifth ▁largest ▁wind ▁turb ine ▁supplier . ▁It ▁has ▁since ▁dropped ▁out ▁of ▁the ▁Global ▁top ▁ten ▁rank ings ▁(

as ▁of ▁ 2 0 1 4 ) ▁due ▁to ▁extensive ▁losses ▁and ▁in ability ▁to ▁rep ay ▁deb ts . ▁ ▁The ▁company ' s ▁website ▁claims ▁to ▁have ▁over ▁ 1 7 , 0 0 0 ▁M W ▁of ▁wind ▁energy ▁capacity ▁installed ▁glob ally , ▁with ▁operations ▁across ▁ 1 8 ▁countries ▁and ▁a ▁work force ▁of ▁over ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 . ▁Despite ▁financial ▁issues , ▁it ▁continues ▁to ▁be ▁a ▁major ▁manufacturer ▁of ▁wind ▁turb ines ; ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 6 , ▁the ▁company ▁posted ▁a ▁profit ▁E BIT DA ▁after ▁acc ru ing ▁losses ▁over ▁seven ▁consecutive ▁years . ▁ ▁The ▁company ▁is ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁of ▁India ▁( N SE : SU Z L ON EQ ) ▁and ▁on ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁( B SE : 5 3 2 6 6 7 ). ▁Though ▁once ▁considered ▁a ▁favour able ▁stock , ▁and ▁a ▁favourite ▁of ▁the ▁stock ▁broker ▁R akes h ▁J h un j h un w ala , ▁it ▁fell ▁out ▁of ▁favour ▁as ▁the ▁company ▁posted ▁continuous ▁losses . ▁It ▁fell ▁from ▁a ▁high ▁of ▁Rs . ▁ 6 8 . 7 5 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 0 ▁to ▁a ▁low ▁of ▁Rs . ▁ 1 8 . 5 ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁with ▁a ▁single ▁day ▁drop ▁of ▁ 1 0 % ▁in ▁September ▁ 2 0 1 4 . ▁It ▁continues ▁to ▁trade ▁low ▁at ▁less ▁than ▁Rs

. ▁ 3 . 5 ▁per ▁share ▁in ▁Sep - 2 0 1 9 . ▁ ▁Company ▁structure ▁▁ ▁Suz lon ▁is ▁a ▁vert ically ▁integrated ▁wind ▁power ▁company . ▁It ▁makes ▁and ▁install s ▁wind ▁turb ines , ▁and ▁manufact ures ▁bl ades , ▁gener ators , ▁panels , ▁and ▁tow ers ▁in - house . ▁It ▁is ▁integrated ▁down stream ▁and ▁del ivers ▁turn key ▁projects ▁through ▁its ▁project ▁management ▁and ▁installation ▁consult ancy , ▁and ▁operations ▁& ▁maintenance ▁services . ▁Suz lon ▁has ▁offices , ▁R & D ▁and ▁technology ▁cent res , ▁manufacturing ▁facilities ▁and ▁service ▁support ▁cent res ▁spread ▁across ▁the ▁globe , ▁with ▁its ▁head ▁office ▁in ▁P une , ▁India . ▁The ▁company ' s ▁larger ▁offices , ▁design ▁and ▁R & D ▁teams ▁are ▁located ▁in ▁India , ▁Germany , ▁Denmark ▁and ▁The ▁Netherlands . ▁As ▁per ▁its ▁website , ▁Suz lon ▁has ▁fifteen ▁manufacturing ▁facilities ▁and ▁a ▁work force ▁of ▁over ▁ 8 , 0 0 0 ▁employees ▁glob ally . ▁ ▁History ▁ ▁In ▁ 1 9 9 5 , ▁founder ▁T ul si ▁T anti ▁was ▁managing ▁a ▁ 2 0 - em ployee ▁text ile ▁company . ▁Due ▁to ▁the ▁err atic ▁availability ▁of ▁power ▁locally , ▁and ▁its ▁rising ▁costs , ▁the ▁highest ▁business ▁expend iture ▁after ▁the ▁raw ▁materials ▁was ▁electricity . ▁The ▁cost ▁of ▁electricity ▁also ▁offset ▁any ▁profits ▁made ▁by ▁the ▁company . ▁After ▁providing ▁electricity ▁for ▁his ▁own ▁company , ▁T anti ▁moved ▁into ▁wind ▁energy

▁production ▁as ▁a ▁way ▁to ▁secure ▁the ▁text ile ▁company ' s ▁energy ▁needs , ▁and ▁founded ▁Suz lon ▁Energy . ▁Suz lon ▁adopted ▁a ▁business ▁model ▁wherein ▁clients ▁would ▁be ▁responsible ▁for ▁ 2 5 % ▁of ▁the ▁up - front ▁capital ▁investment ▁and ▁Suz lon ▁would ▁arrange ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 7 5 % ▁on ▁loan . ▁Init ially , ▁banks ▁were ▁hes it ant ▁to ▁fund ▁loans ▁for ▁this ▁model , ▁but ▁by ▁ 2 0 0 8 , ▁many ▁Indian ▁banks ▁started ▁financing ▁wind ▁power ▁projects ▁for ▁Suz lon ▁clients . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 1 , ▁T anti ▁sold ▁off ▁the ▁text ile ▁business ; ▁Suz lon ▁is ▁still ▁actively ▁run ▁by ▁T ul si ▁T anti , ▁now ▁in ▁the ▁role ▁of ▁Chairman , ▁Suz lon ▁Group . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 3 , ▁Suz lon ▁got ▁its ▁first ▁order ▁in ▁USA ▁from ▁Dan Mar ▁& ▁Associ ates ▁to ▁supply ▁ 2 4 ▁turb ines ▁in ▁south western ▁Minnesota . ▁Also ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 3 ▁Suz lon ▁set ▁up ▁an ▁office ▁in ▁Beijing . ▁ ▁Suz lon ▁Rot or ▁Corporation ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 6 ▁began ▁producing ▁the ▁bl ades ▁in ▁P ip estone , ▁Minnesota ▁in ▁the ▁United ▁States . ▁ ▁Among ▁its ▁clients ▁is ▁Wind ▁Capital ▁Group . ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁year ▁ 2 0 0 6 , ▁Suz lon ▁reached ▁a ▁definit ive ▁agreement ▁for ▁acquisition ▁of ▁Belgium ▁firm ▁Hans en ▁Trans m issions , ▁special izing ▁in

▁gear boxes ▁for ▁wind ▁turb ines , ▁for ▁$ 5 6 5 ▁million . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁the ▁company ▁purchased ▁a ▁controlling ▁stake ▁in ▁Germany ' s ▁S env ion ▁( then ▁operating ▁as ▁RE power ▁Systems ) ▁which ▁valued ▁the ▁firm ▁at ▁US $ 1 . 6 ▁billion . ▁ ▁In ▁June ▁ 2 0 0 7 , ▁Suz lon ▁had ▁signed ▁a ▁contract ▁with ▁E dis on ▁Mission ▁Energy ▁( E ME ) ▁of ▁US ▁for ▁delivery ▁of ▁ 1 5 0 ▁wind ▁turb ines ▁of ▁ 2 . 1 ▁meg aw atts ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 8 ▁and ▁a ▁similar ▁volume ▁to ▁be ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 . ▁E ME ▁had ▁an ▁option ▁not ▁to ▁purchase ▁the ▁ 1 5 0 ▁turb ines ▁due ▁to ▁be ▁delivered ▁in ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁which ▁it ▁has ▁chosen ▁to ▁exercise . ▁ ▁In ▁November ▁ 2 0 0 9 , ▁the ▁company ▁decided ▁to ▁sell ▁ 3 5 % ▁stake ▁of ▁Hans en ▁for ▁$ 3 7 0 ▁million ▁as ▁part ▁of ▁its ▁debt ▁re struct uring ▁program , ▁through ▁placing ▁new ▁shares . ▁It ▁appointed ▁Bank ▁of ▁America ▁M err ill ▁Lyn ch ▁and ▁Morgan ▁Stanley ▁as ▁the ▁managers ▁and ▁book ▁run ners ▁for ▁the ▁same . ▁ ▁In ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Suz lon ▁received ▁an ▁order ▁worth ▁US $ 1 . 2 8 ▁billion ▁for ▁building ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁meg aw atts ▁of ▁wind

▁energy ▁projects ▁from ▁the ▁Indian ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁Lord ▁Sw ar aj ▁Paul - owned ▁Cap aro ▁Energy ▁Ltd . ▁ ▁In ▁May ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Suz lon ▁announced ▁returning ▁to ▁profit ability ▁after ▁the ▁financial ▁crisis ▁of ▁ 2 0 0 9 ▁ ▁In ▁October ▁ 2 0 1 1 , ▁Suz lon ▁sold ▁its ▁remaining ▁ 2 6 . 0 6 % ▁stake ▁in ▁Hans en ▁Trans m issions ▁International ▁NV ▁to ▁Z F ▁Friedrich sh af en ▁AG ▁for ▁. ▁ ▁In ▁the ▁same ▁month , ▁it ▁also ▁achieved ▁full ▁control ▁of ▁its ▁German ▁subs idi ary ▁RE power ▁Systems ▁( now ▁S env ion ) ▁by ▁acqu iring ▁the ▁remaining ▁ 5 % ▁stake ▁held ▁by ▁minority ▁share holders ▁that ▁res isted ▁the ▁take over . ▁The ▁take over ▁was ▁completed ▁through ▁the ▁sque eze - out ▁procedure ▁by ▁paying ▁E UR ▁ 6 3 ▁Mill ion . ▁ ▁It ▁has ▁to ▁rede em ▁ 5 0 0 ▁million ▁worth ▁of ▁F CC B ' s ▁( fore ign ▁currency ▁convert ible ▁bonds ) ▁in ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁in ▁tr anches ▁of ▁ 3 0 0 ▁million ▁in ▁June ▁and ▁ 2 0 0 ▁million ▁in ▁October ▁respectively . ▁In ▁line ▁with ▁the ▁previously ▁announced ▁strategy ▁to ▁dis pose ▁of ▁non - crit ical ▁group ▁assets ▁to ▁reduce ▁long - term ▁debt , ▁Suz lon ▁Chairman ▁said ▁that ▁Suz lon ▁Energy , ▁will ▁sell ▁stake ▁in ▁its ▁China ▁manufacturing ▁unit ▁to ▁China ▁Power ▁New

▁Energy ▁Development ▁Company ▁Limited ▁for ▁ 3 . 4 ▁billion ▁ru pe es ▁($ 6 0 ▁million ). ▁ ▁On ▁ 3 0 ▁November ▁ 2 0 1 3 ▁the ▁Suz lon ▁Group ▁subs idi ary ▁RE power ▁Systems ▁( now ▁S env ion ▁SE ) ▁won ▁an ▁Engineering , ▁Pro c ure ment ▁and ▁Construction ▁( E PC ) ▁contract ▁from ▁M its ui ▁& ▁Co ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Ltd ▁to ▁deliver ▁ 5 2 ▁wind ▁turb ines ▁with ▁a ▁total ▁rated ▁output ▁of ▁ 1 0 6 . 6 ▁M W ▁for ▁the ▁Bald ▁Hills ▁Wind ▁Farm ▁in ▁Victoria , ▁Australia . ▁ ▁As ▁of ▁August ▁ 2 0 1 4 , ▁Suz lon ' s ▁debt ▁was ▁over ▁▁ 8 0 0 0 ▁cro res . ▁On ▁ 2 2 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁Suz lon ▁announced ▁the ▁sale ▁of ▁S env ion ▁SE , ▁its ▁wh olly ▁owned ▁subs idi ary , ▁to ▁Center bridge ▁Part ners , ▁a ▁private ▁equity ▁firm ▁in ▁a ▁deal ▁valued ▁at ▁▁ 7 2 0 0 ▁cro res . ▁The ▁deal ▁is ▁expected ▁to ▁ease ▁Suz lon ' s ▁debt ▁burden . ▁In ▁a ▁further ▁equity ▁inf usion , ▁D il ip ▁Shan gh vi ▁Family ▁and ▁Associ ates ▁( D SA ), ▁run ▁by ▁D il ip ▁Shan gh vi , ▁the ▁founder ▁and ▁managing ▁directory ▁of ▁Sun ▁Ph arm aceut ical , ▁agreed ▁to ▁purchase ▁a ▁ 2 3 ▁percent ▁stake ▁in ▁Suz lon ▁for ▁a ▁sum

▁of ▁ 1 8 0 0 ▁cro res . ▁ ▁The ▁deal ▁will ▁see ▁T anti ' s ▁holding ▁shr ink ▁to ▁ 2 4 ▁percent , ▁but ▁management ▁control ▁will ▁still ▁remain ▁with ▁the ▁T anti ▁family . ▁Its ▁total ▁borrow ings ▁stood ▁at ▁Rs ▁ 1 1 4 3 0 . 7 6 ▁cro re ▁in ▁F Y 1 6 ▁from ▁Rs ▁ 1 7 8 1 0 . 9 6 ▁cro re ▁F Y 1 5 . ▁ ▁On ▁ 1 7 ▁January ▁ 2 0 1 7 , ▁Suz lon ▁Energy ▁achieved ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁meg aw atts ▁installed ▁wind ▁energy ▁mil estone ▁in ▁India . ▁Suz lon ' s ▁ 1 0 , 0 0 0 ▁M W ▁of ▁wind ▁installation ▁is ▁capable ▁of ▁power ing ▁over ▁ 5 ▁million ▁households ▁per ▁ann um ▁and ▁offset s ▁approximately ▁ 2 1 . 5 ▁million ▁ton nes ▁of ▁carbon ▁dio x ide ▁( CO 2 ) ▁emission ▁annually ▁which ▁is ▁equivalent ▁to ▁plant ing ▁over ▁ 1 5 0 0 ▁million ▁trees . ▁ ▁Wind ▁parks ▁ ▁Gl ob ally , ▁Suz lon ▁has ▁installed ▁over ▁ 1 7 0 0 0 ▁M W ▁of ▁wind ▁power ▁capacity ▁in ▁ 1 8 ▁countries . ▁ ▁India ▁ ▁Suz lon ▁crossed ▁ 1 1 , 0 0 0 ▁meg aw atts ▁of ▁cum ulative ▁install ations ▁in ▁India . ▁ ▁Suz lon ▁has ▁cum ul atively ▁added ▁over ▁ 1 1 0 0 0 ▁meg aw

atts ▁of ▁wind ▁power ▁capacity ▁for ▁over ▁ 1 , 7 0 0 ▁customers ▁in ▁India ▁across ▁ 4 0 ▁sites ▁in ▁eight ▁States . ▁ ▁Suz lon ▁accounts ▁for ▁nearly ▁one - third ▁of ▁the ▁country ' s ▁total ▁wind ▁install ations . ▁ ▁Its ▁notable ▁install ations ▁in ▁India ▁include : ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 0 6 4 ▁M W ▁J ais al mer ▁Wind ▁Park ▁in ▁Raj as than . ▁ ▁The ▁ 1 1 0 0 ▁M W ▁wind ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁K utch ▁district , ▁Gu jar at , ▁with ▁plans ▁to ▁expand ▁it ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁M W ▁in ▁the ▁next ▁four ▁to ▁six ▁years . ▁As ▁of ▁February ▁ 2 0 1 5 , ▁this ▁is ▁the ▁largest ▁wind ▁park ▁in ▁Asia ▁at ▁a ▁single ▁location . ▁The ▁ 6 5 0 ▁M W ▁wind ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Sak ri ▁T alu ka ▁of ▁D h ule ▁District ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁And ▁planning ▁to ▁reach ▁ 1 0 0 0 ▁M W . ▁ ▁A ▁ 5 8 4 ▁M W ▁wind ▁park ▁in ▁the ▁Eastern ▁Gh ats , ▁( T amil ▁Nad u ). ▁ ▁The ▁ 2 1 0 ▁M W ▁V ank us aw ade ▁Wind ▁Park ▁near ▁the ▁K oy na ▁reserv oir ▁in ▁the ▁Sat ara ▁district ▁of ▁Mah ar as ht ra . ▁ ▁In ▁ 2 0 1 2 , ▁Suz lon ▁signed ▁an ▁Expression ▁of ▁Interest ▁with ▁the ▁government ▁of ▁K

arn at aka ▁to ▁develop ▁ 2 5 0 0 ▁M W ▁of ▁wind ▁power ▁in ▁the ▁state ▁between ▁ 2 0 1 2 ▁and ▁ 2 0 1 7 . ▁ ▁See ▁also ▁▁ ▁List ▁of ▁renew able ▁energy ▁companies ▁by ▁stock ▁exchange ▁ ▁List ▁of ▁wind ▁turb ine ▁manufacturers ▁ ▁Wind ▁power ▁in ▁India ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Category : E lect rical ▁engineering ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Com pan ies ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁Bomb ay ▁Stock ▁Exchange ▁Category : W ind ▁turb ine ▁manufacturers ▁Category : Engine ering ▁companies ▁of ▁India ▁Category : Ind ian ▁companies ▁established ▁in ▁ 1 9 9 5 ▁Category : Mult in ational ▁companies ▁head qu arter ed ▁in ▁India ▁Category : Ind ian ▁brands <0x0A> </s> ▁Karen ▁Ruth ▁Alexander ▁( born ▁ 1 9 4 8 ) ▁is ▁an ▁Australian ▁environmental ist ▁who ▁was ▁one ▁of ▁the ▁founding ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁T as man ian ▁Wild erness ▁Society . ▁ ▁Biography ▁▁ ▁Karen ▁Alexander ▁was ▁born ▁in ▁Melbourne . ▁She ▁studied ▁mathemat ics ▁at ▁Mon ash ▁University ▁before ▁studying ▁ge ology ▁in ▁T as mania , ▁eventually ▁receiving ▁a ▁Bachelor ▁of ▁Ap plied ▁Science ▁in ▁Can ber ra . ▁She ▁was ▁a ▁co - found er ▁of ▁the ▁Melbourne ▁branch ▁of ▁the ▁T as man ian ▁Wild erness ▁Society , ▁dedicated ▁to ▁campaign ing ▁against ▁the ▁proposed ▁Franklin ▁Dam . ▁Bob ▁Brown ▁described ▁her ▁as ▁the ▁" d riving ▁force ▁in ▁Melbourne ▁behind ▁turning ▁the ▁Franklin ▁River ▁campaign ▁into

▁a ▁national ▁issue ". ▁When ▁the ▁Wild erness ▁Society ▁established ▁itself ▁nation ally , ▁Alexander ▁was ▁a ▁co - direct or . ▁▁ ▁During ▁ 1 9 8 8 ▁she ▁worked ▁with ▁the ▁United ▁Nations ▁Environment ▁Program , ▁after ▁which ▁she ▁became ▁environment ▁manager ▁for ▁the ▁Australian ▁Conserv ation ▁Foundation . ▁She ▁later ▁completed ▁her ▁master ' s ▁degree ▁at ▁the ▁University ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁In vol ved ▁in ▁the ▁Australian ▁Gre ens , ▁she ▁was ▁also ▁president ▁of ▁Bush ▁Heritage ▁Australia ▁from ▁ 2 0 0 0 ▁to ▁ 2 0 0 4 . ▁In ▁ 2 0 0 5 ▁she ▁took ▁up ▁her ▁current ▁position ▁in ▁the ▁Victorian ▁National ▁Park s ▁Association . ▁Alexander ▁was ▁awarded ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Australia ▁( O AM ) ▁on ▁ 8 ▁June ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁for ▁" service ▁to ▁conservation ▁and ▁the ▁environment , ▁and ▁to ▁the ▁community ." ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Category : 1 9 4 8 ▁birth s ▁Category : L iving ▁people ▁Category : Austral ian ▁environmental ists ▁Category : Austral ian ▁women ▁environmental ists ▁Category : People ▁from ▁Melbourne ▁Category : Mon ash ▁University ▁al umn i ▁Category : Univers ity ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁al umn i ▁Category : Rec ip ients ▁of ▁the ▁Medal ▁of ▁the ▁Order ▁of ▁Australia ▁Category : The ▁Wild erness ▁Society ▁( Austral ia ) ▁Category : T as man ian ▁Wild erness ▁Society <0x0A> </s> ▁Gun ni opsis ▁quad rif ida , ▁the ▁St ur ts ▁pig face

, ▁is ▁a ▁plant ▁end emic ▁to ▁Australia ▁that ▁that ▁is ▁within ▁the ▁family ▁A izo aceae . ▁This ▁family ▁consists ▁of ▁a ▁diverse ▁array ▁of ▁species ▁that ▁inhabit ▁ar id ▁and / or ▁sal ine ▁coastal ▁and ▁in land ▁areas , ▁with ▁the ▁plants ▁display ing ▁leaf ▁morph ology ▁that ▁is ▁con duc ive ▁to ▁such ▁harsh ▁environments . ▁Typ ical ▁features ▁of ▁members ▁of ▁this ▁genus ▁that ▁lie ▁within ▁this ▁family ▁of ▁succ ul ents ▁includes ▁the ▁presence ▁of ▁f les hy - le aves ▁that ▁acts ▁as ▁a ▁water ▁reserv oir ▁for ▁the ▁plant ▁with ▁the ▁habit ▁of ▁a ▁small s ▁shr ub . ▁ ▁Description ▁Gun ni opsis ▁quad rif ida , ▁commonly ▁known ▁as ▁st ur ts ▁pig face , ▁is ▁a ▁succ ulent ▁plant ▁in ▁the ▁ice plant ▁family , ▁A izo aceae . ▁It ▁is ▁end emic ▁to ▁Australia . ▁ ▁The ▁shr ub ▁has ▁a ▁div ar icate , ▁compact ▁and ▁rounded ▁habit ▁typically ▁growing ▁to ▁a ▁height ▁of ▁ ▁with ▁leaves ▁that ▁are ▁about ▁ ▁long . ▁ ▁Document ed ▁cases ▁of ▁the ▁western ▁distribution ▁of ▁the ▁plant ▁flower ing ▁have ▁been ▁noted ▁to ▁occur ▁from ▁August ▁to ▁January ▁with ▁the ▁plant ▁producing ▁white ▁flowers ▁with ▁a ▁diameter ▁of ▁approximately ▁. ▁Southern ▁distributions ▁have ▁been ▁noted ▁to ▁flower ▁through ▁the ▁year ▁with ▁the ▁appearance ▁of ▁the ▁seeds ▁being ▁a ▁black ▁kid ney - shaped ▁object ▁that ▁can ▁be ▁up ▁to ▁ 1 . 5 mm ▁and ▁covered ▁in ▁round ▁tub erc ule ’ s

▁ ▁Ec ology ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁found ▁around ▁salt ▁l akes ▁and ▁on ▁sal ine ▁fl ats ▁in ▁in land ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Whe at b elt , ▁Mid ▁West ▁and ▁Gold fields - Es per ance ▁regions ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁where ▁it ▁grows ▁in ▁sand y , ▁lo am ▁or ▁clay ▁so ils . ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁found ▁in ▁in land ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Terr itory , ▁South ▁Australia , ▁Queensland ▁and ▁New ▁South ▁Wales . The ▁habitat ▁includes ▁the ▁marg ins ▁of ▁salt ▁l akes ▁and ▁clay ▁p ans ▁with ▁plants ▁being ▁seen ▁to ▁grow ▁in ▁sand y , ▁clay ▁or ▁lo amy ▁soil ▁conditions . ▁ ▁With ▁specific ▁locations ▁of ▁distribution ▁including ▁the : ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Be ard ’ s ▁Prov in ces : ▁E re ma e an ▁Province , ▁South - West ▁Province . ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁I B RA ▁Reg ions : ▁Av on ▁Whe at b elt , ▁Cool g ard ie , ▁G asc oy ne , ▁Ger ald ton ▁Sand pl ains , ▁Mal lee , ▁M urch ison , ▁Y al go o . ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁I B RA ▁Sub reg ions : ▁Av on ▁Whe at b elt ▁P 1 , ▁Car ne gie , ▁Eastern ▁Gold field , ▁Eastern ▁Mal lee , ▁Eastern ▁M urch ison , ▁Ger ald ton ▁Hills , ▁Southern ▁Cross , ▁Tall ering , ▁Western ▁Mal lee , ▁Western ▁M urch ison . ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Local ▁Government ▁Are as ▁( L G As

): ▁Cool g ard ie , ▁Co or ow , ▁C ue , ▁Dal wall in u , ▁D ower in , ▁D und as , ▁Es per ance , ▁Gre ater ▁Ger ald ton , ▁Kal go or lie - B ould er , ▁K ond in in , ▁Ko ord a , ▁La ver ton , ▁Leon ora , ▁M enz ies , ▁M ingen ew , ▁Mor awa , ▁Mount ▁Marshall , ▁M urch ison , ▁Per en j ori , ▁Sand stone , ▁Three ▁Springs , ▁West onia , ▁Wil una , ▁Y al go o . ▁ ▁It ▁is ▁also ▁distributed ▁amongst ▁the ▁in land ▁areas ▁of ▁the ▁Northern ▁Terr itory , ▁Queensland , ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁the ▁northern ▁half ▁of ▁South ▁Australia . ▁The ▁St urt ’ s ▁P ig face ▁is ▁listed ▁as ▁near ▁threatened ▁with ▁rare ▁sight ings ▁at ▁the ▁Northern ▁Terr itory , ▁Queensland ▁and ▁New ▁South ▁Wales ▁and ▁is ▁more ▁commonly ▁documented ▁to ▁be ▁present ▁in ▁the ▁northern ▁parts ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁and ▁Western ▁Australia . ▁ ▁Tax onomy ▁ ▁The ▁species ▁was ▁first ▁formally ▁described ▁as ▁S es uv ium ▁quad rif id um ▁by ▁the ▁bot an ist ▁Ferd inand ▁von ▁Mu eller ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 9 ▁in ▁the ▁work ▁Report ▁on ▁the ▁Pl ants ▁Col lected ▁During ▁Mr . ▁B abb age ' s ▁Ex ped ition ▁into ▁the ▁North ▁West ▁Interior ▁of ▁South ▁Australia ▁in ▁ 1 8 5 8 . ▁It ▁was ▁re class ified

▁by ▁von ▁Mu eller ▁in ▁ 1 8 6 1 ▁as ▁A iz oon ▁quad rif id um ▁and ▁then ▁again ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 ▁by ▁Ferd inand ▁Al bin ▁P ax ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁Gun ni opsis ▁in ▁the ▁Pr ant l ▁and ▁Eng ler ' s ▁work ▁Die ▁Natur lichen ▁P fl an zen f amil ien . ▁ ▁Cl os ely ▁related ▁species ▁ ▁There ▁are ▁ 1 4 ▁species ▁that ▁compr ise ▁the ▁genus ▁of ▁Gun ni op is ▁that ▁were ▁once ▁members ▁of ▁the ▁gener a ▁A iz oon , ▁G unn ia ▁and ▁Ne og unn ia ▁all ▁of ▁which ▁share ▁similar ▁plant ▁morph ology ▁driven ▁by ▁evolution ary ▁forces ▁that ▁allow ▁the ▁species ▁to ▁adapt ▁to ▁the ▁ar id ▁and ▁sal ine ▁environments . ▁The ▁name ▁is ▁derived ▁from ▁the ▁Greek ▁word ▁ops is ▁meaning ▁re sem bling ▁which ▁all udes ▁to ▁the ▁re sembl ance ▁of ▁the ▁genus ▁to ▁the ▁genus ▁G unn ia ▁ ▁Spec ially , ▁the ▁ 1 4 ▁recognized ▁species ▁includes : ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁div isa ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁gl ab ra ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁inter media ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁k och ii ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁pap ill ata ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁prop in qu a ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁quad rif ida ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁rod way i ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis

▁rub ra ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁sept ifr aga ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁ten u if olia ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁z yg oph yll oid es ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁calc area ▁Ch inn ock ▁ ▁· ▁▁▁▁▁▁▁ ▁Gun ni opsis ▁cal va ▁ ▁With ▁Gun ni opsis ▁quad rif ida ▁being ▁the ▁most ▁common ▁and ▁widespread ▁of ▁the ▁species ▁ ▁Conserv ational ▁Import ance ▁ ▁The ▁human ▁population ▁is ▁continuing ▁to ▁expand , ▁and ▁with ▁it , ▁the ▁negative ▁consequences ▁such ▁as ▁habitat ▁fragment ation , ▁invas ive ▁species ▁and ▁climate ▁change ▁associated ▁with ▁the ▁increase ▁in ▁land - use ▁for ▁development ▁and ▁agricultural ▁purposes , ▁these ▁negative ▁impacts ▁can ▁all ▁contribute ▁to ▁the ▁decline ▁of ▁ecosystem ▁functions , ▁and ▁threat en ▁existing ▁species ▁that ▁inhabit ▁that ▁environment . ▁ ▁The ▁Gun ni opsis ▁quad rif ida ▁population ▁has ▁already ▁been ▁seen ▁to ▁be ▁reduced ▁in ▁its ▁distribution ▁across ▁in land ▁N SW , ▁NT ▁and ▁Q LD . ▁This ▁reduction ▁of ▁the ▁population ▁can ▁be ▁due ▁to ▁anth rop ogen ic ▁causes ▁such ▁as ▁targeted ▁explo itation ▁( from ▁illegal ▁harvest ing ) ▁or ▁more ▁likely ▁due ▁to ▁habitat ▁de grad ation ▁associated ▁with ▁intens ified ▁land - use ▁both ▁aspects ▁of ▁which ▁have ▁been ▁seen ▁to ▁play ▁a ▁role ▁in ▁reducing ▁the ▁b iod ivers ity ▁of ▁fl oral ▁species ▁when ▁compared ▁to ▁the ▁levels ▁present ▁pre - Europe an ▁settlement . ▁ ▁Australia ▁is ▁a ▁country ▁display ing ▁a ▁high

- rate ▁of ▁population ▁growth ▁amongst ▁other ▁similar ▁international ▁countries ▁with ▁more ▁than ▁a ▁third ▁of ▁its ▁growth ▁origin ating ▁amongst ▁the ▁four ▁cities ▁consisting ▁of ▁Sydney , ▁Per th , ▁Br is b ane ▁and ▁Melbourne . ▁ ▁Although ▁the ▁majority ▁of ▁population ▁growth ▁is ▁centered ▁on ▁urban ▁areas , ▁through ▁technological ▁advance ment ▁driven ▁by ▁an ▁increased ▁need ▁for ▁land ▁required ▁for ▁housing / ag ric ulture ▁a kin ▁to ▁the ▁development ▁of ▁met ropolitan ▁areas ▁amid st ▁the ▁M oj ave ▁desert , ▁the ▁ar id ▁landsc apes ▁of ▁which ▁the ▁St urt ▁P ig face ▁currently ▁inhabit ▁in ▁the ▁relative ▁absence ▁of ▁human ▁interaction ▁may ▁be ▁threatened ▁in ▁the ▁future . ▁ ▁As ▁various ▁desert ▁animals ▁depend ▁upon ▁the ▁St urt ▁P ig face ▁for ▁food / s hel ter , ▁a ▁shift ▁in ▁phen ology ▁( which ▁is ▁a ▁common ▁occur rence ▁due ▁to ▁climate ▁change ), ▁the ▁interactions ▁between ▁this ▁plant / an imal ▁dependence ▁and ▁as ▁such ▁it ▁is ▁important ▁to ▁survey ▁and ▁monitor ▁the ▁St urt ▁P ig faces ’ ▁in ▁order ▁to ▁preserve ▁the ▁animal ▁species ▁that ▁utilize ▁the ▁plant ▁as ▁a ▁resource , ▁as ▁well ▁as ▁any ▁potential ▁invas ive ▁species ▁that ▁may ▁compete ▁with ▁the ▁plant ▁which ▁can ▁increase ▁its ▁suscept ibility ▁to ▁ext inction . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁quad rif ida ▁Category : Fl ora ▁of ▁Western ▁Australia ▁Category : Pl ants ▁described ▁in ▁ 1 8 8 9 <0x0A> </s> ▁Clark ' s ▁Con ven i ency ▁is ▁a

▁historic ▁home ▁located ▁near ▁Pom ona , ▁Kent ▁County , ▁Maryland , ▁United ▁States . ▁It ▁is ▁a ▁- story , ▁early - 1 8 th - century ▁brick ▁house ▁built ▁in ▁three ▁sections : ▁the ▁main ▁block ▁and ▁a ▁wing ▁on ▁the ▁east ▁and ▁west ▁ends . ▁It ▁is ▁representative ▁of ▁the ▁houses ▁built ▁by ▁the ▁smaller ▁but ▁still ▁prosper ous ▁plan ters ▁of ▁ 1 8 th - century ▁tide water ▁Maryland . ▁ ▁Clark ' s ▁Con ven i ency ▁was ▁listed ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁ 1 9 7 5 . ▁ ▁Re ferences ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁, ▁including ▁photo ▁from ▁ 1 9 7 3 ▁at ▁Maryland ▁Historical ▁Trust ▁ ▁Category : H ouses ▁in ▁Kent ▁County , ▁Maryland ▁Category : H ouses ▁on ▁the ▁National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Maryland ▁Category : National ▁Register ▁of ▁Historic ▁Pl aces ▁in ▁Kent ▁County , ▁Maryland <0x0A> </s> ▁The ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁Sh im ad zu ▁All ▁Japan ▁Ind oor ▁T ennis ▁Championships ▁was ▁a ▁professional ▁tennis ▁tournament ▁played ▁on ▁carpet . ▁It ▁was ▁the ▁ 1 9 th ▁edition ▁of ▁the ▁tournament ▁which ▁was ▁part ▁of ▁the ▁ 2 0 1 5 ▁A TP ▁Chall enger ▁Tour . ▁It ▁took ▁place ▁in ▁Ky oto , ▁Japan ▁between ▁ 2 3 ▁February ▁and ▁ 1 ▁March . ▁ ▁A TP ▁singles ▁main ▁draw ▁entr ants ▁ ▁Se eds ▁▁▁ 1 ▁Rank ings ▁are ▁as ▁of ▁February ▁ 1 6 ,

▁ 2 0 1 5 . ▁ ▁Other ▁entr ants ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁wild cards ▁into ▁the ▁singles ▁main ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Hi roy as u ▁E h ara ▁▁ ▁Is se i ▁Ok am ura ▁▁ ▁Tak ashi ▁S ait o ▁▁ ▁Tak ao ▁Suz uki ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁into ▁the ▁main ▁draw ▁using ▁a ▁protected ▁ranking : ▁▁ ▁Kar un ud ay ▁Singh ▁ ▁The ▁following ▁players ▁received ▁entry ▁from ▁the ▁qual ifying ▁draw : ▁▁ ▁Y ū ichi ▁I to ▁▁ ▁Kim ▁Che ong - E ui ▁▁ ▁H iro ki ▁K ondo ▁▁ ▁Ar ata ▁On oz awa ▁ ▁Champions ▁ ▁Singles ▁▁ ▁Mich ał ▁Pr z ys ię ż ny ▁def . ▁ ▁John ▁Mill man , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 3 – 6 , ▁ 6 – 3 ▁ ▁Dou bles ▁▁▁ ▁Benjamin ▁Mitchell ▁/ ▁ ▁Jordan ▁Thompson ▁def . ▁ ▁Go ▁So eda ▁/ ▁ ▁Y as ut aka ▁U chi y ama , ▁ 6 – 3 , ▁ 6 – 2 ▁ ▁Ex ternal ▁links ▁Official ▁Website ▁ ▁Sh im ad zu ▁All ▁Japan ▁Ind oor ▁T ennis ▁Championships ▁Category : All ▁Japan ▁Ind oor ▁T ennis ▁Championships ▁Sh im ad zu ▁All ▁Japan ▁Ind oor ▁T ennis ▁Championships <0x0A> </s> ▁Roman ▁O sin , ▁B SC , ▁( born ▁ 1 9 6 1 , ▁Leip zig , ▁East ▁Germany ) ▁is ▁a ▁British ▁cin emat ographer ▁of ▁German - N iger ian ▁descent . ▁O sin